THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, June, '933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0 BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 161 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1933. In addition to Reports from the Standing Committees (Finance and House, Benevolent Fund, Publications, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committees), the Council has received Reports from the Pedler Fund Committee, and from a Special Committee appointed to consider proposals received from the Federal Council for Chemistry for promoting co-operation among Chemical Societies. Among other matters which have received attention may be mentioned-the continued employment of aliens in managerial positions in the beet sugar industry; the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill; the appointment of officers representing the Board of Education on the Joint Committee of the Board and the Institute for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry; corres-pondence with the Scottish Education Department regarding National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland); the Rubber Industry Bill; the Trade Marks Act; passenger allowances to chemists in Government employ in the Far East; the Frank- land Essay for Registered Students; and the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations. Beet Sugar Industry.-Regarding the employment of aliens in the Beet Sugar Industry, Dr.-now Sir G.C.-Clayton asked in the House of Commons, on the 13th April, the question and received the answer set forth below:- DR.CLAYTON.-TOask the Minister of Agriculture, whether he is aware that in the beet-sugar factories in this country nearly all the principal chemical positions are still filled by aliens; and whether, in any negotiations for a continuance of the subsidy, he will ensure that British chemists are given opportunities for training so that they can replace aliens in a reasonable time. MAJOR ELLIOT.-I understand that only twenty-eight aliens are now employed in beet sugar factories in this country, and of these the number designated as chemists is two.All 162 practicable steps are taken with a view to ensuring that British employees are given an opportunity of gaining the necessary experience to enable them to qualify for technical posts in the industry; but as my hon. friend is aware, the question of the conditions under which permits are granted for the employment of aliens in this country is a matter for my right hon.friend, the Minister of Labour. In general, it has been stipulated that aliens who come to this country for the purpose of promoting industries should afford facilities for British technologists to learn those industries, but few British chemists have held any position of importance in the whole British Beet Sugar Industry, while the industry has been subsidised by the Government. It has been suggested that to object to the employment of aliens in technical positions in this country, solely because they are foreigners, is wrong in principle, and that the Institute, which is devoted to the service of science, should not seek to make national boundaries for chemists and technologists. Moreover, British chemists have obtained many important positions abroad, and are liable to suffer more from reprisals by other countries than they would gain by the exclusion of aliens from this country.With regard to the Beet Sugar Industry, however, it is felt that little encouragement has been afforded British chemists to fit themselves for the more important positions, and with few exceptions, they have in fact been excluded from them. Special courses have been ar-ranged, in the past, for training qualified chemists in the industry, but have been abandoned because those who followed such courses could not obtain work in the factories, except for routine work during the ‘‘campaigns,” which last only for periods of about six weeks each. Pharmacy and Poisons Bill.-The Pharmacy and Poisons Bill after passing through the House of Lords, where the interests of the profession of chemistry were again watched by Lord Henley, who had so usefully participated in the discussion of the measure when it was introduced in March, 1931 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1931,p.147),came before the Standing Committee of the House of Commons and was amended on the 9th and 11th May. The following memorandum of the proceedings has been 163 abstracted from the Official Report. In the consideration of Clause 3 (i), viz.:- “It shall not be lawful for a person, unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist, to take or use the title of phar- maceutical chemist or pharmaceutist, or for any person unless he is registered as a pharmacist to take or use the title of chemist and druggist, or of druggist or of pharmacist or of member of the Pharmaceutical Society, or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail the title of chemist.” Dr.-now Sir G.C.-Clayton moved to leave out the words- chemist and druggist-and to insert instead thereof the words ‘‘chemist and druggist” in inverted commas, the object being to call attention to the fact that the title is “chemist and druggist” -not either the one or the other. Mr. Hacking said that he thought that the matter was quite clear as the Bill was drafted. If the hon. Member wished to have inverted commas inserted, he would not resist the amendment; but he was advised by the Parliamentary draftsman that it was unnecessary.The Chairman (Sir Ian Macpherson) declined to accept the amendment, remarking that it was purely a question of giving instructions to the clerks. Mr. Batey moved to insert the word “chemist” after the word druggist.” Mr. Hacking said that was a different point: it was not possible to accept the amendment, because its intention was to revert to the existing law which prevented a scientific chemist,- for instance, a member of the Institute of Chemistry,-from using the title “chemist” in any connection whatever. The Bill, as it stood, represented an agreement between the Pharmaceutical Society and the Institute of Chemistry, and allowed the scientific chemist to call himself a chemist in all circumstances, except in the sale of goods by retail.The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Dr. Clayton moved to leave out from the word “Society” to the end of the Clause, in order to ensure that a scientific chemist was not debarred from using the title ‘‘chemist, ” even though he should sell goods by retail. There were manufacturing chemists who sold, by retail,-analytical chemicals, for instance, to analytical chemists, universities, dispensaries, schools, and so on. One understood the term “chemist” to refer to two different 164 bodies,-the scientific chemists and those who kept “chemists’ shops,”-and he would like the term to be definitely available for both of these. He thought that the words which he desired to leave out were too strong in confining the term to those persons who sold in shops by retail, while withholding it from those who also manufactured when they sold goods by retail.Mr. Hacking said that it was certainly not intended that people who made an occasional sale by retail in the manner described, should be interfered with in any way, and he was told that that would not be the case. These words would only apply to people who made a practice of selling by retail, whose sole business it was to sell by retail, and they would not affect an occasional sale such as Dr. Clayton had instanced. He thought he could accept the assurance that that was so, and that there would be no interference of the nature that he feared. The amendment was by leave withdrawn.In Clause zo,--dealing with exemption, with respect to sales, wholesale and sales to certain persons,-it is provided that nothing in the foregoing provisions of Part I1 of the Act should extend or interfere with (iv) the sale of an article for use in, or in connection with, any hospital, infirmary, dispensary, or similar institution approved by an order, whether general or special, of the Secretary of State. Dr. Clayton moved to insert after the word “article” the words “being a poison or containing a poison as an ingredient.’’ He did not understand why the word “poisons” should have been changed to the word “articles.” Mr. Hacking replied that the clause could only apply to things which were dealt with in the Bill, and that the word “article” included poisons.He thought that the amendment was un- necessary. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Clause 20, sub-clause 5 (c), refers to the sale of an article by a person carrying on a business, a substantial part of which consists of the sale of poisons, either by way of wholesale dealing or for use by the purchasers thereof in their trade or business to (ii) (c), a person or institution engaged in scientific education or research, if the article is required for the purpose of that education or research. With regard to this Clause, Dr. Clayton moved to insert the words “including a university, school or other authorised body conducting examinations.” The Bill mentioned ‘‘institution ’’ 166 simply, and he would like to insert the additional words which he had suggestedin order to make it perfectly certain that a university school or other institution, especially one which conducted examinations, should be included.Mr. Hacking assured Dr. Clayton that there was no sinister motive in leaving out the words. It was beyond any shadow of dispute that a university, school or other educational estab- lishment, which was engaged in scientific education or research was an institution so engaged. Dr. Clayton said there was still the question of an Institute like the Institute of Chemistry, which conducted examinations and gave diplomas. That was in his mind when he included the words (‘authorised body conducting examinations.” He would like to make sure that the Institute would be included.It might not necessarily be covered by the word “institution.” Mr. Hacking assured Dr. Clayton that it would be covered by the word “institution.” There could be no doubt about it. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Under clause z5,-referring to inspection and enforcement of the Act,-it is sought to provide under sub-clause (5) that it shall be the duty of every local authority, by means of inspection and otherwise, to take all reasonable steps to secure compliance, by persons not being authorised sellers of poisons, with the provisions of Part I1 of the Act, and with the rules made under Part I11 of the Act, so far as those provisions relate to poisons included in Part I1 of the Poisons List, and for that purpose to appoint inspectors ; also, that an inspector appointed by the Pharmaceutical Society to secure compliance by registered pharmacists and authorised sellers of poisons, might, with the consent of the Society, be appointed by a local authority to be an inspector for the purposes of this sub-section.The sub-section appeared to suggest to Dr. Clayton that the local authorities should appoint pharmacists as inspectors. Manufacturers considered that the inspectors already in existence, such as alkali inspectors and factory inspectors, were very well qualified to inspect works-especially the alkali inspectors-and did not see that there should be any suggestion that they should have further inspection.The present inspectors did very valu- able work in calling attention to matters which they thought might be modified. Manufacturers were glad to welcome them, but did not want any more inspectors. The alkali inspector was a fully qualified chemist who knew the conditions of manufacture 106 and knew the work. If there were to be any suggestion made to the local authorities as to whom they should appoint, in his (Dr. Clayton’s) opinion, they should suggest the alkali inspector or possibly the factory inspector. Mr. Hacking said that the object of the sub-section was to indicate that local authorities were not precluded from employing Pharmaceutical Society inspectors : it did not say that they must do so. He agreed that alkali inspectors were a very efficient body of men, and there was no reason why they should not be employed if the sub-section became law.Dr. Clayton declined to withdraw his amendment, but it was negatived. Mr. Batey moved to insert after the word “inspector” the words “who shall be a pharmacist.” He held that whoever was appointed as inspector should have a knowledge of the work,- should be a qualified person. Mr. Hacking pointed out that alkali inspectors were efficient, and that the local authorities also had very efficient inspectors working under the Food and Drugs Acts, and under the Shops Acts. If they cared to use those inspectors for the purposes of this Act, then on the grounds of economy alone they should be allowed to do so, provided that the inspectors were efficient.Mr. Batey’s amendment was by leave withdrawn. In dealing with the constitution of the Poisons Board,-Mr. Glossop sought to increase its membership from sixteen to eighteen, by including a representative of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and a person engaged in the manufacture of general chemical products appointed by the Federation of British Industries. Captain Watt supported amendments to that effect. Mr. Hacking indicated that the Association of British Chemi- cal Manufacturers would be more directly affected by the Bill than the Federation of British Industries. He had been informed that the Association did not desire to have representation on the Board, and he asked his hon.friends not to press the amendments. Mr. Glossop said that certain members of the manufacturing interests had asked him to support the demand for representation. Dr. Clayton asked whether it was understood that, before the rules were passed by the Poisons Board, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers would be consulted. Mr. Hacking replied that the draft orders would be sent to them. 167 Eventually the question was put,--“That the word ‘sixteen’ stand part of the Schedule.” On a division, the Ayes were in the majority. The Committee concluded the amendment of the Bill for Report to the House. Rubber Industry Bill.-The attention of the Council having been directed to the Rubber Industry Bill, to provide for contributions by rubber manufacturers in the United Kingdom to the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers, and having considered representations received from the Association itself and from other correspondents on the subject, decided to forward the following resolutions to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and to the Board of Trade (Industries and Manufactures Department)- The Council of the Institute of Chemistry desires to express its conviction that provision for research and the application of the latest scientific and technical knowledge repre sent essential factors in the development of the Rubber Industry and the maintenance of its competitive power in Overseas Markets.The Council is of opinion that it is of the highest importance to the chemical profession that every possible facility should be afforded for the prosecution of investigation and research in this important field of work.Provided that the results of research obtained by the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers shall be made available to all who are subject to the levy proposed to be collected under the Rubber Industry Bill, the Council of the Institute desires, therefore, to express the hope that the measure may become law. In making the above decision, however, the Council had regard to the special conditions in the rubber industry, and recorded on the Minutes that this action was not to be understood as implying approval in general of the principle of compulsory levies for such purposes.The Bill (with some amendments) has passed the Committee stage in the House of Lords. Trade Marks-Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, member of Council, has been appointed representative of the Institute on 168 the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. In this connection, Mr. Elkington has submitted to the Council a memorandum on Section 6 of the Trade Marks Act, 1919, which provides for the removal from the register of word trade marks used as names of articles. The Section provides that where, in the case of an article or substance manufactured under any patent, a word trade mark registered is the name or only practicable name of the article or substance so manufactured, all rights to the exclusive use of such trade mark shall cease upon the expiration of the patent, and thereafter such words shall not be deemed a distinctive mark, and may be removed by the court from the register on the application of any person aggrieved; also, that no word which is the only practicable name or description of any single chemical element or single chemical compound, as distinguished from a mixture, shall be registered as a trade mark, and any such word now or hereafter on the register may, notwithstanding Section 41 of the principal Act, be removed by the court from the register on the application of any person aggrieved; provided that the provisions of this sub-section shall not apply where the mark is used to denote only the proprietor’s brand, etc.Briefly, the Section implies that a manufacturer must find two names for any new product, one being a trade mark, and the other a suitable and practicable name for the substance. The Council was unanimously of opinion that the Section should be retained in its present form. Finance.-The Council has received from the Finance and House Committee a report on an investigation into the adminis- tration costs of the Institute, which was undertaken in connection with a resolution from the South Wales Section suggesting that, in spite of a steady increase in the number of members of the Institute, the proportion of administration costs to receipts had remained approximately constant, instead of diminishing as might have been expected.The Report of the Committee showed that, during the ten years 1923-1932, the membership of the Institute had increased from 4399 to 6054 (37-6 per cent,); the total subscriptions had increased from j56929, in 1923, to fI9894,in 1932(42.7 per cent.),- Students’ subscriptions being included in the calculations. If the income from dividends and interest were brought into 169 account with the subscriptions, the increase in receipts was from &JZ~ to jGroJ7go (47-3 per cent.), during the same period. The other receipts included entrance fees and life compositions which were regularly invested,-provision being made for a sinking fund in respect of the lease of the premises of the Institute, which terminates in the year zoIz,-every other receipt being of the nature of a “set-off’’ against expenditure.For example, advertisements and sale of publications con-tributed towards paying for printing; hire of laboratories con- tributed towards paying for rent, rates, repairs, etc. ;examination and assessment fees were set off against examination costs, apparatus and materials, administration, printing, rent, gas, light, water, etc. , while the appointments register receipts were not nearly sufficient to meet the cost of printing, stationery, postage, advertisements and office services involved. The largest item of expenditure was for salaries and wages, which had increased from ,tl381g to f14787 (25.3 per cent.). During the first quinquennium (I~zz-z~)a scale of salaries and a scheme of staff insurance was introduced. If Staff Assurance were included, the total increase in these costs was from fT381g to f14999.It has been shown above that during the same period, the income from subscriptions and dividends increased by 47-3 per cent. During the five years, 19~7-193~~owing to the majority of the staff having reached the maximum of their scale, the increase in salaries and wages account was from f14458 to f14787, or only 7-3 per cent., while the income from subscriptions and dividends increased during the same period from fT8140 to f19894, i.e. 21.5 per cent. Expenditure on publications and printing-Journal and Proceedings, lectures, and other publications (Register, “Official Chemical Appointments,” Regulations, “Profession of Chemistry”) -had been so controlled as to give the members and students useful literature, without exceeding the income of the Institute.Printing costs, however, had been considerably reduced-in proportion to the increased production-the bulk of the “small ” printing being done at the Institute. All other expenses had been very carefully reviewed, and except such as were directly useful to the Fellows and Associates themselves, had actually been reduced in recent years. Those which had been increased included :-advertisements 170 (which were mainly concerned in making known the Appoint- ments Register), Local Section Grants, lectures, and the travelling expenses of Members of Council. Extraordinary expenses-such as the Jubilee Celebrations and the new Hall-had been defrayed from income.In general, the Council ascertained that reduction of expendi-ture could only be effected by restricting the activities of the Institute. Colonial Service.-The Council has addressed the Secretary of State for the Colonies on the desirability of revising a rule, which has recently been adopted with reference to passenger allowances to certain chemists in Government service in the Far East, whereby officers whose maximum salary is not more than E8oo per annum are allowed only second-class instead of first- class passages, and the status of these chemists has thereby been degraded in comparison with officers of other professions in the service. The Council has asked that the question of restoring the privilege of first-class passage for these officers may be con-sidered, irrespective of their salary scale.Appointment of Examiner.-Professor I. M. Heilbron, F.R.S., on his appointment to the Chair of Organic Chemistry in the University of Manchester, has asked the Council to allow him to withdraw from the appointment of Examiner for the Associate- ship of the Institute. His successor will be appointed in June, and, in the circumstances, Professor Heilbron, who would have resigned from the Council on accepting appointment as Examiner, will retain his seat. National Certificates in Chemistry .-The Board of Education has nominated the following officers as their repre- sentatives on the Joint Committee of the Board and the Institute for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry:-Mr.E. G. Savage, H.M. Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, with Mr. C. H. Creasey, Dr. A. Jamieson Walker, Dr. F. A. Mason, and Dr. P. C. L. Thorne, H.M. Inspectors of Technical Schools. Lectures.-Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins’ Lecture on I‘ Chemistry and Life,” Professor Alexander Findlay’s lecture on “Science and the Community,” Mr. Alexander Marcan’s lecture on “The Chemist in the Far East,” and Professor R. M. Caven’s lecture on “Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804,” have been published and issued to Fellows and Associates and Registered Students. The Council has also authorised the presentation of supplies of certain lectures, so far as they are available, to the Universities and recognised Colleges for the benefit of the students.The Council, with the consent of the author, has approved the publication of Mr. Norman Strafford’s lecture on “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods,” which was delivered before the Leeds Area Section in February. Professor Gilbert T. Morgan’s three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry” were delivered at the Institute on Tuesday, 9th; Monday, 15th; and Friday, 19th May. At the conclusion of the third lecture, the President (Professor J. F. Thorpe), who presided on each occasion, moved a vote of thanks to Professor Morgan for the valuable service which he had rendered the Institute by the preparation of such a comprehensive survey of the subject.The lectures testified to his remarkable industry and enthusiasm, and the members and students would look forward to their early publication. The President also expressed the thanks of the Institute to Mr. Burstall and others who had assisted Professor Morgan in the preparation for the lecture and to all who had contributed to the interesting collection of specimens exhibited at the Insti- tute during the period covered by the lectures. Benevolent Fund.-The total receipts for the Benevolent Fund up to 1st June, 1933, amounted to i1024 zs. rrd. compared with. E1023 IS. Iod. at the same date in 1932,-representing an increase of LI IS.Id. The disbursements during the same period were, however, only E346 4s. 3d. compared with k543 7s. Id. in 1g3z,-i.e. E1g7 2s. Iod. less. On the other hand, a deficit of L103 11s. 7d., due to Capital Account at the commencement of the year has been returned, and, so far as can be estimated at present, the Committee will be required to make regular payments to widows and children and other dependents amount- ing to E1g3 before the end of the year, in addition to meeting other appeals as they arise. 172 The Committee will be glad to hear from any Fellow or Associate who has not yet subscribed, but may be able to assist in improving the position of the fund, in order that all appeals received may be dealt with adequately and promptly.John Millar Thomson Medal.-The Council has received from Professor Smiles and Professor Allmand of King’s College, London, the gift of a replica of the John Millar Thomson Medal in bronze, -by A. G. Wyon-which is presented annually to the student of King’s College who most distinguishes himself in the final year of the special honours course in the Department of Chemistry in the College. A vote of thanks was accorded to the donors. Gift.-Mr. Thomas McLachlan, Fellow, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of “Raphael Meldola: Reminiscences of his Worth and Work by those who knew him”; edited by James Marchant, London, 1916. This copy was presented by Mrs. Meldola to the Editor, in memory of her husband.At-tached to the inscription is a small portion of filter paper coloured with ‘‘Meldola Blue” from the original dye. Chemical Society Library.-The Council has forwarded a contribution of Ez5o to the Library of the Chemical Society. It is understood that the privileges with regard to the use of the Library to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe is the representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Society. World Power Conference.-Dr. Harold G. Colman has been re-appointed representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. The Sectional Meeting for 1933 will be devoted to power problems of heavy industry and of land and sea transport.The Conference will open at Copenhagen on 26th June, con- tinue at Stockholm on 28th, where the technical session will be inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Sweden, and will conclude at Oslo on 8th July. Particulars can be obtained from C. Rodgers, Esq., Hon. Secretary, British National Committee, World Power Conference, 63, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C.2. 173 British Standards Institution.-Dr. Harold G. Colman has also been nominated, and has kindly consented to act, as the representative of the Institute on Technical Committee C/13 Sampling of Tar Products. Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections.-On the suggestion of Mr. Edgar Lewis, Hon. Secretary of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, and on the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council has authorised arrangements to be made for a conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections to be held at the Institute on Saturday, 24th June, to discuss matters of general interest affecting the work and proceedings of the Sections. 174 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on z3h April, when a paper on 64 The Metabolism of Fats ” was delivered by Dr. J. A. Lovern, of the Torry Research Station; Professor Hendrick in the Chair. Considerations of time limited the scope of the paper to the animal kingdom, and likewise excluded reference to changes in glyceride structure which occur during fat metabolism.Dr. Lovern dealt with the main chemical and physical changes which the fatty acid portion of the fats undergoes in the animal body, commencing with fat taken in the food. The process of digestion and absorption was dealt with in detail, and the important r81e of the bile acids emphasised. Turning to the deposition of fats in the depbts, the means by which the animal can alter the type of fat to suit its special requirements were considered, and were shown to include the following: (I) selective deposition of certain glycerides, the controlling factor probably being molecular size ; (2) inter-conversion of saturated and unsaturated acids of the same number of carbon atoms; (3) admixture with fat formed from carbohydrate sources.In connection with fat derived from carbohydrate, the two most likely theories as to the mechanism were given, namely, the acetaldehyde and the pyruvic acid intermediate theories. The type of fat produced from carbohydrate was shown to be relatively saturated. The catabolism of the dep8t fat when called upon for energy requirements was next dealt with, and the evidence for and against the theories of desaturation in the liver, intermediate phosphatide formation, and /I-oxidation was considered. Finally reference was made to “in vitro” experiments with various fatty acids, oxidised with hydrogen peroxide. A vote of thanks to Dr. Lovern was carried on the pro- position of Mr. R. Craven. 175 Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Glasgow on 26th and 27th May.Fellows of the Chemical Society in Scotland were also invited to participate. Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, in the unavoidable absence of Professor G. G. Henderson, received the members in the Univer- sity Union and, after tea, presided at a meeting at which Dr. W. J. Jenkins, of Ardeer, gave an address on 6bCelluloseand some of its Uses.” Dr. Jenkins said that all were familiar with cellulose in the textile industry, but it appeared also as paper, celluloid, arti- ficial silk, moulding powders and plastics. The property which rendered it satisfactory in these connections was its tensile strength.By variations in the treatment, different forms of nitro-cellulose could be obtained, ranging from gun-cotton to that form used in the manufacture of lacquers for motor car body- work. Automobiles to-day owed their shining finish and com- parative freedom from paint-work scratches to the use of these lacquers and enamels. After dealing with the chemical aspect of solvents for nitro- cellulose, Dr. Jenkins mentioned the use of cellulose leather cloth. The process consisted essentially in applying a suitably coloured plastic mass of cellulose derivative to a woven (generally cotton) fabric, and thereafter impressing the required grain in relief upon the product by means of embossing plates or rolls.Nitro-cellulose was the chief derivative used at present in the manu- facture of artificial leather cloth, although a limited amount was prepared from other cellulose derivatives. The quality of the finished material depended to a considerable extent on the base cloth which was used. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Jenkins. Blr. E. M. Melville, of the Agricultural College, gave a brief description of the activities at the Experimental Farm and Estate at Auchincruive, which was visited on the following day. In the evening, Professor Wilson presided at a Dinner held at the Staff Club of the University, when the company was augmented by the attendance of many ladies. Mr. T. Ramsay, proposed the toast of “The Chemical Societies,” to which Professor R.M. Caven replied; and Dr. S. H. Tucker, “The 176 Visitors,” to which Mr. A. Tait, Chairman of the Edinburgh Section, replied. Professor Wilson received the thanks of the members for pre- siding, and Dr. T. S. Stevens for securing the use of the Staff Club for the occasion. On the following day, the company left for Auchincruive, by private car and omnibus and, after a delightful run of about 39 miles through some of the finest Ayrshire country, arrived at the estate, where they were conducted over the laboratories by members of the chemical staff. They also visited the dairy school, the gardens and greenhouses, the Colin-Thomson Re- search Laboratory, the poultry department, etc. The company partook of luncheon in the Mansion House, when thanks were accorded to Professor D.N. MacArthur and his staff for the excellent arrangements which had been made on behalf of the visitors. The party returned by way of Stevenston, where a visit was paid to the Ardeer Explosives Factory of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. The visitors were conducted over the plant by members of the chemical staff, and were given an opportunity of inspecting the production of nitro-glycerine and its subsidiary products which are used in the preparation of blasting explosives and propellants. Plant for the purification of glycerine, the preparation of sulphuric acid, the preparation of nitric acid from ammonia, and of gun cotton from both cotton waste and linters, were examined in turn, and the visit was concluded by a practical demonstration of the uses and tests to which modern explosives are subjected. Before leaving the works, the company were entertained to tea, presided over by Mr.T. Donaldson, Technical Manager. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Donaldson appealed for a closer co-operation between the Technical Colleges, Universities, and Industry. As a measure of his practical interest in the matter, he offered to engage four students in the factory with a view to supplementing their academic and technical training with industrial experience. Professor Wilson thanked Mr. Donaldson for his offer, and also expressed the thanks of the whole company for the excellent arrangements which had been made for the visit.Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Merrythought Caf6 on 12th May, Dr. 177 John Hawthorne in the Chair. The following office bearers and committee were elected for the ensuing Session:-Dr. W. Honneyman, Chairman; Mr. J. W. Porter, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell, Hon. Secretary; Miss M. H. Craig, Messrs. R. G. Baskett, E. M. Reid and H. T. Currie, Committee. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Concert and Social (hitherto arranged by the Institute and the British Association of Chemists) was held on 17th January. On this occasion, members of the Society of Chemical Industry also participated. Mr. H. W. Rowell occupied the Chair, and the arrangements for the Concert were made by Mr.J R. Johnson and his friends, including other members of the Section who pro- vided a most enjoyable programme. The Midland Chemists’ Annual Dinner-Dance took place at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, on 4th February, when the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry and its Engineering Group, the British Association of Chemists, and the University of Birmingham were all well represented. The guest of honour, Dr. R. H. Pickard, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, proposed the toast of “Midland Chemists,” to which Mr. W. A. S. Calder, who presided, responded. (A report of the Dinner has already been published in Chemistry artd Industry for 10th February, p. 129.) The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Industrial Fermentation, The University, Edg- baston, 27th March.The Officers and Committee were elected as follows :-Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman; Mr. H. H. Bagnall, Vice-chairman; Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse, Hon. Treasurer; Dr. F. W. Norris, Hon. Secretary. Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Messrs. J. R. Johnson, G. King, D. W. Parkes and Dr. W. Wardlaw (Fellows) and Dr. W. M. Hampton, Messrs. T. L. Harris, A. R. Runeckles and G. Thomas (Associates), Committee. Mr. Thomas kindly consented to act as Assistant Secretary for the ensuing Session. After the formal business, the meeting adjourned to the adjoin- ing laboratories where a Demonstration of Apparatus had been arranged. The following is a summary of the exhibits :-Apparatus for circulation of liquids in corrosion experiments (Dr.Brownsdon and Dr. Bannister). Sun-ball testing apparatus (Dr. Hampton and Mr. J. G. Holmes). 178 Carbon monoxide recording apparatus, Haldane gas analysis apparatus, various types of hygrometer, etc. (Dr. J. I. Graham and Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse). All-glass apparatus, with interchangeable joints, for stirring, fractionation, extraction, etc. (Mr. L. V. D. Scorah). Instrument for Rapid Comparison of Compression Strengths of Mortars, etc. (Mr. G. King). Capillary Pipettes (Mr. G. Thomas). Determination of Arsenic, Fat, Jelly Strengths, etc. (Messrs. A. W. Knapp, J. R. Johnson and Staff). Modified Gutzeit Apparatus, Neon Vacuum Sodium Lamp (Dr. Norris, by courtesy of Messrs.Gallenkamp). The Demonstration proved successful, and the members present spent a very pleasant evening. Members of the Section have recently been invited to attend several lectures, including the following 1-Prof. A. R. Ling on “Studies on Starch and Glycogen,” on 19th January. Mr. F. E. Day, on “The Nitrogen Factor in Brewery Fermentations,” on 2nd February. Dr. L. H. Lampitt, on “Food and Science,” on and March (by invitation of Univer-sity of Birmingham Biochemical Society); and Prof. R. V. Wheeler on “Flame Speeds in Gases,’’ on 3rd March (by invitation of Dr. J. Newton Friend). Joint meetings arranged by the Derby Joint Sub-committee have also taken place, and members are indebted to the Chairman and Committee of the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society for invitations to attend lectures given under their auspices.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-An informal Dinner was held at Hort’s Restaurant, Bristol, on 19th April, at which a presentation was made to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, on the occasion of his leaving Rristol to take up an appointment at Widnes. Mr. Edward Russell, who presided, referred to the loss sus-tained by the Local Section of the Institute on Mr. Wintle leaving the district, and to the valuable services rendered to the Section and to the Institute by hlr. Wintle, who had been honorary secretary for the past eleven years and a Member of Council for an aggregate period of four years. The members present joined 179 in wishing Mr.Wintle success and prosperity in his new sphere of activity. Dr. E. Vanstone, Head of the Chemical Department, Seale- Hayne College, Newton Abbot, has been elected Chairman of the Section for the coming year; Mr. Edgar Lewis has been appointed Honorary Secretary in succession to Mr. Wintle, and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse has been elected to the Committee. Arrangements have been made for members of the Section and their friends to visit the Dartington Hall Estate, Totnes, on 10th June. Cape.-The Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held in Cape Town on the 21st April,-Mr. E. H. Croghan in the Chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted, and the officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows:-Mr.G. Leslie, Chairman; Dr. W. Pugh, Secretary; Dr. L. Denis-Nathan, Hon. Treasurer; Professor J. Smeath-Thomas, Dr. J. Malan and Dr. B. W. Marloth, Committee; and Mr. L. N. Cohen and Mr. R. J. Kruger, Auditors. At the conclusion of the business a meeting was held in which members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society participated, and Mr. Croghan gave an address on “Modern Sewage Disposal.” The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Dr. W. 0. Kermack presided at a meeting held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on a3rd March, when Dr.Littler, of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on 6‘ Drikold.” Dr. Littler dealt with the origin and growth of the solid CO, industry, and discussed some of the problems connected with its production. He showed how the application of thermodynamics had enabled great economies to be effected. The methods of handling and transporting solid CO, were described, with special reference to those evolved by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., to deal with their product “Drikold.” The evolution of this 180 technique had enabled production to be centralised in large pro- ducing units which could make use of by-product CO, and could be mechanised to a high degree. He then discussed the two principal applications of “Drikold,” namely, its use as a source of CO, gas in place of liquid CO, and as a refrigerant.He described the methods of effecting tempera- ture control in spaces refrigerated with “Drikold ” and mentioned the advantages of its use in the handling of food-stuffs, in particular, the bactericidal effect of the evolved CO, gas. After replying to various points raised in the discussion Dr. Littler was accorded a vote of thanks. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Local Section of the Institute received an invitation from the Local Section of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to hear an address by Lord Rutherford, given at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 12th January. A joint Smoking Concert of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, with the Ardeer Chemical Club, was held in the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan, on 13th January, Mr.W. Donaldson in the Chair. Members of both Sections contributed to the programme. Dr. P. F. Gordon moved a vote of thanks on behalf of the Glasgow visitors, to their hosts, for a very enjoyable evening. On 3rd February, Professor Alex. Findlay addressed a joint meeting of Chemical Societies of Glasgow at the Royal Technical College, on 6‘ Science and the Community.” An interesting discussion followed, and Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, who presided, moved a cordial vote of thanks to Pro-fessor Findlay for his address, which has been published by the Institute as a separate monograph. A meeting of the Section was held in the Ca’doro Restaurant on 17th February for a “Discussion of Professional Matters,” Mr.Hugh Findlay presiding. The first subject dealt with was ‘* Refresher ” Courses. Introducing this subject, the Chairman instructed the Hon. Secretary to read a statement on the replies received to the 181 questionnaire sent out early in January, asking the members of the Section if they were willing to take part in refresher courses, and, if so, which of the following branches they would wish to take,-organic, inorganic, physical or analytical chemistry ; and if they would be prepared to pay a nominal fee for the course. The Secretary then stated that he had sent out 329 copies of this questionnaire and received 41 replies.Of this number 7 were in the negative, and 34 in the affirmative. In the 34 favourable replies, the special subjects were sub-divided as follows: Those wishing to take classes in physical chemistry were 25, in organic chemistry 23, in analytical chemistry 20, in inorganic chemistry 17. In the ensuing discussion, the following points were raised and dealt with in considerable detail. The type of lecture: application to teachers of chemistry in schools; whether the lectures would deal with fundamental considerations of a purely theoretical nature or the special applications of such theory to industry; and the financial aspect of the scheme. During the discussion certain suggestions were made. Mr. J. G. Duncan suggested that, as the Institute had given several lectures on similar lines in London, which could not be con- veniently attended by provincial members, it might be possible to hold some of these meetings at centres other than London.Regarding the publication of these lectures he suggested that the Institute’s activities in this direction were greatly appreciated and, if possible, should be continued. Dr. J. Sword intimated that the small number of answers to the questionnaire did not necessarily indicate lack of interest, but rather that, while the scheme was highly desirable, it was realised that it would be extremely difficult to arrange courses to meet all the various individual requirements. Finally, the Secretary intimated that the Section committee had discussed the matter very fully and had come to the con- clusion that, owing to the small proportion of members in the Section who had replied to the questionnaire, the Committee was unable to proceed with any scheme immediately, but recommended, as an experiment, that two lectures (one in physical chemistry and one in organic chemistry) be arranged as part of the syllabus for the next session-each dealing with some aspects of recent fundamental work.The meeting adopted this recommendation. 182 Huddersfie1d.-The Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6, on 14th March,-Mr. H. W. Moss in the Chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and Honorary Treas- urer were approved.Mr. F. Robinson and Dr. S. Coffey were elected to the Committee, and, on the motion of Mr. R. 0.Eames, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Honorary Treasurer, Mr. F. J. Corby, and to the retiring member of the Committee, Mr. F. L. Sharp, for their services to the Section. Following the business meeting, a lecture was given by Mr. D. J. Law on ‘(Modern Light Leather Manufacture.” In his introductory remarks Mr. Law made reference to the earliest methods of converting raw skin into leather. It was considered probable that skins were often saturated with the natural fat of the animal, followed by mechanical treatment. The fibres of the skin became coated with a layer of oxidised fat and the skin dried out soft and flexible. Distillation products from a wood fire were probably also used to act on skins.The application of science to tannery was of. comparatively recent date. Leather-making retained much of the character of a craft because of the variability of skins. No two were alike and the process had to be adjusted to an average skin. Bytanning was meant all the processes involved during the con- version of raw skin to finished leather. The combination of the tanning material with the skin was the easiest of these, and it was the pre-tanning process which made or marred the leather. The same applied to the processes following the actual tanning. After some remarks on the structure of raw skin, the lecturer proceeded to a detailed description of the various processes.The soaking process whereby the skin is cleansed and softened was first described, and as examples of the latest soaking agents were given,-sodium citrate, sodium ferrocyanide and sodium pyrophosphate. The hair was next removed by methods depending on the value of the wool or hair. The liming and sodium sulphide processes were described, and a recent process involving the use of a tryptic enzyme “Arazym.” For this process it was claimed that the collagen was very little attacked, and that it combined the unhairing, liming and puering processes. The lecturer next referred to the drench process, and then proceeded to discuss the purely scientific work done on the 183 swelling of gelatin in acid solution, and the repression of the swelling by salt solutions in connection with the pickling process which was beneficial in preserving the skin prior to the tanning process.The tanning process was dealt with in some detail, and the following methods were discussed :-(I) Vegetable tanning, e.g. catechol and pyrogallol tannins. (2) Chrome salts. (3) Oil tanning. (4) Alum tanning. (5) Formaldehyde tanning. (6) Synthetic tans. Vegetable tanning was started in weak solutions in which the goods were either suspended, paddled or drummed. All vegetable tanning took place in acid solution. Oil tanning involved the replacement of water by oil and subsequent oxidation. This was a very ancient process which modern science had not altered.As synthetic tans, phenol-formaldehyde condensation pro- ducts were instanced. Cellulose extracts were now coming into use as purification methods were being worked out. The lecturer completed his description of modern light leather manufacture with some remarks on leather dyeing. Some interesting leather samples were exhibited to illustrate the lecturer’s remarks. The lecture stimulated some interesting discussion, and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Mr. Randolph. Irish Free State.-A visit was paid to the Works of the Alliance and Dublin Consumers’ Gas Company on 5th April, when the members were conducted over the horizontal and vertical coking plants by Mr. Hill, the assistant engineer. Leeds Area.-Members of the Section were invited to the discussion on “Substitution in Organic Compounds,” organised by the Chemical Society, and held on 12th May, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University. The speakers included Professors Robert Robinson, C.K. Ingold, G. M. Bennett, H. M. Dawson, Arthur Lapworth, and Drs. J.W. Baker, C. W. Shoppee, G. N. Burkhardt and M. G. Evans. 184 The Chairman and Secretary of the Section have been nominated to serve on the Committee which is to consider the possibility of arranging advanced courses in Chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire. London and South-Eastern Counties.-During the month of April three visits were made by members of the Section:-On 5th April, to British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., at Carshalton; on 6th, to the Laboratories of the DistillersCo., Ltd., Great Burgh; and on 21st, to the Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge.Malaya.-The Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 25th February, at the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur,-Lieut .-Col. B. J. Eaton presiding. The annual report and the Statement of Accounts for 1932 were adopted, and the Chairman and Committee for the ensuing year elected as follows .-Mr. M. Jamieson, Chairman; Mr. J. F. Clark, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Dr. F. E. Byron, Assistant Honorary Secretary; Messrs. C. T. J. Owen, A. W. Burtt, Dr. T. A. Buckley, Dr. J. L. Wiltshire, committee; and Messrs. R. E. Willgress and F. H. Geake, Honorary Auditors.Col. Eaton, in the course of his address, referred to the troubled times through which the world was passing, which had affected membership of the Section, both numerically and financially, and had prevented the reading of more than two papers. He wished to thank Malayan Collieries, Ltd., for the kind invitation extended to the members of the Section to visit their property at Batu Arang. The Honorary Secretary was requested to write to Mr. F. L. Okell expressing the regret of the Section that he would not be returning to Malaya, and thanking him for all that he had done for the Section, as one of its founders, and throughout the past nine years. The thanks of the meeting was accorded to the retiring Chairman and Committee; to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research, for the use of the room for the meeting; and to the Malayan Collieries, for inviting the members to visit their property.The morning had been devoted to informal visits to labora- tories, and the meeting was held in the afternoon of the same day. 185 In the evening a dinner was held at the Station Hotel, and mem- bers of the Section visited the Collieries on the following day. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-At the invitation of the Bedson Club, members of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry attended the Twenty-second Bedson Lecture, which was delivered at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 19th May, by Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, on bb The Chemistry and Fermentation.” Prof.P. Phillips Bedson was present at the meeting, at which Dr. G. R. Clemo presided. Dr. Harden, in a comprehensive survey, emphasised the great complexity of the chemical reactions occurring during fennenta- tion and, in the light of recent researches, including his own work on the phosphoric esters of the sugars, indicated how the normal metabolism of the yeast cell could be altered (“patho- genically”) with a view to increasing or suppressing, as desired, certain products of fermentation processes. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr. Harden for his interesting address. South Wales,-On 27th January, at a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Cardiff, a paper by Mr.A. J. Cruise, on “The Use of Gaseous Fuel in South Wales Industries,” was read by Mr. T. G. Watts, in the unavoidable absence of the author. The paper was printed in Chemistry and Industry,-10th February, 1933. On 24th February, at a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Cardiff, a paper was read by Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, on ‘6 The Stability of Cyclic Compounds.” In the year 1885, W. H. Perkin, jun., published his first work upon the synthesis of closed carbon chains. He sought to demonstrate that rings possessing fewer than six members were capable of existence. This revolutionary departure was crowned 186 with success, so much so that even conservative opponents of the view, such as Victor Meyer, acclaimed and accepted Perkin’s work.In a relatively short time three, four and five membered rings had been synthesised. A typical reaction of this classical work is the following:-Na\ POoEtCqBr .CH, .Cl&Br + C --+ C&Br.C&.CK \/COOEt C H/ ‘COOEt H/ \COOEt 1 CH2/c%\ CH.COOH tCH, /cRB\ /CO OEt CH,Br .CH,.C& \ /COOEt C t-C \CH/ \C&/ \COOEt ‘COOEtNa’ An outcome of this research was the development of Baeyer’s Strain Theory, which attempted to relate the stability of a cyclic compound with the strain set up between the inter-valency angles as a result of the departure from the normal tetrahedral con- figuration. This theory, though applicable to the simplest cases, did not explain satisfactorily the stability of the majority of alicyclic systems; in particular it failed to take into account the influence of the substituent groups in a system.This fact was demonstrated by Thorpe and Ingold. It followed, as a result, that the angle between any two valencies of a carbon atom was determined by the mode of combination of the other two valencies, that is, by the bulks of the attached groups. Ingold gave to this modification of Baeyer’s theory a limited quantitative basis. Much experimental support, both chemical and physical, had been adduced in favour of this newer form of the strain theory which was now termed the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis. The principle was clearly shown in the tendency to cyclo-propane ring formation of the a-bromo derivatives of the following glutaric acids:- Me\ /CH,.COOH Me\ /CHz.COOH H\ C/cs-cOOH C C H’H/\C€&.COOH \CJ&.COOH Me/ \C&.COOH I I1 I11 In agreement with the hypothesis the tendency is I11 > I1 > I.However, there had been criticisms levelled at the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis for there existed undoubted weaknesses in 187 its application. Exception had been taken to the assumptions involved in Ingold’s calculations. An outstanding difficulty must certainly arise in the use of any cyclic-strain theory based entirely upon spatial considerations ;the substituents in a system while possessing bulk also possess polar character, a factor that might easily affect the course of a reaction which was being taken as a measure of ring stability.This undoubtedly had been the mitigating factor in many reactions which have been considered anomalous. To distinguish between spatial and polar effects was indeed a problem, and it was at present recognised that any satisfactory strain theory must take both effects into account. In certain recent papers attempts have actually been made to trace the superposition of polar upon spatial effects. Of late years interest had centred around the preparation, by Ruzicka and his co-workers, of high membered carbon rings of great stability. A ring with as many as thirty-two members had been obtained. The stability of such rings was easily understood by assuming that rings of six and more members tend to relieve their internal strain by distortion from the planar condition. This extension of the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis, termed the Sachse-Mohr theory had been given conclusive proof; as for instance the isolation of cis and trans forms of decalin.The connecting link between the planar low-membered forms and the distorted high-membered forms was the six-membered ring. The present view, due to Baker and Ingold, was that this ring did buckle but possessed strain since it was in constant oscillation between the two stabilised extremes (cis and trans), which there- fore introduced a strained planar phase. This conception was in agreement with facts and had received a measure of experimental support.The present state of the whole subject was that the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis in its widest form was capable of co-ordinat-ing the plain facts of stability of all alicyclic compoundswhen it could be applied in conjunction with polar considerations. 188 April-May Examinations, 1933. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-No. No. POTthe Associate8hip-Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at The University, Manchester,-24tL29th April 32 24 For the Pellowship-Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute,--lst-5th May .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats: at the Institute,--18t5th May .... .. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute,-1st-6th May . . .. 8 4 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Reading, -1st-5thMay .. .. .. .. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of The Anglo- Persian Oil Co., Sunbury-on-Thames,- 3rd-7th April .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Tar Manufacture .. 1 1 Special Examination in General Analytical Chemistry:at the Institute,-lst-5th May 1 1 -48 36 EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERALCHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICALINORGANIC CHEMISTRY .-The general level of the candidates’ work was higher than at several recent examina- tions. Three or four candidates did very well indeed both in the theory papers and in the practical work. The papers appeared 189 to be well within the capabilities of the candidates, since their choice among the alternatives provided covered all the questions set. There was a very close correspondence between the merit of the candidates in this part of the examination and in organic chemistry. The practical work was, on the whole, done well, and in very workmanlike manner. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-Afew outstanding candidates attained a high level and the majority were of good average ability in their work, both in theoretical and practical organic chemistry.Most candidates seemed to know something about the stereo- chemistry of the oximes, and about the more interesting theoreti- cal problems presented by the subject. Few, however, had a really good grasp of the descriptive side, and there was some ignorance of fundamental reactions. This was shown parti- cularly in attempts to devise synthetical methods, the routes not infrequently selected being impracticable, both from the chemical and the economic points of view. The Examiners have very frequently pointed out in these reports that teachers do not seem to be successful in impressing upon their pupils the necessity for obvious precautions in making use of so-called general reactions. Again, it is not sufficiently clearly realised that synthetical devices are useless if, at a certain stage, a large number of isomerides are obtainable. In the practical work the majority of the candidates soon obtained an idea as to the nature of the naphthol-naphthylamine mixture, but many did not effect a satisfactory separation at a sufficiently early stage.Two or three candidates returned almost completely satis- factory solutions of the problem on the conditions for the oxida- tion of benzil, but with these exceptions, little enterprise was displayed in this exercise. The language tests proved comparatively easy on this occasion, a lack of knowledge of German, however, still affecting a small proportion of the candidates.EXAMINATION IN BRANCHFOR THE FELLOWSHIP E. WRITTENPAPERS.-The answers to the question on the theoretical considerations underlying the application of cryoscopy to the detection of added water in milk were disappointing. Several candidates had very little understanding of the principles involved. 190 With regard to the question on vinegar, the manufacturing process was often described with little reference to the chemistry of the reactions involved. Several of the candidates did not read the question on vitamins carefully. They enumerated the vitamins, and gave a brief account of their physiological functions, but with little reference to the chemical nature of these substances. The majority of the candidates were conversant with modern methods of detecting small amounts of metals in food materials.PRACTICALWoRK.-The routine work was very well done, but some weakness was shown in the interpretation of results. Some candidates gave faulty interpretations, based on insufficient evidence, thereby showing their lack of the necessary experience. PHARMACOLOGYTHERAPEUTICS, AND MIcRoscoPY.-With one or two exceptions, the candidates had a good knowledge of drugs and therapeutics, and had realised the importance of study- ing the changes introduced in the 1932 edition of the &dish Pharmacopizia. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Anderson, James Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Barnes, Thomas Edward, BSc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London. Bowyer, Thomas Linley, Central Technical School, Liverpool.Brown, Thomas Frederic, Royal Technical College, Salford. Cadwallader, Wilfred Donald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Carter, William James, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Cook,Laurence Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), King’s College; and Birkbeck College, London. Cranch, George Wilson, University College, Nottingham. Cullen, Maisie Ursula, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Edwards, Harold, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Goodman, George Reginald, Loughborough College, Leicestershire. Haigh, Harold Lovell, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Kirby, Denis, B.Sc.(Lond. ), Loughborough College, Leicesterahire. Longley, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. McGraghan, Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rutherford Technical College, NewcastIe- upon-Tyne.Ramsay, Robert Frew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow; and College of Technology, Manchester. Ranee, Robert George, BSc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Rousseau, Christian Edward, Middelbare Technische School, Amsterdam. Taylor, Donald Bryce, Central Techniml School, Liverpool. 191 Timson, Philip Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute; and The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Turnbull, Herbert Kassell, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Watson, John Alexander, Central Technical School, Liverpool.Woodhouse, George, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry Blatchford, Alfred Samuel, M.Sc. (Dun.). In Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats Croxford, John William. Webb, William Denis Lucking. In Branch E. The GhemGtry, including Microscopy, of Food and Druga, and of Water Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gangolli, Dattatraya Manjunath, M.Sc. (Bombay). Moir, Daniel Donald, M.Sc. (Lond). Willgress, Robert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry Louden, Charles Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.).Mackness, John Raimes, Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Petroleum Taylor, Charles William, A.R.C.S. With special reference to Coal Tar Technology Baird, David, B.Sc. (Glas.). In General Analytical Chemistry Burgess, Stanley Grove, Ph.D. (Lond.). Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible. 1. Give brief explanatory definitions of FIVE of the following terms :-Monotropy, electrostriction, X-ray spectrum, overvoltage, mass spectrum, colloidal solution, viscosity, limiting density. 2. Give an account of the preparation of phosphorus from its chief 3.Describe Werner’s co-ordination theory, and show how the current natural sources and describe its principal uses in industry. electronic theory of valency deals with co-ordination compounds and with compounds of other types. 4. What product is obtained in each case when ammonia reacts with (a) silver chloride, (b) stannic chloride, (c) sodium, and (d) silicon tetra- chloride ? Indicate the conditions under which these products are formed and their chief reactions or uses. 192 5. Discuss critically the methods that have been proposed for the quantitative estimation of chloride, bromide and iodide in admixture. 6. Give an account of the action of steam on carbon at high tempera- tures from both the practical and the theoretical standpoints.7. Discuss the nature and magnitude of the errors in volumetric analysis, indicating the degree of accuracy to be expected in the volumetric estimation of (a) a caustic alkali, (b)silver, and (c)iron by permanganate. 2 to 5 p.m. Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give fomnulae and equations where possible. 1. Describe the several types of freezing point -composition diagrams, and explain how such a diagram may be used to investigate the products of reaction between two or more substances. 2. Outline the experimental facts on which the Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation is based, show how the theory correlates these facts, and indicate the nature of the modern developments of this theory.3. Describe the work of Gay Lussac and Avogadro, and show how it has influenced the development of chemical theory. 4. Describe the preparation, properties and chief reactions of FOUR of the following substances :-Ammonium carbamate, chlorosulphonic acid, nickel carbonyl, hydrazine sulphate, chromyl chloride, calcium cyanamide. 5. Discuss briefly the reactions of bromine with the following sub- stances: (a)ammonia, (b) potassium chlorate, (c) aluminium, (d) iron, (e) sulphur, (f)sulphur dioxide. 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The extraction and uses of beryllium. (21) The sources and properties of selenium and its compounds. (c) The rare earths. 7. Outline the chemistry of boron.TUESDAY, 25th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. On what evidence is the theory of stereoisomeric oximes based? How have the configurations of isomeric oximes been determined? Dis-cuss critically the methods that have been proposed for this purpose. 2. Write an essay on the mechanism of intramolecular rearrange- ments. 3. Does an examination of the molecular structure of plant products suggest any theories of their biogenesis? Point out any significant structural relations existing between (a) alkaloids and proteins, and (b)carbohydrates and aromatic types of plant products. 4. Describe with all essential practical details the preparation of (a)5. Give an account of the chemistry of indole and its derivatives, benzaldehyde from toluene, and (b) B-naphthol from naphthalene.excluding indigotin. 6. How may carboxylic acids of various types be synthesised? Mention all the possible variations of the carboxyl group, giving only one example in each class of derivatives. i93 7. Devise possible routes of synthesis of the following: t-butylacetic acid (8: 8-dimethylbutyric acid); m-tolyl methyl ketone; 2: 4: 6: 8-tetrameth ylanthraquinone . 8. What is the action of nitrous acid upon the following compounds: Diphenylamine, dimethylaniline, resorcinol, ethyl acetoacetate, glycine ester hydrochloride, aniline in dilute acetic acid, aniline in excess of aqueous hydrochloric acid, aniline in boiling alcoholic sulphuric acid ? WEDNESDA Y and THURSDAY, 26th and 27th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the constituents of the binary mixture (A) and submit crystalline specimens of the pure substances and any derivatives obhined in the course of the work. (A = a-and 8-naphthol with a-and p-naphthylamine.) 2. Oxidise about 10 grams of the benzoin (B) provided to benzil using any suitable method and then find the best conditions for the further oxidation of benzil to benzoic acid, using hydrogen peroxide. Having determined these conditions oxidise 2 grams of benzil and submit your total yield (from the 2 grams) of purified benzoic acid. PRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. The solution (C) contains magnesium sulphate, ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid.Determine the free sulphuric acid and ammonium radical volumetrically, stating your results as grams per litre of NH, and H,SO,. Suitable solutions of acid and alkali are supplied, but you are required to standardise them and report their normality. These deter- minations must be reported to-day. Also determine magnesium and sulphate gravimetrically, stating the results as grams per litre of Mg and SO,. These determinations may be finished to-morrow. 2. Examine and report upon the Mineral D and the contaminating substance present therein. (D = Pure CaSO, with 10 per cent. of sulphur.) SATURDAY, 29th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric exercises. 2. Examine and report upon the liquid mixture (E)which contains 3.Identify the pure substance (F). (F = Manganese ammonium two pure substances. (E = POCl,; SO,C&.) phosphate.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions may be answered.) 1. Describe the methods of manufacture of calcium carbide, calcium 2. Write an essay on (a) 4-and 6-co-ordination compounds with cyanamide, and potassium cyanide. special reference to the spatial arrangement of the atoms or groups taking part in the co-ordination, OR (b)recent methods of investigation directed towards the detection of new elements, dealing particularly with the search for the missing alkali No. 87 and halogen No.85. 194 3. What are the methods of preparation of (1) thionyl chloride, (2) antimony trichloride, (3)semicarbazide hydrochloride, (4)selenium dioxide, and (5) ceric sulphate ? Show how they are used in laboratory practice. 4. Give an account of the Joule-Thomson effect for gases. What is the explanation of the fact that hydrogen, with a negative effect at 0" C. can nevertheless be liquefied? What means are adopted to liquefy helium? Describe the behaviour of liquid helium near the absolute zero of tempera-ture. 5. What methods have been used for the commercial preparation of bromine S How would you proceed to ascertain the purity of a sample of bromine, and in what manner would you proceed to obtain pure bromine for a physical investigation, and a concentrated solution of pure hydrogen bromide in water ? 6.Write an essay on (a)peroxides and dioxides, dealing especially with their reactions as illustrating their constitution, OR (b)application of X-ray methods in determination of the structure of inorganic compounds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquwtions to be answered.) 1. Show in detail how atomic and molecular weights may be deter- mined (u)from densities of gases, and (b)from positive ray analysis. 2. Describe the preparation, properties and use of the metallic carbonyls. Discuss the question whether the linkage of the central atom in nickel carbonyl to carbon monoxide is through carbon or oxygen. 3. Write a short essay on the properties of the metals gallium, indium, and thallium, and their general chemical behaviour.4. Give an account of the sulphides and halogeno-sulphides of nitro-gen. State the grounds for writing the formula N4S4rather than NS. 5. What is the present view of the constitution of carbon monoxide and of other substances which have been considered to contain divalent carbon? The reasons which led to the adoption of the accepted formulae should be given fully. 6. In what manner may thorium be obtained from monazite sand? How may helium be detected in the mineral when it is present, and what means may be adopted to purify the helium so obtained ? 7. Describe the various modi6cations of sulphur in the solid and liquid state, giving your reasons for regarding the modifications described as real varieties of sulphur.TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the salt (A). Determine the metal by any one method and the acid radical by two distinct methods. (A = Copper vanadate.) WEDNEXDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the mixture (B)and make a complete quantitative examina- tion. (B = Chromium oxalate, cobalt oxalate, and cobalt acetate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 4th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the nature of the minerals (C) and (D) and determine the characteristic element in one of them. (C = Molybdenite; D = Ruth) 195 FRIDAY, 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample (E)is a mixture of sulphates of the same element which you are required to detect.Ascertain the relative amounts of the two states of the element. Utilise the mixture to demonstrate its oxidising power by some method other than that whereby you have determined the proportions of the sulphates. (E = Ceric sulphate and cerous sulphate.) Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with Special Reference to Edible Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Outline the synthesis of triacetin (glycerol triacetate) from carbon. 2. Describe the preparation and properties of EITHER ethyl aceto- acetate, OR phenylhydrazine. 3. How would you separate a mixture of aniline, monomethylaniline, and dimethylaniline into its constituents ? 4. Give short accounts of the methods by which THREE of the following substances are manufactured from constituents of coal tar; (a)indigo; (b) alizarin; (c)saccharin; (d)vanillin; (e)aspirin; (f)phenolphtha-lein.5. Describe in detail methods for the quantitative estimation of THREE of the following groups: (a)acetoxy; (b)methoxy; (c) methylimino; (d) nitro; (e)amino. 6. Give the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles of (a)ordinary pepper; (b) red pepper; (c) ginger. Elaborate in ONE case the methods by which the constitution has been determined. 7. Give an account of the present state of our knowledge of the chemical constitution of EITHER (a)carotene, OR (b)ergosterol. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What determinations would you make in order to control the quality of any TWO of the following materials: refined deodorised coconut oil, lard, shea butter.2. Discuss the chemical constitution of TWO of the following acids, showing how this has been determined in each case: elaeostearic, ,erucic, linoleic. 3. What use is made of the refractive index of fats in connection with their valuation for edible purposes ? Describe the method usually followed in determining the refractive index of a fat, and the principles upon which the method depends. 4. What is known of the component glycerides present in EITHER (a)5. A mixture of lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids has a mean molecular 6. What evidence is there as to whether or not traces of nickel or of cacao butter, OR (b) cow butter-fat? weight of 242.4 and an iodine value of 27.0.Calculate its composition. aluminium in edible fats have any harmful effects S Under what conditions might traces of these metals find their way into fats prepared for human consumption ? 196 7. Give an account of any recent work you have read in connection with oxidative rancidity of edible fats. 8. Discuss the production of medicinal cod liver oil, with special reference to the conservation therein of the fat-soluble vitamins. TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the acetyl and iodine values of the Oil (A), which is a mixture of castor oil (iodine value 84.4) and another oil; from your results estimate the percentage, and suggest the possible nature, of the other component.(A = Castor oil and olive oil.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report as fully as possible upon the specimen (B) of fat for use in margarine, and obtain asmuch information aspossible as to its composition. (B = Premier jus,coconut oil and cottonseed oil.) (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 4th and 5th MAY: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of crude oleic acid (C) prepare (i) a specimen (5-10 grms.) of elaidic acid and (ii) specimens (3-5 grms.) of each of the isomeric 9, 10-dihydroxystearic acids. 2. Determine the percentage of fat in the seed meal (D),and identify it as far as you can. (D = Danubian rape seed meal.) Branch E.The Chemistry (including Microscopy) af Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain concisely the theoretical considerations underlying the application of cryoscopy to the detection of added water in milk. State with reasons your opinion of the reliability of this test in comparison with other methods of detecting added water. 2. Explain the terms specific rotation, inversion, and mutarotation in their relation to the sugars. A solid sweetening material is known to consist entirely of sucrose and invert sugar. The observed optical rotation in circular degrees of a 20 percent. solution in water at 15"C. in a 1decimetre tube is + 0.76". 50 C.C. of this solution are inverted, neutralised, and made up to 100 C.C.The observed rotation at 15" C. in a 1 decimetre tube is now -2.35 circular degrees. Calculate the composition of material, given that (a)=for Bucrose is + 66.5" and for invert sugar -23.1" at 15" C. 3. State how you would determine any TWO of the following, giving experimental details where necessary :-(a) Quinine in a mixture of quinine and cinchonidine. (b) The quantitative degree of purity of a specimen of saccharin. (c) The quantitative degree of purity of a specimen of mercuric chloride. (d) Traces of aluminium in food material. (e) Traces of copper in food material. (Amwerin.a separate notebook.) 197 4. Write an essay on The British Pharmacopmia, 1932, dealing more especially with the changes in this edition.5. Describe exactly how you would examine a sample of blood taken post mortem from a person who, it was alleged, had died from the effects of inhalation of the exhaust gas from a motor car. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of recent investigations which throw light upon the chemical nature of the vitamins. 2. Give a brief account of the processes now in use for the organic purification of a town water supply. 3. What is your definition of malt vinegar? Describe the process for its manufacture, explaining the reactions involved. Upon what con- sideration would you base a legal standard for vinegar ? 4. An inspector under the Foods Adulteration Act asked for and purchased some “Coffee.” He was given a packet on which was a printed label “Coffee Mixture.” The analyst received his portion of the sample in the original package.His analysis shows 70 per cent chicory + 30 per cent. coffee. Complete the form of certificate provided and show how you would discuss the matter with the authorities. 5. What is the usual composition of the linings of “enamelled vessels ” 1 What dangers have recently been noted in connection with the use of such vessels in preparing food? TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the vegetable oil (A) and report on its state of purity. (A = Pure cotton seed oil.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the medicine (B) and ascertain if it has been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Potassium Iodide grs.SO. Ammon. Carb. grs. 48. Inf. Gent. Co. to 8 fl. ozs. (Adulterated with chloride.) THURSDAY, 4th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the sample of powdered liquorice root (C). Make rough drawings of any diagnostic structures you observe and comment on their signxcance. (C = Undecorticated liquorice root.) 2. Examine the sample of Stout (D),which is suspected to contain a poison. Determine the amount of any poison found. (Cyanide, oxalate, or strychnine). FRIDAY, 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The piece of copper pipe (E) has been taken from the hot water system of a house and sent to you by a client. Examine and report upon the deposit in the pipe and state what you would require in order to advise your client further.(Pipe choked with zinc oxide with a little lime and magnesia. Water derived from a moorland supply, passing through galvanised pipes.) 198 2. Examine the specimen labelled "Barley Starch " (F)and determine the size of a number of'the largest grains. What conclusion do you draw from your examination ? (Mixed with wheat starch.) SATURDAY, 6th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of alcohol in the sample of urine (G)taken from a person who, it was alleged, was drunk. Comment on your result. (Normal urine, containing 400 mgs. of EtOH per 100 C.C. of urine.) 2. Identify the Oculentum (H)and estimate the amount of the active principle. Does the Oculentum conform with the conditions laid down in the B.P.1932 ? (Unguentum atropina of B.P. 1914.) 3. Identify microscopically the powder (I). (Powdered digitalis leaves.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be attempted.) 1. Describe how you would propose to ascertain the minimum daily protein requirement of an animal. 2. Write a short essay on the proper use and function of the coarse fodders in a ration. State the average composition of some of the more common of these substances. 3. Discuss the idea that the fat secreted by an animal is derived from the fat of the food. Quote any experimental evidence you know for and against the idea. 4. The digestibility of a concentrated cake is to be determined.Describe how this is done, and point out the possible and actual errors inherent in the method. 5. Describe the construction of the animal calorimeter and its use in the determination of the net energy value of a feeding stuff. 6. A sample of sugar beet is sent to you for analysis. Describe, with all necessary detail, how you would proceed. 7. What are the current views regarding the relative values of various proteins for animal growth ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be attempted.) 1. What effects arise in soils from (a)a deficiency, and (b) an excess, of the clay fraction P Describe in each case possible methods of improvement of the soils. 2. Discuss the origin, nature and properties of the organic matter of 3.An unmanured soil may, under suitable conditions, increase its the soil. nitrogen content. Describe the conditions under which this may ta,ke place, and the agents taking part in the process. 4. State the factors which control the composition of the drainage water from soils. How has a knowledge of this composition affected farming practice 1 199 5. Write a short essay on the manuring of grass-land. 6. What is understood by the term soil profile? Discuss the use of profiles in soil classification and mapping. 7. A field experiment involved the use of twenty tons of farmyard manure and a knowledge of its exact composition. Describe how you would sample and analyse ths material. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 2nd and 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of lime (A) was made on the farm from local chalk. Report on its suitability for agricultural purposes. (A = A poor lime, containing appreciable quantities of sandy and clayey impurities.) (The results of this exercise mnst be handed in at the end of thefirst day.) 2. Report on the nature, composition and use of the material (B)(A dried poultry manure.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 4th and 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature and value of the material (C) supplying a complete analysis. (Dried, and hely divided, young grass.) 2. Report on the genuineness of the sample of butter (D). Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Petroleum. MONDAY, 3rd APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Answer question 1, and any THREE, but not more than threeother questions.) 1. Discuss the relative utility of motor, rail and water transport for materials connected with the industry with which you are most familiar. 2. Describe alternative methods by which the contents of a closed vessel may be heated to a temperature of 140" C. by means of steam. 3. Describe the chief types of machine suitable (a)for increasing,(b) 4. What methods are commonly used for measuring the flow of 5. Compare and contrast the relative merits of continuous and for reducing the pressure of gases in chemical processes. liquids in pipes, and on what principles do they depend ? intermittent processes in a chemical works. Mention any cases which occur to you in which intermittent or batch working is preferable or essential.6. For what purposes is steam required in a petroleum refinery ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions are to be attempted.) 1. Describe the Podbielniak method of analysing natural gas. How is the procedure modified for analysing natural gasoline, and what con-clusions as to the stability of the gasoline could be drawn from the results ? 2. Write short explanatory paragraphs regarding the following names associated with petroleum technology :-Frasch, Redwood, Reid, Hender- son, Dubbs, Sharples. 200 3. If you were offered a cheap grade of motor spirit, what laboratory tests would you apply to ascertain if it could be safely used ? 4.Write a short account of the Edeleanu process. What effects result from its application to (a)kerosene, and (b)lubricating oil? 5. Give an account of the construction and operation of any modern type of cracking plant. What is meant by the phrase “reforming of naphtha” ? 6. Describe precisely the differences between the British (I.P.T.)and American (A.S.T.M.) Standard Methods for determining TWO of the following :-(a) Setting or Pour Point of a lubricating oil; (b) Flash Point of kerosene; (c) Viscosity of a very viscous fuel oil; (d) Colour of kerosene. 7. Give an account of the operations involved in producing a refined heavy lubricating oil from crude petroleum. 8. Describe the different types of corrosion difficulties which are liable to occur in a petroleum refinery and indicate how they may be dealt with.TUESDAY to PRIDAY, 4th to 7th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the gross calorific value, sulphur content and flash point of the fuel oil (A). 2. Determine the percentage of saponifiable matter in the compounded oil (B), and the viscosity at 100” F. and 140” F. of the hydrocarbon oil component. 3. Determine the percentages of two non-petroleum components of the aviation spirit (C). (Lead ethyl and methanol.) 4. Prepare a quantity of refined kerosene from the given crude oil and report the yield and refining losses. Special Examination in General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered.) 1. Describe some of the methods of determining the calorific value of solid and liquid fuels.A detailed description of the use of the bomb calorimeter should be included, with a statement of the corrections for radiation. 2. Give a full account of the procedure usually adopted for testing lubricating oils. Have you any views on improving the tests, so as to render them more suitable for practical needs? 3. How may spectroscopic methods be applied to the qualitative and 4. Discuss in detail ways of determining manganese in alloys, with 5. Describe the polarimeter as used for accurate determinations of quantitative examination of metals ? special reference to the relative accuracy of the different processes.201 angular rotations, showing briefly how the various parts of the instrument function. What use do you make of the instrument in the laboratory ? 6. In what manner is the pH of a solution related to the voltage used in measuring? Givefully the theory of the use of colorimetric indicat ors. 7. What is the theory underlying the use of chromate as an indicator in argentometric titrations ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered.) 1. Describe in some detail the methods available for determining arsenic in organic and inorganic substances when present in (a)substantial proportions, say > 0.2 per cent., and (b) in quantities of the order of 0.01 mgm. or less. 2. The thinners of a lacquer consist of a mixture of alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetone and benzole.How would you determine the proportions of the constituents ? 3. State the best conditions for the electro-deposition of metals and, briefly, for their separation by electrolysis. Illustrate your answer by examples. 4. What standards do you employ for volumetric analysis? Is it better to standardise different volumetric solutions by means of individual standard substances, or is it preferable to standardise hydrochloric acid first of all by pure silver and to me this standard acid for standardising other volumetric liquids ? Discuss this matter. 5. Give a full account of the methods of determining lead, copper, antimony and tin in solder or white metal. Which methods do you favour, and why ? 6.Describe some recent advances in the methods of fluorescence analysis. What is the basis of this method of analysis ? Illustrate this by aome examples. 7. Write a description of the bromine, iodine and thiocyanogen values of oils and fats. In what way is the thiocyanogen value said to give information on the nature of the “unsaturation” of fatty acids ? 8. Various physical methods have been proposed for the analysis of binary mixtures of gases. Give an account of some of these, showing the fundamental principles underlying the methods. TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the proportions of Cu,Si, Fe, Mn and Mg in the specimen of aluminium drillings (A) supplied to you. (Thisexercise must be completed by mid-day of the last day of the examina- tion.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. A supply of a mixture (B) of beeswax and ozokerit was required for polishing purposes, and on receipt it was found to contain a foreign sub- stance. You are required to determine the nature and proportion of the added material and to ascertain the percentages of beeswax and ozokerit. (For comparison a specimen of the pure beeswax used is supplied to you.) (B = Beeswax, ozokerit and resin.) (This exercise may be coqleted tomorrow.) 202 TH URSDAY and PRIDAY,4th and 5th May, 1933 : 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. A sample of sperm oil (C) is stated to be contaminated with cotton seed oil. Ascertain if this is the case, and determine the proportion of genuine sperm oil.(This exercise must be completed on Thursday.) 2. The dry substance of a paint is supplied to you. Determine the constituents of the pigment. The sample contains nearly one per cent. of unextracted oil. (Barytes, ochre, residual oil, white lead.) (This exercise may be finished on Friday.) 203 Notes. Honours.-In H.M. the King’s Birthday Honours recently published, Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Past Vice- President, were created Knights Bachelor. Dr. John Stanley Carter, Fellow, has been appointed an In-spector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulations Act, 1906. Dr. W. M. Cumming, Fellow, has been appointed to the “Young ” Professorship in Technical Chemistry, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in succession to the late Professor Thomas Gray, Fellow.The Yorkshire Council for Further Education has invited the Huddersfield Section of the Institute to nominate two repre- sentatives to serve as members of an Advisory Committee. Dr. H. H. Hodgson and Dr. R. J. Connor have been nominated for this purpose. Dr. Harold Moore, C.B.E., Fellow, formerly Director of Metallurgical Research, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, has been appointed Director of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Association. Premium Pupils.-From time to time the Institute receives applications or enquiries from candidates who, in the opinion of the Council, have been misdirected as to their preparation for professional life. While many young men who desire to follow chemistry may not be possessed of the necessary means to enter on the full day courses of a university career, and can only become qualified by taking evening classes while earning their living during the daytime, there are some who, unfortunately, rely on training received as premium pupils in the laboratories of analysts who cannot provide the full training necessary, or, indeed, any training which will lead to a degree or other recognised qualifica- tion.They may find, therefore, that they have wasted valuable time, and are thereby deprived of any prospect of success unless -they are in a position to make a fresh start. It is to be deplored that often such pupils have not even matriculated before entering on their articles.The system, 204 which seems difficult to check, because it is not illegal, amounts, in some cases, to an abuse similar to that revealed by Dickens in his character of Mr. Squeers of Dotheboys Hall. The attention of the Institute has recently been directed to a case where a young man of twenty-one years of age called upon a Fellow in order to seek employment in the laboratory of a large firm. His training had consisted solely of two years’ apprenticeship with an analytical chemist in independent practice, not a member of the Institute, and had obviously been of a very superficial character. Chemists who obtain degrees and the Associateship of the Institute may frequently find it advisable to pay premiums in order to gain specialised knowledge and experience in particular branches of chemical work, but students, at the beginning of their careers, should be advised to matriculate and to enter upon systematic courses at recognised universities or colleges.The Council looks to Fellows and Associates to assist the Institute in making known the most satisfactory means of preparation for the profession, and to do everything in their power to dissuade parents from signing articles of the character indicated, especially as the training given in many polytechnics and institutions is now of a very high standard and can be obtained for less than the sum paid under these apprenticeships. Industrial Administration.-As the result of further conferences with institutions representing professional technical and scientific interests, certain principles have been adopted and published by the Institute of Industrial Administration, and incorporated in a brochure which is obtainable from the Secre- tary, Mr.H. McFarland Davis, A.C.A., 47-5r, King William Street, London, E.C.4. The main conclusions may be summarised as follows:- (I) The administrative function is distinct from any technical function, but can be dealt with, educationally, as the raising of a superstructure on the foundation of technical training. (2) The natural endowments of personality, force of charac- ter, and gifts of leadership are indispensable adjuncts to a maximum degree of success in the management pro- fession; but they can be directed and enhanced by a system of training.205 An all-round understanding of administrative technique not only broadens the outlook and increases the efficiency of an executive officer, but constitutes an invaluable qualification for a managerial position. The objective of management, on whatever scale it operates, is to co-ordinate the activities and interests of all concerned with a given enterprise in the achieve- ment of its purposes. This co-ordination demands judgment, guidance, con-trol, decision, and intelligent discrimination, for the most efficient exercise of which sound instruction in the principles of the basic and functional aspects of industrial administration is essential. Fellows and Associates will recall that the subject was carefully considered by the Council of the Institute, but that it was found impossible to include it in the already very com-prehensive curriculum for the Associateship.The Council suggested, however, that the training indicated was very desirable in the case of all whose ultimate aim was to secure managerial positions, and referred to the inclusion of questions bearing on the subject in the Examination for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers has recently adopted a Rule under which, in the Associate-Membership Examination an English Essay on the ”‘Fundamentals of Industrial Adminis- tration ” may be taken as an alternative to the Modern Language Paper; and the Institution of Electrical Engineers has decided to introduce, as an optional subject, “Engineering Organisation, Management and Economics ” in the Graduateship Examination.Early in the year, a manifesto entitled “The Management Factor in Industry” was issued by Mr. Stanley Townsend (32, Walbrook, London, E.C.4) , acting as Honorary Secretary to a committee of industrialists and public men. In this docu-ment, three factors were indicated as emphasising the need for a full appreciation of the importance of the management function, and of a rapid diffusion of management knowledge. These were -the growth of joint stock enterprise, the toll taken by the war of young men who would normally have succeeded to managerial positions, and the increase in the average size of industrial undertakings.It was urged that systematic education for 206 management is a vital step towards securing the industrial future of the country, and that progress could be assisted by the scientific study of industry and a sympathetic consideration of the human element. The manifesto dealt with the chief characteristics of modern industrial control,-functional division of responsibility, co-ordination of activities, and the substitution of fact analysis for guess work. Skill and technique, knowledge of work-shop practice, human sympathy, wide culture, a receptive mind, and an international outlook are the elements required to produce the type of management which implies, both by its purpose and its method, a second industrial revolution; not in mechanical opera- tions, but in the processes of thought.The system of forward planning must be applied to the co-ordination and production of sales, and must be based on a practical recognition of the divi- sion of responsibilities and duties, demanding co-operation between departments and individuals, and the necessity that every executive should be constantly looking ahead. The mani- festo called for the development of an enlightened national opinion on management questions, and invited thoughtful industrialists to assist in promoting such a revolution. Some authoritative co-ordination of the serious workers in the field of management knowledge had become more and more urgent, and it was felt that a common centre, enjoying the confidence and co-operation of the Departments of State concerned in industrial administration, could bring to a focus all the data applicable to the control of management of industry.Plastics.-An exhibition of Plastic Materials and of articles produced therefrom was formally opened at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, on 5th April, by Mr. Herwald Ramsbotham, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, in the unavoidable absence of Lord Irwin, President of the Board of Education. The object of the exhibition is to demonstrate to industry and to the public, the mode of production and the modern applications of plastic materials, consisting of natural and artificial chemical products which have the property of taking shape under pressure.The exhibition includes :-an intro-ductory selection of exhibits, illustrating the chemistry and products of "plastics " manufacture ; some significant results recently obtained by research ;exhibits showing the various stages in the manufacture of moulding powders; products made from plastic moulding powders, including non-fragile domestic ware, 207 telephone and other electrical instruments, motor car accessories, furniture fittings, etc., and the use of laminated plastic sheets for imitation wood-panelling, doors and furniture, etc. In addition to the above, presses producing finished moulded articles may be seen in operation, and examples of steel moulds and mouldings are shown with working models of plant.A comprehensive bibliography of publications relating to research on, and the manufacture and the practical applications of, plastic materials-containing about 1,400classified references, -has been prepared by the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, S.W.7 (Price 5s., by post 5s. 6d.) British Fine Chemicals.-The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has produced a new edition of a “Direc-tory of British Fine Chemicals (April, 1g33),”containing the names of about 3,500 substances which can be obtained from the distributing houses. The brochure should be useful to research chemists and other users of fine chemicals; but it is not to be assumed that the list is exhaustive, because chemicals which are only in very infrequent demand have not been included, although their preparation may have been or can be undertaken if required.All the fine chemicals listed, however, are manu- factured in this country and generally obtainable at short notice. The Association acknowledges the support given by British research chemists and other users to this branch of industry, which it is hoped wiU be continued. Enquiries may be addressed to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. Estimation of Bismuth in Copper.-The Fiscal Policy Technical Sub-committee of the Brass and Copper Industries,- under the Chairmanship of Mr. A. J. G. Smout, A.I.C., Director and Works Manager of Elliott’s Metal Co., Ltd.,-has issued a memorandum on the estimation of small proportions of bismuth in copper, up to -020 per cent., particulars of which can be obtained from the Secretary, Fiscal Policy Technical Sub- committee, King’s Court, 115,Colmore Row, Birmingham. Priestley Lecture-Erratum.4n page 15, line 8 from the bottom, and in the description of the illustration of Priestley’s home facing page 17--0r “Philadelphia,” read “Pennsylvania.’’ 208 Obituary.HUGHDEWARALEXANDER died suddenly, as the result of an accident, at “Park Side,” Blackheath, on 24th April, in his 58th year. Educated at Ayr Academy, he studied at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal Technical-College, under Professor G. G. Henderson, in pre- paration for the Examinations of the Institute, and qualified as an Associate in 1898.He was chemist for a year to Messrs. George Miller & Co., Tar Distillers, of Glasgow, and for three years to the Russian Steam Oil Mill Co. in St. Petersburg, before he was appointed, in 1902, Assistant Manufactur- ing Manager at the Linoleum Works, Staines, Middlesex. In 1919 he was appointed General Manager of the Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co., Ltd., of which he was Managing Director at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902. EDGAREVANSdied at Merthyr Vale, Glamorgan, on the 14th April, in his 45th year. Educated at the Merthyr Tydfil County Intermediate School, he matriculated at the University of London, and studied at King’s College from 1911 to 1914, graduating with honours in chemistry in 1919.From 1915 to 1916 he was Science Master at Dolgelly Inter- mediate School, and was then for three years an Assistant under the Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Woolwich Arsenal. After the war, obtained an appointment at the Treforest School of Mines, and bllyat Crumlin School of Mines. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. CECIL LEIGH died at Rhyl, North Wales, on the 8th February, in his 65th year. He was a pupil with Alfred H. Allen of Sheffield, and studied chemistry at Firth College,-now the University-Sheffield, under Carleton Williams, taking metallurgy and mineralogy under Greenwood. For rather more than a year he was Head Chemist to the Seaham Chemical Works, Co.Durham, and in 1890 became Chemist to the Birmingham Small Arms and Metal Company, Adderley Park Rolling Mills, Birmingham, where he rejoined Greenwood, who had then become General Manager of the Company. He remained with the Company, which became amalgamated with Nobel’s Explosives Co., until 1916, when he left Birmingham to take up an appointment as General Manager of Thermits, Ltd,, also a subsidiary Company of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., which he retained until his retirement in 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1892 and a Fellow in 1895. ANGUSREIDMORRISONdied at Halkirk, Scotland, on 14th April, in his 24th year. Educated at Halkirk Higher Grade School from 1922 to 1925, and at the Miller Academy, Thurso, from 1925 to 1928, he entered Glasgow University in 1928, obtaining B.Sc.with first class honours in chemistry in 1932, but shortly after suffered from a breakdown in health from which he did not recover. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. 209 MORTYNJOHNSALTER, whose death, at the age of 85 years, occurred at Mickleton, Campden, Gloucestershire, on the 16th April, was the son of John William Salter, Palaeontologist of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and grandson of James de Carle Sowerby, the Conchologist. He received his scientific training at the Royal College of Chemistry, and was for five years Assistant to Dr. William Marcet, and subsequently, for 33 years, chemist to a firm of colour manufacturers.He also held appoint- ment as a Gas Examiner to the Metropolitan Board of Works, was an abstractor of French and German chemical papers for the Chemical Society. He translated several technological works and was, for a time, a lecturer on chemistry at Wren and Gurney’s Training College. He wm elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. STAVELEYJOHN died in London on 28th March, in his 44th year. Educated at Bridlington Grammar School, he matriculated in the Univer- sities of London and Leeds, passed the Intermediate Science Examination of the University of London, and graduated B.Sc. (Leeds) in 1913. He became an Assistant to the late Dr. Robert Hellon of Whitehaven, Public Analyst for Cumberland, but, shortly after the outbreak of war, enlisted and served with the Border Regiment from September, 1914, until October, 1918, when he was transferred to the Royal Engineers Anti-Gas Establish- ment, University College, London, until early in 1919.He then returned to Whitehaven, where he remained until 1926. He subsequently obtained an appointment with British Carbo-Union, Ltd., with whom he remained until 1932. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. BRYAN CHARLES WALLER died at Masongill House, Ingleton, Yorks., on 4th November last, at the age of 79 years. Educated at the University of Edinburgh for the profession of medicine, he qualified as L.R.C.P.(Edin.) in 1875, M.B., C.M. in 1876, M.D. (1st class honours and Gold Medal) in 1878, and F.R.C.S.(Edin.) in 1879. He was lecturer in pathology in the University until 1882, when he left to take up residence on his family estate in Yorkshire. He acted asa medical consultant, but being especially interested in chemistry, which he had studied under Crum Brown, established a private laboratory in which he carried on cheniical research in its relation to physiology, pathology and histology; he worked also on Prout’s Law with reference to the Periodic Law and on the investigation of the Acetylene Series, etc. He published two volumes of poetry: The Twilight Land and other Poems (1874) and Perseus with the Hesperides (1892). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JAMES WOOD died at Higher Broughton, Manchester, on 4th April, in his 55th year.Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, and at the University of Aberdeen, he was first medallist in chemistry, graduated as M.A. with Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and as B.Sc. He gained a Carnegie Research Scholarship, under which he continued as assistant to Japp, for two years from 1903 to 1905, the results of his work being published in the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1908 he joined the staff of Mr. W. Collingwood Williams, Public Analyst for Laneashire, with whom he remained until 1917. From 1912 to 1917 he was also a lecturer in chemistry at Holt Technical School, Birkenhead. From 1917 he was a member of the Research Staff of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd., at Cheetham, Manchester, where later he had charge of the laboratory for several years until his death.He served as a Member of the Council of the Society of Public Analysts (1927-1928), and was the Vice-Chairman of the Northern Section of the Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. 210 Books and their Contents. SINCEthe publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1933, the following books have been presented by the authors or the publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemistry, A Text Book of.” H. A. Wootton and C. W. R. Hooker. Pp. xi + 488. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.) An elementary text book intended to cover the scope necessary for the School Certificate examinations. “Basic German for Science Students,” with Vocabulary and English Translations of the German Passages. M.L. Barker. Pp. x + 164. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.). 6s. net. Practical hints on the pronunciation of German; the German alphabet; general passages for acquiring the basic vocabulary; scientific passages ; common German abbreviations; technical terms in chemistry ; German passages set in Final B.Sc. Vocabulary. “Reagents for Delicate Analysis and ‘Spot’ Tests, The B.D.H. Book of.” and edition. Pp. 54. (London: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) A list of organic substances and descriptions of their uses in the detection and identification of metals, etc. “Spectroscopy in Science and Industry.” An introductory manual describing its applications to Industrial and other practical Problems.S. Judd Lewis. Pp. vi + 94. (London & Glasgow: Blackie & Sons. Ltd.). 3s. 6d. An account of the uses of spectroscopy in the detection and identi- fication of traces of elements and in the complete analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of very small specimens. Elementary principles ; spectroscopic equipment ; spectrum analysis ; quantitative spoctroscopy with special reference to tho ratio quanti- tative system; industrial and scientific applications of emission spectrum analysis; spectro-photometry ;absorption spectroscopy; applications of absorption spectroscopy. “Trait6 de Chimie Organique.” A. E. Tchitchibabine, with an introduction by M. V. Grignard. a Vols. Pp. Vol. I, xxvii + 562; Vol.11, xxxv + 563-1024. (Paris: Hermann & Cie). Vol, I, Frs. 120; Vol. 11, Frs. 100. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report for 1932,recently issued, gives an epitome of the investigations of the Institute on plant and animal products, mineral resources, etc., as well as on its intelligence and education activities. 2s. net. 211 The Register. At the Meetings of Council held on 28th April and 19th May, 1933, 3 new Fellows were elected, 21 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 57 new Associates were elected, 20 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. New Fellows. Barry, Thomas Hedley, 84, Fetter Lane, London, E.C. Bowrey, Stanley Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lindfield, Oakhill Avenue, Pinner, Middx. Gangolli, Dattatraya Manjunath, B.A., M.Sc.(Bombay), 239, Stockade Road, Rangoon, Burma. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Baird, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, Cowdenhill Circus, Glasgow, W.l. Blatchford, Alfred Samuel, M.Sc. (Dun.), 154, Sunny Bank, Hull. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Devonshire Avenue, Southsea. Burgess, Stanley Grove, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 26, Eastbourne Gardens, London, S.W.14. Cheshire, Daniel, 186, Musters Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. Cocks, Herbert Charles, Ph.D. (Lond.), Oasis, Sandy Lane, Maybury, Woking.Edgeworth-Johnstone, Robert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 28, Thurlow Road, London, N.W.3. Garrett, Donald Clarence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Bavent Road, London, S.E.5. Henderson, Stanley Thomas, M.A., Ph.D.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 11,Mill Road, Cambridge. Hugh, Wilfred Eynon, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 47, Victoria Road, Stockton Heath, Nr. Warrington. Kieran, Alfred Joseph, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 172, Queens Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Linnell, Wilfred Herbert, Ph.D. (Dun.), Sun Patch, West End Lane, Pinner, Middx. Louden, Charles Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Silcock’s Laboratories, 14, Upper William Street, Liverpool, 3. Moir, Daniel Donald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Public Analyst’s Laboratory, 83, Queen Street, Exeter. Newell, Edwin Frank, A.R.S.M., Quasi-Arc Co., 15, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W. 1. Nutland, John Henry, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 20, Grove Road, London, N.12. Simpson, Alexander Thomas Spence, M.A.(Cantab.), 92, Whetley Hill, Bradford. Smith, Ernest Lester, D.Sc. (London.), 15, Broadhmt Gardens, South Hampstead, London, N.W.6. Taylor, Charles William, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 65, Gleneldon Road, London, S.W.16. Willgress, Robert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Municipal Office, Singapore, S.S. Wride, Douglas Herbert Blake, M.Sc. (Lond.), Southbourne, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. 212 New Associates. Anderson, James Henry, 58, Brockhurst Road, Ward End, Birmingham. Barnes, Thomas Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Edna Street, London, S.W.11. Benson, Clive, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Woodbank, N. Mount Vernon, Glasgow, E.2. Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.), 686, Parsi Colony, Dadar, Bombay, 14, India.Bowyer, Thomas Linley, 14, Pendennis Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Brock, Gerald Clement, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, St. Alban’s Park, Sydney Parade, Dublin, I.F.S. Brown, Thomas Frederic, 93, Eccles Old Road, Pendleton, Salford, Manchester. Cadwallader, Wilfred Donald, 20 Upper Grosvenor Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 20. Carter, William James, 21, Station Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Cohen, Aaron, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 34, Bergholt Crescent, Amhurst Park, London, N.16. Cole, Louis Wilfred Leyland, M.Sc. (Lond.), Old Manor House, Wye, Ashford, Kent. Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Reservoir Road, London, S.E.4. Cook, Laurence Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Dovercourt Road, London, S.E.22. Coppin, Cresenco Almundo, B.A.Sc.(Toronto), Government Laboratory, Barbados, B.W.I. Cowan, Robert, B.Sc. (Manc.), c/o China Printing & Furnishing Co., Ltd., 56, Szechuen Road, Shanghai, China. Cranch, George Wilson, 58, Bramcote Avenue, Chilwell, Notts. Cullen, Miss Maisie Ursula, 302, Holloway Road, London, N.7. Edge, Vernon, M.Sc. (Manc.), Cheeryble, Kensington Gardens, Hale, Cheshire. Edwards, Harold, Gwynfryn, Kingsway Road, Shotton, Chester. Fisher, James Wotherspoon, B.Sc. (London.), 70, Otter Street, Derby. Furness, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Leeds), 290, Halifax Road, Hightown, Liversedge, Yorks. Goodman, George Reginald, Beacon House, Leicester Road, Loughborough. Haigh, Harold Lovell, Wickwar, Castle Road West, Warley, Birmingham. Howie, Robert Charles, A.H.-W.C., 17, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh, 10.Ives, David James Gibbs, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., A.R.C.S., 80, Wildwood Road, London, N.W.ll. James, George Vaughton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 192, High Street, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Jones, Edwin Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 70, Dacy Road, Liverpool, 5. Kirby, Denis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 71, Charnwood Road, Shepshed, Leics. Liddicott, John ROW^, M.A. (Cantab.), 40,Westbourne Grove, Scarborough. Longley, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Limerston Street, London, s.w.10. Longman, George Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Old Chester Road, Lr. Bebington, Nr. Birkenhead. Macneill, Ian Victor Noble, B.Sc. (Glas.), 250, Crofthill Road, King’s Park, Glasgow. Mann, William, 2, Albion Street, Morley, Nr.Leeds. McCreath, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, Milton Road, Kilbhie, Ayrshire. McGraghan, Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), 149, Hotspur Street, Heaton, Newcastle- on-Tyne, 6. Peacock, John, 59, Tannahill Terrace, Craigielea, Paisley. Preston, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brixworth, Northants. 213 Ramsay, Robert Frew, Ashwood, Mottram Road, Stalybridge, Cheshire. Rance, Robert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Lyndhurst Avenue, London, S.W.16. Robinson, Frank Arnold, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 8, Wrentham Avenue, London, N.W.10. Rogers, Maurice Arthur Thorold, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o J. McAusland, 18, Guilford Street, London, W.C.l. Rousseau, Christian Edward, 47, Cranford Lane, Heston Hounslow, Middx. Shaffer, Gershon, M.Sc. (Manc.), 16, Belmont Road, Southport, Lancs.Stocken, Lloyd Arthur, 7, White Road, Old Basford, Nottingham. Taylor, Donald Bryce, 40, Heywood Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Tenniswood, Charles Robert Sydney, M.Sc. (Dun.), 12, Patten Road, London, S.W.18. Timson, Philip Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Cleveland Gardens, London, N.W.2. Turnbull, Herbert Kassell, Department of the W. D. Chemist, B.47, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Turner, Frank, 26, Earlshall Road, London, S.E.9. Warren, Frank Louis, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., A.R.C.S., 5, Maitland Park Villas, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Watson, John Alexander, 4, Broad Place, West Derby, Liverpool. West, Harry Longhurst, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Castledine Road, London, S.E.20. Whittle, Thomas, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The Limes, Swinton, Manchester.Whitworth, Clifford, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 56, Milnrow Road, Rochdale, Lancs. Williams, Thomas Charles, B.Sc. (Wales), Craigower, Park Way, Meols, Cheshire. Woodhouse, George, A.M.C.T., 109, Plymouth Grove, Manchester, 13. Yates, Edmund Denys, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 4, Woodville Road, Cathays, Cardiff. New Students. Acton, Aubrey Edward, Mossvale Cottage, Greenock Road, Paisley. Bennitt, John Hector, Heathercroft, Hewlett Road, Cheltenham. Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, 61, Wendell Road, London, W.12. Broadfoot, Eric Henry, 108, Brooklands Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Bulling, Miss Margaret Mary, 32, Alexandra Street, Warrington. Elsdon, Sidney Richard, 14, Mulready Buildings, Millbank Estate, London, s.w.1. Evans, Herbert Thomas Forth, 207, Colonial Road, Bordesley Green, Birmingham.Finn, Arthur Edward, 118, Vincent Street, North Perth, W.Australia. Green, Leslie Frank, 13, Villas Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Hartley, Frank, 73, Jeffreys Road, London, S.W.4. James, Hector Glyndwr, 11, Gossage Road, London, S.E.18. Jones, John Hopkins, 66, Waldemar Avenue, London, S.W.6. Lyall, Ernest, 6, Sloan Street, Leith, Edinburgh. Oswald, James Wilson, 173, Melrose Avenue, London, S.W.19. Potter, Sydney Ralph, 140, Elms Road, London, S.W.4. Shand, William, 17, Mossy Bank Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Stott, Reginald Richard, 7, Norwood Road, Gatley, Cheshire. Taylor, Arthur William Charles, 86, Boundary Road, Hove. Wolstenholme, Stanley, 10, Darley Avenue, Farnworth.Wright, Robert Allen, 8, Redclifh Road, Barton-on-Irwell, Manchester. 214 %admitted Student. Merry, James Shankland, 17, Mayfair Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Lsncs. DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander Hugh Dewar, A.R.T.C. Cecil Leigh. Mortyn John Salter. Bryan Charles Waller, M.D. (Edin.), F.R.C.S. (Edin.). James Wood, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Associates. Edgar Evans, B.Sc. (Lond.). Angus Reid Morrison, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Staveley, B.Sc. (Leeds). CHANGE OF NAIYLE. James Frederick Corrigan, M.Sc. (Vict.), Associate, to James Frederick Stirling-by Deed Poll. Corrigendum. AND PROCEEDINGS,In the la& line of page 154, JOURNAL Part 11, 1933,-for Associate read Registered Student. 215 General Notices.Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship (in London and Glasgow) and Fellowship (in London) will be held in September, commencing on the 18th of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the 10th July, except for candidates taking the Examina- tion for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should have been received before 1st June, in accord- ance with previous notices. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the sarne person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933,to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1934, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider 216 an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1933, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 217 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. 218 Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Members who have had the service during the past year and wish to discontinue it, must return the last volume and the membership token to the branch of issue.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested ’ to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their fwmnaneat addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I.