JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 3. I947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 March 1947.-It was resolved that an Address of Congratulation be sent to H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth on attaining her twenty-first birthday on 21 April. The Chairman of the Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws reported that a revised draft of the Petition for a new Charter and of the content of the proposed Charter had been prepared by the Solicitors in consultation with Counsel and that when certain outstanding points had been clarified these drafts would be circulated among Members of Council and Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. It was agreed that it would be desirable to proceed with revision of the Charter before returning to detailed consideration of the more controversial proposals for amendment of the By-Laws especially as some of the latter proposals could not be put into effect under the existing Charter.Progress in preparing revised By-Laws would however not be held up. The Council prepared its Report for 1946 on the basis of drafts submitted Ey the Publications and Library Committee the Finance and House Com- mittee and the Benevolent Fund Committee and a final draft was approved for issue to members in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11 41). ’ The following were appointed as Scrutineers in connection with the ballot for the election of Officers Members of Council and Censors for 1947-48:-Mr. B. A. Ellis Mr. J. S.Jackson Dr. R. R. Lyne Mr. H. S. Rooke and Dr. R. G. Wallis. On a report that in the ballot paper the Local Section to which Professor Louis Hunter was attached had been erroneously given as “Leicester” instead of “East Midlands,” it was agreed that a reference to this error be made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11 88). It was reported that Dr. H. B. Taylor M.C. V.D. D.Sc. FeZZow had accepted the Council’s invitation to serve as Honorary Corresponding Secretary New South Wales in succession to Dr. Thomas Cooksey Fellow who had resigned. The first meeting of the new Council was fixed for z May. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 March) was concerned mainly with submission of the draft Financial Statements for the year 1946 which had been approved by the Auditors.These Statements and the relevant section of the draft Report of the Council were adopted and authority was given for their publication and distribution to members in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (1947 11,49 63). Recommendations of the Committee on staff salaries were also adopted. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 March) which dealt with various routine matters as well as the Statement of Accounts of the Fund for 1946 was received and adopted. L931 The Council also adopted the Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20-21 February) and the candidates recom- mended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.On the recommendation of the Visiting Committee the Norwood Technical College was added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship. Approval was also given to a recommendation of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee that an endeavour be made to arrange an examination for the Associateship in India at as early a date as possible in 1948 and that arrangements be made for a Member of Council to visit India preferably at the time of the examination in order to report on future arrangements for the examination of candidates in India. Professor A. Findlay accepted the unanimous invitation of the Council to visit India for this purpose as well as to investigate the general development of Institute affairs in India.The Council received a memorandum from a Fellow drawing attention to questions that might affect the relations of members of the Institute in the Civil Service with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants. This matter together with that previously raised by the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section with reference to a scheme whereby members of the I.P.C.S. who were scientists would become also members of the Association of Scientific Workers unless they contracted out was referred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee. It was agreed that further consideration of a question raised by the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 162) and referred by the Council to the Joint Council of Professional Scientists (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 254) be held over pending examination of other matters affecting the economic status of professionally qualified scientists in relation to unqualified technicians and unskilled workers in industry and in Government service.It was reported that approaches had been made to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and to the Ministry of Supply on the question of shortages of laboratory chemicals and apparatus and it was agreed that these matters be further pursued in consultation with the Chemical Council which had been taking similar action at the instance of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (13 March), dealing largely with preparation of the draft Report of Council for 1946 was received and adopted.Subject to the approval of the Society of Maccabzeans the Council adopted the recommendation of the Meldola Medal Committee that Meldola Medals for 1946 be awarded to Alan Woodworth Johnson B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (at present I.C.I. Fellow for research in organic chemistry University of Cambridge) and Robert Harold Stokes MSc. (New Zealand) (at present lecturer in chemistry at the University of Western Australia). It was further agreed that these and future Meldola Medallists should where appropriate be invited to deliver lectures before the Institute on subjects related to the fields of work for which the Medals had been awarded and that where such a lecture was given the Meldola Medal be presented on that occasion.The Council received from Dr. William Cullen Vice-President a report on his visit to South Africa. He had conveyed the greetings of the Officers and Council to Members of the Institute in South Africa which had been [ 94 1 cordially reciprocated and he had been asked by the South African Chemical Institute to convey thanks to the Officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry for their helpful discussion of various questions with their representatives who had visited London in the past year. Members of the Cape Section of the Institute had expressed the hope that it might be possible for Professor Findlay to visit the Section in the neir future and it was agreed that consideration be given to arranging for Professor Findlay to visit South Africa on his return journey from India.It was unanimously agreed that subject to the concurrence of the new Council Mr. Chirnside be invited to attend meetings of the- Council during the remainder of his term of service as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council. Mr. E. J. Vaughan accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on the British Standards Institution Technical Committee ISE/18 Sampling and Analysis of Steel. Following the resignation of Dr. H. G. Colman as a representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 11 77) it was agreed to invite Dr.J. G. King to act in this capacity. A letter was received from the Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society referring to the formation and constitution of International Unions for various subjects including chemistry and asking that bodies represented on National Committees should make a practice of informing the appropriate National Committee of any important international activities they might have in mind and wherever appropriate of consulting the Committee or its Chairman before taking such action. As a further step towards facilitating liaison between the Royal Society and bodies represented on its National Committees it was proposed in future to circulate to the offices of such societies copies of the minutes of meetings of the appropriate National Committees.These proposals were welcomed as furnishing an improved basis for co-operation among scientific bodies in this country and overseas. Council Meeting 2 May 1947.-An Address of Congratulation to H.R.H. The Princess Elizabeth on the attainment of her 2Ist birthday had been delivered at Buckingham Palace on 21 April and an acknowledgment had been received from the Lady-in-waiting. The results of the ballot for election of Officers General Members of Council and Censors for 1947-48 were reported (see pp. 98 104). Following a proposal by the previous Council it was agreed to invite Mr. R. C. Chirnside to attend meetings of the Council (without power to vote) until the end of 1947 when he would have completed his term of service as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council.Meetings of the Council were arranged for the following days each being the third Friday in a month:-16 May 20 June 18 July* 17 October 21 November 19 December 1947; 16 January 20 February 19 March 1948; on the understanding that further consideration would be given to 18 July* 1947 as this date fell within the period of the Eleventh International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Council received with pleasure an invitation from the Birmingham and Midlands Section to hold the Annual General Meeting in Birmingham in 1948 and it was unanimously decided to accept this invitation which accorded with a previous agreement that Annual General Meetings of the * Subsequently changed to Thursday 24 July.c 95 1 Institute should sometimes be held outside London. It was further agreed that the Annual General Meeting in 1948 should be held on 16 April. The Council then proceeded to appoint Committees and their Chairmen for 1947-48,as well as representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees and on other bodies (see pp. 99 100). It was learned with regret that Mr. F. P. Hornby and Dr. D. A. Harper had resigned as Honorary Secretaries of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section and the Manchester and District Section respectively after many years of service in these capacities. They had been succeeded by Mr. B. W. Minifie and Mr. A. Carroll. Approval was given to a change in the Rules of the Dublin and District Section to provide that the District Member of Council for Eire should be ex-@& a member of the Section Committee and to a change in the Rules of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section to increase the number of members of the Section Committee from six to eight.The Sixteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections had been held on 19April and a report was being prepared for submission to the Council at its next meeting (see p. 112). A proposal that the Seventeenth Conference be held on Saturday 18 October 1947,was approved. A suggestion was received from a Fellow that consideration should be given to the authorisation of academic dress for Fellows and Associates of the Institute. It was agreed that owing to the present clothing situation consideration of the proposal be deferred.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com- mittee (21 March) was received and adopted and the candidates recom- mended for election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. A report was received on reasons for resignation given by Associates who had resigned during the past three months and it was agreed that a similar report should be prepared annually in future for the information of the Council. A Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (11 April) dealing with relations with the Institution of Professional Civil Servants and other matters referred to the Committee by the previous Council (see p.94) was received and discussed. Certain amendments to the recommendations of the Committee were proposed and it was agreed that these be further considered at a later meeting of the Council. Professor Findlay Chairman of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on Public Health matters reported that at a meeting held on 14April Gonsideration had been given to published statements which seemed to indicate that representations made by the Joint Committee to the Ministry of Health in connection with the Public Health Service had been ignored especially the Joint Committee’s plea that the services of chemists experienced as water examiners should continue to be utilised in the best interests of the community on the bacteriological as well as on the chemical side.In view of the unsatisfactory position it had been agreed to seek an interview with the Minister. Approval was given to a proposal by the Joint Committee on Public Health matters that this Committee and the other Joint Committee with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on economic matters should be merged into a single Standing Joint Committee to deal with all matters of common interest to the two bodies. This recommendation c 96 1 had also been forwarded to the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. In accordance with the previous decision of Council (see p. 94 ) the Chemical Council had been informed of the approaches made by the Institute to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Ministry of Supply on shortages of laboratory chemicals and apparatus and it had been agreed that future negotiations on such matters with these bodies and with the Board of Trade would be conducted in consultation.[A note on the outcome of the approach made by the Chemical Council to the Board of Trade on the supply position of laboratory chemicals appears on p. 137.1 Dr. A. W. Johnson had agreed to deliver before the Institute during 1947 a lecture on a subject related to the work for which he had been awarded a Meldola Medal for 1946. The other medallist for 1946 Mr. R. H. Stokes who was in Australia expected to visit England at the end of this year and the possibility of his giving a lecture before the Institute would be explored.Only one essay had been received in connection with the competition for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1946 and the recommendation of the Assessor that no award be made was confirmed. On the recommendation of the Special Purposes Committee it was ’agreed to thank the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee for suggestions they had put forward for the institution of a prize to be awarded to the most meritorious candidate amongst Registered Students of the Institute at each Examination for the Associateship but to state that the proposals in their present form were not acceptable for a number of reasons which would be explained to the Section Committee.Minutes of the Meeting of the Chemical Council held on 19 March were received (see p. 122) and it was reported that following approval by the three Chartered Chemical Bodies the Chemical Council had accepted the application of the Biochemical Society to join the Chemical Council without participation in the joint subscription arrangements. It was further reported that arrangements made by the Institute for remission of subscrip- tions to members serving in His Majesty’s Forces had also been adopted by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. The Council approved proposals by the Chemical Council on conditions of entry of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists into the joint subscription scheme as from I January 1948.Minutes of a meeting (17 March) of the British National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society were received referring inter aha to:-dele-gates to the Council and to the General Assembly of the International Union of Chemistry ; the possibility of the publication of encyclopedic German publications on an international basis ; general relations of the International Union of Chemistry with UNESCO and the International Council of Scientific Unions; proposal by the Faraday Society to publish summaries of its papers in English French and German and an offer by that Society to publish papers by foreign authors if these were submitted after scrutiny by an appropriate committee in the country of origin and passed by referees in the ordinary way.Mr. E. T. Osborne was appointed as representative of the Institute on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution in succession to Professor H. T’. -4. Briscoe whose term of service had been completed. Dr. J. G. King had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the 1Vorld Power Conference in succession to Dr. H. G. Colman (see p. 95). [971 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1947-48 PRESIDENT GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. VICE-PRESIDENTS ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH M.A. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE DSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. WILLIAM CULLEN LL.D. M.I.CHEM.E. GILBERT ELLIOT DODDS A.H.-W.C. ALEXANDER FINDLAY M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE MSc.M.I.CHEM.E. HON. TREASURER DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES B.Sc. PH.D. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL HARRY BAINES D.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia NORMAN BOOTH BSc. PH.D. London FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.Sc. Leeds LESLIE VICTOR COCKS Liverpool and North-West Coast JAMES WILFRED COOK PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Glasgow ALBERT COULTHARD B.Sc. PH.D. Manchester and District CECIL JOHN TURRELL CRONSHAW D.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. London JOHN OUTRAM CUTTER B.Sc. PH.D. Manchester GEORGE JAMES DENBIGH M.Sc. Leeds MAXWELL BRUCE DONALD M.Sc. A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. :London HARRY JULIUS EMELGUS D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. Cambridge ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST PH.D. D.Sc. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) ARNOLD TREVOR GREEN O.B.E. F.INsT.P.HON.M.INST.GAS E. M.I.CHEM.E. Newcastle-under-Lyme MERVYN HECTOR HALL MSc. PH.D. Northern Ireland HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. Hudders-eld LOUIS HUNTER PH.D. DSc. Leicester ERIC MILLWARD JOINER B.Sc. A.C.I.S. Birmingham and Midlands WALTER IDRIS JONES BSc. PH.D. M.I.CHEM.E. London JAMES GRIEVE KING O.B.E. PH.D. D.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.INsT.F. M.INST.GAS E. London HANS KRALL B.A. MSc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad WILFRED HERBERT LINNELL PH.D. D.Sc. London REGINALD PATRICK LINSTEAD C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. London THOMAS MALKIN PH.D. D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties GUY FREDERIC MARRIAN D.Sc. F.R.S. Edinburgh HUGH BRYAN NISBET PH.D. DSc. A.H.-W.C. :Edinburgh and East of Scotland JOHN AUGUSTUS ORIEL M.C.M.A. BSc. M.I.CHEM.E. London ERNEST THOMAS OSBORNE O.B.E. M.A. London JOHN WILFRID PARKES M.Sc. Irish Free State GEORGE LOW RIDDELL B.Sc. PH.D. London ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL M.B.E. M.A. PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. London FRANK ROFFEY B.Sc. PH.D. London JOHN LIONEL SIMONSEN DSc. F.R.S. London ROY BROWN STRATHDEE M.A. BSc. PH.D. Aberdeen and North of Scotland RICHARD WILLIAM SUTTON B.SC.TECH. Derby ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD D.PHIL. DSc. F.R.S. Cambridge DAVID TRAILL B.Sc. PH.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland ERNEST VANSTONE D.Sc. Newton Abbot ERNEST JAMES VAUGHAN M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. East Midlands and South HARRY WEATHERALL Liverpool [Y orkshire FRANK RONALD WILLIAMS B.Sc. PH.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees-Side) PERCY NOEL WILLIAMS M.Sc.West Kirby WILLIAM DUDLEY WILLIAMS B.Sc.,A.M.I.CHEM.E.,M.INsT.PET. :Wales and the County of Monmouth [Place names in italics refer to registered addresses of General Members of Cozmcil ; Roman Ietteieing is used to indicate ferritories represented by District Members of Council.] [ 981 CENSORS 1947-48 THE PRESIDENT. ex-officio LEWIS EYNON B.Sc. ALEXANDER FINDLAY MA DSc LLD SIR IAN MORRIS HEILB~oN,"D.S.O.Y D.&.,'LL.D. F.R.S. HA4ROLD MOORE C.B.E. Ph.D. D.Sc. COMMITTEES FOR 1947-48 COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL Finance and House Committee :THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER' WITH A. FINDLAY H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING H. KRALL W. H. LINNELL J. A. ORIEL G. L. RIDDELL AND E. J. VAUGHAN Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee :THE PRESIDENT* H.V. A. BRISCOEt AND THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE Publications and Library Committee -THEPRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH* F CHALLENGER A. FINDLAY A. T. GREEN H. k. HODGSON L. 'HUNTER,' E. M. JOINE~,'T. MALKIN E VANSTONE AND H. WEATHERALL Special Purposes Committee -THEPRESIDENT* AND THE HON TREASURER WITH A L BACHARACH H. BAINES F. CHALLENGER L. v. COCKS k. E. DODDS,' A. FINDLAY,' J. G. K'ING,T. MALKIN E. T. OSBORNE AND E. VANSTONE STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Appointments and Economic Status Committee * THE PRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH N. BOOTH J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY* A. T. GREEN L. H. LAMATT, H. B N~SBET,J. A. OR~EL, E. T. OSBORNE A. J. PRINCE F. ROFFEYt R. W. SUTTON E. VANSTONE E. J.VAUGHAN, w. WARDLAW AND W. D. WILLIAMS Benevolent Fund Committee THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER* WITH THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE A. V. ELSDEN J. G. A. GRIFFITHS AND E. M. HAWKINS Scientific Courses Committee * F CHALLENGER* WITH THE PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY cohf-MITTEE N. BOOTH w. H.'LINNELL H. B. NISBETAND D. TRAILL AD HOC COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws THE PRESIDENT WITH A L BACHARACH? H BAINES L. v. COCKS J. 0.CUTTER G. E. DODDS A. FINDLAY*,'E. M. JO~NERAND D. w. KE'NT-JONES Patents Committee D. H. HEY* W. H. BALLASTYSE W. CULLEX 1:. B. DEH?; G. DRISG AND J. G. FIFE Special Committee on National certificates -N BOOTH R C CHIRXSIDE J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY* M. H. HALL J. KENYON w H.'LINNEL~,T.MALKIN H. B.'NISBET J. A. OR~EL, A. J. PRINCE W. WARDLAWt AND W. D. WILLIAMS * Indicates Chairman; t indicates Vice-Chairman REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON JOINT COMMllTEES The Chemical Council R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH AND THE HONORARY TREASURER Joint Council of Professional Scientists M. B. DONALD A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH SIR ROBERT PICI<ARD J. L. SIMONSEN AND THE SECRETARY Joint Library Committee A. L. BACHARACH H. V. A. BRISCOE H. W. CREMER AND A. FINDLAY Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH E. T. OSBORNE R. W. SUTTON E. J. VAUGHAN WITH THE REGISTRAR Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists A.L. BACHARACH G. ROCHE LYNCH J. A.ORIEL AND E. T. OSBORNE WITH THE SECRETARY Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) H. V. A. BRISCOE R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY J. A. ORIEL AND A. J. PRINCE (b) with the Scottish Education Department :J. W. COOK G. E. DODDS AND R. D. STRATHDEE [ 991 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee A. L. BACHARACH A. FISDLAY AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAM The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) :Statutory Appointment :G. ROCHE LYNCH The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutics Substances Act 1925 D. H. HEY The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour R.L. COLLETT The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society :J. W. COOK The British National Committee of the World Power Conference. J. G. KIKG The British Management Council A. FINDLAY The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution :E. T. OSBORNE The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) A. H. COOK The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute W. H. SIMMONS The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes :R. L. COLLETT BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1947-48 Chairman :THEPRESIDENT Rcprescntatiws of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee H.V. A. BRISCOE, F. CHALLENGER A. FINDLAY AND A. J. PRIKCE Enaminers for fhc Associateship :G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. THOMAS GIBSON PEARSON Ph.D. (DUNELM), D.Sc. (LoND.) Examiners for the Fellowship Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY WILLIAM WARDLAW D.Sc. (DUNELM) Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY R. G. W. NORRISH M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY G. M. BENNETT M.A. Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY R. A. MORTON Ph.D. D.Sc. (LIv.) Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRYINCLUDING hfIcRoscoPr OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER GEORGE TAYLOR. +HERAPEUTICS PHARMAC~LOGY AND MICROS COPY^ c. H. HAMPSHIRE M.B. B.S. B.Sc. (LoND.) M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P.Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY R. 0. DAVIES MSc. (WALES) CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL H. W. CREMER M.Sc. (LOND.) Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL (GENERAL TECHNOLOGY) M.I.CHEM.E. Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL H. N. WILSON CHEMISTRY Branch I.-WATER SUPPLYAND THE TREATMENT S. E. MELLISG OF SEWAGEAND TRADE EFFLUENTS AND E. ARDERN D.Sc. (MANc.) Oral Examinafions :H. V. A. BRISCOE D.Sc. (LoND.) Chairman ;J. R. XICHOLLS D.Sc. (LoND.) HON. AUDITORS 1947-48 EDWARD QUESTIN LAWS B.Sc. KESNETH ALAS WILLIAMS BSc. M.Inst.Pet. AUDITORS 1947-48 hfESSRS. J. Y. FISLAY PEARSON & CO. Chartered Accountarits SOLICITORS MESSRS. hIARKBY STEWART 6( WADESONS 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.2 BANKERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD., Bloomsbury Branch 214 High Holborn London W.C.1 SECRETARY HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM B.Sc.PH.D. (LoND.) A.K.C.S. I:.I.&f. F.H.I.C. REGISTRAR RONALD LESLIE COLLETT M.A. (CANTAB.) F.R.I.C. DEPUTY EXECUTIVE OFFICER LEOSARD WILLIAM RAYMOND I.S.O. B.A. B.Sc. (LoND.) A.R.C.S. A.R.I.C. ASSISTANT SECRETARY ISABEL CAWSTOX DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS FRIDAYS 16 MAY 30 JIJNF. THURSDAY 24 JULY. FRIDAYS 17 OCTOBER 21 NOVEMBER 19 Dk<EMBER;‘1947; 16 JAN’UARY 20’FEBRUARY 19 MARCH lh4S [ 1001 SIXTY-NINTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING FRIDAY 18 APRIL 1947 The Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held in the Meeting Room of the Royal Society Burling- ton House Piccadilly London W.l on Friday 18 April 1947 at 5.15 p.m.Mr. G. ROCHELYNCH, O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. President was in the Chair and 79 Fellows and 27 Associates were present. The Secretary read the Notice convening the Meeting. MINUTES.-The Minutes of the Sixty-Eighth Annual General Meeting having been circulated (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 11 72-75) were taken as read and were confirmed and signed. ANNUAL ACCOU NTS.-In presenting the Financial Statements for 1946 (JOURNAL 1947 11 63-74) Dr. D. \V. KENT-JONES, AND PROCEEDINGS Hon. Treasurer said:- It is my duty and privilege to present these accounts to you to-day. In view of the very clear explanation of the figures given in the Report of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 11 49-53) I do not think I am called upon to say very much but I will naturally answer any questions which it may occur to anyone to ask.You may remember that last year I said we would endeavour to present the accounts in a new form which we hoped would be more informative and accordingly you have them before you in that new form to-day. Of the expenditure 38 per cent. is in respect of the items specified in the Special Accounts i.e. Examinations and Assessments Local Sections Publications and Appointments Register. The remaining 62 per cent. covers the general running of the Institute including keeping the accounts and records looking after the individual affairs of members who either write or call and of course the important work of the Council and its various Committees.I explained last year that I did not think we should continue to have a large excess of income over expenditure but I am pleased to say that without transfers to reserve funds we have a balance of L2,085 odd this year as compared with f;2,313 last year. We have in fact placed more to reserve this year than we did last year and a slight excess of income over expenditure remains after making allowance for that. It is probably unnecessary for me to go into the details of the arrangements for pensions at this stage but you will see that we have now introduced the long overdue new superannuation scheme. Mr. J. C. White who was your Hon. Treasurer until last year was anxious to do it some time ago but the war intervened.The scheme we have now put forward has been accepted by those members of the staff of the Institute who are entitled to participate in it and there is general satisfaction with the arrangements. The new scheme affords much better protection for the staff-the protection which they deserve and which we have not been able to give them until now because of war conditions. We have already altered the method of presenting the accounts and we are now considering-I will not put it higher than that-an improved form of presentation of the balance sheet so as to give you more information. You may expect from me a forecast of our financial position during the coming year. With the increased activities of the Institute it seems very likely that we shall not have a balance next year.That does not mean however that we are going to be in any hurry to put up subscriptions or anything of that sort. From what I know of your Council I can assure you that they will not hold up any of the Institute’s activities because our budget does not happen to balance in any one year. When an organisation is expanding it expects occasionally to have a slight deficit in a particular year. We shall go ahead and if we have a deficit it is not likely to be a very serious one. As to the Benevolent Fund I would point out that we have this year spent over L2,100 as compared with k1,500 last year. In point of fact we are now expending all the money we are receiving by way of subscriptions and donations excluding be- quests. If we are to carry on with this work it is very important that we should con- tinue our efforts to make the Benevolent Fund truly “benevolent” and that we should have your full support in the coming year.M‘e have introduced this year a system-and it has been amazingly successful-of giving holidays to the children of regular beneficiaries and we are considering providing suitable accommodation in hostels or rest homes for elderly members and their wives or for their widows. That raises a difficult problem but it is receiving the careful consideration of the Committee and of your Council. Finally I should mention a generous bequest of A300 under the Will of the late Sir Martin Forster. I should like to thank Professor Findlay for carrying on the work of the Finance and House and the Benevolent .Fund Committees when I have been away.As most of you [ 101 1 know I have been called out of England twice during the past year and on those occa- sions Professor Findlay has kindly carried on my work with his usual efficiency and enthusiasm. Then I should like to thank Dr. Ellingham. He of course really does the work while I just supervise-and I probably do not supervise as well as he does the work. I also thank Mr. Arnold the Finance Officer who not only keeps the accounts but has much specialised knowledge of financial matters which has been of great value to us. From my experience of these two gentlemen I must say that we are very fortunate in having two such very able servants of the Institute. I have always had all the help I wanted from my old friend Collett and from Miss Cawston whose knowledge of everything connected with the Institute is truly remarkable.I now formally move- That the Financial Statements for 1946 be received and adopted and that the thanks of the Institute be accorded to the Hon. Auditors Mr. C. L. Claremont and Mr. E. Q. Laws and also to the professional Auditors Messrs. J. Y.Finlay Pearson & Co. for their services. Mr. F. P. DUNN:I have much pleasure in seconding this motion. I must congratu- late the Treasurer on the new method of presentation of the Accounts which does enable us to gather much more information from them than we could previously. It is a great help to those who are keen on the work of the Institute to be able to follow what is happening financially and otherwise.The motion for the adoption of the Annual Accounts was then put avtd carried unanimously. The vote of thanks to the Auditors was carried with acclamation. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1946.-The President said:-I beg to move the adoption of the Report of the Council. This document has been published in the AND PROCEEDINGS JOURNAL (1947 11 41-74) and no doubt you have all had an opportunity of studying it. It contains a full account of the activities of the Institute for the year 1946; consequently there is lift but little for me to say to you this afternoon but I would like to mention a few points and refer to developments since the end of the year. You have already passed the accounts and as the Treasurer has told you we now have a scheme for the provision of adequate pensions for our staff.I do not propose to mention it further except to say that we can look forward to this provision being made out of income each year with the knowledge that future Councils will not be called upon to draw heavily on the funds of the Institute for any particular case. One of the most gratifying occurrences during the year was the presence of repre- sentatives of the Institutes of Chemistry of Australia Canada S. Africa and New Zealand attending the Empire Scientific Conference. I was able to arrange a meeting of these representatives and it was possible to hold a dinner in their honour. This has brought us and our sister institutes into closer contact and has forged a bond of union which I believe will have permanent results.Our Treasurer just back from Australia tells me that chemists in the Dominion regard us with the deepest affection and esteem and many members of ours and of the Australian Chemical Institute travelled many miles in order to meet an Officer of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. We would thank our . Treasurer for his services to us in Australia. A new departure in our publications has been the issue of the Directory of Con- sultants. In producing this Directory the Council believe that such a publication will enable those in private practice to become known without any violation of our ethical ' code about advertising and at the same time provide the State and the public with knowledge of the existence of chemical consultants in every field so that they may obtain the best advice in any circumstances that may arise.The next twelve months should see the publication of a Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute which will be modelled on the lines of that issued in 1938. On the educational side we have not been idle. Agreement has been reached after prolonged negotiation with the Ministry of Education on the re-organisation of the National Certificates in Chemistry whereby two types are to be granted. In this way it has been possible to meet the wishes of the Ministry and of the Institute. The importance of refresher courses has not been forgotten. The courses at Liver- pool during 1946 were most successful and are a happy example of what can be done in this direction.Our warm thanks are extended to the Liverpool and North-Western Counties Section. Next summer a Symposium on Coal Petroleum and their hiewer Derivatives is to be held at St. Andrews under the auspices of the three Scottish Sections and in Dublin a Chemical Congress is to be held jointly by the Irish Chemical Association and the Institute. A number of important lectures have been given and I would mention two. That by Dr. Dyson on a New Notation for Organic Chemistry was held jointly with the [ 102 1 Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts. The Institute found it possible to supply reprints of this lecture without charge to the members of all three Chartered Bodies. In January of this year Sir Ian Heilbron delivered the first Henderson Memorial Lecture.This lecture which is to be given every three or four years has been made possible by an old student of Henderson Dr. David Spence a Fellow now resident in America and once again I would like to express our thanks to him for his generous endowment. It is pleasing to record that with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaens the Meldola medal is being awarded again this year and it has been decided to give two medals. The recipients are Dr. A. W. Johnson and Mr. R. H. Stokes. The latter was trained in New Zealand and has since worked for many years in Australia. This I think is the first time that one of these medals has gone to a member in a Dominion. The Benevolent Fund has been doing valuable work and I can assure you that confidential letters which have come from recipients are a striking testimony to the help which we have been able to give.I hope sincerely that we shall never be in a position to have to refuse from lack of funds. Two new forms of activity have been undertaken this year. First the provision of holidays for children of regular bene- ficiaries. This happy thought for which we have to thank Professor Findlay has been a great success. And secondly the possibility of providing homes for old people. This is becoming a pressing need and the matter is receiving careful attention by the Committee. I think that it is safe to say that we hope to put before our members a scheme but it may be a little time yet and in any event the preliminary costs will I fear be heavy.On item 4 of the Agenda one of our Honorary Auditors Mr. Claremont has asked to be allowed to be relieved of further duty in this capacity owing to pressure of work. In reluctantly acceding to his request I should like to take this opportunity of thank-ing him most cordially for his services over a number of years and in doing so I am sure that you all join with me. You will have noticed on the inside cover of the April number of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the name of Mr. L. W. Raymond as Deputy Executive Officer. The work of the Institute is ever growing and it has been imperative to give the other Officers some relief. I am sure you will all join with me in giving Mr. Raymond a warm welcome and congratulating him on joining our staff.I now come to some personal observations. This my first year of office has naturally been difficult for me and I am well aware of my shortcomings. The Council have been long-suffering and have shown me every kindness and the happy and cordial relations which we have all had have made me look forward to next year with great confidence assuming I am re-elected. I would add that those members of Council who are due to retire this time will be missed and we part from them with regret. I would also say how helpful the Vice-presidents have been and I would single out two for special mention knowing as I do that the others would wish me to do so. First Professor Briscoe has done and is doing yeoman service for the Institute.His work is all done behind the scenes but interviewing of candidates-to quote one aspect of his work-is very exacting and time-consuming. I would like especially to thank him. To Professor Findlay I hardly know what to say. He has been a tower of strength to me has been willing to relieve me of many duties and has time and time again given me wise counsel. know of no member of the Institute who has the welfare of our organisation nearer to his heart than Professor Findlay. To him too I tender my best thanks. I would also thank our Treasurer. He has entered into his job with the greatest enthusiasm and is doing most important work for us. Finally I come to our executive officers-Dr. Ellingham Mr. Collett and Miss Cawston. Their efficiency and kindness to me have been a source of strength and we are fortunate to have such a team.To the remainder of the staff I would say at once that we have a most efficient organisation and I would mention in particular our Finance Officer Mr. Arnold and our Records Officer Mr. Winder who during last year returned to us from military service; we are glad to see him safely back with us again. I now formally move- That the Report of the Councilfor 1946 be received and adopted. Sir HAROLD I have much pleasure in seconding the motion for the adoption TEMPANY of the Report of the Council. The Council are to be congratulated upon it and upon a very successful year of work. This year is an outstanding. one in the history of the Institute in that it is the first occasion upon which the total membership has exceeded 10,000.I think we can look forward with confidence to the Institute’s going on from strength to strength in its work which grows in importance as time goes by. THEPRESIDENT: The Report is now open for discussion. iI 103 1 Mr. D. M. FREELAND: There is one point on which I would like some information. It concerns our President’s reference to the new scheme which has recently been arranged between the Institute and the Ministry of Education with regard to National Certificates in Chemistry. I have always felt that the National Certificates were a sort of stopgap. Young fellows get these Certificates but it leads them nowhere. Can we be told whether the new scheme will enable them to obtain some advantage in the way of getting into the Institute through its examination course? Are there any advantages in getting National Certificates before coming to the Institute in the way other people have done in the past? Professor A.FINDLAY:This matter has been under consideration and has been referred by the Council to a Committee. The Committee have been asked to consider whether or not and to what extent the National Certificate in Chemistry can be accepted as leading to the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. The motion for the adoption of the Report of the Council was then put and was carried unanimously. REPORT OF THE SCRUT1NEERS.-The Secretary read the following Report:- The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 2,050 and the following qualified for election:- President G.Roche Lynch (2,042). Vice-presidents A. Findlay (2,036),A. L. Bacharach (2,034),H. V. A. Briscoe (2,033), William Cullen (2,028),G. Elliot Dodds (2,028),A. J. Prince (2,025). Hon. Treasurer D. W. Kent-Jones (2,048). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of General Members of Council was 2,045 and the following qualified for election:-E. K. Rideal (1,661),H. J. Emel6us (1,599),J. W. Cook (1,565),Frederick Challenger (1,503),R. P. Linstead (1,467), A. R. Todd (1,456) H. H. Hodgson (1,394) G. F. Marrian (1,364),A. T. Green (1,321), J. 0.Cutter (1,266),C. J. T. Cronshaw (1,262),R. W. Sutton (1,2381 FrankRofiey (1,208), J. A. Oriel (1,207). J. G. King (1,205),IT’.Idris Jones (1,190),J. L. Simonsen (1,186), G. L. Riddell (1,174) bl. B. Donald (1,168),Harry Weatherall (1,164),P. N. Williams (1,162),Louis Hunter (1,117),ErnestVanstone (l,116),G.J. Denbigh (1,051),E.T. Osborne (1,038),W. H. Linnell (1,009),Norman Booth (1,003). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,903,and the following qualified for election:-A. Findlay (1,803),Sir Ian Heilbron (1,740) Lewis Eynon (1,548),Harold Moore (1,535). The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By-Laws:-’l from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 2 in unsigned envelopes; 2 received after the close of the poll; 4 in respect of votes for Council. The President declared the O$cers Members of Council and Censors whose names had been read out from the Report of the Scrutineers duly elected to their respective ojices.A vote of thanks to the Scrutineers MY. B. A. Ellis MY.J. S. Jackson Dr. R. R. Lytze, Mr. H. S. Rooke and Dr. R. G. Wallis was proposed by the President and carried with acclamation. APPOINTMENT OF AUDITORS.-THE PRESIDENT said:-The next item is “To elect the Auditors and to fix the remuneration (if any) thereof.” The present Hon. Auditors are Messrs. C. L. Claremont and E. Q. Laws. Xs I have already said Mr. Claremont desires to retire and we have therefore to appoint another gentleman in his place. I shall be pleased to receive any nominations but I put tenta- tively before you the name of Mr. Kenneth A. Williams. There were no other nominations and MY.E. Q. Laws aiid MY. Kenfaeth A. Williains were elected as Hon. Auditors. Dr. D. W.KENT-JONES(Hon. Treasurer) proposing that Messrs. J. Y. Finlay, Pearson G. Co. Chartered Accountants be appointed as Professional Auditors for the coming year at a fee of lOOguineas said:-You will remember that I mentioned last time that it would be necessary to increase the fee. Having regard to our increased activities we were not then certain what was an adequate fee but it is now appropriate and it is acceptable to the Professional Auditors. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT:-hhy I be allowed to support the Treasurer’s remarks? It certainly is not an excessive fee. I have been very pleased to serve as Hon. Auditor for the past few years and it is with some regret that I retire.I have discovered one thing about the job which is I think unique namely that you have to sack yourself! All the other officers appear to be compelled to retire but the Hon. Auditor if he wants to stick apparently sticks ! The proposal was carried unaninaously. VOTE OF THANKS TO RETIRING MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.-Mr. L. EYNON:-I should think there are very few members of the Institute who are better qualified than c 104 3 I am to propose this vote of thanks because very few members have retired from the Council more often than I have! I ought therefore to know something of the feelings of a retiring member. From my own experience I can say that the feeling is partly one of relief and partly one of regret and the feeling of regret is greater than the feeling of relief.The retiring member looks forward to more leisure but he certainIy regrets leaving the Council of which he can have none but pleasant recollections. On the whole I think the loss in retiring is greater than the gain. The Institute owes a debt of gratitude to its Members of Council for the great amount of time they give to its work and I have therefore great pleasure in proposing that a hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Members. Mr. E. E. AYLING:I have much pleasure in seconding this proposition. I am in the position of only having retired once but I can support what Mr. Eynon has said. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. SPECIAL BUSINESS.-THE PREsmENT:-We now proceed to the Special Business.I move from the Chair- That the resolutioit relating to the Superannuation Fund for members of the staff passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute held on 1 March 1939 be rescinded and that in accordance with By-Law 42 the consent of this meeting be given to the proposal of the Council of the Institute to appropriate froivi the general funds of the Institute a sum not exceeding A2,500in any one year towards the maintenance on a joint contributory basis of a superannuation and pensions scheme for members of the staff of the Institute. Dr. D. W. KENT-JONES(Hon. Treasurer) in seconding the motion said:- You all know of the arrangements we have had in the past. We have now re- examined the whole position and are fortunate in being able to join with other societies in the Scientific Societies Joint Pensions and Life Assurance Scheme.This request for authority to appropriate &2,500 may sound very large in view of what we have previously asked for. We are however not proposing to expend A2,500; we only wish to have that as the limit. We have to provide pensions for members of the staff who will be retiring in perhaps five years time and we want to bring them all in under this scheme so that we shall not have to charge to our Annual Accounts special pensions for people who are retiring. I do not think that even in the first few years we shall be spending more than Ll,SOO or L1,900 and of that sum a considerable pro- portion will be for past services which could not be fully dealt with during the war.Of the provision for past services over one-half will disappear in the next five years and I think you will find that by about 1959 the figure for them will be reduced to under fl200. The present figure for future services is round about L900. If this proposition meets with your approval as I hope it will we shall be in a position to go ahead and do what we want to do and what the Council have thought fit to do after making a very careful examination of the position. THE PRESIDENT: I only want to add this to what the Hon. Treasurer has said. We have taken expert professional advice on this matter and we believe we have one of the best schemes. It is a scheme which will be worked in conjunction with other scientific bodies.The matter is now open for discussion. If nobody has any comment to make I will put the resolution. The motion was put and carried unanimously. Mr. R. L. COLLETT(Registrar) said:-As the oldest member of the staff may I on behalf of the staff thank the meeting for having passed this resolution. Mr. C. G. GRAY:I beg to move- That this Meeting considers that the existing division of the Royal Institute of Chemistry into two separate grades of full membership is not in the best interests of the chemical profession and recommends that steps be taken to amend the constitution of the Royal Institute of Chemistry to enable the Associateship to be abolished all existing Associates becoming Fellows and the present standards for admission to theAssociateship being adopted for admission to the Fellowship.I think the reasons for moving this will be clear to all of those who have been following the affairs of the Institute in recent years. Many of us must regret that far too much of our time of our energies and of our publication space has been taken up with petty squabbles and with mutual head-thumpings within our own ranks. The reason for those quarrels originates in one single matter-petty jealousies as between Fellows on the one hand and Associates on the other. I consider that the three questions around which we have talked for years-the status of the Fellowship the methods of election from the Associateship to the Fellowship and the exclusive right of Fellows to sit on the Council [ 105 3 -have their origin in a single question which we have not yet asked ourselves.That question is do we really need a two-grade Institute? Is the division of the Institute into two grades really necessary or desirable ? My personal opinion is that that division is neither necessary nor desirable. My experience-and I believe it to be a common experience-is that the division has little ar no practical significance outside the Institute. That is I think borne out by the fact that the statistics published recently in the Journal and Proceedings show that of the Fellows elected since 1938 less than 15 per cent. have passed the Institute’s examination in other words the majority of the Associates passing to the Fellowship do so because they have succeeded in convincing their employers that they are of the status of Fellows and that the Institute’s grading and assessment of their capabilities does not do them justice.I notice from the Report we have just considered that of 214 new Fellows elected during 1946 24 are shown as having passed the Institute’s examination. The remaining 190 have passed to the Fellowship presumably on the ground of having attained success in their profession or on some similar basis. Those figures show I think that the distinction between Associateship and Fellowship has little significance in the outside world. If it has little significance in the outside world I think it has still less to do with the professional code of the chemist-with what I may call the domestic affairs of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.In 1944 the President then in office laid down the functions of the Institute in these words:- “Surely it may not unreasonably be claimed that a profession is created or comes into being only when those who are engaged in specific actions form themselves into an organised body which can prescribe standards of qualification for membership can examine aspirants to the profession or apply tests of their qualification and can form a register of those who attain the prescribed standard. Such an organisation moreover must not only prescribe qualifications for membership but must also set up and maintain certain rules or standards of professional conduct must regulate the activities of its members and above all must create in them a feeling of solidarity and comradeship.It must in other words not only be an examining and registering body but must also create the professional brotherhood within which the members can work in co-operation for the advancement and welfare of the profession.” I should subscribe in full to that definition of the functions of the Institute. But whilst the Institute must lay down minimum standards of qualification for its practitioners to insist upon the necessity for the Fellowship-Associateship division implies as I see it adding to that statement the proviso that it should also prescribe super-standards of super-qualification. I see no reason why it should. Until the Institute can speak with one voice I think it is not competent to speak for our profession at all ; and I believe it will be able to speak with one voice only when it has done away with this internal division and has put all its qualified members on the same responsible footing.Mr. J. S. JACKSON in seconding the motion said:-I would like to make it clear at the outset that we have no desire to embarrass the Institute in any way. We seek on the other hand to strengthen it and to increase its influence. It is quite obvious from the present membership that chemists value the work of the Institute and seek membership but as Mr. Gray has pointed out if the Institute is to do its work it must be strong,. and its strength must be demonstrated by the fact that it speaks with one voice for all its members. It must have one story to tell for the whole of its 10,000 members and there must be no question as to whether its recom- mendations apply to the one-third or the two-thirds as the case may be.No one can pretend that the present state of affairs is satisfactory. Two-thirds of the members are practically disfranchised and are debarred from taking an active part in the conduct of the affairs of the Institute. The Institute has already admitted quite freely that it is unhappy about the present position and strenuous efforts have been made to put the matter right. As you know there was a campaign recently to encourage Associates to apply for the Fellowship. We feel however that that effort not only failed but was probably rather misguided and may have done more harm than good. As has already been pointed out 90 per cent.of the entrances to the Fellowship are by election and therefore the Fellowship has lost much if not all of its technical significance. But I feel that the position is even worse than that and that we may succeed in attracting the wrong type of applicants for the Fellowship. People who are already in an assured position just do not care whether they are Associates or Fellows. I know personally of highly qualified people in responsible positions who have not yet takent!; trouble to apply for our Fellowship and when asked why the answer they give is What incentive does the Institute offer? What do I gain by applying for the Fellowship ? Does it mean anything to me in my profession ? ” To that the reply is “No.” Election may therefore be the wrong process unless it is carried to its logical conclusion and all Associates are elected to the Fellowship.[ 1061 The fact that our efforts so far have failed proves to me that we are faced with a fundamental difficulty and therefore a radical solution must be sought. I claim that the solution suggested in this motion is a promising and hopeful one. There would be no real loss of status and there need be no loss of revenue. It would result in unity within the Institute and the Institute could then deal with Government departments public bodies and the general public on behalf of 10,000 or more members. We feel that it would then speak on behalf of the whole chemical profession. I appeal to everyone here not to look at this question from their own personal point of view but to look at it from the point of view of the strength and influence of the Institute during the next few years.I should add that we have received a number of proxies. They are only eight in number unfortunately but that fact does indicate that there are members not present here who are actively interested in supporting this motion. Mr. A. L. BACHARACH, in opening the discussion said :-If I may say so without dis- respect to Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson I have seldom in my life heard such a farrago of nonsense talked in such a short time :it seems to me that the sooner we can dispose of it and all get away to our suppers the better it will be. Mr. Gray painted a horrific picture of quarrels in the Institute between Fellows and Associates and he contrasted that with the ideal position of having one grade of membership.Let us get our minds clear on this-if it is necessary for any of us to do that except Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson! I have been a member of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section Committee on which Fellows and Associates sit but I have never known at any single meeting who were the Fellows and who were the Asso-ciates. I have been to many meetings of Sections of the Institute all over the country at some of which important business was discussed but I have never known who were the Associates and who were the Fellows. I defy anybody in this room including Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson to point out after this acrimonious discussion has finished who were the Fellows who took part and who were the Associates.Of course there are divisions inside the Institute but I deny absolutely that those divisions of opinion have anything whatever to do with the status of Associates and Fellows. That is the first point. Then there is this business of “talking with one voice.” Does anyone who studies problems of organisation and expression of opinion believe that in any organisation which could possibly be called democratic there could ever be one voice on anything? There would be no need for its existence if there were. If we all agreed on everything all we would need to do would be to appoint a single representative who could speak for us on any matter. There must be more than one voice in any organisation but there must be a means of meeting together and deciding what on balance is regarded by the majority as being in the best interests of that profession and its organisation.It is for purposes of that sort that the Institute exists and not to “speak with one voice” on any one matter. The resolution seems to me to take an entirely false view of what the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute really mean what they are designed to do and what they are meant to represent not only to the members of the Institute but to the outside public. I must say that in my view the most serious reflection to be made on the Council is not that they have failed to abolish the distinction between Associates and Fellows but that they have failed to conduct through a suitable public relations officer and by other means a sufficiently intense campaign of education amongst our own members.There seems to be an extraordinary misconception of what is intended by the two grades of membership. I would remark in passing that it would be a very curious thing if it were true-as it appears to be-that at least two grades of membership were found to be appropriate for every other professional institution in this country and that only one grade was appropriate for chemists. Moreover I find it difficult to understand why if the proposition put forward by Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson were an accurate one we should not urge that in future there should be no degrees of any university except Ph.D. there should be no rank in the Church except that of canon there should be no rank in the Army except that of major and that in fact we should all be compelled if we were going to be qualified at all to be satisfied with the same one qualification.However analogies are notoriously misleading and I will return for a moment to the question of the grading of chemists within the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Before I do so I want to say one word on a matter mentioned by Mr. Jackson-the attitude of people in assured positions who do not care about our Fellowship. Those were the people who during the campaign so admirably led by Professor Findlay during his presidency were urged to consider whether in fact they were qualified to be Fellows. I am glad to say that some 600 decided that they were-a decision which was incident- ally endorsed by the Council.What do you say to a man who says to you “Why should I become a Fellow ? tl-hat do I get out of it ? ” You say to him “My dear chap,” if he is a friend of yours-or something rather different if he is not!-“what on earth has that got to do with it?” If any Associate of the Institute applies for his Fellowship-and I am excepting those who take the examination because they are in a different category-and asks “What am I to get out of it 7’’ the answer surely is “It is your duty to your profession and to your country to take such steps as will enable that profession and that country to recognise your qualifications and experience. The issue has nothing whatever to do with what you get out of it.” This Institute exists as anybody knows who takes the trouble to read even the first few paragraphs of its Charter to further the standards of professional proficiency and conduct in the science of chemistry in all its manifold and sometimes bewildering aspects.Why have a distinction between Associateship and Fellowship? The answer is perfectly simple. The Associateship is a recognition of a certain standard of chemical knowledge and also of a requisite general educational standard and of nothing else whatever. Once a man has shown that he hasreached that standard either by taking the Institute’s own examination or by receiving a recognised degree of a recognised university or college he is entitled to his Associateship. The Fellowship on the other hand is a guarantee not only that a man has at one time or another had sufficient chemical knowledge and general education to qualify as an Associate but that he has also now reached such a degree of maturity as to justify his being a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.It means exactly that,-nothing more and nothing less. It may be asked “Then why have the examination at all? ” I am coming seriously to doubt whether the examination for the Fellowship is indeed a satisfactory one. It is a fact that in some branches of chemistry-notably in Branch E and possibly at some later stage in Branch I-examination is necessary or may become necessary but I am beginning to wonder whether the young men of 24 25 or 26 who having some years previously taken their Honours Degrees or passed their Associateship examinations and who by the fruits of hard work sit for the Fellowship and pass the examination really have all the qualifications essential for Fellowship.I am beginning consequently to wonder whether it would not be better if all Associates passed to the Fellowship only as a result of the kind of scrutiny to which they are submitted when they apply for admission without examination. If anyone imagines that to be an easy way to the Fellowship then if he has gained his Fellowship by examination I suggest that he ask to be down- graded to Associate and then apply for admission to the Fellowship without examination and see what happens. He will certainly encounter a fine process of sieving carried out by very expert sifters. This claim that two-thirds of the members of the Institute are disfranchised is a piece of rhetorical claptrap.Every Associate has the same voting rights as every Fellow. The truth simply is that it is the expressed opinion of the members of the Institute- Associates as well as Fellows!-that on the whole it is better for the Council to consist of the rather more mature members. When it comes to deciding who those members shall be the Associate is on precisely the same footing as the Fellow. Let us always bear in mind this basic distinction between the Associate and the Fellow. It is wrong to talk about the two qualifications as if they could exist simul- taneously in time; that is to say that because a man passes his Associateship examina- tion he is necessarily at that time of Fellowship standard.He only reaches Fellowship standard by virtue of having been an Associate and of having practised as a chemist for a certain number of years. He has gained that extra experience and has achieved that extra knowledge of his work and of chemistry as a whole that we can only describe by some such general term as “maturity.” Let us not forget that a considerable number of our Associates come into the Institute neither as a result of the university examinations nor as a result of the Institute’s own examination for Associates but as a result of having reached the required level of chemical knowledge largely by the sweat of their brows. They consider that their standard of chemistry should be recognised by a professional body like the Institute.They apply for admission and they are seen by an interviewing committee where they are most thoroughly examined. If you make Fellowship the only standard then you must adopt one of two alternatives; either you lower the standard of the Fellowship to that of the Associatehip and bring in as Fellows all these men who are justifiably admitted Associates at present or you raise the standard of the Associateship to that of the Fellowship and keep all these men out of the Institute. In neither instance will you be getting a proper professional organisation of chemists or giving the general public the information it needs about the chemical profession-the information that it is entitled to receive and that it is the duty and the proud privilege of this Institute to give.Professor D. H. PEACOCK: I am sure we are all in sympathy with the aims of the mover and seconder of this motion which are to advance the interests of the pro- fession and to strengthen the Institute. The Institute is of course trying to carry out r 1081 a very difficult task. It is trying to make itself the representative body for men and women in the chemical profession throughout the country and at the same time it is trying to keep up a reasonably high standard of entry into the profession. When we consider the difficulties which must face the Institute in trying to carry out those two functions we may perhaps bear in mind other professional institutions remembering always that analogies are sometimes not only misleading but often inaccurate.There are professional institutions which admit everybody who receives a certain examination qualification and thereby become merely registering bodies. We have to ask ourselves whether we want to turn the Institute into a body which merely keeps a Register of all the people in the country who have a First or Second Class Honours degree in chemistry or some other similar qualification. If we do turn the Institute into such a body will it be any stronger than it is at the present time ? We have alternatively to ask ourselves whether the Institute is succeeding at present in its mission of trying to maintain a high standard of professional ability and a high standard of professional ethics. These are the things which the Institute has been trying to do for some years.We are not here to moralise on the mistakes of the past but to try to remedy them if they were mistakes. I would therefore ask all members here to turn over in their minds what they regard as the proper function of the Institute. While we are turning that over in our minds we must of course try to meet the objection raised by the proposer of the motion namely that there is a strong division of feeling between the Associates and the Fellows of the Institute. Looking around this meeting I must confess that I fail to see any evidences of this division between Associates and Fellows but perhaps we are all Fellows here! The proposer of the motion suggests that a large number of Associates-I think he will agree that this is his suggestion-are unable to take that part in the affairs of the Institute which they would like to take and that they cannot take it because they are not Fellows.I would like to ask the mover why those Associates are not Fellows. Is it because they do not want to become Fellows or is it because they are not professionally qualified ? If it is because they do not wish to become Fellows are they fit and proper people to take a very important part in carrying on the executive work of this Institute ? Are they the people to represent the general body of chemists? If they are not pro- fessionally qualified then I think it is hardly necessary to ask the question because if they are not sufficiently professionally qualified to become Fellows I do not think they can be regarded as being representative chemists.This is an Institute of Chemistry and we want to bear that in mind. Before I sit down I would say that I am so far in sympathy with the aims of this motion as earnestly to wish that something could be done to get into the Institute a larger number of the properly qualified young men and women who every year graduate from the universities of this country. It is I am sure a great source of distress to all of us who have been members for many years that more young men and women do not come forward. Having regard to the social tendencies which are at work at the present . time in this country a well-organised professional organisation is necessary if chemists are to maintain their status as a profession.I cannot offer any suggestions now but we must ensure that the Institute tends more and more to speak for the profession of chemistry. I do not think it will do that by adopting the suggestion contained in this motion. I sympathise strongly with its aims but I do not think we shall achieve those aims by the method it suggests. Mr. R. H. M. SAVAGE: I want to congratulate Mr. Gray on one thing and one thing only-his sense of logic. It appears to me that the actions which have been taken in recent years to persuade more Associates to become Fellows may be leading inevitably in the direction he suggests. After all if you want to draw a dividing line through a body of people such as this you can put that dividing line anywhere you like; but if you are going to put it in such a position that most of the members lie above it you must put it very near the qualifying boundary so that the standard for the Fellow- ship becomes very close indeed to that for the Associateship.Mr. Gray and Mr. Jackson have taken that argument to its logical conclusion. It has-been explained at previous meetings that it was the intention of the founders of the Institute that the Fellowship should as Mr. Bacharach so ably explained be an indication of maturity rather than of the extent of a man's chemical knowledge. The last speaker has pointed out that this is an Institute of Chemistry and I agree. I do not think it is entitled to consider itself an institute of general ability and I must express my profound disquiet at the actions which have been taken in recent years in admitting so many people to the Fellowship on the result of an interview.I do not wish for a moment to suggest that those interviews are not exacting and that they are not conducted in the best way possible but there is a legal saying which says that justice should not only be done but should be seen to be done. That is one of the advantages of admission by examination; [ 109 1 people know what they have to go through and everybody else knows as well. Instead of admitting Fellows by examination we trust-and I think rightly trust-to the in- tegrity of those who do the interviewing but we do not know anything about it and I do not think anybody does outside the committee which does the interviewing. In conclusion may I say that I think the mover and seconder have done us a service in showing the way in which we have been tending to go in recent years.Dr. E. C. WOOD:I have some sympathy with the motives underlying this motion though not with the motion itself. It is not many years since I myself proposed a motion at an Annual General Meeting of the Institute which was designed to give expression to a feeling of the same sort as that which must have been in the minds of many Associates and Fellows. On the one hand we have this comparatively small body of Associates who become Fellows by examination and on the other hand we have the much larger number who become Fellows without any examination other than that which they may have taken to become Associates.My opinion was until recently that this was wrong and that admission to the Fellowship without examination should in some way be made much narrower so that the number of Associates becoming Fellows by examination would exceed the number of those who became Fellows without examination. I have however partly as a result of further conversations with many Fellows and Associates modified my views. Strangely enough the views I now hold have been to a certain extent foreshadowed by Mr. Bacharach in what he has said which is rather ironic because Mr. Bacharach dealt with my motion on that previous occasion almost as vigorously as he has dealt with this now. I am now beginning to think that examinations (particularly in Branch E but in other branches as well if so desired) should be dissociated completely from election to the Fellowship.The best solution of this difficulty which has exercised the minds of so many of us for so long, even though the majority of the members still are in favour of the present system as a whole (and that is perhaps because a better solution has not been found) may be so to arrange matters that election to the Fellowship always indicated the basic chemical (Associateship) standards plus that maturity of judgment which one tends to look for in a Fellow and that while the examinations of the Institute (certainly in Branch E probably in Branch I and in such other branches as may become necessary) should be continued a separate diploma or something of the kind should be granted to indicate that the examination had been passed.In other words I envisage a situation similar to that in the medical profession where a man becomes qualified by becoming an L.R.C.P. for instance and can quite apart from that take the D.P.H. which indicates that he also has a specialised knowledge in a particular field. If something analogous could be done in our profession I believe it would very largely solve our problem and I would therefore like to ask without making any formal motion that the Councilshould consider this possibility. I do not think that to bring Associates and Fellows to one level of qualifications would meet the point and I shall have no hesitation in voting against the present motion. Mr. D. M. FREELAND: I think Dr. Wood’s views could be met to some extent by having in the Register a list of those Associates who gained their Fellowship by examination in the same way as the Branch E men are indicated.Branch E men are there for a special reason but in the Register there would be some evidence that the man had taken an examination of a certain character apart from the oral one that is very often given to these candidates. Mr. J. L. PINDER:I think Mr. Freeland’s remarks missed the point. Surely the point is that at the moment the Fellowship means two things. For the bulk of the Fellows who are elected directly from the Associateship without any examination it means that in the opinion of the Council they have reached a certain professional maturity. For those Fellows elected as a result of examination it means that they have obtained a higher qualification.I think some of the confusion at the moment arises because it does mean one or other of those two things and I support the general purport of Mr. Wood’s remarks namely that the Council should examine the possibility of ensuring that in future Fellowship does mean professional maturity only; that we should certainly continue to hold diploma examinations but that the success of the candidate in passing what is now the Fellowship examination in a particular branch should in future be dissociated from the position of having acquired the maturity and status necessary to become a Fellow. The PRESIDENT: I can say that the whole question of the Fellowship is being considered by the Council.I will certainly see that Dr. Wood’s suggestions are brought to the notice of the Committee dealing with the matter. Mr. D. L. SAMUEL:I would like to speak in support of the motion. I have been an Associate of the Institute for a great number of years-I think about 25-but have seen no reason why I should offer myself for the Fellowship although no doubt I [ 1101 could have applied and obtained it by election at any time during the last 10 or 15 years. I do not consider that the Fellowship under present conditions means anything which is worth having. I have a great admiration for anybody who has gained the Fellowship by examination because it indicates that he has a great knowledge of the branch of chemistry which he is practising but I know of many cases where people are elected to the Fellowship on what I would call administrative ability.If the Institute is a body which seeks to define a “chemist” and to set a standard of proficiency for that chemist a Fellow should be a man who is-shall we say?-a better or a more experienced chemist than an Associate. Mr. Bacharach’s argument about washing out all university degrees but one was carrying the matter to absurdity. Nobody would say that a D.Sc. was the same as a B.Sc. but the D.Sc. cannot be obtained by election; he has to spend a con- siderable time on research. There are of course honorary degrees but the average D.Sc. has to put in a lot of work and prove himself a very good chemist. A Fellow does not have to do anything of that description; he has to satisfy the Institute that he is a chemist who has been associated with chemistry for a large number of years.He then probably gets somebody to certify that he is holding a responsible job in some kind of technical department and his claim is considered. I know quite a number of the people who have proceeded to the Fellowship in this way and I have come to the conclusion that the Fellowship as it stands at the moment is not worth having. If it is to be an indication of efficiency and if Fellows are elected for the same reason that a man is made a D.Sc. then by all means let us have the two grades-the chemist and the super- chemist-but in present circumstances I see no reason for maintaining the grade of Fellowship and the grade of Associateship.Mr. R. C. FEATHER: One speaker referred to a line being drawn across the members of the Institute. I wonder whether he realises that that line is slowly creeping upwards in that the proportion of members who are Fellows is steadily decreasing. Quite a number of the more senior Fellows were elected to the Fellowship without very much in the way of examination. As the older Fellows die out and we have the younger generation who can attain the Fellowship only by passing the examination or by being sifted through a very fine sieve I think that the ratio of Fellows to Associates will decrease still further. It seems to me therefore that those who can sit on the Council will be drawn from a diminishing minority of the total members of the Institute. Is it the policy of the Institute to encourage Associates to become Fellows ? I ask this because if an Associate tries to make a life composition of his fees he is told he cannot and that only Fellows have that privilege.I do not know whether the Treasurer thinks that a Fellow’s expectation of life is not so great as that of an Associate and that he may therefore take the risk! With regard to the Fellowship in Branch E would it not be an advantage to substitute for this a Diploma in the Analysis of Food and Drugs on lines similar to the D.B.A. of the Pharmaceutical Society? Mr. W. H. RAWLES Although it is only recently that I have had the honour of beiDg elected a Fellow of this Institute I am primarily a chemical engineer. In the Institution of Chemical Engineers it is recognised that an Associate does not become a full member until he has become a mature member of his profession and has reached that stage of maturity which I gathered was the standard of a Fellow of this Institute.There has not been this trouble in the Institution of Chemical Engineers or in the Institu- tions of Electrical or Mechanical Engineers. There has been no trouble or rivalry there and that being so why should there be in this Institute ? This is a point which comes as a surprise to me. As one who is a new Fellow of this Institute but who is mature in age and perhaps in experience I should like some explanation of why this point has not been raised in other Institutions if there is this rivalry between Associates and the senior men who are Fellows.Dr. R. N. CUNNINGHAM: I deprecate very strongly any suggestion such as this motion entails which discourages the chemist from bettering himself as time goes on. It encourages the man who says :“I can’t do it ; why should you ? ” That is a regrettable feature in some of our trade unions. I am one of those who got his Fellowship without examination and perhaps the proposer and seconder will be interested to know that I applied for the Fellowship 10 years after getting my Associateship and I applied on the strength of the research work which had been published in my name during those 10 years. I think that is some substitute for the examination. Dr. H. B. DUNNICLIFF Nobody has yet considered the overseas Associates of this Institute.If we are going to say that Fellowship can only be gained by virtue of passing an examination the Council will be compelled to arrange for examinations in the Dominions or anywhere else where British subjects who are Associates wish to obtain the Fellowship. There would be difficulties in Australia South Africa and the other Dominions. Mr. H. KRALL Many of us are very conscious of the difficulties which have been mentioned by the proposer and seconder and by other speakers. The matter has c 111 3 been under active consideration by the Council during the past year and several points have been left over for the new Council to deal with. Therefore in opposing this motion it is not that we are not aware of the necessity for having regard to these important questions but that this particular way of dealing with the matter is not perhaps a satisfactory one.Replying to the discussion Mr. C. G. GRAY said:-I would point out to the last speaker but one that the difficulties of overseas Associates passing to the Fellowship would not arise if this motion were accepted because they would become Fellows automatically. Mr. Bacharach started off in a very jovial mood and I was pleased to see that a number of the other speakers who opposed this motion also opposed Mr. Bacharach. He told us of the number of meetings and gatherings he had attended all over the country and he said that he was not able to distinguish between the Fellows and the Associates. I think that can be disposed of by saying that if he will take me along to the next Council meeting I will point out all the Associates and give him an assessment of the strength of their views on the Council.One or two speakers have asked why it is that large numbers of Associates do not pass to the Fellowship. I am reminded of the famous letter which Dr. Johnson sent to Lord Chesterfield on one occasion when Lord Chesterfield wrote to Dr. Johnson offering him patronage. The offer came after Johnson had completed the work on his dictionary and he replied “Your offer my Lord had it been early had been kind; but it has been delayed until I am known and do not need it.” I might almost add with Johnson “Until I am old and do not want it.” Whatever the reasons the fact remains that between 6,000 and 7,000 Associates exist in the Institute at the present time.I would not go so far as to say that 7,000 Associates cannot be wrong but I would go so far as to say that they must have very good reasons. Mr. J. S. JACKSON:It is quite obvious from the discussion that members are very conscious of the fact that they are faced with a real difficulty. That difficulty is getting worse and no one else has proposed a solution. I am perfectly certain that the solution which has already been tried i.e. election is fundamentally wrong and that it will do the Institute a great deal of harm. I make this appeal to the meeting. If you cannot think of a better solution then for goodness’ sake support this one. The motion was then put and was negatived only eight voting in favour of it.The proceedings then terminated. REPORT OF THE SIXTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY S ECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 19 APRIL 1947 at I0a.m. Present.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay Vice- President; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District) ; Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands) ; Mr. B. W. Minifie (Bristol and South-Western Counties); Mr. H. F. Adams (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Dr. J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Mid- lands); Mr. Bryce Douglas (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Mr. W. G. D. Wright (Glasgow and West of Scotland) ;Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield) ;Dr. W. H. Pedelty (Hull and District); Dr. H. Burton (Leeds Area); Mr.H. Weatherall (Liverpool and North-Western Counties) ; Mr. T. McLachlan (London and South-Eastern Counties) ; Mr. A. Carroll (Manchester and District) ; Dr. J. 0. Harris (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast) ; Mr. G. Murfitt (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands) ; Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); the Secretary the Registrar and the Deputy Executive Officer. The Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections were welcomed by the President. EDUCATIONAL AND GENERAL MATTERS I. National Certificates in Chemistry.-It was reported that for several years the Council had been concerned with the possible further recognition of National Certificates [ 1121 as steps towards the Associateship but action had been deferred because National Certificate standards had not until recently been too well defined.Following negotia- tions with the Ministry of Education it had now been agreed to institute two types of National Certificate one in Chemistry and the other in Applied Chemistry and the Council had appointed a Special Committee to consider to what extent this innovation might help in the desired direction. This Committee would also consider the question of preliminary examination requirements for the A.R.I.C. and difficulties arising in connection with men returning from the Forces would no doubt receive sympathetic attention. 2. Technical Colleges Recognition.-The Nominations Examinations and Institu- tions Committee had invited the co-operation of Local Section Committees in watching developments in technical schools in their areas and in indicating to the Registrar when a more formal inspection or re-inspection might be desirable.It was agreed that such co-operation would be helpful in the interests of students because some colleges that were almost certainly suitable for recognition might hesitate to apply. Recognition was normally given to an institution that had shown itself capable of training students to the A.R.I.C. standard even though the staff and equipment available might serve only for training a relatively small number as recognition of such small institutions often served to attract larger numbers of st,udents and thus encourage development. When recognition was withheld the institution was always informed of the improvements that should be made.It was desirable in the interests of students that all of the colleges giving courses of suitable standard should be recognised and the Hon. Secretaries were invited to ask their Committees to consider the best ways in which Local Sections might give informal help and guidance in this direction. 3. Membership of the Institute.-It was reported that the Chemical Council brochure giving particulars of membership of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and of other societies represented on the Chemical Council was in course of revision and that it was intended to print sufficient copies for circulation among educational establishments as well as among members of the co-operating bodies.A pamphlet giving information about membership of the Institute was also being revised. Copies of the revised brochure and of the pamphlet would be available for Local Section Officers and others to put into the hands of potential members such as recent graduates in chemistry on or before leaving the university. Several Local Sections were already active in securing the support of students. In this connection it was recognised that although publicity matter was useful nothing replaced personal contacts. 4. Chemists in Public Life.-It had been suggested that chemists in general were not playing the important part in civic affairs which the judicial outlook derived from the pursuit of their own profession should enable them to perform. It was realised that participation in such affairs through service on local Councils as Justices of the Peace etc.was a matter for individual consideration for such duties were those of a citizen and not of a member of a particular profession as such. It was generally agreed that the most that could be done would be to draw the attention of members of the Institute to these outlets for their abilities and energies by suitable lectures or dis- cussions at Local Section meetings. Attention was drawn to the useful work being done by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee in bringing to the notice of Members of Parliament the views of scientific and professional organisations on technical problems of national significance and it was noted that Mr. H. N. Linstead M.P.had agreed to address the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on "Science and Parliament " next session. LOCAL SECTION ORGANISATION AND ACTIVITIES 5. Local Section Grants.-As arranged at the Fifteenth Conference (Report para. l), consideration was given to the desirability of revising the scheme of annual grants so that each Section might receive a fixed sum plus a per capita allocation on such a scale that the smaller Sections would receive an increased total grant while the larger Sections would not receive less than at present. It had been recognised that however small a Section might be there were certain essential charges to be met if the Section was to exercise its proper influence and that these charges had increased considerably in recent years.Following discussion it was agreed to recommend that in future the normal annual grant to a Local Section should be f;lO plus 2s. 3d. per member subject to a minimum total of L25. This would make substantial additions to the sums normally available to the smaller Sections and would not result in any reduction for the larger Sections except the London and South-Eastern Counties Section which in any event [ 1131 had never spent anything approaching the total sum available under the existing system. 6. Travelling expenses of members of Local Section Committees and Sub-Committees.- Further consideration of this matter had been referred from the previous Conference (Report para. 2). It was agreed that for Local Sections in the British Isles covering a considerable area it was desirable that local Committees and sub-committees should include members drawn from various centres within the area and that this would entail payment of reasonable travelling expenses if it were to be made effective.Circumstances would vary greatly from Section to Section and the operation of any scheme would depend largely on the discretion of the Local Section Committee. From information received it appeared that a total expenditure of the order of A100 to A150 per annum might be involved. Following discussion it was agreed to recommend that reasonable expenses in excess of &1 per annum incurred by a member of the Institute in attending meetings of the Committee or sub-committee of his Local Section should be chargeable at the discretion of the Section Committee to the ordinary Section accounts 7.Local Section Oficers’ Handbook.-The Conference had before it a second draft of the Handbook (cf. 15th Conference Report para. 3). It was agreed that all the material included was desirable but that the method of presentation might be made more concise and the information put in tabular form where appropriate so as to facilitate reference. On the other hand the sections dealing with rules governing the election of District Members of Council and the conditions of established awards should be expanded and a section on educational matters added. It would also be advan- tageous if each main section of the Handbook could begin on a new page so that subse- quent additions could be interleaved.It was agreed that Honorary Secretaries should forward to the Secretary at an early date any additional suggestions or comments so that a first issue of the Handbook might be set up in printer’s proof. 8. Presentation of Associateship and Fellowship Certijkates at Local Section Meetings. -Following discussion of this matter at the previous Conference (Report para. 6), several Local Section representatives reported that their Committees were in favour of the resumption of this practice although they realised the practical difficulties that were entailed. Several suggestions for minimising these difficulties were discussed and attention was drawn to other possible ways of introducing new Associates or Fellows formally to their Local Sections for example by inviting all newly elected members present at a meeting of a Local Section to come forward and sign the Minute Book or a special signature book and be welcomed by the Chairman and introduced by name to the meeting.It was agreed that such alternative methods should be considered by Section Committees but that in the meantime a trial should be made of the presenta- tion of certificates by a single Local Section. It was further agreed that the offer of the Dublin and District Section to act in this way be accepted as the Honorary Secretary had agreed to take full responsibility for seeing that certificates not claimed by members at meetings of the Section would be forwarded to them without undue delay. 9. Annual Reports of Local Sections Interchange.-It was agreed that Local Sections which issued Annual Reports of their work or other Reports likely to be of general interest might distribute copies of these to the Secretaries of other Sections so as to stimulate interest in important developments.It was recognised that only a few Sections issued Annual Reports for distribution to all their members and that many of the Reports presented at Annual General Meetings contained only matters already referred to under Activities of Local Sections in Journal and Proceedings. It might become appropriate however for Annual Reports dealing with matters of broader interest to be issued by other Sections and when paper restrictions permitted such Reports might be published in Journal and Proceedings.10. Formation of new Local Sections.-It was generally agreed to be in the interest of the Institute that there should be established an increasing number of Local Sections to serve important centres and areas where considerable numbers of members were congregated. There was a- possibility that some existing Local Sections might not be anxious to have their area diminished by the formation of such new Sections and it might therefore be desirable for the Council to consider how far the present distribution of Local Sections throughout the country was adequate to serve the needs of members. In view of the changes that had taken place during and since the war in the location of industries a survey of the geographical distribution of members was desirable.This would be afforded by the new Register and it was agreed that proof copies should be sent to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections as soon as available so that they might be able to examine the position. [ 114 1 It was pointed out that new Local Sections normally arose through the initiative of groups of members at a distance from established local centres but that this might not always be effective for it was the total number of chemists rather than the number of members of the Institute that should determine the need for a new Local Section. Where a Local Section had been formed it often followed that many eligible chemists in the area joined the Institute. Several of the larger Sections had realised the importance of holding meetings at places other than their normal centres and of inviting non-members and students to such meetings.In some instances particularly in the London and South-Eastern Counties Section the formation of local Committees in certain towns had been stimulated and it might well be that these would form the nuclei of new Local Sections. In such developments it was important to see that such sub-centres were related to the surrounding country so that if new Local Sections were formed they would serve an appropriate geographical area and not merely a single town. It might well happen that such an area would include part of the territory of more than one existing Local Section and this would call for joint consideration by the Sections concerned. RECORDS AND REGISTERS I I.Manuscripts of Lectures.-It was agreed that where a lecture of special interest or importance was delivered before a Local Section but was not published in full by the Institute consideration might be given to depositing a complete typescript of the lecture in the Institute’s Library so that it would be available for reference by members or if the lecture were being published in full in some other periodical to including a reference to the publication in Journal and Proceedings. Both of these practices were already adopted by certain Sections. 12. Register of Fellows and Associates.-Consideration of a suggestion that Fellows and Associates who had passed the Institute’s Examination should be indicated in the Register was deferred in view of what had been said at the Annual General Meeting and of discussions proceeding in a Committee of the Council on the conditions of award of the Fellowship.Hitherto the Council had not favoured distinguishing in the printed Register Associates who had passed the Examination but those who had passed the Fellowship Examination in Branch E had generally been separately listed. 13. Examination Pass Lists.-The question was raised as to whether training not obtained at a recognised college might nevertheless be mentioned in the published Pass List. It was pointed out that in general the more important part of the training for the Associateship had necessarily to be taken at a recognised institution and that mention of an unrecognised institution might defeat one of the objects for which recognition was accorded or withheld.It was agreed that no recommendation be made. 14. Appointments Register.-It was agreed that it was impracticable to require prospective employers to give full particulars of the conditions of service at the time when applications were invited but the Registrar had been given authority to exclude notices when the conditions appeared to be unsatisfactory. It was agreed however that in the Appointments Register lists notifications received direct from firms should be rather more clearly differentiated from those derived from other publications and a note should be added explaining that members who were in doubt as to the acceptability of the terms of a contract of service might consult the Registrar on the matter.BENEVOLENT FUND IS. Benevolent Fund Homes for Old People.-Support for this project had been promised by several Local Sections and following a statement on the subject by the Secretary it was agreed that Hon. Secretaries should forward to him any relevant information or suggestions obtained from their Sections. The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m. and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 3.30 p.m. The President thanked the Hon. Secretaries and other representatives for their attendance and on the motion of Mr. Ayling a vote of thanks to the President for presiding and to the other honorary Officers for attending the Conference was carried with acclamation. i 116 1 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The two concluding meetings of the winter’s syllabus held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry took place in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen on 28 February and 20 March.The Chair was taken on both occasions by Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. At the February meeting a lecture was given by Mr. R. Howard Calvert of Messrs. John Miller & Co. Sandilands Chemical Works Aberdeen on the subject of “Grinding and Size Reduction Some Problems met with in the Fertiliser Industry.” After a discussion Dr. R. B. Strathdee moved a vote of thanks to the speaker. The March meeting was addressed by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. of the University of Manchester on “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Discussion again followed the lecture and after Professor Hirst had dealt with a number of questions the audience expressed appreciation on the motion of Dr.J. M. C. Thompson. Belfast and District.-Dr. W. Haughton Crowe very kindly consented to repeat his lecture “Christmas Crackers.” This lecture was given on 2 January and enjoyed by a large audience of children. Mr. T. W. T. Baillie carried out the demonstrations. On 9 January Mr. C. S. McDowell Hon. Secretary of the Section arranged a very instructive show of scientific films. These were enjoyed by a large number of members. A lecture on “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry” was given by Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. Cecil L. Wilson on 4 February.Dr. E. M. Reid was in the Chair. On 4 March the Section was honoured by a visit from the President and his daughter. The Committee entertained them to lunch and in the afternoon they visited Gallaher’s Tobacco Factory and were conducted on a tour by Dr. Hall Chief Chemist. In the evening Dr. Roche Lynch O.B.E. gave a lecture on “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.” Dr. Mayne Reid who was in the Chair introduced the President. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Derrett-Smith and seconded by Dr. Hall. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in “Anne’s Tea Shoppe,” Belfast on 28 March with Dr. E. M. Reid in the Chair. The Financial Statement and Annual Report were read and adopted. The following office bearers were elected for next session:-Chairman Dr.E. M. Reid; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee Dr. T. Caughey Mr. P. Faichney, Miss G. A. Watt Dr.*C. L. Wilson. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 14 February the Section held a joint meeting with the Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science at the Technical College Wolver- hampton. The Chairman of the local Society Mr. M. E. D. Windridge welcomed the Birmingham members and invited Mr. Garfield Thomas to take the Chair. A lecture entitled “Atoms and Electrons in Metals” was delivered by Dr. G. V. Raynor. At the conclusion a vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved by Mr. E. C. Bynon seconded by Mr. H. Ellison and carried with acclamation. About 150 persons were present. On 26 February at a meeting of the Section in Birmingham Dr.E. Boris Chain Nobel Laureate of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology Oxford delivered a lecture entitled “The Chemical Constitution of the Penicillins.” Dr. P. D. Ritchie proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer and this was cordially endorsed by those present. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 26 March. In reviewing the year’s work the Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas referred to the help received from the University of Birmingham in connection with the arrangement of the Chemical Engineering Course 1946 and said that this assistance was greatly appreciated. Routine business was dealt. with and the election of the new Committee declared as follows:-Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas ; Vice-chairman Dr. H. C. Smith ; Treasurer Mr.G. H. Edwards ; Secretary and District Member of Council Mr. E. M. Joiner Members of Committee Fellows Mr. A. Churchman Mr. Geo. King Dr. S. H. Jenkins Professor Maurice Stacey Mr. F. G. Broughall ; Associates Mr. A. Freeman Mr. F. A. Oliver Mr. C. W. Yearsley Mr. L. A. Walker. Mr. E. G. Ei. Pritchett and Mr. J. H. Bennitt were elected Auditors. A vote of thanks to the retiring members of the Committee-Dr. S. R. Carter Mr. T. H. Gant and Mr. J. H. Bennitt-was proposed by Dr. H. C. Smith who alluded to the particular share of work undertaken by each of the retiring members and said how much their efforts were appreciated. The vote was carried with acclamation and Dr. Carter suitably responded. In the discussion which followed the business meeting Mr.A. Churchman expressed the hope that it would be possible to arrange Christmas Lectures for Schoolchildren this year. [ 116 1 Mr. D. W. Parkes urged the importance of a union of chemical bodies and hoped that this matter would not be allowed to drift. He also drew attention to the need for chemists to take a more prominent part in local and national government. He did not wish to see their importance in the community over-emphasised but felt that at the present time their voices did not correspond with their numbers. There was consider- able support for this view. By the courtesy of the directors of Metallisation Ltd. members were able to view the film “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process.” After the projection many questions were answered by Mr.W. E. Ballard. The Section held its first meeting of the new session at Stoke-on-Trent on 25 April. The occasion was a joint meeting with the British Ceramic Society to hear a lecture on “The Industrial Control of Size Grading” by Dr. E. Sharratt. [For summary see p. 129.1 The Chair was taken by Mr. Garfield Thomas and about 80 persons were present. The lecture was followed by a lively discussion and Dr. H. C. Smith in proposing a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer also thanked Dr. H. W. Webb Principal of the North Staffordshire Technical College for his hospitality and Mr. S. W. Ratcliffe Secretary of the Pottery Section of the British Ceramic Society for the necessary liaison work. Prior to the meeting a joint dinner was held at the North Stafford Hotel with Mr.G. N. Hodson M.B.E. President of the British Ceramic Society in the Chair. The party of Birmingham members who made the journey to Stoke-on-Trent paid a visit en route to the Works of Messrs. Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd. where they were escorted round the factory by some of the Senior Management and afterwards enter- tained to tea. Altogether the occasion was a notable one and the kind reception offered the Birmingham members was much appreciated. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held on 6 March in the Chemical Department of Bristol University jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. E. B. Maxted Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided and apologised for the fact that owing to illness Professor M.W. Travers F.R.S. was unable to deliver his promised lecture on “Agitation.” Dr. Eley then gave a paper on “Plastic Flow,” which was followed by a good discussion. The Apnual General Meeting of the Section was held at Bristol University on 20 March Dr. T. Malkin Chairman of the Section presiding. The Hon. Secretary presented his report on the session and the financial statement for the year ending 31 December 1946 which were adopted. Mr. H. S. Howes and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. The Chairman announced that Professor W. Baker F.R.S. and Dr. S. J. Gregg had been elected to the two vacancies on the Committee and that Mr. B. W. Minifie had been elected Hon.Secretary. On the proposal of the Chairman Mr. F. P. Hornby was thanked for his services in that capacity during the past eleven years. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the University Authorities for facilities afforded during the session. Following the Annual General Meeting a joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry over which Dr. Malkin also presided. Dr. E. B. Maxted gave his address as Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry entitled “Some Recent Advances in Catalysis.” Cardiff and District.-At the 12th Annual Meeting held in Cardiff on 9 May the following Officers and Committee were elected for the 1947-48 session:-Chairman Mr. H. F. Adams; Hon.Secretary and Treasurer Mr. G. M. Kerman; Hon. Auditor Mr. S. Dixon; Committee Messrs. S. J. H. 0. Chard J. S. Hughes L. McGraghan, J. Ormston H. K. Rout P. G. Scholefield. Dublin and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 19 March Dr. A. G. G. Leonard in the Chair. The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting were read approved and signed. The report of the Hon. Treasurer duly audited was adopted unanimously. Professor T. S. Wheeler and Mr. T. W. Breaden were elected to the Committee in place of Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. B. G. Fagan who retired by rule. The apprecia- tion of the members was conveyed to the retiring members for their long and valued services to the Section. It was’unanimously agreed to amend Rule 4 so as to ensure that the District Member of Council shall be ex-oficio a member of the Section Committee.The auditors Messrs. B. G. Fagan and T. W. Breaden were re-elected unanimously. It was decided to convey the congratulations of the Section to Professor E. J. Conway on his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. [ 117 j The Hon. Secretary was thanked for his services during the year and the meeting then terminated. East Anglia.-The Annual General Meeting was held at the Norwich City College on 26 April Mr. J. Hendry in the Chair. The Hon. Secretary reported that four meetings had been held during the Session at one of which they had the pleasure of a visit from the President. The Section had interested itself in the Higher Scientific Courses at the School of Technology Ipswich.Mr. G. H. Whyatt was Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee. Special acknowledgment was made to Dr. F. Briers and the Norwich Education Committee for the free use of the room in the Norwich City College for the Norwich meetings. The report was adopted on the proposal of Mr. Reed seconded by Dr. Williams. The Hon. Treasurer’s report was adopted on the proposal of Mr. Whyatt seconded by Mr. Scott. The Officers for 1947-48 are:-Chairman Dr. J. W. Corran; Hon. Secretary Dr. John Williams; Hon. Treasurer Mr. T. P. Dee; Committee Dr. I;. Briers (Norwich) Mr. C. Hall (Stowmarket) Dr. G. Swann (Manningtree) Mr. G. W. Whyatt (Ipswich) Mr. N. F. Watterson (Bury St. Edmunds) Mr. J. Diamond (King’s Lynn).Mr. G. H. Whyatt was elected Auditor. The meeting was followed by a Scientific Film Show at which the following films were presented:-“Service Joins an Industry,” “Salmon Run,” “Development of the Chick,” “Soil Erosion,” “Drilling for Oil.” Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Section held its Annual General Meeting on Friday 2 1 March in the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders Elmbank Crescent Glasgow. Mr. J. W. Hawley Chairman of the Section welcomed Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-president to the meeting and read a number of apologies for absence which had been received by the Secretary. After the notice convening the meeting had been read by the Secretary the minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting held in October 1945 were read approved and signed.The Honorary Treasurer Dr. J. McLean then gave his financial report and the necessary explanations of his transactions after which the Secretary read his report covering the period from October 1945 to 31 December 1946. These two reports were then approved and accepted by the meeting. The almoner of the Benevolent Fund Mr. A. R. Jamieson gave a brief survey of the work being done and asked for continued support in this good work. Thereafter the election of Officers and members of Committee took place and the following members were duly elected :-Chairman Mr. A. R. Jamieson ;Vice-chairman Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. ;Hon. Secretary Mr. H. G. A. Anderson ;Hon. Treasurer Dr. A. C. Syme ;Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr. W. G. D. Wright. Three members of Committee were elected namely :Professor F.S. Spring Dr. J. D. Loudon and Mr. J. M. Malcolm. Dr. T. S. Stevens Hon. Auditor had recently left for Sheffield and Dr. William Good was appointed as his successor. The new Chairman of the Section took the Chair at this point and thanked those who had done much for the Section particularly Mr. Hawley who had travelled from Dumfries and had given much time to the affairs of the Institute and Dr. J. McLean retiring Hon. Treasurer who had carried out these duties for a number of years. The retiring members of Committee were also thanked for their services to the Section. Following the formal business the Section was addressed by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds who dealt with the policy of the Institute the Council and its many Committees and the work on which these were engaged.After an interval for tea an interesting discussion ensued and the Vice-president was cordially thanked for his address on the motion of Professor F. S. Spring. H uddersfield .-The Twenty-seventh Annual General Meeting was held on 25 March in Fields CafC under the Chairmanship of Mr. T. A. Simmons. In his report on the activities of the past session the Secretary said that these were fully maintained during the latter part of 1946 but in the early part of 1947 func- tions were adversely affected by the weather and the meeting scheduled for 4 February had to be cancelled. The report was adopted without comment and the Hon. Treasurer then presented the balance sheet which was also adopted. Messrs.H. S. White and T. Ritchie were elected to the Committee and Dr. H. H. Goldthorpe was elected Hon. Auditor. A vote of thanks to the retiring Members of Committee was proposed by Dr. Connor and carried unanimously. [ 1181 Following the business meeting Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. gave a lecture entitled “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Macromolecules.” The lecturer gave a most interesting account of the mechanism of certain chain reactions resulting in the formation of macromolecules which was followed by a good discussion in which a number of members took part. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. W. E. Scott and seconded by Dr. Jarrett. Hull and District.-At the meeting on 24 March in the Grill Room of the Royal Station Hotel Hull Dr.D. T. A. Townend gave a lecture entitled “Recent Developments in Combustion.” The visitors present by invitation included members of the Hull Association of Engineers and the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society. After an interesting discussion in which Messrs. Bagnall Manson Knight Wood Farmer Pedelty and Schollick participated a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. A. P. Backshell and seconded by Mr. E. E. Connolly President of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society. Professor Brynmor Jones of the Chemistry Department Hull University College was the lecturer at the meeting on 21 April when the subject was “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitution.” Dr. Wood Dr. Cheshire and Messrs. Balmforth Saddington and Sharp contributed to the discussion.A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Balmforth and seconded by Mr. Cooper. The First Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12 May in the Royal Station Hotel Hull when the reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were adopted. Professor Brynmor Jones and Mr. F. Schollick were elected to the vacancies on the Committee caused by the retirement of Mr. J. Pryce Jones and Mr. E. Pawson according to the Section Rules. The following Officers were elected :-Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. S.Howard; Hon. Secretary Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Hon. Auditor Mr. T. E. H. O’Brien. The meeting concluded with a lecture on “The Work of a Public Analyst” by Mr. D. J. T. Bagnall the retiring Chairman. A lengthy and interesting discussion followed in which many members participated and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks and appreciation of Mr.Bagnall’s services as Chairman proposed by Mr. E. M. Hall and seconded by Mr. F. Schollick. Liverpool and North-Western Counties.-Meetings arranged by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee were held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University Liverpool. The Liverpool Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry organised a meeting on 14 January. Mr. C. Gordon-Smith was in the Chair and Mr. P. N. Williams (Member of Council) of the Research Department Lever Brothers and Unilever Limited gave a paper on “Synthetic Fats.” A vigorous discussion followed the paper. Dr. Bushill proposed and Dr. Kay seconded a vote of thanks.The Chemical Society held two meetings in the period under review. On 23 January Professor R. A. Morton was in the Chair and Professor H. A. Krebs of Sheffield gave a paper on “Metabolic Cycles.” Drs. Morton Whalley Beer and Williams took part in a short discussion. Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. of the University of Manchester lectured under the title “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen” on 20 February. Professor Robertson was in the Chair and very brief discussion followed the lecture. Dr. Gookir proposed a vote of thanks. The Institute arranged a meeting on 27 February. Professor T. P. Hilditch was in the Chair and Mr. R. C. Chirnside (Member of Council) of the Research Department General Electric Company gave a lecture entitled “The Complete Analyst .” Messrs.Dunn Clark and Williams took part in discussion and Mr. G. W. Beaumont proposed and Mr. L. Wilde seconded a vote of thanks. A meeting outside Liverpool in the Mining and Technical College Library Street Wigan on 6 February was very popular. Professor T. P. Hilditch was in the Chair and Dr. J. B. Firth Director of the North-Western Forensic Laboratory Preston gave a well-illustrated talk on “Forensic Science.” Owing to the need for catching trains there was no discussion but Detective Inspector Duffy Wigan Borough Police proposed and Dr. Gregson seconded a vote of thanks. A social evening was held on 30 January at Reeces’ Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool. Dinner was served at 6 p.m. and Professor Hilditch Chairman welcomed Dr.Clark Liverpool City Analyst Dr. Howatt a visitor on leave from the Gold Coast new Fellows and Associates. An entertainment followed contributed to by Messru. Paul Thompson Dunn Ffoulkes and Lewis together with Mrs. Clark and “Zelda,” a professional thought-reading act [ 119 3 London and South-Eastern Counties.-A joint meeting of the Section and the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club was held at the Cherry Tree Hotel Welwyn Garden City on 18 March. Mr. S. G. E. Stevens Vice-chairman was in the Chair and 35 members and visitors were present. Dr. A. M. Ward gave an address on “The Training and Qualification of Chemists,” which was followed by a discussion to which ten members of the audience contributed. A hearty vote of thanks to Dr.Ward was proposed by Dr. F. Bergel and seconded by Mr. F. G. Moore. The Hon. Secretary Mr. T. McLachlan thanked Mr. S. C. Mitchell for making the necessary arrangements for the meeting and Mr. Moore for kinldy enter- taining members of the Committee who had travelled from London. A joint meeting with the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of physics was held on 19 March at the Royal Institution. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was in the Chair and approximately 160 members and visitors were present. Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. gave an address on “Monomolecular Layers.” Five members of the audience joined in the subsequent discussion to which Professor Rideal replied. A hearty vote of thanks to Professor Rideal was proposed by Dr.E. R. Davies Vice-chairman of the London and Home Counties Branch of the Institute of Physics. Manchester and District.-A joint meeting was held with the Chemical Society at the University on 13 February when Professor M. Stacey gave a paper on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Fluorocarbons.” The third Dalton Lecture was given on 18 March by Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. at the Grand Hotel Manchester. Mr. J. T. Marsh was in the Chair; Sir Henry gave a most fascinating account of “Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment. The vote of thanks proposed by Professor Rayner and seconded by Dr. Scott was carried with acclamation by an audience of well over 300. It is hoped to publish a synopsis or possibly the complete text of Sir Henry’s lecture.On 27 March over 200 members wives and friends assembled at the Engineers’ Club Manchester for the Ladies’ Evening. An exhibition on “Fabrics of the Future” was opened after an introductory talk by Mr. R. S. Greenwood. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester on 17 April. It was preceded by an informal dinner. The Hon. Secretary Dr. Harper in his report paid tribute to the efforts of the local secretaries of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in furthering collaboration between scientific bodies. The Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies had been fully launched much of the necessary impetus having been supplied by the Local Section of the Institute. The version of the results of the Manchester questionnaire published in the Journal and Proceedings had disappointed and disturbed many members who considered that the full report as presented to the Section in Feb- ruary 1946 had been too severely eviscerated.However Dr. Harper was very glad to note that action was being taken following the serious criticisms of the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” made by the Manchester Section (erroneously attributed to the Liverpool and North- Western Counties Section in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 11 56). Dr. Isaacs was re-elected Assistant Secretary and the following were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee:-Messrs. Osgood Bunbury Fletcher and Harper. The Chairman Mr.J. T. Marsh announced with regret that Dr. D. A. Harper wished to retire from the office of Honorary Secretary. Mr. Marsh paid tribute to the great work done by Dr. Harper during the difficult years from 1941 onwards. A vote of thanks for his services was proposed by Mr. Stevenson seconded by Dr. Withers and carried with acclamation. On the proposal of‘the Chairman Mr. Arthur Carroll was elected Hon. Secretary. The formal business of the meeting was followed by a joint meeting with the Chemical Society at which Dr. H. Baines Deputy Director of Research to Messrs. Kodak Ltd. lectured on “Colour Photography in America. ” The lecture illustrated by colourful slides and exhibits was followed with considerable interest by an audience of over 150.An animated discussion ensued in which Messrs. J. T. Marsh C. Wood J. B. O’Sullivan A. G. Murray S. J. Fletcher A. N. Leather P. W. Cunliffe H. Stevenson and T. F. Brown took part. At the first Committee meeting of the 1947-48 Session held on 5 May Mr. Stanley Best was elected Chairman. The Officers and Committee members are now as follows:- Chairman Mr. S. Best; Vice-chairman Mr. J. T. Marsh; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. A. Carroll; Assistant Secretary Dr. E. Isaacs; Members of Committee Dr. D. A. Harper Dr. A. Coulthard (ex:oficio District Member of Council) Dr. J. 0. Cutter Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. Dr. E. H. Rodd Dr. D. W. Hill Dr. A. L. Hock Dr. J. C. 1201 Withers Dr. P. W. Cunliffe Mr. C. J. Whiteley Dr. A. E. Gillam Mr. J. Boulton Mr.C. H. Carrington Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Mr. H. M. Bunbury Mr. G. Osgood and Dr. S. J. Fletcher. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a meeting of the Section held on 12 March Professor A. F. Burstall lectured on “The Training of Chemical Engineers.” This was followed by a lively discussion opened by Dr. G. E. Stephenson and contributed to by Messrs. C. Morley-Smith W. Simmonds and F. Rumford. A vote of thanks proposed by Professor Pearson was carried with acclamation. The Chair was taken by Dr. W. Patterson. A most informative and interesting lecture entitled “The Chemistry of Vitamin A“ was delivered to the Section by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. on 19 March. The large audience showed their appreciation by the enthusiastic manner with which they carried the vote of thanks proposed by Dr.R. Raper. The Chair was taken by Dr. W. Patterson. Tees-Side.-Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. addressed the sixth Scientific Meeting of this Section at Norton Hall on 18 Mar+ under the title “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Acetylene Compounds. This lecture which was well attended provoked a lively discussion. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Fleck. Mr. A. J. Prince was in the Chair. The thanks of the local Section are due to the Directors of I.C.I. (Billingham Division) for permission to use Norton Hall and for their co-operation in lending a lantern. (For summary see p. 129.) The Annual General Meeting was held at the William Newton School Norton on 29 April. Members present agreed to the proposal that any member of the Committee absent from three consecutive Committee Meetings without due reason would be deemed to have resigned.The new Committee was elected consisting of Dr. A. E. Callow Dr. J. S. Dunn Messrs. G. S. Gowing A. T. Grisenthwaite J. L. Hewson A. E. Rout Dr. A. E. J. Vickers and Mr. A. Winstanley. The present secretary Dr. F. R. Williams was not eligible for re-election to this Office and the new Secretary is Dr. A. R. Martin. Mr. R. Parmella was re-elected Hon. Treasurer. Dr. E. R. H. Davies and Dr. A. W. Evans were elected Hon. Auditors and Dr. G. I. Higson continues as Hon. Almoner. A vote of thanks to the retiring members of the Committee and retiring Officers was proposed by Dr. Higson seconded by Dr. Vickers and unanimously agreed.After the business meeting Mr. W. Gordon Carey Public Analyst for the City and County of Newcastle upon Tyne etc. gave an interesting lecture under the title of “Water Supply.” A keen discussion followed Mr. Carey’s paper. Mr. A. J. Prince acted as Chairman. India.-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held in St. Stephen’s College Delhi on 1 and 2 January 1947 Dr. Forrester Chairman of the Section presiding. Twenty-nine members were present. In the unavoidable absence of the Hon. Secretary Mr. K. B. Sen Dr. Forrester explained the circumstances in which the Hon. Secretary had been obliged to accept the early date allotted by the Indian Science Congress Association for the Annual Meeting. He gave an account of the difficulties that had mitigated against progress in the affairs of the Indian Section and made special reference to the sad bereavement sustained by the Secretary Mr.Sen just when progress had been made as a result he (Dr. Forrester) had taken charge of the business for the Annual Meeting to relieve Mr. Sen. The list of the Indian Section members was now in his hands and steps were being taken to verify the designations and addresses. In the meantime it was a guide to the policy that the Indian Section should adopt in planning for the future. Dr. Forrester outlined a scheme for a constitution that he considered would be suitable under which branches would be formed at suitable places throughout India each branch having a Chairman an Hon. Secretary and a local committee.After much discussion the following points were agreed upon by a large majority (a) The Central Committee to consist of the Chairman and the Hon. Secretary elected at the Annual Meeting the Chairmen of the branches (or representatives) elected by the branches and the Chairman of the Advisory Committee. (b) Branches to be formed for the present at Calcutta Bombay Bangalore Madras Delhi and Nagpur. (c) Branches to be formed at other centres subject to limitation in respect of numbers to be decided by the Committee in due course. (d) Meetings to be held at branches in collaboration with the other Scientific Societies such as the Indian Chemical Society the Institution of Chemists (India) the Indian Ceramic Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society etc.and societies with other technical especially engineering interests. [ 121 1 (e) A branch would be named according to the area or district in India it served rather than from the town at which the local headquarters would be located e.g. western northern central etc. (f) Meetings would be held at various places i.e. not only at the towns at which the local headquarters would be located. Dr. Forrester and Mr. K. B. Sen were re-elected Chairman and Hon. Secretary respectively. Some discussion took place on the matter of holding examinations for admission to the Associateship and the Fellowship and it was resolved by a large majority that in view of the large number of Fellows and Associates in India and the increasing importance of the Institute’s qualifications the Council be requested to arrange without further delay for the holding of such of the Institute’s examinations in India as might be found possible.At the request of several members the Chairman undertook to circulate a short note about the advantages of membership of sister societies under the Chemical Council’s Joint Subscription Scheme. It was suggested by some members that candidates for the examinations might submit to an oral examination so as to select those considered best suited or qualified for sitting for the examinations. If an examination of this kind by say three Fellows of the Advisory Committee and the Chairman of the candidate’s branch were made the examining Board thus constituted could assess the standard of training that the can- didate had received.No definite resolution was passed on the proposal which the Chairman undertook to bring to the notice of the Council for opinion. The Chairman also undertook to ask the Secretary in London for advice regarding the functions of branches. Some members stated that members of the Federal Public Service Commission made a practice during interviews ,of asking candidates-Fellows and Associates-if they had obtained the Fellowship or Associateship by examination thus implying that admission by election without passing the examination was an indication of a lower standard. The Chairman was requested to take the matter up with the Commission. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes oft he Meeting held on 19 March 1947.1. It was reported that the Constituent Bodies had approved the co-option of two representatives of the Biochemical Society on the Chemical Council and that the Bio- chemical Society should be allowed to join the Council without participation in the Joint Subscription Scheme. Dr. J. H. Birkinshaw and Dr. J. H. Bushill were formally co-opted as representatives of the Biochemical Society on the Council. 2. Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. G. M. Bennett Mr. F. P. Dunn and Dr. G. M. Dyson, together with Professor Wilson Baker Dr. E. H. Rodd and Professor A. R. Todd nominated by the Chemical Society have been appointed to serve on an Advisory Committee of the Council on the Dyson System of Ciphering Chemical Compounds.3. It was agreed to inform the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry that sympathetic consideration would be given to applications for further grants towards the cost of their publications for 1946 if accompanied by provisional or final accounts for that year. 4. In response to a request from the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists the Council has commenced enquiries into the question of the delay in delivery of laboratory apparatus. Council is also concerned in an endeavour to expedite the delivery of certain fine chemicals for analytical work. 5. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to six applicants. Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 23 April 1947.1. The Council again had before it the urgent need for suitable accommodation for the various bodies associated in the Chemical Council. Further enquiries concerning the offer of possible facilities from a City Company have shown that this offer still stands but cannot be put into a more definite form until the City plans are approved. 2. It was reported that the Institute of Fuel had written a letter of thanks for the part played by the Chemical Council in the organisation of a Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme for the staffs of certain scientific societies. The scheme commenced [ 122 I on 1 January 1947 and eight of the Societies which attended the Conference called by the Chemical Council at the suggestion of the Society of Chemical Industry are now participating in the Scheme.3. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists have agreed to participate in the Joint Subscription Scheme. The terms of entry were approved and it was agreed to forward them to the Constituent Bodies for confirmation. 4. The Council has been in contact with the Board of Trade in connection with reported delays in the supply of laboratory chemicals and reagents. 6. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to five applicants. SUM MAR1ES OF LECTURES INDUSTRIAL HEALTH IN THE GAS INDUSTRY BY DAVIDLLEWELYN, Registered Student Newton Chambers Prizeman [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 31 January 1947.1 It is of the greatest importance that chemists who by virtue of their training have understanding of the factors involved should play a full part in advising managements of the health hazards in gas works..At this moment an explanation of existing hazards with practical suggestions for their alleviation is greatly needed. The body is an extraordinarily efficient machine but cannot be misused or neglected indefinitely; wastage of manpower is not to be tolerated. Hence all possible factors must be carefully considered. By means of the brain heat-regulating centre the internal body temperature is maintained at a practically constant level. In warm surroundings the body loses heat by sweating and flushing of the skin but if heat loss is impeded by low air movement or a high relative humidity (over 70 per cent.) preventing evaporation of the sweat the serious condition of “heat stroke” may ensue.A more common condition is “heat cramps” caused by sodium chloride deficiency following excessive sweating. 80-120 grains of salt daily taken with drinking water should be supplied to workers suffering excessive heat conditions. The standard of lighting in gas works is surprisingly almost incredibly bad. The psychological effect of poor lighting is considerable. At the present time great improve- ment may follow cleaning windows removing remains of blackout and piles of bricks and coal which often obscure natural lighting. It is suggested that tenders for new plant should always include the provision of lighting. Groups of instruments should have their own lights and portable lighting equipment for breakdowns should be avail- able.Many toxic substances are encountered on a gasworks; while it is possible to give a general description individual idiosyncrasies and allergies will determine the reaction of any worker. It is therefore a dangerous practice to state maximum allowable con- centrations of toxic substances. The ill effects of carbon monoxide are due to its great affinity for the red cells of the blood. A cherry-red compound carboxy-haemoglobin is formed which is 250 times as stable as oxy-haemoglobin which it therefore replaces. Rate of absorption of carbon monoxide depends on its concentration and that of oxygen in the inspired air together with the length of exposure and the rate and depth of respiration.Initially elimination is rapid but after an acute exposure desaturation may take 3 hours. First-aid treatment must be prompt. Premonitory symptoms of acute poisoning are head- ache nausea tinnitus vertigo and collapse. The sight hearing intelligence and memory may be impaired. Death often preceded by convulsions occurs at 80 per cent. blood saturation. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning may exist in gasworkers who have become acclimatised to less than the average toxic dose of the gas by means of an increase of red cells in the blood. The symptoms similar to those of anaemia are headache nausea breathlessness and vertigo so care must be taken in diagnosis. Treat- ment of acute poisoning fresh air artificial respiration (continued even if death seems ap- parent) with oxygen containing 7 per cent.of carbon dioxide if available. Hospital treatment is essential in a severe case; a less severe case can be sent home to bed. After-effects are few and rare but they may be disabling due to brain changes. A test recommended for the detection and rough estimation is by means of a palladium chloride ampoule. Danger from acute poisoning may be anticipated on the following occasions cleaning washers on water-gas plant emptying purifiers (unpurged pockets) E 123 1 cleaning or repairing large mains cleaning rotary washers and condensers cleaning electrostatic detarrers and dismantling exhausters. All these operations should be carried out in the presence of a responsible official.Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning may be caused by any persistent leak in buildings; if leaks cannot be stopped and no fire danger will result a simple remedy is to light the gas (leaky settings etc.) Pitch and tar cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals the rash being localised to exposed areas or in serious cases generalised. After prolonged exposure (4-24 years) skin cancer may occur due to carcinogenic compounds present in pitch and tar. This is usually upon the face or hands and takes the form of a spreading ulcer developing from a previous innocent wart. Routine medical inspection of workers exposed to this risk is therefore essential. Anthracosis caused by the inhalation of coal and coke dusts is a relatively benign condition. The enclosure of coal and coke tippers breakers and screening plant is advised.The use of high-pressure atomising water sprayers is of some help. Silicosis is a severe progressive condition of fibrosis of the lung following several years’ exposure to dust containing silica particles of 0.5-10 microns diameter. The poisonous effect of silica is due to its slight solubility in the tissue fluids. Symptoms of silicosis are initially few hence routine medical examination and use of mass radiography are important in diagnosis before the disease has progressed too far. Later symptoms are increasing breathlessness cough and chest pains exhaustion and finally incapacity for work. Tuberculosis is a common and often fatal complication. Hydrogen sulphide by the formation of sulphhaemoglobin in the blood may cause acute poisoning.First-aid treatment is as for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A sub-acute or chronic case complains of conjunitivitis headaches photophobia and gastro-intestinal disorders. The inhalation of iron oxide gives rise to chronic bronchitis; the placing of oxide breakers “down wind” is suggested. The loaders should wear glasses and dust-masks. Carbon dioxide poisoning is occasionally encountered the condition is of simple asphyxia and treatment is by artificial respiration with oxygen if necessary. Protective equipment for both routine and emergency use must be an integral part of the equipment of all works; the provision of clogs hand cloths gloves and dust- masks is strongly advised. Each works should have a surgery and equipment in proportion to the skill of the first-aid man.Emergency equipment including safety lamps safety lines and gas-masks (of the blower type) should be regularly tested and together with adequate fire-fighting equipment always be readily available. SOME CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY By C. P. FAGAN, BSc. A.R.I.C. Newton Chambers Prizeman [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 31 January 1947.1 While at first sight it might not appear that electrical industry presents any real type of chemical hazard it must be remembered that the industry exhibits a great diversity and many electrical firms carry out a number of processes which are essentially chemical in nature. In a certain electrical firm where a number of specialised chemical processes are used hazards arise in connection with the cutting and etching of quartz electroplating involving the use of cyanide solutions paints and varnishes (including the use of solvents for degreasing) etc.The chemist may be called upon to assess such hazards and to advise managements as to the safeguards that should be introduced. During the war years the number of hazards in industrial processes has risen partly due to two causes overcrowding of existing plant and lack of skilled labour. Hazards in the cutting and finishing of quartz. A considerable amount of quartz is used annually in order to provide piezo-electric crystals for various purposes. In general the operations cover grading and cutting of the raw quartz selection of suitable crystals by means of hydrofluoric acid etching and final polishing and lapping of crystals.The cutting of quartz is carried out by means of a disc of copper or bakelite which has the edge studded with diamond dust. The operation is not quite as hazardous as it might appear for the cutting is carried out under wet conditions. The cutting fluid is usually of the oil-water-soap class and most of the quartz dust produced is washed away into the oil reservoir from which it can afterwards be recovered as a very fine white powder. A considerable amount of dust gathers in quartz-cutting rooms even where there is good exhaust ventilation. Examination of this dust shows it to be composed mainly of dried cutting fluid. HydrofEuoric acid.Hydrofluoric acid is used to a considerable extent in quartz crystal manufacture as an etching agent. Most accidents occurring during the ise of this C 124 I acid are due to burns but the vapour danger cannot be disregarded. It has been known for some time that burns from hydrofluoric acid differ to a considerable extent from other acid burns inasmuch as the acid causes a horny layer of skin to be formed under which the acid is still active. Etching of quartz is carried out in large flat gutta-percha trays and when the acid is fairly concentrated there is danger from fumes. To detect this a zirconium lake of sodium alizarin sulphonate may be dried on sintered glass tubes or absorbent papers which are placed in various parts of the room. There is a definite colour change when the concentration of hydrofluoric acid reaches a dangerous figure.Hazards in connection with electro-plating. An obvious hazard with plating solutions is that due to cyanide. With silver-plating baths there is some vapour hazard from hydrocyanic acid when excessive current densities are used. Cyanide copper-plating baths when used hot often cause bleeding of the nose-due to fumes. For this reason it is advisable to fix exhaust cowls over this type of bath. Hazards from nickel baths are mainly due to splashing which on unprotected skin often gives rise to an affection known as “nickel itch.” Hazards from chromium plating are mainly due to the fine spray of chromic acid solution given off. The effect of this spray on the eyes is very severe and it has been known to destroy the septum of the nose.Chromic acid is used to a considerable extent in the passivation of zinc. The danger of accidental poisoning due to swallowing cyanide solutions may be minimised by providing “cyanide antidote” ready for use in a prominent part of the shop. The antidote usually consists of solutions of iron sulphate and sodium carbonate which are mixed immediately before use. One source of hazard is the consumption of food in shops or departments where poisons are used or stored. While the Factory Act,. 1937 prohibits the taking of meals in certain places where chemical processes are used the ruling only applies to the main mid-day break. During the morning and afternoon “tea-break” the consumption of food is not prohibited and it is left more or less to the employee’s discretion.While this rule has obviously been adopted to save time there can be little doubt that it establishes a dangerous precedent. A prussic acid vapour concentration of more than 1 part per 100,000 parts of air is rarely found which means that the vapour hazard in well-ventilated plating shops is very small. Hazards in connection with paints and varnishes. A considerable range of paints and varnishes is used in the light electrical industries mostly as coil dopes for insulation and other purposes. Many of them to-day are new types of synthetic resin varnishes. Hazards are nearly always due to the solvent or solvents. There may be a fire or a health hazard or both. Acetone is an example of a solvent from which there is a large fire risk but very small hazards to health.By far the most dangerous solvent from the health point of view benzene is also very inflammable. Methylene chloride is one of the least hazardous of the chlorinated hydrocarbons and there are a number of other solvents which have a fairly “clean sheet” where health hazard is concerned principal among them being ethyl and propyl alcohol tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene) cyclohexanone acetone methyl methacrylate monomer amyl acetate. Solvents which are troublesome from the point of view of health hazards are benzene toluene carbon tetrachloride methyl salicylate. With regard to fire risk from solvents an interesting case may be mentioned where a number of girls in a large winding shop were doping coils with an insulating varnish.While each girl possessed about half-a-pint of the varnish the amount was large in total and owing to the inflammability of the solvent the use of the varnish was covered by the Cellulose Regulations. In order to comply with the law considerable structural alterations would have had to be made. To avoid this a varnish with propyl alcohol as a main solvent was substituted and this was exempt from the Cellulose Regulations. Special risks in tropical finishing. During the war years the tropical finishing of parts has become general in electrical industry. Among the substances used for this purpose are pentachlorophenol hexachlorobenzene chlorinated naphthalene waxes methyl silicon chloride etc.Both pentachlorophenol and hexachlorobenzene have irritant effects on the throat and nose more especially when used in the solid form. The chlorinated naphthalene waxes when heated above their melting points give rise to fumes with a dangerous action on the liver. For this reason chlorinated naph- thalene waxes should only be used when there is a good draught. Methyl silicon chloride (CH,Sill,) requires special mention. This substance is used to give water- repellent properties to ceramics etc. The substance itself is a fuming liquid of low boiling-point which is applied to the ceramic surface by brushing or dipping. After treatment with the chemical the parts are washed in water when hydrolysis of the methyl silicon chloride takes place with the production of a long-chain polymer.This L 126 1 polymer which coats the article has water-repellent properties. It is in fact a silicone The hazards from methyl silicon chloride are due to inhalation of the vapour which may cause the lungs and air passages to be coated with water-repellent films and lead to asphyxiation. Here as in the former instance adequate protection by draught is necessary. It may also be noted that methyl silicon chloride may inflict burns on the skin. These are not usually serious and resemble acid burns to a great extent. There are a number of proprietary impregnants for wood which contain a considerable proportion of arsenite or arsenate. The hazard here is obvious. Special risks in the valve industry. An unusual substance used in valve manu-facture is barium azide (BaN,) which is useful because when heated in vacuo it de- composes quickly nitrogen being liberated and barium metal being obtained.The substance is usually applied to valve parts in the form of a saturated solution the operations being carried out in a well-enclosed fume cupboard as the substance is rather more poisonous than other compounds of barium. The hazards from this substance may be summarised thus the compound is spontaneously explosive under certain conditions and on no account must large crystals be allowed to form in stored bottles of a saturated solution; lead drains or ducts must not be installed where barium azide is used because of the danger of forming explosive lead azide. Ceramic drains are recommended.Uralite is a good material to use for draught systems; acids must be kept far away from azide solutions because of the danger of forming explosive hydrazoic acid. When used intelligently however there is little hazard from barium azide which is one of the least explosive azides of the heavier metals. Experience during the last few years indicates that certain sections of the Factory Act 1937 are in need of expansion and revision more especially the parts dealing with paints and solvents. SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE USE OF METALS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY By N. P. INGLIS Ph.D. F.I.M. [Tees-Side Section 6 February 1947.1 The value of a sound metallurgical service in chemical industry is great. Such a service should not only minimise capital and maintenance costs but should also expedite the development of new chemical processes.It is proposed to review some of the metals now used in chemical plant and in particular to deal with the effect of fabrication operations on the essential properties of these metals. The discovery and development of the chromium-nickel austenitic class of steel had an enormous influence on chemical industry. The early very serious troubles were due to the “weld decay” phenomenon; various development were introduced to overcome this defect including the addition of titanium or niobium. The fact that these steels owe their resistance to surface passivity rather than to any inherent nobility is em- phasised since a recognition of this fact will help to prevent disappointments over the use of this class of steel which must not be regarded as a panacea for all corrosion ills.A further development to give a steel having resistance to a wider range of corrodants was the addition of about 3 per cent. of molybdenum to the basic 18/8 chromium-nickel com- position. The effect of this addition on the micro-structure shows that chromium-nickel- molybdenum steels of this type consist of austenite and ferrite. Certain conditions of heat- ing such as may be encountered in welding and other fabrication operations cause the precipitation of another phase known as sigma-phase. This is formed from the ferrite and the presence of sigma in appreciable quantities reduces corrosion resistance and impairs certain mechanical properties.It is suggested that the addition of elements such as this in order to increase corrosion resistance must take into account their effect on other characteristics and the whole composition should be balanced or adjusted so as to give the best all-round properties. Thus the addition of molybdenum should logically lead to an adjustment in the amounts of other elements so as for example to avoid undue sigma-phase formation. It is suggested that the molybdenum should be as small as possible consistent with the required corrosion resistance that the silicon content should be severely limited and that an increase in nickel content would be beneficial. As the resistance to oxidising conditions at very high temperatures is roughly proportional to the chromium content a series of high chromium-nickel steels has been developed a typical example being the 25/20 chromium-nickel steel.Whilst such a steel is very useful under oxidising conditions at elevated temperatures it is not suitable for carburising conditions at such temperatures. Improvements in connection with copper and its alloys have been directed to give better weldability and reference must be made to the SOj20 and the 70/30copper-nickel 126 1 alloys which have been used for condenser and cooler tubes mainly owing to the good resistance to impingement attack. The growing interest in the copper-aluminium alloys often called aluminium-bronze is due to their good resistance to certain strengths of sulphuric acid and to sea-water. Aluminium itself is used in the chemical industry particularly for the storage and transport of concentrated nitric acid.Lead is still a much-used metal in chemical plant but has the great disadvantage of poor mechanical properties. The addition of antimony has been found to harden lead but the creep strength of the antimonial leads at elevated temperatures is distinctly disappointing. Tellurium lead also gives disappointing results on creep test. Tests on a lead containing 0.06 per cent. copper show that this material is superior to chemical lead under condi- tions of corrosion-fatigue and corrosion-creep and the more general use of this copper lead in chemical plant can therefore be recommended. As to the potentialities of silver as a material of construction in chemical plant the initial high cost is offset to some extent by the high scrap value and of course silver is strongly resistant to a large range of chemicals.The fusion welding of silver can be achieved but depends to a very large extent on the personal skill of the operative. In view of this fact forge-welding of silver has been developed. In this process the develop- ment of suitable jigs for holding the metal and applying the pressure and of suitable methods of thermostatic control have given a welding process to a large extent immune from the personal element. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF SHETLAND MINERALS FOR REFRACTORY PURPOSES By T. R. LYNAM, F.R.I.C. F.G.S. [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 28 March 1947.1 A study has been made of Shetland chromite and serpentine from the Island of Unst.The chromite has a high silica content but the gangue material is very refractory and the ore on reaction with magnesia yields a chrome-magnesite brick of high refractori- ness under load and low bursting expansion in contact with iron oxide. Lime alumina and titania have a deleterious influence on the properties of the gangue or serpentine but certain additions of iron oxide or iron oxide with lime raise the refractoriness under load of 80-20 gangue-magnesia mixtures. The influence of these fluxes on the minera- logical constitution of the product has been studied by means of X-rays. Works trials in open hearth and arc furnaces have given encouraging results and the use of chrome-magnesite bricks made from Shetland chromite and sea-water magnesia is now considered standard practice.Refractories prepared from the 80-20 gangue-magnesia mixture on firing possess a high forsterite content. These products have given successful service in arc furnaces and rotary kiln linings as well as in steel ladles where highly basic slags are encountered. CONDENSATION RESINS By J. F. HODGSON, B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 28 March 1947.1 It is well known that when oc-hydroxy-carboxylic acids are heated the usual end products are lactides. These are six-membered ring di-esters formed by the reaction of two molecules of hydroxy-acid. /?-hydroxy-acids on heating lose water giving un-saturated acids. When y-and 6-hydroxy-acids are heated cyclic esters (lactones) are formed intramolecular esterification having occurred to give five- and six-membered rings respectively.If the hydroxyl group is still further removed from the carboxylic acid group the principal reaction is a head-to-tail esterification the carboxylic acid group of one molecule reacting with the hydroxyl group of another molecule and so on to form a chain-like molecule. This series of reactions is roughly paralleled by the amino-acids amides being formed instead of esters. Carothers put forward a general hypothesis which fits in with the above facts and which applies to all similar reactions. This states that in reactions of this type five-or six-membered rings and in rare cases seven-membered rings will be formed where possible.Otherwise linear molecules will result. We are also indebted to Carothers for the concept of functionality a functional group being defined as such a group of atoms as might lead to a reaction step e.g. OH COOH C1. So far only intramolecular and intermolecular reaction of compounds containing two different mutually-reactive functional groups (hetero- bifunctional compounds) has been mentioned. Such compounds are in general difficult to prepare as compared with compounds containing the same two functional groups (homo-bifunctional compounds). c 127 1 It can readily be seen however that if equimolecular proportions of two homo-bifunc- tional compounds such as glycol and a di-acid are allowed to react it should be possible to obtain long chain products.This is of course subject to the proviso that five- and six-membered rings cannot be formed. Reactions of this type have received more attention than have reactions of the type discussed earlier. Succinic acid reacting with ethylene glycol could conceivably form an eight-membered ring di-ester but in fact in conformity with the hypothesis of Carothers the reaction product is a polyester which is presumed to possess chain-like molecules containing alternate succinic and ethylene units. Carothers and his co-workers made an intensive study of this type of reaction between glycols and dibasic acids. They showed that when an excess of glycol was used the end units of the chain were glycol residues the end groups being hydroxyl groups whereas when an excess of acid was used the end groups were acidic.The molecular weights of the acidic polyesters as determined by titration and by the sodium content of their sodium salts showed good agreement with the values obtained ebullioscopically. Polyesterifications are of course fully reversible equilibrium reactions and the chain length of the polyesters will.be dependent upon the equilibrium constant and the concentrations of reactants and products. In their early experiments Carothers and his co-workers merely heated together the two reactants in a flask immersed in an oil bath and distilled out the water formed. The polyesters prepared in this way had molecular weights of from 800 to 5,000. In later experiments the preliminary reaction products were heated in a molecular still when the lower molecular weight compounds distilled out of the mixture and a certain amount of further condensation took place with the elimination of water.By this means high molecular weight polyesters (super- polyesters) were produced. These were very different in physical properties from the lower molecular weight polyesters ;thus whereas the latter could be recrystallised from solvents to give powdery solids and had fairly sharp melting-points the super-polyesters were gelled by solvents and melted over a range. It was found that threads could be drawn from the molten polyesters and these threads when subjected to cold stretching gave fibres having X-ray diffraction patterns characteristic of oriented chains.Carothers reserved the name super-polyesters for compounds with molecular weights above 10,000. Carothers’ work on polycondensation reactions culminated in the discovery of Nylon. This is the superpolyamide formed by the reaction of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid this particular product being called Nylon 66 because each of the chain building units contains six carbon atoms. Another class of condensation resins possess- ing linear molecules have become important commercially; they are the Thiokols. These are formed by reaction of bi-functional halogen compounds such as ethylene di-chloride and /l/l’-dichlordiethyl ether with sodium polysulphide and consist of chains formed with alternate organic and polysulphide links. The Germans faced with the problem of finding an alternative to Nylon have developed the poly-urethane resins made by condensation of di-isocyanates with glycols.These three types of condensa- tion resin together with certain of the silicones represent the commercially important condensation resins having linear molecules. It can be seen that if a bifunctional compound is condensed with a trifunctional compound so-called 3-dimensional molecules will result. A reaction such as this if continued would lead to an insoluble infusible product. An example of this is the reaction of phthalic anhydride (or phthalic acid) with glycerol to give alkyd or glyptal resins. One conception of the phenol-formaldehyde reaction is that the formaldehyde in the presence of water acts as as bifunctional methylene diol and reacts with the phenol with the elimination of water to form methylene bridges between the phenol molecules.The phenol is capable of reacting in the 2- 4-or 6-position i.e. it is tri- functional and the reaction product is hence thermosetting. The mechanism of the phenol-formaldehyde reaction is still a matter of controversy and some workers maintain that the phenolic hydroxyl group takes some part in the reaction. The exis- tence of hydrogen bonding has been used to explain some of the unusual properties of phenolic resins. One of the advantages which polycondensations have over polymerisation reactions is that the former can be stopped when intermediate products have been formed and if desired can then be carried further. This is a big advantage from a practical point of view more especially with the thermosetting resins and in fact until fairly recently with the introduction of ally1 resins the thermosetting resins used in industry were almost exclusively condensation resins.Another advantage of the polycondensation reaction is that it can be also “frozen” permanently at any stage by the addition of monofunctional compounds which act as chain blocking agents by reacting with the end groups of the chain molecules. Chain blocking has been applied very effectively in the case of the silicone resins. [ 1281 It is fitting at this time ten years after his death that we should pay tribute to Dr. Hume Carothers who put polycondensation reactions on a firm theoretical basis.His work besides being fruitful on its own account has attracted other investigators to this field. THE INDUSTRIAL CONTROL OF SIZE GRADING By E. SHARRATT, B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section at Stoke-on-Trent 25 April 1947.1 Some of the various methods available for assessing the size grading of powders in the range 2-15Op so frequently met with industrially have been considered with a view to obtaining the maximum degree of control consistent with the maximum speed of opera- tion. It has been concluded that the best method consists of a sieve test to control the coarse material and a surface area test to control the fine material. Intermediate size grading will then be automatically decided provided that the powder in question is the product of a normal grinding.These conclusions are reached as a consequence of a comparison of results between the pipette turbidimetric and microscopic methods of sub-sieve analysis using several powders including ground minerals alloys and fine alumina which was made in 1943 between Imperial Chemical Industries (Widnes and Billingham Divisions) and Murex Welding Processes Waltham Cross. Analyses by different workers using different methods show a good general degree of agreement and also confirm that a straight line graph is usually obtained when the size analyses are plotted on log-probability paper (particle diameter against cumulative percentage finer) so that control of the size grading at two suitable points is sufficient to establish the grading of the whole material..There is a break in the size graph at the junction of the sieve and sub-sieve data if nominal sieve apertures are used in graphing the sieve results. However by direct counting and weighing of sieved particles it is demonstrated that the mean diameter of the particles (assuming spherical shape) is about 1.24 times that expected from the nominal apertures of the sieves-a result in agreement with other published work. The break in the size analysis graph at this point may be reduced or possibly eliminated (with the cubic mineral fluorspar) by the use of this correction factor. Another often unsuspected error in sieve analysis may the failure of the gauze supplied to meet the specification of the purchaser. There are also errors inherent in the methods of sub- sieve analysis.Surface area measurements on a number of powders have been made by the Murex “Spekker” method and compared with those obtained at the Building Research Station by Lea and Nurse using their air permeability method. There is good general agreement between the results for opaque materials lying principally in the 2-15Op size range and the optical results with transparent materials are also shown to agree with the permeability results provided the refractive index of the deflocculating solution is suitably chosen. Direct determination of surface area as a means of controlling the fine material present in the samples under test is advocated on the grounds that it can be done very rapidly and also helps to avoid an unnecessary mass of data.RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ACETYLENES By SIRIANHEILBRON, D.S.O. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section at Norton Hall 18 March 1947.1 Great developments are to be expected in the chemistry of the acetylene series during the next ten years. Until recently the acetylenes have been rather neglected in comparison with the olefines. Although acetylene itself has been known for over 100 years it was not until 1893 that the first patent was taken out for its production by the well-known carbide process. Much of the important knowledge of the acetylenes is quite recent and we owe much to Zalkind and Nazarov in the U.S.S.R. to Berthelot Dufraisse and Dupont in France and to Carothers and Nieuwland in the United States.However it is to the work of Reppe carried out in Germany before and during the recent war that we owe much of our understanding of the potential industrial importance of the acetylene series. Four methods of preparing acetylene are suitable for large-scale manufacture. The manufacture from calcium carbide is well established and this country was rash not to include the building of carbide plants in its war preparations. The production of acetylene by cracking hydrocarbons in an electric arc was claimed by German workers to be as cheap as the carbide process. The direct thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to [ 129 1 give acetylene is also being developed in the United States. Finally the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons looks promising as an industrial route to acetylene.The polymerisation of acetylene has already received industrial application as a step in the manufacture of chloroprene. The polymerisation can however give many other materials of interest. Reppe showed that cyclo-octatetrene can be made by poly- merising acetylene in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of ethylene oxide at 80" and 20 atmospheres. Nickel cyanide is the catalyst. Reppe studied a number of general reactions which can be described by the term "vinylation." These are represented by the following equation where R is an alkyl or aryl radical :-KOH R.OH + C,H + R.O.CH:CH, 120-180" C. 15 at. In the presence of zinc or cadmium catalysts the reaction with phenols takes a different course giving resins in which the acetylene skeleton is attached to the nucleus:- -1 ucH:CHsi1-I-OH 0 I -H:CH, Q Reppe also discovered a number of reactions of the Mannich type involving acetylene eg-CzH + (CHJ&J.CH,OH Copper acetylide z (CH,),N.CH,.CiCH -(CH,),N.CH,.CiC.CH,.N(CH,) A very important reaction studied by Reppe is that between acetylene and formalde- hyde in the presence of copper acetylide to give butynediol together with smaller amounts of propargyl alcohol :-C,H + CH,O = CHiC.CH,OH C,H + 2CH,O = HOCH,.C:C.CH,OH Butynediol is the basis of a route to tetrahydrofuran and thence butadiene:- Ha I Ni 30% H,PO CH,-CH HOCH,.C':C.CH,OH -HOCH,.CH,.CH,.CH,OH -I 300",100at.CH CH Finally Reppe studied a series of reactions involving acetylene and carbon monoxide :-C,H + CO + H,O-+ CH,:CH.COOH + EtOH+ CH,:CH.COOEt + R.NH,--t CH,:CH.CO.NHR + EtSH-CH,:CH.COSEt In this country the reactions of acetylene and its derivations have been studied at the Imperial College by Heilbron E.R. H. Jones and their associates. Many of these reactions have been studied in liquid ammonia solution at -30" C. using catalysts such as sodium acetylide and sodamide. There is little doubt however that many of these reactions could be carried out under more practical commercial conditions by operating under pressure and employing suitable catalysts. OH OH h [ 130 3 Under the conditions mentioned unsaturated aldehydes condense with acetylene as shown below for crotona1dehyde:- acid CH,.CH:CH.CHO + C,H -+-CH,.CH:CH.CH.CiCH +CH,.CH.CH:CH.C:CH I I OH OH In presence of acids the alcohol formed by the condensation undergoes the intra- molecular reaction shown.This is a general reaction of great synthetic value. Acetylene can also condense with two molecules of crotonaldehyde and the glyaol behaves analogously in the presence of acids:-acids CH,.CH:CH.CH.C:C.CH.CH:CH.CH, -CH,.CH.CH:CH.C :C.CH:CH.CH.CH, I I I I OH OH OH OH The compounds formed in these reactions each contain a triple bond and one or more double bonds. On hydrogenation with a slightly poisoned palladium catalyst they give compounds in which the triple bond has been reduced to a double bond. Compounds containing both a secondary alcohol and a triple bond can in some instances be oxidised to the corresponding ketone by a solution of chromium trioxide in acetone.This reaction can be applied to the condensation products of acetylene and unsaturated aldehydes and also to the compounds obtained by isomerising these condensation products with acids e.g. :-CH,.CH:CH.CH(OH).C{CH -CH,.CH:CH.CO.CiCH CH,.CH:CH.CH(OH) .C jC.CH(OH) .CH:CH.CH,--t CH,.CH:CH.CO.CiC.CO.CH:CH.CH The same condensation products and their isomers give a similar reaction to acetylene with water in the presence of mercuric sulphate. The following equations illustrate the great possibilities of this type of reaction:- CH,.CH:CH.CH (OH) .C { CH -+ CH .CH,.CH,.CO.CO.CH I acid Hexane 2 3-dione J. CH,.CH(OH) .CH:CH.C .CH -+ CH,.CO.CH,.CH,.CO.CH Acetqnylacetone 2 5-dimethylfuran The condensation of sodium acetylide with epichIorhydrin gives the interesting substance pentenynol containing a hydroxy group a double bond and a triple bond :-HCjC Na + CI.CH,.CH-CH --+CH:C.CH:CH.CH,OH \O’ The synthetic possibilities of such a molecule are obvious. An interesting example is its reaction with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of cuprous chloride and ammonium chloride giving a primary glycol :-2CHiC.CH:CH.CH20H --+HO.CH,.CH:CH.C:C.C :C.CH:CH.CH,OH This is an instance of a general reaction which can be used for example on propargyl alcohol :-2CH iC.CH2OH -+ HO.CH,.CiC.CiC.CH,OH The homologues of acetylene give some general reactions similar to those of acetylene itself and these have great synthetic possibilities.The condensations with water and methanol are examples :-R.C{CH + H2O-R.CO.CH R.CjCH + CH3OH -+ R.C(OCHJ:CH Reactions of the type discussed have already received application in the synthesis of compounds related to vitamin A. [ 131 3 THE ORGAN ISATION OF OTHER PROFESSIONS* 11. THE LEGAL PROFESSION By JAMES G. FIFE M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.C.I.P.A. The legal profession in all parts of the British Isles is of very considerable antiquity and in the following brief sketch its organisation in England Wales and Ireland will be considered separately from its organisation in Scotland since there are considerable differences arising mainly out of the different systems of law in force.In England Wales and Ireland the legal profession is divided into two branches namely barristers-at-law and solicitors. The barristers who are the senior branch of the profession have the exclusive right of audience in all the superior courts i.e. courts which are senior in status to a County Court. Barristers in England must be members of one of the four Inns of Court namely Gray’s Inn Lincoln’s Inn The Inner Temple and The Middle Temple and the members of the four Inns elect the Bar Council which regulates the standards of professional conduct. The Bar Council also controls the examinations (final and intermediate) which qualify for admission as a barrister. In addition a candidate for the bar must keep twelve terms of which there are four in a year.A term is kept by dining six times in hall. The profession of barrister is open to persons of both sexes over the age of 21 whether of British nationality or not with certain exceptions. The principal exceptions are persons connected with the law in an inferior capacity such as a Solicitor or a Registered or Chartered Patent Agent or a Chartered or professional Accountant. Such persons cannot be admitted as students until they have entirely ceased to practise their other professions and they must make a declaration to this effect and repeat it immedi- ately before they are called to the bar. Furthermore the Inns will not admit as students persons engaged in trade. A further interesting provision is that before being called the prospective barrister must declare that he is not in Holy Orders and does not hold any clerical preferment or has not performed any clerical functions during the year preceding.A solicitor of five years’ standing may ask to have his name removed from the Roll of Solicitors and may then be called to the bar without keeping any terms provided that he passes the necessary examinations. A member of the Irish bar may be called to the English bar on a simplified procedure. Disciplinary power over barristers is exercised by the Benchers of each Inn of Court in respect of the members of their own Inn. The supervision of the bar students’ training by the Inns of Court recalls the inter- esting fact that these are the successors of the English Schools of Law which existed as early as the thirteenth century.These schools originally educated students in the Common Law and conferred degrees of barrister (corresponding to bachelor or apprentice) and serjeant (corresponding to doctor). There is no specified course of training for the bar examinations but most candidates attend the lectures at the Inns of Court School of Law arranged by the Council of Legal Education which are open to the students of the four Inns of Court. There are also private tutors who coach students for the examinations and furthermore some students study is pupils in the chambers of practising barristers; some of them also continue for some time as pupils after they have been called in order to gain experience. A degree in law granted by a university may exempt a student from some of the papers in Part I of the bar examinations and a number of students obtain such a degree during their training.The fees involved in qualifying as a barrister vary slightly depending upon the Inn of Court in question but they are approximately Ll60 of which L75 represents Govern- ment fees. Once a barrister has been called he is not required to pay further fees in order to practise although usually a practising barrister belongs to a circuit which involves an annual fee of one guinea and in addition he usually pays a small sub- scription to his Inn in respect of the library of the Inn. A large number of barristers do not practise and as no annual subscription or practising certificate is involved it is not possible to indicate the number of barristers but the current Law List gives the names of about 10,000 who have been called to the English bar.The function peculiar to a barrister is advocacy in court but he also has other functions including giving opinions and acting as an equity draftsman and special pleader. *No. I of this series on The Medical Profession appeared in JOURNAL AND PRO-INGS 1946 v 209. [ 1321 In addition to the ordinary barrister or junior counsel there are also King’s Counsel who are barristers of special experience and ability and usually of at least ten years’ standing as barristers who have been appointed on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor by Royal Letters Patent to be “one of His Majesty’s Counsel learned in the law.” The first King’s Counsel was Sir Francis Bacon who was appointed by James I at a salary of L40 per annum.The next King’s Counsel was Francis North appointed in 1668. From 1775 King’s Counsel were appointed regularly although even to-day their numbers are comparatively small. A King’s Counsel often referred to colloquially as a “silk,” from the distinguishing silk gown which he wears in court by long custom does not appear in court without a junior counsel does not undertake drafting or special pleading except in consultation with junior counsel and does not take pupils. Furthermore a King’s Counsel may not accept a brief against the Crown without permission although this is never refused unless he is to be briefed for the Crown. For both King’s Counsel and junior counsel precedence is by seniority.A barrister may not with the following exceptions undertake a case unless in- structed by a solicitor. These exceptions are (i) in matters relating to Patents Designs and Trade Marks not involving High Court proceedings a barrister may be instructed by a Registered or Chartered Patent Agent without the intervention of a solicitor; (ii) in criminal cases a barrister may be engaged directly by a defendant by havinga fee given him in open court; (iii) “non-contentious” matters e.g. drafting a will; and (iv) Parliamentary work where he may be instructed by a Parliamentary Agent who is not a solicitor. Barristers usually specialise in particular classes of cases such as Common Law Chancery Probate Admiralty or Divorce. Membership of the bar is a necessary qualification for appointment as a Judge of the High Court and County Court and for most other senior judicial offices.A barrister may not sue for his fees which are regarded as a gratuity. The small bag near the top of junior counsel’s gown is an interesting survival of the days when the fee was placed in this bag. Barristers practising in Wales practise as members of the English bar and the bar in Ireland is organised on lines similar to those of the English bar. The barristers are members of the King’s Inn. In Eire however there are now no King’s Counsel the senior members of the bar being known as Senior Counsel (S.C.) There is no connection between the English and Irish bars on the one hand and the Scottish bar on the other and the organisation of the latter will now be briefly described.In Scotland members of the bar are known as Advocates and are members of the Faculty of Advocates. The Faculty has grown out of the Act of the Scottish Parliament of 1532 which established the College of Justice or Court of Session. The advocates have the sole right of audience in the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary and when properly instructed by a Law Agent they have the right and indeed the duty of pleading in any superior or inferior court in Scotland either civil or criminal. An advocate also has a right of audience before the House of Lords the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and Parliamentary Committees. The Office bearers of the Faculty of Advocates are elected annually and consist of a Dean Vice-Dean Treasurer Clerk and Council and they have similar powers and duties to those of the Bar Council in England.King’s Counsel are also appointed from among members of the Scottish Bar and the respective functions of senior and junior counsel at the Scottish Bar are similar to those of the corresponding members of the English Bar. Turning now to the other branch of the legal profession solicitors in England are officers of the Supreme Court. The profession of solicitor is open to persons of either sex who are British subjects and over 21 years of age but before being admitted they must have served an appren- ticeship to a practising solicitor for a period varying between 3 and 5 years depending upon their previous education and qualifications.It is also necessary for an articled clerk to attend a law school provided or approved by the Law Society and to pass the intermediate and final examinations. Possession of a degree in law of certain British Universities however exempts an articled clerk from the intermediate examination. A barrister who has had his name removed from the Roll of Barristers at his own request may take the Solicitors’ examination and be admitted without serving articles. Before practising a solicitor must be admitted by the Master of the Rolls and pay total fees of L30 and must take out an annual practising certificate at a fee of LlO for London solicitors and f17 for country solicitors (these amounts being reduced to A6 10s. and k4respectively for the first three years in which a certificate is taken out).I 133 1 The governing body is the Law Society membership of which is open to all practising solicitors but is not compulsory. The annual subscription for London members is LZ 12s. 6d. for the first three years rising to A5 5s. thereafter and for country members k1 16s. 9d. for the first three years rising to L3 13s. 6d. thereafter. The Law Society was founded in 1825 and received a Royal Charter in 1845. It is the successor of an older body called the Society of Gentlemen Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity founded in 1739 which was in turn the successor of the Inns of Chancery. The number of solicitors now practising in England and Wales is just over 56,000.The Law Society has disciplinary powers (cf. The Solicitors Act 1932) and after enquiry the Society may strike a solicitor off the Roll or suspend him from practice if he is convicted of professional misconduct. A solicitor’s accounts must be kept in accordance with rules made by the Society and every solicitor must lodge with the Society annually a certificate by a duly qualified accountant that such rules have been complied with. Solicitors may practise in all courts including Ecclesiastical Courts but have a right of audience only in inferior courts i.e. up to the County Court except in certain bank- ruptcy matters in the High Court and in proceedings in Chambers in the High Court. Among other functions of solicitors are instructing counsel on behalf of clients drafting legal documents such as wills conveyances and commercial agreements and advising clients generally on legal questions.The Law Society governs solicitors practising in Wales. The organisation of solici-tors in Northern Ireland and Eire is similar to that in England. In Northern Ireland the governing body is the Incorporated Law Society of Northern Ireland and in Eire the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland. In Scotland the term Law Agent is the general term devised by statute to include Writers Solicitors and Procurators entitled to practise as Agents in the supreme and inferior courts. The Law Agents (Scotland) Act 1873 regulates the admission of applicants to the roll of Law Agents entitled to practise in Scotland. Candidates must have served an apprenticeship varying between 3 and 5 years and also have passed a general examination and an examination in law A Law Agent may be removed on petition to the Court of Session.There are separate rolls of Law Agents entitled to practise in the Court of Session and in each of the Sheriff Courts. A Law.Agent has a right of audience only in the bill chamber of the Court of Session and in the inferior courts. His other functions are similar to those of a solicitor in England. Many Law Agents are members of the various Scottish Law Societies e.g. The Society of Writers to His Majesty’s Signet The Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts The Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow The Law Society of Glasgow The Faculty of Procurators and Solicitors in Dundee The Society of Procurators in Mid- lothian and The Scottish Law Agents’ Society.There are various periodicals dealing with professional matters or with the develop- ment of legal principles or practice in addition to the various law reports which record judgments of outstanding importance. Among the periodicals may be mentioned The Law Times The Solicitors Journal Law Notes The Law Society Gazette The Law Quarterly Review Modern Law Review and The Solicitor. Space permits only a brief sketch of the organisation of an ancient and justly honoured profession whose members have contributed so much to bringing about a respect for the rule of law in this country. NOTES PERSONAL Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. Fellow has received the United States Franklin Award for his discoveries in organic chemistry and has been awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts “for his outstanding contribution to the advancement of organic chemistry” (see p.137). Mr. J. Davidson Pratt C.B.E. Fellow has been awarded by the American Govern- ment the Medal of Freedom with silver palms for exceptionally meritorious work and co-operation with the United States while Controller of Chemical Defence Development at the Ministry of Supply 1940-5. Among new appointments made to the Advisory Council on Scientific Research and Technical Development of the Ministry of Supply are Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. Member of Council and Mr. Stanley Robson Fellow. [ 134 1 Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.,Fellow Director of the Chemical Laboratories in the University of Manchester has been appointed to the newly instituted Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh.Dr..J. H. Quastel F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Professor of Biochemistry at the University of McGill Montreal Canada and Director of the newly created Institute for Research in Cell Metabolism in that University. He will be leaving England in August to take up these appointments. Dr. E. C. R. Spooner Fellow has been appointed Professor of Mining and Metallurgy at the University of Adelaide and Director of the Bonython Laboratories of the South Australian School of Mines and Industries. Dr. C. Tyler Associate and Mr. E. L. Crossley Fellow have been appointed to Chairs of Agricultural Chemistry and of Dairying respectively in the University of Reading.Dr. E. V. Evans O.B.E. Fellow has resigned the Chairmanship of the Council of the Gas Research Board and has been succeeded by Dr. Harold Hollings Fellow Controller of Research of The Gas Light and Coke Company. Mr. C. F. J. Francis-Carter O.B.E. Fellow has resigned his post as Director and General Manager of the Metal and Produce Recovery Depots and has been appointed General Manager of the newly formed Aluminium Wire & Cable Co. Ltd. Port Tennant Works Swansea. Dr. Henry Phillips Fellow and Meldola Medallist a Principal Scientific Officer in the Wool Industries Research Association has been appointed Director of Research of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association in succession to the late Dr.Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd and takes up his new duties on 1 July 1947. Dr. R. K. Speirs Fellow has been appointed Chief Chemist in Iran to the Anglo- Iranian Oil Co. Ltd. Dr. J. B. M. Coppock Fellow has been appointed Director of Research of the newly- formed British Baking Industries Research Association. Mr. L. E. Smythe Associate has resigned as a Lecturer in Chemistry University of Sydney and accepted an appointment in the British Colonial Chemical Service for duty with the Research and Laboratory Division Department of Agriculture Fiji. Mr. Blick Crawley Fellow who formerly worked on rockets developed for the United States War Department and for the Ministry of Supply has joined the Scientific Adviser's Department of the Air Ministry.Mr. W. 0. Williamson Associate has resigned from the staff of the Government Metallurgical Laboratory Johannesburg South Africa to take up the post of Senior Officer for Ceramic Research Division of Industrial Chemistry Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Australia. Warner Memorial Medals for 1947 have been awarded by the Textile Institute to Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith Fellow and Dr. D. A. Clibbens First Dalton Lecturer. Dr. P. F. R. Venables Fellow has been appointed Principal of the Royal Technical College Salford. Mr. I<. V. Sundaram Ayyar Fellow has been appointed Government Analyst Madras in succession to Mr. H. Hawley Fellow who has retired. Mr. Norman Strafford Fellow has been elected Chairman of the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in succession to Professor H.V. A. Briscoe Vice-President. INSTITUTE AFFAIRS The Anniversary Luncheon of the Institute was held at 1 p.m. on 18 April in the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London. The Chair was taken by the President Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. and about 150 members and guests were present. The official guests included Sir Henry Tizard K.C.B. A.F.C. F.R.S. Chairman of the Defence Research Policy Committee and of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy Sir Charles Ellis F.R.S. Scientific Member of the National Coal Board the President of the Chemical Society (Professor C. N. Hinshelwood F.R.S.) :the President of the Society of Chemical Industry (Dr.L. H. Lampitt); the President of r 1351 the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Mr. L. Eynon); the President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (Mr. H. W. Cremer); the President of the Institution of Metallurgists (Dr. J. W. Jenkin); the Chairman of Council Associa- tion of British Chemical Manufacturers (Mr. L. P. O’Rrien); the Chairman of Committee Biochemical Society (Dr. Margaret Murray) ; the President of the Faraday Society (Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E. F.R.S.); the President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (Mr. C. M. Whittaker); Mr. F. Bray (Ministry of Education); Dr. H. Hollings (Institution of Gas Engineers) ; the Master of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (Dr. C.Thackray Parsons O.B.E.); the President of the Medico-Legal Society (Dr. W. Norwood East) ; the President of the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society (Dr. S. Wer-nick); the Secretary Institute of Physics (Dr. H. R. Lang); Mr. R. B. Pilcher O.B.E. Past Registrar and Secretary. Professor H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. the lecturer at the Anniversary Meeting was also present as a guest of the Institute. In proposing the toast of “The Guests,” the President expressed appreciation of the presence of the Presidents or other representatives of many cognate societies and institutions and extended a special welcome to Sir Henry Tizard with whose name the toast was coupled. After replying on behalf of the Guests Sir Henry Tizard proceeded to propose the toast of “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” in the course of which he indicated the valuable help that the Institute and similar professional bodies could give to the Govern- ment in the development of applications of science to national defence and industrial reconstruction.He referred particularly to a new survey of manpower that the Ad- visory Council on Scientific Policy would be asking the Ministry of Labour and National Service to undertake through its Technical and Scientific Register and expressed the hope that the Institute would afford such help as it could in obtaining this information which would be of great importance in analysing the existing manpower distribution and thus affording a basis for determining the sciences in which the output of students from universities and technical colleges might be specially encouraged.He was sorry to be the cause of yet another questionnaire but hoped that members of the Institute would co-operate by providing the required particulars. Professor Alexander Findlay immediate Past President replied for the Institute. At 3.15 p.m. on 18 April in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly Professor H. J. Emelhus F. R.S. delivered a Lecture entitled “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Sir Robert Pickard seconded by Dr. William Cullen and carried with acclamation. It was unfortunate that limitation of accommodation restricted the audience to 150 but the lecture has now been published and copies are being sent to all Members and Registered Students with this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held on Friday 18 April 1947 at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burling- ton House Piccadilly London W.l (see p. 101). First Henderson Memorial Lecture Correction.-On page 4 line 42 of the published lecture the date of Henderson’s promotion to the Freeland Chair of Chemistry at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College was given erroneously as 1902 instead of 1892. Meldola Medals 1946.-On the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Maccabeans has agreed to present two Meldola Medals for 1946 one to Dr. Alan Woodworth Johnson the other to Mr.Robert Harold Stokes. After a year as assistant chemist to Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd. at Wallsend-on-Tyne Dr. Johnson spent a year as analyst to Thos. Hedley and Co. Ltd. at Newcastle upon Tyne while studying as an evening student at the Rutherford Tech- nical College Newcastle. Proceeding in 1936 to Imperial College London he obtained a first class honours degree in chemistry two years later and stayed as a research student under Sir Ian Heilbron until 1942 when he joined I.C.I. Ltd. (Dyestuffs Division) as a research chemist. At South Kensington he worked on polyene synthesis and with I.C.I. was responsible for many developments in the application of acetylene compounds in synthetic chemistry. In 1946 he went to Cambridge as I.C.I. Fellow for Research in organic chemistry under Professor A.R. Todd. Robert Harold Stokes was born in England but has spent most of his life in New Zealand where he graduated from Auckland University College. Staying on as a research student with Dr. R. A. Robinson he carried out a number of investigations on the thermodynamic properties of salt solutions. At the beginning of 1946 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry in the University of Western Australia. 11361 MISCELLAN EOUS Supply of Laboratory Chemicals.-Cases of difficulty in obtaining supplies of laboratory chemicals have been brought to the notice of the Chemical Council who have discussed the question with officials of the Board of Trade. Some of the delays are admittedly due to transport difficulties and shortage of containers aggravated by the fact that users often do not return bottles etc.promptly. The Chemical Council has been assured that the Board of Trade will be ready to take up any questions of genuine shortage which are reported to them with full particulars. Communications should be addressed to:-R.M.2T Board of Trade Raw Materials Dept. Horseferry House Horseferry Road London S.W.l. Laboratory Precautions.-With reference to the note in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 I 19 Mr. S. H. Greenwood has drawn attention to the explosive nature of mixtures of sodium nitrite with either potassium ferricyanide or sodium nitroprusside. A few mg. of either mixture heated in a test-tube will explode with sufficient violence to shatter the tube.Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal.-The Albert Medal was struck in 1864 to commemorate the Presidency of the Royal Albert Society of Arts which was held by the Prince Consort from 1843 to 1861. The Medal is awarded for distinguished merit in promoting Arts Manufactures and Commerce. Among scientists who have received the Medal have been Faraday Pasteur Sir William Perkin Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Sir Henry Tizard Sir Alexander Fleming and Sir Howard Florey. In 1947 the Medal is being awarded to Sir Robert Robinson. The Chemical Society Quarterly Reviews.-A new publication by the Chemical Society has been inaugurated under the title Quarterly Reviews. In Vol. I No. 1 which has recently been issued the following subjects are treated :-Fluorescence and Fluores- cence Quenching by E.J. Bowen F.R.S.; Colour and Constitution by A. Maccoll; Amorphous Carbon and Graphite by Professor H. L. Riley; Force Constants by J. W. Linnett; Oceanic Salt Deposits by Professor F. C. Phillips. The Society is to be congratulated on the excellence of the first issue of this new publication which should serve a valuable purpose in keeping chemists in touch with new developments in important fields of the science. Brit is h Standards In stitution .-B.S. 1,364 1947-Aerated Concrete Building Blocks (Dimensions Only)-and B.S. 1370 1947-Low Heat Portland Cement-have been prepared by the Cement Lime and Gypsum Industry Standards Committee of the Institution and issued recently. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.l.price 1s. net and 3s. 6d. net respectively post free. Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors.-The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors set up under Royal Warrant dated 15 May 1946 under the chairmanship of Lord Justice Cohen to investigate what awards should be paid to inventors in respect of the use of their inventions designs drawings or processes on behalf of H.M. Govern- ment Departments in connection with the war has commenced its public sittings. The Commission’s terms of reference rules of procedure and instructions to intending claimants are contained in a pamphlet entitled “Royal Commission on Awards to In- ventors 1946,” price 2d. by post 3d. obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller.A further pamphlet entitled “Statement of Principles Governing Assessment of Compensation adopted by the 1919 Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors” has been re-issued and is obtainable from the same sources price 6d. by post 7d. Co-operation with UNESCO.-At the invitation of the Ministry of Education the Royal Society has set up a committee to co-operate with UNESCO in the field of the natural sciences. The Committee’s terms of references are (i) On behalf of the United Kingdom to co-operate with UNESCO in the field of the natural sciences; (ii) To report to the Council of the Royal Society and to the Minister of Education. The Committee is constituted as follows Chairman-The Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society-Professor E.D. Adrian. The Chairman of the seven British National Committees Sir Harold Spencer Jones (Astronomy) Professor H. M. Fox (Biology) Sir Ian Heilbron (Chemistry) Professor J. Proudman (Geodesy and Geophysics) Professor H. J. Fleure (Geography) Professor N. F. Mott (Physics) Sir Robert Watson Watt (Scientific Radio). r 137 1 Representatives nominated by the following bodies By the Royal Society (3)-Dr. C. H. Desch Dr. J. Needham Professor H. H. Read. By the Ministry of Education (3)-Mr. Ritchie Calder Professor H. J. Fleure Sir Clive Forster-Cooper. By the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy-Dr. A. E. Trueman. By the British Association (2)-Dr. E. Hindle Dr. 0. J. R. Howarth. By the British Council (2)-Dr. N. Howard Jones Miss Nancy Parkinson.By the Association of Scientific Workers-Professor J. D. Bernal. Ey the Science Masters’ Association-Mr. J. P. Stephenson. By the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research-Sir Edward Appleton. By the Medical Research Council-Sir Edward Mellanby. By the Agricultural Research Council-Sir John Fryer. The Secretary of the Universities Bureau of the British Empire. Ex-oflcio-The President Treasurer and one Secretary of the Royal Society. The joint secretaries of the Committee are Mrs J. J. Hawkes of the Ministry of Education and Dr. D. C. Martin Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society. In accordance with the proposal of the Ministry of Education the Council of the Royal Society has notified other important scientific organisations in the United Kingdom of the existence of the Committee and invited them to transmit to the secre- tariat any proposals which they may wish to intimate.Teaching of Statistics in Universities and University Colleges.-In view of the importance to the present-day community of sound statistics collected with foresight and interpreted with knowledge the Council of the Royal Statistical Society appointed some time ago an authoritative committee of their members to report on the broad question of the teaching of statistics in the Universities. The conclusions of this com- mittee are set forth in a Report recently issued by the Council of the Society price 6d. The offices of the Society are at 4 Portugal Street London W.C.2. Czechoslovak Chemictl Commurlications.-The “Collection of ‘Czechoslovak Chemical Communications under the Editorship of Professor E.VotoEek and Professor Heyrovskjr has just resumed publication. The price is Zt;2per annum and subscriptions may be arranged with Messrs. B. H. Blackwell Ltd. 48-51 Broad Street Oxford. Biological Journals.-The Biological Council is planning to issue “Contents Lists” of twelve biological journals showing the titles and authors of papers appearing in current numbers. Particulars may be obtained from Messrs. H. K. Lewis and Co. Ltd. 136 Gower Street London W.C.I. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (January-March 1947) Coal Utilisation.-Replying to the debate on the Coal Situation in the House of Lords on 13 February VISCOUNT ADDISON:One of the decisions of the Government with regard to long-term policy is that we must take as much advantage as we possibly can of the lessons of science and apply them to industry so far as relates to the better utilisation of coal.CHANCELLOR Commonwealth Scientists (Movement).-MR. DALTON OF THE Ex-CHEQUER, in reply to a question by Mr. Cobb on 29 January Most scientists in this country who are in either university or Government employment are already under the Federated Superannuation System for Universities and the admission to the system of certain Colonial institutions of university status is now being considered. The extension of this scheme to other parts of the Commonwealth is a matter for the Govern- ments and universities concerned who will no doubt have regard to the resolutions passed at the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference held in London last year.Cotton Research.-Clause 9 of the Cotton (Centralised Buying) Bill gives the Cotton Commission power to conduct research and to make grants to appropriate research organisations. A debate on this clause and on the danger of such research overlapping the work of the Cotton Industry Research Association took place during the Committee FOR OVERSEAS Stage on 25 February. Replying the SECRETARY TRADE,MR. MAR-QUAND . . . I will give without qualification an assurance that there is no intention to set up a [separate research] organisation and in making grants ta the Shirley Institute or to any other body University or whatever it may be we do not contemplate that the [ 138 1 Commission would make grants for work which was already being undertaken on behalf of some other organisation in the cotton industry such as the Cotton Board.Government Scientific Policy (Advisory Council).-Replying to a question by Sir W. Wakefield on 29 January MR. ARTHUR GREENWOOD: The Government have had under consideration the permanent arrangements for ensuring that in addition to departmental bodies there shall be available centrally the best scientific advice on the many problems on which it is needed. The House has already been informed of the establishment of the Defence Research Policy Committee. It has now been decided to set up on the civil side an Advisory Council on Scientific Policy to advise the Lord President in the exercise of his responsibility for the formulation and execution of Government scientific policy.The Chairman will be Sir Henry Tizard who is also Chairman of the Defence Committee and the staffs of the two bodies will work in close association. The Council will include the heads of the principal Government scientific organisations and a number of scientists from outside the Government services. Penicillin Bill.-This Bill was introduced in the House of Lords in March and governs the supply of penicillin and such other anti-microbial organic substances produced by living organisms as may be prescribed by regulations. Technical Education (Private Firms) .-On 6 February Mr. Geoffrey Cooper asked when it was proposed to issue the necessary regulations in order to implement the provisions of Section 29 of the Finance Act 1946 to enable firms to make provision for technical education related to their industry.Mr. Hardman for the MINISTER OF EDUCATION: No regulations are required . . . I hope shortly to be able to make an announcement as to the institutions which can be approved for the purposes of this Section. Universities (New Grants).-In the course of a reply to Sir E. Graham Little on 10 March MR. DALTON OF THE EXCHEQUER: CHANCELLOR Before the war Exchequer grants to the universities were settled for periods of five years. I propose to resume this practice in order that universities may plan development with knowledge of the resources they may expect . . . As their needs will be on a rising scale I propose that Parliament should be asked to provide recurrent grants rising from k9,000,000 for the academic year 1947-8 to k9,970,000 for 1948-9 and thence by annual increments of k650,OOO to &11,920,000for 1951-2 .. . The University Grants Committee estimate that the universities’ programmes of development will necessitate during the quinquen- nium non-recurrent grants amounting to k50,000,000 of which &40,000,000would be for new buildings and ~10,000,000for acquiring sites existing buildings and new equipment . . . I am advised however . . .that not more than &20,000,000worth of new building will be possible during the quinquennium. BOOKS AND THElR CONTENTS Agricultural Chemistry An Introduction to. N. M. Comber H. Trefor Jones and J. S.Willcox. Pp. viii + 316. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1947.) 8s. 6d. Part I. Soil. Introduction. Soil Material The origin and composition of soil material; the colloidal properties of soil material; the physical properties of soil; base exchange and lime status; plant food; the availability of plant food; soil analysis; field and pot experiments. Soils the formation of soils; the classification of soils. Part 11. Fertilizers. Principles of manuring; organic manures; fer- tilizers; lime and liming. Part 111. Animal nutrition. The composition of the animal and of its food; digestion absorption and digestibility; metabolism; minerals and vitamins; the nutritive values of foods and the nutritive requirements of animals; feeding stuffs; the chemical constituents of cows’ milk.Index. Foundations of Chemical Theory. Charles Simpson. Pp. viii + 220. (Cambridge: University Tutorial Press Ltd. 1947.) 6s. 6d. The discovery of the elements; the Atomic Theory; Avogadro’s hypothesis and molecular weights; atomic weights and formu!=; valency and equivalent weights; classification of elements and structure o :atoms; the kinetic theory of gases; deviations from the gas laws; the molecular state of liquids; evaporation of liquids; solutions in liquid solvents; molecular weights of solutes; physical equilibria-the phase rule; chemical equilibria-the law of mass action; chemical energy and catalysis; electrolysis and ionisation. Miscellaneous examination questions; answers to numerical examination questions. Index. [ 1391 A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds.G. Malcolm Dyson. Pp. 64. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Introduction. Difficulties of existing nomenclature. The cipher ciphering the basic carbon skeleton; unsaturation; aromatic rings; fused rings; modulants of T J K W; 8 convention; enumeration; ring stereochemistry; functional groups; alcohols glycols and phenols; ethers; epoxy compounds; aldehydes and ketones; quinones; carboxylic acids; carboxylic esters; lactones; heterocyclic compounds; hetero-atoms in adducts; nitrogenous operations; amines; acid amides halides and anhydrides; nitroso nitro and azido compounds; ureas urethanes etc. ; azo compounds; hydrazines oximes etc.; halogens; sulphur compounds; phosphorus compounds; carbohydrates; polysaccharides.General principles of enumeration and citation; indexing; examples of ciphering; mechanical manipulation of ciphers. Appendix. Micro-Diffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. Edward J. Conway. Revised edition. Pp. 358. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd. 1947). 21s. net. Introductory. Apparatus and Principles used in Micro-diff usion Analysis A standard microdiffusion apparatus or ‘‘unit’’; factors influencing the absorption rate from outer to inner chamber with special reference to ammonia; general principles governing the absorption time in microdiff usion analysis; pipettes (suitable for use with the standard “unit”) and their delivery errors; micro-burettes (suitable for use with the standard “unit”) and errors involved in their use; the microdiff usion method with end-point volumes around 20 cubic millimetres; colorimetry in the microdiff usion methods.Description of Methods with the Standard “Unit” ammonia group; amine group; the halogen group; the carbon dioxide group; the bisulphite reaction group; miscellaneous group; qualitative microdiff usion analysis. The Error of Volumetric Titration the variable glass error; the total variable glass error and its control; the variable chemical error in titration; the rationale of micro-titration; the constant glass error; the constant chemical error; volumetric error in Kjeldahl nitrogen analyses; urea excretion as renal function test. References. Index of subjects.Atomic Physics Introduction to. S. Tolansky. Foreword by Sir Lawrence Bragg F.R.S. Second edition reprinted with an Appendix on Nuclear Fission and Atomic Energy. Pp. xi + 352. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 15s. net. (For contents of first edition see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1942 111 136.) Crystallography An Introduction to. F. C. Phillips. Pp. ix + 302. (London, New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 25s. net. Part I The external symmetry of crystals. The nature of the crystalline state methods of projection; the description of crystals; a general study of the seven crystal systems; goniometry; the thirty-two classes; parallel growth and composite crystals; some mathematical relationships; crystal drawings.Part I1 The symmetry of the internal arrangement. The symmetry of internal structure space groups crystal habit. Appendix note on Schoenflies’ notation for point groups and space groups. General index. Index of formulz. Polymerization The Theory of. H. Ronald Fleck. Pp. x + 146. (London: Temple Press Ltd. 1947.) 10s. 6d. net. Part I Chain polymerization. Introduction polymerization molecular weight polymeric levels fractional separation of polymers reaction kinetics first order reactions second order reactions third order reactions determination of the order of reaction significance of the rate of reaction the mechanism of chain formation the mechanism of co-polymerization the Kienle postulates Carothers’ concepts viscosity catalysis emulsion polymerization.Part I1 Three-dimensional poly- merization. Definitions gels cold flow valency linkages cross-linking of polymers, the lockerstellen theory cast resins silicon resins experimental section kinetics of reaction. Electronic Theory and Chemical Reactions An Elementary Treatment. Second Edition revised. R. W. Stott. Pp. viii + 112. (London New York and Toronto Longmans Green & Co. 1947.) 6s. net. 140 1 Inorganic compounds; organic acids and reactive hydrogen atoms; the mechanisms of certain types of reactions of organic compounds; the structure of benzene and other aromatic compounds; substitution in the benzene nucleus; some uses Of radio-active and other isotopes. Natural Fats The Chemical Constitution of. Second edition revised.T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. Pp. xiii + 554. (London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1947.) 45s. net. Introductory survey of the natural fats; the component acids of fats of aquatic flora and fauna; the component acids of fats of land animals; the component acids of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of natural fats (mainly qualitative investigations); the component glycerides of vegetable fats; the component gly- cerides of animal fats; some aspects of the biochemistry of fats; constitution of individual natural fatty acids; synthetic glycerides individual naturally occurring fatty alcohols and acyl ethers of glycerol; notes on experimental technique employed in the quantitative investigation of fats; general index of subjects; index of in- dividual fats and waxes; index of plant families; index of individual fatty acids; index of individual glycerides.Science Progress.-A Quarterly Review of Scientific Thought Work and Affairs. Vol. XXXV No. 138 pp. 185-376 April 1947. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 7s. 6d. net). Special articles on “The Late-Glacial Period” (H. Godwin F.R.S.) “The Source of Stellar Energy” (W. E. Curtis F.R.S.) “The Association of Basic ‘Fronts’ with Granitisation (Doris L. Reynolds) “The British Raiidz” (G. A. Steven) “The Toxicity and Properties of the Glycols” (Ethel Browning) and “Some Aspects of Modern Algebra” (Olga Taussky and J. Todd) are followed by articles on Recent Advances in Science Notes Essay Reviews (including one of G. M. Dyson’s “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds,” by Professor A.R. Todd F.R.S.) and Reviews. THE REGISTER New Fellows Abel Profes,sor Emil D.Phi1. (Vienna) Kamerman Pieter Abraham Eliza M.Sc. Dr.rer.nat. (Goettingen). (S.A.) DSc. (Pretoria). Barton Derek Harold Richard BSc. Kann Eric Ph.D. (Freiburg). Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Mahdihassan Syed D.Phi1. (Giessen). Bondy Herbert Fritz Ph.D. (Freiburg) . Myers Ernest Myers M.1.Chem.E. Chubb William Frederick BSc. Ph.D. Shaw Herbert M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). (Lond.) F.I.M. Sykes Philip Howard M.Sc. (N.Z.),Ph.D. Griffiths Hugh B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (Lond.). M.1.Chem.E. Wolff Arthur Dr. Phil. (Berlin). Herschdoerfer Sigismund Markstein q.(Vienna). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Ahrens Louis Herman B.Sc.(S.A.),D.Sc. Evans Alfred Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Pretoria). (Lond.). Baker Leslie Charles M.Sc. (Lond.). Farrer Keith Thomas Henry M.Sc. (Mel- Barent Mark B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). bourne). Bartlett Kenneth Walter William B.Sc. Galloway Alfred Scott BSc. Ph.D. (St. (Lond.) . Andrews). Bolland Robert William BSc. Ph.D. Gardner Eric Richard BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Bond George Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Hair William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Booth Ernest. Hanbury John Capel M.A. (Cantab.), Brockwell Arthur John B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Pharm. (Lond.) Ph.C. Carlene Percival William B.Sc. Ph.D. Jacobs Stanley M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Leeds). Johnson Sydney Walgate BSc. (Dun-Chopra Narindernath MSc. Ph.D. (Pun- elm) Ph.D. (Lond.). jab). Kent Bernard Arthur Stevens B.Sc.Cowin Robert Archibald. Ph.D. (Lond.). Emley. Edward Frederick BSc. (Lond.) Learmonth George Sanderson B.Sc. A.I.M. Ph.D. (Edin.). c 141 1 Lecomber Leslie Vincent B.Sc. (Manc.). Ledwith Richard John B.Sc. (Lond.). Legge Denis Ivor B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Lewis Kenneth Glyn MSc. (Wales), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Lowther Harry Vincent B.Sc. (Lond.). Mansell William James. Marsh Joseph Kenneth D.Sc. (Belfast). McFarlane James Robert BSc. (Liv.) . Narayana Potukuchi Yagna B.A. (Andhra) MSc. (Benares) A.I.I.Sc. Ormston John MSc. (Dunelm). Page Robert Owen DSc. (N.Z.) . Palin Arthur Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Rhodes Oswald Stanley MSc. (Leeds), F.T.I. Richmond Kenneth William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Rogerson John B.Sc.Tech.(Manc.) . Rose Leslie. Shah Chandulal Chhotalal M.Sc. (Bom- bay) Ph.D. (Lond.). Sloman Hedley Archibald h1.A. (Cantab.) F.I.M. Smith Reginald Francis BSc. (Lond.). Spooner Edgar Clynton Ross DSc. B.E. (Tasmania) D.Phi1. (Oxon.), M.1.Chem.E. Sumner Cyril Gordon M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Taylor Charles Bingham BSc. (Agric.) (McGill) Ph.D. DSc. (Lond.). Thompson Hubert Morris B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Tonkin James Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) . Walker Frank Arthur. Wightman Wilfred Alan M.A. (Oxon.). Willcox James Stuart B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson Donald Vernon M.A. (Cantab.). Wood James William M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Young James Hunter BSc. (Lond.). Schwartz Miss Helen Mane M.Sc. Ph.D. (Cape Town). Re-elected Fellow Critchley George Norton MSc.(Sheffield) A.M.1 .Chem.E. New Associates Alcorn Norman Patrick M.Sc. (N.Z.). Alford William Allen Laird B.Sc. (T.C.D.) Anderson Hugh David B.A. BSc. (Oxon.) D.I.C. A.M.1.Chem.E. Ansell Martin Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Arnold Michael Henry Miller B.A. B.Sc. (.Oxon.). Bailes Peter BSc. (Lond.). Bean Charles Percy M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Leeds). Belekar Govind Keshav BSc. B.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). Bell Ronald BSc. (Dunelm). Bell Stanley Harding B.Sc. (Dunelm). Besly Donald Maurice B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Bettridge Alan Ronald Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Bhatia Lakshman Singh MSc. (Benares). Blades Alan Edward. Boothroyd Raymond Atkinson M.Sc.A. (McGill). Bowman Austin Baylis B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Bruce Charles Richard BSc.(Lond.). Buckingham Reginald B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bris.) . Burfoot Eric Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.), M.P.S. Burnett James Donald BSc. (Aberdeen). Clarke Ronald BSc. (Lond.). Cole Leslie Douglas BSc. (Lond.). Coles Eric Lawrence BSc. (Lond.). Cunningham James Ferguson BSc. (Glasgow). Curtis Ronald George 3l.S~. (Melbourne). Daruvala Erachsha Darabsha BSc. B.Sc.Tech. Ph.D.Tech. (Bombay). Davies Trevor William B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Dawes Edwin Alfred B.Sc. (Leeds). Dawson Rex Malcolm Chaplin B.Sc. (Lond.) . De Giacomi Romolo. Dixon William Ward MSc. (Leeds). Dodd Richard Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Dodd Robert Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Doraisami Yetchan Gunja B.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Doughty Kenneth Francis Walter BSc. (Lond.).Douglas George. Everett James Lionel. Farmer Michael Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Finch Roland Arthur BSc. (Lond.). Fishwick Charles Edward Francis BSc. (Lond.). Foxcroft Hugh John B.Sc. (Lond.). Gaunt John Arnold B.Sc. (Leeds). Gerrard John Stanton B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Gillespie Donald Tom Chalton MSc. (Adelaide). Gopala Rao Surappa B.Sc. (Mysore). Greenaway Ernest Walter B;Sc. (Lond.). Greenhow Allan Marshall BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Gurbaxani Mohan Issardas B.Sc. (Bom-bay) A.I.I.Sc. Gush Laurence Langley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.C.G.I. Hancock Ronald Arthur B.A. BSc. (Oxon.) B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 142 J Harding William Kenneth Latham B.Sc. (Wales). Warral James Charles. Haworth Fred BSc. (Liv.). Hicks Ronald.Holland Alan Roy. Holland Desmond. Holliday Peter B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hough Leslie B.Sc. (Manc.). Hutchinson Samuel Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson Edgar William M.Sc. (Lond.). Jacobus Arthur Ph.D. (Berlin). Jewsbury Alan B.Sc. (Lond.). Jopling Douglas William B.Sc. (Lond.). Kaye Albert Edward B.A. (Oxon.). Kennedy Ignatius B.Sc. (Glasgow). Knight Ronald Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Leitch James Muil B.Sc. (Glasgow). Liberman Israel Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.) Littlewood Anthony Duncan B.Sc. (Lond.). Long Charles Alexander M.P.S. MacFarlane Laurence. Mahadevan Arumugamangalam Padman- abha Iyer B.Sc. (Madras) B.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). May Geoffrey Bilson B.Sc. (Lond.). McIntyre John B.Sc. (Glasgow). McLaren Alexander B.Sc.(Aberdeen) . Modak Krishna Vinayak M.Sc. (Bombay) Montgomery Rex B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Morris Samuel. Moss Joseph Gerard B.Sc. (Leeds). Munday Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.). Murray Alexander John Robertson B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Nageswara-Sastri Vemoory Durga M.Sc. (Andhra). Napier David Simpson M.P.S. Neil Michael Wells. Nicholls Cyril Minchin B.Sc.Eng. (Wit- watersrand). Nyholm Ronald Sydney M.Sc. (Sydney). O’Leary John Joseph Dip.Chem.Tech. (N.U.I.). Orchard George Wilfred. Parker Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Parker George B.Sc. (Liv.). Parker Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Pink Richard Charles D.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Price-Davies Wynn B.Sc. (Wales). Priest Bernard. Purnell John Howard B.Sc. (Wales). Rainbow Cyril B.Sc.Ph.D. (Birm.). Rees Richard Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Reeve Edward. Rennie Peter John BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Rice Alexander Persing B.Sc. (Lond.). Richards Robert B.Sc. (Wales). Richardson Alexander Hodge B.Sc. (Glasgow). Riley Douglas Willie B.Sc. (Lond.). Rivett Douglas Eric Arthur M.Sc. (S.A.). Roberts Melville Harries B.Sc. (Wales). Roberts Ronald. Roberts Sydney B.Sc. (Liv.). Rodda Harold James M.Sc. (Adelaide). Rogers Kenneth Charles B.Sc. (Birm.). Roper Harry Denis George B.Sc. (Lond.). Rowe Richard Dr.Phi1. (Goettingen). Roy Dhirendra Chandra M.Sc. (Dacca). Sabnis Chintaman Vasudeo B.Sc. (Nag- pur) M.Sc. (Agra). Samanta Hemendra Prosad M.Sc. (Cal- cutta). Scott James. Shirley Neville George M.Sc.(S.A.). Shulman Albert B.Sc. (Sydney). Sim James Russell B.Sc. (Glasgow). Singh Sardar Gajendra M.Sc. (Benares). Sivaramalingam Rasiah B.Sc. (Lond.) . Small Frederick Ivan Gordon B.Sc. (Bris.). Smart James B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Smith Francis Mark B.Sc. (Leeds). Soby William. Srinivasan Vankipuram Ramanuja B.Sc. (Annamalai) M.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Stein Walter Dr. rer. nat. (Prague). Stephenson Charles. Stewart John Robert B.Sc. (Leeds). Story Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Subba Rao Tatapudy Venkata B.Sc. (Andhra) M.Sc. (Benares). Sud Baldev Chand M.Sc. (Punjab). Suffolk Leonard Thomas. Taylor Peter Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Teegan John Pentony M.Sc. (N.U.I.). Thain Eric Malcolm B.Sc. (Lond.). Todd Stanley Monor.Tolley George B.Sc. (Lond.). Tomlinson Richard William B.Sc. (Liv.). Waide Ivan. Waterton Tom. Watts Clifford Reginald B.Sc. (Lond.). Weighall Joseph George B.Sc. (Birm.). Wells Ronald Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.). Whiffen Neville Albert. Whiting Mark Crosby B.Sc. (Lond.). Whynes Allan Leonard B.Sc. (Lond.). Wild Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Williamson Alfred Gee. Williamson William Fraser B.Sc. (Aber- deen). Willott Ernest Raymond. Willson Kenneth Christopher B.Sc. (Wales). Winton Edwin Robert B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Wiseman Robert Lindsay M.A. B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Youngson George William B.Sc. (Aber- deen). Williams Miss Elin Mair Llywelyn B.Sc. (Manc.). Re-elected Associates Helsby Frank William B.Sc.(Lond.). Johnson Christopher Hollis Ph.D. DSc. Hornby Arthur John Ward M.B.E. BSc. (Lond.). (Birm.). Rigden Peter Montgomery. B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Adamson Robert Ballantyne. Ainsworth Eric Charles. Ainsworth Gerald. Ayerst Ronald Percy. Barrow Evelyn Thomas Edward. Bartlett Denis James. Bates Alfred. Beaumont Frank Milton. Beaven Reginald John. Bennion Denis. Blackford Frank Wornsop. Blaxland Frederick Edward. Bond Geoffrey Colin. Branch Lloyd Edward Radcliffe. Brown Edward Alan. Brown Peter. Brownlie George Adam Gibson. Butcher George Alfred. Cameron James Brisbane. Cattley William Edward. Cherry James. Chisnell Albert Reginald. Clapham Walter. Cockhill Gerald Faries. Compton John. Cook Herbert Michael.Corden Herbert Haslam. Craven Bernard. Dalton William Kendall. D’Arcy Joseph Michael. Davies Arthur Trevor. Davies Cerwyn. Dean Alan Cyril. Didlick Leonard Arthur. Dix Thomas James. Donaldson Ian James. Douglas Edward Alan. Dowell Charles Francis. Duckworth Sydney Reginald. Duffy Louis Lloyd. Eastwood George Edward. Edgar Albert John Buchanan. Eyston Frederick. Ferguson Walter Ronald. Firth Keith. Fisher Arthur John. Flint George Norman. Florin Octave. Flower Thomas William. Flowitt David Vennard. Foley Francis. Freedman Arnold Montague Gibbs Brian Montague Gleaden Alan. Godfrey Kenneth Muir. Gordon Adam Young. Gordon Morris. Gregory Arthur James. Griffiths Peter Roy.Hampson Basil Lockwood. Harrison George Maxwell. Hatton Derek William. Hayes James John. Haynes Harold George. Heathcote John Renton. Henning Henry Frederick. Hesketh Samuel. Hockings Eric Francis. Hodgson Kenneth Vickerson. Holland Geoffrey James. Hunter William Hubert. Ives Graham Chadwick. Jackson Peter John. jaulmes Yves Andr6 GCdeon. Johnson George William Edward. Jonas Donald Moore. Jones Ernest David. Joyce Raymond John. Kemp Alan Ronald. Kingsnorth Stanley William. Little James. Littlewood Leslie. Lockey Henry Spencer. Lynes John. Maker Deryk Leonard. Malin Leonard. Marsh Harry. Martin William. Maxim Philip Sidney. McCrory Douglas George. Meredith Rupert Frederick Keith. Nillett Eric John.Mills Edmund Peter. Mitchell William Arthur. Morgan Edward John Harold. Morris Owen. Moverley Stuart. Muir John Wilson. Nicholls Howard Alfred. Nicholson Arthur William. Noden Frederick Gerald. Owen Bernard David. Padmore George Robert Alfred. Papworth Dennis Stephen. Parrish Dennis. Pauline William Singer. Phillips Gordon Victor. Potter Russell John. Pugh Edgar Charles. Raine Dennis Noel. Rawnsley Everard Keith. Reeves Reginald Peter. Roebuck Alec. Ross Charles Dennis. Sach William Alfred. Salmons Brian Henry. [ 1443 Savidge Kenneth Walton. Scott Kenneth Ronald. Scott Peter George William. Service Albert Alfred Sidney. Shackleton Ronald. Shalgosky Harry Ian. Smith John George Nixon.Smith John Richard. Smith Robert. Stansfield Ian Leslie. Stephens Duncan. Symons Robert Henry. Taylor Arthur Reginald. Taylor Phillip Kenneth. Tedd Robert Ernest Charles. Thompson Sydney Harold. Thomson Ian Hiddleston. Tilley Ronald Frank. Tizard Anthony Noel. Turnbull James Alan. Turner Philip Beckitt. Bartle John Edward. Kenzie Raphael George. Tutt Derek Edward. Waxman Cecil Henry. Wilkie Alan George. Wingrove David John. Wiseman Frank Lomas. Wormald Alan. Worthington Roy. Wright Norman. Wyllie William King Fullarton. Beckwith Miss Una. Boyd Miss Mary. Chapman Miss Audrey Mary. Clarke Miss Valerie Constance. Davis Miss Brenda Marguerite. Ferrie Niss Helen Gertrude Middlemass.Kewley RIiss Margaret Myra. Knight Miss Rosemary Joan. Jliller Miss Ethel. Nixon Miss Barbara. Rogers Miss Elsie. Tolputt Miss Joan Margaret. Re-registered Students Mackay Norman. DEATHS Fellows Alfred Milburn Anderson B.X. MSc. Arthur Percy Hoskins. (Dublin). James Arthur Newcombe B.Sc. Frederick William Webb Butler. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. Richard John Carter M.A. (Oxon). Bernard Paul Rothwell NI.Sc. (Manc.) Edgar Marsh Chapman. Alexander Scott R.I.X. Sc.D. (Cantab.) Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins O.M. D.Sc. (EdiIi.) F.R.S. M.A. (Cantab.) M.B. (Lond.) D.Sc. (Oxon. Lond. Manc.) Hon. Sc.D. (T.C.D.) LL.D. (Birm. Aberd. St. Andrews) M.R.C.S. (Eng.) F.R.C.P. (Lond.). Alfred Lees Aspland B.Sc. (Vict.) Leslie Norman Brown M.A.(Oxon.), A.R.C.S. Ronald Humphries. Associates Herbert Marsden B.Sc. (Manc.) Launcelot Pu’ickels B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Francis Digby Toyne I1I.X. (Cantab.). Registered Students Frank Roy Devonald. Colin Frederick Lewis Sterck. Richard Henry Riddell. OBITUARY ALFRED MILBURN died in March 1946 in his 44th year. ANDERSON Educated at the Grammar School Cork and at Mountjoy School Dublin he proceeded to Trinity College Dublin in 1921 graduated B.A. with first-class honours in Experimental Science in 1925 and was awarded a Scholarship in Experimental Science in the same year and a Gold Medal. He was then engaged on research in organic chemistry at the University until 1927 for which he was awarded the degree of M.Sc.In the same year he joined Lever Bros. Ltd. and after a short period in the analytical laboratory became Chemist at the Dublin factory of the Company where he remained for three years before coming to London as Technical Manager of the London factory. In 1935 he was appointed Technical Director to the factories in London and in 1940 Technical Director to Lever Brothers (S.A.) (Pty.) Ltd. and Lever Brothers (Rhodesia) Ltd. being engaged in oil milling refining deodorisation and hydrogenation for the production of edible oils and fats. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925 and a Fellow in 1945. ALFRED LEES ASPLAND died on 21 January 1947 in his 69th year. He received his early training at Owens College-later Manchester University -graduating BSc.Hons. in 1900. In 1901 he entered the Hygeia Works of Morr- ison & Ingram Ltd. where he was engaged as experimental chemist on vitreous enamels. In the following year he became assistant to Dr. C. H. Burghardt a con-sulting analyst in Manchester and in 1902 entered the works of the Bolton Iron and Steel Co. as Head Assistant Chemist where he remained until 1906. In that year he was appointed Assistant Chemist to Armstrong Whitworth & Co. and in 1907 proceeded to Russia as Chemist to T. Firth & Sons. After several years spent in Australia he returned to England in 1916 in order to take up work directly concerned with war activities and was appointed Assistant Chemist at H.M. Factory Gretna and later Danger Building Visitor to the same Factory.On the conclusion of hostilities he was engaged in teaching for a short time and subsequently devoted his attention to fruit growing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. LESLIE NORMAN BROWNdied on 7 October 1946 in his 52nd year. Educated at Sir Joseph Williamson’s School Rochester he proceeded to the Royal College of Science obtaining the Associateship of the College in 1914. He was awarded an Open Exhibition in Natural Science at Christ Church Oxford but his studies were interrupted in 1915 by war work. In that year he became Research Chemist at H.M. Factory Oldbury and in 1916 was commissioned in the Royal Engineers as a Chemist in the Inland Water Transport Section. On demobilisation he returned to Oxford and graduated M.A.in 1920. He was then appointed Chemistry Master at St. Paul’s School. In 1931 he received promotion as Chief Science Master to the school a position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. FREDERICK WILLIAMWEBB BUTLER died in Durban on 19 November 1946 in his 44th year. He received his scientific training at Natal Technical College the Natal University College and by private tuition in microbiology under Drs. W. F. Rhodes and Standing. After a period as Assistant Chemist to the Natal Soap Works Durban he joined the Water Department of the Durban Corporation as Assistant Chemist and Bacteriologist. Later he was promoted Chief Chemist and Bacteriologist and with the amalgamation of the Water Department and the City Engineer’s Department in Durban considerably developed the activities of the laboratories under his charge to embrace sewage trade wastes roads etc.and was frequently called upon to investigate the problems of other water supply undertakings in a consulting capacity. He was recently awarded the degree of B.A. in Social Science of the University of South Africa and was completing his studies for B.Econ. at the time of his death. He was the author of several papers on water and its treatment. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and a Fellow in 1946. EDGAR died on 16 April 1947 in his 72nd year. MARSH CHAPMAN After serving his apprenticeship as a Chemist and Druggist he entered the School of Pharmacy of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1896 passing the Minor and Major Examinations.He subsequently worked in the laboratories of the School as a Bur-roughs Scholar and later as a Salters Fellow and passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1900 and the Final Examination for the Associateship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs in 1901. He then returned to Scarborough to assist in his father’s [ 1461 business (Henry Chapman and Sons Dispensing Chemists and Mineral Water Manu- facturers) and in 1907 following his father’s death became partner with his brother until the latter’s death in 1933 when he become the sole proprietor. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1901 and a Fellow in 1904. RAYMOND CROWTHER EDWIN died on 16 April 1946 in his 64th year.He received his scientific training at the College of Technology Manchester obtaining a Corporation Scholarship in 1899 and the Associateship of the College in 1902. After three years with J. C. Bottomley Chemical Manufacturers of Brighouse as Chemist he was for a short time Research Chemist with the Calico Printers’ Association. In 1906 he was appointed Chief Assistant to Dr. A. Liebmann and was engaged on research and patent litigation work and in the same year became Chief Chemist to Mark Fletcher & Sons Ltd. In 1911 he received a similar appointment with Ferguson Bros. Ltd. of Carlisle and in 1916 joined Claw & Co. as Departmental Chemist in Control. While with this Company he was responsible for producing Indanthrene Blue R.S.and was engaged in research on allied halogenated derivatives. Having been for several years interested in the scientific aspect of photography he joined the staff of Kodak Ltd. in 1921 where he was able to make use of his knowledge of patents and patent practice to establish the Patents and Trade Marks Department of the Company of which he was subsequently made Manager. He published several papers in various scientific and technical journals and was responsible for the Photographic Section of the Chemists’ Year Book and a similar Section in the Reports on the Progress of Apfilied Chemistry (1919). He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. The Rev. PERCY MARR DAVIES died on 12 January 1947 in his 75th year. He studied at the Royal College of Science Dublin from 1890 and was awarded the A.R.C.Sc.(Dublin) in the Faculty of Manufactures in 1893. In 1896 he was appointed to the teaching staff of the Municipal Technical School Manchester. After holding posts with Thornton Harriman and Marshall at Bridlington and T. E. Marching-ton at Droylesden Mr. Davies proceeded to Corpus Christi College Cambridge and took a First Class in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1910 being appointed to a Spencer Scholar- ship in the same year. He graduated M.A. in 1915. Meanwhile he had entered Ridley Hall as a theological student and had been ordained deacon in 1911. The rest of his life was devoted to the service of the Church of England. From 1916-22 he was a Chaplain to the Forces. At the time of his death he was vicar of St.Peter’s Halliwell Bol ton. Mr. Davies was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1893 and a Fellow in 1897. FRANK a Registered Student died on 24 February 1947 in his 22nd ROYDEVONALD year. He was educated at the Wade-Deacon Grammar School Widnes and passed the Northern Universities Higher School Certificate Examination in 1944. Entering the Honours School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester he passed in Part I of the Honours Examination in 1946. JAMESWILLIAMDONALDSON died on 12 January 1947 in his 60th year. He was educated at the High School and the Tutorial College Falkirk and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh in 1908 where he graduated BSc. with honours in 1912. He studied at the Royal Technical College Glasgow from 1912-14 and was awarded a Carnegie Research Scholarship of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1914.From 1915 to 1918 he was in charge of the Research Laboratory of Wm. Beardmore & Co. Ltd. but in 1918 was appointed Chief Chemist and Metallurgist to Scott’s Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. Ltd. Greenock and at the time of his death was Head of the Chemical and Metallurgical Department of the Company. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of Edinburgh in 1928 on the presentation of a thesis on the heat treatment of cast iron. He published many papers on research on cast iron and was awarded the diploma of the Institute of British Foundrymen and the Oliver Stubb gold medal of that Institute. He was a member of the Institute of Metals and of the Iron and Steel Institute.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. JOHN GARWOOD died on 13 January 1947 in his 54th year. EVERETT After service with the Forces from 1914 to 1919 he was for a short time at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society. He proceeded to Chelsea Polytechnic and passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1925 and also the qualifying examination of the Pharmaceutical Society. In 1926 he obtained the degree of B.Sc. (London) and was awarded the Ph.D. in 1930 for a thesis on trypanocidal activity and c 147 1 chemical constitution. The results of this work and of comparative studies in organic arsenic derivatives were the subject of papers published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in addition to one on the reaction between aminophenyl-arsenic acids and carbon disulphide.In 1922 he joined the staff of May & Baker Ltd. and was subse- quently engaged in the biological control of drugs and chemical research with a view to the discovery of new drugs of therapeutic value. In 1931 he was appointed Works Chemist in charge of organic arsenic derivatives and at the time of his death was Senior Divisional Chemist. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925 and a Fellow in 1941. DAVID HOOPER died on 31 January 1947 in his 89th year. After serving his apprenticeship in pharmacy he studied at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society qualified as a chemist and druggist in 1879 and obtained the diploma of Pharmaceutical Chemist.He was awarded the Pereira medal in 1880. He was appointed analytical and research chemist to Southall Brothers and Barclay Ltd. and in 1884 Quinologist to the Government of Madras. He was also Acting Government Botanist Director of the Cinchona Department and Curator of the economic section of the Indian Museum Calcutta. Later he undertook the duties of officiating reporter on economic products and of agricultural chemist to the Government of India. In 1907 he was presented with the Hanbury Medal of the Pharmaceutical Society and in 1914 received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of the McMaster University Toronto. He retired from the Indian Government service in 1914 and from then until 1918 was engaged on work for the Ministry of Munitions at H.M.Factory, Gretna. During this time he was elected President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference and on the cessation of hostilities his work was directed to research at the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and the Biochemical Laboratory of the University of Bristol. He was the author of Pharmacographia Indica and Materia Medica Indica and of numerous papers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. RONALD died on 23 October 1946 in his 51st year. HUMPHRIES He received his general education at Eccles Secondary School and proceeded to the Royal Technical College Salford passing the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in the Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture in 1920. From 1916 until the time of his death he was engaged in work for the British Cotton and Wool Dyers Association Ltd.of Manchester and was latterly Chief Assistant at the Central Labora- tories of the Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. HERBERT died on 20 December 1946 in his 60th year. MARSDEN His scientific training was taken at the University of Manchester where he graduated B.Sc. with first class honours. After some experience as an Assistant Lecturer at the Huddersfield Technical College he became an Assistant with the West Riding Rivers Board before joining the staff of the Institute for Medical Research at Kuala Lumpur Federated Malay States. He remained in the East until his retirement in 1939 when he went to reside in British Columbia. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.SURA RAJAGOPAL NAIDU died on 7 January 1947 in his 54th year. He entered the Madras Christian College in 1909 and thence proceeded to the Madras Presidency College and Medical College where he remained until 1918 graduat-ing B.A. in Chemistry as well as M.B. and B.S. In 1920 he was appointed Assistant Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras and in 1921 Assistant Professor of Chemistry to the Medical College Madras. In 1926 he was lecturer in chemistry at the Royapuram Medical School Madras. He came to England in 1932 and studied at the Imperial College passing the Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs and being awarded the Diploma of the Imperial College.In the same year he obtained the M.Sc. degree of the University of London. Returning to India he was appointed Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras and later received the M.B.E. for his services. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1932. JAMES ARTHUR died on 16 February 1947 in his 55th year. NEWCOMBE He studied for some years at Woolwich Polytechnic before entering the Royal School of Mines in 1918 with a Science and Technology Scholarship. He obtained the A.R.S.M. in 1921 and graduated B.Sc. of London University with first class honours in Metallurgical Engineering in 1925. During the time spent at Woolwich he was engaged as an Assistant Metallurgist at the Royal Arsenal and on the completion of his course at the Royal School of Mines was appointed Lecturer in Metallurgy at the University [ 148 1 of Liverpool.In 1925 he proceeded to Canada to an appointment as Assistant Professor in Metallurgy at the University of Toronto becoming Associate Professor in 1935 and Professor in 1942. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1945. LANCELOT NICKELSdied on 11 December 1946 in his 48th year. After serving for two years in the British Expeditionary Force (Machine Gun Corps) he entered King’s College London in 1919 graduating B.Sc. with first class honours and was subsequently awarded the degree of Ph.D. In 1924 he was appointed Tem- porary Assistant Chemist at the Government Laboratory and in 1928 became a research chemist in the Chemical Warfare Department. In the following year he proceeded to India as Assistant Works Manager at the Cordite Factory Aruvankadu.He remained in India until 1934 and during the last two years was engaged as Chief Inspector of Explosives (on deputation) under the Department of Industries and Labour. On his return to England he was unable for health reasons to take a further appointment until 1939 when he became a temporary Chemist at the Royal Gunpowder Factory Waltham Abbey being promoted to Chemist-in-Charge and in 1945 transferred to the Royal Ordnance Factory Bridgwater. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1927. DAVID MCLAREN died on 24 January 1947 in his 66th year. PAUL He received his education at the Harris Academy and at the High School Dundee entered St.Andrews University in 1898 and graduated BSc. in 1904. He proceeded to the University of Berlin in 1903 as an 1851 Exhibition Scholar and on his return in 1905 was awarded a Carnegie Scholarship in Chemistry at St. Andrews. Subsequently he became Assistant Chemist in the Research Department of the Royal Arsenal Wool- wich. In the following year he transferred to Curtiss and Harvey Ltd. as Chemist and in 1911 to Chance & Hunt Ltd. After three years with the Japanese Explosives Co. at Hiratsuka he returned to England as Chemist and Plant Superintendent at H.M. Factory Oldbury and in 1916 was appointed Chemist and Departmental Manager to the Clayton Aniline Co. a position he held until his retirement in 1943. He was the author jointly with others of papers published in various scientific journals.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. PAULROTHWELL BERNARD died on 8 February 1947 in his 52nd year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School he received his scientific training at the University of Manchester where he graduated B.Sc. in 1915 and MSc. in 1917. After a further year at the University during which he was engaged on research for the Ministry of Munitions he entered the research department of Richmond’s Ltd. at Warrington and was appointed Demonstrator and Lecturer in inorganic chemistry at the Royal Technical Institute Salford. From 1919 to 1930 he was Chemist in the Research Department of the Lancashire Section of the Bradford Dyers’ Association Ltd. and in the latter year was appointed Chemist and Textile Adviser at the Ashenhurst Works of the Association.He devoted much time to the development of mineral khaki dyeing of cotton involving the chemistry of oxides of iron and chromium. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1942. RICHARD HENRY RIDDELL a Registered Student lost his life as the result of an accident on 6 February 1947 in his 21st year. He was educated at the Wolverton County Secondary School and Daventry Grammar School and was appointed to a position in the Research Department of British Glues and Chemicals Ltd. while studying for the Associateship of the Institute at the Poly- technic Regent Street. In 1945 he was transferred to the works of the Company at Newark and had commenced a course at Nottingham Technical College.ALEXANDER SCOTTdied on 10 March 1947 in his 94th year. He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh where he became Senior Medallist in the Chemistry class and was subse- quently awarded the DSc. In 1875 he became Assistant to the Jacksonian Professor at the University of Cambridge was appointed Clothworkers’ Exhibitioner in Physical Science in 1876 and obtained a Foundation Scholarship of Trinity College in 1878 graduating B.A. in the same year and M.A. in 1882. In 1884 he was appointed Science Master at Durham School and in 1891 returned to Cambridge as Demonstrator to the Jacksonian Professor. From 1896 to 1911 he was Superintendent of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution.The degree of Sc.D. of the University of Cambridge was conferred on him in 1907. He was the author of Chemical Theory and of numerous articles in the Proceedings of the Royal Society and the Journal of the Clzewzical Society. In 1919 he was invited to report on the condition of museum objects at the British Museum and recommended the establishment of a research r 1491 laboratory there of which he remained Director until 1931. In 1923 he visited Luxor to advise on the preservation of the Tut-ankh-Amun relics. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1898 and served on the Council of the Society from 1906 to 1908 and from 1922 to 1924. He became Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society in 1899 Treasurer in 1904 and President in 1915.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902 and served on the Council from 1903 to 1906 CYRIL COLDRON SMITH died on 29 July 1945 in his 53rd year. Educated at Magnus Grammar School Newark he received his training at the University of Bristol where he graduated B.Sc. and then proceeded to the Royal School of Mines as a research student. He was awarded a Beit Scientific Research Fellowship in 1916 and was appointed Demonstrator in Metallurgy in 1917. He obtained the Associateship of the College and the degree of M.Sc. of the University of London in Metallurgy. In 1925 he became Metallurgist to the Engineer-in-Chief of the Royal Navy and represented the Admiralty on several Departmental Committees. He was subsequently appointed Senior Scientific Officer in the Scientific Research and Experiment Department of the Admiralty.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. COMING EVENTS June 13 THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m., followed by informal dinner at 7.15 p.m. at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea. Visit of Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. OF PHYSICS 14 INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Summer meeting on “ Cathode Emis- sion.” In London. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Meeting in the Technical College Coventry at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Pharma- ceutical Specialities (May & Baker Ltd.) Dagenham. 18-20 THE INSTITUTION OF FIREENGINEERS: Annual Conference Scarborough.20 The Institute “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experi- ence.” Eleventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Sir jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 5.30 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) Summer Meeting. Visit to the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station Long Ashton at 2.30 p.m. OF 25 INSTITUTEWELDING Annual General Meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street Westminster S.W.1 at 2.30 p.m. Annual Dinner at Grosvenor House Park Lane London W.l at 7 p.m. July 1-3 IRISH ASSOCIATION (Dublin and District Section) : CHEMICAL and THE INSTITUTE “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” Collo-quium in Dublin (see p.151). 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Golf Competition Addington Place Golf Club Croydon. 7-1 2 THEINSTITUTE (Scottish Sections) “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” Symposium at St. Andrews (see p. 151). 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :Visit to Beecham Research Laboratories Brockham Park. 15-17 Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see p. 151). 17-24 Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see p. 152). 22 The Institute Reception to Officers and Overseas Members of the International Congress at Grosvenor House Hotel 8.30 p.m. (see p. 153). [ 1501 July 22-26 PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY:International Physiological Congress at Oxford.23 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) Conference at the Public Works Road and Transport Congress and Exhibition Olympia London at 3 p.m. OF CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting. Connaught Rooms 98-3 1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Great Queen Street Kingsway London W.C. 2. 31 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Experiences of an Alkali Inspector.” Mr. W. A. Damon (postponed from 9 May). (See also “Announcements” below,especially “Important Events in 1947.”) ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAM IN AT10NS Examinations will be held in September 1947 as follows:- For tho Associateshi p-during the week commencing 15 September in London and in Glasgovv. Candidates who have not yet been accepted must forward their appli- cations to be received not later than Monday 9 June and should do so earlier if possible.Entry forms will be issued in due course to all candidates who have been accepted or whose applications are under consideration. These should be returned together with the examination fee as soon as possible thereafter and in any event not later than Monday 7 July. No entry can be accepted if received after that date. For the Fellowship-during the week commencing Monday 22 September. Last dates for application and entry are as for the Associateship i.e. Monday 9 June and Monday 7 July respectively. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE The series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures is being resumed after the interval due to the war and the eleventh Lecture in the series entitled “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experience,” will be delivered by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 on Friday 20 June 1947 at 5.30 p.m. Admission will be without ticket. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London on 8-13 June 1947. There will be a Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey at 3 p.m. on 8 June. On 9 June the Celebrations will be officially opened by the Lord President of the Council in the Great Hall of the Central Hall Westminster. Technical sessions social functions and visits to works will occupy the remainder of the week.Irish Chemical Association and Royal Institute of Chemistry Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.”-The Dublin and District Section of the Institute is concerned jointly with the Irish Chemical Associa- tion in the arrangement of this Colloquium which will be held in Dublin on 2-3 July. Sessions will be devoted to a General Survey of the Subject opened by Dr. J. L. Simon-sen F.R.S. ; “Seaweed,” with opening address by Professor J. B. Speakman; “Carbo- hydrates,” opened by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. The President of Eire and Bean Ui Cheallaigh will hold a reception at Arus an UachtarAin for those attending the Colloquium. Members of the Institute wishing to attend should communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Dublin and District Section Mr.H. D. Thornton City Laboratory Castle Street Dublin. 8th Intern at ion al Management Co ng ress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the c 1.51 1 general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future. The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in organic chemical industry.It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field. A detailed programme will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium. Further particulars were given on a leaflet accompanying Part I of the Journal.Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to that leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.l not later than 14 June. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations.-The Programme of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society on 15-17 July 1947 has now been published. These Celebrations which but for the war would have taken place in 1941 are marked by a number of important events emphasising the position of the Society and of chemis- try in Britain to-day. The Society was the first of its kind in the world and the history of the first 100 years of its life is one of which it may justly be proud. This is indeed recognised in the programme and in the list of individuals and societies participating.Delegates from many countries will be attending and formal addresses of congratulation will be presented. His Majesty's Government are to mark the occasion by entertaining the overseas delegates to luncheon and by giving a garden party at Hampton Court Palace to the Fellows of the Society and members of the XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which is to follow the Celebrations. By means of a Dinner to be given by the University of London and a Reception by the Royal Society to the Chemical Society and the Congress the academic world and the senior scientific society of Great Britain will contribute to the occasion. The Royal Institution will give a Sherry Party on 17 July to distinguished visitors from overseas.The principal social event at which the Society will be host is the Centenary Dinner and it is expected that many distinguished guests will be present. The scientific events of the programme include the Faraday Lecture to be delivered by Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society lectures of a historical nature and visits to places of scientific interest in the London area. An exhibition in the Science Museum South Kensington which will be open to the public until the end of September will illustrate the achievements of British chemistry during the past 100 years and its importance to the everyday life of the community. Further particulars concerning the celebrations may be obtained from The General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1.XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-The Congress will be held in London from 17-24 July under the Patronage of H.M. the King. The President of the Congress is Lord Leverhulme and the Chairman of the executive committee is Dr. L. H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical Chemistry; (3) Organic Chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Elastomers Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering; (14) Chemistry in relation to Essential Oils Flavouring Materials and Cosmetics.An Exhibition of British Scientific Books and Literature will be held in conjunction with the Congress and 'the Exhibition in the Science Museum illustrating the achievements of British chemistry in the past 100 years (see Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations above) will remain open until the end of Septeniber. The provisional programme of events includes Congress Lectures by Dr. L. Pauling, Sir Henry Dale Professor L.Hackspill and Sir Robert Robinson in addition to the meetings arranged by the Sections. Among the social events are the Congress Dinner on 19 July a Gala Dinner on 23 July as well as Receptions at the Royal Institution the Royal Society and the Guildhall. The Society of Chemical Industry is giving a [ 15s J Luncheon on 18 July and a Reception will be held by the Royal Institute of Chemistry on 22 July (see below). Applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Hono- rary Organiser Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street London S. W. I who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is J2. Well over 1,000 chemists have already applied for membership and it is expected that their number will exceed 2,000 from at least 24 different countries.Royal Institute of Chemistry Reception to Officers and Overseas Members of the Xlth Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-It is hoped that a large number of members of the Institute will attend this Reception at Grosvenor House Hotel at 8.30 p.m. on 22 July to welcome the visitors from overseas. Particulars are given on the leaflet accompanying this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS and applications should be made on the form attached thereto. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-25 July. Society of Chemical Industry Anniversay Meetings.-The 66th Annual General Meeting of the Society will be held at the Connaught Rooms from 28 to 31 July.The programme will include registration of members on 28 July; formal Annual General Meeting on 29 July; Scientific Meetings arranged by the Subject Groups of the Society on 30 and 31 July. The Society’s Medal will be presented on 29 July and the Annual Dinner will be held on 30 July. On 31 July the First Castner Lecture will be delivered by Dr. Alexander Fleck at the Royal Institution. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at the Hague on 2-9 September 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the office of the British National Committee 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M.G.B.E. F.R.S. The programme of Section B (Chemistry) of which Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. is President will include the Presidential Address on “Science in the Colonies’ ‘and discussions on “Insecticides,” “Penicillin and Other Antibiotics,” “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland,” “Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology.” Several of these discussions will be held jointly with other Sections. International Elect rode posi tion Confe re nce.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held at the Hyde Park Hotel Kensington London S.W.l on 17-19 September 1947. The work of the Conference will be divided into four Sessions Electrolytic Polishing of Metals Miscellanous Processes and Reports Electrodeposition Processes Structure of Electrodeposits.An Exhibition will be on view throughout the Conference at the Hyde Park Hotel illustrating recent developments in electrodeposition research and practice including war-time applications. Particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretary at the office of the Society 27 Islington High Street London N.l. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions is being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London.A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins. International Technical Congress of the Paint and Allied Industries.-The Congress will be held in Paris on 1-5 October and it is hoped that British chemists concerned with the chemistry and use of paints and varnishes will attend and will present papers to the sectional meetings. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary SociM de Chimie Industrielle 28 Rue Saint-Dominique Paris 7e. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” in Dublin.-See p.1.51. [ 153 1 Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 151. Conference on Applications of Radioactive Tracer Elements in Physics Research and Industry.-The Conference is being arranged by the Institute of Physics in the University of Manchester on 10-12 July. Further particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretary Mr. W. J. Meredith F.Inst.P. Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute Wilmslow Road Manchester 20. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids.The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Advanced Course in Physical Chemistry at the University of Leeds.-Designed for graduates in industry colleges of technology and schools this course will be held from 25 August to 5 September. The main topics will be the wave nature of matter in chemistry; molecular structure and chemical reactions; the arrangement and structure of molecules in the solid state.Particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Director of Extra-Mural Studies The University Leeds 2. Summer School in Metal Physics at the University of Cambridge.-The School will provide an introduction to the application of physical methods to the examination and utilisation of metals and is intended for those whose researches require a more physical approach than is usual in ordinary metallurgical and engineering practice. The lectures and demonstrations will deal with the application of X-ray methods in the examination of metals and with physical and mechanical properties of metals. An elementary knowledge of X-ray diffraction methods and of crystal symmetry will be assumed.The School will be held from 1 to 12 September inclusive. Further particulars may be obtained from Mr. G. F. Hickson M.A. Secretary of the Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House Cambridge to whom the completed application form should be returned not later than 7 June. Summer School in Optical-Crystallographic Methods at University College. Swansea.-The course which will be held from 1 to 12 September will cover the theory and practice of the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology. The special requirements of individual students will be taken into account as far as possible. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea.Refresher Course on “Transformations in Solid Metals and Alloys ” at Derby.- The course is being held by the Institution of Metallurgists on 5-7 September at the L.M.S. School of Transport Derby. Accommodation is available at the School and the total charge will be between L3 and L4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Metallurgists 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. Refresher Course in Chemical Engineering Design at the University of Manchester.-The course is being arranged by the North-Western Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers on 15-17 September. The modern principles of plant design will be illustrated by their application to the manufacture of mono-nitro- toluene. Accommodation will be reserved at one of the Halls of Residence of the University for those who desire.The number of places for the course is limited and applications should be made to Dr. J. S. Hunter 22 The Crescent Northwich Cheshire. OTHER ANNOUNCEMENTS Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust.-The Provost of University College London Dr. D. R. Pye will give the Annual Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Dinner on Thursday, 26 June 1947. All former Ramsay Fellows whose present addresses are known to the Trustees will be invited and it is hoped that all Fellows who failed to receive invitations to the Dinner last year will send their present address to the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street London W.C.1 as soon as possible.[ 154 The Honorary Secretaries would like to hear from all former Kamsay Fellows con- cerning themselves and their work and will be glad to see any Fellow who may be able to visit them at University College London. Design and Production of X-ray Tubes for Crystallographic Purposes.-The X-ray Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics has recently established an X-ray Tube Panel under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Taylor. The Panel will review existing and projected X-ray tubes and X-ray tube production in this country and where supply or quality is not satisfactory specifications will be prepared for the type of tube concerned and production or improvement will be encouraged by appropriate means. Anyone interested in X-ray tubes for crystallographic purposes who is not a member of the X-ray Analysis Group and who wishes to ensure that his views and requirements are considered is invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Panel Mr.J. N. Kellar A.Inst.P. Crystallographic Laboratory Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. Czechoslovak Institute of Plastics Research.-The Czechoslovak Institute of Plastics Research proposes to arrange for one or two British students of chemistry or chemical engineering to go to Czechoslovakia during their summer holidays to work in the Re- search InFtitute. Anyone interested shsuld communicate with Dr. George Lewi 31 Curzon Street London W. 1. GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on p.151.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Libraries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m.to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 VI 279) but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Report on German 1ndustries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- Committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part IV p.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. [ 1551 Benevolent hnd.-Contributions for 1947 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 80 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H. M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute.In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. [ 156 J