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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART I. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. February, 1933. Publications Committee, 1932133. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIE-, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSOB, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Won. Tvsasuvsv), D. JORDAN LLOYD, €3. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL, A. W.M.WINTLE. Report of the Council (1932-1933).(To bc subrnittecl at the Fijty-fljth Annual General Meeting of the Institirtc, to be held on Wednesday, 1st March, 1933.) I. THE ROLL OF THE INSTITUTE. Since the date of the last Report (29th January, I932), the Council has elected 68 Fellows, of whom 56 were formerly Associates, and 225 Associates, of whom 67 were Registered Students. 5 Associates have been re-elected. 153 new Students have been admitted, and one re-admitted. The Council regrets to record the deaths of 45 Fellows, 7 Associates, and z Students. Fellows : Richard Haliburton Adie. Harold William Bausor. Frederick Nisbet Binks. Thomas Bolas. Leonard Kidgell Boseley. Thomas Henry Bowles. Frank Brownsword. ALfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Past President ;Past Examiner.Cecil Howard Cribb, Past Member of Council; Past Examiner. Horace Woodward Crowther. Samuel Donald. Ernest Roadley Dovey.Charles James Ellis. Joseph Gordon Gordon. John Gray.Thomas Gray,Past Member oj Coolptcil ;Paet h'xaminar. William Mogford Hamlet. John Adams Hatfield. Alfred Bostock Hill. George Edward Johnson. Renry Chapman Jones, Past Medw of Council. William Oakes Kibble. Archibald Knox. Robert Law. John Edmund Legg.James MacWhirter. Cecil Brittain Marson. Charles Wright, Meanwell. William Warnock Mellon. Alfred Edridge Pike. Arthur Ross. Ernest Whitworth Rowley. Arthur John Shelton. Andrew Short. Sir William Robert Smith, Paat Meidw of CsecmiZ, 4 James Sorley.Charles Spackman.Samuel Stewart. Charles Maddock Stuart. John Thomas. John Clough Thresh. John Lawrence Van Geyzel, C.I.E. John Watson. George Whewell. William Arthur Williams. Associates : John Hugh Jeffery. Alan Macdonald. Ieuan Thomas Owen. Herbert Pickard. John McGregor Robertson. William Pawson Robson. Francis George Coad Stephens. Students : Ernest Eric Baldwin. (Miss) Kathleen Victoria Cove. The resignations of 9 Fellows, 65 Associates, and 39 Students have been accepted. The names of 12 Fellows, 50 Associates, and 28 Students have been removed from the Register, in accordance with the By-laws. The Register, at this date (27th January, 1g33), contains the names of 1986 Fellows, 4068 Associates (in all 6054 Members), and of 783 Registered Students.The number of members has increased by 54, and of Students by 18. 2. THE COUNCIL, COMMITTEES & REPRESENTATIVES. The Council has held 13 meetings; the Committees, Sub-Committees, and Board of Examiners have held 57 meetings. COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN. Appointments Register ,. .. Bernard F. Howard, V.-P. Benevolent Fund .. .. Patrick H. Kirkaldy. Finance and House .. . . Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. Legal and Parliamentary .. The President. Nominations, Examinations and The President. Institutions . . .. . . }Patrick H. Kirkaldy,Vice-Chairman. Public Appointments . . . . Edward Hinks, V.-P. Publications .. .. Lewis Eynon, V.-P. Joint Committee with thi Board tificates) .. .. Joint Committee with the Scot- (National Certificates) .. 5 Mr. A. W. M, Wintle was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, on his appointment as an Examiner. Dr. A. E. Everest was co-opted a member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Institute has been represented on various occasions as follows : The President,-on the Standing Advisory Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, in connection with the scheme for the testing of building materials; on the Selection committee for the Harrison Memorial Prize, and on the Committee for the Celebration of the Centenary of the British Medical Association. The President, with the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar,- on the Sir George Beilby Memorial Committee.Professor Arthur Smithells, C.M. G., F.R.S., Vice-President,-on the Federal Council for Chemistry. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, P.R.S., and Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, O.B.E., -at Conferences of representatives of professional and technical institutions arranged by the Institute of Industrial Administration. Dr. F. J. Brislee, Mr. W. Ferguson Buist, and Mr. P. W. Tainsh, O.B.E., representing the Liverpool Section, and Mr. S. A. Brazier, Dr. A. Coulthard, and Mr. J. H. Lester, representing the Manchester Section.-on a Committee for South Lancashire and North Cheshire to advise on classes for the provision of higher chemical education. Nr. Robert Bruce, Member of Council,-at the Sixth Conference of the International Federation of University Women held in Edin -burgh in July-August . Dr.F. D. Chattaway, F.R.S.,Vice-President,-at the Conference of the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, at Oxford, in September. Mr. G. Nevi11 Huntly, recently succeeded by Professor H. V. A. Briscoe,-on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. Dr. Harold G. Colman,-on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington,-on the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other chemical Bodies, on British Patent Law Reform. Dr. J. F. Tocher,-on the Advisory Committee of the Home Office appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act.Mr. E. R. Bolton and Professor J. F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S.,- on Advisory Committees connected with Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Mr. F. E. Thomas,-at the Bakery Exhibition and Congress held in Rome, in June. Mr. E. J. Chappe1,dn the Committee of the Royal Microscopical Society, re Biological Stains. The Registrar,-on the Headmasters of Secondary Schools Committee, Ministry of Labour. The Assistant Secretary,-on the Chemical Trades AdvisoryCommittee and on the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes. 6 The histant Secretary also acted as Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware, until this was taken over by the British Standards Institution.The following have represented the Institute on the Chemical Council and on Committees and Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution :-Dr. Leslie Aitchison,-Chemicals and Chemical Plant for Electro-plating ; Mr. Ronald G. Browning,-Aircraft Dope Ingredients ; Nr. 1%'. J. A. Butterfield, Member of Council,-on the Council of the Chemical Division; Mr. Arthur J. Chapxnan,-Sieves and Screens used in varioup Industries ; Dr. Harold G. Colman,-Benzole for Motor Fuel; Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., Member of Council,-Cement and Slag Cement; Dr. C. J. J. Fox,-Fibre Cores for Wire Ropes; and Reagenfsfor Analytical Purposes; Mr. Walter C. Hancock, -High Alumina Cements; Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B.E.,-Analysis of Chemicals and Materiale wed in Electro -plating; Mr.F. W. Harbord, C.B.E.,-Cement; Mr. William Macnab, C.B.E.,-Mechanical Handling and Treat-ment of Liquids and Gases; Mr. William Thomason,-Salt Qlazed-Ware Pipes ; Dr. James Watson,-Sand Lime Bricks and Portland Blast Fur-nace Slag Cement; Containere for Heavy Acids and Solvents; Professor Desch, Mr. Harbord, and Dr. Watson have also acted as delegates from the Institute in connection with this Section. Mr. W. T. Burgess, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. A. G. Francis, Member of Council, Professor G. G. Henderson, F.R.S.,Vice-president, and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary,--on Technical Committee C/S on Standardisation of Scientific Glassware. The opinion of the Council has also been sought regarding several Draft Specifications, which have been referred to Fellows and Associates having special cognizance of the products con- cerned, whose opinions have been transmitted to the British Standards Institution.Among the matters which have received the attention of the Council, without special reference to Committees, may be men- tioned the transference of the work of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware to the British Stand- ards Institution, which was effected with the consent of the other Bodies represented on the Committee, as reported in JOURNAL 7 AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I11 (pages 208-214). The Council received the thanks of the Committee for the part which the Institute had taken in the matter, and the British Standards Institution agreed to form a Special Committee under the Chemi- cal Division to continue the work.The funds of the Joint Committee amounting to LZIO 10s. were transferred to the British Standards Institution. In May 1932, the Council was invited by the Institute of Industrial Administration to send a representative to attend an informal Conference to discuss the question whether it was desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial management, in order to afford profes- sional technical men greater opportunities of undertaking ad- minis trative positions. Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., kindly attended the Conference, with representatives of institutions concerned with various branches of engineering, and members of the Textile Institute.It was suggested that technical men rarely obtained adminis- trative positions, because it was thought that they would be deficient in the essentials of management, and, therefore, that the representative professional institutions should include papers on Industrial Management in their examinations, and should make a co-ordinated effort to encourage the acquisition of a knowledge of management on the part of their members. The facilities for teaching the subject were limited, but would be forthcoming if and when the institutions demanded them. Dr. Armstrong reported that the scheme was favourably received, and suggested that if the Institute thought well of the idea, a paper on Industrial Management might be included in the Examinations in Industrial Chemistry for the Fellowship.At a subsequent Conference of a more formal character, Dr. Armstrong was unable to be present, but the Institute was represented by Mr. J. Davidson Pratt who reported that a sylla-bus, particulars of which were given in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part V (pages zgz-zg3), had been generally approved. Mr. Pratt supported the suggestion as to the incorporation of a paper on the subject in the Examinations in Industrial Chemistry. The Council felt that the main duty of the Institute was to encourage the education of chemists, as such, and that it was inadvisable to add to the already very comprehensive curriculum for the Examinations for the Associateship; but agreed that 8 training and experience on the lines indicated by the syllabus were very desirable in the case of chemists whose ultimate aim was to secure managerial positions. The matter having been discussed, and the views of Professor Hilditch, Examiner in Industrial Chemistry, and of Professor Desch and others having been considered, the Council concluded that the present syllabus for the Examination in Industrial Chemistry afforded an indica- tion to candidates taking that branch of the desirability of ac-quiring training in the direction indicated.In view of its importance in relation to the position of chemists in industry, the Council feels indebted to the Institute of Indus-trial Administration for promoting the discussion, and has con- veyed its thanks to Dr.E. F. Armstrong and Mr. Davidson Pratt for representing the Institute in the matter. In November, the Council received information regarding the employment of aliens in the Beet Sugar Industry, and the President raised the matter in the House of Commons. It would appear that the higher positions in the industry are still largely held by men of foreign nationality. So far, the replies received to questions in the House cannot be regarded as satisfactory, and the matter cannot be considered as closed. 3. FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE. The Financial Statements for the year 1932 are attached to this Report. The receipts showed an increase of fT586 in subscriptions, which was mainly accounted for by the payment of arrears.The Committee greatly deplored the necessity of recommending the Council to remove the names of a considerable number of members who had neglected to pay their subscriptions for several years and had persistently ignored notices sent to them. Expenditure in general was not increased, but a sum of L267 4s. 9d. was paid in respect of taxes since 1929,which had remained unsettled during the negotiations between the Univer- sity of London-as ground landlord-and the Inland Revenue Authorities; and the cost of lectures showed an increase of about L300,which the Council feels to have been fully warranted by the importance of the publications. 9 In the extraordinary expenditure, an item occurs for the remainder of the cost of the new lecture hall,--f1270 14s.5d. The premises have been maintained in good repair, but the expense under this heading showed an increase of E160 above that of 1931. The rooms of the Institute have been frequently used by other Bodies for meetings. The following statement shows approximately the compara- tive value of the Assets of the Institute, apart from its premises and their contents, at the close of the years 1931and 1932:-E a. d. E s. d. Balance at end of 1931 566 14 11 Balanceat endof 1932 453 5 2 Value of Investments Value of Investments at endof 1931 .. 18170 2 8 at endof 1932 . . 23162 15 0 Redemption Fund Accounts due .. . .1302 18 138 3 4 4 RedemptionFund.. Accountsdue .. 1413 6 121 14 8 2 20177 19 3 25151 1 0 Less Liabilities .. 593 2 2 Less Liabilities .. 585 19 8 19584 17 1 Capital appreciation 4980 4 3 E24565 1 4 €24565 1 4 The appreciation is chiefly due to the rise in value of market prices during the year. When the Government announced its scheme for the conversion of 5 per cent. War Loan, the Council agreed to accept the offer, but as the scheme materially affected other investments whereby a considerable capital appreciation could be secured, it was felt advisable at that time to realise certain investments, and to place the proceeds to an Investments Suspense Account for re-investment when conditions rendered it favourable.The capital account of the Institute was enhanced; but the apprehension of a fall in values did not materialise, and re-investment was then effected. In order to ascertain the legal position of the Institute, consequent on the decision in the case of the Institution of Civil Engineers in June, 1931,the Council appealed for exemption from Income Tax in respect of dividends and interest and of its premises. 10 The Board of Inland Revenue disallowed the claim, but suggested that the Institute might appeal to the Special Com- missioners. The Special Commissioners, however, found that the purposes of the Institute, as defined in its Royal Charter, did not bring it within Section 37of the Income Tax Act of 1918, and Section 30 of the Finance Act of 1931.The Council gratefully acknowledges the receipt of a legacy of fl500 (less duty) under the Will of Professor Raphael Meldola, and Mrs. Meldola’s bequest of a miniature of her husband, his medals, the author’s copies of his works, and a bronze bust by Waters, which were duly acknowledged in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11; also Mr. Cecil H. Cribb’s collection of engravings and prints of chemical interest, together with a double-tube sloping barometer, received from his Executors in December. The Council has also been informed that Mr. John Edmund Legg, Fellow, has bequeathed flroo to the Institute. 4. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE. The receipts and disbursements for the years 1931and 1932 are submitted for comparison :-Receipt8.1931. 1932. € s. d. f s. d. Subscriptions .. .. .. 332 19 11 439 19 6 Annual subscriptions .. .. 427 12 1 417 11 3 Donations .. .. .. 322 17 10 273 18 7 Loan repaid .. .. .. 82 0 0 61 10 0 Dividends and Interest . . .. 98 3 9 99 16 4 €1263 13 7 €1292 15 8 Disbursements. 1931. 1932. € s. d. 5 s. d. Grants .. .. .. .. 510 10 0 238 10 0 Loans .. Expenses .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 42 17 355 0 5 0 41 18 215 0 8 0 Regular payments .. .. 398 10 0 537 10 0 €1306 17 6 €1032 18 8 From the above figures it will be seen that the receipts showed an improvement to the extent of E29 2s. Id., and that although the regular allowances were increased by E139, the total disbursements were decreased by f127318s.9d.,with the result that the deficit on this account, which at the beginning of the year was E138 17s. 2d. was reduced to Egz 9s. 6d. 11 At the present time, the Fund is aiding the sister of a deceased Fellow, the invalid daughter of a deceased Fellow, and six widows and (in five cases) their children, in addition to a number of members who are in ill-health or requiring help while unemployed. Further “group ” contributions from the staffs of laboratories have been inaugurated, and the Committee is especially grateful to the members who have organised collections for the Fund. Fellows and Associates will have observed the lists included in the pamphlet issued at the end of 1932,which show that many members were glad to avail themselves of this method of helping the Fund.In accordance with the suggestion of Dr. Everest, who has been welcomed as a member of the Committee, the Investments Account has been re-named “Capital Account,” in order to avoid any ambiguity arising from the use of the word “Annuities.” The Committee has undertaken to invest regularly all donations allocated to that account by the contributors, and a Deed of Trust in respect of the Fund has been approved by the Inland Revenue Authorities. Dividends and interest from the Capital Account are to be available for current purposes. The Committee looks for the more complete co-operation of the 6,000 members of the Institute, which they feel should result in providing means to assist all necessitous cases.5. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. The question of proceeding with the petition to the Privy Council for the grant of a Supplemental Charter to secure the title “Chartered Chemist” for the exclusive use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, has remained in abeyance, pending the passage of the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill. The proceedings of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, in dealing with the Patents and Designs Act, which came into operation on the 1st November, 1932, were fully reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV (pages 246-254). In this connection, the Council has expressed its high appre- ciation of the valuable services rendered by the Joint Chemical Committee convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and its thanks to the President for having put forward and supported so successfully the amendments recom- mended by the Joint Chemical Committee during -the passage of the Bill through Parliament. The Council was gratified to note that the valuable services of the President were acknowledged by the Solicitor-General.The President has specially acknowledged the assistance which he received from Mr. C. Hollins while the matter was before the House. The Council has also expressed its thanks to Mr. H. Douglas Elkington for the valuable assistance and advice which he gave to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, and for his services, as the representative of the Institute, on the Joint Chemical Patents Commit tee.6. LOCAL SECTIONS. Many valuable papers have been read before meetings of Local Sections, held both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of other Societies. The following schedule illustrates the importance and the range of interest of the proceedings and of the papers contributed. ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND. Mr. John Caldwell .. .. “Our Weather.” Mr. R. B. Strathdee .. . . “The Chemist and Armament.” Professor J. J. R. Macleod . . “The Control of Carbohydrate Meta-bolism.” Excursion to the Rocks of Solitude and Edzell. Mr. R. B. Pilcher, O.B.E., Registrar “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” EDINBURGHABERDEEN, AND GLASQOW. (Joint Meeting at St. Andrews.) Prof. John Read .. . . “Alchemical Literature and Icono- graphy.”Professor Read also discoursed on “St.Andrews.” BELFASTAND DISTRICT. Dr. W. Honneyman .. “Methods of Drug Analysis.” Mr. D. A. Derrett-Smith . . “The Fading of Dyed Textiles.” Mr. E. Butterworth .. .. “Electro-titrations.” Mr. Austin Lowe .. . . “Bakelite Synthetic Resin Materials, their application in Industry and methods of use. BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. Discussion on “The Works Chemist in relation to other Members of the Staff ”-introduced by Mr. A. W. Knapp and Mr. George King. Visit to Bidford-on-Avon and the Cotswold Hills. Participation in meetings of the Chemical Society and of BirminghamUniversity Chemical Society. Mr. N. C. Beetlestone .. . . “British Wines,” 13 BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERNCOUNTIES.Mr. Frank Southerden .. “Through the Pululic Eye.” Visit to Messrs. S. J. Moreland & Sons, Match Manufacturers, Gloucester. Social Meeting, at the invitation of Dr. A. C. Fryer. Dr. F. D. Chattaway, F.R.S. Mr. D. E. Wheeler .. .. .. “Chemical Aspects of the Cancer Prob-“Reactions of an Aldehyde.” lem.” CAPE. Prof. J. Smeath Thomas Prof. Ogg .. .. .. .. “The Age of the Earth.” “Faraday and Maxwell.” Visit to the Castle Brewery, Cape Town. EDINBURGHAND EASTOF SCOTLAND. Dr. A, E. Dunstan .. .. “Liquid Fuels,-To-day and To-morrow.” Dr. R. Fraser Thomson ., “Complex Ring Structures in Dyestuffs Chemistry.”Mr. J. G. Roberts .. .. “Plating.” GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND. Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. “Liquid Fuels,-To-day and To-morrow.” Prof. W.L. Bragg, F.R.S. .. “The Significance of Valency as eluci-dated by the study of the Solid State.” Mr. H. Findlay (in the Chair) A discussion on“The Southern Drift of Industry.” Participation in the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society at Glasgow, and in the Ramsay Chemical Dinner. Discussion on Professional Matters. HUDDERSFIELD. Dr. William Cullen, C.B.E. . . “The Mineral Resources of the Empire.” Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. . . “Liquid Fuels,-To-day and To-morrow.” Prof. T. P. Hilditch ., .. “Some Complicating Factors in Indus- trial Catalysis.” Prof. R. V. Wheeler .. .. “Flame.” Mr. K. Gordon .. .. “The Hydrogenation Process.” Capt. J. A. Foster .. .. “The Analyst in the Witness Box.” IRISHFREESTATE.Dr. James Bell .. .. “Some Applications of Osmotic Pressure to Medicino.” Visit to Rlessrs. W. and H. M. Goulding’s Sulphuric Acid and Fertilizer Works, Dublin. Mr. W. E. V. Abraham .. “Oil Winning in Burma.” Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour .. “Margarine.”Dr. James Bell .. .. “The Importance of Academic Research.” LEEDS AREA, Prof. F. Challenger .. ., “Recent Applications of MicrobiologicalProcesses in Pure and Applied Chemis- try.” Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S. .. “The Variation of Germicidal Action in Homologous Series.” 14 LIVERPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN. Mr. F. Robertson Dodd .. “Publicity and other things.” Mr. W. H. Topham .. . . “Biological Methoda used in Vitamin Research.” LONDoN AND SOUTB-EASTERN COUNTIEs.Mr. J. Whitehead, K.C. .. “Chemistry and the Law.” Prof. H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S. “Shifting Sands.” Prof. W. Bulloch .. .. “The Modern qrend of Bacteriology.” Visit to Portsmouth : Laboratories of the Admiralty Chemist; H.M.SS. Hood and Victory;entertained by Portsmouth members. Visit to the Building Research Station, Watford. Cinematograph films : “Modern Asphalt Pavements” ; “The Story of Beautiful Colours”; “The Story of a Sheet of Paper.” MALAYA. Mr. A. C. Brooks .. .. “Colour Photography,” and “A Holiday in China.” Dr. J. L. Rosedale .. ., “Micro Methods.” Mr. W. Birtwhistle .. .. “Some Chemical Problems in connection Dr. C. F. Flint Dr. J. L. Wiltshire .. .. ., .. with the Rearingof Fish in theTropics.” “Spectrography, and its Value to the Analytical Chemist.” “Modern Methods for Utilisationof Coal.” Mr.A. W. Burtt .. .. “The Purification of Domestic Water Supplies.” MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. Mr. C. H. Creasey .. .. “Training for Chemical Industry.” Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S. “Recent Work on Alcoholic Fermenta- .. tion.” Pr0f.T. M. Lowry, C.B.E., F.R.S. “The Mechanism of Chemical Change.” Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E.. . “Poisons and Poisoning.” Visit to Ilam Hall, Dovedale. Prof, Alex. Findlay . . . . “Science and the Community.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt .. .. “The Chemist and Commercial Life.” MANCHESTERSTUDENTS’SECTION. Dr. W. J. S. Naunton .. “The Defects in Chemical Education.” Visit to the Lancashire Steel Corporation, Irlam. Visit to Messrs.Tootal, Broadhurst, Lee 8; Co., Ltd., Sunnyside Works. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE NORTH-EASTAND COAST. Debate on the title of ‘‘Charter;! Chemist.” Mr. M. P. Appleby .. . Petrol from Coal.” Messrs. A. H. Edwards, C. B. “The Determination of Phosphorus in Marson, and Prof. H. V. A. Coke.-Part I: The Extraction of Briscoe. Phosphorus from Coke Ash.” Mr. C,L. Haddon .. .. “Gypsum Plasters and Cements.’’ NEWZEALAND. Annual Conference. Prof. J. K. H. Inglis . . .. “Recent Work on New Zealand Plants.” 15 SOUTHWALES. Dr. A. E. Dunstan .. .. “Liquid Fuels,-To-day and To morrow.” Dr. D. G. Hopkins . . .. “Modern Developments in the Paint and Varnish Industry. ’’ Mr. Stanley Dixon .. .. “The Relation of Food to Disease.” Visit to the Laboratories of the Pdiff Gas Light and Coke Go.Mr. Donald Hicks .. .. The Physical and Chemical Examina- tion of a Coal Seam.” Dr. J. H. Quastel .. .. “Chemical Basis of Narcosis.” Mr. John C. Roberts .. “Emulsions, in Theory and Practice.” The Registrar has visited Aberdeen, and conferred with the Officers of the Local Section at Edinburgh. The Assistant Secretary has conferred with Officers of the Local Section at Glasgow, while on business connected with National Certificates (Scotland). 7. REGISTERED STUDENTS. The Registered Students of the Institute have been invited to meetings of the Institute and of the Local Sections in their respective districts. The Manchester Students’ Section has fulfilled an interesting programme under the auspices of their Local Section.8. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which consists of the whole Council, has held 11meetings. The Committee has had under consideration 567 applications for Studentship or Membership, or for admission to Examination, in addition to reports from Sub-Committees, Local Interviewing Committees, and the Advisory Committee in India, and records of work submitted by candidates. The Council desires to express its thanks to all who have co-operated with the Committee in this work. The Committee has also considered applications from a number of Institutions for recognition for the training of candi- dates for the Associateship, and has made suggestions with regard to the provision of training and the equipment of such Institutions.The applications for Studentship and Membership are summarised below :-Applications for Admission to the Studentship : Accepted (including re-admitted) .. .. 154 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 4158 16 Broug?Lt forward 15s -1pplicationsfor Admission to Exaininnfioii.for the -4,wociatediip : Accopted .. .. .. .. .. 54 Applications for Election (and re-election) to the Associntcsliip : Accepted (including those examined) .. 30 Declined .. .. .. .. .. B Referred for Examination or furthcr training "3 __ 2.50 Applications for Admission to Examination for the Fellows?) ip : Accepted .. .. .. .. .. 22 Applications froin Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accepted (including those examined) ..50 Declined .. .. .. .. .. 3 -59 Applications froin Xon-Associates for Election to the Fellowship : Accopted (including those examined) .. 12 Declined .. .. ,. .. .. 3 --13 _-Total . . .. .. .. 567 EX.~MINATIONS.-EX~~~~L~~~O~Swere held in April and September, 1932,and in January, 1933. The results arc sum- marised below :-SUMMARYOF RESULTS. Associateship : EX .4 RIIKED. PASSED. General Chemistry . . .. .. 82 45 Fellowship : Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. 2 2 Branch 13. Physical Chemistry --Branch C. Organic Chemistry .. 4 3 Branch D. Bio-Chemistry . . .. 2 1 Rranch E. The Chemistry (includingXlicroscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of IVatcr ..20 15 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry . . 4 3 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry . . 4 1 Special Examinations .. .. .. 2 2 120 72 The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to the Examiners in special subjects, and to Fellows who have given facilities for examinations in their laboratories, as well as to the Assessors who have been appointed from time to time to examine the papers submitted by Associates applying for the Fellowship. It is hoped that arrangements will be made to hold local examinations for the Associateship of the Institute in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in September, 1933,and the Council gratefully acknowledges the courtesy of the authorities of the College in offering the necessary facilities free of charge.The Council acknowledges the valuable assistance rendered by the Indian Advisory Committee and its Honorary Secretary, Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler. The Council is also indebted to the following Institutions and Firms for the use of laboratories, and for facilities afforded in connection with the examinations :-University of London, University College; the Royal School of Mines; the College of Technology and the University of Manchester ; the University of Reading ; the Technical College, Birmingham ; the Anglo- Persian Oil Co., Ltd., and the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, etc., Trades. EXAMINERS.-PrOfeSSOr H. v. A. Briscoe was appointed one of the Examiners in General Chemistry, in succession to Dr.J. J. Fox, whose term of office in that capacity expired in April, 1932. Professor Briscoe was also appointed Examiner for the Fellow- ship in Physical Chemistry, in succession to Professor A. J. Allrnand, F.R.S. Professor T. P. Hilditch was appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry, in succession to Dr. J. T. Dunn. REGULATIONS.-The Regulations were revised and reprinted in May, 1932. INSTITUTIONS.-The Portsmouth Technical College and the Harris Institute, Preston, have been added to the list of Institu- tions recognised for the training of candidates for admission to, the Associateship of the Institute ; the Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol, has been replaced on the list.The Council has expressed its thanks to the Fellows who have kindly visited and reported on Institutions during the year. The MELDOLAMEDAL(the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) for 1932, has been awarded to Leslie Ernest Sutton, D.Phil. (Oxon.). FRANKLANDThe SIR EDWARD MEDAL AND PRIZE for 1932 have been awarded to Leslie Young, Registered Student, of the Royal College of Science, London, for his essay on “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” 18 9. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. The Reports from the Assessors on the Examinations for National Certificates for England and Wales, and also for Scot-land, have been received, and were noticed in Part IV of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,1932. 10. PEDLER RESEARCH SCHOLARSHIP.Dr. Barnet Levin, Associate, has retired from the Pedler Research Scholarship on his appointment as Lecturer in Guy’s Hospital Medical School. Dr. Levin made good progress with his work on the accurate determination of very small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions, the results of which will be available shortly. XI. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas been published in six Parts. Among matters of interest dealt with in the course of the year, members may be reminded of the note on Safety Rules for Chemical Works (Part 11, page 152); the summary of the proceedings of the Institute regarding the standardisation of scientific glassware (Part 111, page 208); the place of professional and technical men in industrial administration (Part IV, page 234, and Part V, page 291);the Patents and Designs Act (Part IV, page 246), and the note on chemical warfare (Part IV, page 256)* In April, the Council inaugurated a scheme under which lectures should be given illustrating the trend of modern develop- ments in the main branches of chemistry-inorganic, organic and physical.The first two lectures entitled “Outline of an Electro-chemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions,” were delivered by Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., in April, and published in November. In October, Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., gave two lectures on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes,” which were published in December.The next lectures under this scheme will be given in April or May, by Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., who will give a survey of modern advances in inorganic chemistry. Incidentally, the Council has investigated the question as to how far Universities and Colleges can provide revision courses 19 for chemists who have found difficulty in keeping abreast of modern developments in pure chemistry. The Council ascer- tained that although the provision of such courses was, in the majority of cases, impracticable in the absence of any constant demand for them, the Universities and Colleges generally were willing to make every effort to meet individual requirements. A lecture given by Mr. Stanley Dixon on “The Relation of Food to Disease,” read before the South Wales Section in Febru- ary, was published in June.The Fifteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture was contributed by Mr. William Arthur Williams in November. Owing to his absence, on account of ill-health, the lecture was read by Pro- fessor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S. Mr. Williams revised the first proofs, but the Council regrets to record that he died on 29th December, a few days before the publication of the lecture. The Fourth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was given by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society, in December, and will be published and issued to members and students in due course. The thanks of the Council are again accorded to the Chemical Society for the privilege of the use of the Library of the Society by the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Insti- tute.A further contribution of L250 from the general funds of the Institute was made towards the maintenance of the Library of the Society. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the receipt of books and journals presented to the Library of the Institute by authors, publishers, and others, particulars of which have been duly reported in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. A collection of the Institute’s publications has been presented to the Witwatersrand University, to replace those which had been lost in a fire, which occurred at that University in December, 1931. The collection of lantern slides formed for the use of Fellows, Associates, and others desirous of illustrating lectures, has been further augmented, and has been constantly drawn upon throughout the year.12. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE. The Public Appointments Committee has dealt with matters affecting public analysts and gas examiners. Further correspondence has passed between the Council and 20 the Colonial Office with regard to the undesirability of entrusting persons unqualified in chemistry with work of a chemico-legal nature arising under Colonial Administrations. The proceedings of the Committee appointed by the Ministry of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland “to enquire into the working of the law as to the composition and description of articles of food (excluding milk) ” have not yet been resumed.It will be recalled that the Committee invited the Council to express its views on the subject, and, on the advice of the Public Appointments Committee, a memorandum was forwarded to the Departmental Committee with an intimation that representatives (Mr. S. E. Melling and Professor W. H. Roberts) had been appointed to supplement the memorandum with oral evidence if so desired. 13. HONORARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES. The Council records its thanks to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries who have assisted the ‘Institute in matters affecting the Overseas Dominions and the Colonies. Mr. Howard Nobbs, Fellow, has been appointed Honorary Corresponding Secretary in British Guiana, in succession to Mr.William Francis, Fellow, who has retired and returned to England. 14. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER. The report on the work of the Appointments Register was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, page 296. The number of members who have informed the Institute that they are without employment is 196 compared with 188 in January, 1932,representing rather more than 3 per cent. of the total membership. The number of vacancies notified by the Institute has been maintained, but the majority of these required specialised experience. The Council is desirous of hearing of any suitable vacancies which may be open to members, and hopes that Fellows and Associates who are able to assist in the work of the Appointments Register Committee will communicate with the Institute. 15.THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. The Council unanimously desires to place on record its sincere appreciation of the services rendered to the Institute by Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., who will have 21 completed three years asPresident of the Institute on his retire- ment from that office at the Annud General Meeting on 1st March. Notwithstanding his numerous interests in public affairs and his exceptional position as a man of science in the House of Commons, where his valuable assistance has been repeatedly acknowledged, he has given freely of his ability and experience to the business of the Institute. His unfailing courtesy has endeared him to all his colleagues on the Council, and under his guidance the position and influence of the Institute have been fully maintained and consolidated.27th January, 1933. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1 22 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS. We hereby report that we have examined the books and accounts of the Institute of Chemistry for the year ended 31st December, 1932, and have compared with the vouchers the entries therein, and certify that the following statements are correct as shown by the books. Certificates from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank, Ltd., for investments held by them respectively for the Institute at the above date have been produced. DAVIDHENDERSON,Chartered Accountant. JOHN C. WHITE J. Hy. LANE 14th January, 1933. BENEVOLENT FUND. I hereby report that I have also examined the books and accounts of the Benevolent Fund and certify the statement as correct and in accordance therewith.DAVIDHENDERSoN , Chartered A ccountant. 14th January, 1933. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 31st December, 1932. 1931. 1932. 1931. 1932. f, s. d. E s. d. $ s. d f s. d. 566 14 I1 Balance asat 31st December, 1932 .. 453 5 2 hbscriptions received in advance- 2,190 0 0 f,3,000 Victoria 5% Inscribed Stock, 51 17 0 Fellows’ .. 33 12 0 1935-45* .. .. .. 77 14 6 Associates’ 64 16 0 2’81 17 6 $1,042 10s. New Zealand 44%, 3 0 0 Students’ .. 2 0 0 1948-58* .. 142 11 t 100 8 Q 532 0 0$700 Canada 34% Registered Stock, 159 19 4pplications in abeyance .. .. 144 7 0 1930-50* .. *. .. 58 16 t Fees retained (1930-32) less reduc-PI0 0 0 €500 Metropolitan 3”;;oConsolidated tions for fees forfeited .. .. 51 9 0 Stock* 75 0 Rent outstanding .. .. .. 75 0 0 230 0 0 €500 Gt. Wes&n Riy. 2f% ’Debeh: 156 15 : Accounts rendered and due .. 214 16 8 ture Stock . . 300 0 0 19,584 17 lurplus assets over liabilities, 31sti 425 0 0 $500 London, Midland & ‘Scottish December, 1932 . . .. ..24,565 1 4 Railway 5% Redeemable Prefer- -ence Stock .. 230 0 0 900 0 0 €2,000 London, Midiaid & Scottiih Railway 4% Preference Stock .. 700 0 0 3,820 0 0 €4,000 5% War Loan 1929-47 In-scribed Stock, now converted to 34% Stock .. 3,940 0 0 586 10 2 $630 12s. 7d. Convers‘ik 440j0* Stock* 5,586 0 0 €7,600 Conversion 34% Stock* .. 930 0 0 $1,000 Conversion 44% Stock* ..1,879 15 0 €2,250 4% Funding Loan* . . .. ---$9,250 Conversion Loan 5%, 1944-64t .. .. .. .. .. 10,591 5 0 ---€7,800 Local Loans 3%t .. .. 6,747 0 0 ---$700 South Africa 34%, 1953-73t . . 654 10 0 1,502 18 4 RedernptionFundPremiumsS .. 1,413 6 8 138 3 1Sundry Accounts due .. .. 121 14 2 520,177 19 3 €25,151 1 0 f20,177 19 I €25,151 1 0 .-3 To realise 650,000in March, 2010. This statement does not include the value of the lease and premises of the Institute, furniture, library, apparatus, etc. 24 THE lNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRYOF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Founded 1877. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. AND EXPENDITUREFOR THE YEAR ENDED 31~~STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS DECEMBER, 1932. GENERAL ACCOUNT 1931 RECEIPTS.1932 1931 EXPENDITmE. 1932 E s. d. € s. d.f s. d. E a. d. E S. d. € s. d. Printing,Stntionery, ek-502 7 ? Balance, 1st January, 1932 . . .. 566 14 11 566 14 6 Journal, Part VI, 1931, Parts I-V,1932 .. .. 588 0 11 Subscript ions-312 7 1 Other Printing, Stationery, etc. .. .. .. 271 0 0 Fellows . . (3,074 4 6) .. 3,252 0 0 227 14 2 Postage-Journal and Lectures .. .. .. .. 268 0 10 Associates . . (5,887 3 0) .. 6,291 14 9 464 2 7 Ordinary .. .. .. .. .. .. 451 S 4 Students . . (347 0 0) .. 350 15 0 838 11 0 Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance and Telephone .. 1,131 0 10 262 5 3 Repairs, House and Furniture . . .. .. 425 8 6 9,308 7 6 9,894 9 0 4,814 3 6 Salaries, IVrtges and Gratuities .. .. .. 4,786 18 6 Dividends and Interest-272 I1 11 Advertisements .... .. .. .. 232 7 6 Gross . . (2,033 I1 5) .. 1,087 15 1 257 9 7 Gas, 11-ater, Light, Power and Fuel .. .. .. 240 8 0 Examiners, Assessors and Assistants (Fees and Less Tax . . (172 7 8) .. 191 6 3 664 4 G Expenses) .. .. .. .. .. .. 683 17 0 861 3 9 896 8 10 166 0 8 Apparatus and Materials .. .. .. .. 161 7 2 18 8 5 Sale of Publications .. .. .. 23 19 7 2S2 6 0 Library (including $250 to Chemical Socioty) . . 286 12 7 377 6 I Local Sections .. .. .. .. .. 407 13 0 11 4 Sundry Receipts .. .. .. 720 50 9 0 Donations . . .. .. .. .. .. 29 8 0 119 13 li Hire of Laboratories and Rooms .. 51 0 0 80 5 11 Iliscellaneous .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 3 2 80 4 5 Officers’ Travelling Expenses -. .. .. 62 1 11 916’ 13 6 Examination and Assessment Fees ..888 6 0 31 10 0 Auditor’s Honorarium .. .. .. 31 10 0t. 293 17 4 Appointments Register .. .. 263 7 6 200 13 10 Lectures and Lantern Slidos .. .. .. 506 11 8 56 3 4 Advertisemonts in Journal .. .. 193 1 11 29s 9 9 Slembersof Council Travelliizg Expenses .. .. 372 9 3 216 19 6 Staff Assurance .. .. .. .. .. 211 16 6 ---Register and Postage .. .. .. .. 693 5 0 YO5 8 6 ‘‘Official Chemical Appointments” and Postage .. 20 7 6 Legal Expenses .. .. .. .. .. ---10 I0 0 Frankland hlcdal Award .. ...... lo lo 0 12,077 I1 7 12,787 0 3 II,190 15 3 11,950 18 8 Extraordinary Receipts- Extrao?.dinary Expenditure- Funds for Investment-Balance on Sale and Purchase of Investments .. 1,268 11 10 765 9 G Entrance Fees .. .. .. 632 2 0 I10 8 4 Premium on Redemption Policy .. .. .. 110 8 4 91 7 G Life Compositions . . .. .. 107 2 0 Application Fees returned- -__ Legacy (late Professor I\leldola) less Duty 450 0 0 38 I7 0 1931 Account .. .. .. .. .. 25 14 8 _---1,189 4 0 49 7 0 1932 Account, as per contra . . .. .. 65 13 0 Fees on Applications in Abeyance- 81 7 6 87 3 6 Fellows .. .. .. .. 64 1 0 25 15 4 Office Equipment . . .. .. .. .. 23 6 10 89 16 h Associates .. .. .. .. 80 6 0 1,166 3 3 New Lecture Hall . . .. .. .. *. 270 14 5 144 7 0 ---Lantern and Screen .. ,. .. .. 30 3 6 776 Fees retained . . .. .. .. 12 12 0 Balance, 31st December, 193% 49 7 6 Fees received on applications during 316 14 II Current . . .. .. .. .. .. 21s 5 2 1932, but returned . . .. .. 65 13 0 250 0 0 Deposit .... ,. .. .... 235 0 0 453 6 2 €13,148 1 1 E14,lSS 16 3 €13,148 1 I €14,188 16 3 i BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNT, for the year ended 31st December, 1932. Current Account. 1931. 1932. 1931. 1932. E s. d. S s. d. SE s. d. s s. a. 332 19 11 Subscriptions . . .. .. . . 439 19 6 73 1 9 Balance as at 1st Januav, 1932 .. 138 17 2 427 12 1 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. 417 11 3 510 10 OGrants .. .. .. .. .. 238 10 0 98 3 9 Dividends and Interest , . .. 99 16 4 398 10 0 Regular Payments . . .. .. 537 10 0 ---Income Tax recovered .. .. 60 9 3 37 12 5 Printing, eto. .. .. .. .. 36 13 8 82 0 0 Loans repaid . . .. .. .. 61 10 0 5 5 0 Audit Fee . . .. .. .. 550 439 3 5 Balance, being amount disbursed in 355 0 0 Loans granted during 1932 . . ..215 0 0 excess of revenue to date .. .. 92 9 6 €1,379 19 2 €1,171 15 10 €1,379 19 2 €1,171 15 10 mCapital Account : 1932. a E a. d. E 8. d. E a. d. € s. d. 279 18 0 Balance, lat January, 1932 .. .. 302 9 7 Balance on Realisation and Purchase '22 17 10 Donations .. .. .. .. 273 18 7 of Investments .. .. .. 440 6 6 --602 15 10 Balance, 31st December, 1932 .. . . 136 1 8 €602 15 10 €576 8 2 €602 15 101 $576 8 2 p-I Loans Account : 1920-1932. € 8. d. € s. d. € s. d. 1,100 0 0 Loans to 31st December, 1931 .. .. 1,455 0 0 Loansrepaidt*o 31stDecember, 1932 . . 538 4 4 355 0 0 Loansgrantedduring 1032 .. .. 215 0 0 Loansoutstanding .. .. .. 1,131 15 8 €1,455 0 0 €1,670 0 0 €1,455 0 $1,670 0 0 . -. - E s. d. € s. d. € s. d. € s.d. 249 7 6 €250 India 54% (now realised) .. .. 20 0 0 Printing,estimated .. .. .. 30 0 0 626 5 C €750 4% Funding Loan* .. .. 2,241 9 I1 Balance, being excess of Assets over 255 10 C $350 S. Australia 5%" . . .. .. Liabilities .. .. .. ..3,176 1 8 372 0 C 257 5 I 337 10 I ---€1,000 5% Conversion Loan, 1944-64. .1,145 0 0 ---€1,000 3% Local Loans .. .. 865 0 0 ---€1,000 4% Consols ,. .. .. 1,060 0 0 Balance at 31st December, 1932-146 12 6 AmountatBank .. 26 12 3 16 19 11 Cashin hand .. .. 16 19 11 Due from Current Ale.? 92 9 6 136 1 8 €2,261 9 11 €3,206 1 8 f2,261 9 11 * Sold. t Since repaid. NoTE.-The difference in the Balance carried forward from 1931 to 1932 on Current Account is duo to the fact that ''Regular Payrnents " are now charged to Current Account instead of to Capital Account.The figurcs for 1931 have been adjusted to conform to the new system. € s. d. € 6. d. Balance .. .. 46 10 1 ExpensesofLecture .. 6 3 0 DividendsandTiiterest 10 1 1 BalanceonDeposit .. 49 8 2 €66 11 2 €65 11 2 € s. d. € a. d. Balance .. .. 27 6 11 BalanceonDeposit .. 27 13 7 Deposit Interest .. 68 €27 13 7 €27 13 7 € 8. d. € s. d. Balance .. . . 3 19 4 BalanceonDeposit .. 10 3 9 Dividends and Interest 6 4 6 €10 3 9 €10 3 9 -______ 29 Proceedings of the Council. JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1933. Recent proceedings of the Council are mainly incorporated in the Annual Report. Nomination of Council: 1933-1934.-The balloting list for the election of Officers, Council and Censors, at the Annual General Meeting, to be held on Wednesday, 1st March, has been issued to the Fellows and Associates.Voting Papers should be returned to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Tuesday, 28th February. Messrs. C. A. Adams and T. W. Glass have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Proxies must be received at the Institute not later than 4.30 p.m. on Monday, 27th February. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., who has been nominated for election as President of the Institute, in succession to Dr. Clayton, has been keenly interested and active in its work for many years. He has served, for seven years in the aggregate, as a member of the Council and as a Vice-president, and for four years as an Examiner in organic chemistry.Educated at King’s College, London, at the Royal College of Science, and at the University of Heidelberg, he was elected a Research Fellow of Owens College, in 1895,and was on the staff of the University of Manchester until 1910. From 1909 to 1913he held a Sorby Research Fellowship of the Royal Society, and since 1914has been Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research from 1916-1g22, and has been a member of many Government Committees. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1908,was Davy Medallist in 1922,and a member of the Council of the Society in 1923.He was President of the Chemical Society in 1gzg-xg31,having previ- ously received the Longstaff Medal in 1921. He was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1917. 30 The Institute and Income Tax.-At the meeting of the Council held on 20th January, the Finance and House Com- mittee reported that the Special Commissioners for Income Tax had heard the appeal of the Institute for exemption from tax on 12th January, and had decided that the Institute could not be regarded as a charity and that the appeal, therefore, failed. The grounds of the appeal were set forth in a statement which had been approved by the Officers of the Institute. The case was heard by Mr.N. Anderson and Sir Mark Sturgis, K.C.B. The Institute was represented by the Registrar, who was accompanied by Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, and Mr. Lewis Eynon, Vice-president. Mr. H. F. Walker, of the Inland Revenue Solicitors’ Office, appeared for the Board of Inland Revenue. The Statement for the Institute reviewed the negotiations with the Chief Inspector of Taxes (Claims), following on the decision in the case of the Institution of Civil Engineers in June, 1931,and embodied the grounds for the claim which had been previously adopted by the Council before they were submitted to the Board of Inland Revenue. In disallowing the claim, in October last, the Board itself had suggested that the Institute should appeal to the Special Commissioners.The Statement referred to reviewed briefly the history of the Institute and its public work, and, in submitting the case, the Registrar emphasised the educational character of the purposes of the Institute. He urged that the Royal Charter granted in 1885, showed that its principal promoters were pro- fessors of chemistry. The petitioners’ names included Professor William Odling, Professor-later Sir-Charles Cameron, Dr. A. Duprit, Professor John Ferguson, and Professor-later Sir Edward-Frankland, associated with Sir Frederick Abel, Mr, Walter Weldon, and Mr. Michael Carteighe, and that the first Council included the names of no fewer than 18 members who held Chairs of Chemistry. Their object was tc promote the education of those who were to advance the science of chemistry, and in this respect, so far as chemistry was concerned, the Institute resembled the universities which were engaged in promoting education, conducting examinations and granting certificates.31 The Registrar indicated the trend of progress in chemical education and claimed that the Regulations and Examinations of the Institute had affected in no mall degree the development of systematic chemical education. The Institute had not been established for purposes of gain, but had succeeded in forming a register of over 6,000 competent chemists practising in various branches of work. The Institute had assisted the Government in many matters on which the science of chemistry had a bearing, and the Government had recognised the work and the qualifications of the Institute.The Registrar emphasised the services rendered to the country by the Institute during the war, quoting the late Sir James Dobbie, Government Chemist, who had acknowledged that every public department and every branch of the fighting services that required the aid of the chemist had made use of the Institute, which had been the chief agent in mobilising the chemists of the country for war purposes, and had also been unremitting in its efforts to ensure supplies of reagents, glass and porcelain for chemical work,-all of which had been pre- viously obtained from abroad. The Registrar referred to the examination for the qualification of public analysts under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) _Act, to the scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry, to the assistance rendered by the Institute to commissions conduct- ing public enquiries, to the conferences on educational matters, and to the lectures given both at headquarters and at meetings of Local Sections; to the Library, and to the assistance given to the library of the Chemical Society; to the Appointments Register, and, generally, to the administrative work of the Institute.He reminded the Special Commissioners that the Institute had no statutory powers of registration, but claimed that its work had been of great advantage to the public, in that the chemical charlatan had been practically eliminated, while a body of high competence had been provided for the public service, without any restriction of practice by chemists who were not Fellows or Associates.He referred also to the Benevolent Fund, and to the use of the premises of the Institute by other bodies. In conclusion, he submitted that the Institute had a good case for consideration, claiming that its objects were charitable by reason of the character of the purposes defined in the Charter and of the benefits which it conferred, and had conferred in the past, on the public. The Special Commissioners having heard the grounds for the Institute’s appeal, the Solicitor for the Crown cross-examined the Honorary Treasurer and the Registrar with regard to certain expenses, and on the nature of the proceedings of the Institute.He then directed attention to a very large number of extracts from the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand other publications of the Institute, emphasising its activities on behalf of the members, and showing that it claimed to be a representative professional organisation. He drew comparisons between the extent of the scientific publications of other bodies (the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Chemical Society) and those of the Institute. (The Institution of Civil Engineers had spent over fl-400,000on the production of scientific literature.) He quoted repeated references in the publications of the Institute to the passage in the Royal Charter which indicated that it aims at the elevation of the profession and the mainten- ance of its status.He directed attention to its desire to organise the chemists of the country and to promote the complete con- solidation of the profession, and to the claim that its membership was a hall-mark of competence. He referred to the By-laws and the Declaration required to be signed by members on ad- mission to the Institute, to the Regulations governing the conduct of members, and to the reasons for the formation of Local Sections; to the inclusion of the names of members in directories and the discussions on registration, contracts of service, and the action taken by the Council from time to time in making repre- sentations to public authorities and others in relation to the employment of chemists.He directed attention to the “List of Official Chemical Appointments,’’ the Appointments Register, and the amount expended on advertising the latter. He contended that the claim to be a charity, on educational grounds, failed because the Institute was not actually a teaching institution: it conducted no classes. Further, that the public benefit conferred by the activities of the Institute was not charitable in the legal sense. If the Institute appealed on the ground that it was a scientific body, he contended that it could not properly be compared with the Institution of Civil Engineers or the Chemical Society, where the main object was held to be the advancement of a particular branch of science. Here, he submitted, the main object or one of the main objects, was the advancement of professional interests.The Registrar, in reply, said that he felt that the Institute could claim that its work was mainly educational: other matters seemed to obtain prominence in its publications by reason of the fact that they were not routine, but exceptional. The work of the Committee which dealt with educational matters was far more extensive than that of any of those dealing with other work. He relied on the section of the Act under which the Institute was required to show that the purpose, as defined in the Charter, came within the meaning of the Act, and he thought that it had been shown that that purpose was educational. Although the Institute did not conduct classes, it was directly concerned with the courses provided in institutions which were preparing candidates for its Associateship.With regard to the Appointments Register, the Institute was doing what every university did in order to secure appointments for qualified men and to enable prospective employers to obtain their services. No charge was made to the employers. Its representations to Government and other public authorities were directed to checking abuses, and in this the Institute, in many cases, had the support of Government Departments. The cost of such representations was insignificant, being little more than that of postage. In dealing with contracts of service and salary statistics, the Institute was acting as much in the interest of employers as in the interests of the chemists employed. With regard to the output of scientific publications,-the reports of the proceedings of the Institute, at headquarters and at its Local Sections, would constitute in the aggregate a very large and important body of scientific work; but the Institute- in order that it should not trench on the ground covered by other Societies-had adopted the policy of recommending its members to offer their work to the more strictly scientific and technical journals. Its own publications, including many valuable lectures, were sent free to over 160 public institutions.The Chairman, having conferred with his Colleague, said that it was reasonable that the Institute should bring the appeal, in view of the decision in the case of the Institution of Civil Engineers. They did not attach undue importance to some of the remarks which had been quoted from after-dinner speeches, etc., but the Commissioners felt that the weight of evidence which they had 34 heard showed that the Institute had devoted so much attention to the professional interests of its members, that that must be taken to be a main or substantial object of the Institute. Their decision, therefore, must be against the appeal.The Registrar thanked the Special Commissioners for the patient hearing accorded to the claims of the Institute, but formally signified dissatisfaction with the decision. On the advice of the Finance and House Committee, the Council has, however, decided that the matter should not be further pursued.Lectures.-% Frederick Gowland Hopkins' lecture on "Chemistry and Life "-the Fourth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, given on 16th December last-is now in the hands of the printers, and will be published in due course. In order to commemorate the Bicentenary of the birth of Joseph Priestley, the Council has invited Professor R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and he has kindly consented, to give a lecture in the Hall of the Institute on Monday, the 13th March, at 8 p.m. Tickets are enclosed with this Part. Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., will deliver two lectures, giving a survey of modern advances in inorganic chemistry, in April or May. Dates and further particulars will be announced in due course.Local Sections.-The approximate number of members attached at present to each Local Section is given below:- Section. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. No. of Membar,. .. 47 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. 44 Bristol and South-Western Counties Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. .. 201 549 Cape .. .. .. .. .. Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. Edinburgh and East of Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . 30 329 59 185 Irish Free State .. .. .. .. . . 54 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. 337 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. 344 2319 Malaya . . .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 415 Newcastle and North-East Coast .... 139 Sew Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 88 South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 164 35 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 18th January, in the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Dr. N. S. Capper read a paper dealing with the general history and present knowledge of Vitamins," which was very much appreciated. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting was held jointly with Bristol University Chemical Society, in the University Chemical Department, on 24th January, when Mr. J. G. Day, President of the University Chemical Society, presided over a good attendance of members of both societies. Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institute, was also present.Mr. Day briefly introduced Mr. D. E. Wheeler, Registered Student of the Institute, Honorary Secretary of the University Chemical Society, who gave a lecture on "Chemical Aspects of the Cancer Problem." After outlining the probable causes and nature of cancer, Mr. Wheeler described the research work carried out by the medical staff of the Bristol Royal Infirmary, in collaboration with the staff of the University Chemical Department, in an endeavour to discover chemical compounds which would be effective in combating the disease. In the discussion which followed, Dr. R. C. Menzies, Mr. F. Southerden and others took part, and on the proposition of Mr. Southerden, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Wheeler for his interesting lecture.The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in Bristol University on 15th March, at 7.30 p.m. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The third meeting of session 1932-33 was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 16th December, 1932,in the 36 Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. W. R. Guy in the Chair. Mr. A. Muir, of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Craigie- buckler, Aberdeen, read a paper on “Chemistry and Soil Problems in U.S.S.R.” Mr. Muir described the work of various investigators in this field of research, and explained how soil profiles were taken. He dealt with the various types of grounds or soils, tundra, podzol, etc., which occur in different parts of Russia, and gave their chemical composition and suitability for raising crops or other vegetation. Mr.Muir, himself, had been engaged in research on soil problems in Russia for two years, and was able to speak of his experiences in Russia, and on the conditions of life under the Soviets, as well as on experiments in collective farming. In reply to questions put by Mr. Dodd, as to whether any use was made of nitrogenous fertilizers, and whether there were any factories for the manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous manures, Mr. Muir said that, so far as he knew, there were no plants €or the fixation of nitrogen, and that animal manure was mainly used. In reply to a question by Major Bruce, Mr. Muir concurred in the opinion that vegetation was sparse in the North, solely due to the low temperature.Mr. Guy having asked if the lecturer could give them any information about the heavy chemical industry in Russia and t&e status of the chemist and other professional classes under the Soviets, Mr. Muir said that he had no experience of the heavy chemical industry, but as regards the position of the professional classes, these were not too well off, owing to the high price of commodities, apart from those allowed by the authorities. Bycombining two or more posts, however, they seemed to manage tolerably well. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Muir, on the motion of Dr. Kermack. The fourth meeting of the session was, held on Monday, 16th January, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Dr.W. 0. Kermack in the Chair. Dr. Kermack made fitting reference to the loss which the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry had sustained by the death of Mr. W. A. Williams. 37 Mr. John Bowman, M.Inst.C.E., of the Edinburgh Corporation Water Dept., gave a lecture on Edinburgh’s Water Supply-From the Source to the Tap.’’ Mr. Bowman said that the first supply of water brought into the city came from a spring on the Comiston estate, which was still in existenee. The next step i?, the development of this service was the taking in of the springs on the neighbouring lands of Swanston, the waters of which were still used, although they represented only a very small proportion of the present-day consumption.These springs had very interesting literary associations, as Swanston Cottage, the home of Robert Louis Stevenson, was originally the house of the caretaker of the springs, whose sister was Cummy,” Stevenson’s beloved nurse. At that time, the water was not led into the houses, in which there were no taps, but was carried from the wells in the streets by “Water Caddies,” who received a small sum for their labours. A company was formed about the beginning of the nineteenth century with the object of bringing the water supply into the houses. This had the effect of increasing the demand to such an extent that additional sources of supply had to be sought. As a result, the waters of the Crawley Bum were impounded and Glencorse reservoir came into existence, this being the first reservoir in the history of Edinburgh’s water supply.As the demand increased, still further additions to the supply had to be obtained, and the North Pentland reservoirs were developed. These included Torduff Clubbiedean, Harelaw, Thriepmuir, Harperrig, and Crosswood Reservoirs, and consisted of a series of small lochs fed by springs situated along a fault in the earth’s strata. The next addition to the supply was from Gladhouse, Rosebery, Edgelaw and Portmore Loch, situated in the Moorfoot Hills. As all the available sources in the surrounding districts had been tapped, it was necessary to go further afield in search of additional supplies. Accordingly, in 1905 was begun the work of constructing the Talla Reservoir, situated about 36 miles from Edinburgh.The lecturer described the construction of the dam, which consisted of earth with a centre core of puddle clay which extended right down to the rock. The water was brought from Talla in a stone-built aqueduct, except where it was carried across valleys in syphons composed of huge iron pipes. The lecturer then described the blending and filtering of the water from the different sources. The water from the North Pentland reservoirs, being spring water was rather hard, whereas the Moorfoot and Talla waters were surface waters and much softer. In order to maintain a uniform degree of hardness the waters were blended at the two main filtering stations at Alnwick- hill and Fairmilehead.Two types of filter were employed,- the ordinary sand filter and the mechanical filter. Mr. Bowman described the construction of the first-mentioned type, which consisted of a large pit with a concrete bottom. This bottom sloped gradually from the sides to the centre, which was about 6 inches lower and served as a channel for running off the filtered water. The filter bed was built up of bits of granite of varying sizes, the largest being at the bottom, and on the top was a layer of sand about 2 feet thick. The water was run on to the sand to a depth of g inches (which depth had been found to give the best results) and was allowed to percolate through the filter bed. In this way the sand retained the bacteria, from which the filtered water was practically free.After some months in use the top layer of sand became covered with a sludge. The sand containing this sludge was removed and treated in a washing tank, where the water entered at the bottom and overflowed at the top. In this way the water carried off the sludge and left the sand which tended to fall to the bottom quite clean and ready for further use. In the mechanical filters, a small quantity of alum was added to the water, and this was sufficient to carry down any bacteria which might be present. From the filtering stations the water was distributed through- out the city and district by three trunk pipes. A difficulty met with in this connection was due to the hilly nature of the district, which caused great variations in the pressure at different points.This problem was overcome by employing reducing valves where necessary. The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides, which included some beautiful views of the country about the numerous reservoirs. In reply to various questions, Mr. Bowman stated that the average daily consumption amounted to 26 million gallons, and that the reservoirs were capable of supplying 30 million gallons per day. As the city was gradually growing, the consumption of water was tending to rise, with the result that fresh sources were being investigated. He also stated that the clay used in the 39 construction of the dam came from Carluke, while the special sand used in the filters was brought from Arran and Loch Etive.This sand consisted of fine granite particles washed down from the hills. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Bowman, who very kindly offered to conduct a party over the works at a later date. Huddersfield.-At an “open ” meeting of the Section, held on 13th December, 1932, at Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, Mr. H. W. Moss, the Chairman, introduced Mr. W. Doran, of the University of Liverpool, who gave a lecture on “The Art and Science of Perfumery.” Mr. Doran said that, from the earliest ages, perfumes had been used among civilised nations, both for sacred and for other purposes. The Bible gave several references to perfumes. The principal ingredients employed at that time were summed up in the Canticles, “Spikenard and saffron, calamus and cinnamon with the trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices.” Perfumes were made up chiefly as ointments, but, in a.dry form, were also employed for imparting a sweet odour to clothing, etc. Aromatics were burned and were used in the embalming of the dead. Perfumes were in general use among the Egyptians, as evidenced by the writings of the Greek and Roman authors and by the relics found in their tombs. Speci-mens which had been found in Egyptian tombs had retained their scent to this day after 3000-4000 years. The Persians, Assyrians and Phoenicians were also addicted to the use of perfumes. The Athenians were celebrated for their talent in making up perfumery and studied the perfuming of wines. This might be regarded as the first step to alcoholic per- fumery such as was in use to-day.Among modern nations, France and Italy were the first to adopt the use of perfumes: incense was burned in the Catholic churches, and pomades were prepared for personal use. The lecturer proceeded to illustrate, with lantern slides, the history of the use and manufacture of perfumes from the fourteenth century to the present day. In England, perfumes were at first imported from France and Italy. They came into great vogue during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when their manufacture was first established in this country, and they were compounded in the barbers’ shops. In the early years of the nineteenth century, the study of chemical composition brought to light many interesting facts about perfume substances, so that a more rational basis became possible upon which to compare the various materials. The blending of odours, however, remained an art for which no scientific basis appeared to be possible.In the twentieth century chemical studies had revealed, not only the composition and structure of many perfume-bodies, but the methods by which they might be synthesised. The lecturer then proceeded to give a description of the methods of extracting perfumes from their natural sources by distillation and solvent extraction. The enfleurage process for the most delicate extracts was described, i.e. the passage of hot air over the flowers, etc., and the subsequent taking up of the perfume by purified lard.The “defleurage” process was also described. An interesting discussion, not entirely chemical in character, ensued, and the lecturer was accorded a vote of thanks on the motion of Dr. A. E. Everest. A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafe, Hudders- field, on 10th January, Mr. H. W. Moss presiding. The Chairman introduced Captain J. A. Foster, County Analyst to the East Riding of Yorkshire, who read a paper entitled, “The Analyst in the Witness Box.” The application of chemistry and chemical knowledge to the elucidation of doubtful questions in a Court of Justice may necessitate the appearance of an analyst in the witness box. The various branches of legal procedure in which knowledge of chemistry is required are numerous, and it is difficult to mention any branch which at some time or other does not require the assistance of the chemist.The following may be mentioned:- (i) The Police Courts (both Stipendary and Lay Bench), before which cases are first heard, involving- (a) Criminal, which may be sub-divided into murder, attempted murder, cases requiring medico-chemical knowledge, cases of cruelty to animals, forgery, criminal intent, and counterfeit coinage. (b) The Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. (c) The Fertilisers and Feeding Stufs Acts, 1926,and .Regti-lations, 1932. (d) The Rag Flock Acts, 1911. (e) Rivers Pollution, and actions under the Fisheries Board (Sea and Rivers).(f) Building Regulations. (ii) The County Courts, where claims for damages of Eroo, 41 or under, are brought, unless special arrangements have been made for the hearing of cases involving larger sums. These cases may arise from many sources, amongst which may be mentioned claims for selling goods, such as foods, ferti- lisers, feeding stuffs, oils, oil cakes, which are not up to guarantee, and claims in respect of deaths of poultry, horses, cattle and pigs, etc., from various causes. (iii) The High Court, where cases are heard which may be divided into two sections, (I) those heard at the Assizes, and (2)those heard at the Law Courts in London, the latter being again sub-divided into several divisions, such as the King’s Bench, Admiralty Probate and Divorce, Chancery Division, in addition to the Official Referee’s Court.The administration of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act depends wholly or mainly on the results of analysis, a remark which applies with almost equal force to many criminal actions, of which murder by poison is the most striking example. In many Civil cases, chemistry plays an important part, and, in some of these cases, the chemistry of manufacturing processes is examined most exhaustively. Nature of Evidence.-In all legal proceedings, the first essential is that the facts of the matter shall be brought to the knowledge of the Court in the most authentic form possible. This is done by evidence given in the proper way, and evidence may be regarded as that process by which facts are proved in the course of legal procedure by either actual eye-witness or personal knowledge, and not by what “He says” or “They told me”-which is not evidence. The correctness of the evidence can be tested by questions put by the opposite side (cross-examination) and, should it be deemed necessary, by the Bench itself; expert witnesses are frequently required to bring and produce books and notebooks or other documents, also to produce and to show objects which serve to explain or elucidate their evidence to the Court.In certain cases, evidence may be given in writing only, the document according to circumstances being known as a Statutory Declaration or an Affidavit. It is specially enacted by the Food and Drugs Acts, also by the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, that a Certificate of Analysis given by a Public Analyst or an Official Agricultural Analyst, may be produced in Court and used as evidence without the appearance of the person who signed it.Burden of Proof.-It is the duty of the party who alleges the affirmative case to prove that case; such party is called the Prosecutor or PZainiifl. Thus if food or drugs are alleged to be adulterated, the Prosecutor must prove the facts of adulteration. If the Crown accuses the prisoner in the dock of having poisoned a man, the Crown must prove that the man was in fact poisoned by the prisoner. At times, the burden of proof shifts from one party to the other, and this is illustrated in the working of the adulteration Acts.The Ministry of Agriculture is empowered to make, and has made, regulations stating what deficiency in any of the normal constituents of genuine articles shall raise a presumption, until the contrary is proved, that the article is not genuine. On the prosecution proving such deficiency, the further Burden of Proof is on the accused person, who must show sufficient evidence that the article is, in fact, genuine. It may be taken as an absolute rule that the evidence must be as complete and conclusive as possible. A very general defence is that the evidence is incomplete and inconclusive. Although this may at times seem to operate hardly against those on whom the Eurden ofProofrests, yet a little consideration will show the rule to be a fair one.The defence has a perfect right to succeed if at any point the chain of proof breaks. Chemical Evidence.-Chemical evidence is that which deals with chemical facts and deductions. In general, such evidence is governed by the same rules as apply to other evidence. To this there is one important exception-the ordinary witness as to fact, is not allowed to give his opinion. He may state that he saw the body of a man in a pool of water, but his opinion that some one-must, therefore, have thrown him in, is not evidence. But the expert witness, in which class is included the chemist, has a somewhat wider latitude. It was held in Folkes v. Chad (Cockle’s Leading Cases on Evidence) as early as 1782 by Mansfield, C.J., that “In matters such as those of science, 43 expert witnesses may give evidence as to their opinion.” The chemist may, therefore, state not merely his facts, but also the deductions he has drawn from them, and the opinion he has formed thereon. Functions of Chemist and Lawyer.-Although both chemist and lawyer are concerned in the preparation and formulation of chemical evidence, they are not necessarily familiar with each other’s methods and requirements. The chemist will often wish that he could get the lawyer to understand something at least of the processes by which he arrives at his results, so that the latter may realise more clearly the actual nature and value of the evidence which the chemist is prepared to give.The lawyer, to whom a chemical report or certificate is sent, will frequently regret that such a report contains much that is useless to hini for his particular purpose, while perhaps something absolutely necessary in order to comply with a legal technicality is altogether wanting. It follows that the chemist should have sufficient knowledge of the rules of evidence to make his analyses or experiments as useful as possible to the lawyer. To the latter it is an immense advantage to be able to understand something of the principles underlying the processes by which the chemist arrives at his conclusions. It is, therefore, the duty of the chemist to make as clear as possible to the lawyer the details on which the case is to be argued.The object of this lecture is, therefore, to make clear to any who are thinking of taking up the chemico-legal part of the profession, the matters which are of importance to help the lawyer and counsel, and to render clear that which is of importance to both the chemical and legal professions, so that one can understand the work of the other. Any chemist may be called quite unexpectedly at any time to give evidence. A chemical witnuss should, therefore, have a good general knowledge of all branches of the profession, a large range of experience, and the power of adapting his knowledge and experi- ence to emergencies. He should be able to elucidate any difficult chemico-legal question which may arise, and be prepared at all times to make a cautious selection of such chemicai facts, and a proper application of such chemical principles as may be necessary to enable the Court to arrive at a just conclusion.Chemico-legal knowledge does not consist only in the ac-quisition of facts, but in the power of arranging them and applying the conclusions to which they lead to the purposes 44 of the law. A man may be a most skilful analyst, or a most experienced chemist; his mind may be well stored with profess- ional information, and yet if he is unable by the use of simple language to make his information known to others, his knowledge will be of no avail. One far below him in professional standing and experience may make a better chemical witness.The variety of subjects of which a chemist is required to have knowledge and experience may alarm a chemical student and lead him to suppose that, as he cannot make himself perfectly acquainted with all, he may well forego the labours of preparing himself in any. This would be taking an erroneous view of his position. This description of the qualifications necessary to constitute a useful witness in a Court of Law must not deter him from entering on the study. It is beyond the mental power of any individual to be well versed in all the principles of chemistry and jurisprudence, and at the same time, be able to answer all possible questions, and encounter and remove all scientific difficulties that may occur during the trial of a civil or criminal case.A man may be well qualified to practise as an analyst or consulting chemist, and yet find himself wholly deficient when called upon as a chemical or scientific witness. An analyst is liable to find himself suddenly summoned as a witness on a trial and expected to answer questions which, perhaps, during a long period of practice, he had been led to regard as trifling and unimportant. In the circumstances, it is scarcely possible that he can avoid exposing his deficiencies, and the final question will be “Have you ever examined or thought of these subjects before”? A negative answer to this question, commonly brings with it public censure, and will in most instances lead to the losing of the case and, often unjustly, to an imputation of professional ignorance.The first duty, therefore, of a chemical expert is to cultivate the faculty of minute observation, combined with a general krlowledge of what the law requires as evidence. Some eminent professional men are known to possess this power as a natural gift. In preparing what is called “The Proof of Evidence,” all the facts which are brought to the knowledge of the expert should be clearly set down. It should be clearly borne in mind that the position should be looked at and weighed from the aspect of both the prosecution or plaintiff and the prisoner or defendant, i.e., the pros and cows should be carefully compared in aU cases. 45 It is necessary that an expert witness should remember that copies of his report and depositions, either before a Magistrate or Coroner, are usually placed in the hands of Counsel as well as those of the Judge, and that his evidence, as it is given at the trial, is compared word for word with that which has already been put on record.There is reason to believe that this is not generally known to scientific men, and thus it happens that, either from failure of memory, want of accurate observation or carelessness in giving evidence at the lower Court, they lay themselves open to severe censure, either by stating matters differently at the trial, or by giving a very different complexion to the facts. Any serious deviation from what is on record will, of course, tell unfavourably against the witness, supply materials for a severe cross-examination, and form an excellent ground of defence for the opposite side.The witness’s weakness is the opportunity of the cross-examining Counsel, who will impress upon the Judge and Jury that a man, who can on oath give two different accounts of the same transaction, is not to be believed on either. The lecturer illustrated his remarks by reference to actual cases with which he had been associated. A lively discussion ensued, and the meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, accorded on the motion of Mr. P. Calam. Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on the 16th January,-Professor F. Challenger, the recently appointed Chairman, presiding,-Pro- fessor R.Robison, F.R.S., gave an interesting and instructive account of “The Chemistry of the Calcification of Bone,” of which he has kindly supplied the following prbcis: In the formation of bone two .distinct, though intimately related, processes are involved, the cellular development leading to formation of the organic matrix or ground substance, and the impregnation of this organic structure with a solid, sparingly- soluble, inorganic salt. The deposition of this salt occurs normally only in the matrix of hypertrophic cartilage and in osteoid tissue laid down by the osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells. The exact chemical nature of the bone salt is still in dispute; but the chief constituent is probably a carbonato-phosphate 3Ca3(P0,),.CaC03, or zCa,(PO,),.CaCO,, in which part 46 of the Ca is replaced by Mg, Na and K, while part of the CO, may be replaced by C1 or F.The concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphate in blood plasma greatly exceed those for saturated solutions of the salt in water but, in plasma, four-fifths of the calcium apFears to be present in non-ionised form, combined with proteins and other organic constituents. On the balance of evidence, the plasma and tissue fluids are to be regarded as normally saturated, rather than supersaturated, solutions of the bone salt. The process of calcification has been explained in the following way : Hypertrophic cartilage cells and osteoblasts secrete an enzyme (phosphatase), which effects the hydrolysis of many phosphoric esters, including certain esters normally present in blood. These occur chiefly in the corpuscles, but to a small extent also in the plasma.When these esters diffuse into the hypertrophic cartilage or osteoid they are hydrolysed by the phosphatase with liberation of inorganic phosphate. The tissue fluid thus becomes supersaturated with respect to the bone salt, which is deposited in the matrix. Phosphatase occurs also in other tissues, especially in kidney and intestinal mucosa; but in embryos and very young animals the phosphatase activity of the developing bone is very much greater than that of the other tissues. Cartilage of the small- celled type (which does not calcify) contains no phosphatase, the enzyme being found only when hypertrophy and ossification set in.Rudimentary cartilage and membrane bones, taken from 6-day fowl embryos and cultivated in vitro, undergo a remarkably normal anatomical, histological and biochemical development. When first explanted these tissues are devoid of phosphatase, which is, however, synthesised in vitro in parallel with the appearance of hypertrophied cartilage cells and of bone. On the other hand, rudimenta-ry cartilages, which would not nor- mally ossify in vivo, form only small-celled cartilage during growth in vitro, and synthesise no phosphatase. Apparently normal calcification can be effected in vitro in bones of rachitic rats by immersing slices of such bones for periods of from z to 24 hours in aqueous solutions of inmganic salts, in such concentrations as to be supersaturated with respect to the bone salt.In presence of protein or glucose, higher levels of the product [Ca] x [PO,] are necessary for calcification; magnesium and, to a less extent, sodium have also an inhibitory 47 effect on calcification. In all such solutions, however, calcifi- cation takes place at much lower levels of [Ca] x [PO,] if a suitable phosphoric ester is added to the solution in small amount (as low as 0.5 mg. per IOO c.c.). It appears, therefore, that hypertrophic cartilage and osteoid possess a dual calcifying mechanism, first, the phosphatase which produces, by hydrolysis of the blood esters, a condition of super- saturation with respect to the bone salt, and a second mechanism which in some way favours the deposition of the salt from such supersaturated solution.This latter mechanism can be largely destroyed by immersing bones in acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ek, by desiccation in vacuo, or by treatment with very dilute KCN solution, all of which leave the phosphatase mechanism intact. After such drastic treatment, bone slices may still be calcified in vitro by immersing them in salt solutions containing phosphoric ester. The second mechanism would appear to be specific for cal- cium, but deposits of barium, strontium, and magnesium phos- phates can be obtained in the matrix of hypertrophic cartilage (from rachitic rats) by the agency of the phosphatase mechanism. Other tissues, such as the kidney and aorta, which can undergo alcification in vivo in certain pathological conditions, may also be calcified in vitro by immersion in solutions containing phos- phoric ester.Such tissues, however, do not appear to possess a calcifying mechanism corresponding with the second mechanism of hypertrophic cartilage and osteoid tissue. In the discussion which followed, Professor Challenger drew attention to the part played by organic phosphates in alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid metabolism. Prof. B. A. McSwiney asked how calcium could be removed from bone (under certain conditions) and pass into the blood. Dr. A. St. G. Huggett enquired if the enzyme action involved in calcification was reversible in the body, and what was the optimum pH of the phosphatase. Dr.A. Wormall asked if the synthesis of organic esters by phosphatase varied with the $El, and what was the function of the various phosphatases. Replying, Professor Robison stated that the formation of arganic phosphates in the body could remove phosphate, and hence calcium; the calcium, accumulating in the blood could thence be excreted. Bone could not be decalcified in vitro with phospatase, possibly owing to the cells of the bone dying. The 48 optimum pH found varied from 8.4 to 10;but the value might not be so high in the body. Reversible enzyme action could be demonstrated under non-physiological conditions. There were probably three groups of phosphatases; it was difficult to state their exact functions, but that of the intestine undoubtedly hydrolysed foodstuffs containing phosphorus.A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. A. Wormall, seconded by Mr. A. Woodmansey, was carried with acclamation. The next meeting will be held on Monday, 20th February, at 7.30 p.m., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, the University, Leeds. Mr. Norman Strafford, Head of the Research Depart- ment (Analytical Section) of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group) will lecture on “The Detection and Detennin- ation of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods.” Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting held on 12th January, at the Constitutional Club, fourteen of the younger members of the Section, under the leadership of Mr.L. V. Cocks, the organiser of the meeting, exhibited and explained modifica- tions, additions, or new ideas in connection with specific processes in laboratory work. Speeches and demonstrations were limited to five minutes each. The speakers were drawn from various branches of chemical industry, and the devices for saving time in the labora- tory or for increasing the accuracy of the work, which were offered for inspection and criticism, revealed much ingenuity. The question of keeping down expenses in a laboratory was not forgotten. Some of the apparatus had been made by the exponents at a cost of 6d. (and a little labour), while some had been made for practically nothing, from laboratory “scrap.” Mr. Telford explained a simple method of obtaining a uniform mirror in the Marsh Test.Mr. Brearley described various methods of building up efficient laboratory stirrers for all types of containers from small beakers to buckets, and indicated how a universal joint could be improvised by using a rubber union to prevent the jamming of the glass rod in the bearing. Dr. Collins exhibited and explained a type of distillation apparatus used in the fractionation of the esters of fatty acids under low pressure. An ingenious method of folding filter paper to produce a very satisfactory Soxhlet thimble, was demonstrated by Mr. Green, 49 who also showed a small aluminium skip, with numbered slots, for holding and weighing a series of iodine tubes, whereby the number of weighings for six Iodine Valztes was reduced from 12 to 7.Mr. Green also demonstrated a very useful automatic pipette, especially suited for measuring corrosive liquids such as Wijs solution, this apparatus being devised from a three-way tap and two old pipettes. Mr. Harding showed a drip-collecting device for fitting to condensers, and a simple method of shaking the contents of several vessels under identical conditions. He also explained a simple apparatus for effecting continuous solvent extraction of aqueous solutions. By allowing a light solvent to rise from the bottom of the aqueous solution in a fine stream, a top layer of solvent and extract was formed, which syphoned over into a flask, from which the solvent was continuously distilled and re- circulated.Mr. Hardwick (Junior) described a large-sized laboratory copper Soxhlet which he had made, and into which he had introduced various refinements, in order to ensure correct working without continuous syphoning. The following were explained by Mr. Wade :-An apparatus for the determination of SO,, a compact arrangement for CO, estimations, a device for obtaining a perfect seal at the top of a Gutzeit tube and a method of using the ordinary water pump as an air blower. Mr. McArthur described a semi-automatic steam trap for ensuring a constant supply of dry steam from a low pressure steam main. Mr. Savage demonstrated two filtration attachments, both enabling a funnel to rest firmly on the side of a beaker, and a safety titration device, whereby part of the original solution is kept separate from the rest in the bulb of a pipette, which is also used for stirring the liquid.By use of the latter, an approximate idea of the end-point can be obtained and, then, by releasing the liquid in the pipette, an accurate end-point is obtained. Mr. Marrison, in the absence of Mr. Appleton, explained the working of a neat hood-like device for fitting over a Buchner funnel for effecting filtration in an inert atmosphere. Mr. Watson demonstrated a method of manual mixing employing the “YO-YO”principle of driving the stirrer, and a simple device for mixing the contents of a Winchester, by laying it on long glass rollers. 50 Xr. Catlow exhibited several beaker attachments made from copper wire, their function being to hold filter funnels rigid.If using strong acids the wire is protected by cycle valve tubing. An excellent example of the use of an optical wedge was shown by Mr. Pritchard. The wedge bottle, containing a liquid of standard colour, is employed when determining values on rapidly fading colours, such as are met with in colour tests for vitamins. Several of the senior chemists present expressed their gratifica- tion that there was an assured succession of men who could not only use apparatus, but could make it for themselves. The Chairman, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, moved a vote of thanks to those who had provided demonstrations, and remarked that the intense interest shown was a proof of the saying, quoted by one of the members, that “Nothing interests a chemist so much as real chemistry.’’ He concluded with a plea for the establishment of chairs of analytical chemistry at our Universities.Xr. Roscoe Hardwick supported the vote of thanks, which was carried by acclamation. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on Tuesday, 17th January, when a lecture was given by Professor E. C. Dodds, M.V.O., M.D., on b4Some Aspects of the Application of Chemistry to Medicine,” -Dr. L. H. Lampitt, in the Chair. The lecturer drew attention to the assistance rendered by chemists in developing medical knowledge. He traced the history of diseases such as diabetes, from the the when the means of diagnosis were very crude, up to the present day.The diseases brought about through glandular abnormalities, such as fibrocystic disease, were shown to have been brought more under control because of chemical research. The part played by chemistry in the study of nutrition and in the preparation of diets was also described by the lecturer, who concluded by emphasising the necessity for the continued co-operation between the research chemist and the physician. Manchester and District.-The Annual Dinner and Dance held on the 8th December, 1932,was attended by 240 members and friends. 51 The Chair was taken by Mr. J. H. Lester, who welcomed the guests and expressed his pleasure at seeing so many representa- tives of other Manchester Scientific Societies present.Mr. Kenneth Lee responded on behalf of the guests. H message was read from the President of the Institute, Dr. G. C. Clayton expressing regret at his inability to be present. owing to his having to be in the House of Commons, on the same evening, when the Expiring Laws Continuance Bill, including -the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Act, 1920, was passed. Mr. G. D. Elsdon and Dr. W. J. S. Naunton officiated as M.C.’s and the following members acted as stewards: Messrs. E. N. Marchant, A. Herbert, E. Rowlands, G. E. Scharff, J. G. Sherratt and H. Swann. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On the invitation of the Northern Section of the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, members of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and members of the North oi England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers and of the Institute of British Foundrymen, attended a meeting held at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 16th December, when Mr.William Davidson, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, read a paper on 44 The Work of the Scottish Coke Research Committee.” Mr. G. H. Harrison, Chairman of the Coke Oven Manufac- turers’ Association, presided. Mr. Davidson dealt particularly with the blending of coals for coke making, and gave the results of much experimental work in discussing the relation between volatile matter content and the nature of the coke obtained from a coking coal.The conclusions were :-(I) That degree of swelling of Scottish coking coals could not be correlated with the quality of the cokes made from them. (2) That the addition of finely ground material of low volatile matter content effected reductions in the volatile matter contents at the end of the plastic ranges of the blends, which were accompanied by corresponding increases in the sizes and resistances to shatter of the resultant cokes, provided that the limits of size and percentage addition of the blending materials were not exceeded. (3)That the relationship observed, between the volatde matter contents of these blends and the resistance to shatter of the cokes made from them, was also found to occur in the case of (a) binary blends of coking coals, and (b) single coals and cokes.(4) A method similar to that given by Audibert (Revue de I’ Industrie Minerale, 15th Mar., 1926) was used for the continuous determination of the volatile matter content of coals and blends when heated progressively up to 950’ c. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Davidson at the close of the keen discussion which followed his interesting and useful paper. On 13th January, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, a meeting was held at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prof. G. R. Clemo, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society, presiding, when Dr. G. D. Bengough delivered a lecture on “Corrosion of Metals in Salt Solutions and Sea Water.” The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides, specimens, and photographs.In this lecture (which is part of a series to be published), Dr. Bengough dealt almost exclusively with the corrosion of horizontally supported discs of zinc and mild steel in the normal- ised condition, completely immersed in dilute solutions of salts (KC1, etc.) The experimental results for corrosion-time curves from oxygen absorption and hydrogen evolution data-were interpreted with reference to the depth of corrosion penetration obtained; in some cases, after testing for some z& years. During the discussion which ensued, Dr. Bengough answered several questions of practical interest. The thanks of the meet- ing were expressed to the lecturer for his illuminating discourse, attention being called to the courage which he had shown in tackling, as his life’s work, a problem of such complexity. The suggestion made at the Annual meeting in November last, to hold a meeting outside Newcastle-upon-Tyne, especially for the convenience of the large number of “Southern ” members of the Section, took practical form on 20th January, when a meeting was held in the Hall of the Technical College, Darlington. 53 The arrangements for the occasion were kindly made by Dr.A. Rule, the “Southern” member of the Committee of the Local Section. Dr. J. T. Dunn, Chairman of the Section, presided over a gathering which, largely on account of the prevailing epidemic of influenza, was not so well attended as was expected.Dr. N. P. Inglis (Chief Metallurgist at Billingham), read a paper on ‘‘Some Metallurgical Problems in Chemical Industry.” of which the following is a summary: The arduous conditions imposed on materials of construction by many newly developed chemical processes had raised a multitude of metallurgical problems. New materials to meet these conditions had been devised, but it was essential for the chemist and engineer to prepare their designs with due regard for the essential metallurgical properties of those materials. Metal-lurgical research had, therefore, become an essential factor in chemical industry . In dealing with certain of the recently developed materials, attention was mainly devoted to corrosion-resistant steels of the chromium-nickel austenitic class, which have a very good resist- ance to a wide range of corroding media.This class of steel is generally covered by the following limits of analysis :-Chromium : 15-20 per cent. ; Nickel: 8-12 per cent. ; Carbon: below 0.16 per cent. Many alloy steels whose composition falls within these limits, are commercially available, but the use of trade names has caused much confusion. A case for an agreed standardised nomenclature was presented, and some such nomenclature as 18/8 Cr. Ni. steel, 18/8/1Cr. Ni. W. steel had been found satis- factory. The microstructure of the 18/8type of steel was illustrated, and the effects of heating in the range 500-~00°C. were shown. If a material in this class is heated in this “dangerous heating range,” and is then exposed to most corroding media, intercry- stalline attack occurs and the material disintegrates.Numerous examples of material which had disintegrated in this manner were shown. This effect is particularly common in the case of welded articles, since, in welding, material adjacent to the weld is bound to have been heated in this dangerous heating range. The effect of heating in this range is to precipitate carbides in the form of a membrane round the grain boundaries. Difficulties arising from 54 this particular effect have been the greatest obstacle in the development of this class of steel. Much research has been directed towards the elimination of this defect. One line of attack has been reduction in the carbon content, but the lecturer's experiments proved that a carbon content of 0.05 per cent.was not sufficiently low to give immunity from disintegration. A carbon content as low as 0-02 per cent. would probably be required, and such a solution of the problem is not commercially economic. The addition of other elements was considered, and it was shown that the addition of 0.6-1-0 per cent. of tungsten gave an improvement, but was, by no means, a cure. The addition of 0.4-0.8 per cent. of titanium, in addition to the tungsten, has now brought about a very big improvement. The lecturer showed samples of such a steel which had been heated in the range 5oo-goo0 C., and had then been immersed in various chemical plant liquors for eight months.At the end of that time, although each sample was bent through r8oo,no deteriora- tion was found. It was shown that the introduction of this amount of titanium had caused a distinct alteration in the microstructure, since, instead of the single phase (austenite) found in the ordinary Cr. Ni. corrosion-resistant steel, there are two phases (austenite and ferrite) present in the titanium bearing steel. A similar effect can be achieved by the addition of about 4 per cent. molybdenum, but this is a more expensive method. The special technique required for the hot and cold working of this class of steel was briefly described. Another problem which has engaged much attention in chemical industry is the development and correct use of metals at elevated temperatures.The ordinary type of tensile test, if carried out at high temperatures, does not give the designer of high temperature plant the data he requires. Data required for design are best given in the form of a curve, for each temperature, showing the relationship between stress and rate of creep. The conclusions arising from numerous tests were put forward, and it was shown that most of the ordinarily used engineering steels had no real load-carrying ability at and above 600' C. The phenomenon of embrittlement of certain steels, if main-tained under stress in the range 380-450° C., was next considered. It was shown that certain well-known alloy steels suffer con- siderable reduction in impact value after service in this tempera- ture range.This deterioration seems to be confined entirely to the ''notch-impact " resistance. The lecturer's experiments 55 showed that the creep strength, the normal temperature strength and ductility, the fatigue resistance etc., were quite unaltered. The next matter considered was the deterioration of steel when used under elevated temperature and pressure in contact with hydrogen, as in such processes as the synthesis of ammonia. It was shown that “hydrogen attack” depends on pressure, temperature, stress, composition of steel, and heat treatment of steel. For any one steel, the critical conditions giving rise to attack depend upon the structural condition of the steel, I.e. its heat treatment.Mild steel, in a certain structural condition, will be attacked by hydrogen under a pressure of 250 atmospheres at a temperature as low as zooo C. In the first stages of the attack, the steel absorbs hydrogen and this causes embrittlement, although the microstructure shows no visible effect. At this stage, the steel can be restored to its original state of ductility by a simple heat treatment to drive off hydrogen. In the later stages of attack, decarburisation and disintegration occur, and no restoration is then possible by heat treatment. The addition of chromium to steel increases its resistance to hydrogen attack and, for severe conditions of service, steels containing 5-7 per cent. of chromium are used. An interesting discussion ensued, and Dr.Inglis was thanked by an appreciative audience for his valuable paper. At a meeting of the South Wales Section held at Swansea, on 9th December, 1932, Mr. B. D. Porritt gave an account of ‘‘ The Early History of the Rubber Industry.” The earliest refences to rubber came from the explorers of South America in the 16th century. Columbus himself, 1493-1496, saw natives of Haiti playing a game with a rubber ball. Samples were first sent to Europe about 1736 by the French explorer La Condamine. The introduction of coal gas into this country gave a start to the rubber industry. Large quantities of solvent naphtha from gas manufacture were to be disposed of, and Charles Macintosh and Thomas Hancock used this solvent in developing the waterproofing industry in the early part of the 19th century.By 1830 there was a considerable business in various rubber articles and the industry spread abroad, to France in 1828 and to the United States in 1S32. 56 In 1835-39,Charles Goodyear discovered the process known as vulcanisation (heating rubber with sulphur), which transforms rubber into a stable elastic body, and, from this point, new applications were rapidly developed. Pneumatic tyres, the most important, were invented by 1845, by Thomson, though not widely used until 1890, when Dunlop rediscovered the idea. The growth in the use of manufactured rubber created a demand which the forests of Brazil and Africa could not cope with, and in 1873-75 the India Office was busy obtaining Hevea seeds from Para, germinating them at Kew, and acclimatising them in Ceylon.The story of W. H. Wickham’s adventure in getting 70,000 seeds is well-known. From this small beginning, the vast rubber plantation industry of Malaya, Ceylon and Java has sprung. At a joint meeting of the Local Section with that of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Swansea on 20th January, Professor J. E. Coates gave a lecture on (‘Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry.” Professor Coates indicated briefly the main directions in which Physical Chemistry was developing, referring especially to the theory of solutions of electrolytes, to the study of surfaces and to the application of physical methods in the investigation of the structure of molecules.Addressing himself mainly to those whose occupation in industry left them little opportunity of following modern develop- ments of chemical theory, Professor Coates chose for more detailed treatment the subject of the rate of chemical reactions and their ultimate mechanism, confining himself to homogeneous gas reactions. He explained the conception of activated molecules, discussed the theory of unimolecular and bi-molecular reactions, and concluded with a brief reference to atomic reactions. 57 January Examinations, 1933. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 9th to 14th January. Eighteen candidates were examined, of whom 12 passed.Three candidates completed their examination by satisfying the Examiners in the translation of German literature. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in the theory papers, but withdrew from the practical examination owing to ill-health. One candidate satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but did not do so in the written papers, and two candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in the translation of German literature. EXAMINATION IN GENERALFOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC PHYSICALAND CHEMISTRY.-The work of the candidates was, on the whole, distinctly better than at the previous examination. All questions and parts of questions were attempted, and each was well done by certain candidates.The frequency of really good answers was noteworthy. On the other hand, it may be useful to consider defects commonly observed in the knowledge of some of the candidates. In the first paper, few really good accounts were given of the determination of refractive index. In several cases candi- dates who evidently were accustomed to use the Abbk refracto- meter did not understand its principle-a regrettable lack of curiosity. The question on hydrogen ion concentration was generally well answered. Few candidates seemed to know anything definite about the methane equilibrium in water gas production or about the setting of Portland cement. The general weakness on the history of chemistry previously remarked was again evident. The essays were generally fairly good.There was, however, evidence of a lack of attention to the theory and practice of analysis. In the second paper, most of the methods proposed for the preparation of sodium, sulphur and oxygen, from sodium sul- phate were disappointing. Few candidates knew anything accurately about titanous sulphate. 58 In the practical examination, the candidates worked in a clean and orderly fashion, but their results were not, in general, as accurate as might be expected. Candidates should realise that the exercises set are straightforward, and such a degree of precision is required as would be satisfactory in ordinary analytical or technical work. In too many cases experimental work, whether accurate or not, was accompanied by wrong calculations. While Examiners will very willingly correct obvious and excusable slips and give credit for results these might invalidate, they cannot re-work erroneous and muddled calculations.It is important, therefore, that candidates should devote care to the clear and precise calculation of their results, as well as to the actual experimental work. The identifications were not successfully carried out in every case, several candidates missing the ferric sulphate and the cadmium sulphide in the mixtures. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The paper in theoretical organic chemistry evoked a large number of moderately satisfactory answers, but, except where the opportunity was given for the display of special knowledge, acquired in the pursuit of the candidate’s occupation, the standard reached was not really high.Little imagination or analytic power was displayed in the attempted classifications of condensation reactions, among which the Perkin cinnamic acid synthesis appears to hold pride of place as the best-known process of the type. In this matter, a discussion was expected leading from the simpler cases to the more complex, and starting with the synthesis of aldol and crotonaldehyde. The question on the work of some famous organic chemists was disappointingly treated ;very little attention is apparently being devoted to the historical aspect of our science, and this must be deplored in the interests of a true perspective. As usual the question dealing with the devising of routes of synthesis of certain substances was a fertile source of mistakes.The Examiners wish to repeat that the suggestion to treat a halogenated fatty acid with the Grignard reagent, with sodium, or with sodio-derivatives of esters such as ethyl malonate, in the hope of effecting replacement of the halogen in accordance with a general reaction for R-halogens, is regarded as a very serious error. The practical work proved highly discriminating, and it was carried out with varying skill and success. Same only of 59 the candidates succeeded in making a correct diagnosis of a mixture consisting of one of the cresols and one of the dihydroxy-benzenes. The French translations were generally good, but some of the German were exceptionally poor.PASS LIST. Examinatio3 in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Backshell, Arthur Price, University College, London; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond), West Ham Municipal College; and Birkbeck College, London. Basham, Edward William, University College, London. Broscomb, Roy James Spear, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical College, Birmingham.Eve, Thomas St. John, Central Technical College, Liverpool. Mitchell, Sidney Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Moore, George Herbert, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Ramskill, James Senior, Widnes Municipal Technical College. Shennan, Robert John, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Smith, James Herbert Francis, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Webster, Charles Thomas, Chelsea Polytechnic, London. White, Ellyia, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 9th JANUARY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the methods used for measuring the refractive index of liquids and indicate how such measurements have served the development of chemistry. 2. How is hydrogen-ion concentration measured and how is it ex-pressed? Do you consider that the conception of hydrogen-ion con-centration is more useful and illuminating than the notion of acidity? Give reasons for your answer.3. Discuss the chemistry of the analysis of ONE of the following:- (a) A steel containing chromium, nickel and vanadium. (b) An alloy of aluminium and magnesium containing small pro- portions of iron, copper and cobalt. 4. Explain the following facts:- (a) The presence of methane in water gas. (b) The progressively increasing solubility of iodine in water. (c) The setting of Portland cement. (d) The production of a clear solution by dissolving silicon 5. How are tungsten and molybdenum produced on the large scale 6. Outline and contrast the contributione to chemistry made bytetrachloride in water. from their ores, and what are the chief uses of these elements? 60 Boyle and Scheele.7. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) Analytical methods dependent upon distillation. (b) "Active" gases, their production and properties. (c) The physico-chemical aspects of inorganic analyois. (d) Heterogeneous catalysis. (e) Modern theories of valency. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. CTive formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss critically in outline the principal methods used for the purification of substances. 2. Describe and explain briefly, but accurately, any experiments you have actually seen or performed to illustrate THREE of the following matters :-(a) The dependence of flame propagation on the composition of the gas-air mixture; (b) The effects of chemical reactions on the conductivity of solutions; (c) Allotropic change in elements; (d) Diffusion of gases and vapours.3. Give an account of the preparation, properties and reactions of ozone and hydrogen peroxide. 4. Indicate the chief resemblances and differences in each of the following pairs of elements :-(u) boron : silicon; (b) sulphur : selenium; (c) nickel : copper; (d) fluorine : chlorine. 5. Describe in detail the apparatus and method you would use to prepare in the laboratory small specimens (10-20 g.) of sodium, sulphur and oxygen, using sodium sulphate as the sole source of these elements.6. What is the action of concentrated nitric acid, hot and cold, upon (a)yellow phosphorus, (b)iodine, (c) sulphur dioxide, (d) sodium chloride. Outline the chemistry of TWO of the products thus obtained. 7. Write brief notes on the preparation, properties and uses of FIVE of the following substances :-Aluminium sulphide, calcium cyanamide, silicon carbide, lead tetrachloride, thorium nitrate, titanous sulphate, sodium xanthate, sodium azide. TUESDAY, 10th JANUARY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Answer FIVE questions only.) 1. Classify the types of condensation reactions involving the union of carbon atoms and the elimination of the elements of water. Indicate briefly the conditions required for one particular example in each class. 2.Give an account of the organic chemical work of ONE of the follow-3. How would you proceed in order to convert (a) acetone into ing :-Liebig, Wohler, Baeyer, E. Fischer. 61 trimethylacetic acid, (b) benzaldehyde into diphenylacetic acid, (c) azo-benzene into diphenyl, (d)benzophenone into benz-p-bromanilide (C,H,CO.NH.CBH,Br)? 4. Describe, WITH ALL ESSENTIAL PRACTICAL DETAILS, the preparation of (a) solid benzenediazonium nitrate and (b)p-tolunitrile. 5. Give an account of the chemistry of anthraquinone and its simpler derivatives. 6. What do you know of the conditions of PYROLYSIS of hydrocarbon oils? What results are obtained on cracking saturated paraflfins, and why is the subject one of great industrial importance ? 7.Write an essay on either (a) a biochemical topic, or (b)a topic of technological chemistry, excluding the subjects mentioned in questions 5 and 6. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 11th and 12th JANUARY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. The substance (A) may be mono-nitrated. The nitro-derivative can then be reduced to an amine. Find suitable conditions for these processes. Preserve crystallised specimens of the products and determine their melting-points. No credit will be given for identifmation of the substance. 2. Separate and identify the constituents of the binary mixture (B). (A = /?-naphthyl ethyl ether. B = 0, m, or p-cresol and resorcinol or pyrocatechol.) FRIDAY, 13th JANUARY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (C)contains silver nitrate and potassium permanganate.You are required to estimate silver and manganese both volwnetrically and gravimetrically. The volumetric estimations must be finished and reported upon to-day : the gravimetric estimations should be completed to-morrow. Approximately decinormal solutions of permanganate and potassium thiocyanate are supplied, but must be standardised before use. Reportto-day the data and results of this standardisation. State your results in terms of normality and as gramsAg and grams Mn per litre of (C). 2. Identify the pigments (D) and (E) and report upon any impurities present in subst,antial amount. (D = Titanium oxide and ferric sulphate. E = Lead chromate and cadmium sulphide.) SATURDAY, 14th JANUARY, 1933: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete exercise 1 of yesterday. 2. Examine and report upon the liquid (F). (F -Phosphorus oxychloride and iodine trichloride.) 62 Notes. The Lancaster Frankland Chemical Society.-On the anniversary of the death of Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute, a meeting was held in the lecture theatre of the Storey Institute Technical College, Lancaster, to form a society to perpetuate his memory. Mr. William French presided, and Professor H. E. Armstrong, as the oldest British Chemist who had studied and worked with Edward Frankland, was present to pay a tribute to his memory. Edward Frankland’s association with Lancaster began while he was at school, and was continued in early youth when an apprentice to a pharmacist in the town, which has since developed considerably and now has several chemical industries.The following account has been abstracted from the Lancaster Observer and Morecambe Chronicle:- Professor Armstrong said that he felt it was an admirable thing to make such a man as Frankland a local hero. There was a tendency very often to worship a man on account of what he had done within a narrow sphere, but, in Frankland’s case, when one thought of what he did, after an interval of at least thirty years after his death he, for one, was satisfied that the case for hero worship was very strong indeed. When they studied history they were bound to realise that important events were often overlooked.In Frankland’s case the material was still there for writing real history, and he ventured to think that the year of his birth, 1825, was a year altogether remarkable in the annals of chemistry. Within three months of his birth, benzene was found, which really was more than a corner-stone of modern organic chemistry. Frankland had remained at Lancaster until 1845,attending a private school and afterwards the Grammar school. His real education-Professor Armstrong suggested-was probably obtained during his apprenticeship in a local druggist’s shop. The work he did there taught him to use his hands. He (Professor Armstrong) had worked with many others, but he never knew anyone with 63 greater experimental ability than Frankland possessed.When Frankland was imbibing a certain amount of chemistry, he was also working on his own account in several other ways. He was a keen reader and botanist. They should not merely think of Frankland as a chemist but as a man of wide cultured attain- ments, and their Society would include not only chemists but also botanists, geologists and those who, like Frankland, were associated with sanitary science. When, in 1851,he went to Manchester to become Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, his salary was only about ;III~o a year, and he had to seek other ways of augmenting his income. He built up a considerable consulting practice. The year 1851was the year of the great Exhibition, when we showed to the world the extraordinary way in which we had developed the engineering and textile industries.We disclosed our hand, and the world entered into competition with us. At the present day we did not realise sufficiently how our present condition was, in a large measure, due to the action we then took. In the early seventies, we were more or less disturbed by the low condition into which our industries had fallen. There was a move in the direction of technical education which permitted the development of institutions in London and all over the country. To-day we were asking ourselves where we stood, and what the position was going to be. When Frankland removed to London to be lecturer in chemistry at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, he (Professor Armstrong) was his first pupil, and he could speak with personal knowledge of him from 1865 onwards.In the summer of 1866 Frankland suggested to him that he should join in the development of methods of water analysis, particularly in connection with sewage contamination. In 1868 Frankland was appointed a member of the Commission charged with the duty of finding a remedy for the pollution of the rivers and drinking water of the country, The work he did in that con nection would give Frankland his reputation in the future. He gave his country a pure water supply. Until then no water was safe unless they got it straight from the hills. For that reason, if no other, they could not confine their society to Lan- caster alone. They had too many associations and clubs in this country: he desired a more intimate term for the organisation they were founding.He thought they should aim at a brother- hood, welcoming all sorts and conditions of men, because in helping one another they would each in turn benefit. In that 64 connection also he wanted to make a suggestion of some public importance. He desired to see a step taken which would rank in importance with that taken in 1868, when the Rivers Commission was estab- lished and through which they obtained a pure water supply. Milk was the one complete food we needed, and its condition to-day was very much like that of water when Frankland began his work. Very little of the milk of this country to-day was safe, in the sense of being free from bacterial impurities of an undesirable character, to put it at its lowest.As they knew, a great deal of the milk was thought to carry the organism responsible for tubercular disease. There was much misunder- standing on this subject. Farmers, generally, were doing their utmost to produce good milk, but not all were succeeding. It had been thought that everything coming from the cow was good. Within the last twenty years their ideas about food had been revolutionised entirely, and they had learnt that all sorts of minute constituents of food were of extraordinary value. He urged that the time had come when they should take into account their milk supply, in all its connections, in the way in which Frankland took into account the water supply, and no monument to his memory would be more fitting.Proposing a vote of thanks to Professor Armstrong, Mr. J. Helme said they thanked him for his personal encouragement of the idea of forming a brotherhood, which he thought was first conceived in the mind of Mr. French. In seconding, Dr. Shackleton Bailey said that the Royal Grammar School which he had the honour to represent had been particularly fortunate in the number of its students who had made a distinguished mark in various branches of science, including Sir Edward Frankland, whose reputation in chemistry they had heard something about that evening. Sir Richard Owen had made as great a mark in biology, as Frankland had in chemistry. They had still with them Professor Seward, the famous botanist, and Professor Marr, the geologist, whose reputations were known outside this country.This was a big record from a compara-tively small school, and should be an encouragement to them to think that out of some of the smallest societies some of the greatest discoveries had come. Professor Armstrong has promised to become president of the new society. Mr. J. I. M. Jones, Associate of the Institute, is the Secretary. 65 Honours-Dr . Harold Augustine Tempany, Fellow, Director of Agriculture, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, has been appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.). Dr. Sydney William Smith, Fellow, Chief Assayer, The Royal Mint, has been appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.).Mr. Alfred Vincent Elsden, Fellow, War Department Chemist , has been appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.). Mr. Walter Tidd Rowe, Fellow, has been appointed Director of Chemistry and Government Analyst for South Australia in succession to Dr. William Arthur Hargreaves, M.A., B.C.E., Fellow, who has retired from the service to undertake private practice. Harrison Memorial Prize.-The Selection Committee for the Harrison Memorial Prize has awarded the Prize for 1932 to Dr. Harry Julius Emelhs, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. The Prize, consisting of a plaque and One Hundred and Fifty Pounds, will be presented at the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society on 30th March.Obituary. Information has lately been received of the death of THOMAS PATRICK BALLINGALL.Born in 1895, he was educated at James Gillespie’s School and George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, and studied science at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, from 1912 to 1914, when his training was interrupted by the war. He joined the ranks of the Motor Machine Gun Service, in which he received a commission. He was posted to the 14th Light Armoured Motor Battery, with whom he served in Mesopotamia until 1919, gaining the Military Cross in July, 1917. Owing to his being called upon for a further service in Afghanistan, his demobilisation was delayed until October, 1919. In the following year he resumed his studies at Edinburgh University, where he remained until 1924, graduating in 1923 and gaining the Diploma in Technical Chemistry in 1924.At the time of his death he was works manager and chemist with Nobel Chemical Finishes, Ltd., at Stowmarket, Suffolk. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. LEONARDKIDGELL BosELEY died in London, on 13th January, at the age of 60 years. Educated at Islington High School and University College, London, he obtained practical experience with H. S. Carpenterfor one year, and with Otto Hehner, for three years, before joining the laboratory of the Aylesbury Dairy Company, where also he remained for three years. In 1897 he was appointed head chemist to James Keiller & Son, Ltd., with which company he conducted many investigations on the preservation of fruit, on the prevention of fermentation, crystallisation, etc., in jams, on pectin, and on many other subjects of importance to the jam and marmalade industry.During the war he was engaged with the Ministry of Food for scientific work eonnected with fruit supplies and preservation, when twenty fruit-pulping stations were controlled by the Government. He continued as head chemist to the combined firms of Crosse & Blackwell, James Keiller & Sons, Ltd.. until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1925. JOSEPH GORDON died at Queen Anne’s Mansions, London, GORDON on 12th January, aged 81 years. He was the only son of Lewis Dunbar Gordon, first professor of engineering in the University of Glasgow.From 1869 to 1871 he was a student in chemistry under Edward Frankland at the Royal School of Mines, and later went to Freiburg to study metallurgy. On his return he settled in London for a few years, but about 1884 became associated with the Landore Siemens Steel Co., and the Swansea Haematits Iron Ore Co., at Landore, where he remained for about ten years. There-after, he continued for some time to be associated with Messrs. Siemens Bros., and was actively interested in various industrial concerns. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. HERBERTPICICARDdied at Eltham, on 30th November, 1932, at the age of 40 years, and was educated at Aberystwyth Intermediate School and the University College of Wales.He graduated B.Sc. in 1913 and obtained an appointment as science master at Brewood Grammar School, Staffordshire. In September, 1914, he received a commission in the 3rd Cheshire Regiment &d was on active service in France until September, 1916, when he was invalided home, having attained the temporav rank of Captain and having been temporarily transferred to the Special Brigade R.E. (Gas Services). Later he returned to the Cheshire Regiment until the end of the war, and on demobilisation in 1919 joined the staff of the 67 South Metropolitan Gas Go., as a research chemist, in which position he continued until he was obliged to relinquish his work owing to ill-health. He worked on the inhibition of the formation of hydrogen sulphide by organisms in gas-holder water, and investigated the properties, and particularly the viscosities, of cod-tars and pitches.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. ARTHURJOHNSEELTONdied at Minas de Rio Tinto, Spain, on 17th November, 1932, in his 55th year. Educated at the Mathematical School, Rochester, and at the Central Technical College, he obtained the diploma of Associate of the City of Guilds of London Institute in 1896 and continued in organic research for a year, before he became chemist to Messrs Fowler, Ltd., Sugar Refiners, with whom he remained for two years, From 1900 to 1903 he was chief chemist to the Schultze Gun- powder Co., Ltd., at Lyndhurst, Hants, and from 1903 until 1905 he held an appointment with the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd., Clydach, Glamorganshire, and in the latter year proceeded to Messrs Meggitt & Sons, Ltd., Glue Manufacturers, at Sutton-in-Ashfield, but in the following year returned to the Mond Nickel Co.to take charge of the Smelting Department and the manufacture of metal salts, under H. J. Bloomer, works manager, until 1920, Early in 1924 he proceeded to Spain on a special commission for the Rio Tinto Co., with whom he was still engaged, as chief chemist and chemical engineer, at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918 and shortly afterwards was a promoter, and for several years Honorary Secretary, of the South Wales Section. JAMESSORLEYdied at a nursing home in Glaagow on 17th January, in his 43rd year.He received his scientific training at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal Technical-College, under Professor G. G. Henderson, and, in 1911, joined the staff of Messrs. Tatlock & Thomson, where two years later he became chief assistant, and eventually a partner. He held many appointments as Gas Examiner. He was an Associate of the Royal Technical College, and was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow fn 1914. He was for several years Hon. Treasurer of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Hon. Secretary of the Section. JOHNTHOMASdied at Wilmslow, Cheshire, on 18th January, in his 47th year.He entered University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1904 and was awarded the Sir Alfred Jones Science Scholarship and Rendel Exhibition. In 1907 he obtained the degree of B.Sc. with first-class honours in chemistry and was awarded a post-graduate research scholar- ship. In the next year he gained an 1851 Royal Commission Scholarship which he held under Sir William Pope at Cambridge, where, having received the Gordon Wigan Prize and an Exhibition at Trinity College, he was awarded the degree of B.A. by research, his papers being published in the Journal ofthe ChemicaESociety in 1909,1910 and 1912. Subsequently he submitted to the University of Wales a thesis on the Separation of Secondary Arylamines from Primary Amines on which he was awarded the degree of D.Sc.in 1917. He was for two years research chemist to the Advisory Committee on Aeronautics at the National Physical Laboratory before joining, in 19 12, the research department of Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., at Ardeer, where he did work of national importance during the early years of the war. He subsequently held a commission in the Royal Scots Fusiliers (Ardeer Company). In 1919 he was engaged with the Solway Dyes Co., later 68 Scottish Dyes, Ltd.-where he devoted special attention to the manufac- ture of vat dyes of the anthraquinone series, and in 1929 became a man-aging director of the Dyestuffs Group of Imperial Chemical Industries, at Blackley, Manchester. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917.HENRYMARSHALLWEBB died at Llanfairfechan, on 22nd January, in his 40th year. Educated at Saffron Walden Grammar School and at Gresham School, Holt, he proceeded to King’s College, London, where he studied from 1910 to 1914, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with honours in chemistry. In January, 1915, he received an appointment in the Hygiene Department of the Royal Army Medical College ; in July of the same year he was appointed to a Commission on the General List for technical duties, and, in December, proceeded to France. Later he was transferred to the Royal Engineers and promoted to the rank of Captain, eventualIy becoming attached to the Ministry of Munitions Inventions Department until the end of the war. From 1922 until the time of his death he held an appoint- ment at the Fisheries Experiment Station, at Conway, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. WILLIAMARTHURWILLIAM$ died &.Edinburgh on 29th December at the age of 53 years. Educated at Raine’s and Cowper Street Schools, London, he proceeded to Finsbury Technical College, where he obtained the College Certificate and senior studentship in 1898 and was subsequently private assistant to Meldola, with whom a joint paper was published in the Tramactions of the Chemical Society, entitled: “Notes on PolyazoCompounds.” After a short period of experience with a glue manufac- turing firm in the Midlands, he was appointed, in 1900, the first chemist to the North British Rubber Co., Ltd., at Edinburgh, where he installed a laboratory, and in the course of time developed the scientific control of manufacturing operations, under a st& of chemists and assistants.In 1912 he became works manager; in 1914 he took an active interest in the Fourth International Rubber Congress, held in London, and contri- buted a paper on “The Advantages and Defects of Plantation Rubber.” In the same year he participated in a discussion, at the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, on variability in plantation rubber, and, in 1916, contributed an article on “Factory Control and Research,’’ to the special “Rubber” issue of the Times Trade Supplement. He gave particular attention to the connection of his subject with aeronautical matters, and investigated many technical problems concerning lighter than air craft, which were of special importance during the war.Two patents for improvements in the manufacture of balloon fabrics were registered in his name, as also one for an improved process for the manu- facture of rubber tiles and sheets. He was a member of the Rubber Research Advisory Committee of the Ceylon Rubber Research Scheme which was established to co-ordinate the research work of the Imperial Institute with the investigations conducted on the plantations. In 1932 he was invited to give the Fifteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, and prepared a paper on “Rubber”; but as the time for the meeting drew near, the state of his health was such that he could not be present, and in his absence, Professor Gilbert T.Morgan kindly read the paper for him. The Lecture was published in January, 1933. Mr. Williams was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. W. R. Guy, Chairman of the Edinburgh and Eaat of Scotland Section, and Mr. Alec M. Cameron; and a wreath of flowers was sent in the name of the Institute. 69 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part VI, 1932,the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances.” An introduction to the study of Radioactive Substances and their Radiations; the Nature of Radioactivity, and the bearing of Radioactive Transformations on the Structure of the Atom.J. Chadwick, with foreword by Sir Ernest Rutherford. Third Edition. Pp. xii + 116.. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.). 2s. 6d. “Rubber Latex.” H. P. Stevens and W. H. Stevens. Pp. 156. Second Edition. (London: Rubber Growers’ Association, Inc.). Gratis. The source, production, properties and composition of latex ;stabilkation and coagulation ; concentration, manipulation and compounding ;vul-canisation of latex and latex products; manufacturing from latex by dipping and electro-deposition ;applications and marketing of latex. The International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists (BRITISH SECTION) held a Conference in December last on ‘I Protein Swelling and Allied Phenomena.” An Introductory Address was given by Prof.F. G. Donnan, F.R.S., and numerous papers were presented. The papers, which are to be published collectively, will include :-Prof. F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., “Theory of Membrane Equilibria and Ornotic Swelling. ” G. S. Adair, M.A., “The Osmotic Pressure of Proteins.” Miss D. Jordan Lloyd, M.A., D.Sc., ‘‘Protein Swelling and Molecular Organisation.”J. B. Speakman, D.Sc., “Thy,Structure of Wool Keratin and its Relation to Swelling Phenomena. R. H. Marriott, M.S“,;I “Alkaline Swelling.” W. R. Atkin, M.Sc., Swelling in Weak Acids.” F. C. Thompson, M.Sc., “Neutral Salts and Swelling.” C.H. Spiers, M.A., Ph.D., “Practical Aspects of Plumping of Hides and Skins.” H. Phillips, D.Sc., “Constitution of Protein Salts from the Standpoint of Modern Valency Theories.” 7Q The volume will be of interest to biochemists, physical and textile chemists, and will be obtainable after 10th April,-price 5s. 6d., post free, from the Editor, Journal of the International Society of Leather Trades Chemists, 17, Market Street, London, S.E.I. Safety in Mines Research Board-Gob €'ires.-The conditions under which spontaneous heatings may develop in coal mines are so varied that it is difficult to reproduce them satisfactorily above ground. At the Buxton station of the Safety in Mines Research Board, a building was constructed in 1926 to simulate a goaf or waste with ventilating roads to it.In this building experimental studies of gob-fires are carried out, and reports by T. N. Mason and F. V. Tideswell on the progress of these experiments have now been published in S.M.R.B. Papers 75 (Gob Fires, Part I: Explosions in Sealed Off Areas in Non-Gassy Seams) and 76 (Gob Fires, Part 11: The Revival of Heatings by Inleakage of Air). Among the points to be specially emphasised are:- That if a fire is to be dealt with by sealing off, the sooner and the more quickly that operation is carried out the better. The danger of the formation of an explosive mixture is at its height during and immediately after the sealing off, when inflammable gases are being dis- tilled from the coal and the atmosphere is not yet rendered non-inflammable by the retention of the products of combustion.That although sealed off, a fire may be rapidly revived by an in-leakage of air sufficient to raise the oxygen- content of the atmosphere behind the stoppings to 5 per cent. or even less. On two occasions a rise in the oxygen content to only 3 per cent. resulted in the fire showing signs of revival, and it appears that a heating may be maintained indefinitely with the oxygen-content at an even lower figure. The fact that the flame of a safety lamp is extinguished if the oxygen in the air falls below 17 per cent. is thus no guide in determining whether an atmosphere is capable of extinguishing a heating. (H.M. Stationery Office, price, No.75, IS. net; No. 76, 6d. net .) 71 Adam Hilger, Ltd. (98, King’s Road, Camden Road, N.W.1) have published a pamphlet entitled: (‘INCREASINGTHE QUANTI-OF A SPECTROMETER,TATIVE ACCURACY ” describing a simple eyepiece attachment,-the Insta Eyepiece* for a spectroscope. It is so designed that a spectrum line of a minor element present in a substance can be accurately compared in intensity with a neighbouring line of a principal element in the substance. The relative intensities of the lines bear a relationship to the pro- portions of the elements giving rise to them, and when once this relationship has been established for a given substance, quantita- tive analyses of samples of that substance can be carried out with great rapidity. The most useful application of this eye- piece is in the determination of exceedingly small proportions of elements.The Spekker Steeloscope is rendered still more useful by the addition of such an accessory, and is listed complete with the Insta Eyepiece. *British Patent No. 334, 618/29: U.S.A. Patents applied for. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. Oliver Trigger, FeZZows, have kindly presented the Institute with a number of useful books and j ournals. 72 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th January, 1933,5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 35 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 15 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 7 Fellows and z Associates.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Abbott, William James, c/o Messrs. John Bell, Hills & Lucas, Ltd., Tower Bridge Road, London, S.E. 1. Buckley, Thomas Alfred, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff .), Agricultural Department, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Goldstein, Richard Frank, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 5, Colchester Avenue, Sedgley Park, Prestwich, Manchester. Mackenzie, William Donald, M.I.Chem.E., 5, Tivoli Avenue, Rose Bay, Sydney, N.S.W. Tayar, Robert AIfred Victor, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Wheatsheaf Road, Edgbas- ton, Birmingham. New Associates. Babb, Alfred Thomas Symonds, B.Sc. (Lond.), 103, Edith Road, London, W.14. Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Belgrave Road, Ilford. Bnckshell, Arthur Price, 52, Oldborough Road, N. Wembley.Basham, Edward William, 114, Argyle Road, London, W.13. Bean, Cecil Morris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, The Avenue, Lowestoft. Benson, Miss Joan Washington, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hadlow, Halifax. Broscomb, Roy James Spear, B.Sc. (Lond.), Methley-Dene, Cavendish Road E., Barnsley.Browne, Donald Wheeler, B.Sc. (Lond.), 158, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leics. Bryce, George, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., 62, Hospitland Drive, Lanark. Casson, Charles Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Foster Road, London, W.4. Cole, Miss Helen Trevenen, B.Sc. (W. Australia), 560, Beaufort Street, Mt. Lawley, W. Australia. Cooper, William Ernest, Quinton, The Knapp, Dursley, Glos. Danielli, James Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Burlington Avenue, Kew. Dodd, Eric Norman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 8, Archibald Road, Exeter.Donen, Isaac, B.Sc. (Cape Town), 73, Durban Street, Worcester, C.P., S. Africa. Eve, Thomas St. John, 145, Upper Parliament Street, Liverpool. Fergus, James Latto, A.H-W.C., 8, Piershill Terrace, Edinburgh. Gale, George Edwin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 264, Whitehorse Lane, London, S.E.25. Ganipati, Srinivasanellore Venkatachasastry, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Water Analyst, Corporation of Madras, 40, Gengu Reddi Road, Egmore, Madras. Jupp, Raymond Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Annandale Road, Addiscombe, Surrey.Kidd, Howard Vincent, B.Sc. (Manitoba), 1, Houghton Place, Ampthill Square, London, N.W. 1. 73 Lawrence, Arthur Jack Lloyd, M.A. (Cantab.), Imperial Bureau of Soil Science, Harpenden, Herts. Mitchell, Sidney Charles, B.Sc.(Lond.), 66, Bruce Road, London, E.3. Moore, George Herbert, St. Loe, Old Newbridge Hill, Bath. Naylor, Clement Albert, 11, Silverlands, Buxton. Nisbet~, Thomas, A.H-W.C., 9, Townhill Road, Dunfermliiie. Osborn, Frederick George, B.Sc. (Bris.), Coombe Dingle, Meirioii Gardens, Colwyn Bay, N. Wales. Yidgeon, Daniel George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Milner Road, Kingston-oii- Thames. Ramskill, James Senior, 42, Peel House Lane, J47idnes. Stevens, William Henry Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), Barryholme, Hollicondane Road, Ramsgate. Sugden, John Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Bracadale, Perth Grove, Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees. Watson, John William, B.Sc. (Lond.),1,Hardy Koatl, London, S.E.3. Webster, Charles Thomas, 9, St. George’s Road, London, W.4.White, Ellyia, 103, Goldhurst Terrace, London, N.W.6. Whiting, Gilbert Harry, B.A., Ph.D. (Oxon.), TTiston House, Junction Road, Norton-on-Tees, Co., Durham. Re-elected Associate. Hampson, Robert Ernest Victor, D.Sc. (Liv.), British Launderers’ Research Association, Hill View Gardens, London, X.W.4. New Students. Bonellie, Andrew Sicholson, 606, Alexandra Parade, Dennistoun, Qlasgow. Chambers, George Geoffrey Roy, 108, Chatsworth Road, London, N.W.2. Chatfield, Herbert \?’alter, 64, Sutherland Road, W. Croydon, Surrey. Davies, Henry Mackney, 20, Prospect Plave. Ogmore Vale, Nr. Bridgend, Glam. Dungey, Roy, 6, Harrington Gardens, London, S.W.7. Heron, Jack. LOS, Derby Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Illingworth, Frank Knowles, 7, Hud Hey Road, Haslingden, Rossendale, Lanes. Jones, Miss Rachel Amanda, Eniporiurn, Swansea Road, Waunarlwydd, Swansea. Mitchell, Arthur George, 07, Faircross Avenue, Barking.Myerscough, Leslie Charles, 37, Montserrat Road, London, S.W.15. Pinder, Harold William, 37, Haltu-ood Road, Pitsmoor, Sheffield, 4. Richardson, Edward James, 18, Firshill Road, Sheffield. Rubbra, Sydney Alan Lewis, 338, Lordship Lane, London, S.E.22. Thomas, Miss Marjorie Victoria, 16, Bryn-y-Mor Road, Swansea. Wiltshire, William Ashley, 21, Torver Road, Harrow, Middlesex. DEATHS. Fellows. Leonard Kidgell Boseley. Joseph Gordon Gordon. Arthur John Shelton, A.C .G.I. James Sorley, A.R.T.C. John Thomas, B.A. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Wales).Henry Marshall Webb, B.Sc.(Lond.). William Arthur Williarns. Associates. Thomas Patrick Ballingall, M.C., B.Sc. (Edin.). Herbert Pickard, B.Sc. (Wales). 74 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Wednesday, 1st March, 1933, at 4.30 p.m. Lecture.-In the hall of the Institute, on Monday, the 13th March, at 8 p.m., a lecture will be given by Professor R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on “Joseph Priestley.” Tickets for this lecture are being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-The list of entries for the April Examina- tions closed on 6th February. Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held from the 18th to 23rd, and from the 25th 1to 30th September, respectively.The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday, the roth July. Entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, must, however, be received before 9th June. NOTICETO CANDIDATESFOR THE EXAMINATIONFOR THE INFELLOWSHIP BRANCHE.-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY)OF FOODAND DRUGSAND OF WATER.-h COIlneC-tion with the Examination commencing on 1st May, and subse- quent Examinations in the above Branch, a knowledge of the new (1932) edition of the British Pharmacopoeia will be expected. Candidates are not required, for the purposes of the Examina- tion, to study those parts of the new Pharmacopoeia which deal solely with- Antitoxins, Anti-ty phoid- par aty phoid vaccine, Toxins, Extracts and preparations of glands and organs, e.g.thyroid, liver adrenalin, pituitary, etc. Tuberculin, Schick test, Sera, Vaccines, nor Appendices XV, XVI, XVII and XIX. 76 Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in-vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. 76 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held.The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to continue to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that it is 77 necessary to complete, before the 1st March, a fresh application form for a further year’s service. Members who have had the service during the past year and wish to discontinue it, must return the last volume and the membership token to the branch of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART 11. Issued uiider the super\-ision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar ntld Secretavy-30, RL-SELL SQUARE,LONDOX,1V.C.r. Apd, 1933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chnzr??zaiz), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidzut), C. 0 BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DORI~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HOII.'~'/Y//.Y//w/), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE.Officers and Members of Council, 1933-34. PRESIDENT : JOCELYS FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : WILLIAM JOHS ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, XSc. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: CHARLES OLDES BAXNISTER, A.E.S.M., M.Eis(2. : LIVERPOOL. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc.: LONDON. JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY, XSc. : NORTHERNIRELAXD. ROBERT BRUCE, If.(?.: EDINBL~RGHAND EASTOF SCOTLSND. ROBERT MARTIN- CX\-EN, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LEEDS. HENRY EDWARD COX, M.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON.CECIL HENRY DESCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.R.S.: LONDON. CHARLES DORGE, M.A., D.SC.: LOXDOK. HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, pul.Sc.: LONDOS. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, PH.D., D.Sc. : NORTH-EASTCOAST AND YORKSHIRE. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. : LOSDON. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D.: GLASGOW-AND WESTOF SCOT-RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : LONDON. [LAND. WILLIAM ROSCOE HARDWICK, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND KORTH-WESTCOAST. "ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LIVERPOOL. HENLEY, THE RT. HON. FRANCIS ROBERT, LORD, N.A. : RUGBY. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D.: HUDDERSFIELD. GEORGE EDWARD HOLDEN, M.B.E., M.SC.TECH. : MANCHESTRR. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKIKS, D.Sc.: BIRMINGHA4M. EDWARD BURSHOPE HUGHES, M.Sc. : LONDONAND SOUTH-EASTERNCOVNTIES. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C. : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D., B.R.C.Sc.1. : IRISHFREESTATE. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. WILLIAM JOHNSON SMITH NAUNTON, M.A., PH.D. : MANCHEGTER. GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LONDON. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: CAMBRIDGE. WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : .4RDROSSAlv. EDWARD RUSSELL, B.SC. : BRISTOL &~NDSOUTH-TVESTERKCOTJNTIES. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LONDON. FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : EXETER. WILLIAM WARDLAW, I).Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. HERBERT BEN WATSON, D.Sc.: TITALES ,4ND THE COL~KTYOF MONMOUTH.B:D'IVARD JOHK \I'AY : THE OVERSEsS DoMrzrIo_vs AND XLSEWHERE ABROAD. JOHN WEIR, X.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : ARDROSSAK, ALBERT WATKINS LMAGGS WINTLE : BRISTOL. * Retires in May, 1933. 82 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1933: APRIL 28~~. 1933: NOVEMBER 17~~. MAY 19~~. DECEMBER 15~~. JUNE 16~~. 1934: JANUARY 19~~& 26~~. JULY 21ST. FEBRUARY 16~~. OCTOBER 20~~. CENSORS: 1933-1934. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P., GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.R.E., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1933-34. Chairman” FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0.L. BRADY, A. E. DUNSTAX, A. E, EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, H. H. HODGSOX, E. B. HUGHES, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, G. H. PERRY, IT‘. TVARDLATV, AN]) A4.W.M. WINTLE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0.L. BRADY, G. C. CLAYTON*, CHARLES DORGE, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, LORD HENLEY, G. E. HOLDEN, J. G. KIKG, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS, AND E. RUSSELL. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMANPATRICK H. KIRKALDY.): PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESlDENT, WITH C. 0.BANNISTER, 0. L. BRSDY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, R. M. CAVEN,C.DORI~E,A. E. EVEREST, P. F.GORDON,H. H. HODGSON, J. R.JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDT, -4. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDES, W.TqTARDLAM’,H. B. M’ATSOP\’, AND A. IfT.&I.T\’INTJ,E. 83 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMNiITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND), E. M. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS),C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, CHARLES DORBE, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G.D. ELSDON, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, W. R. HARDWICK, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, H. . HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, L. H. LAMPITT, S. E. MELLINC, A. MORE, W. PARTRIDGE, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS*, EDWARD RUSSELL, G. STUBBS, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH E. R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, H. IT.A. BRISCOE, H. 0. COLMAN, CHARLES DORgE, G. D. ELSDON, J. J. FOX, C. S. GIBSON, G. G. HENDERSON, E. HINKS, R. H. HOPKINS, L. H. LAMPITT, MISS D. JORDAN LLOYD, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, R. ROBINSON, AND S. SMILES. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH C. 0. BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, F. 6. EDMED*, L. EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H.H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD, G. KIXG, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BR.ADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. F!. COATES, A. E. EVEREST, L. EYNON, J. HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND A. SMITHELLS. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, P. F. GORDON, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, AND J. WEIR. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND: THEPRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J. HAWTHORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER €%ICE. 84 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1933-1934.Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nonzinations, Examinatiom and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Scy. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. *ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc. (GLAs.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LoKD.), A.R.C.S. Branch C,-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANK LEE PYNAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc. (VICT.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: *S.E. MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY:GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.), D.P.H. (Em.). Branch F.-AGRICULTCRAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NF:VILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.),B.Sc. (LOND.). Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL (General Chemical Technology) :CHEMISTRY THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required.* To take office after the April-May Examinations, 1933. HON. AUDITORS, 1933-34 : JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHK CHR,ISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1933-34 : DAT'ID HENDERSON, Chartered Accourttarht. SOLICITORS : BlmsRs. MARKBY, STEWART 8: TVADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, TV.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretrcry. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CASTAH.), F.I.C. Fif ty-fif th Annual General Meeting. WEDNESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1933. THE Fifty-Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I., on Wednesday, 1st March, 1g33,-Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., the retiring President, in the chair. PRESENTATION MEDAL.OF THE RIELDOLA The President, in opening the proceedings, said that his first duty was to present the Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans), to Dr. Leslie Ernest Sutton. Dr. Sutton had been working at Oxford for the last seven years, except for a visit to Germany, where he had worked with Prof.Debye at the Physikalische Institut, Leipzig, acquiring, not only a knowledge of the technique of di-pole measurements, but also a grasp of the sometimes rather abstruse underlying physical ideas. He had applied these powers to a series of problems with remark- able success, and had cleared up a large number of difficulties in organic chemistry. His work had practically settled the consti- tution of the divalent carbon compounds, of the oximes, of the organic azides, and of nickel carbonyl, and had thrown much light on the reactivity of the benzene derivatives, where he had obtained some physical evidence of electron drift and correlated its direction with the reactivity. The President then presented the Medal to Dr.Sutton amid applause. PRESENTATIONTHE SIR EDWARD MEDALOF FRANKLAND AND PRIZE. The President said that it was his next duty to present the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize to Mr. Leslie Young, registered student, for his essay on “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.’’ It was well that they should be reminded of the first President of the Institute-Sir Edward Frankland, and he would like to suggest, on the present occasion, that the Fellows and Associates should send a telegram of greeting to his son, Professor Percy Faraday Frankland, who was President of the 86 Institute from 1906 to 1909 (Applause.) He would also re-mind them of the senior Past-President, Professor John Millar Thomson, whose eighty-fourth birthday it would be on March 7th, to whom he was sure they would also like to send a message to show that they still thought of him.(Messages were immediately sent to Professor Frankland and Professor Millar Thomson. ) .The President then presented the Medal and Prize to Mr. Leslie Young amid applause. THEANNUALLi~~~~~~~. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), in presenting the Annual Accounts, with the Report of the Auditors, said that as usual he had to protest that the Report of the Council, with the Accounts, both those of the Institute and of the Benevolent Fund, had been considered by the Council and passed for publication by the Publications Committee, with so much information that he found difficulty in finding anything to say The Financial Statements had been circulated with the Annual Report, and he had pleasure in moving that they be received and adopted.In doing so, there were one or two points to which he would call attention. Referring to the General Account, it would be seen that, deducting the balance of E566 14s. IId. brought forward from 1931, the available income was fl12,220 5s. 4d., while the normal expenditure was jG11,g5o 18s. 8d., leaving a surplus of E269 6s. 8d. The final payment had been made on the cost of the hall, which had been equipped with a lantern and screen, these accounts amounting to E3oo 17s. IId. Investments had been made to an amount of E79 7s. ~od.more than the sum definitely reserved for that pur- pose. At the end of the year the cash balance was k453 5s.zd.-which was E113 9s. gd. less than that brought forward at the beginning of the year. The increase in subscriptions had been largely due to pay- ments of arrears; so that it should not be assumed that there would always be a substantial balance on the year’s work; but on the whole, he (the Hon. Treasurer) thought they might look forward to the future with confidence. Another matter to which he would like to refer was the appeal that had been made to the Special Commissioners for Income Tax. The Council held that the Institute, by reason of its educational purposes, its encouragement of science, and its public work- 87 the whole expense of which was borne by the members-had a good case for the consideration of the Special Commissioners.Indeed, the presiding Commissioner had allowed that, in view of the decision in the case of the Chartered Civil Engineers, in 1931, the appeal was one that should have been brought. Further, the representatives of the Institute felt that the Special Com- missioners gave the case a patient and sympathetic hearing, although at the end of about three hours they had decided that the weight of evidence was against the claim. In order to succeed, it would have been necessary to contend that the Institute did nothing for its members, as individuals, and nothing for the profession. This was impossible, but he still thought that the Institute had a good case. An appeal to the Courts was, how- ever, always a costly and uncertain thing.The Institute would have benefited financially had the appeal been allowed, but its freedom to develop its work might have been restricted. He felt, therefore, that the Council had been wise in deciding to proceed no further with the matter. (Hear, hear.) He would like to take this opportunity of bearing witness to their indebtedness to Mr. Pilcher for the way in which he pre- pared and presented the case to the Special Commissioners. He displayed a readiness to take up new points and a grip of the whole question which compelled the admiration of the Solicitor of the Inland Revenue Department. The Fellows and Associates would be glad to know that in addition to the legacy of f1500 from Professor Meldola, a legacy of LIOO had lately been received from the executors of Mr.Legg. Further, the Registrar hzd just handed him a note to the effect that an intimation had been received from the trustees of the late Joseph Gordon Gordon, that he had bequeathed f1500 to the general funds of the Institute. In addition to those benefactions, he (the Hon. Treasurer) reminded the meeting that Mr. Cribb had left the Institute an interesting double-tube barometer and a valuable collection of prints. The framed specimens of the prints could be inspected in the room and vestibule adjoining the hall, and a selection of the remainder of the prints was on view in the Council Room. With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he wished to express the gratitude of the Committee to all who had helped them to help others.The Committee hoped that the members would continue their assistance, and that other Fellows and Associates who had not subscribed would follow their good example. He desired 88 also to express the appreciation and thanks of the Institute to Major J. C. White and Mr. J. H. Lane, who had acted as Hon. Auditors. He moved “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Hon. Auditors for their services, and that the Financial Statement for 1932-33 be received and adopted.” Mr. Northall-Laurie said that he had much pleasure m seconding the motion for the adoption of the Accounts. He noticed in the General Account that about 6193 had been re- ceived for advertisements compared with f156 the year before.He understood that the prosperity of a Journal was largely measured by its “draw” in advertising money; so that it looked as if the Journal was appreciated outside. In these days of un- favourable balance sheets it was gratifying to find the Institute in such a strong position, and they ought to thank the members who looked after the business of the Institute, especially for the care they had taken of the funds. The resolution was carried unanimously. THE REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President (Dr. Clayton) delivered his address (p. 94) and moved the reception and adoption of the Report. Dr. McGowan said that after the comprehensive address of the President there was little left for him to say in seconding the reception and adoption of the Report of the Council for the year 1932-33.The past year had been a very depressing one for many societies and for people generally, and therefore they might the more congratulate themselves on the steady way in which the Institute had carried through, without losing ground; in fact, it had gained ground. Enough had been already said to show how well deserved was the appreciation which had been expressed of the great efforts of Mr. Kirkaldy and of others concerned with the management of the funds, including the Benevolent Fund. One of the most interesting activities of the Institute was iliustrated by the papers read at meetings of the Local Sections, and the lectures which were published separately were of permanent value for reference purposes.He had had occasion lately to look through the Journals of the Institute from the begin- ning until now, and what had struck him more than any- thing else was the simplicity of the examination in the old days: very different from the examination now. He could not 89 help wondering whether the average talent and intelligence of the present-day student had increased in the same ratio: he would leave the students to answer that for themselves. There was, however, one thing against which they ought to set their minds, and that was, too early specialisation. The result was to develop a one-sided man. He had been told by Professor Donnan that lads came to the Colleges, straight from school, having passed, not only the matriculation examination, but the intermediate.He felt that that sort of ’thing should be discouraged. Of course, he was referring to the average man, not to the genius. Many members must have seen the Faraday Exhibition. One thing that struck him very much was the exhibit of the open pages of some of Faraday’s notebooks. There was hardly an erasure, addition, or correction in any of them. Faraday was, of course, a genius; but one found the same thing, for example, in old family letters of the time. Did it mean that in those days people were not in such a desperate hurry as they were to-day? When they wrote anything now, they had to go back and block out and interpolate, whereas, in the old days, people were thoughtful and deliberate and went forward without the necessity for corrections.It was rather sad work looking through the old Journals of the Institute, because it meant coming upon the names of so many friends who had gone. Only last year, Mr. Chaston Chapman, our Past-President, had sat beside him (Dr. McGowan). In some respects Mr. Chapman was a unique man, and it was difficult to think of anyone who could take his place. With regard to the proposed examination in industrial chemistry, when he read it, it rather took his breath away. The Admirable Crichton would not have been in it ! As he (Dr. McGowan) wits leaving London soon to live in Somerset, that would probably be the last occasion on which he would be able to attend the Annual Meeting, and he could not conclude without expressing again his great appreciation of the services which Mr.Pilcher and the other members of the staff had rendered the Institute. So long as they were in charge he felt that the Institute would not go far wrong. Some of those who were present had also attended a dinner which was given eight years ago, when the toast of Mr. Pilcher’s health was pro- posed by Professor Millar Thomson, who said that Mr. Pilcher had completed 33 years service with the Institute, including 25 years’ hard labour as Registrar and Secretary. They could not do better than condemn him to another 25 years. (Laughter.) 90 He had much pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report.(Applause.) The President invited questions on the Report, but none being forthcoming, the resolution to receive and adopt it was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. T. W. Glass and J. R. Nicholls) on the election of Officers, General Members of Council, and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers WM 909. The following were elected:- President: J. F. Thorpe (905). Vice-Presidents: G. C. Clayton (goo), A. E. Dunstan (898), G. G. Henderson (897), W. J. A. Butterfield (893), F. G. Edmed (892), W. H. Roberts (892). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H.Kirkaldy (908). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 909. The following were elected:- C. H. Desch (682), I. M. Heilbron (649), William Rintoul (648), R. M. Caven (639), E. K. Rideal(623), A. G. Francis (610), H. H. Hodgson (586), George King (575), 0. L. Brady (570), John Weir (570), Rt. Hon. Lord Henley (569), S. Smiles (566), C. 0. Bannister (550),N. M. Comber (550),G.D. Elsdon (548), C. Dor6e (537), R. H. Greaves (523), W. J. S. Naunton (621),A. W. M. Wintle (515), R. H. Hopkins (498), J. G. King (496), G. H. Perry (495), H. E. Cox (478), W. WEtrdlaw (478), F. Southerden (465), H. D. Elkington (461), G. E. Holden (445). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 810. The following were e1ePted:- G.C. Clayton (608), A. Smithells (584), G. G. Henderson (559), Sir H. Jackson (487). The President proposed a vote of thanks to the scrutineers, Mr. Glass and Mr. Nicholls, for the work they had done. It was really a very serious undertaking to count and scrutinise the votes, and took a great deal of time. The Institute was much indebted to them. Mr. Grinling seconded the vote of thanks, which was carried unanimously. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS The President stated that, in the election of Hon. Auditors, one had to be named from the chair and one elected by the meet- ing. He proposed the re-election of Major J. C. White, and invited somebody in the hall to propose the re-election of Mr. J. H. Lane. 4 91 Mr.Claremont thereupon proposed the re-election of Mr. J. H. Lane, and the motion was seconded by Mr. Barrs. No other names having been put forward, it was unanimously agreed that Major White and Mr. Lane be requested to continue to serve as Auditors. Mr. Lane consented. The Hon. Treasurer moved that Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be reappointed Auditor at a fee of 30 guineas. He added that Mr. Henderson had been the profes- sional auditor of the Accounts for a number of years, and his association with the Institute had always been extremely pleasant. He (the Hon. Treasurer) had much pleasure in moving his re-election. He asked, at the same time, the indulgence of the President and of the meeting, to remedy an omission from his previous remarks, when he had moved the adoption of the Annual Accounts.He had forgotten, what he ought to have remembered, seeing how much he appreciated their services, to thank Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett and Miss Cawston for all that they had done to ease the work, both of the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee. (Applause.) Dr. Dancaster seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS Mr. J. R. Johnson said that he had the great honour of moving that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring President, the retiring Vice-presidents and the retiring Members of Council for their valuable services. The motion needed no words of his to recommend it, for everyone present, and indeed every member of the Institute, appreciated the services which the Council rendered to the Institute.He hoped that he might be allowed to mention, particularly, thk retiring President, because as a Member of Council himself it had been his great pleasure to serve under him, as well as to sit at the same table with those who were now retiring from office. The friend- liness and dignity of the Council meetings, to which the President had referred, were very largely due to the President himself, and every member of the Institute owed a very great debt of gratitude to him, as well as to the retiring Vice-presidents and Members of Council. Mr. McHugo said that he had great pleasure, as an ordinary member of the Institute, in associating himself with the motion.92 He had followed the progress of the Institute with very keen interest, and he was sure that they, the Fellows and Associates, were all grateful for the untiring efforts of the President, Vice- Presidents, and Members of their Council, who grudged no sacrifice of time and labour in the Institute’s behalf. The resolution was put to the meeting by Mr. Johnson, and carried unanimously, with applause. The President thanked the meeting for the kind expression of satisfaction with his efforts. It had been a very interesting time to him, and he had learned a great deal about the activities of the Institute. The more hehad learned, the more devoted to the work of the Institute he had become. He added that the Institute was extraordinarily lucky, as he had said before, in the officers and staff, and the present state of the Institute generally was something of which they might all feel very proud.The Institute stood very high in the estimation of the world of chemistry, and he was very proud indeed to have been privileged for three years to be its President. (Applause.) INDUCTIONOF NEW PRESIDENT. Dr. Clayton, before vacating the chair, welcomed his suc-cessor, Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., and wished him a happy and successful term of office. Professor Thorpe, who took the chair amid applause, said that he greatly appreciated the honour of being elected to the very important position of President of the Institute. He assured the Fellows and Associates that he would do all that was in his power to enhance the importance of the Institute and to serve the objects for which it had been founded.His predecessor had set a high standard which he must endeavour to follow. The services which Dr. Clayton had given to the Institute had been signal intleed, and they were very grateful to him not only for what he had done, but also for the statesmanlike address which he had given them on that afternoon. He then declared the meeting closed. PERCYF. FRANKLAND,MESSAGE FROM PROFESSOR C.B.E., LL.D., D .Sc., F.R.S., Past President. In acknowledging the message of greeting sent to him on the occasion of the Annual General Meeting, Professor Percy Frankland expressed his appreciation of being still remembered, 93 notwithstanding the years that had elapsed since he participated actively in the work of the Institute. He added: “To me it is a constant source of satisfaction that I have been able to assist, to however limited an extent, in the building of the imposing edifice, of which my father and some of my revered seniors laid the foundation stones now more than half-a-century ago.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSis a perennial source of interest to me, affording as it does the most convincing evidence of the constantly growing importance and extending scope of our organisation. I have been most particularly interested in the departure which has led to the foundation of the numerous Local Sections, the activities of which must be of very great utility not only in consolidating the ranks of our profession, but also in disseminating knowledge of the most recent advances in chemical science by means of lectures, papers and discussions. As one who has spent so many years of his life away from London, I may perhaps be permitted to point out that organisations which have their headquarters in town should always seek to provide as much scope as possible for local enterprise, if the vitality and effective- ness of the whole body are to be maintained.” In conclusion, Professor Frankland conveyed his warmest thanks to the President, and to the Fellows and Associates for their most welcome and gratifying message of remembrance.JOHN MILLAR THOMSON,MESSAGE FROM PROFESSOR LL.D., F.R.S., Past President.Professor J. Millar Thomson, who was then nearing his 84th birthday and has since died, in expressing his thanks to the President for the greetings sent to him, said that it had always been a great interest to him to watch the progress of the Institute during the 55 years of its work, and he hoped that the future would bring continued success. 94 The Address of the Retiring President DR. G. C. CLAYTON, c.B.E., M.P. LADIESAND GENTLEMEN: This is the third occasion on which it has been my pleasure to submit for your consideration the Annual Report of Council, which, I presume, will be taken as read. Following the example of my predecessors on relinquishing the Chair, I trust that I may be permitted not only to review the work of the past year, but to refer briefly to the past three years during which I have held office, and then to add some remarks on other matters which I believe will not be without interest to you at the present time.Taking first the Annual Report,-you will find that the membership of the Institute has increased by 54-the lowest record since the war. The gross increase, however, was 242, which was only 43 below the average gross increase for the past nine years. Unusually heavy losses, owing to death and other causes, have contributed to this set-back, which we hope will prove to be only temporary, and I think that we may regard the position of the Institute as fairly fortunate, in the prevailing circumstances, because many professional and scientific bodies have had to record actual reductions in membership annually for some time past.We have to deplore the loss of 52members by death, including well-known representatives of all branches. To mention only a few, I would remind you that among teachers, we find the names of Thomas Gray, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow; Henry Chapman Jones, formerly of the Royal College of Science; Richard Haliburton Adie, of the University of Cambridge; and Charles Maddock Stuart, of St. Dunstan’s College, Catford. In addition to these, we have lost, since the Report, the veteran Dr. John Watts, of the University of Oxford. Among Government chemists,-William Mogford Hamlet, formerly Government Analyst for New South Wales ; Robert Law, of the Royal Mint, Melbourne; and John Lawrence van Geyzel, formerly Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras.95 Among consultants,-Thomas Bolas, an early London practitioner and a versatile writer on scientific subjects ;Alfred Chaston Chapman, our esteemed Past President, to whose services to the Institute one could hardly pay too high a tribute; Cecil Howard Cribb, a past Member of Council and past Examiner, who has very kindly bequeathed to us a valuable collection of prints and engravings of scientific interest ; Alfred Bostock Hill, Sir William Robert Smith, James Sorley, and John Clough Thresh. Those with whom I came in personal contact were:-Alfred Chaston Chapman, for whom I had a very high regard, both as a Past President, to whom I could turn for guidance, and as a genial good-natured friend ; John Gray-for many years a Director of Messrs.Levers, whom I knew perhaps more inti- mately, and esteemed as a friend for very many years; and John Thomas, whose death at the early age of 46 is a sad loss to Imperial Chemical Industries. During his short life he did valuable service, both during the war and since, towards putting dyestuff manufacture in this country on a firm foundation; and, to those who knew him, his death means a great personal loss. We have just recently heard also of the death of Dr. Alfred R6e. I knew him intimately, and worked with him very closely on the committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Reverting to the Roll of membership,-the following figures indicate the numbers given in the Annual Reports since 1930 :-1930.1931. 1932. 1933. Fellows .. 1886 1932 1984 1986 Associates ., 3828 3915 4016 4068 5714 5847 6000 6054 __--- Increase for the year . . 156 I33 I53 54 The numbers of R gistered Students for the same ye rs were :- 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. Students .. 717 701 765 783 The following figures show the gross increase in the number of Fellows and Associates during the three triennial periods since 96 1924, when the influx to the chemical profession which followed the war was subsiding :-1924-27. 1927-30.1930-33. Gross increase .. ggo 777 800 The net increases, however, during the same periods show a decline:-1924-27. 1927-30. 1930-33. Net increase *' 787 528 340 chiefly due to the losses in members during the same years. 1924-27. 1927-30. 1930-33. Losses .. .. 203 249 460 The losses by death since 1924 numbered 303 and from other causes 609. Many of those who have resigned have turned to other callings, wherein I do not doubt but that they will find their scientific knowledge still useful; others have, unfortunately, been obliged to relinquish their membership owing to economic pressure. Passing to the second section of the Report, you will observe the list of representatives who have so kindly acted on our behalf in connection with the activities of other Societies and Institu- tions ; and particularly, perhaps, the increasing association of the Institute with the British Standards Institution.You will be glad to know also that the Council has lately arranged to provide accommodation at the Institute, as often as may be convenient, for meetings of the Committees of the Chemical Council of that Institution, as it does for other Bodies. These records, I think, bear evidence to the willingness of the Council to co-operate with other Societies in matters in which the Institute is invited to participate. We hear much to-day of Rationalisation, Industrial Manage- ment, Industrial Psychology, and Technocracy. The Institute has received suggestions in which we detect a measure of kindly criticism intended for chemists and technical men. Clearly, the hint has been expressed that the chemists in industry must look to their self-development, and the Council is of opinion that the syllabus put forward by the Institute of Industrial Administra- tion, which has been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, should be commended for consideration by those who aspire to positions of responsibility in industrial undertakings. 97 Not only national competition, but discovery and invention of all kinds and in all spheres of industry, together with modern methods in administration and management, have contributed to the existence of conditions which are bewildering to the economists and financiers.We have to remember, however, that none of these difficulties is new; they are only presented to us in a more acute form than even when the mechanisation of industry first started.In those days this country was almost without a rival, and the increased production due to mechanisation was more rapidly absorbed than can be the case in a world of active competitors, and after a war more exhausting to the world generally than any previous one. It is for us as chemists, not only to help to put our old industries in the most favourable position to meet world competi- tion, but even more to branch out into new lines, establishing new industries, which by giving employment will absorb some of those displaced by world competition in many of the heavy industries. A serious responsibility is imposed on us, but I am satisfied that the members of the Institute will justify the confidence placed in them.It is the business of the Institute and its main duty to encourage the education of the chemist; but, although we include in the syllabus for the examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Industrial Chemistry a useful part of the syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Administration, we feel that it is inadvisable to overburden the already very compre- hensive curriculum required for our Associateship qualification. For positions of control, science alone does not suffice; the chemist, like anybody else, must not only acquire much know- ledge and experience on the lines suggested, but must also become endowed with those no less important qualities of character, judgment and tact , which responsibility entails.On the subject of the finances of the Institute, we have heard our esteemed Honorary Treasurer. There are times when his position, though honorary, carries exceptional responsibility. Mr. Kirkaldy devotes so much time and care to our interests that I am sure I am expressing the sentiments of all Fellows and Associates in conveying to him again our grateful thanks. (Applause.) Comparing again our position with that of three years ago, 98 it is gratifying to note that with the investment of Life Composi- tions, Entrance Fees and legacies, and especially the rise in values consequent on the War Loan Conversion Scheme, our capital shows a marked improvement in value.1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. f17,686. 2s. 2d. $20,358. 16s. Id. €18,170. 2s. 8d. $23,162. 15s. The Benevolent Fund Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Kirkaldy, continues its kindly labours, and, I am confident, distributes wisely and as generously as possible the funds placed at its disposal for the benefit of those who have suffered reverses of fortune and are in need of help, including the widows and orphans of deceased members. No more deserving cause than our own Fund could commend itself to those Fellows and Associates of the Institute who find themselves, in these times, still able to respond to such appeals. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee was mainly con- cerned, during the last session, with the Patents and Designs Bill, which after considerable amendment passed into law in November last.With the valuable help of Mr. Elkington, the Committee was able to send many useful suggestions to the Joint Committee convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and, with the help of the Joint Committee and Mr. Hollins, I was glad to be of some service when the measure was before the House of Commons. (Applause.) The Local Sections, both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and other Bodies, have again been fortunate in securing many well-known authorities to address them at their meetings. The Report includes particulars of papers and other fixtures which I am sure have been appreciated, and will, I trust, afford further encouragement to the members to maintain, in their respective districts, a keen interest in their profession and in the work of the Institute and of the co-operating Societies.The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which also has continued to enjoy the advantage of Mr. Kirkaldy’s able guidance, shows again a good record of work, all of which tends to the main object of the Institute in the consolidation of the profession. We are grateful to the Com- 99 past nine years has fluctuated, but, as shown below, reveals an interesting improvement in the percentage of successes:-Entries. Passed. 1924-27 ..308 137 = 44.4 per cent. 1927-30 1930-33 ..'. 258 338 I37 I99 = = 53.1 58'8 I8 ID I think these figures point to the fact that candidates who enter for these examinations are determined to get through. They have studied and worked hard in order to qualify. These figures do not include, however, numerous oral and special examinations which have shown a tendency to increase in recent years. It is also of interest to note that, since 1930, we have added seven Institutions to those recognised for the training of candi-dates for our Examinations. To Mr. Lewis Eynon, the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee and his colleagues, I think we should offer not only our thanks, but our hearty congratulations in having secured for the Institute the very valuable series of lectures which have been given by Professor Robert Robinson, and by Professor Allmand, the Gluckstein Lecture by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, and the Streatfeild Lecture by the late Mr.William Arthur Williams. Our thanks are also due to Mr. Edward Hinks for his services as Chairman of the Public Appointments Committee, to Mr. Bernard Howard, for his keen interest and help as Chairman of the Appointments Register Committee, and to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries-perhaps, I should say, especially Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, in India-for their help in many ways during the year. I have thus referred very briefly to the Report, and to the progress of the Institute during my period of office, which I trust will provide yet another satisfactory chapter in the History of the Institute, and I would take this opportunity to say a few words on a question which I am sure is of general concern to all who are in any way connected with chemistry.Many will sympathise with the proposal that steps should be taken to bring about closer co-operation among the Societies and Institutions which are devoted to our science and profession, and many, no doubt, will remember that, in August last, Sir William Pope proposed that a Committee should be appointed to consider 100 how the resources of the various bodies concerned with the pro-fessional and scientific welfare of chemists could be most economically and efficiently utilised.The question has been pressed for some time, largely owing to the desire for more substantial funds for chemical publications. Co-operation has been sought in order to secure more general support from the chemical community generally, for those societies which bear the burden of the cost of publishing new contributions to our literature. Among the members of what is in the main an employed, rather than an employer, profession, comparatively few can give their support to more than one or two Societies or Institutions. At the present time many have been obliged to discontinue member- ship of various Societies, and the Societies have thus suffered from reduction in revenue, while the output of papers submitted for publication is as great as, if not greater than, ever.In a previous address, in 1931,I referred to a Joint Committee of representatives of the three main bodies, which Committee was formed four years ago, but did not find a solution to the problem. Since then we have had Sir William Pope’s suggestion for the appointment of the Committee to which I have referred. Whatever may be done in the direction of co-operation or federation, there is always the possibility that the ever-widening interests of our science will lead to more and more specialisation, with the consequent creation of new bodies and groups of devotees to particular branches of work; but there is much to be said for attempting to bring into operation a scheme, if such can be devised, which would promote economy with increase of efficiency in administration, without reduction, but possibly with increase of benefits for all concerned.It must be obvious that, in any scheme, proper regard must be paid to the position of the Institute as the professional qualifying body, because, while we admit the absolute necessity of the publication of new work, we also regard the work of the Institute as essential to the progress of the science and the calling of a chemist. In any event, the Council will.take no step to commit the Institute to any course which may affect the interests of the members without the consent of a general meeting. We must do our best for chemistry, for chemists and for the community, but, at the same time, be careful not to sacrifice the substance for the shadow.101 As a member of over forty years’ standing, I am one of those who watched the development of the Institute in the pre-war period. I am aware of the service which it rendered in the the of crisis, which proved conclusively its importance to the country. Since then, it has developed, and has had perhaps more oppor- tunities, than in the earlier days, of taking part in public affairs. Let me remind you of a little of our recent history. You will recollect that during the presidency of Sir James Dobbie, and again under that of Sir Herbert Jackson, the condi- tions of membership were modified in order to consolidate and bring together, so far as possible, all who are qualified for the practice of chemistry as a profession.That work has steadily progressed under successive Presidents until we are now able to say that the roll of members exceeds 6,000. We have extended the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute; we have extended the facilities for the Appointments Register, and have provided useful information regarding contracts of service, income tax, etc., and have established a Benevolent Fund. Provision has been made for the election of District Members of Council, with certain travelling facilities, and Local Sections have been formed. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShave been improved, and the lecture scheme has been amplified, so that we have been able to publish many useful monographs on subjects of general interest to chemists, and other publications, without unduly entrenching on the work of other societies.So much for what I might call our own domestic affairs. When we come to consider collaboration with Government departments on matters of public importance, I would remind you of the following:- With the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, we have been concerned with the work of the Advisory Committee on Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs; with the Board of Education and with the Scottish Education Department we have established a scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry. We have been concerned with the Home Office in matters connected with Dangerous Drugs, the Poisons and Pharmacy Bill,and Therapeutic Substances; with the Board of Trade in matters concerning dyestuffs, gas, and the Patents and Designs Act; with the Board of Customs and Excise, on the regulations regardingmethylated spirits ;with the Department of Scientific 102 and Industrial Research,--on glass, and laboratory supplies, the work of the Research Associations, and many other matters; with the Ministry of Health, in connection with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and Methods of Analysis of Sewage and Effluents; with the Ministry of Labour, on the importation of aliens, and on the question of employment of chemists, and of boys from secondary schools in the London area; and with reference to appointments, we are, of course, in touch with nearly every department. These examples, I think, show sufficiently that the Institute has matters to deal with which do not fall essentially within the purview of other Societies, and I know that the Ministries always give careful consideration to the views expressed by the Institute, and to the qualifications of its members. My experience, during the time that I have been intimately connected with the work of the Council has impressed me more and more with the keenness and determination for good work on the part of the Officers and Council, and I trust that they will forgive me when I say that although matters sometimes require lengthy discussion, I am acquainted with no body of men who conduct their business with greater harmony.Even when we disagree, we do it in a friendly manner.I cannot conclude without making my acknowledgments, as I do very sincerely, to the Vice-presidents, to the Hon. Treasurer, to all members of the Council, and Members of Committees, for the consideration which they have shown to me throughout my period of office. No one could wish for more congenial, willing and helpful colleagues, and I shall always remember with pleasure and gratitude my happy association with them while I have had the honour to occupy this Chair. Holding the office of President of the Institute gives one a full insight into its manifold activities, and impresses one with the ability and sympathetic consideration with which Mr. Pilcher and Mr. Collett and their able assistants carry out the business of the Institute.(Applause.) The good feeling existing between the members of the Institute and their Officers testifies to the success of their efforts. Finally, I would like to add that I anticipate that, when we have finished our business to-day, it will be my duty and pleasure to welcome as my successor, Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe. (Applause.) My first association with Professor Thorpe was at 103 Heidelberg University, he entering the University shortly before I took my Ph.D. in 1894. In recent years we have been very closely connected, and I know no one who gives such self-sacrific- ing devotion to every duty he undertakes. I feel that he has already rendered such service to the Institute, and is so much concerned for its advancement, that you may rely upon him to do all in his power to bring it to still greater influence and achieve- ment.In that endeavour I wish him every success. (Applause.) I now have the pleasure to move- That the Report of Council for the year 1932-33 be received and adopted. 104 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1933. Death of Professor John Millar Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S.,Past-President (1900-03).-The President and Council deeply regret to record the death of Professor John Millar Thomson, which occurred on 22nd March in his eighty-fifth year. Professor Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, sewed as a Member of Council for four periods aggregating twelve years, as a Vice-president for three periods aggregating nine years, as an Examiner for five years, as Honorary Secretary for one year, as Honorary Registrar for six years, as President for three years and as a Censor for twelve years.He was associated with (Sir) Walter Noel Hartley, the first Organising Secretary of the Institute, at its inception, both being at that time on the staff of the Chemistry Department in King’s College, London, and from its foundation maintained a lively interest in its affairs and progress, but especially during the period 1894-1903,when he held office, first as Honorary Registrar and then as President. He was an able and lucid teacher, especially of the funda- mental principles of his science, and throughout his tenure of the Chair of Chemistry in King’s College, London, numerous students were prepared for the Examinations for the Associate- ship of the Institute.He was a member of the Committee concerned with the plans for the present premises of the Institute, and it will be remembered that, although advanced in years, on the occasion of the Jubilee Celebration in 1927, he replied to the toast of the Founders and Past-Presidents of the Institute, when he recalled some of the incidents and difficulties of its early years. He will ever be remembered with gratitude for his loyal, devoted and valuable services, by a very wide circle of British chemists, among whom he was held in affectionate esteem. 105 At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 17th March, the President welcomed the new members who were in attendance for the first time and others who had served on the Council previously and had been re-elected.These included-Professor Bannister, Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Liverpool; Dr. H. E. Cox, Public Analyst; Mr. H. D. Elkington, Consulting Chemist and Chartered Patent Agent; Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire ; Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick, District Member for the Liverpool and North-West Coast; Mr. E. B. Hughes, District Member for London and the South-Eastern Counties; Dr. J. G. King, Chief Chemist, H.M. Fuel Research Station; Mr. J. H. Lester, District Member for Manchester and District, and Mr. Frank Southerden, Managing Director of Messrs.Evans, Gadd & Co., Ltd., Exeter. The Honorary Treasurer reported that Mr. Joseph Gordon Gordon, in addition to the legacy of L500 which he had bequeathed to the Institute, had also bequeathed the like amount to the Benevolent Fund. The South Wales Section of the Institute transmitted a resolution regarding the administration costs of the Institute, and the matter was referred to the Finance and House Committee for consideration and report. A report, with a statement of accounts, was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry. The Registrar reported that the Institute of Metals proposed to make arrangements with a Steamship Company to take members of scientific societies and their friends for a cruise, during the summer of 1934.In this, the Institute of Chemistry will be invited to co-operate, and further particulars will be announced in due course. A letter was submitted from the American Chemical Society inviting Fellows and Associates of the Institute to attend the 86th Annual General Meeting of the Society, to be held at Chicago, Illinois, from 11th to 13th September next. In response to an invitation from the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Council appointed Mr. H. Douglas Elkington to represent the Institute on a Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Lord Henley for his kindness in watching the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill in the House of Lords.The clauses of special interest to the Institute, which were introduced as a result of the representations made before the Inter-Departmental Committee which had this legislation under consideration in 1927, have been retained. Council and Committees, 1933-1934.-The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, are given on pages 81-82. At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 17th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing years were appointed (see pages 82-83). Joseph Priest1ey.-The bi-centenary of the birth of Joseph Priestley was celebrated at the Institute on 13th March, when Professor R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow,’ Member of Council, delivered a lecture on (( Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804.” The President, Professor Jocelyn F.Thorpe, who presided, said that the work of Priestley had exercised a marked effect on the chemistry of his own time and would do so for all time. He reminded the members that the figure of Priestley had been incorporated in the Seal of the Institute; it was right that the Institute should honour his memory, and the Council had been fortunate in obtaining the consent of Professor Caven to give them a lecture on that occasion. Professor Caven’s lecture will be published as a separate monograph and issued to thc Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. At the conclusion of the lecture, the President said that it was a scholarly and human address.Professor Caven had shown that Priestley was a man of genius, though at times he appeared to be unable to interpret correctly his own results; but that, no doubt, was largely due to the state of knowledge in his time. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor Caven, who, in the course of his reply, made his acknowledgments to those who had helped him in the provision of lantern slides for the lecture. An exhibit of prints and other objects of interest relating to Priestley was arranged, for the inspection of the members, in the Council Room and Library. On the same day,-the actual date of Priestley’s birth,- Professor Irvine Masson, of the University of Durham, gave a 107 lecture in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, before the Priestley Club, on “ The Discovery of Gases and its Significance.” On 15th March, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, the Royal Society devoted an evening to the Tercentenary of Pepys and the Bicentenary of Priestley, when Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S., delivered a lecture on the scientific work of the latter.Celebrations and religious services were also held in honour of Priestley at Birmingham, Warrington (Lancs.), and in other parts of the country. Lectures in the Press.-Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins’ lecture on “Chemistry and Life”-the 4th Gluckstein Memorial Lecture-is in preparation for publication shortly. “Science and the Community, ” read by Professor Alexander Findlay, before the Manchester Section on 10th November, 1932,and “The Chemist in the Far East,” read by Mr.Alexander Marcan, before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on 15th February, 1933, will be issued to the Fellows and Associates and Registered Students in due course. Forthcoming Lectures.-In continuat ion of the scheme of lectures designed specially for chemists who, having been engaged for some years in active practice, find difficulty in keeping touch with the trend of modern developments, the Council is glad to announce that Professor G. T. Morgan, F.R.S., will deliver three lectures embodying ‘‘ A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry.” at the Institute on Tuesday, 9th, Monday, I$h, and Wednesday, 17th May, at 8 p.m., on each occasion.Professional Interests.-The Institute continues to receive complaints of attempts made by certain rate-aided institutions, as well as by members of other professions, to undertake pro- fessional chemical consulting and analytical practice. The pre- vailing economic condition is pleaded in justification of this pro- cedure, which is almost invariably accompanied by advertising, by soliciting for practice by means of circulars and lists of fees, and by other practices which are not countenanced among members of the Institute. While the Council cannot deal with 108 the persons whose practices are the subject of these complaints, it wishes to impress upon Fellows and Associates that they should refrain from giving any kind of assistance to persons who, not being qualified chemists, seek to exploit the services of those who are so qualified, by the adoption of procedure which is contrary to the accepted traditions of professional life in this country.Portrait.-This Part of THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS contains a copy of a photograph (by Bassarto Ltd., 38, Dover Street, W.I.) of Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President, 1930-1933,of which an enlarged copy has been added to the collection of portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room of the Institute. 109 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 17th February, Dr. F.C. Kelly, of the Imperial Bureau of Animal Nutrition, Rowett Research Institute, delivered a lecture entitled “Leaves from the Diary of a Chemist.” Professor Findlay presided, in the unavoidable absence of Prof. Hendrick, Chairman of the Section. Dr. Kelly described the problems which he had encountered in the three different spheres of activity, in which it had been his lot to work, namely, as a research worker in an Institute devoted to the study of Animal Nutrition, as a biochemist in the service of a Colonial Government, and as technical adviser to a com-mercial firm. He described certain biochemical researches into the rale of iodine in nutrition and stressed that, in this type of work, the estimation of iodine in foodstuffs and biological material always constituted a difficult problem because of the very minute amounts of iodine which are usually present in these substances. Dr.Kelly gave an account of an investigation into the nutritional conditions of the East African native. The result of this work was to show the inadequacy of the ordinary diets of the natives and to determine how best they might be improved. Finally, Dr. Kelly spoke of his connection with the Chilean Iodine Producers Association and of the endeavours that are being made, in this country, in Germany and in America, to stimulate interest in the medical, agricultural and industrial aspects of iodine, to find new uses for that element. Dr. Kelly’s experiences were not ’without humorous situations, especially in East Africa: for example, a scare that post-cards were suspected of bearing communistic propaganda in invisible ink, but which laboratory tests proved to be less damaging to politics than to morals; and the incident of the native laboratory boy who acquired a local fame by vending, at con- siderable profit, an “elixir” compounded of cold tea and absolute alcohol appropriated from the laboratory.On being discovered, he made an offer of half profits on his sales as the price of his forgiveness. 110 Professor Findlay and Mr. Godden expressed the appreciation of those present to Dr. Kelly for his paper. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 14th February, Dr. T. E. Ellison read a paper on *( Viscose and Acetate Artificial Silk.” In describing briefly the chemical and physical nature of cellulose, from which all artificial silks are made, Dr.Ellison dealt with derivatives of cellulose which form the starting materials for the various methods of artificial silk spinning. He reviewed briefly the historical development of the industry and described in detail the viscose and cellulose acetate processes, concluding with reference to the weaving and dyeing of the silk. On 14th March, Mr. E. Mayne Reid read a paper before the Section on ‘‘ Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers,” in which he traced the gradual development of the sulphuric acid industry from its inception, in the middle of the eighteenth century, to the present day, and discussed the raw materials of the industry, the principal components of modern plant, and the conflicting theories of the Chamber Process.The second part of his paper was devoted to artificial fertilisers, the functions and types of the three chief classes,-phosphatic, nitrogenous, and potassic-being outlined, and their manufacture described. Mr. Reid showed a collection of lantern slides illustrating different phases of the manufacture and of the application of the products of the two industries. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Twelfth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 15th March, in Bristol University,-Mr. R. H. Ellis (Chairman of the Section) presiding. The Hon. Secretary’s report and the financial statement were received and approved. Vacancies on the Committee, caused by the retirement, by rotation, of Mr.R. H. Ellis and Mr. R. D. Littlefield, were filled by the election of Professor W. E. Garner and Mr. Osman Jones. The Hon. Auditors, Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones, were thanked for their past services, and were re-elected. On the proposition of Dr. E. Vanstone, seconded by Mr. Edward Russell, votes of thanks were accorded the retiring 111 Chairman, Mr. R. H. Ellis, for his assiduous services during the past year, to Mr. R. D. Littlefield for his valued work on the Committee, and to the University Authorities for the facilities granted for the meetings of the Section. The meeting was followed by a discussion on professional matters, in which the Chairman, Dr.E. Vanstone, and Mews. E. Russell, E. Lewis, F. P. Hornby, W. E. Cooper, A. W. M. Wintle and G. H. Moore participated. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th February, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. W. R. Guy in the Chair. The Secretary’s report and financial statement having been read and approved, the office-bearers and members of Committee for the ensuing session were elected. Mr. Adam Tait and Mr. S. H. Hastie were unanimously elected Chairman and Vice-chairman respectively; Mr. W. R. Guy, Dr. B. Wylam, Dr. I. A. Preece and Mr. J. J. Crombie were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Mr. Walter Smith was re-elected Honorary Secretary, and Mr.J. W. Romanes, Honorary Auditor. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members of Committee for their services to the Section. A short discussion then took place on the subject of the unification of chemical societies, but, owing to the time available being limited, Dr. W. McCartney proposed, and Mr. G: E. Dodds seconded, a motion-(‘That a meeting of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry be held in the near future to discuss union with other Chemical Societies.” The motion was approved by those present, and it was referred to the Secretary to make the necessary arrangements. Following the Annual General Meeting, the fifth ordinary meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr.J. Rutherford Hill, Ph.C., gave a talk on b4 Incompatibilities in Medical Prescriptions.” He said that the causes of incompatibility, or the inability of the constituents of a prescription to exist in harmony, could be grouped under three main headings,-Physical, Chemical, and Therapeutic Incompatibility. 112 Under the first heading, there were solids insoluble in liquids, immiscible liquids, and the precipitation of a liquid or solid from solution on the introduction of a third constituent. Chemical Incompatibility was mainly due to chemical reaction taking place between the constituents of the prescription ; while Therapeutic Incompatibility was caused by the therapeutic action of one constituent being neutralised by that of another, or the combined action producing unexpected results.The lecturer gave many examples,-some humorous, some tragic,- illustrative of each class of incompatibility, and, by means of experiments, demonstrated what might conceivably happen if the pharmacist were not always on the lookout for such eventu- ali t ies. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hill, on the motion of Mr. Sandilands. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, on the 14th February, at which Mr. H. W. Moss presided, when Dr. A. C. Cumming (Macfie & Sons, Ltd., Liverpool) gave a lecture on- ‘‘Cane Sugar Refining.” Dr. Cumming restricted his remarks to the refining of raw sugar from the sugar cane.He said that the chemical and scientific problems connected with sugar refining were now so well under- stood that the success or otherwise of a refinery was now mainly dependent on situation, transport charges, internal organisation, management and, above all, the adoption of every possible labour-saving device that could be shown to pay for its installa- tion, Any proposed alteration, either chemical or mechanical, had to be judged entirely by whether or not it was likely to improve the financial results. This criterion had to be applied to every stage in the process, and the actual procedure adopted was, in all cases, a compromise. A sugar refiner was at all times knowingly making compromises.It could, for example, pay him at the present low price of sugar and molasses, to carry recovery processes so far as to recover, say, 99.9 per cent. of the possible maximum. Seasonal fluctuations in demand for syrup, treacle and brown sugars had to be con- sidered. It was impossible therefore to describe a completely cut and dried programme which would be correct throughout the year. 113 The lecturer traced the history of sugar from the earliest times to the present day, making reference to the immense amount of work which had been done to perfect the culture of the beet and the process of refining from it, during which time the sugar cane planters were doing almost nothing towards finding im- provements. However, in the present century, the cultivation of the cane had been increased enormously, particularly in Cuba, mainly because of the beet sugar shortage resulting from the Great War.By the end of the war all our requirements were met by cane sugar. The continental beet sugar industry was now getting well on its feet again, and the great struggle between beet and cane was about to be renewed. Continuing, Dr. Cumming said that raw cane sugar consisted of the following substances in various proportions :-(I) Sugar. (2) Impurities insoluble in water. (3) Colouring matters. (4) Impurities soluble in water, mainly invert sugar and inorganic salts. (5) Traces of oil and starch. The object of refining was-(a) to remove the insoluble impurities; (b) to separate as much as possible of the pure sucrose in an attractive and saleable form; and (c) to make the remainder of the sugar, mixed with the soluble impurities, into syrup and treacle.Referring to the history of refining, he said that the early Egyptians worked out methods involving the use of lime, chalk and blood, followed by boiling in open fire-heated pans. This was in all essentials the process used until about 1800, when Howard introduced the vacuum pan heated with steam. Bone char as a decolourising medium also came into favour. Crystal-lisation in motion was then introduced, together with centrifuges and presses instead of bag filters, and the latest improvements involved large units, triple and quadruple effect evaporators, and decolourising carbons.114 The process of refining might, for convenience, be divided into the following operations :-(I) Washing off the sugar impurities. (2) Melting the washed sugar. (3) Filtration to remove insoluble impurities. (4) Bleaching the liquor. (5) Crystallising out the sugar. (6) Treatment of the residual liquors. The raw sugar was mixed with sufficient molasses to make a thick mass, just sufficiently liquid to flow, which was run into centrifuges. A limited and measured quantity of hot water was used for washing, the wash liquor going back to mix with more raw sugar. The washed sugar was made into a 60 per cent. solution with hot water. Some refiners carried out a defecation process, by precipitating calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate which carried down with it many impurities and rendered subse- quent operations easier.Other refiners added either kieselguhr or a decolourising carbon and pumped the hot liquor through filter presses. The liquor after filtration passed through bone char cisterns for bleaching purposes. In modern practice it was then evapor- ated in triple or quadruple effect evaporators to about 70 per cent., and fed to the crystallising pans. The crystallising process called for more skill from the operator than any other operation in the refinery. Whatever the class of sugar, it was essential to start with an even “grain” and grow it evenly. The lecturer described the difficulties associated with the growing of sugar crystals and the precautions necessary to prevent “false ” grain growth.At the end of the boiling the liquid was run into a receiver and kept in motion until centrifuged. In the centrifuges the crystals were washed with a little water and dropped to a con- veyor which took the sugar to a drier. Dr. Cumming referred, in some detail, to the types of filters which had been used, and the attempts which had been made to control the crystallisations by physical tests rather than by relying on the judgment of the operator. He also dealt with the relative merits of decolourising carbons and bone char from economic and other standpoints. These latter points in particular gave rise to an active dis- cussion.115 A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Cumming, on the motion of Dr. R. J. Connor. Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department, Trinity College, Dublin, on 8th February,-Mr. J. W. Parkes in the Chair. Mr. H. D. Thornton demonstrated Methods for the Estimation of Copper and Lead in Water by means of Kastle-Meyer’s reagent and sulphuretted hydrogen, respectively. In testing for copper 40 C.C. of the sample are treated with I C.C. of K.M. reagent and 0.25 C.C. of 5 per cent. hydrogen peroxide solution. With I part copper in 106 a pink colour develops immediately. ,J,, I part ,, 10’ ,) in I5 to 20 kseconds. 1s,, I part ,, IO* ,, in8minutes. In testing for lead IOO C.C.of the sample are treated with 3C.C. of an acetic acid gelatin solution and 5 C.C. of freshly prepared sulphuretted hydrogen solution. The colour, which is produced immediately, varies from light yellow to dark brown according to the quantity of lead present. Details of the methods are given in Thresh and Beale’s book on The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. Replying to certain questions, Mr. Thornton said he did not know whether organic copper compounds would respond to the test ; nitrites would also produce a pink colour with the reagent, but with the amount of nitrite normally present in water the test for copper was not interfered with; it was possible that the copper behaved as a catalyst, the colour being produced by oxidation.Mr. P. Whelan exhibited A New Zeiss Refractometer for the Sugar and Oil Industries. The instrument consists of a circular casing with an upright support and has rigidly attached to it the double prism which receives the sample to be tested. The telescope is almost wholly enclosed within the casing, the ocular only protruding. It is carried by a stout radial arm. The instrument is equipped with a revolving compensating prism to enable a completely colourless 116 boundary line to be obtained when using white light (say, a filament lamp with frosted bulb). A thin film of the liquid is enclosed between the two halves of the prism. The light passes through the liquid to be tested, thence through the prism, compensator and lens, to be focussed on an inclined mirror, which reflects it horizontally through the telescope.The reading is taken in the field of view as refractive index or percentage of dry matter as required. The instrument may be used for sugar juices of all kinds, oils, petrol, benzol, turpentine, spirit, salt solutions and other liquids. It has been found useful in the State Laboratory for determining rapidly the percentage impurities in beet juice. Dr. W. R. Fearon demonstrated A Reaction for Primary and Secondary A Zcohols, which he had published previously (AnaZyst,p. 372, 1932). If concentrated nitric acid andrpotassium chromate solution are added to a compound containing a primary or secondary alcohol group, a blue colour develops, the time of development depending on the concentrations of the nitric acid and the alcohol.The reaction is not given by tertiary alcohols, ketones, and the higher aldehydes. It is given by all the sugars, but not by the polysaccharides until they have undergone hydrolysis. Mr. W. J. Stringer demonstrated Methods for the Rapid Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium by means of picrolonic acid and 8-oxyquinoline respectively. Picrolonic acid is dissolved in hot water, cooled and frltered, when the resulting saturated solution is .orN. The calcium solution is adjusted so as to contain not more than IOO mg. of calcium in IOO C.C. When the picrolonic acid solution is added, the calcium salt separates as a heavy crystalline precipitate, which filters well.After a few washings, the precipitate is dried in a current of filtered air, and weighed at once. Magnesium may be present up to ten times the quantity of calcium to be estimated without affecting the estimation. Calcium picro- lonate contains 5-64 per cent. of calcium, and the method is one suited for micro-analysis. (Dworzak and Reich-Rohnvig, Zed. Anal. Chem., 86, 98, 1931.) Replying to Mr. Andrews, Mr. Stringer said he had not, so 117 far, used the method in presence of colloidal matter, and could not say whether the colloid would be co-precipitated. Estimation of Magnesium. A reagent consisting of a 5 per cent. solution of 8-hydroxy- quinoline in alcohol precipitates copper, zinc, cadmium, and iron from am acetic acid solution.These metals may thus be separated, and magnesium subsequently precipitated by render- ing the filtrate alkaline. The alkali and alkaline earth metals and ammonium salts do not affect the estimation. The magnesium solution is treated with ammonium acetate, concentrated ammonia, and the 5 per cent. solution of hydroxy-quinoline, excess of the reagent being indicated by an orange- yellow colour due to the formation of an ammonium salt. The precipitate filters well; it is washed with dilute ammonia and alcohol, dried at 105' C, and weighed. In this condition the salt contains two molecules of water and 6.98 per cent. of magnesium. Calcium and magnesium may be estimated in the same solution, using picrolonic acid followed by hydroxyquinoline.(Berg, Zed. Anal. Chem., 70, 341,1927; 71,23, 1927. Hahn, Zeit. Anal. Chem., 71, 122,225, 1927.) Leeds Area.-On 20th February, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, Mr. Norman Strafford, head of the Research Department (Analytical Section) of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group), gave a lecture on ''The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods. After a brief historical survey of colour reactions, the lecturer mentioned the recent introduction of organic reagents which had the following advantages: (i) great sensitivity, (ii) saving of time, (iii) simplicity of technique, and (iv) the avoidance (in many cases) of the necessity of preliminary separation.When separation could not be avoided, the use of a solvent often simplified the procedure, as, for example, Allport and Skrimshire's separation of lead from other metals by diphenylthiocarbazone and chloroform. Organic reagents are used chiefly for determining metallic radicals; the most useful form coloured complexes with a limited number of metals, and are, in some cases, specific. Specific action can sometimes be attained by various artifices such as suppressing an interfering reaction by the formation of an un-ionised inorganic 118 complex or, alternatively, of a complex ion which does not react with the reagent. In some cases, a preliminary separation of the ion to be determined is necessary; the various methods were discussed.The recently developed solvent interface method was described, and the decomposition of certain organo-metallic complexes by an organic solvent illustrated. The colour reactions of organic substances are generally due to a particular grouping; truly specific reactions are, therefore, rare. Preliminary separation of a substance to be determined may be very important. Interfering compounds can also be destroyed, as in the case of the method (suggested by the lecturer and R. T. P. Jones) for determining traces of pyridine in nicotine, where the latter is destroyed by oxidation. The lecturer discussed and showed the technique of colori- metric determinations, drawing attention to the advantages of photo-electric colorimeters.The coloured solutions obtained in the determination of copper, mercury, tin, bismuth, silver, traces of carbon disulphide in benzene, and pyridine in nicotine, were exhibited. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. C. H. Manley, seconded by Mr. W. Lowson, was carried with acclama- tion. On 27th March, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, a lecture was given by Dr. D. F. Twiss on “The Industrial Uses of Rubber Latex,” before the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, to which the members of the Local Section of the Institute were kindly invited. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club on 10th February,- Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, Chairman, presiding,-Mr.John Rae, M.P.S., read a paper on (( The Relationship of the Pharmaceutical Society to the Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. Rae outlined the course of study required for the qualify- ing examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society and indicated the policy of the Society in raising the standard of its examina- tions. He claimed that Pharmacy was a profession and that the attitude of those members of the Institute who looked down on the pharmacist as a mere shop-keepef was not justified. The Pharmaceutical Society, founded in 1843,embraced practically 119 all those who conducted analyses at that time,-those not included in its membership being professors of chemistry in the Universities. The Act of 1868 gave them the legal title to the sole use of the names Chemist and Druggist, Pharmaceutical Chemist, and Chemist, and he held that members of his Society were justly entitled to be called Chemists. He recognised that members of the Institute might have a grievance in being confused with pharmacists, in the eyes of the public, but disliked the proposed title of “Chartered Chemist” as sounding “cheap” and undignified; also, he said that it would not be exclusive as, unless his reading of the law was wrong, a member of the Pharmaceutical Society, which possessed a Charter, had also a perfect right to call himself a “Chartered Chemist.” He pleaded for a greater fraternity between the two sections of those who called themselves Chemists, and expressed his appreciation of the opportunity afforded to him to explain the views of the younger pharmacists-not necessarily the views of the Pharmaceutical Society-to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute.The Chairman, before opening the discussion, read a letter from Mr. A. C. Abraham, the senior Fellow in Liverpool, who was eighty years old a few days before the meeting, expressing his regret that he could not be present and his sympathy with the members, with whom fate had dealt hardly in the matter of their title. He suggested that, since the Institute’s examinations were the most comprehensive tests of knowledge in chemistry, another attempt should be made to designate its members Doctors and Bachelors of Chemistry, and that no Associate should be allowed to proceed to the Fellowship without presenting a thesis showing original research.The Chairman said that he felt that he must disagree with much that Mr. Rae had said. The Chemical Society had been founded before the Pharmaceutical Society, and contained REAL Chemists. Those who were first known by a title had the prior right to its exclusive use, and that, despite the fact that chemists, such as Lord Playfair, were recognised as chemists, the ignorance of Members of Parliament who passed the 1868 Bill was responsible for the trouble whereby Pharmacists could call themselves chemists and men engaged in analytical chemistry had no specific legal right to so style themselves. He wanted 120 the title Chemist-not Organic Chemist, Agricultural Chemist, or any other adjectival Chemist.Mr. E. Gabriel Jones remarked on the altered conditions in the business world of to-day, and deplored the snobbishness which made some members of the Institute regard shop-keeping as incompatible with professional standing. He agreed with Mr. Rae that Public Analysts required to have a knowledge of pharmacology and toxicology ;that the certificate of the Institute in Branch E, which was accepted by the Ministry of Health, was proof that the Institute was alive to the need for such qualifica- tion. He referred to the fact that a former lecturer at Liverpool University had styled himself Doctor of Chemistry, but doubted whether such a title could be conferred by any body other than a University.Mr. H. J. Evans said that he was both a pharmacist and a public analyst. He agreed that a closer acquaintance between pharmacists and chemists would lead to a better understanding, though, in view of the long continued use among the laity, of the word Chemist to denote Pharmacist, he did not think that members of the Institute would ever acquire the sole right to the title. Prof. Bannister did not think that it would take long to educate the public to the use of the title, and remarked that ,as pharmacists had so many names by which to describe themselves-Pharma- cist, Druggist, Apothecary, etc.-while chemists had only the one, they might be expected in courtesy to resign the use of the word Chemist to those to whom it really belonged.For himself it did not matter, since he called himself a Metallurgist. Prof. Hilditch read a quotation from the Pharmaceutical Journal in respect of the new Pharmacopoeia, and remarked on the fact that the methods of analysis there set forth were those which had been devised by chemists. The Hon. Secretary of the Section asked Mr. Rae to suggest a title for men who had studied and had a thorough knowledge of theoretical chemistry, and suggested that the research papers in the Qzk-arterly Journal of Pharmacy were largely the work of chemists and medical men. Mr. N. Glass, speaking as “half a pharmacist,” mentioned the changed conditions of to-day. Whereas in former times a pharmacist conducted analyses and experiments, the growth of multiple drug-stores and the work required of each of the zz,ooo members of the Pharmaceutical Society rendered such work no 121 longer possible.The big manufacturing houses had their staffs of chemists, who, in nearly all cases, were members of the Institute, and the pharmacist had to leave analyses and research work to them. Mr. Rae, in reply, said that it must not be forgotten that the Pharmacopoeia was not published by the Pharmaceutical Society, but by the General Medical Council; that the Pharmacist was licensed by the Government as a protection against the in- discriminate sale of poisons by grocers and others, and that he had to be ever on the alert to obviate mistakes in prescriptions of medical men.At each examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, a representative of the Privy Council was present and his report was handed to the Government. It was the Government which was responsible for some of the irritation occasionally encountered when Fellows of the Institute thought that their training entitled them to admission to the examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. The papers published in the QzGarterZy Journal of Pharmacy were seldom from medical men. Practically all were from Pharmacists, some of whom were also members of the Institute of Chemistry. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Rae for his interesting paper. Mr. P. H. Jones, in seconding, contrasted the use of the word chemist in this country and on the continent, where Pharmaeien or other designation denoted the difference. He thought that the Institute had not done all that it might have done to educate the public, for he had looked in a number of encyclo-paedias for the meaning of F.I.C.and A.I.C., but had been unable to find it in any but a little shilling one of recent years. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held at the Empire Restau- rant, Westminster, on 10th February. Professor J. C. Drummond presided at a meeting held at the Institute on 15th February, when Mr. A. Marcan, late Director, Government Laboratory, Bangkok, Siam, read a paper on “The Chemist in the Far East,” which is considered of such importance and interest that the Council has decided that it be published and issued as a separate monograph.122 On 15th March, Mr. J. R. Nicholls presided at a meeting held at the Institute, when Mr. Thomas Crook, Principal of the Mineral Resources Department of the Imperial Institute, gave a lecture on 6L The Geochemistry of Mineral Resources,” of which he has kindly supplied the following summary:- The lecturer explained that for practical and legal purposes the term “mineral” was used with a wider meaning than it had in scientific mineralogy, and that “mineral resources” included rocks such as granite, limestone and diatomite. He pointed out that, in a broad sense, the most important of all mineral resources was the soil, which was not only the raw- material basis of agriculture, but had also been responsible for the production of coal, the most important of all economic minerals.Building stones were also mentioned as deserving a prominent place in mineral statistics. The surface of the earth, both geographically and geologically, showed a bilateral arrangement, the land masses being largely huddled together in one hemisphere. The continental hemisphere had an outer crust which was highly silicated and characterised by granitic and allied rocks and their derivatives, whereas the oceanic side was more basic. In intimate relation with this condition of things, large continental tracts were comparatively stable, as also were large oceanic tracts. Between these stably emergent and stably depressed areas were tracts that had been less stable and had been subjected in a relatively large measure to the ups and downs involved in the geodynamic cycle of earth changes, by virtue of which the surface rocks in continental areas had been disintegrated and distributed as mechanical and solution deposits in and around the land masses.The lecturer explained that processes involved in the geo- dynamical cycle of earth changes were best regarded as belonging to two groups, namely (I) Endogene processes usually involving thermodynamic and hydrothermal effects and often characterised by chemical integration. These processes operated on the inner side of the earth’s crust and worked their way outwards. They were responsible for the formation of igneous and deep-seated metamorphic products.(2) Exogene processes involving as a rule, low-temperature, solution, and oxidation effects. These 123 operated on the outer surface of the earth’s crust and worked their way downwards. They were responsible for the formation of the rock-products of weathering, mechanical sediments, surface-solution deposits and various kinds of superficial meta- morphism. This gave a definite geochemical cycle whereby we could trace igneous rocks through weathering and disintegrative changes to a state in which they formed mechanical sediments or solution deposits. These by deep burial in the earth’s crust came under the integrative influence of deep-seated (thermo-dynamic) meta- morphism and ultimately in some cases, completed the cycle by passing again into the condition of igneous rock.All mineral deposits were formed in some way or other, at one or another stage of this geochemical cycle, a knowledge of which, and of its bearing on the composition of mineral samples, was often of practical use to the chemist in indicating to him the probable nature of the samples with which he had to deal. In the study of rocks and metalliferous veins, insufficient allowance had been made in the past for the important fact that this geochemical cycle showed definite completion in some cases. The lecturer then gave an account of the composition of the outer earth’s crust, taking the mean between the average analyses of granites and the average of basalts as the best approximation that could be given to the average composition of the outer earth’s crust.This average understated the silica percentage for the outer crust of the continental hemisphere and overstated the iron and magnesia. To what depth the average held true, was uncertain, but not to more than to a few miles. The earth’s crust as a whole was basic, the outer highly silicated skin of the con- tinental areas being comparatively quite thin. He then gave an account of the behaviour of the various common oxides of the earth’s crust when subjected to various processes, and traced them through the geochemical cycle. In this way he demonstrated the large significance of exogene pro- cesses in the production of all mineral resources represented by these commoner oxides, including SiO,, Al,O,, FeO, F%03,CaO, MgO, N+O, K,O, H,O, TiO,, P205,and MnO, which together made up about 99.5 per cent. of the earth’s crust, although the mineral production represented by them accounted for only about 20 per cent.of the total annual value of the output. The remaining 80 per cent. of the output value was due to minerals representing 0.5 per cent. of the outer crust. 124 Of this remaining 0.5 per cent. 0.4 per cent. or so was repre- sented by minerals containing the less common elements S, Ba, C1, Cr, C, F, Zr, Ni, Sr, V, Ce and Yt, Cu, U, W, Li, Zn, Cb and Ta, Ha, Th, Pb, Co, B and G1. The residue of still scarcer elements constituting not more than 0.1per cent.of the earth’s crust included Mo, As, Sn, Sb, Cd, Hg, Bi, Ag, Se, Pt, Te, Au and Ra. It was true of the minerals representing these less common and scarcer elements, as it was true of the minerals representing the more common elements, that their concentration, to form exploitable deposits, was largely due to exogene processes. In-deed an overall estimate of the proportion of mineral resources owing their state of concentration to exogene processes showed that it amounted to at least 85 per cent., and probably to not less than go per cent. of the total value of the production. Only about I per cent. could be attributed to igneous segregation. There had been a rapid increase in mineral output in recent decades.The 1929 output of coal amounted to over 1,500 million tons, and was a hundred-fold that of the average annual output for the first two decades of the nineteenth century. Petroleum output had grown from 20,000tons in 1860 to over 20 million tons in 1900,and over zoo million tons in 1929. Pig-iron output, which was only about I million tons in 1820,was 97 millions in 1929. Manganese output had increased in sym- pathy with iron. Chrome ore was a remarkable case, in that its output, which was only 20,ooo tons or so in 1890,was 600,000 tons in 1929, as compared with a war-time maximum in 19x6 of 254,000 tons. Copper had increased from 10,000tons in 1800 to 1.9 million tons in 1929. The output of this metal for the whole of the nineteenth century was IOQ million tons, whereas the output for the first 30 years of the present century was 31 million tons, or over three times as much as the output for the whole of the preceding century.Other minerals showed correspondingly large increases in output. In conclusion, the lecturer pointed out that North America and Europe were responsible for by far the larger share of mineral production, and for an even larger share of the consumption of raw minerals. Indeed, although these countries together repre- sented only about a third of the world’s population, they con- sumed about go per cent. of the world’s output of mineral raw material in their industries. He also pointed out the shallow depth limitation of mineral resources, and the sporadic character 126 of their lateral distribution; and suggested that, in view of the large demand on mineral raw materials for industrial require- ments, efforts should be made to obtain a fuller knowledge of the world’s mineral reserves, more especially for minerals other than coal and iron ore.Manchester and District.-Mr. J. H. Lester presided at a meeting of the Section held on 9th February, when Dr. W. R. Ormandy gave an address. The members present were greatly entertained by Dr. Ormandy’s remarks, of which he has kindly supplied the following r6sum6 :-The title originally chosen for to-night’s address was “On Getting Experience.” As the whole of life is devoted, consciously or unconsciously, to the getting of experience, it becomes clear that, to deal in any way adequately with the titular subject, would require a work on philosophy in the widest sense.Speaking to a technically educated audience it might be assumed that the experience referred to was confined to matters more directly related to the subjects in which all chemists were interested. Even this, however, would make the subject very broad and, to have dealt with it on balanced lines, would have involved time for consideration, which was not available. It has been thought advisable to deal with some early experiences and the lessons which they convey, choosing those which relate to subjects which even now are technically of importance. Some Problems Comected with Sand.--In the production of plate glass the cast sheets were ground with wet sand under cast- iron runners.The sand washed off from the grinding tables was sorted into various sizes, the coarser materials being re-used for fine grinding. Large quantities of finely divided sand, containing small amounts of glass, iron from the runners and calcium sulphate, used in setting the glass on the tables, gradually collected. This so-called waste sand was extremely fine, giving a residue of about I per cent. on a zoo-mesh sieve. It contained quite appreciable quantities of metallic iron, torn off from the runners, and an examination of the oldest sand deposits showed that, even after many years’ standing, this iron remained in the metallic state. Obviously, treatment with dilute acid sufficed for the removal of this impurity, but even long-continued boiling with strong hydrochloric acid still left a residue which contained 126 far too much iron to allow of it being used as a constituent of a plate or sheet glass making frit.It was found, however, that at a very dull red heat a current of ammonium chloride vapour succeeded in removing the iron from a product which had been treated by boiling hydrochloric acid, leaving a waste sand which was practically white. Before undertaking any really quantitative investigations on the economics of the process, it was decided to make a few hundred pounds of this colourless waste sand, in order to make glass from it. For this purpose, the purified waste sand was mixed with calcium carbonate and sodium sulphate, the waste sand merely taking the place of the Belgian granular sand generally employed.In the usual way, the quantity of the “frit” or mixture was ladled out on to the top of some molten glass in the glass melting furnace. The experiences of the next few hours put an effective stop to further investigations. Hour after hour, the conical mass of frit glazed on the outside, floated about on the molten glass beneath, it being evident that the finely divided product was too good a non-conductor. Whereas the conical heap of frit made with Belgian sand melted on the surface, and the fluid glass ran down the sides of the cone, in the case of the finely divided purified waste sand, the surface melted and, after hours, the interior of the cone was not hot enough to char the outside of a potato which was pushed into it on the end of an iron rod.Some useful knowledge, however, was derived from this work. When it was discovered that ammonium chloride vapour would remove iron from finely ground impure silica, the question arose as to whether any alumina which might be present would be removed at the same time. Experiments, however, made with synthetic mixtures of alumina and iron oxide showed that the iron alone was rendered volatile and that, indeed, the method was a quick and accurate one for the quantitative separation of iron and alumina. It was necessary at all times to carry out a considerable number of determinations of the iron contents of Belgian and other sands and, during the work with ammonium chloride, it was observed that finely ground silica, when heated to dull redness and allowed to cool, was coloured by the iron in it.Eventually standard samples of the various types of sand employed in the work were ignited and used as comparison samples against which fresh sands were tested. A new sand was ground in an agate mortar, heated for a few minutes in a muffle to a red heat, then moistened with water on a white porcelain plate, before a comparison was made with a standard sample. Differences of less than 0.01 per cent. of iron were readily distinguishable. "Making Bricks from Sand."-Attempts to make the waste sand suitable for glass-making having failed, attention was directed to the possibility of making firebricks from the materials available in the works,-these consisting of the waste sand, very pure Belgian sand, as used for plate glass-making, and less pure local sand used for making glass, where colour was not of the first importance, and from silicious material of coarser structure. It was soon found in laboratory experiments that the waste sand, if compressed in the mould and then burnt, could be made to give a firm and sound product. If heated to about 800' C.a friable brick resulted, similar in character to what were then known as Bath Bricks, largely used by housewives as a general cleaning and scouring material. If burnt to 1200' C., a sound brick resulted of an even buff colour; whereas at 1300' C.the brick became much lighter in colour, but was permeated with a number of black spots at an average distance of about half-an- inch apart. These black spots turned out to be silicate of iron, and each spot seemed to rob the surrounding material of its iron, thus accounting for the whiteness of the product. This peculiar behaviour of the iron was very mysterious, and experiments were made with mixtures of iron free flint, obtained from the Potteries, mixed with rouge, made into blocks and then burnt in a muffle which was supplied with a current of oxygen. Even here, at a critical temperature of about 1250' C., these segregations of the iron were found to take place. It was easy enough, by using high pressures and making small cylinders, to get bodies which were strong enough to stand the handling and setting in a small muffle, but such bricks in the green state were far too tender to stand piling 5 ft.or 6 ft. high, as would be necessary in a com- mercial kiln. After further experimental work, it was found that if dried waste sand were moistened with dilute silicate of soda solution until the mixture resembled garden soil, in con- sistency such that it would just ball together in the hand, the resultant brick, when dried fairly rapidly, acquired a thin skin of stone-like character which enabled the bricks to be handled and stacked. The method of drying to be employed was entirely different from that used in drying clay. With clay, the object is to dry 128 evenly throughout the mass and not to dry the surface much more rapidly than the interior; whereas the object with the waste sand brick was to bring the silicate of soda solution to the surface where it was rapidly dried, forming, in fact, a silicate of soda box, full of dry powder.Some details were given of the mixtures employed and of the reason for their employment, and of the difficulties met with in working on a large scale. The object of the work was to produce a silica brick which could be employed in the works in the con- struction of glass tanks and the like. Two reasons led to the abandonment of the work. The con- tinuous kiln employed would not attain a sufficiently high temperature to give a brick mechanically strong enough for the required purposes, but, most important of all, the melting or softening point of the waste sand was just too low for the temperatures necessary in the processes employed.Waste Sand and Pitch.-For a number of purposes, there was a demand in the works for a bituminous product which could be used for flooring, for setting wood blocks, and the like. Mixtures of gas works pitch with sand of various degrees of fineness were made, and it was discovered that the rate of flow (penetration) was influenced much more by the fineness of the sand than by the quantity. The conditions at the works were excellent for carrying out experimental work of this type, for sand of wide degrees of fineness could be obtained from the various settling pits.On plotting the rate of flow of the pitch mixtures against the fineness of the material employed, it soon became evident that even the waste sand itself was not the most vital factor, but the flour-fine particles contained in the waste sand. An experi- mental arrangement was made whereby the flour from the waste sand could be separated by blowing, and actual experiments confirmed that this flour had the greatest effect in stopping the flow of the viscous material with which it was mixed. Many tons of bituminous mixtures embodying these principles were made and supplied to the electrical industry for joint box com- pounds and for filling in round high tension cables. A certain number of bricks for special purposes were made by grading silicious materials from the finest dust up to an Q in.mesh. Oporto quartz gravel, arranged to give the minimum of voids, was added to hot medium-soft gas-works pitch, and the mass, after being well stirred, was cast into moulds. Some 129 25 years later, the lecturer found (in Switzerland) that this work was being repeated and improved. Dr. Levy, the inventor of Prodorite, had gone the one step further, which was necessary for many purposes, and made use of a pitch left on the vacuum distillation of tar, which behaved as an elastic solid and not as a viscous fluid. The product so made is used extensively for acid-proof flooring, tanks, pipes and the like. At the time of the earlier experiments, the attention of a number of borough engineers was drawn to the peculiar property of fine powders in stopping the flow of viscous mixtures and its possible application to road construction. Dr.Ormandy said that it was interesting to note how much attention was being paid to this subject to-day, and referred his hearers to the papers of Norman H. Taylor (Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 30th December, 1932) and E. Evans, on the physical properties of mixtures of bitumen and finely divided mineral matter (Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, December, 1932). A great deal of knowledge could be obtained by the con- tinuation of the work begun so many years ago on the flow of mixtures of graded mineral matter with bituminous materials, which bituminous products, at ordinary temperatures, might be either very viscous fluids or elastic solids.As the viscosity changed very rapidly with the temperature the experiments would be comparatively simple, but they might throw light on the “creep” problem of metals at high temperatures and on the behaviour of refractory materials under pressure or torsion. Work on these lines had been commenced by Professor Cobb at Leeds University. Mr. E. N. Marchant, Mr. P. Chorley, Dr. W. J. S. Naunton, Mr. E. L. Rhead, and Dr. F. C. Wood participated in the discus- sion which followed. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Rhead, seconded by Mr. G. D. Elsdon, was accorded to Dr. Ormandy. Students’ Section.-On 4th March, members of the Manchester and District Students’ Section visited the Bradford Road Gas Works, and were cordially received and entertained.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 2nd February, Professor G. R. Clemo presided over a meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with members 130 of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Metals, and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, when Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., gave an address entitled “The Buried Past and Hidden Future of Coal.” Professor Armstrong dealt with the origin of coal in the light of recent research, discussed the trend of modern developments in the coal industry, and indicated what he thought should be the direction of future work on coal, advocating the setting up of a competent Royal Commission and ,generally, the more scientific control of coal affairs, especially as regards domestic utilisation.Professor Hickling having contributed some remarks on the geological formation of coal, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Professor Armstrong, on the motion of Professor Henry Louis, seconded by Mr. H. D. Smith. On 13th February, members of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry were invited to a meeting of the Bedson Club, when Professor F. G. Donnan, F.R.S., delivered a lecture on “Osmotic Actions and Equilibria,” in which he dealt especially with the theoretical aspects of his subject and showed how data from recent work accorded with modern conceptions of osmotic phenomena.On 3rd March, members of the Section were again invited to attend a meeting of the Bedson Club, when Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Accurate Determination of Atomic Weights by the Method of Limiting Densities.” Professor Gray described the methods employed at Leeds University for atomic weights determination , and discussed the accuracy of the results thereby obtained as compared with those of other methods employed by various workers. On 9th March, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a meeting of the Local Section of the Institute was held to receive an address from Dr. A. E. Dunstan on ‘*Recent Developments in the Refining of Petroleum.” Dr.Dunstan outlined the history of the winning and utilisa- tion of petroleum, tracing developments which were mainly in the direction of the production of increased proportions of fuel (instead of illuminants) from crudes, to meet present day 131 internal-combustion engine requirements ; and describing recent advances in the distillation, cracking and chemical treatment of petroleum products. He emphasised the importance of the large units now employed, the efficiency and easy “one-man” control of which were of outstanding interest. The address, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was followed by an interesting discussion. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr.Dunstan. Many members of the Section attended the Annual Dinner of the North-East Coast Chemical and Allied Industries, on 10th March, at the Royal Station Hotel,-Dr. J. T. Dunn in the Chair. The principal guests were Dr. H. T. Tizard, F.R.S., and Dr. A. E. Dunstan, who responded, respectively, to the toasts of “The Profession of Chemistry,” proposed by Professor Clemo, and “Chemistry and Industry,” proposed by Mr. S. G. Homfray. New Zealand.-The fifth Annual Conference was held at Palmerston North on 26th and 27th January. On the evening of the 26th January the Sixth Annual General Meeting was held, at which Mr. W. Donovan presided, and the Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected, as follows:-Mr. W. Donovan (Chairman); Mr.G. A. Lawrence (Hon. Secretary-Treasurer) ; Mr. T. A. Glendinning (Hon. Auditor); Dr. J. K. H. Inglis, Dr. I. J. Cunningham, Messrs. A. D. Monro, F. H. Fielder, E. W. Hullett and W. R. Mummery (Committee). A resolution was passed expressing regret at the resignation of Mr. Mummery from the position of Hon. Secretary-Treasurer, which he had held since the formation of the Section, and a vote of thanks was accorded him for his excellent services. The Chairman, Mr. W. Donovan, delivered an address on ‘(Chemistry as applied to Mining Industry in New Zealand.” Mining in New Zealand is confined practically to two branches, -Gold and Coal. 2,500,000 tons of coal are mined each year, but the chemist plays little part in coal-winning operations.He examines the mine air occasionally for the presence of explosive and other dangerous gases. He determines the percentage of fine inert matter in the dust on the roadways, which must not exceed a definite figure so that minor explosions of gas at a working face will not be transmitted by the dust throughout the whole mine. He analyses coal from the various seams for fixed carbon, volatile hydrocarbons, water and ash, and determines calorific value. In the past, work has been done on the relative inflammabilities of New Zealand coals, which proved of assistance when safe- working measures were framed. Various investigations have dealt with the suitability of single coals and of blends for gas making, resulting in a large market being opened up for bitu- minous coal in the gas industry.The possibility of the use of sub-bituminous coals for the manufacture of producer gas was demonstrated by workers at Canterbury College, but this field proved limited in scope. A study of the low-temperature carbonisation of sub-bitu- minous coal laid the foundation for the establishment of the Carbonisation Works at Rotowaro, near Huntly. It is hoped that a recently-completed investigation on briquetting of slack coal will result in the establishment of suitable plants in more than one centre. Gold mining at the present time has an output of onlyone-quarter the value of the coal, being l51g,ooo for year 1930. It was four times this amount in 1906. The chemist in this industry has to assay samples from working faces in the mine and determine the value of the ore in situ, in order that worth- less ore may be left in the mine, and only profitable ore broken out for treatment.He also exercises control over extraction processes, and may be required to modify any specific method of treatment, or even to devise and try out new methods in special cases. Gold in sand and gravel may be separated by simple washing, as in alluvial mining, when little scientific aid is required from chemistry. Gold, disseminated in quartz reefs or masses of rock, frequently in association with other metallic minerals, requires scientific methods of extraction, and presents problems that have always appealed to the chemical worker.Amalgamation.-The property which gold possesses of amalgamating with mercury made possible the recovery of finely divided gold that would be lost in any process of washing, and amalgamation is still largely used in the recovery of gold. The crushed ore passes in a stream of water over copper plates surfaced with mercury, gold being caught and retained by the 133 mercury as gold amalgam. Another method is the use of rotating pans in which the crushed ore is still more finely ground in the presence of mercury and water, the fine gold being freed from entangling mineral or rock and amalgamating with the mercury. By “retorting,” i.e. distilling off the mercury and melting the residue, the gold with some silver, if present, is rendered fit for use. In many cases amalgamation failed to recover gold in an ore, for example, when lead, antimony, and other minerals were present, which also amalgamated with the mercury and spoiled it for gold recovery.SmeZti.lzg.-A “La Monte ” furnace was erected at Thames in 1885 for the treatment of ore not amenable to amalgamation processes. This was a shaft furnace, water-cooled, in which ore was smelted with coke as fuel, and with iron oxide and limestone as fluxes. Metallic lead or lead ore was also mixed with the charge to alloy with the gold and silver present. The lead was tapped off at the bottom and cupelled on a bone ash hearth to recover the precious metals. The process required efficient chemical control: it was effective, but the costs were excessive. The Parkes Process, developed in London, was tried at Karan-gahake,-ore being roughly crushed, mixed with fluxes of lime, iron ore, salt cake, fluorspar and coal, and smelted for three to four hours until molten.The slag was skimmed off, and the regulus, consisting of fused sulphides of the baser metals, and containing all the gold and silver in the original ore was tapped and cooled. It was then partly calcined, mixed with oxide of lead and smelted. The metallic lead formed collected the gold and silver, and yielded it again on cupellation. This required strict chemical supervision; but the process failed for a curious reason after the furnace had been operated for less than a month. The regulus was small in amount and contained hard lumps. Working was, therefore, discontinued.Two years later, the furnace was dismantled, when it was found that the bricks used for the hearth were highly porous and had absorbed all the regulus. Had operations been continued until the limit of absorption had been reached, the furnace would have operated successfully. The cost of the operation was very high. Chlorination.-Chemical solvents for gold were also investi- gated. Gold is readily attacked by chlorine, forming gold chloride, which is soluble in water. The ore was roasted, crushed in the dry state, and filled into vats about seven feet 134 in diameter, provided with a false bottom of inert material, usually pebbles and sand. It was moistened with water, and chlorine gas, generated in air-tight lead vessels, was introduced through the false bottom until it had permeated the whole mass.After 24 to 48 hours’ contact to dissolve the gold, water led in at the top washed the gold chloride out at the bottom. Gold was precipitated usually by ferrous sulphate or sulphur dioxide. A chlorination plant was operated for many years at the Progress Mine, Reefton. In a variation of the process, a solution of chlorine in water was used instead of gaseous chlorine. Professor J. G. Black, of Otago University, patented the use of a solution of IZ lbs. common salt, 14 lbs. sulphuric acid and 6 to 7 oz. permanganate of potash, per IOO gallons of water. The solution smelled only slightly of chlorine, and though dissolving gold at less than one- tenth the rate of a saturated solution of chlorine, was much less unpleasant in use, and was effective with ores containing fine gold only.The process might have had extended use, but for the fact that the use of another solvent, cyanide of potassium, was being developed at the time. Cyanide Process.-Chlorination had the following dis-advantages :-(I) it was necessary to roast prior to treatment; (2) soluble sulphates required to be leached out; (3) chlorine was a very unpleasant substance with which to work. In 1886, J. S. Macarthur, in attempting to improve the chlorination process, was engaged in investigating a method of generating the chlorine electrolytically in a solution in contact with the ore.As it was not satisfactory, he turned his attention to other solvents, and discovered that cyanide of potassium, which had been known for many years as a solvent for gold, would, in dilute solution, extract gold from many of its ores. The process eventually worked out consisted of the following stages:-(I) contact of ore and solution for several days; (2) separation of the solution by decantation or filtering; (3) precipitation of the gold, usually on zinc filaments, but occasionally by electrolysis ; (4) smelting the precipitated gold. The process soon secured world-wide adoption, and probably at the present time at least three-fourths of the gold won each year in the world is extracted from ore by cyanide. Mechanical improvements in grinding appliances, agitation tanks, filtration systems followed rapidly, and on the chemical side New Zealand 135 played an important part in these developments.The $first working plant in the world was established at Karafigahake, New Zealand, in 1889. In 1892, Dr. Maclaurin investigated the chemistry of the solution of gold in potassium cyanide. His results, published in 1893, confirmed the fact that the rate of solubility is greatest in a solution of 0.25 per cent. strength. They proved that the solubility of oxygen is also a maximum in a solution of this strength, and that oxygen is necessary for the solution of gold in potassium cyanide, according to Ellsner’s equation, ~Au+~KCN+O+H,O =zAuCNSKCN+2KOH. This work was the basis of several improvements in the process.(I) The effect of oxidising agents was tried, and one of these, bromine, proved particularly successful in the treatment of telluride ores. (2)In leaching crushed ore in vats, withdrawal of the solution and exposure of the ore to air, by transferring to a second vat for further treatment, had a beneficial effect on the extraction. (3) When agitation was employed, to increase the rate of solution, a stream of compressed air was used in preference to agitation by mechanical means. (4) In precipita- tion of the gold on zinc de-aeration of the solution lessened the consumption of the zin and increased the efficiency of precipita-tion. Mr. William Skey, Analyst to the Mines Department, con-ducted many experiments with cyanide solution.He showed, in 1895, that the so-called selective action of potassium cyanide for gold was not as great as had been supposed, and that potassium cyanide readily attacked native sulphides of copper and antimony. The metallurgists at Waihi and Karangahake, where the largest cyanide plants were in operation, effected many modifi- cations and minor improvements of which there are no records available. One outstanding achievement of Mr. E. G. Banks, metallurgist to the Waihi Company, not claimed as original, was the purification of the bullion. The presence of small amounts of selenium and lead made it brittle. This was over- come by electrolysing in nitric acid solution with the gold-silver bullion as the anode, and a thin silver sheet as cathode.Practically pure silver over ggo fine, was deposited on the cathode. The gold sludge, unaffected by nitric acid, was boiled with strong 136 sulphuric acid from 2 to 3 hours in an iron kettle. This removed selenium and most of the lead. The gold was then melted, and any remaining traces of lead, which made the gold brittle when alloyed with copper, was removed by passing a stream of chlorine through the molten metal. The gold then assayed 99.6 per cent. to 99.8 per cent. fine. Assayers and chemists attached to each plant controlled the operation by daily assays of ore, before and after treatment, regular tests of cyanide solutions for strength and alkalinity, also for gold content before and after precipitation, and cor- rected occasional minor troubles such as acidity of ore, undue consumption of cyanide, and falling off in efficiency of the zinc precipitation boxes.That chemistry has played an important part in the develop- ment of the mining industry in New Zealand is due mainly to two things:-(I) The recognition by the older generation of mining men that the processes they employed were often inefficient and were capable of improvement, and their eagerness to try other processes, even though unproved on a working scale. (2) The establishment in 1886 of Schools of Mines in mining centres to give even the rank and file of the workers mining and metallurgical knowledge, for which credit must be given to the Hon.W. J. M. Lamach, then Minister of Mines. The enthusiasm with which a preliminary series of lectures,- given by Professor J. G. Black and a staff of itinerant instructors, -was received in the gold fields, can scarcely be described. The training in practical chemistry given at some of the schools thirty years ago was in some respects up to, and beyond the then university standard. The schools provided men trained to control, adapt and modify, if necessary, recognised metallurgical processes. Gold mining steadily progressed, until in 1906 the export of gold exceeded ~2,000,000in value, but after that year, as already stated, it declined. With lower costs now prevalent, and with a premium on gold, the industry has received fresh stimulus.The future may lie in the treatment of low-grade ores, and the trained chemist will be called on again to assist in the industry. Metals other than gold and silver are not mined extensively in New Zealand. A solvent process for the recovery of mercury in cinnabar was investigated at the Dominion Laboratory in 1920,and the application of oil flotation to cinnabar ores was demonstrated. 137 Mr. Donovan suggested that the possibilities of flocculation, followed by oil flotation, would be worth considering in connection with the treatment of the mercury deposits at Kaikahe, which are in very wet clay and which have not proved amenable to the usual furnace treatment. In conclusion, he said that he could but wish that other primary industries in New Zealand, of greater importance and value than gold mining, would adopt the same favourable attitude as the mining industry had done to technical progress and scientifically- guided research.On the 27th January, at Massey Agricultural College, several short papers were read:- (I) Determination of Particle Size of Lead Arsenate Sprays, by P. J. Clark; (2) The Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism of Sheep, by I. J. Cunningham; (3) Chlorination of Wool for Control of Shrinkage, by G. A. Lawrence ; (4) Gases in Cheese, by F. €3. McDowall; (5) The Biochemistry of Discolouration in Cheese, by G. M. Moir. A brief discussion followed on each paper, and the speakers received the thanks of the Section for their contributions. A tour of inspection of the College was then made, and the vaSious investigational work explained.The visitors were entertained to luncheon in the College Refectory; and in the afternoon an inspection was made of the Model Dairy Factory, situated on the College property, where many interesting experi- ments are being carried out in connection with the manufacture of cheese and butter. The delegates were then conducted through the Plant Research Station of the Department of Agriculture. The Conference concluded with a vote of thanks to the Conference Secretary, Dr. R. M. Dolby, and Drs. F. H. McDowall, H. R. Whitehead, Mr. L. A. Whelan, and to the College Authori- ties for their hospitality.138 Notes. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.-The Seventeenth Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (for the year 1931-1932) has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net). The Advisory Council states at the outset its “firm conviction that unless industry persistently applies scientific method and scientific knowledge to its problems, it cannot escape from the difficulties with which it is surrounded.” The Council, therefore, could not recommend economies which might result in sacrificing the essential efficiency of industrial research organisations which have been built up, over a long period of study and patient endeavour, with the assistance of public funds. On the other hand, the Council has endeavoured to apply the available funds to work of the most immediate practical value to industry, while preserving, so far as possible, the organisations for the pursuit of more fundamental enquiries.It was foreseen that the grant-in-aid of ~GI,OOO,OOO, voted by Parliament, in 1917,for the establishment of research associations, would become exhausted during the now current financial year, and it thus became necessary to include, for the first time, provi- sion for the assistance of these associations in the Parliamentary Estimates. Another difficulty arose from the circumstance that the contributions from industry and the receipts for tests and special investigations, carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, showed a considerable falling off during the year.There has been, in fact, a slowing down of certain work of a more fundamental character, and vacancies which have occurred have, in some cases, not been filled. Plans had been made for the expansion of certain work at the Fuel Research Station, directed mainly to the examination of methods for treating products of low-temperature carbonisa- tion. This scheme has been developed as originally planned, except for certain modifications made with a view to economy. The present financial situation has made it desirable to stimu-late the research associations to obtain as much support as possible from industry, and in this connection the Advisory Council has 139 given consideration to the suggestion that an Enabling Act of Parliament should be passed giving statutory authority for raising funds from industry for the purpose of industrial research by means of a compulsory levy on raw material, output, or some other convenient basis of assessment.The majority of the Research Associations were, however, unfavourable to the com- pulsory principle, and the Advisory Council are not, therefore, prepared to make any representation with a view to introducing such a measure into Parliament. Should any individual Associa- tion succeed in procuring the introduction of a Bill to make a levy compulsory, the Advisory Council hopes that this measure would receive full support from the industry concerned. The summary of scientific investigation, undertaken under the auspices of the Department, gives, as usual, an impression of the immense quantity of work undertaken over a very wide range.The Fuel Research Board reports the issue of a comprehensive physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources and of work done on carbonisation and gas production. Reference is also made to work in progress and in contemplation on the hydrogenation of tars to produce motor spirit. The Food Investigation Board refers to work on the part played by vapours such as acetaldehyde which are given off by apples, and also to preserving the fruit from attack by fungi. It is noted that acetaldehyde vapour or ammonia in the air will prevent fungal rotting of certain fruits, provided the concentra- tions are carefully controlled.Carbon dioxide has been shown to inhibit the growth of moulds and bacteria on meat and fish. A study has been made of the effect of the treatment of tinplate, during its manufacture, on its rate of corrosion by citric acid. The Water Pollution Research Board has continued to issue summaries of current literature relating to water supplies, sewage, etc., and investigations have been made of methods for avoiding pollution by the effluents from beet sugar factories. Further experiments have been made on the base-exchange process of water softening, and a comprehensive summary has been prepared of the literature on the action of different waters on lead pipes. The Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, under the Directorship of Professor G.T. Morgan, is appreciated as an institution where useful chemical information may be obtained. The Laboratory has conducted experiments which have led to the 140 manufacture of colour intermediates hitherto imported from abroad. The high-pressure plant has been in constant request by workers in various research groups, and high-pressure research has been continued. Attention has been directed to various corrosion problems, including aerial corrosion of zinc, steel and iron immersed in sea water. The protection of industrially important magnesium alloys by selenium coating has been examined systematically. An investigation has been made into the effectiveness of higher phenols as wetting-out agents in the textile industry.The programme has also included research on road tars, chemotherapy, synthetic resins and many subjects of fundamental importance. The work of the Adhesives Research Committee has now been formally completed by the publication of the third and final Report, and the Committee has been dissolved. RESEARCHASSOCIATIONS. Certain Research Associations have been able to record a marked increase of industrial support, while others are hopeful of attaining similar success in the near future. The Report of the Department contains detailed accounts of the work of the Research Associations, of which a few extracts may be quoted as of interest to chemists. The Report, however, is so compre-hensive that those who are directly concerned should refer to the original.The British Cast-Iron Research Association has embarked upon a study of the influences of silicon, manganese, sulphur, phosphorus, and free and combined carbon, and of the structural properties of the product. The manufacture of certain new heat- resisting irons is now undertaken regularly by members of this Association. During the year, analytical tolerances were issued by the Association in agreement between makers and users of pig iron. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has undertaken X-ray investigation into the crystal structure of iron oxide, whereby it is hoped to correlate crystal structure and surface corrosion with pigmentary value.Work has been done on the “hiding power” of paints. The British Cotton IndMstry Research Association reports that an important part of the work of the Shirley Institute is the testing of machines which may prove of value to the industry. 141 The fundamental study of dyestuff solutions, of the dyeing and bleaching process, and of the stability of the so-called fast dyes, has been the subject of continuous work. Many hundreds of firms in all sections of the industry now seek the assistance of the Association on various complex problems. The Wool Industries Research Association, in collaboration with the Society of Dyers and Colourists, has worked on the standardisation of tests for fastness. Suggestions have been made for the protection of fabrics against the ravages of moths.This Association also has undertaken researches on the fastness of dyes. The British. Launderers’ Research Association has devoted attention to the need for detergents which will be satisfactory as to the cleanliness produced, while also diminishing attrition of the fabrics. The problem of preventing felting during the washing of woollens has also been attacked. The British Leather Manufactwers’ Research Association has been successful in some experiments carried out in connection with a hide-curing establishment in the Argentine, to test the effect of the addition of sodium fluoride to the curing salt as a means of preventing the development of “red heat.” The fundamental study of the vegetable-tanning process has been continued and, in collaboration with a Government Department, attention has been paid to the problem of corrosion of metals in contact with leather. Work on the deterioration of vegetable- tanning leather used as book bindings has been continued, and long-period exposure tests are in progress in co-operation with the authorities of the British Museum.Attention has been paid to the question of possible causes of dermatitis arising from the application of dyes to fur and to leather. It has been found that compounds such as diamines and aminophenols when not com- pletely converted into harmless dyestuffs were liable to cause this complaint. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has continued systematic study of ebonite and of the ageing of rubber used in the inner tubes for motor tyres.The British Association for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Con-fectionery and Jam Trades has issued a report on the “Solubility” of cocoa, and has investigated the preservation of the jelly-forming properties of oranges. An account has also been published of an 142 enquiry into factors concerned in securing satisfactory coatings of sugar crystal. The Report, which gives full particulars of the constitution of Research Boards and of Committees of the Department, and statistics with regard to the Research Associations, concludes with a list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants. The Lancastrian Frankland Society, to which reference was made in JOUFXAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, has now been inaugurated, under the modified title given above, to perpetuate the memory of Sir Edward Frankland, first President of the Institute. Its objects are the advancement of natural science, the promotion of the use o€ scientific method in the community, and to afford opportunities for scientific and social intercourse between scientific workers in the Lancaster district.The first lecture given before the Society was recently delivered by Mr. M. FitzGibbon on “The Chemical Control of Agriculture.” Glue.-The International Association for the Study and Improvement of the Bone Glue Industry has announced a Glue Competition, which is open to inventors, chemists and others who discover new uses or new outlets for Bone Glue.Full information can be obtained from the Managing Director’s Secretary, Refer- ence Department r/S, British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., Imperial House, 15-19, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. The late Dr. John Thomas.-Information has been received that, contrary to the statement made in the obituary notice published in THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, the degree of D.Sc. (Wales) was awarded to Dr. John Thomas for work conducted by him for Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., during the years 1913-1917,on the stability of explosives outside the accepted range of stability. Mr. Leonard Balmforth, Fellow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department at Hull Municipal Technical College. 143 Dr.John Thomas Dunn, Fellow, has been nominated for election as President of the Society of Chemical Industry for the year 1933-34, in succession to Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., Fellow. Professor Arthur Lapworth, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed a Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester for a term of two years. Mr. David Lever, Associate, has been appointed Lecturer, in charge of the School of Sugar Manufacture, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in succession to Mr. T. H. P. Heriot, Fellow. Dr. Robert Robinson, M.Sc., Associate, of University College, Exeter, has been appointed Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at University College, Auckland, N.Z. 144 Obituary. WILLIAMERNEST died on 12th January, at Ratcliffe-on- BRAZIER Trent, in his 36th year.Educated at Huntingdon Street Higher Grade School, Nottingham, he became, in 1912, junior chemist in Messrs. Gerard’s Soap Works, Nottingham, and in the following year joined the staff of Messrs. Boots, Ltd. From 1915 to 1919 he was attached to the 7th Territorial Force, Notts. and Derby Regt. (Sherwood Foresters). On demobilisation he was admitted to University College, Nottingham, where he continued until 1921, and in January of the following year passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute. He subsequently held appointment as chemist to Messrs. F. Dare Mordle & Go., Ltd., Starch Manufacturers, Nottingham, and from 1929 to 1931 was engaged with Messrs.Quibell Bros. at Newark. In September of the latter year he obtained an appointment with the River Chemical Go. of Nottingham. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. ALFREDR$E died at Withington, Manchester, on 26th February, in his 70th year. Educated at Bedford Grammar School he studied chemistry under Remigius Fresenius, to whom he was private assistant for a year before he proceeded to Munich, where he worked with A. von Baeyer and Groth for about eighteen months. Next he worked for a similar period with Graebe at Geneva, the results of his researches on /3-sulphophthalic-, /?-oxyphthalic- and p-chlorophthalic acid being published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in 1886, and in the Annwlen 233. This work formed the subject of the thesis which he presented at Berne in the same year, for the degree of Ph.D., which he obtained rnagna cum Zaude.On his return, having worked for a few months in the private laboratory of Roscoe, he accepted a post as research chemist with Messrs. Thompson, of Middleton, where he introduced processes for the manufacture of various aniline colours, and had complete charge of the production of these dyes for a period of about five years. He then started, in conjunction with Claus, a works at Clayton, Manchester, for aniline colour manu- facture, and after about sixteen years, retired from business to devote himself to work of a more public character. He was for many years Vice- Chairman of the Chemical and Allied Trades Section of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, where he took special interest in Patent Law reform in its relation to chemical industry.He was Chairman for about nine years of the Testing House of the Chamber, dealing with the chemical and physical examination of every variety of textile fabrics. He was for many years a Director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, and for some time, Honorary Treasurer; he was also Chairman of the College of Technology Chemistry Committee, and a member of the Education Committee of the City of Manchester. He was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (1916-18), served as a Member of the Council of 145 the Society of Chemical Industry, and took an active part in the formation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, of which he was a co-opted Member of Council from its inception. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918, and served as a Member of the Council from 1927-30.HENRYLLOYDSNAPE died at Torquay, on the 2nd March, in his 72nd year. The son of Alderman Thomas Snape, M.P., he was educated at the Liverpool Institute, and studied chemistry under Campbell Brown in the Liverpool School of Medicine from 1876 until 1879, when he was employed as a chemist in the Alkali Works of Messrs. John Hutchinson & Co., of Widnes. Having matriculated in the University of London, in 1878, and passed the Intermediate Examination in science, in 1880, he shortly after became a demonstrator in University College, Liverpool, where he remained until 1884. He proceeded to Germany, and worked under Hofmann, in Berlin, and Victor Meyer, in GBttingen.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1883, subsequently proceeding to D.Xc. and, in 1886, obtained the Degree of Ph.D. (GBttingen). He was then, for two years, lecturer in chemical technology at the Manchester Technical School, and, from 1888 to 1901, professor of chemistry at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. During that period, he took an active part in the affairs of the University of Wales as a member of the Court and Senate. He was Chairman of the Association of Directors and Secretaries of Educa- tion and of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes, and a member of the Educational Committee on Salaries of Teachers in Higher Educa- tional Institutions.He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his work in organising training for disabled sailors and soldiers. He prepared the third edition of Humpidge-Kolbe’s Inorganic Chemis- try, and contributed several original papers to the Journal oj the Chemical Society and other scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. IVIILLAR THOMSONJOHN died at Douro Place, Kensington, on 22nd March, aged 84 years. The son of Dr. Allen Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Glasgow, and grandson of Dr. John Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Military Surgery and Pathology in the University of Edinburgh, he was born in the Old College, Glasgow, and educated at the High School and University of Glasgow.In 1871, he was appointed an assistant demonstrator of Chemistry in King’s College, London, where he subsequently became senior demonstrator in 1879, and Daniel1 Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry in 1887. From 1880 to 1887, he also held the appointment of Professor of Chemistry at Queen’s College, London. From 1905, he was Vice-Principal of King’s College until his retirement in 1914, when he was appointed Emeritus Professor. He was an Honorary Fellow of King’s and Queen’s Colleges, and, in recognition of his services to chemical education, a medal was instituted in his honour to be awarded to the student of King’s College who most distinguished himself in the final year of the special honours course in the Department of Chemistry.He was Secretary of the Chemical Section of the (Royal) Society of Arts from 1879 to 1886, a Member of Council of the Society for four periods, Honorary Treasurer for five years, and Vice-president in 1913. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society for four periods, as Honorary Secretary of the Society from 1883 to 1897, and Vice-President for two periods. 146 Re was author of many contributions to scientific and technical journals-on the Composition and Properties of Ancient Glasses, the Chemistry of Pigments, Putrefaction and Antisepsis, the Chemistry of Building Materials, the Composition and Optical Properties of double Salts of Nickel and Cobalt, the Action of Nuclei on the Crystallisation of Supersaturated Solutions, and on Photography, etc.He edited, jointly with Mr. A. G. Bloxam, several editions of BEoxa?n’sChemistry, Inorganic and Organic, of which the original, published in 1867, was produced by C. L.Bloxam, Professor Thomson’s predecessor in the Chair of Chemistry at King’s College. He was elected F.R.S. in 1897, and received the degree of LL-D. from the University of Glasgow in 1898. Professor Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, served as a Member of Council for four periods, as a Vice-president for three periods, as an Examiner for five years, as Honorary Secretary for one year, as Honorary Registrar for six years, as a Censor for twelve years, and as President for three years (1900-1903).At the funeral at Hampstead Cemetery, Fortune Green, the Institute was represented by the President, the Honorary Treasurer, the Registrar, and the Assistant Secretary. THOMASWATSONdied on 12th January, at Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., in his 48th year. Educated at the Higher Grade School and at the Technical College, Liverpool, he was a teacher of chemistry and physics in the Liverpool Collegiate School from 1904 to 1906, and was then for six years chemist to Messrs. Simmonda, Hunt and Montgomery. In 1912 he was appointed chemist and assayer to Messrs. S. Eldridge & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1915, while occupying a teachingappointment in the Oakland Evening High School, California, he emtered the University of California as a student for a higher degree, and in 1918 obtained the degree of M.A.His research “On the Influence of Varying Concentration of Hydrogen Ion on the Optical Rotation of the Isomeric Alkaloids, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, and Cinchotoxin ” was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, in May, 1917. He was also the author of two other papers-“A Method for the Preparation of Taurin in large Quantities,” and “On the elimination of Taurin administered to Man,” which were published in the Journal of the Biochemical Society in 1918. In the following year he was appointed Assistant Professor of Bio- chemistry in the University of Southern California Medical School ; from 1920 to 1922 he was Assistant Profcssor of Organic Chemistry in Oregon Agricultural College; from 1922 to 1926 he was Assistant in Chemistry and Physiology in the North Pacific College of Dentistry and Pharmacy; from 1926 to 1929 he was Professor of Physics in the University of Southern California, Dental College; from 1929 to 1930 he was Professor of Physics and Assistant in Nutrition Research in the same College; from 1930 to 1932 he was again Professor of Physics, and in 1932 was appointedProfessor of Chemistry and Physics in the same College.He W&S elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOHNWATTSdied on the 9th February, at the age of 89 years, at Oxford, where he was for many years a successful lecturer in organic chemistry and a tutor.He matricdated in the University of London in 1865, and obtained the degree of D.Sc. in 1870. From 1869 to 1872 he was assistant to Odling at the Royal Institution, London, and in 1872 worked for a few months with Crum Brown at Edinburgh, before he 147 re-joined Odling, who had, in the same year, been appointed Wa-ete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford. Later he entered Balliol College, and in 1876 graduated with first-class honours in chemistry, proceeding sub- sequently to M.A. He then became attached to Alerton College, where he was science tutor for more than thirty years, and resided until the time of his death. Among his pupils at Mert,on he had many who subsequently became distinguished. He was interested in the tannins and read several papers on them at meetings of the British Association.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 148 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1933,the following books-have been presented by the publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Moissan, Henri.-Hommage A: 4 Octobre, 1931. Pp. 92. (Paris: Chimie et Industrie, 1932.) La vie et les travaux de Henri Moissan (Paul Lebeau); liste chronologi- que des publications scientifiques (6874-1907) ; l’inauguration du monument Henri Moissan; discours de M. A. Papillard; discours de M. Louis Marlio; discours de M. P. Prunet; discours de M. L. Lugol;discours de M. P. Lebeau; discours de M. 0.Honigschmid; discours de M. A.BBhal. “Organic Reagents for Metals.” The Staff of the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. Pp. 60. (London: Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) IS. Containing a list of seventeen organic reagents used in testing for metals and particulars as to the tests. “Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism, The Significance of.” R. Robison. Pp. ix.+ 104. (New York: N.Y. University Press; London : Humphrey Milford-Oxford University Press.) 11s. 6d. A course of three lectures under the Herter Lecture Foundation, de- livered by the author, in 1931, in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Lecture I : The Occurrence of Phosphoric Esters in Nature; Lecture 11: Calcification of Cartilage and Bone; Lecture 111: Calcification in Bitro ; Bibliography.“Soils, Their Origin, Constitution, and Classification.’’ An Introduction to Pedology. G. W. Robinson. Pp. xv + 390. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 20s. General view of the constitution of the soil; mechanical composition as a function of particle size; significance of mechanical analysis; the pedogenic processes ;physical and chemical weathering ;hydration and oxidation ; soil profile development ; drainage eluviation ; soil erosion ; vegetation as a pedogenic factor; the clay complex; base exchange and other reactions of the colloidal complex ;organic matter ;water relation- ships;soils of the podsolic group ;tshernosems and their related groups ; black cotton soils; ground-water soils; peats; saline, alkaline, and Soloti soils; soils of the humid tropics; soils associated with calcareous parent materials ; classification; geography ; soil surveys and analysis ; plantgrowth and agriculture ;appendix; methods of analysis.149 The Sdety in Mines Research Board has published Paper No. 78: Measurements of the Kinetic Loads on Colliery Winding Ropes, by S. M. Dixon and M. A. Hogan. (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.-Professor T. H. Easterfield, Fellow, Hon. Corresponding Secretary of the Institute, has forwarded a copy of a pamphlet entitled “A Conspectus of Recent Agricultural Research,” being the Cawthron Lecture (1932)delivered by His Excellency Lord Bledisloe, Governor-General of New Zealand, together with a number of pamphlets on the Apple Leaf-Roller, a Flax Infesting Weevil, the Codling Moth, the Spruce Aphis and papers on the Sulphur-Content of Pastures and Soil Contamination of Pasture Samples.Sands, Clays and Minerals.-The third number of Mr. A. L. Curtis’s magazine includes articles on The Examination of Minergls in Ultra-violet Light, by Dr. Julius Grant; Sands for Asphalt, by Dr. P. E. Spielmann; English Building Stones, by Mr. A. R. Warnes; Tantalum and Niobium, by Dr. W. R. Schoeller; in addition to several articles by Mr. Curtis himself on China Clay, Industrial Sands, British Coals, etc. British Pharmacopoeia, 1932.-The D. H. A. Guide, published by the British Drug Houses of Australia, Melbourne, contains a review embodying lists of the additions to, and omis- sions and alterations from, the previous issue, together with notes and comments on all new and altered products and preparations. Prepared from information published by the Pharmacopceia Commission, London : Melbourne.The Library :1932133. SINCEthe issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11,1932, the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:-AUSTRALASIAN Co., LTD.:MEDICAL PUBLISHING Physics. Fundamental Laws and Principles. With problems and worked Solutions. E. Booth and Phyllis M. Nicol. Qlebe, N.S.W., 1932. MESS=. BAILLI~RX,TINDALL& Cox: Chemical Encyclopaedia. Fifth edition. C. T. Kingzett. London : 1932.MXSSRS.G. BELL& SONS,LTD.: The Anatomy of Modern Science. B. Bavink. London, 1932. Volumetric Analysis. G. Fowles. London, 1932. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: The Structure of Molecules. Edited by P. Debye. Authorised translation by Winifred M. Deans. London, 1932. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The British Drug Houses Guide to the British Pharmacopeia, 1932. London, 1932. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: Chemical Wave Transmission in Nerve. A. V. Hill. Cambridge, 1932. A Course of Practical Work in Agricultural Chemistry for Senior Students. T. B. Wood. New Edition Revised by H. H. Nicholson. Cambridge, 1932. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Liesegang Rings and other Periodic Structures. E. S. Hedges.London, 1932.Micro Chemical Laboratory Manual. F. Emich. London, 1932. Organic Syntheses. Vol. XII. I?. C. Whitmore, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1932. Protective Films on Metals. E. S. Hedges. London, 1932. The Scientific Principles of Petroleum Technology. L. Gurwitsch and H. Moore. New Edition. London, 1932. C. L. CLAREMONT,EsQ., B.Sc., F.I.C. : Some Common Domestic Pests: their life, history and how to control them. C. L. Claremont and I. M. Burnet. London, 1932. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD. : Physical Chemistry. J. Eggert. London, 1932. MESSRS. ERLANGERS,LTD.: The Manufacturing Industries of the British Empire Overseas. Part VI. Africa, West, East and Central. H. N. Carvalho. London, 1932. JOHNEVANS,EsQ., F.I.C. : Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Washington, D.C’., 1930.MESSRS. CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTL).: A Text Book of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 1. General Properties of Elements and Compounds. J. Sewton Friend. London, 1932. MESSRS. ADAMHILGIER,LTD.: Tables of Cubic Crystal Structure of Elements and Compounds. I. E. Knaggs and B. Karlik. Londou, 1932. MESSRS. LEONARDHILL, LTD.: Rubber Information. Edited by H. R. Cronshaw. London, 1932. &IESSRS.HOPKIXdz. lrTILLIAILfS, LTD.: Organic Reagents for Metals. By the Staff of the Reaearch Labora- tory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd., London, 1933. NESSRS. GREEN& Co.:LONGMANS, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry.J. W.Nellor. London, 1932. Nodern Methods in Quantitative Chemical Analysis. A. D. Mitchell and A. 31. Ward. London, 1932. DR. W. MCCARTNEY,A.I.C. : Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry. L. Gattermann. Corn-pletely revised by H. Wieland. Translated from German edition by W. McCartney. Lo~oT~,1932. DR. C4. MCGOWAN,F.I.C.: The Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry. TV. Ostwald. Translated by G. McGowan. Third English edition. London, 1908. MERS~~Y JOINTc1: IRWELL COMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Preston, 1932. DR.A. D. MITCHELL,F.I.C.,and DR. A. M.WAHD,A.I.C. : Modern Methods in Quantitative Chemical Analysis. A. 1).Mitchell and A. M. Ward. London, 1932.MESSRS. THOM.4S MURBY & CO.: Soils. Their Origin, Constitution and Classification. An IntrodnctioBa to Pedology. G. W. Robinson. London, 1932. MESSRS.J. NISBET& Co., LTD.: Talents and Temperaments. A. iMacrae. London, 1933. SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Radio Activity and Radio Active Substances. J. Chadwick. Lo?duo,i, 1932. RIBBLEJOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Prestoti, 1932. DR. ROBERT ROBISON, F.R.S. : The Significance of Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism. H. Robixon. New York and London, 1932. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: Recent Researches on the Nature and Function of Vitamins. J. c'. Drurnmond. London, 1932. RUBBER GROWERS' INC.ASSOCIATION, : Rubber Latex. H. P. and W.H.Stevens. London, 1933. 152 SAFETI-18-\iIsE:sNESEARCH :BOARD Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. VII, 1931. London, 1932. Mmsxs. SAMPSONLow, MAXSTON Co., LTD.:C% Modern Chemistry. P. Prescott. London, 1932. SOCI~T~ :DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLE Hommage li Henri Moissan. YariS, 1932. OF PLJBLIC :SOCIETY ANALYSTS Some reminiscences of its first fifty years. B. Dyer. A review of its Activities by C. A. Mitchell. Cmzbridge, 1932. OLIVER TRIGGER, EsQ., M.B.E., F.I.C.: Accidents in Mines. Sir F. A. Abel, C.B. London, 1888. The Chemist. Vol. I. London, 1824. A Concise History of Chemistry. T. P. Hilditch. Second edition revised. London, 1922. A Dictionary of Chemistry. H. Watts. c’ols. l-VIII. London, 1883.A Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art. Edited by IT. T. Brande and the Rev. G. W. Cox. New Edition revised. T’ols. I, I1 and 111. London, 1876. Die li7ichtigsten Vegetabilischen Nahrungs-und-Genusmit tel. A. E. Vogl. Berlin, 1899. Familiar Letters of Chemistry. J. Yon Liehig. Pourth Edition revised and enlarged. Edited by J. Blyth. London, 1859. A History of Chemistry. E. Von Meyer. Translated with the Author’s Sanction by G. McGowan. London, 1898. Organic Chemistry. New and revised edition. W.H. Perkin, tJunr., and F. S. Kipping. London and Edinbwgh, 1907. The Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry. TV. Ostwald. Translated with the Author’s Sanction by G. McGowan. Third English edition. London, 1908. & NORGATE,MrcssRs.WILLIAMS LTD.: Atomic Reactions. M. Polanyi. London, 1932. Books Purchased. The Analysis of Drugs and Chemicals. N. Evers and G. D. Elsdon. LO)IdOll, 1929. 13ell’s Sale of Food and Drugs. Eighth edition. P. A. Robinson. London, 193 1. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1931. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XL. London, 1932. Tlzeatruin Chemicum Britannicum : containing Several1 Poet itall Pieces of our Famous English Philosophers, who have written the Hermetique Mysteries in their owne Ancient Language. FaithfullyCollected into one Volume, with Annotations thereon. By Elias Ashmole, Esq. London, 1662. ‘I’he Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared byIT.Little, H. IT. Fowler, J.Coulson, revised and edited by C. T. Onions. 2 1’01s. Oxford, 1933. 153 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 17th February, 1933,z Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 23 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 25 Students were admitted. On 17th March, I Associate was re-elected. The Council regrets to record the deaths of f4!Fellows and 4 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Marks, Sydney, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Municipal Technical School, Suffolk Street, Birmingham. 3Ioelwyn-Hughes, Emyr Alun, Ph.D. (Liv.), D.Phil. (Oxon.), Trinity College, Oxford. New Associates. Adams, Hugh Furnival, R1.Sc. (Lond.), Coal Survey Laboratory, School of Mines, Treforest. Barber, Edward Gordon, B.Sc.(Lond.), 40, Butler Avenue, Harrow, Middlesex. Bourhill, Peter, Dykeneuk, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Burnet, William Deas, B.Sc. (Edin.), The Laboratory, The Distillers Co., Ltd., Glenochil, Menstrie, By Alloa. Clark, William Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Argyle Street, London, W.C.1. Cooper, Charles Alan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Reuben Street, Carlton Hill, Leeds, 7. Downes, Aubrey Douglas Tl’heldal, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 7 1, Aylwarcl Road, London, S.W.20. Dykes, Edward MacKenzie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Calside, Paisley, Renfrew- shire. Evans, David Joshua, S.Sc. (Lond.), Pantycoedcae Farm, Morriston, Swansea. Evans, Miss Sarah Beatrice, B.Sc. (Wales), 61, Crown Street, Morriston, Swansea. Henley, Vernon Frederick Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Gainsborough Road, London, N.12.Hicks, Donald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Coal Sun-ey Laboratory, The School of Mines, Treforest. Hose, Cyril Gustav Bidwell, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 36, Vartry Road, London, N.15. Johnson, Edward Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 47, Gallows Hill, Kings Langley, Herts. Johnson, Robert Ian, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Rectory Cottage, Frating, Colchester, Essex. Kingman, Frank Edwin Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.), 154, Clockhouse Road, Beckenham, Kent. Lord, Harry Dennis, B.Se., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Elms, Loughborough, Leics. Mitchell, Miss Isabella -’inifred, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Edgemont Gardens, Langside, Glasgow. Palmer, Richard Bunn, Bradestone Cottage, Brundall, nr. Sorwich. 154 Smith, Miss Edna Clark, B.Sc.(Lolid.), 9, Gilston Road, London, S.W.10. Thomson, John Kirk, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), Wyngate, Major’s Place, Falkirk. Turner, Francis John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, dmyand Park Road, Twickenham. Walters, Thomas Henry, R.Sc. (Wales),48, Carmarthen Road, Waun Wen, Swansea. Associates Re-elected. Dunn, John Stanley, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Lond.), Old Road, Billing- ham-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Richards, Charles Hetlloy, B.Sc., (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Copara, Penzanco, Cornwall. New Students. Baker, John Garrad, Leigham, South Drive, Cheam, Surrey. Barraclough, Edward, 4, Penistone Road, New Mill, nr. Huddersfield. Bird, Ronald Frederick, 74,Victoria Parade, Redfield, Bristol, 5. Bishop, George Edward, 38, Mauldeth Road, Withington, Manchester.Brewin, Arthur William, 24, Southwick Street, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, London, W.2. Broughton, Harry John, 34,Furzefield Road, London, S.E.3. Cookson, Bryan Robert, Brook Hill, Crowhurst, Sussex. Cox, Arthur Thomas, 38, Whellock Road, London, W.4. Elliston-Erwood, Francis William, 6, Foxcroft Road, London, S.E. 18. Fidler, Geoffrey Dolton, 47,Queen’s Road, Beeston, Nottingham. Fisher, Sydney John Mortimer, Netherneuk, Linford, Stanford-lc-Hope, Essex. Hopkins, John Francis, 15, Downs Court Road, Purley. Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, 31, Hampstead Lane, London, K.6. Leckie, Alan Harvey, 20, Bradmore vCTay,Brookmans Park, Herts. Matthews, James Grahame, Hillsboro’, Garndiffaith, Pontypool. Mills, Winton Gordon Boyce, Winton, Meadway, Epsom, Surrey.Parkinson, Theodore Lawrence, Halstead Cottage, Oxturn Road, Wye, Kent. Pross, August William, 81, St. Mary‘s Grove, Chiswick, London, W.4. Read, Malcolm George, 18, Stoner Road, London, W.14. Rusby, George Leger, 33, Litherland Park, Litherland, nr. Liverpool. Saint, Harold Charles John, Royal Marine Infirmary, Chatham, Kent. Scholefield, John Arthur, 26, Neil1 Street, Lower Broughton, Salforcl. Taylor, Donald Bryce, 40, Heywood Road, JVavertree, Liverpool. Turnbull, Alexander King, 21, Irongray Street, Glasgow, E.l. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, 32, Wilmount Street, London, S.E. 18. DEATHS. Fellows. Alfred Re6, Ph.D. (Berne).Henry Lloyd Snape, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Gottingon).John Millar Thomson, LL.D. (Gla~.), F.R.S., Past President.John Watts, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Lond.). Associates. Thomas Patrick Ballingall, B.Sc. (Edin.). William Ernest Brazier. Thomas Watson. Henry Marshall Webb, B.Sc. (London.). CHANGE OF NAME. Lionel Victor Bentley, _4ssociate, to Lionel Victor Block. General Notices. Lectures.---Professor Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, will deliver three lectures entitled : ‘‘A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” at the Institute on Tuesday, gth, Monday, xsth, and Wednesday, 17th May, 1g33,-at 8 p.m., on each occasion,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.Cards for these lectures are enclosed with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September, commencing on the 18th of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the 10th July. Entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, must, however, be received before 1st June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records 156 sf distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pat ing Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable. vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South.Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to continue to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that it is necessary to complete, before the 1st March, a fresh application form for a further year’s service. Forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Members who have had the service during the past year and wish to discontinue it, must return the last volume and the membership token to the branch of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested 158 to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700079

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, June, '933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0 BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 161 Proceedings of the Council.APRIL-MAY, 1933. In addition to Reports from the Standing Committees (Finance and House, Benevolent Fund, Publications, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committees), the Council has received Reports from the Pedler Fund Committee, and from a Special Committee appointed to consider proposals received from the Federal Council for Chemistry for promoting co-operation among Chemical Societies. Among other matters which have received attention may be mentioned-the continued employment of aliens in managerial positions in the beet sugar industry; the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill; the appointment of officers representing the Board of Education on the Joint Committee of the Board and the Institute for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry; corres-pondence with the Scottish Education Department regarding National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland); the Rubber Industry Bill; the Trade Marks Act; passenger allowances to chemists in Government employ in the Far East; the Frank- land Essay for Registered Students; and the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations. Beet Sugar Industry.-Regarding the employment of aliens in the Beet Sugar Industry, Dr.-now Sir G.C.-Clayton asked in the House of Commons, on the 13th April, the question and received the answer set forth below:- DR.CLAYTON.-TOask the Minister of Agriculture, whether he is aware that in the beet-sugar factories in this country nearly all the principal chemical positions are still filled by aliens; and whether, in any negotiations for a continuance of the subsidy, he will ensure that British chemists are given opportunities for training so that they can replace aliens in a reasonable time. MAJOR ELLIOT.-I understand that only twenty-eight aliens are now employed in beet sugar factories in this country, and of these the number designated as chemists is two.All 162 practicable steps are taken with a view to ensuring that British employees are given an opportunity of gaining the necessary experience to enable them to qualify for technical posts in the industry; but as my hon. friend is aware, the question of the conditions under which permits are granted for the employment of aliens in this country is a matter for my right hon.friend, the Minister of Labour. In general, it has been stipulated that aliens who come to this country for the purpose of promoting industries should afford facilities for British technologists to learn those industries, but few British chemists have held any position of importance in the whole British Beet Sugar Industry, while the industry has been subsidised by the Government. It has been suggested that to object to the employment of aliens in technical positions in this country, solely because they are foreigners, is wrong in principle, and that the Institute, which is devoted to the service of science, should not seek to make national boundaries for chemists and technologists. Moreover, British chemists have obtained many important positions abroad, and are liable to suffer more from reprisals by other countries than they would gain by the exclusion of aliens from this country.With regard to the Beet Sugar Industry, however, it is felt that little encouragement has been afforded British chemists to fit themselves for the more important positions, and with few exceptions, they have in fact been excluded from them. Special courses have been ar-ranged, in the past, for training qualified chemists in the industry, but have been abandoned because those who followed such courses could not obtain work in the factories, except for routine work during the ‘‘campaigns,” which last only for periods of about six weeks each. Pharmacy and Poisons Bill.-The Pharmacy and Poisons Bill after passing through the House of Lords, where the interests of the profession of chemistry were again watched by Lord Henley, who had so usefully participated in the discussion of the measure when it was introduced in March, 1931 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111, 1931,p.147),came before the Standing Committee of the House of Commons and was amended on the 9th and 11th May. The following memorandum of the proceedings has been 163 abstracted from the Official Report. In the consideration of Clause 3 (i), viz.:- “It shall not be lawful for a person, unless he is registered as a pharmaceutical chemist, to take or use the title of phar- maceutical chemist or pharmaceutist, or for any person unless he is registered as a pharmacist to take or use the title of chemist and druggist, or of druggist or of pharmacist or of member of the Pharmaceutical Society, or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail the title of chemist.” Dr.-now Sir G.C.-Clayton moved to leave out the words- chemist and druggist-and to insert instead thereof the words ‘‘chemist and druggist” in inverted commas, the object being to call attention to the fact that the title is “chemist and druggist” -not either the one or the other. Mr. Hacking said that he thought that the matter was quite clear as the Bill was drafted. If the hon. Member wished to have inverted commas inserted, he would not resist the amendment; but he was advised by the Parliamentary draftsman that it was unnecessary.The Chairman (Sir Ian Macpherson) declined to accept the amendment, remarking that it was purely a question of giving instructions to the clerks. Mr. Batey moved to insert the word “chemist” after the word druggist.” Mr. Hacking said that was a different point: it was not possible to accept the amendment, because its intention was to revert to the existing law which prevented a scientific chemist,- for instance, a member of the Institute of Chemistry,-from using the title “chemist” in any connection whatever. The Bill, as it stood, represented an agreement between the Pharmaceutical Society and the Institute of Chemistry, and allowed the scientific chemist to call himself a chemist in all circumstances, except in the sale of goods by retail.The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Dr. Clayton moved to leave out from the word “Society” to the end of the Clause, in order to ensure that a scientific chemist was not debarred from using the title ‘‘chemist, ” even though he should sell goods by retail. There were manufacturing chemists who sold, by retail,-analytical chemicals, for instance, to analytical chemists, universities, dispensaries, schools, and so on. One understood the term “chemist” to refer to two different 164 bodies,-the scientific chemists and those who kept “chemists’ shops,”-and he would like the term to be definitely available for both of these. He thought that the words which he desired to leave out were too strong in confining the term to those persons who sold in shops by retail, while withholding it from those who also manufactured when they sold goods by retail.Mr. Hacking said that it was certainly not intended that people who made an occasional sale by retail in the manner described, should be interfered with in any way, and he was told that that would not be the case. These words would only apply to people who made a practice of selling by retail, whose sole business it was to sell by retail, and they would not affect an occasional sale such as Dr. Clayton had instanced. He thought he could accept the assurance that that was so, and that there would be no interference of the nature that he feared. The amendment was by leave withdrawn.In Clause zo,--dealing with exemption, with respect to sales, wholesale and sales to certain persons,-it is provided that nothing in the foregoing provisions of Part I1 of the Act should extend or interfere with (iv) the sale of an article for use in, or in connection with, any hospital, infirmary, dispensary, or similar institution approved by an order, whether general or special, of the Secretary of State. Dr. Clayton moved to insert after the word “article” the words “being a poison or containing a poison as an ingredient.’’ He did not understand why the word “poisons” should have been changed to the word “articles.” Mr. Hacking replied that the clause could only apply to things which were dealt with in the Bill, and that the word “article” included poisons.He thought that the amendment was un- necessary. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Clause 20, sub-clause 5 (c), refers to the sale of an article by a person carrying on a business, a substantial part of which consists of the sale of poisons, either by way of wholesale dealing or for use by the purchasers thereof in their trade or business to (ii) (c), a person or institution engaged in scientific education or research, if the article is required for the purpose of that education or research. With regard to this Clause, Dr. Clayton moved to insert the words “including a university, school or other authorised body conducting examinations.” The Bill mentioned ‘‘institution ’’ 166 simply, and he would like to insert the additional words which he had suggestedin order to make it perfectly certain that a university school or other institution, especially one which conducted examinations, should be included.Mr. Hacking assured Dr. Clayton that there was no sinister motive in leaving out the words. It was beyond any shadow of dispute that a university, school or other educational estab- lishment, which was engaged in scientific education or research was an institution so engaged. Dr. Clayton said there was still the question of an Institute like the Institute of Chemistry, which conducted examinations and gave diplomas. That was in his mind when he included the words (‘authorised body conducting examinations.” He would like to make sure that the Institute would be included.It might not necessarily be covered by the word “institution.” Mr. Hacking assured Dr. Clayton that it would be covered by the word “institution.” There could be no doubt about it. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. Under clause z5,-referring to inspection and enforcement of the Act,-it is sought to provide under sub-clause (5) that it shall be the duty of every local authority, by means of inspection and otherwise, to take all reasonable steps to secure compliance, by persons not being authorised sellers of poisons, with the provisions of Part I1 of the Act, and with the rules made under Part I11 of the Act, so far as those provisions relate to poisons included in Part I1 of the Poisons List, and for that purpose to appoint inspectors ; also, that an inspector appointed by the Pharmaceutical Society to secure compliance by registered pharmacists and authorised sellers of poisons, might, with the consent of the Society, be appointed by a local authority to be an inspector for the purposes of this sub-section.The sub-section appeared to suggest to Dr. Clayton that the local authorities should appoint pharmacists as inspectors. Manufacturers considered that the inspectors already in existence, such as alkali inspectors and factory inspectors, were very well qualified to inspect works-especially the alkali inspectors-and did not see that there should be any suggestion that they should have further inspection.The present inspectors did very valu- able work in calling attention to matters which they thought might be modified. Manufacturers were glad to welcome them, but did not want any more inspectors. The alkali inspector was a fully qualified chemist who knew the conditions of manufacture 106 and knew the work. If there were to be any suggestion made to the local authorities as to whom they should appoint, in his (Dr. Clayton’s) opinion, they should suggest the alkali inspector or possibly the factory inspector. Mr. Hacking said that the object of the sub-section was to indicate that local authorities were not precluded from employing Pharmaceutical Society inspectors : it did not say that they must do so. He agreed that alkali inspectors were a very efficient body of men, and there was no reason why they should not be employed if the sub-section became law.Dr. Clayton declined to withdraw his amendment, but it was negatived. Mr. Batey moved to insert after the word “inspector” the words “who shall be a pharmacist.” He held that whoever was appointed as inspector should have a knowledge of the work,- should be a qualified person. Mr. Hacking pointed out that alkali inspectors were efficient, and that the local authorities also had very efficient inspectors working under the Food and Drugs Acts, and under the Shops Acts. If they cared to use those inspectors for the purposes of this Act, then on the grounds of economy alone they should be allowed to do so, provided that the inspectors were efficient.Mr. Batey’s amendment was by leave withdrawn. In dealing with the constitution of the Poisons Board,-Mr. Glossop sought to increase its membership from sixteen to eighteen, by including a representative of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons and a person engaged in the manufacture of general chemical products appointed by the Federation of British Industries. Captain Watt supported amendments to that effect. Mr. Hacking indicated that the Association of British Chemi- cal Manufacturers would be more directly affected by the Bill than the Federation of British Industries. He had been informed that the Association did not desire to have representation on the Board, and he asked his hon.friends not to press the amendments. Mr. Glossop said that certain members of the manufacturing interests had asked him to support the demand for representation. Dr. Clayton asked whether it was understood that, before the rules were passed by the Poisons Board, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers would be consulted. Mr. Hacking replied that the draft orders would be sent to them. 167 Eventually the question was put,--“That the word ‘sixteen’ stand part of the Schedule.” On a division, the Ayes were in the majority. The Committee concluded the amendment of the Bill for Report to the House. Rubber Industry Bill.-The attention of the Council having been directed to the Rubber Industry Bill, to provide for contributions by rubber manufacturers in the United Kingdom to the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers, and having considered representations received from the Association itself and from other correspondents on the subject, decided to forward the following resolutions to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and to the Board of Trade (Industries and Manufactures Department)- The Council of the Institute of Chemistry desires to express its conviction that provision for research and the application of the latest scientific and technical knowledge repre sent essential factors in the development of the Rubber Industry and the maintenance of its competitive power in Overseas Markets.The Council is of opinion that it is of the highest importance to the chemical profession that every possible facility should be afforded for the prosecution of investigation and research in this important field of work.Provided that the results of research obtained by the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers shall be made available to all who are subject to the levy proposed to be collected under the Rubber Industry Bill, the Council of the Institute desires, therefore, to express the hope that the measure may become law. In making the above decision, however, the Council had regard to the special conditions in the rubber industry, and recorded on the Minutes that this action was not to be understood as implying approval in general of the principle of compulsory levies for such purposes.The Bill (with some amendments) has passed the Committee stage in the House of Lords. Trade Marks-Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, member of Council, has been appointed representative of the Institute on 168 the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. In this connection, Mr. Elkington has submitted to the Council a memorandum on Section 6 of the Trade Marks Act, 1919, which provides for the removal from the register of word trade marks used as names of articles. The Section provides that where, in the case of an article or substance manufactured under any patent, a word trade mark registered is the name or only practicable name of the article or substance so manufactured, all rights to the exclusive use of such trade mark shall cease upon the expiration of the patent, and thereafter such words shall not be deemed a distinctive mark, and may be removed by the court from the register on the application of any person aggrieved; also, that no word which is the only practicable name or description of any single chemical element or single chemical compound, as distinguished from a mixture, shall be registered as a trade mark, and any such word now or hereafter on the register may, notwithstanding Section 41 of the principal Act, be removed by the court from the register on the application of any person aggrieved; provided that the provisions of this sub-section shall not apply where the mark is used to denote only the proprietor’s brand, etc.Briefly, the Section implies that a manufacturer must find two names for any new product, one being a trade mark, and the other a suitable and practicable name for the substance. The Council was unanimously of opinion that the Section should be retained in its present form. Finance.-The Council has received from the Finance and House Committee a report on an investigation into the adminis- tration costs of the Institute, which was undertaken in connection with a resolution from the South Wales Section suggesting that, in spite of a steady increase in the number of members of the Institute, the proportion of administration costs to receipts had remained approximately constant, instead of diminishing as might have been expected.The Report of the Committee showed that, during the ten years 1923-1932, the membership of the Institute had increased from 4399 to 6054 (37-6 per cent,); the total subscriptions had increased from j56929, in 1923, to fI9894,in 1932(42.7 per cent.),- Students’ subscriptions being included in the calculations. If the income from dividends and interest were brought into 169 account with the subscriptions, the increase in receipts was from &JZ~ to jGroJ7go (47-3 per cent.), during the same period. The other receipts included entrance fees and life compositions which were regularly invested,-provision being made for a sinking fund in respect of the lease of the premises of the Institute, which terminates in the year zoIz,-every other receipt being of the nature of a “set-off’’ against expenditure.For example, advertisements and sale of publications con-tributed towards paying for printing; hire of laboratories con- tributed towards paying for rent, rates, repairs, etc. ;examination and assessment fees were set off against examination costs, apparatus and materials, administration, printing, rent, gas, light, water, etc. , while the appointments register receipts were not nearly sufficient to meet the cost of printing, stationery, postage, advertisements and office services involved. The largest item of expenditure was for salaries and wages, which had increased from ,tl381g to f14787 (25.3 per cent.). During the first quinquennium (I~zz-z~)a scale of salaries and a scheme of staff insurance was introduced. If Staff Assurance were included, the total increase in these costs was from fT381g to f14999.It has been shown above that during the same period, the income from subscriptions and dividends increased by 47-3 per cent. During the five years, 19~7-193~~owing to the majority of the staff having reached the maximum of their scale, the increase in salaries and wages account was from f14458 to f14787, or only 7-3 per cent., while the income from subscriptions and dividends increased during the same period from fT8140 to f19894, i.e. 21.5 per cent. Expenditure on publications and printing-Journal and Proceedings, lectures, and other publications (Register, “Official Chemical Appointments,” Regulations, “Profession of Chemistry”) -had been so controlled as to give the members and students useful literature, without exceeding the income of the Institute.Printing costs, however, had been considerably reduced-in proportion to the increased production-the bulk of the “small ” printing being done at the Institute. All other expenses had been very carefully reviewed, and except such as were directly useful to the Fellows and Associates themselves, had actually been reduced in recent years. Those which had been increased included :-advertisements 170 (which were mainly concerned in making known the Appoint- ments Register), Local Section Grants, lectures, and the travelling expenses of Members of Council. Extraordinary expenses-such as the Jubilee Celebrations and the new Hall-had been defrayed from income.In general, the Council ascertained that reduction of expendi-ture could only be effected by restricting the activities of the Institute. Colonial Service.-The Council has addressed the Secretary of State for the Colonies on the desirability of revising a rule, which has recently been adopted with reference to passenger allowances to certain chemists in Government service in the Far East, whereby officers whose maximum salary is not more than E8oo per annum are allowed only second-class instead of first- class passages, and the status of these chemists has thereby been degraded in comparison with officers of other professions in the service. The Council has asked that the question of restoring the privilege of first-class passage for these officers may be con-sidered, irrespective of their salary scale.Appointment of Examiner.-Professor I. M. Heilbron, F.R.S., on his appointment to the Chair of Organic Chemistry in the University of Manchester, has asked the Council to allow him to withdraw from the appointment of Examiner for the Associate- ship of the Institute. His successor will be appointed in June, and, in the circumstances, Professor Heilbron, who would have resigned from the Council on accepting appointment as Examiner, will retain his seat. National Certificates in Chemistry .-The Board of Education has nominated the following officers as their repre- sentatives on the Joint Committee of the Board and the Institute for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry:-Mr.E. G. Savage, H.M. Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, with Mr. C. H. Creasey, Dr. A. Jamieson Walker, Dr. F. A. Mason, and Dr. P. C. L. Thorne, H.M. Inspectors of Technical Schools. Lectures.-Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins’ Lecture on I‘ Chemistry and Life,” Professor Alexander Findlay’s lecture on “Science and the Community,” Mr. Alexander Marcan’s lecture on “The Chemist in the Far East,” and Professor R. M. Caven’s lecture on “Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804,” have been published and issued to Fellows and Associates and Registered Students. The Council has also authorised the presentation of supplies of certain lectures, so far as they are available, to the Universities and recognised Colleges for the benefit of the students.The Council, with the consent of the author, has approved the publication of Mr. Norman Strafford’s lecture on “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods,” which was delivered before the Leeds Area Section in February. Professor Gilbert T. Morgan’s three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry” were delivered at the Institute on Tuesday, 9th; Monday, 15th; and Friday, 19th May. At the conclusion of the third lecture, the President (Professor J. F. Thorpe), who presided on each occasion, moved a vote of thanks to Professor Morgan for the valuable service which he had rendered the Institute by the preparation of such a comprehensive survey of the subject.The lectures testified to his remarkable industry and enthusiasm, and the members and students would look forward to their early publication. The President also expressed the thanks of the Institute to Mr. Burstall and others who had assisted Professor Morgan in the preparation for the lecture and to all who had contributed to the interesting collection of specimens exhibited at the Insti- tute during the period covered by the lectures. Benevolent Fund.-The total receipts for the Benevolent Fund up to 1st June, 1933, amounted to i1024 zs. rrd. compared with. E1023 IS. Iod. at the same date in 1932,-representing an increase of LI IS.Id. The disbursements during the same period were, however, only E346 4s. 3d. compared with k543 7s. Id. in 1g3z,-i.e. E1g7 2s. Iod. less. On the other hand, a deficit of L103 11s. 7d., due to Capital Account at the commencement of the year has been returned, and, so far as can be estimated at present, the Committee will be required to make regular payments to widows and children and other dependents amount- ing to E1g3 before the end of the year, in addition to meeting other appeals as they arise. 172 The Committee will be glad to hear from any Fellow or Associate who has not yet subscribed, but may be able to assist in improving the position of the fund, in order that all appeals received may be dealt with adequately and promptly.John Millar Thomson Medal.-The Council has received from Professor Smiles and Professor Allmand of King’s College, London, the gift of a replica of the John Millar Thomson Medal in bronze, -by A. G. Wyon-which is presented annually to the student of King’s College who most distinguishes himself in the final year of the special honours course in the Department of Chemistry in the College. A vote of thanks was accorded to the donors. Gift.-Mr. Thomas McLachlan, Fellow, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of “Raphael Meldola: Reminiscences of his Worth and Work by those who knew him”; edited by James Marchant, London, 1916. This copy was presented by Mrs. Meldola to the Editor, in memory of her husband.At-tached to the inscription is a small portion of filter paper coloured with ‘‘Meldola Blue” from the original dye. Chemical Society Library.-The Council has forwarded a contribution of Ez5o to the Library of the Chemical Society. It is understood that the privileges with regard to the use of the Library to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe is the representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Society. World Power Conference.-Dr. Harold G. Colman has been re-appointed representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. The Sectional Meeting for 1933 will be devoted to power problems of heavy industry and of land and sea transport.The Conference will open at Copenhagen on 26th June, con- tinue at Stockholm on 28th, where the technical session will be inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Sweden, and will conclude at Oslo on 8th July. Particulars can be obtained from C. Rodgers, Esq., Hon. Secretary, British National Committee, World Power Conference, 63, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C.2. 173 British Standards Institution.-Dr. Harold G. Colman has also been nominated, and has kindly consented to act, as the representative of the Institute on Technical Committee C/13 Sampling of Tar Products. Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections.-On the suggestion of Mr. Edgar Lewis, Hon. Secretary of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, and on the recommendation of the Finance and House Committee, the Council has authorised arrangements to be made for a conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections to be held at the Institute on Saturday, 24th June, to discuss matters of general interest affecting the work and proceedings of the Sections. 174 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on z3h April, when a paper on 64 The Metabolism of Fats ” was delivered by Dr. J. A. Lovern, of the Torry Research Station; Professor Hendrick in the Chair. Considerations of time limited the scope of the paper to the animal kingdom, and likewise excluded reference to changes in glyceride structure which occur during fat metabolism.Dr. Lovern dealt with the main chemical and physical changes which the fatty acid portion of the fats undergoes in the animal body, commencing with fat taken in the food. The process of digestion and absorption was dealt with in detail, and the important r81e of the bile acids emphasised. Turning to the deposition of fats in the depbts, the means by which the animal can alter the type of fat to suit its special requirements were considered, and were shown to include the following: (I) selective deposition of certain glycerides, the controlling factor probably being molecular size ; (2) inter-conversion of saturated and unsaturated acids of the same number of carbon atoms; (3) admixture with fat formed from carbohydrate sources.In connection with fat derived from carbohydrate, the two most likely theories as to the mechanism were given, namely, the acetaldehyde and the pyruvic acid intermediate theories. The type of fat produced from carbohydrate was shown to be relatively saturated. The catabolism of the dep8t fat when called upon for energy requirements was next dealt with, and the evidence for and against the theories of desaturation in the liver, intermediate phosphatide formation, and /I-oxidation was considered. Finally reference was made to “in vitro” experiments with various fatty acids, oxidised with hydrogen peroxide. A vote of thanks to Dr. Lovern was carried on the pro- position of Mr. R. Craven. 175 Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Glasgow on 26th and 27th May.Fellows of the Chemical Society in Scotland were also invited to participate. Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, in the unavoidable absence of Professor G. G. Henderson, received the members in the Univer- sity Union and, after tea, presided at a meeting at which Dr. W. J. Jenkins, of Ardeer, gave an address on 6bCelluloseand some of its Uses.” Dr. Jenkins said that all were familiar with cellulose in the textile industry, but it appeared also as paper, celluloid, arti- ficial silk, moulding powders and plastics. The property which rendered it satisfactory in these connections was its tensile strength.By variations in the treatment, different forms of nitro-cellulose could be obtained, ranging from gun-cotton to that form used in the manufacture of lacquers for motor car body- work. Automobiles to-day owed their shining finish and com- parative freedom from paint-work scratches to the use of these lacquers and enamels. After dealing with the chemical aspect of solvents for nitro- cellulose, Dr. Jenkins mentioned the use of cellulose leather cloth. The process consisted essentially in applying a suitably coloured plastic mass of cellulose derivative to a woven (generally cotton) fabric, and thereafter impressing the required grain in relief upon the product by means of embossing plates or rolls.Nitro-cellulose was the chief derivative used at present in the manu- facture of artificial leather cloth, although a limited amount was prepared from other cellulose derivatives. The quality of the finished material depended to a considerable extent on the base cloth which was used. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Jenkins. Blr. E. M. Melville, of the Agricultural College, gave a brief description of the activities at the Experimental Farm and Estate at Auchincruive, which was visited on the following day. In the evening, Professor Wilson presided at a Dinner held at the Staff Club of the University, when the company was augmented by the attendance of many ladies. Mr. T. Ramsay, proposed the toast of “The Chemical Societies,” to which Professor R.M. Caven replied; and Dr. S. H. Tucker, “The 176 Visitors,” to which Mr. A. Tait, Chairman of the Edinburgh Section, replied. Professor Wilson received the thanks of the members for pre- siding, and Dr. T. S. Stevens for securing the use of the Staff Club for the occasion. On the following day, the company left for Auchincruive, by private car and omnibus and, after a delightful run of about 39 miles through some of the finest Ayrshire country, arrived at the estate, where they were conducted over the laboratories by members of the chemical staff. They also visited the dairy school, the gardens and greenhouses, the Colin-Thomson Re- search Laboratory, the poultry department, etc. The company partook of luncheon in the Mansion House, when thanks were accorded to Professor D.N. MacArthur and his staff for the excellent arrangements which had been made on behalf of the visitors. The party returned by way of Stevenston, where a visit was paid to the Ardeer Explosives Factory of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. The visitors were conducted over the plant by members of the chemical staff, and were given an opportunity of inspecting the production of nitro-glycerine and its subsidiary products which are used in the preparation of blasting explosives and propellants. Plant for the purification of glycerine, the preparation of sulphuric acid, the preparation of nitric acid from ammonia, and of gun cotton from both cotton waste and linters, were examined in turn, and the visit was concluded by a practical demonstration of the uses and tests to which modern explosives are subjected. Before leaving the works, the company were entertained to tea, presided over by Mr.T. Donaldson, Technical Manager. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Donaldson appealed for a closer co-operation between the Technical Colleges, Universities, and Industry. As a measure of his practical interest in the matter, he offered to engage four students in the factory with a view to supplementing their academic and technical training with industrial experience. Professor Wilson thanked Mr. Donaldson for his offer, and also expressed the thanks of the whole company for the excellent arrangements which had been made for the visit.Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Merrythought Caf6 on 12th May, Dr. 177 John Hawthorne in the Chair. The following office bearers and committee were elected for the ensuing Session:-Dr. W. Honneyman, Chairman; Mr. J. W. Porter, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell, Hon. Secretary; Miss M. H. Craig, Messrs. R. G. Baskett, E. M. Reid and H. T. Currie, Committee. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Concert and Social (hitherto arranged by the Institute and the British Association of Chemists) was held on 17th January. On this occasion, members of the Society of Chemical Industry also participated. Mr. H. W. Rowell occupied the Chair, and the arrangements for the Concert were made by Mr.J R. Johnson and his friends, including other members of the Section who pro- vided a most enjoyable programme. The Midland Chemists’ Annual Dinner-Dance took place at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, on 4th February, when the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry and its Engineering Group, the British Association of Chemists, and the University of Birmingham were all well represented. The guest of honour, Dr. R. H. Pickard, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, proposed the toast of “Midland Chemists,” to which Mr. W. A. S. Calder, who presided, responded. (A report of the Dinner has already been published in Chemistry artd Industry for 10th February, p. 129.) The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Industrial Fermentation, The University, Edg- baston, 27th March.The Officers and Committee were elected as follows :-Mr. A. W. Knapp, Chairman; Mr. H. H. Bagnall, Vice-chairman; Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse, Hon. Treasurer; Dr. F. W. Norris, Hon. Secretary. Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Messrs. J. R. Johnson, G. King, D. W. Parkes and Dr. W. Wardlaw (Fellows) and Dr. W. M. Hampton, Messrs. T. L. Harris, A. R. Runeckles and G. Thomas (Associates), Committee. Mr. Thomas kindly consented to act as Assistant Secretary for the ensuing Session. After the formal business, the meeting adjourned to the adjoin- ing laboratories where a Demonstration of Apparatus had been arranged. The following is a summary of the exhibits :-Apparatus for circulation of liquids in corrosion experiments (Dr.Brownsdon and Dr. Bannister). Sun-ball testing apparatus (Dr. Hampton and Mr. J. G. Holmes). 178 Carbon monoxide recording apparatus, Haldane gas analysis apparatus, various types of hygrometer, etc. (Dr. J. I. Graham and Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse). All-glass apparatus, with interchangeable joints, for stirring, fractionation, extraction, etc. (Mr. L. V. D. Scorah). Instrument for Rapid Comparison of Compression Strengths of Mortars, etc. (Mr. G. King). Capillary Pipettes (Mr. G. Thomas). Determination of Arsenic, Fat, Jelly Strengths, etc. (Messrs. A. W. Knapp, J. R. Johnson and Staff). Modified Gutzeit Apparatus, Neon Vacuum Sodium Lamp (Dr. Norris, by courtesy of Messrs.Gallenkamp). The Demonstration proved successful, and the members present spent a very pleasant evening. Members of the Section have recently been invited to attend several lectures, including the following 1-Prof. A. R. Ling on “Studies on Starch and Glycogen,” on 19th January. Mr. F. E. Day, on “The Nitrogen Factor in Brewery Fermentations,” on 2nd February. Dr. L. H. Lampitt, on “Food and Science,” on and March (by invitation of Univer-sity of Birmingham Biochemical Society); and Prof. R. V. Wheeler on “Flame Speeds in Gases,’’ on 3rd March (by invitation of Dr. J. Newton Friend). Joint meetings arranged by the Derby Joint Sub-committee have also taken place, and members are indebted to the Chairman and Committee of the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society for invitations to attend lectures given under their auspices.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-An informal Dinner was held at Hort’s Restaurant, Bristol, on 19th April, at which a presentation was made to Mr. A. W. M. Wintle, on the occasion of his leaving Rristol to take up an appointment at Widnes. Mr. Edward Russell, who presided, referred to the loss sus-tained by the Local Section of the Institute on Mr. Wintle leaving the district, and to the valuable services rendered to the Section and to the Institute by hlr. Wintle, who had been honorary secretary for the past eleven years and a Member of Council for an aggregate period of four years. The members present joined 179 in wishing Mr.Wintle success and prosperity in his new sphere of activity. Dr. E. Vanstone, Head of the Chemical Department, Seale- Hayne College, Newton Abbot, has been elected Chairman of the Section for the coming year; Mr. Edgar Lewis has been appointed Honorary Secretary in succession to Mr. Wintle, and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse has been elected to the Committee. Arrangements have been made for members of the Section and their friends to visit the Dartington Hall Estate, Totnes, on 10th June. Cape.-The Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Cape Section was held in Cape Town on the 21st April,-Mr. E. H. Croghan in the Chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and the Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted, and the officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows:-Mr.G. Leslie, Chairman; Dr. W. Pugh, Secretary; Dr. L. Denis-Nathan, Hon. Treasurer; Professor J. Smeath-Thomas, Dr. J. Malan and Dr. B. W. Marloth, Committee; and Mr. L. N. Cohen and Mr. R. J. Kruger, Auditors. At the conclusion of the business a meeting was held in which members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society participated, and Mr. Croghan gave an address on “Modern Sewage Disposal.” The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Dr. W. 0. Kermack presided at a meeting held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on a3rd March, when Dr.Littler, of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on 6‘ Drikold.” Dr. Littler dealt with the origin and growth of the solid CO, industry, and discussed some of the problems connected with its production. He showed how the application of thermodynamics had enabled great economies to be effected. The methods of handling and transporting solid CO, were described, with special reference to those evolved by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., to deal with their product “Drikold.” The evolution of this 180 technique had enabled production to be centralised in large pro- ducing units which could make use of by-product CO, and could be mechanised to a high degree. He then discussed the two principal applications of “Drikold,” namely, its use as a source of CO, gas in place of liquid CO, and as a refrigerant.He described the methods of effecting tempera- ture control in spaces refrigerated with “Drikold ” and mentioned the advantages of its use in the handling of food-stuffs, in particular, the bactericidal effect of the evolved CO, gas. After replying to various points raised in the discussion Dr. Littler was accorded a vote of thanks. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Local Section of the Institute received an invitation from the Local Section of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to hear an address by Lord Rutherford, given at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 12th January. A joint Smoking Concert of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry, with the Ardeer Chemical Club, was held in the Eglinton Hotel, Ardrossan, on 13th January, Mr.W. Donaldson in the Chair. Members of both Sections contributed to the programme. Dr. P. F. Gordon moved a vote of thanks on behalf of the Glasgow visitors, to their hosts, for a very enjoyable evening. On 3rd February, Professor Alex. Findlay addressed a joint meeting of Chemical Societies of Glasgow at the Royal Technical College, on 6‘ Science and the Community.” An interesting discussion followed, and Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, who presided, moved a cordial vote of thanks to Pro-fessor Findlay for his address, which has been published by the Institute as a separate monograph. A meeting of the Section was held in the Ca’doro Restaurant on 17th February for a “Discussion of Professional Matters,” Mr.Hugh Findlay presiding. The first subject dealt with was ‘* Refresher ” Courses. Introducing this subject, the Chairman instructed the Hon. Secretary to read a statement on the replies received to the 181 questionnaire sent out early in January, asking the members of the Section if they were willing to take part in refresher courses, and, if so, which of the following branches they would wish to take,-organic, inorganic, physical or analytical chemistry ; and if they would be prepared to pay a nominal fee for the course. The Secretary then stated that he had sent out 329 copies of this questionnaire and received 41 replies.Of this number 7 were in the negative, and 34 in the affirmative. In the 34 favourable replies, the special subjects were sub-divided as follows: Those wishing to take classes in physical chemistry were 25, in organic chemistry 23, in analytical chemistry 20, in inorganic chemistry 17. In the ensuing discussion, the following points were raised and dealt with in considerable detail. The type of lecture: application to teachers of chemistry in schools; whether the lectures would deal with fundamental considerations of a purely theoretical nature or the special applications of such theory to industry; and the financial aspect of the scheme. During the discussion certain suggestions were made. Mr. J. G. Duncan suggested that, as the Institute had given several lectures on similar lines in London, which could not be con- veniently attended by provincial members, it might be possible to hold some of these meetings at centres other than London.Regarding the publication of these lectures he suggested that the Institute’s activities in this direction were greatly appreciated and, if possible, should be continued. Dr. J. Sword intimated that the small number of answers to the questionnaire did not necessarily indicate lack of interest, but rather that, while the scheme was highly desirable, it was realised that it would be extremely difficult to arrange courses to meet all the various individual requirements. Finally, the Secretary intimated that the Section committee had discussed the matter very fully and had come to the con- clusion that, owing to the small proportion of members in the Section who had replied to the questionnaire, the Committee was unable to proceed with any scheme immediately, but recommended, as an experiment, that two lectures (one in physical chemistry and one in organic chemistry) be arranged as part of the syllabus for the next session-each dealing with some aspects of recent fundamental work.The meeting adopted this recommendation. 182 Huddersfie1d.-The Thirteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Caf6, on 14th March,-Mr. H. W. Moss in the Chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and Honorary Treas- urer were approved.Mr. F. Robinson and Dr. S. Coffey were elected to the Committee, and, on the motion of Mr. R. 0.Eames, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Honorary Treasurer, Mr. F. J. Corby, and to the retiring member of the Committee, Mr. F. L. Sharp, for their services to the Section. Following the business meeting, a lecture was given by Mr. D. J. Law on ‘(Modern Light Leather Manufacture.” In his introductory remarks Mr. Law made reference to the earliest methods of converting raw skin into leather. It was considered probable that skins were often saturated with the natural fat of the animal, followed by mechanical treatment. The fibres of the skin became coated with a layer of oxidised fat and the skin dried out soft and flexible. Distillation products from a wood fire were probably also used to act on skins.The application of science to tannery was of. comparatively recent date. Leather-making retained much of the character of a craft because of the variability of skins. No two were alike and the process had to be adjusted to an average skin. Bytanning was meant all the processes involved during the con- version of raw skin to finished leather. The combination of the tanning material with the skin was the easiest of these, and it was the pre-tanning process which made or marred the leather. The same applied to the processes following the actual tanning. After some remarks on the structure of raw skin, the lecturer proceeded to a detailed description of the various processes.The soaking process whereby the skin is cleansed and softened was first described, and as examples of the latest soaking agents were given,-sodium citrate, sodium ferrocyanide and sodium pyrophosphate. The hair was next removed by methods depending on the value of the wool or hair. The liming and sodium sulphide processes were described, and a recent process involving the use of a tryptic enzyme “Arazym.” For this process it was claimed that the collagen was very little attacked, and that it combined the unhairing, liming and puering processes. The lecturer next referred to the drench process, and then proceeded to discuss the purely scientific work done on the 183 swelling of gelatin in acid solution, and the repression of the swelling by salt solutions in connection with the pickling process which was beneficial in preserving the skin prior to the tanning process.The tanning process was dealt with in some detail, and the following methods were discussed :-(I) Vegetable tanning, e.g. catechol and pyrogallol tannins. (2) Chrome salts. (3) Oil tanning. (4) Alum tanning. (5) Formaldehyde tanning. (6) Synthetic tans. Vegetable tanning was started in weak solutions in which the goods were either suspended, paddled or drummed. All vegetable tanning took place in acid solution. Oil tanning involved the replacement of water by oil and subsequent oxidation. This was a very ancient process which modern science had not altered.As synthetic tans, phenol-formaldehyde condensation pro- ducts were instanced. Cellulose extracts were now coming into use as purification methods were being worked out. The lecturer completed his description of modern light leather manufacture with some remarks on leather dyeing. Some interesting leather samples were exhibited to illustrate the lecturer’s remarks. The lecture stimulated some interesting discussion, and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer on the motion of Mr. Randolph. Irish Free State.-A visit was paid to the Works of the Alliance and Dublin Consumers’ Gas Company on 5th April, when the members were conducted over the horizontal and vertical coking plants by Mr. Hill, the assistant engineer. Leeds Area.-Members of the Section were invited to the discussion on “Substitution in Organic Compounds,” organised by the Chemical Society, and held on 12th May, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University. The speakers included Professors Robert Robinson, C.K. Ingold, G. M. Bennett, H. M. Dawson, Arthur Lapworth, and Drs. J.W. Baker, C. W. Shoppee, G. N. Burkhardt and M. G. Evans. 184 The Chairman and Secretary of the Section have been nominated to serve on the Committee which is to consider the possibility of arranging advanced courses in Chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire. London and South-Eastern Counties.-During the month of April three visits were made by members of the Section:-On 5th April, to British Industrial Solvents, Ltd., at Carshalton; on 6th, to the Laboratories of the DistillersCo., Ltd., Great Burgh; and on 21st, to the Low Temperature Research Station at Cambridge.Malaya.-The Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the 25th February, at the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur,-Lieut .-Col. B. J. Eaton presiding. The annual report and the Statement of Accounts for 1932 were adopted, and the Chairman and Committee for the ensuing year elected as follows .-Mr. M. Jamieson, Chairman; Mr. J. F. Clark, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Dr. F. E. Byron, Assistant Honorary Secretary; Messrs. C. T. J. Owen, A. W. Burtt, Dr. T. A. Buckley, Dr. J. L. Wiltshire, committee; and Messrs. R. E. Willgress and F. H. Geake, Honorary Auditors.Col. Eaton, in the course of his address, referred to the troubled times through which the world was passing, which had affected membership of the Section, both numerically and financially, and had prevented the reading of more than two papers. He wished to thank Malayan Collieries, Ltd., for the kind invitation extended to the members of the Section to visit their property at Batu Arang. The Honorary Secretary was requested to write to Mr. F. L. Okell expressing the regret of the Section that he would not be returning to Malaya, and thanking him for all that he had done for the Section, as one of its founders, and throughout the past nine years. The thanks of the meeting was accorded to the retiring Chairman and Committee; to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research, for the use of the room for the meeting; and to the Malayan Collieries, for inviting the members to visit their property.The morning had been devoted to informal visits to labora- tories, and the meeting was held in the afternoon of the same day. 185 In the evening a dinner was held at the Station Hotel, and mem- bers of the Section visited the Collieries on the following day. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-At the invitation of the Bedson Club, members of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry attended the Twenty-second Bedson Lecture, which was delivered at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 19th May, by Dr. Arthur Harden, F.R.S., Nobel Laureate, on bb The Chemistry and Fermentation.” Prof.P. Phillips Bedson was present at the meeting, at which Dr. G. R. Clemo presided. Dr. Harden, in a comprehensive survey, emphasised the great complexity of the chemical reactions occurring during fennenta- tion and, in the light of recent researches, including his own work on the phosphoric esters of the sugars, indicated how the normal metabolism of the yeast cell could be altered (“patho- genically”) with a view to increasing or suppressing, as desired, certain products of fermentation processes. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr. Harden for his interesting address. South Wales,-On 27th January, at a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Cardiff, a paper by Mr.A. J. Cruise, on “The Use of Gaseous Fuel in South Wales Industries,” was read by Mr. T. G. Watts, in the unavoidable absence of the author. The paper was printed in Chemistry and Industry,-10th February, 1933. On 24th February, at a joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held at Cardiff, a paper was read by Dr. J. F. J. Dippy, on ‘6 The Stability of Cyclic Compounds.” In the year 1885, W. H. Perkin, jun., published his first work upon the synthesis of closed carbon chains. He sought to demonstrate that rings possessing fewer than six members were capable of existence. This revolutionary departure was crowned 186 with success, so much so that even conservative opponents of the view, such as Victor Meyer, acclaimed and accepted Perkin’s work.In a relatively short time three, four and five membered rings had been synthesised. A typical reaction of this classical work is the following:-Na\ POoEtCqBr .CH, .Cl&Br + C --+ C&Br.C&.CK \/COOEt C H/ ‘COOEt H/ \COOEt 1 CH2/c%\ CH.COOH tCH, /cRB\ /CO OEt CH,Br .CH,.C& \ /COOEt C t-C \CH/ \C&/ \COOEt ‘COOEtNa’ An outcome of this research was the development of Baeyer’s Strain Theory, which attempted to relate the stability of a cyclic compound with the strain set up between the inter-valency angles as a result of the departure from the normal tetrahedral con- figuration. This theory, though applicable to the simplest cases, did not explain satisfactorily the stability of the majority of alicyclic systems; in particular it failed to take into account the influence of the substituent groups in a system.This fact was demonstrated by Thorpe and Ingold. It followed, as a result, that the angle between any two valencies of a carbon atom was determined by the mode of combination of the other two valencies, that is, by the bulks of the attached groups. Ingold gave to this modification of Baeyer’s theory a limited quantitative basis. Much experimental support, both chemical and physical, had been adduced in favour of this newer form of the strain theory which was now termed the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis. The principle was clearly shown in the tendency to cyclo-propane ring formation of the a-bromo derivatives of the following glutaric acids:- Me\ /CH,.COOH Me\ /CHz.COOH H\ C/cs-cOOH C C H’H/\C€&.COOH \CJ&.COOH Me/ \C&.COOH I I1 I11 In agreement with the hypothesis the tendency is I11 > I1 > I.However, there had been criticisms levelled at the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis for there existed undoubted weaknesses in 187 its application. Exception had been taken to the assumptions involved in Ingold’s calculations. An outstanding difficulty must certainly arise in the use of any cyclic-strain theory based entirely upon spatial considerations ;the substituents in a system while possessing bulk also possess polar character, a factor that might easily affect the course of a reaction which was being taken as a measure of ring stability.This undoubtedly had been the mitigating factor in many reactions which have been considered anomalous. To distinguish between spatial and polar effects was indeed a problem, and it was at present recognised that any satisfactory strain theory must take both effects into account. In certain recent papers attempts have actually been made to trace the superposition of polar upon spatial effects. Of late years interest had centred around the preparation, by Ruzicka and his co-workers, of high membered carbon rings of great stability. A ring with as many as thirty-two members had been obtained. The stability of such rings was easily understood by assuming that rings of six and more members tend to relieve their internal strain by distortion from the planar condition. This extension of the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis, termed the Sachse-Mohr theory had been given conclusive proof; as for instance the isolation of cis and trans forms of decalin.The connecting link between the planar low-membered forms and the distorted high-membered forms was the six-membered ring. The present view, due to Baker and Ingold, was that this ring did buckle but possessed strain since it was in constant oscillation between the two stabilised extremes (cis and trans), which there- fore introduced a strained planar phase. This conception was in agreement with facts and had received a measure of experimental support.The present state of the whole subject was that the Valency Deflexion Hypothesis in its widest form was capable of co-ordinat-ing the plain facts of stability of all alicyclic compoundswhen it could be applied in conjunction with polar considerations. 188 April-May Examinations, 1933. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :-No. No. POTthe Associate8hip-Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at The University, Manchester,-24tL29th April 32 24 For the Pellowship-Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute,--lst-5th May .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats: at the Institute,--18t5th May .... .. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Micro- scopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute,-1st-6th May . . .. 8 4 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Reading, -1st-5thMay .. .. .. .. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of The Anglo- Persian Oil Co., Sunbury-on-Thames,- 3rd-7th April .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Tar Manufacture .. 1 1 Special Examination in General Analytical Chemistry:at the Institute,-lst-5th May 1 1 -48 36 EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERALCHEMISTRY.AND PHYSICALINORGANIC CHEMISTRY .-The general level of the candidates’ work was higher than at several recent examina- tions. Three or four candidates did very well indeed both in the theory papers and in the practical work. The papers appeared 189 to be well within the capabilities of the candidates, since their choice among the alternatives provided covered all the questions set. There was a very close correspondence between the merit of the candidates in this part of the examination and in organic chemistry. The practical work was, on the whole, done well, and in very workmanlike manner. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-Afew outstanding candidates attained a high level and the majority were of good average ability in their work, both in theoretical and practical organic chemistry.Most candidates seemed to know something about the stereo- chemistry of the oximes, and about the more interesting theoreti- cal problems presented by the subject. Few, however, had a really good grasp of the descriptive side, and there was some ignorance of fundamental reactions. This was shown parti- cularly in attempts to devise synthetical methods, the routes not infrequently selected being impracticable, both from the chemical and the economic points of view. The Examiners have very frequently pointed out in these reports that teachers do not seem to be successful in impressing upon their pupils the necessity for obvious precautions in making use of so-called general reactions. Again, it is not sufficiently clearly realised that synthetical devices are useless if, at a certain stage, a large number of isomerides are obtainable. In the practical work the majority of the candidates soon obtained an idea as to the nature of the naphthol-naphthylamine mixture, but many did not effect a satisfactory separation at a sufficiently early stage.Two or three candidates returned almost completely satis- factory solutions of the problem on the conditions for the oxida- tion of benzil, but with these exceptions, little enterprise was displayed in this exercise. The language tests proved comparatively easy on this occasion, a lack of knowledge of German, however, still affecting a small proportion of the candidates.EXAMINATION IN BRANCHFOR THE FELLOWSHIP E. WRITTENPAPERS.-The answers to the question on the theoretical considerations underlying the application of cryoscopy to the detection of added water in milk were disappointing. Several candidates had very little understanding of the principles involved. 190 With regard to the question on vinegar, the manufacturing process was often described with little reference to the chemistry of the reactions involved. Several of the candidates did not read the question on vitamins carefully. They enumerated the vitamins, and gave a brief account of their physiological functions, but with little reference to the chemical nature of these substances. The majority of the candidates were conversant with modern methods of detecting small amounts of metals in food materials.PRACTICALWoRK.-The routine work was very well done, but some weakness was shown in the interpretation of results. Some candidates gave faulty interpretations, based on insufficient evidence, thereby showing their lack of the necessary experience. PHARMACOLOGYTHERAPEUTICS, AND MIcRoscoPY.-With one or two exceptions, the candidates had a good knowledge of drugs and therapeutics, and had realised the importance of study- ing the changes introduced in the 1932 edition of the &dish Pharmacopizia. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Anderson, James Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Barnes, Thomas Edward, BSc. (Lond.), Battersea Polytechnic, London. Bowyer, Thomas Linley, Central Technical School, Liverpool.Brown, Thomas Frederic, Royal Technical College, Salford. Cadwallader, Wilfred Donald, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Carter, William James, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol. Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute; and Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Cook,Laurence Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), King’s College; and Birkbeck College, London. Cranch, George Wilson, University College, Nottingham. Cullen, Maisie Ursula, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Edwards, Harold, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Goodman, George Reginald, Loughborough College, Leicestershire. Haigh, Harold Lovell, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Kirby, Denis, B.Sc.(Lond. ), Loughborough College, Leicesterahire. Longley, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. McGraghan, Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), Rutherford Technical College, NewcastIe- upon-Tyne.Ramsay, Robert Frew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow; and College of Technology, Manchester. Ranee, Robert George, BSc. (Lond.), Chelsea Polytechnic, London. Rousseau, Christian Edward, Middelbare Technische School, Amsterdam. Taylor, Donald Bryce, Central Techniml School, Liverpool. 191 Timson, Philip Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute; and The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Turnbull, Herbert Kassell, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Watson, John Alexander, Central Technical School, Liverpool.Woodhouse, George, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry Blatchford, Alfred Samuel, M.Sc. (Dun.). In Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats Croxford, John William. Webb, William Denis Lucking. In Branch E. The GhemGtry, including Microscopy, of Food and Druga, and of Water Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gangolli, Dattatraya Manjunath, M.Sc. (Bombay). Moir, Daniel Donald, M.Sc. (Lond). Willgress, Robert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry Louden, Charles Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.).Mackness, John Raimes, Ph.D.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. In Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Petroleum Taylor, Charles William, A.R.C.S. With special reference to Coal Tar Technology Baird, David, B.Sc. (Glas.). In General Analytical Chemistry Burgess, Stanley Grove, Ph.D. (Lond.). Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 24th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible. 1. Give brief explanatory definitions of FIVE of the following terms :-Monotropy, electrostriction, X-ray spectrum, overvoltage, mass spectrum, colloidal solution, viscosity, limiting density. 2. Give an account of the preparation of phosphorus from its chief 3.Describe Werner’s co-ordination theory, and show how the current natural sources and describe its principal uses in industry. electronic theory of valency deals with co-ordination compounds and with compounds of other types. 4. What product is obtained in each case when ammonia reacts with (a) silver chloride, (b) stannic chloride, (c) sodium, and (d) silicon tetra- chloride ? Indicate the conditions under which these products are formed and their chief reactions or uses. 192 5. Discuss critically the methods that have been proposed for the quantitative estimation of chloride, bromide and iodide in admixture. 6. Give an account of the action of steam on carbon at high tempera- tures from both the practical and the theoretical standpoints.7. Discuss the nature and magnitude of the errors in volumetric analysis, indicating the degree of accuracy to be expected in the volumetric estimation of (a) a caustic alkali, (b)silver, and (c)iron by permanganate. 2 to 5 p.m. Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give fomnulae and equations where possible. 1. Describe the several types of freezing point -composition diagrams, and explain how such a diagram may be used to investigate the products of reaction between two or more substances. 2. Outline the experimental facts on which the Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation is based, show how the theory correlates these facts, and indicate the nature of the modern developments of this theory.3. Describe the work of Gay Lussac and Avogadro, and show how it has influenced the development of chemical theory. 4. Describe the preparation, properties and chief reactions of FOUR of the following substances :-Ammonium carbamate, chlorosulphonic acid, nickel carbonyl, hydrazine sulphate, chromyl chloride, calcium cyanamide. 5. Discuss briefly the reactions of bromine with the following sub- stances: (a)ammonia, (b) potassium chlorate, (c) aluminium, (d) iron, (e) sulphur, (f)sulphur dioxide. 6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The extraction and uses of beryllium. (21) The sources and properties of selenium and its compounds. (c) The rare earths. 7. Outline the chemistry of boron.TUESDAY, 25th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. On what evidence is the theory of stereoisomeric oximes based? How have the configurations of isomeric oximes been determined? Dis-cuss critically the methods that have been proposed for this purpose. 2. Write an essay on the mechanism of intramolecular rearrange- ments. 3. Does an examination of the molecular structure of plant products suggest any theories of their biogenesis? Point out any significant structural relations existing between (a) alkaloids and proteins, and (b)carbohydrates and aromatic types of plant products. 4. Describe with all essential practical details the preparation of (a)5. Give an account of the chemistry of indole and its derivatives, benzaldehyde from toluene, and (b) B-naphthol from naphthalene.excluding indigotin. 6. How may carboxylic acids of various types be synthesised? Mention all the possible variations of the carboxyl group, giving only one example in each class of derivatives. i93 7. Devise possible routes of synthesis of the following: t-butylacetic acid (8: 8-dimethylbutyric acid); m-tolyl methyl ketone; 2: 4: 6: 8-tetrameth ylanthraquinone . 8. What is the action of nitrous acid upon the following compounds: Diphenylamine, dimethylaniline, resorcinol, ethyl acetoacetate, glycine ester hydrochloride, aniline in dilute acetic acid, aniline in excess of aqueous hydrochloric acid, aniline in boiling alcoholic sulphuric acid ? WEDNESDA Y and THURSDAY, 26th and 27th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.each day. 1. Identify the constituents of the binary mixture (A) and submit crystalline specimens of the pure substances and any derivatives obhined in the course of the work. (A = a-and 8-naphthol with a-and p-naphthylamine.) 2. Oxidise about 10 grams of the benzoin (B) provided to benzil using any suitable method and then find the best conditions for the further oxidation of benzil to benzoic acid, using hydrogen peroxide. Having determined these conditions oxidise 2 grams of benzil and submit your total yield (from the 2 grams) of purified benzoic acid. PRIDAY, 28th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. The solution (C) contains magnesium sulphate, ammonium sulphate and sulphuric acid.Determine the free sulphuric acid and ammonium radical volumetrically, stating your results as grams per litre of NH, and H,SO,. Suitable solutions of acid and alkali are supplied, but you are required to standardise them and report their normality. These deter- minations must be reported to-day. Also determine magnesium and sulphate gravimetrically, stating the results as grams per litre of Mg and SO,. These determinations may be finished to-morrow. 2. Examine and report upon the Mineral D and the contaminating substance present therein. (D = Pure CaSO, with 10 per cent. of sulphur.) SATURDAY, 29th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric exercises. 2. Examine and report upon the liquid mixture (E)which contains 3.Identify the pure substance (F). (F = Manganese ammonium two pure substances. (E = POCl,; SO,C&.) phosphate.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions may be answered.) 1. Describe the methods of manufacture of calcium carbide, calcium 2. Write an essay on (a) 4-and 6-co-ordination compounds with cyanamide, and potassium cyanide. special reference to the spatial arrangement of the atoms or groups taking part in the co-ordination, OR (b)recent methods of investigation directed towards the detection of new elements, dealing particularly with the search for the missing alkali No. 87 and halogen No.85. 194 3. What are the methods of preparation of (1) thionyl chloride, (2) antimony trichloride, (3)semicarbazide hydrochloride, (4)selenium dioxide, and (5) ceric sulphate ? Show how they are used in laboratory practice. 4. Give an account of the Joule-Thomson effect for gases. What is the explanation of the fact that hydrogen, with a negative effect at 0" C. can nevertheless be liquefied? What means are adopted to liquefy helium? Describe the behaviour of liquid helium near the absolute zero of tempera-ture. 5. What methods have been used for the commercial preparation of bromine S How would you proceed to ascertain the purity of a sample of bromine, and in what manner would you proceed to obtain pure bromine for a physical investigation, and a concentrated solution of pure hydrogen bromide in water ? 6.Write an essay on (a)peroxides and dioxides, dealing especially with their reactions as illustrating their constitution, OR (b)application of X-ray methods in determination of the structure of inorganic compounds. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquwtions to be answered.) 1. Show in detail how atomic and molecular weights may be deter- mined (u)from densities of gases, and (b)from positive ray analysis. 2. Describe the preparation, properties and use of the metallic carbonyls. Discuss the question whether the linkage of the central atom in nickel carbonyl to carbon monoxide is through carbon or oxygen. 3. Write a short essay on the properties of the metals gallium, indium, and thallium, and their general chemical behaviour.4. Give an account of the sulphides and halogeno-sulphides of nitro-gen. State the grounds for writing the formula N4S4rather than NS. 5. What is the present view of the constitution of carbon monoxide and of other substances which have been considered to contain divalent carbon? The reasons which led to the adoption of the accepted formulae should be given fully. 6. In what manner may thorium be obtained from monazite sand? How may helium be detected in the mineral when it is present, and what means may be adopted to purify the helium so obtained ? 7. Describe the various modi6cations of sulphur in the solid and liquid state, giving your reasons for regarding the modifications described as real varieties of sulphur.TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the salt (A). Determine the metal by any one method and the acid radical by two distinct methods. (A = Copper vanadate.) WEDNEXDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the mixture (B)and make a complete quantitative examina- tion. (B = Chromium oxalate, cobalt oxalate, and cobalt acetate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 4th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the nature of the minerals (C) and (D) and determine the characteristic element in one of them. (C = Molybdenite; D = Ruth) 195 FRIDAY, 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The sample (E)is a mixture of sulphates of the same element which you are required to detect.Ascertain the relative amounts of the two states of the element. Utilise the mixture to demonstrate its oxidising power by some method other than that whereby you have determined the proportions of the sulphates. (E = Ceric sulphate and cerous sulphate.) Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with Special Reference to Edible Oils and Fats. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Outline the synthesis of triacetin (glycerol triacetate) from carbon. 2. Describe the preparation and properties of EITHER ethyl aceto- acetate, OR phenylhydrazine. 3. How would you separate a mixture of aniline, monomethylaniline, and dimethylaniline into its constituents ? 4. Give short accounts of the methods by which THREE of the following substances are manufactured from constituents of coal tar; (a)indigo; (b) alizarin; (c)saccharin; (d)vanillin; (e)aspirin; (f)phenolphtha-lein.5. Describe in detail methods for the quantitative estimation of THREE of the following groups: (a)acetoxy; (b)methoxy; (c) methylimino; (d) nitro; (e)amino. 6. Give the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles of (a)ordinary pepper; (b) red pepper; (c) ginger. Elaborate in ONE case the methods by which the constitution has been determined. 7. Give an account of the present state of our knowledge of the chemical constitution of EITHER (a)carotene, OR (b)ergosterol. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. What determinations would you make in order to control the quality of any TWO of the following materials: refined deodorised coconut oil, lard, shea butter.2. Discuss the chemical constitution of TWO of the following acids, showing how this has been determined in each case: elaeostearic, ,erucic, linoleic. 3. What use is made of the refractive index of fats in connection with their valuation for edible purposes ? Describe the method usually followed in determining the refractive index of a fat, and the principles upon which the method depends. 4. What is known of the component glycerides present in EITHER (a)5. A mixture of lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids has a mean molecular 6. What evidence is there as to whether or not traces of nickel or of cacao butter, OR (b) cow butter-fat? weight of 242.4 and an iodine value of 27.0.Calculate its composition. aluminium in edible fats have any harmful effects S Under what conditions might traces of these metals find their way into fats prepared for human consumption ? 196 7. Give an account of any recent work you have read in connection with oxidative rancidity of edible fats. 8. Discuss the production of medicinal cod liver oil, with special reference to the conservation therein of the fat-soluble vitamins. TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the acetyl and iodine values of the Oil (A), which is a mixture of castor oil (iodine value 84.4) and another oil; from your results estimate the percentage, and suggest the possible nature, of the other component.(A = Castor oil and olive oil.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report as fully as possible upon the specimen (B) of fat for use in margarine, and obtain asmuch information aspossible as to its composition. (B = Premier jus,coconut oil and cottonseed oil.) (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 4th and 5th MAY: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of crude oleic acid (C) prepare (i) a specimen (5-10 grms.) of elaidic acid and (ii) specimens (3-5 grms.) of each of the isomeric 9, 10-dihydroxystearic acids. 2. Determine the percentage of fat in the seed meal (D),and identify it as far as you can. (D = Danubian rape seed meal.) Branch E.The Chemistry (including Microscopy) af Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain concisely the theoretical considerations underlying the application of cryoscopy to the detection of added water in milk. State with reasons your opinion of the reliability of this test in comparison with other methods of detecting added water. 2. Explain the terms specific rotation, inversion, and mutarotation in their relation to the sugars. A solid sweetening material is known to consist entirely of sucrose and invert sugar. The observed optical rotation in circular degrees of a 20 percent. solution in water at 15"C. in a 1decimetre tube is + 0.76". 50 C.C. of this solution are inverted, neutralised, and made up to 100 C.C.The observed rotation at 15" C. in a 1 decimetre tube is now -2.35 circular degrees. Calculate the composition of material, given that (a)=for Bucrose is + 66.5" and for invert sugar -23.1" at 15" C. 3. State how you would determine any TWO of the following, giving experimental details where necessary :-(a) Quinine in a mixture of quinine and cinchonidine. (b) The quantitative degree of purity of a specimen of saccharin. (c) The quantitative degree of purity of a specimen of mercuric chloride. (d) Traces of aluminium in food material. (e) Traces of copper in food material. (Amwerin.a separate notebook.) 197 4. Write an essay on The British Pharmacopmia, 1932, dealing more especially with the changes in this edition.5. Describe exactly how you would examine a sample of blood taken post mortem from a person who, it was alleged, had died from the effects of inhalation of the exhaust gas from a motor car. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of recent investigations which throw light upon the chemical nature of the vitamins. 2. Give a brief account of the processes now in use for the organic purification of a town water supply. 3. What is your definition of malt vinegar? Describe the process for its manufacture, explaining the reactions involved. Upon what con- sideration would you base a legal standard for vinegar ? 4. An inspector under the Foods Adulteration Act asked for and purchased some “Coffee.” He was given a packet on which was a printed label “Coffee Mixture.” The analyst received his portion of the sample in the original package.His analysis shows 70 per cent chicory + 30 per cent. coffee. Complete the form of certificate provided and show how you would discuss the matter with the authorities. 5. What is the usual composition of the linings of “enamelled vessels ” 1 What dangers have recently been noted in connection with the use of such vessels in preparing food? TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the vegetable oil (A) and report on its state of purity. (A = Pure cotton seed oil.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the medicine (B) and ascertain if it has been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Potassium Iodide grs.SO. Ammon. Carb. grs. 48. Inf. Gent. Co. to 8 fl. ozs. (Adulterated with chloride.) THURSDAY, 4th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine microscopically the sample of powdered liquorice root (C). Make rough drawings of any diagnostic structures you observe and comment on their signxcance. (C = Undecorticated liquorice root.) 2. Examine the sample of Stout (D),which is suspected to contain a poison. Determine the amount of any poison found. (Cyanide, oxalate, or strychnine). FRIDAY, 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The piece of copper pipe (E) has been taken from the hot water system of a house and sent to you by a client. Examine and report upon the deposit in the pipe and state what you would require in order to advise your client further.(Pipe choked with zinc oxide with a little lime and magnesia. Water derived from a moorland supply, passing through galvanised pipes.) 198 2. Examine the specimen labelled "Barley Starch " (F)and determine the size of a number of'the largest grains. What conclusion do you draw from your examination ? (Mixed with wheat starch.) SATURDAY, 6th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the percentage of alcohol in the sample of urine (G)taken from a person who, it was alleged, was drunk. Comment on your result. (Normal urine, containing 400 mgs. of EtOH per 100 C.C. of urine.) 2. Identify the Oculentum (H)and estimate the amount of the active principle. Does the Oculentum conform with the conditions laid down in the B.P.1932 ? (Unguentum atropina of B.P. 1914.) 3. Identify microscopically the powder (I). (Powdered digitalis leaves.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be attempted.) 1. Describe how you would propose to ascertain the minimum daily protein requirement of an animal. 2. Write a short essay on the proper use and function of the coarse fodders in a ration. State the average composition of some of the more common of these substances. 3. Discuss the idea that the fat secreted by an animal is derived from the fat of the food. Quote any experimental evidence you know for and against the idea. 4. The digestibility of a concentrated cake is to be determined.Describe how this is done, and point out the possible and actual errors inherent in the method. 5. Describe the construction of the animal calorimeter and its use in the determination of the net energy value of a feeding stuff. 6. A sample of sugar beet is sent to you for analysis. Describe, with all necessary detail, how you would proceed. 7. What are the current views regarding the relative values of various proteins for animal growth ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be attempted.) 1. What effects arise in soils from (a)a deficiency, and (b) an excess, of the clay fraction P Describe in each case possible methods of improvement of the soils. 2. Discuss the origin, nature and properties of the organic matter of 3.An unmanured soil may, under suitable conditions, increase its the soil. nitrogen content. Describe the conditions under which this may ta,ke place, and the agents taking part in the process. 4. State the factors which control the composition of the drainage water from soils. How has a knowledge of this composition affected farming practice 1 199 5. Write a short essay on the manuring of grass-land. 6. What is understood by the term soil profile? Discuss the use of profiles in soil classification and mapping. 7. A field experiment involved the use of twenty tons of farmyard manure and a knowledge of its exact composition. Describe how you would sample and analyse ths material. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 2nd and 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of lime (A) was made on the farm from local chalk. Report on its suitability for agricultural purposes. (A = A poor lime, containing appreciable quantities of sandy and clayey impurities.) (The results of this exercise mnst be handed in at the end of thefirst day.) 2. Report on the nature, composition and use of the material (B)(A dried poultry manure.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 4th and 5th MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature and value of the material (C) supplying a complete analysis. (Dried, and hely divided, young grass.) 2. Report on the genuineness of the sample of butter (D). Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Petroleum. MONDAY, 3rd APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Answer question 1, and any THREE, but not more than threeother questions.) 1. Discuss the relative utility of motor, rail and water transport for materials connected with the industry with which you are most familiar. 2. Describe alternative methods by which the contents of a closed vessel may be heated to a temperature of 140" C. by means of steam. 3. Describe the chief types of machine suitable (a)for increasing,(b) 4. What methods are commonly used for measuring the flow of 5. Compare and contrast the relative merits of continuous and for reducing the pressure of gases in chemical processes. liquids in pipes, and on what principles do they depend ? intermittent processes in a chemical works. Mention any cases which occur to you in which intermittent or batch working is preferable or essential.6. For what purposes is steam required in a petroleum refinery ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions are to be attempted.) 1. Describe the Podbielniak method of analysing natural gas. How is the procedure modified for analysing natural gasoline, and what con-clusions as to the stability of the gasoline could be drawn from the results ? 2. Write short explanatory paragraphs regarding the following names associated with petroleum technology :-Frasch, Redwood, Reid, Hender- son, Dubbs, Sharples. 200 3. If you were offered a cheap grade of motor spirit, what laboratory tests would you apply to ascertain if it could be safely used ? 4.Write a short account of the Edeleanu process. What effects result from its application to (a)kerosene, and (b)lubricating oil? 5. Give an account of the construction and operation of any modern type of cracking plant. What is meant by the phrase “reforming of naphtha” ? 6. Describe precisely the differences between the British (I.P.T.)and American (A.S.T.M.) Standard Methods for determining TWO of the following :-(a) Setting or Pour Point of a lubricating oil; (b) Flash Point of kerosene; (c) Viscosity of a very viscous fuel oil; (d) Colour of kerosene. 7. Give an account of the operations involved in producing a refined heavy lubricating oil from crude petroleum. 8. Describe the different types of corrosion difficulties which are liable to occur in a petroleum refinery and indicate how they may be dealt with.TUESDAY to PRIDAY, 4th to 7th APRIL, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the gross calorific value, sulphur content and flash point of the fuel oil (A). 2. Determine the percentage of saponifiable matter in the compounded oil (B), and the viscosity at 100” F. and 140” F. of the hydrocarbon oil component. 3. Determine the percentages of two non-petroleum components of the aviation spirit (C). (Lead ethyl and methanol.) 4. Prepare a quantity of refined kerosene from the given crude oil and report the yield and refining losses. Special Examination in General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 1st MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered.) 1. Describe some of the methods of determining the calorific value of solid and liquid fuels.A detailed description of the use of the bomb calorimeter should be included, with a statement of the corrections for radiation. 2. Give a full account of the procedure usually adopted for testing lubricating oils. Have you any views on improving the tests, so as to render them more suitable for practical needs? 3. How may spectroscopic methods be applied to the qualitative and 4. Discuss in detail ways of determining manganese in alloys, with 5. Describe the polarimeter as used for accurate determinations of quantitative examination of metals ? special reference to the relative accuracy of the different processes.201 angular rotations, showing briefly how the various parts of the instrument function. What use do you make of the instrument in the laboratory ? 6. In what manner is the pH of a solution related to the voltage used in measuring? Givefully the theory of the use of colorimetric indicat ors. 7. What is the theory underlying the use of chromate as an indicator in argentometric titrations ? 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions to be answered.) 1. Describe in some detail the methods available for determining arsenic in organic and inorganic substances when present in (a)substantial proportions, say > 0.2 per cent., and (b) in quantities of the order of 0.01 mgm. or less. 2. The thinners of a lacquer consist of a mixture of alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetone and benzole.How would you determine the proportions of the constituents ? 3. State the best conditions for the electro-deposition of metals and, briefly, for their separation by electrolysis. Illustrate your answer by examples. 4. What standards do you employ for volumetric analysis? Is it better to standardise different volumetric solutions by means of individual standard substances, or is it preferable to standardise hydrochloric acid first of all by pure silver and to me this standard acid for standardising other volumetric liquids ? Discuss this matter. 5. Give a full account of the methods of determining lead, copper, antimony and tin in solder or white metal. Which methods do you favour, and why ? 6.Describe some recent advances in the methods of fluorescence analysis. What is the basis of this method of analysis ? Illustrate this by aome examples. 7. Write a description of the bromine, iodine and thiocyanogen values of oils and fats. In what way is the thiocyanogen value said to give information on the nature of the “unsaturation” of fatty acids ? 8. Various physical methods have been proposed for the analysis of binary mixtures of gases. Give an account of some of these, showing the fundamental principles underlying the methods. TUESDAY, 2nd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the proportions of Cu,Si, Fe, Mn and Mg in the specimen of aluminium drillings (A) supplied to you. (Thisexercise must be completed by mid-day of the last day of the examina- tion.) WEDNESDAY, 3rd MAY, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. A supply of a mixture (B) of beeswax and ozokerit was required for polishing purposes, and on receipt it was found to contain a foreign sub- stance. You are required to determine the nature and proportion of the added material and to ascertain the percentages of beeswax and ozokerit. (For comparison a specimen of the pure beeswax used is supplied to you.) (B = Beeswax, ozokerit and resin.) (This exercise may be coqleted tomorrow.) 202 TH URSDAY and PRIDAY,4th and 5th May, 1933 : 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. A sample of sperm oil (C) is stated to be contaminated with cotton seed oil. Ascertain if this is the case, and determine the proportion of genuine sperm oil.(This exercise must be completed on Thursday.) 2. The dry substance of a paint is supplied to you. Determine the constituents of the pigment. The sample contains nearly one per cent. of unextracted oil. (Barytes, ochre, residual oil, white lead.) (This exercise may be finished on Friday.) 203 Notes. Honours.-In H.M. the King’s Birthday Honours recently published, Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Past Vice- President, were created Knights Bachelor. Dr. John Stanley Carter, Fellow, has been appointed an In-spector under the Alkali, etc., Works Regulations Act, 1906. Dr. W. M. Cumming, Fellow, has been appointed to the “Young ” Professorship in Technical Chemistry, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in succession to the late Professor Thomas Gray, Fellow.The Yorkshire Council for Further Education has invited the Huddersfield Section of the Institute to nominate two repre- sentatives to serve as members of an Advisory Committee. Dr. H. H. Hodgson and Dr. R. J. Connor have been nominated for this purpose. Dr. Harold Moore, C.B.E., Fellow, formerly Director of Metallurgical Research, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, has been appointed Director of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Association. Premium Pupils.-From time to time the Institute receives applications or enquiries from candidates who, in the opinion of the Council, have been misdirected as to their preparation for professional life. While many young men who desire to follow chemistry may not be possessed of the necessary means to enter on the full day courses of a university career, and can only become qualified by taking evening classes while earning their living during the daytime, there are some who, unfortunately, rely on training received as premium pupils in the laboratories of analysts who cannot provide the full training necessary, or, indeed, any training which will lead to a degree or other recognised qualifica- tion.They may find, therefore, that they have wasted valuable time, and are thereby deprived of any prospect of success unless -they are in a position to make a fresh start. It is to be deplored that often such pupils have not even matriculated before entering on their articles.The system, 204 which seems difficult to check, because it is not illegal, amounts, in some cases, to an abuse similar to that revealed by Dickens in his character of Mr. Squeers of Dotheboys Hall. The attention of the Institute has recently been directed to a case where a young man of twenty-one years of age called upon a Fellow in order to seek employment in the laboratory of a large firm. His training had consisted solely of two years’ apprenticeship with an analytical chemist in independent practice, not a member of the Institute, and had obviously been of a very superficial character. Chemists who obtain degrees and the Associateship of the Institute may frequently find it advisable to pay premiums in order to gain specialised knowledge and experience in particular branches of chemical work, but students, at the beginning of their careers, should be advised to matriculate and to enter upon systematic courses at recognised universities or colleges.The Council looks to Fellows and Associates to assist the Institute in making known the most satisfactory means of preparation for the profession, and to do everything in their power to dissuade parents from signing articles of the character indicated, especially as the training given in many polytechnics and institutions is now of a very high standard and can be obtained for less than the sum paid under these apprenticeships. Industrial Administration.-As the result of further conferences with institutions representing professional technical and scientific interests, certain principles have been adopted and published by the Institute of Industrial Administration, and incorporated in a brochure which is obtainable from the Secre- tary, Mr.H. McFarland Davis, A.C.A., 47-5r, King William Street, London, E.C.4. The main conclusions may be summarised as follows:- (I) The administrative function is distinct from any technical function, but can be dealt with, educationally, as the raising of a superstructure on the foundation of technical training. (2) The natural endowments of personality, force of charac- ter, and gifts of leadership are indispensable adjuncts to a maximum degree of success in the management pro- fession; but they can be directed and enhanced by a system of training.205 An all-round understanding of administrative technique not only broadens the outlook and increases the efficiency of an executive officer, but constitutes an invaluable qualification for a managerial position. The objective of management, on whatever scale it operates, is to co-ordinate the activities and interests of all concerned with a given enterprise in the achieve- ment of its purposes. This co-ordination demands judgment, guidance, con-trol, decision, and intelligent discrimination, for the most efficient exercise of which sound instruction in the principles of the basic and functional aspects of industrial administration is essential. Fellows and Associates will recall that the subject was carefully considered by the Council of the Institute, but that it was found impossible to include it in the already very com-prehensive curriculum for the Associateship.The Council suggested, however, that the training indicated was very desirable in the case of all whose ultimate aim was to secure managerial positions, and referred to the inclusion of questions bearing on the subject in the Examination for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers has recently adopted a Rule under which, in the Associate-Membership Examination an English Essay on the ”‘Fundamentals of Industrial Adminis- tration ” may be taken as an alternative to the Modern Language Paper; and the Institution of Electrical Engineers has decided to introduce, as an optional subject, “Engineering Organisation, Management and Economics ” in the Graduateship Examination.Early in the year, a manifesto entitled “The Management Factor in Industry” was issued by Mr. Stanley Townsend (32, Walbrook, London, E.C.4) , acting as Honorary Secretary to a committee of industrialists and public men. In this docu-ment, three factors were indicated as emphasising the need for a full appreciation of the importance of the management function, and of a rapid diffusion of management knowledge. These were -the growth of joint stock enterprise, the toll taken by the war of young men who would normally have succeeded to managerial positions, and the increase in the average size of industrial undertakings.It was urged that systematic education for 206 management is a vital step towards securing the industrial future of the country, and that progress could be assisted by the scientific study of industry and a sympathetic consideration of the human element. The manifesto dealt with the chief characteristics of modern industrial control,-functional division of responsibility, co-ordination of activities, and the substitution of fact analysis for guess work. Skill and technique, knowledge of work-shop practice, human sympathy, wide culture, a receptive mind, and an international outlook are the elements required to produce the type of management which implies, both by its purpose and its method, a second industrial revolution; not in mechanical opera- tions, but in the processes of thought.The system of forward planning must be applied to the co-ordination and production of sales, and must be based on a practical recognition of the divi- sion of responsibilities and duties, demanding co-operation between departments and individuals, and the necessity that every executive should be constantly looking ahead. The mani- festo called for the development of an enlightened national opinion on management questions, and invited thoughtful industrialists to assist in promoting such a revolution. Some authoritative co-ordination of the serious workers in the field of management knowledge had become more and more urgent, and it was felt that a common centre, enjoying the confidence and co-operation of the Departments of State concerned in industrial administration, could bring to a focus all the data applicable to the control of management of industry.Plastics.-An exhibition of Plastic Materials and of articles produced therefrom was formally opened at the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, on 5th April, by Mr. Herwald Ramsbotham, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, in the unavoidable absence of Lord Irwin, President of the Board of Education. The object of the exhibition is to demonstrate to industry and to the public, the mode of production and the modern applications of plastic materials, consisting of natural and artificial chemical products which have the property of taking shape under pressure.The exhibition includes :-an intro-ductory selection of exhibits, illustrating the chemistry and products of "plastics " manufacture ; some significant results recently obtained by research ;exhibits showing the various stages in the manufacture of moulding powders; products made from plastic moulding powders, including non-fragile domestic ware, 207 telephone and other electrical instruments, motor car accessories, furniture fittings, etc., and the use of laminated plastic sheets for imitation wood-panelling, doors and furniture, etc. In addition to the above, presses producing finished moulded articles may be seen in operation, and examples of steel moulds and mouldings are shown with working models of plant.A comprehensive bibliography of publications relating to research on, and the manufacture and the practical applications of, plastic materials-containing about 1,400classified references, -has been prepared by the Science Museum, South Kensington, London, S.W.7 (Price 5s., by post 5s. 6d.) British Fine Chemicals.-The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has produced a new edition of a “Direc-tory of British Fine Chemicals (April, 1g33),”containing the names of about 3,500 substances which can be obtained from the distributing houses. The brochure should be useful to research chemists and other users of fine chemicals; but it is not to be assumed that the list is exhaustive, because chemicals which are only in very infrequent demand have not been included, although their preparation may have been or can be undertaken if required.All the fine chemicals listed, however, are manu- factured in this country and generally obtainable at short notice. The Association acknowledges the support given by British research chemists and other users to this branch of industry, which it is hoped wiU be continued. Enquiries may be addressed to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London, W.I. Estimation of Bismuth in Copper.-The Fiscal Policy Technical Sub-committee of the Brass and Copper Industries,- under the Chairmanship of Mr. A. J. G. Smout, A.I.C., Director and Works Manager of Elliott’s Metal Co., Ltd.,-has issued a memorandum on the estimation of small proportions of bismuth in copper, up to -020 per cent., particulars of which can be obtained from the Secretary, Fiscal Policy Technical Sub- committee, King’s Court, 115,Colmore Row, Birmingham. Priestley Lecture-Erratum.4n page 15, line 8 from the bottom, and in the description of the illustration of Priestley’s home facing page 17--0r “Philadelphia,” read “Pennsylvania.’’ 208 Obituary.HUGHDEWARALEXANDER died suddenly, as the result of an accident, at “Park Side,” Blackheath, on 24th April, in his 58th year. Educated at Ayr Academy, he studied at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal Technical-College, under Professor G. G. Henderson, in pre- paration for the Examinations of the Institute, and qualified as an Associate in 1898.He was chemist for a year to Messrs. George Miller & Co., Tar Distillers, of Glasgow, and for three years to the Russian Steam Oil Mill Co. in St. Petersburg, before he was appointed, in 1902, Assistant Manufactur- ing Manager at the Linoleum Works, Staines, Middlesex. In 1919 he was appointed General Manager of the Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co., Ltd., of which he was Managing Director at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1902. EDGAREVANSdied at Merthyr Vale, Glamorgan, on the 14th April, in his 45th year. Educated at the Merthyr Tydfil County Intermediate School, he matriculated at the University of London, and studied at King’s College from 1911 to 1914, graduating with honours in chemistry in 1919.From 1915 to 1916 he was Science Master at Dolgelly Inter- mediate School, and was then for three years an Assistant under the Directorate of Chemical Inspection, Woolwich Arsenal. After the war, obtained an appointment at the Treforest School of Mines, and bllyat Crumlin School of Mines. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. CECIL LEIGH died at Rhyl, North Wales, on the 8th February, in his 65th year. He was a pupil with Alfred H. Allen of Sheffield, and studied chemistry at Firth College,-now the University-Sheffield, under Carleton Williams, taking metallurgy and mineralogy under Greenwood. For rather more than a year he was Head Chemist to the Seaham Chemical Works, Co.Durham, and in 1890 became Chemist to the Birmingham Small Arms and Metal Company, Adderley Park Rolling Mills, Birmingham, where he rejoined Greenwood, who had then become General Manager of the Company. He remained with the Company, which became amalgamated with Nobel’s Explosives Co., until 1916, when he left Birmingham to take up an appointment as General Manager of Thermits, Ltd,, also a subsidiary Company of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., which he retained until his retirement in 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1892 and a Fellow in 1895. ANGUSREIDMORRISONdied at Halkirk, Scotland, on 14th April, in his 24th year. Educated at Halkirk Higher Grade School from 1922 to 1925, and at the Miller Academy, Thurso, from 1925 to 1928, he entered Glasgow University in 1928, obtaining B.Sc.with first class honours in chemistry in 1932, but shortly after suffered from a breakdown in health from which he did not recover. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. 209 MORTYNJOHNSALTER, whose death, at the age of 85 years, occurred at Mickleton, Campden, Gloucestershire, on the 16th April, was the son of John William Salter, Palaeontologist of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and grandson of James de Carle Sowerby, the Conchologist. He received his scientific training at the Royal College of Chemistry, and was for five years Assistant to Dr. William Marcet, and subsequently, for 33 years, chemist to a firm of colour manufacturers.He also held appoint- ment as a Gas Examiner to the Metropolitan Board of Works, was an abstractor of French and German chemical papers for the Chemical Society. He translated several technological works and was, for a time, a lecturer on chemistry at Wren and Gurney’s Training College. He wm elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. STAVELEYJOHN died in London on 28th March, in his 44th year. Educated at Bridlington Grammar School, he matriculated in the Univer- sities of London and Leeds, passed the Intermediate Science Examination of the University of London, and graduated B.Sc. (Leeds) in 1913. He became an Assistant to the late Dr. Robert Hellon of Whitehaven, Public Analyst for Cumberland, but, shortly after the outbreak of war, enlisted and served with the Border Regiment from September, 1914, until October, 1918, when he was transferred to the Royal Engineers Anti-Gas Establish- ment, University College, London, until early in 1919.He then returned to Whitehaven, where he remained until 1926. He subsequently obtained an appointment with British Carbo-Union, Ltd., with whom he remained until 1932. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. BRYAN CHARLES WALLER died at Masongill House, Ingleton, Yorks., on 4th November last, at the age of 79 years. Educated at the University of Edinburgh for the profession of medicine, he qualified as L.R.C.P.(Edin.) in 1875, M.B., C.M. in 1876, M.D. (1st class honours and Gold Medal) in 1878, and F.R.C.S.(Edin.) in 1879. He was lecturer in pathology in the University until 1882, when he left to take up residence on his family estate in Yorkshire. He acted asa medical consultant, but being especially interested in chemistry, which he had studied under Crum Brown, established a private laboratory in which he carried on cheniical research in its relation to physiology, pathology and histology; he worked also on Prout’s Law with reference to the Periodic Law and on the investigation of the Acetylene Series, etc. He published two volumes of poetry: The Twilight Land and other Poems (1874) and Perseus with the Hesperides (1892). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JAMES WOOD died at Higher Broughton, Manchester, on 4th April, in his 55th year.Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, and at the University of Aberdeen, he was first medallist in chemistry, graduated as M.A. with Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and as B.Sc. He gained a Carnegie Research Scholarship, under which he continued as assistant to Japp, for two years from 1903 to 1905, the results of his work being published in the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1908 he joined the staff of Mr. W. Collingwood Williams, Public Analyst for Laneashire, with whom he remained until 1917. From 1912 to 1917 he was also a lecturer in chemistry at Holt Technical School, Birkenhead. From 1917 he was a member of the Research Staff of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd., at Cheetham, Manchester, where later he had charge of the laboratory for several years until his death.He served as a Member of the Council of the Society of Public Analysts (1927-1928), and was the Vice-Chairman of the Northern Section of the Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916. 210 Books and their Contents. SINCEthe publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1933, the following books have been presented by the authors or the publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemistry, A Text Book of.” H. A. Wootton and C. W. R. Hooker. Pp. xi + 488. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.) An elementary text book intended to cover the scope necessary for the School Certificate examinations. “Basic German for Science Students,” with Vocabulary and English Translations of the German Passages. M.L. Barker. Pp. x + 164. (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.). 6s. net. Practical hints on the pronunciation of German; the German alphabet; general passages for acquiring the basic vocabulary; scientific passages ; common German abbreviations; technical terms in chemistry ; German passages set in Final B.Sc. Vocabulary. “Reagents for Delicate Analysis and ‘Spot’ Tests, The B.D.H. Book of.” and edition. Pp. 54. (London: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) A list of organic substances and descriptions of their uses in the detection and identification of metals, etc. “Spectroscopy in Science and Industry.” An introductory manual describing its applications to Industrial and other practical Problems.S. Judd Lewis. Pp. vi + 94. (London & Glasgow: Blackie & Sons. Ltd.). 3s. 6d. An account of the uses of spectroscopy in the detection and identi- fication of traces of elements and in the complete analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of very small specimens. Elementary principles ; spectroscopic equipment ; spectrum analysis ; quantitative spoctroscopy with special reference to tho ratio quanti- tative system; industrial and scientific applications of emission spectrum analysis; spectro-photometry ;absorption spectroscopy; applications of absorption spectroscopy. “Trait6 de Chimie Organique.” A. E. Tchitchibabine, with an introduction by M. V. Grignard. a Vols. Pp. Vol. I, xxvii + 562; Vol.11, xxxv + 563-1024. (Paris: Hermann & Cie). Vol, I, Frs. 120; Vol. 11, Frs. 100. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report for 1932,recently issued, gives an epitome of the investigations of the Institute on plant and animal products, mineral resources, etc., as well as on its intelligence and education activities. 2s. net. 211 The Register. At the Meetings of Council held on 28th April and 19th May, 1933, 3 new Fellows were elected, 21 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 57 new Associates were elected, 20 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted. New Fellows. Barry, Thomas Hedley, 84, Fetter Lane, London, E.C. Bowrey, Stanley Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lindfield, Oakhill Avenue, Pinner, Middx. Gangolli, Dattatraya Manjunath, B.A., M.Sc.(Bombay), 239, Stockade Road, Rangoon, Burma. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Baird, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, Cowdenhill Circus, Glasgow, W.l. Blatchford, Alfred Samuel, M.Sc. (Dun.), 154, Sunny Bank, Hull. Brookhouse, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 123, Devonshire Avenue, Southsea. Burgess, Stanley Grove, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 26, Eastbourne Gardens, London, S.W.14. Cheshire, Daniel, 186, Musters Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. Cocks, Herbert Charles, Ph.D. (Lond.), Oasis, Sandy Lane, Maybury, Woking.Edgeworth-Johnstone, Robert, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 28, Thurlow Road, London, N.W.3. Garrett, Donald Clarence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Bavent Road, London, S.E.5. Henderson, Stanley Thomas, M.A., Ph.D.(Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), 11,Mill Road, Cambridge. Hugh, Wilfred Eynon, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 47, Victoria Road, Stockton Heath, Nr. Warrington. Kieran, Alfred Joseph, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 172, Queens Drive, Mossley Hill, Liverpool. Linnell, Wilfred Herbert, Ph.D. (Dun.), Sun Patch, West End Lane, Pinner, Middx. Louden, Charles Robertson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Silcock’s Laboratories, 14, Upper William Street, Liverpool, 3. Moir, Daniel Donald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Public Analyst’s Laboratory, 83, Queen Street, Exeter. Newell, Edwin Frank, A.R.S.M., Quasi-Arc Co., 15, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W. 1. Nutland, John Henry, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 20, Grove Road, London, N.12. Simpson, Alexander Thomas Spence, M.A.(Cantab.), 92, Whetley Hill, Bradford. Smith, Ernest Lester, D.Sc. (London.), 15, Broadhmt Gardens, South Hampstead, London, N.W.6. Taylor, Charles William, A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 65, Gleneldon Road, London, S.W.16. Willgress, Robert Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Municipal Office, Singapore, S.S. Wride, Douglas Herbert Blake, M.Sc. (Lond.), Southbourne, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. 212 New Associates. Anderson, James Henry, 58, Brockhurst Road, Ward End, Birmingham. Barnes, Thomas Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Edna Street, London, S.W.11. Benson, Clive, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Woodbank, N. Mount Vernon, Glasgow, E.2. Bhavnagri, Shapur Khushro, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), B.Sc. (Manc.), 686, Parsi Colony, Dadar, Bombay, 14, India.Bowyer, Thomas Linley, 14, Pendennis Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Brock, Gerald Clement, B.Sc. (Lond.), 19, St. Alban’s Park, Sydney Parade, Dublin, I.F.S. Brown, Thomas Frederic, 93, Eccles Old Road, Pendleton, Salford, Manchester. Cadwallader, Wilfred Donald, 20 Upper Grosvenor Road, Handsworth, Birmingham, 20. Carter, William James, 21, Station Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Cohen, Aaron, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 34, Bergholt Crescent, Amhurst Park, London, N.16. Cole, Louis Wilfred Leyland, M.Sc. (Lond.), Old Manor House, Wye, Ashford, Kent. Colegrave, Edward Barnard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Reservoir Road, London, S.E.4. Cook, Laurence Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.), 20, Dovercourt Road, London, S.E.22. Coppin, Cresenco Almundo, B.A.Sc.(Toronto), Government Laboratory, Barbados, B.W.I. Cowan, Robert, B.Sc. (Manc.), c/o China Printing & Furnishing Co., Ltd., 56, Szechuen Road, Shanghai, China. Cranch, George Wilson, 58, Bramcote Avenue, Chilwell, Notts. Cullen, Miss Maisie Ursula, 302, Holloway Road, London, N.7. Edge, Vernon, M.Sc. (Manc.), Cheeryble, Kensington Gardens, Hale, Cheshire. Edwards, Harold, Gwynfryn, Kingsway Road, Shotton, Chester. Fisher, James Wotherspoon, B.Sc. (London.), 70, Otter Street, Derby. Furness, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Leeds), 290, Halifax Road, Hightown, Liversedge, Yorks. Goodman, George Reginald, Beacon House, Leicester Road, Loughborough. Haigh, Harold Lovell, Wickwar, Castle Road West, Warley, Birmingham. Howie, Robert Charles, A.H.-W.C., 17, Falcon Avenue, Edinburgh, 10.Ives, David James Gibbs, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., A.R.C.S., 80, Wildwood Road, London, N.W.ll. James, George Vaughton, B.Sc. (Lond.), 192, High Street, Gosforth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.Jones, Edwin Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 70, Dacy Road, Liverpool, 5. Kirby, Denis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 71, Charnwood Road, Shepshed, Leics. Liddicott, John ROW^, M.A. (Cantab.), 40,Westbourne Grove, Scarborough. Longley, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 49, Limerston Street, London, s.w.10. Longman, George Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 52, Old Chester Road, Lr. Bebington, Nr. Birkenhead. Macneill, Ian Victor Noble, B.Sc. (Glas.), 250, Crofthill Road, King’s Park, Glasgow. Mann, William, 2, Albion Street, Morley, Nr.Leeds. McCreath, David, B.Sc. (Glas.), 20, Milton Road, Kilbhie, Ayrshire. McGraghan, Leo, B.Sc. (Lond.), 149, Hotspur Street, Heaton, Newcastle- on-Tyne, 6. Peacock, John, 59, Tannahill Terrace, Craigielea, Paisley. Preston, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brixworth, Northants. 213 Ramsay, Robert Frew, Ashwood, Mottram Road, Stalybridge, Cheshire. Rance, Robert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Lyndhurst Avenue, London, S.W.16. Robinson, Frank Arnold, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 8, Wrentham Avenue, London, N.W.10. Rogers, Maurice Arthur Thorold, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o J. McAusland, 18, Guilford Street, London, W.C.l. Rousseau, Christian Edward, 47, Cranford Lane, Heston Hounslow, Middx. Shaffer, Gershon, M.Sc. (Manc.), 16, Belmont Road, Southport, Lancs.Stocken, Lloyd Arthur, 7, White Road, Old Basford, Nottingham. Taylor, Donald Bryce, 40, Heywood Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Tenniswood, Charles Robert Sydney, M.Sc. (Dun.), 12, Patten Road, London, S.W.18. Timson, Philip Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Cleveland Gardens, London, N.W.2. Turnbull, Herbert Kassell, Department of the W. D. Chemist, B.47, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, S.E. 18. Turner, Frank, 26, Earlshall Road, London, S.E.9. Warren, Frank Louis, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., A.R.C.S., 5, Maitland Park Villas, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Watson, John Alexander, 4, Broad Place, West Derby, Liverpool. West, Harry Longhurst, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Castledine Road, London, S.E.20. Whittle, Thomas, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), The Limes, Swinton, Manchester.Whitworth, Clifford, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 56, Milnrow Road, Rochdale, Lancs. Williams, Thomas Charles, B.Sc. (Wales), Craigower, Park Way, Meols, Cheshire. Woodhouse, George, A.M.C.T., 109, Plymouth Grove, Manchester, 13. Yates, Edmund Denys, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 4, Woodville Road, Cathays, Cardiff. New Students. Acton, Aubrey Edward, Mossvale Cottage, Greenock Road, Paisley. Bennitt, John Hector, Heathercroft, Hewlett Road, Cheltenham. Brightwell, Stanley Thomas Patrick, 61, Wendell Road, London, W.12. Broadfoot, Eric Henry, 108, Brooklands Road, Hall Green, Birmingham. Bulling, Miss Margaret Mary, 32, Alexandra Street, Warrington. Elsdon, Sidney Richard, 14, Mulready Buildings, Millbank Estate, London, s.w.1. Evans, Herbert Thomas Forth, 207, Colonial Road, Bordesley Green, Birmingham.Finn, Arthur Edward, 118, Vincent Street, North Perth, W.Australia. Green, Leslie Frank, 13, Villas Road, Plumstead, London, S.E.18. Hartley, Frank, 73, Jeffreys Road, London, S.W.4. James, Hector Glyndwr, 11, Gossage Road, London, S.E.18. Jones, John Hopkins, 66, Waldemar Avenue, London, S.W.6. Lyall, Ernest, 6, Sloan Street, Leith, Edinburgh. Oswald, James Wilson, 173, Melrose Avenue, London, S.W.19. Potter, Sydney Ralph, 140, Elms Road, London, S.W.4. Shand, William, 17, Mossy Bank Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Stott, Reginald Richard, 7, Norwood Road, Gatley, Cheshire. Taylor, Arthur William Charles, 86, Boundary Road, Hove. Wolstenholme, Stanley, 10, Darley Avenue, Farnworth.Wright, Robert Allen, 8, Redclifh Road, Barton-on-Irwell, Manchester. 214 %admitted Student. Merry, James Shankland, 17, Mayfair Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Lsncs. DEATHS. Fellows. Alexander Hugh Dewar, A.R.T.C. Cecil Leigh. Mortyn John Salter. Bryan Charles Waller, M.D. (Edin.), F.R.C.S. (Edin.). James Wood, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Associates. Edgar Evans, B.Sc. (Lond.). Angus Reid Morrison, B.Sc. (Glas.). John Staveley, B.Sc. (Leeds). CHANGE OF NAIYLE. James Frederick Corrigan, M.Sc. (Vict.), Associate, to James Frederick Stirling-by Deed Poll. Corrigendum. AND PROCEEDINGS,In the la& line of page 154, JOURNAL Part 11, 1933,-for Associate read Registered Student. 215 General Notices.Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship (in London and Glasgow) and Fellowship (in London) will be held in September, commencing on the 18th of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the 10th July, except for candidates taking the Examina- tion for the Fellowship in Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, whose applications should have been received before 1st June, in accord- ance with previous notices. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the sarne person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933,to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1934, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider 216 an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1933, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. 217 Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. 218 Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Members who have had the service during the past year and wish to discontinue it, must return the last volume and the membership token to the branch of issue.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested ’ to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their fwmnaneat addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700159

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

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THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Atqpst, 1933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0 BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DOR~, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRgALDY (Hon. Treasurer.) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 221 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, June, 1933.-On 16th June the con-gratulations of the President and Council were accorded to Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and to Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Past Vice-president, on their having been created Knights Bachelor. The Council received reports from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee reported that arrange- ments had been made for a Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (see page 226). The Publications Committee reported that Mr. Norman Strafford’s lecture on “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods ” was in course of preparation for publication, and that Prof. Gilbert T.Morgan’s three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry” were in the hands of the printers. The Committee also reported that, with the co-operation and advice of Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, it had under consideration arrangements for a scheme of lectures on modern developments in laboratory technique. On the suggestion of Mr. J. R. Johnson, the Publications Committee was asked to consider the possibility of providing that lectures arranged by headquarters should occasionally be given before Local Sections; and the proposal of Dr. P. F. Gordon, that the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections might consider the matter, was approved. The Pedler Fund Committee reported that it had prepared a short list of candidates in connection with the appointment of the Third Pedler Scholar.Sir Christopher Clayton reported that the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill had passed the third reading in the House of Com-mons on 3rd June, and also that the Rubber Industry Bill had been read for the third time in the House of Lords and sent to the Commons. Sir Christopher was subsequently entertained to Dinner, at the Hotel Russell, by Officers and Members who had served with him on the Council of the Institute. 222 Council Meeting, July, 1933.-At the meeting held on 21st July, in addition to reports from the Standing Committees, a report was received on the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Council also dealt with other matters, which are referred to hereafter in this Part of the PROCEEDINGS.The Finance and House Committee reported that Mr. R. C. Frederick, Fellow, had been consulted with regard to the ventila- tion of the Lecture Hall, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Frederick for his assistance in the matter. On the recommendation of the Pedler Fund Committee, the Council appointed Mrs. Janet W. Matthews, Ph.D., DSc., Associate, to be the Third Pedler Research Scholar. Mrs. Matthews will work at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London , on-The development of inorganic microchemical analysis, with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations. The first problem being to develop a method for the micro- analysis of samples of lung, sputum, dust from mines, etc., for potassium, aluminium and silica in the presence of iron and phosphate, with reference to the work on silicosis, which claims that the disease is caused by the mineral sericite (a potassium aluminium silicate), A report was received from the Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund (see page 242).Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., F.I.C., was appointed, and subsequently accepted appointment, as representative of the Institute on the Poisons Board, in accordance with the provisions of the Second Schedule of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The Royal Assent to the Act was signified in the House of Lords on the 28th June. Appointment of an Examiner.-Dr. Oscar Lisle Brady was appointed an Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship, in place of Prof.Robert Robinson, F.R.S. Election of a Member of Council.-Prof. Robert Robinson, F.R.S., was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. Brady on his appointment as an Examiner. Committee on Food Law.-The Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland have directed that the work of the Committee appointed on the 14th May, 1931,under the 223 Chairmanship of Sir Frederick J. Willis, K.B.E., C.B., J.P., to enquire into the working of the law as to the composition and description of articles of food other than milk, which was suspended in September, 1931,shall now be resumed, but that for the terms of reference set out in the minute of appointment of the Committee the following terms of reference shall be substituted :-“To consider whether it is desirable that the law relating to the composition and description of articles of food should be altered so as to enable definitions or standards to be prescribed, or declarations of composition to be required, for articles of food other than liquid milk; and, if so, to recommend what alterations of the law are required.” It will be recalled that in 1931 the Public Appointments Committee prepared a Memorandum which, with the approval of the Council, was forwarded to the Departmental Committee with an intimation that Mr.S. E. Melling and Prof. W. H. Roberts had been appointed to supplement the Memorandum by oral evidence if so desired. The Memorandum was reproduced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1931, PP-232-4.5.A further communication has been received from the Secretary of the Committee on Food Law enquiring whether the Council of the Institute desires to make any modifications in the Memorandum. It has, therefore, been referred to the Public Appointments Committee for further consideration. Butterfat Testing.-Attention has been drawn to the arrangements made under the Milk Recording Regulations of Ministry of Agriculture for butterfat testing, which will come into operation on 1st October under which it is provided that the testing shall be done by the staffs of the recording societies, provided that members of the staffs doing the actual testing possess diplomas or certificates in dairying or certificates of efficiency in butterfat testing.It was also provided that, if a recording society itself did not actually do the work, it might be done at an agricultural college or institute or by a Public Analyst; but it seemed to be implied that a recording society should not, without the authority of the Ministry, employ a private individual or firm of analytical chemists. 224 The arrangements also appeared to convey the impression that tests conducted in the laboratories of manufacturers of foods would be excluded. In these circumstances the Institute addressed a communica- tion to the Ministry of Agriculture suggesting that the Ministry would agree that Agricultural Analysts under the Fertiliser and Feeding Staffs Act and other analysts or firms of analysts competent to undertake the work should be recognised for this purpose.A reply was received from the Ministry agreeing that Agri- cultural Analysts appointed under section 11 of the Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, should be regarded as suitable authorities for the testing of milk samples under the scheme, and that the Ministry would consider the question of their inclusion in the Regulations relating to the scheme when they are re- printed. The Ministry added, however, that in view of the fact that the Milk Recording Societies were in constant communica- tion with the Ministry, it would not appear that a Society would be deterred from considering the appointment of any qualified chemist by reason of the fact that the Ministry’s prior authority for his appointment would be required.Appointments Register.-The records of the Appointments Register of the Institute indicate that the number of members without employment is decreasing and that there is a steady demand for chemists, especially in junior positions. The Council has been asked, however, to warn members who are in employment and are using the Appointments Register in the hope of improving their positions, that, in making application for vacancies notified under “box numbers,” they should be careful to inform the Registrar that, in the event of the box number referring to their present employers, they do not wish their applications to be forwarded.University of London.-The President and the Registrar were present at the laying of the Foundation Stone of the new building on the site of the University on 26th June by H.M. The King. The premises of the Institute were placed at the disposal of the University for robing accommodation on this occasion. 225 Lectures.-In collaboration with the Leeds Area Section, arrangements have been made for Dr. Samuel Glasstone, Fellow, of the University of Sheffield, to give a Lecture, in the New Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, on Monday, 20th November, at 8 p.m., on b6 Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Mr.H. F. E. Hulton, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 17th November, at 8 p.m. Subject 6L Beer.” S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 15th December, at 8 p.m. All Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than members or students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. 226 Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.SATURDAY, JUNE,24~~ 1933, AT 10 A.M. A Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 24th June, and was attended by the following :-Mr. Mark Bogod . . .. London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. W, F. Buist . . .. Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. H. Burton .. .. Leeds Area. Dr. R. J. Connor .. .. Huddersfield. Dr. A. Coulthard .. .. Manchester and District. Mr. A. R. Jamieson .. Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones .. .. South Wales. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard .. Irish Free State. Mr. Edgar Lewis .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. C. S. McDowell .. Belfast and District. Mr. Patrick Mitchell .. Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Dr. F. W.Norris .. Birmingham and Midlands. Mr. Walter Smith .. Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. F. H. Walker .. .. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast (in the unavoidable absence of Mr. M. A. W. Brown). The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute were also present. The Honorary Secretaries were welcomed by the President, who expressed his appreciation of their enthusiasm, in that every Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented. He felt sure that the Council would appreciate their keenness in coming to the Institute for the Conference. The President briefly reviewed the agenda, and said that he felt sure that their deliberations would produce useful results. He regretted that other engagements prevented his participating further in the Conference.A cordial vote of thanks for the welcome which he had extended to the Honorary Secretaries was accorded to the President, on the motion of Dr. Leonard, who was then elected to the chair. The subjects for discussion included :-Publicity; co-opera-tion with the secretaries of other Societies in arranging programmes ; provision of lecturers ; arrangements with head- quarters for printing and issuing circulars, notices, etc.; development of uniformity in the conduct of the business of Local Sections, and in reporting their proceedings; promotion of sociability among chemists; cinema films; joint meetings of Sections; and the Appointments Register. Under the heading of Publicity, the Conference first con-sidered means of bringing chemistry more prominently before the public.It was learned with approval that several Sections, often in co-operation with other Societies, made arrangements from time to time for meetings which were open, not only to members and their friends, but also to the public generally, whereat popular-as distinct from purely scientific or technical -lectures were given by selected lecturers. In Glasgow, through the kindness of Sir Robert Bruce, popular articles bearing on the applications of chemistry in everyday life had been published in The Glasgow Herald and The Glasgow Evening Times. It was felt that, although the ordinary individual usually read only those parts of a newspaper which are of special interest to him, such “chemical” articles could be made attractive, and that the example set by Glasgow might well be followed in other centres where editors could be found who had the same sympathy for science as had been shown by Sir Robert Bruce.Good work was done by scientific and literary Societies, which arranged lectures on lines similar to those given at the Royal Institution; for example, by the Royal Dublin Society, and by literary and philosophical Societies in centres such as Manchester and Leeds. In some centres, short addresses had been given to Rotary Clubs, to meetings of unemployed, and by broadcasting. The Local Sections of the Institute were decidedly helpful in promoting publicity for chemistry generally. It was desirable that lecturers and writers should be encouraged to participate in such work.It appeared that more was being done in this direction than had been realised, but the hope was expressed that Fellows and Associates of the Institute would seize every oppor- tunity of making known the services rendered by chemistry to the common weal. 228 It was to be deplored that the press too frequently contained inaccurate accounts of chemical work. The safest method, perhaps, was to supply the press with short reports of meetings in order to ensure that technical matter was accurately expressed. In some Sections, it was the practice to ask lecturers for brief pr6cis of their lectures before they were delivered; but even then there was a danger of such prkis being mutilated by sub- editors who did not understand them.Some newspapers appeared to disregard any matter which was strictly chemical, while they were prepared to publish what might be described as general science. Generally, there appeared to be a feeling that it was difficult to induce the press to take notice of chemical work. In any case, matter had to be prepared in popular form, so that it was easily understood, or it served little purpose. The opinion was expressed that chemists themselves were to blame in this connection, be- cause they found it difficult to produce articles on chemical subjects which could be readily understood by the layman. Attention was directed to the lack of press reports in connection with the proceedings of the Chemical Section of the British Association in recent years.(1)The Conference decided to suggest to the Council that it should investigate the question of creating a liaison with the press, with a view to securing more suitable and adequate publicity in order to make known in an accurate manner important advances in the science and practice of chemistry. Publicity might be given to new discoveries of interest and importance, by means of articles prepared by chemists with special know- ledge, which could be submitted to a central agency for circulation to the general press. On the question of promoting co-operation between Local Secretaries and arranging programmes, the Conference learned that in the majority of important centres where there were large numbers of chemists, joint meetings with the Local Sections of other bodies were very usual. In some of the large centres, for example, in Glasgow, Liver- pool and Manchester, comprehensive programmes were prepared, giving particulars of all the meetings of learned Societies within the district.In a few cases, well-known lecturers had dealt with the same subject before several Sections, and often jointly with Local 229 Sections of other Societies, in which cases the expenses were shared with such Societies. It was suggested, in such circumstances, that Local Sections should arrange, so far as was possible, that the convenience of lecturers should be studied, in order that they might visit two or more Sections on the same tour, if willing to do so. (2) It was decided to recommend the Council to ask the Publications Committee to include in the Journal and Proceedings a schedule of “Coming Events.” The Conference next considered the difficulty of securing the services of lecturers.The problem was not only to secure suitable lecturers with suitable subjects, but to provide for the expenses, and to fix times convenient to all concerned. It was suggested that the Honorary Secretaries might possibly induce exceptionally successful lecturers to repeat their lectures at other Sections, especially when the lectures delivered by them were of such value and importance that they had been recom- mended for publication as monographs. (3)The Conference felt that the Council might assist the Local Sections by preparing a Register of lecturers, or at least might prevail upon the President or other members of Council to visit Sections from time to time, to address them on either professional or technical subjects.(4)Incidentally, the Conference expressed very great appre- ciation of the lectures which had been published separately by the Institute, and desired that the Council should consider the desirability of such lectures being repeated before some of the Local Sections. With reference to the arrangements for carrying out work for the Local Sections at headquarters, the Conference was reminded that, so far as possible, circulars and notices were printed and posted from the Institute for nearly every Section.The Institute possessed the necessary equipment, and certain mem- bers of the staff were specially deputed to look after that work. (5) It was suggested that an endeavour should be made to obtain lists of local members of other chemical Societies in every district, in order that they might be invited to meetings. This had been done in some districts, but might be further extended. 230 Regarding the question of the development of uniformity in the conduct of the business of Local Sections, it appeared to be generally accepted that, although the general rules for Sections were laid down in the By-laws of the Institute, it was unavoidable that the subsidiary rules should vary with the extent of the membership and local conditions in different centres.It appeared to be impossible to formulate model rules suitable for all Sections. With regard to the reporting of the proceedings of Local Sections, there was a consensus of opinion that lectures con- sisting mainly of textbook matter should either not be contri- buted to the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute, or con- fined only to very brief reports; and that lectures of a scientific or technical character given before joint meetings of two or more Societies, should be published in the technical press, although precis, not exceeding a page or two, should be contributed to the Journal and Proceedings where the matter dealt with was of sufficient importance and interest to warrant the space.The official publication of the Institute being "domestic" rather than technical in character should, however, contain a complete record of the proceedings of each Section ; while the attention of the Council should be directed to lectures which were felt to be sufficiently important to be printed as mono- graphs for the benefit of the members generally. In some cases, lectures were filed, and the manuscripts could be borrowed by those who were specially interested. This discussion led to further consideration of the question of reporting meetings and lectures. Some Sections arranged for the honorary secretaries or other members to be responsible for reports. Others secured the assistance of experienced steno- graphers.It appeared to be difficult to obtain reliable accounts of discussions, but this could sometimes be done by asking speakers to supply their remarks in writing. The honorary secretaries had to do the best they could to secure records for the Journal and Proceedings. A member had been asked to raise the question whether it was worth while to print Examination Papers in the Journal and Proceedings. It was unanimously agreed that the papers were useful to teachers and students and interesting to a very large number of Fellows and Associates themselves, while they formed a necessarypart of the Report of the Board of Examiners, which frequently contained references to the questions and exercises which had been set. In considering means to be adopted for promoting further sociability among chemists, reference was made to summer outings, visits to works and other places of interest, dinners, dances, and concerts.In most cases, the Local Sections were able to arrange occasionally for such functions, in order to bring chemists together in friendly intercourse, although it was not desirable that the expense involved should become a burden to the younger members. It was remarked that there had been a very great improve- ment in the attendance at meetings of chemists since the formation of the Local Sections of the Institute. (6) The hope was expressed that the President and other Honorary Officers of the Institute would visit the Local Sections more frequently in order to encourage good attendances. The Chairman raised the question of exhibiting films, and reference was made to the following :-Austin Motor Co., Ltd... .. Motor Car Manufacture. Bakelite, Ltd. .. .. .. Plastics. British Acetylene Association. . Acetylene.British Oil and Cake Mills, Ltd., Selby (Unilever, Ltd.) .. Seed-crushing and Oil extraction. British Tar Association .. Tar Dorman Long & Co., Ltd. . . Bridge construction. Empire Marketing Board .. Various subjects. Federation of British Industries Various Industries. Thomas Firth &John Brown, Ltd. Steel manufacture. Highways Construction, Ltd. .. Road-making.Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. .. .. .. .. Sulphur, Dyestuffs, etc. Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. .. ..Nickel Refining. Morris Motors, Ltd. . . .. Motor Car Manufacture. The opinion was expressed that many so-called ‘I technical ” films included irrelevant matter of no special interest to pro-fessional chemists. (7) The Conference considered it desirable that as much information as possible should be available with regard to the hiring of films dealing with scientific and technical subjects. If members of the Institute would report to the Registrar concerning films of suitable type which they had actually seen, a list of such films might be compiled and enquiries might be made 232 with reference to their availability for exhibition at meetings of Local Sections. Reference was made to joint meetings between Local Sections of the Institute and to meetings away from the more important centres.It was learned that the Birmingham Section occasion- ally met at Derby, and the South Wales Section, at Cardiff; that the three Scottish Sections held a joint annual meeting, and that the London Section had met at Portsmouth. (8) It was desirable that Section meetings should be held occasionally away from the headquarters of the Sections respectively . Finally, some consideration was given to the Appointments Register, and the hope was expressed that the officers of Local Sections would assist headquarters as much as possible in supply-ing information regarding vacancies for chemists. (9) The members of the Conference were of opinion that the meeting had proved of great value in enabling them each to learn something of the work of other Sections; they were grateful to Mr.Lewis for having suggested the holding of the Conference, and unanimously agreed that the Council should be asked to arrange meetings of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held fairly frequently. On the motion of Dr. Coulthard, a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Leonard for acting as Chairman of the meeting. The members of the Conference adjourned to the Russell Hotel for luncheon, and several subsequently returned with the Officers for further discussion and in order to see the printing department and other premises of the Institute. The above Report was submitted to the Council at a meeting on 21st July, when the recommendations I to 4 inclusive, dealing with publicity and the arrangements for lectures, were referred to the Publications Committee; 5 and 7, regarding the possibility of obtaining lists of local members of other Societies and to the hiring of films dealing with scientific and technical subjects, were referred to the Registrar; 6, suggesting that the 233 President and other Officers should visit the Local Sections more frequently, was referred to the Honorary Officers; and 8, recommending Local Sections to hold meetings occasionally away from their own respective headquarters, was referred to the Local Sections themselves.The Council further directed that the question of holding a meeting of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections should be raised each year in October, and endorsed the thanks which had already been expressed by the President to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for attending the Conference, and also for their useful report.234 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Marischal College on the 26th June,-Dr. J. F. Tocher presiding in the unavoidable absence of Professor James Hendrick, Chairman of the Section. The Secretary’s Report was received and adopted. Professor Hendrick was re-elected Chairman, and Captain J. S. Allan was elected a Member of the Committee in place of Mr. W. Godden resigned. The remaining Members of the Committee were unanimously re-elected. After the meeting, the members proceeded to Stoneywood Paper Works, They were received and entertained by Captain and Mrs.Allan, at Stoneywood House, before going over the factory: excellent arrangements had been made for showing the various processes of paper-making, from the raw material to the finished article. Dr. Tocher, on behalf of the members, warmly thanked Captain and Mrs. Allan for their hospitality and for the arrange- ments made for ensuring the success of the visit. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 10th June, members of the Section and their friends visited Dartington Hall and Buckfast Abbey. Dr. W. K. Slater, FeZZow, Managing Director of Dartington Hall Estate, and Mr. Pearson, the guide demonstrator, accom- panied the visitors, who were shown the old parsonage farm, with its model buildings and the herd of 60 pedigree South Devons, and the method of production of clean milk from tuberculin-tested cows; also the saw mills and methods of handling timber in bulk and of utilising sawdust as fuel.The company were also shown the laboratory and were entertained to tea at the canteen. Dr. Slater explained the ideas and purposes of the Directors in running a large estate on scientific and economic lines, in developing rural industries and thereby creating employment for skilled craftsmen, etc. Dr. Ernest Vanstone, of Seale Hayne College, Chairman of the Section, in expressing the thanks of the Section to Dr. Slater and his colleagues for their kindness and hospitality, wished them every success and happiness in their work, which, he said, chemists would watch with very great interest.After viewing the restoration work in the Hall and making a tour of the estate, the party visited Buckfast Abbey and, in the 236 evening, dined together at the Courtenay Restaurant, Newton Abbot. Future arrangements are mentioned under ‘I Coming Events ’’ -p. 261. Cape.-On 25th June, a meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute was held, jointly with the Cape Chemical and Techno- logical Society, in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University, when Professor E. Newbery read a paper on bb The Purification of Metallic Mercury.” Mr. G. B. Godwin presided. Professor Newbery said that mercury, the only metal liquid at ordinary temperatures, was used for a remarkable variety of purposes-household, academic, and industrial.Although it was classed with the noble metals and would not rust or corrode in the air under ordinary conditions, it was specially liable to pick up all kinds of impurities from various sources, and some of these impurities seriously interfered with its use for certain purposes. To give a single example, pure mercury would not adhere to a clean glass surface; hence its value in thermometers, barometers and other instruments. Very minute traces of grease or of certain other impurities might, however, induce so much stickiness at a mercury-glass surface as to make such instruments useless. Exposure of mercury to the air for a few hours had a marked effect on its surface tension.The thorough purification of mercury was therefore a matter of considerable importance. The processes in use might be divided into four classes- filtration, chemical treatment, distillation and electrolytic treatment. The first process was quick and easy but only removed mechanical impurities such as dust or scum. The second was also rapid and easy with suitable apparatus. Some troublesome chemical impurities such as zinc or copper could be greatlyreducedin amount, though the purification is never perfect. The third process was slow and needed rather complicated apparatus, but gave a very good product if carried out carefully. The distillation was usually carried out in a high vacuum.Volatile metals such as zinc and cadmium were not completely removed. The fourth process was much the slowest and most difficult, but the product was of such high purity that no foreign matter could be detected even by spectroscopic analysis. Two fonns of 236 apparatus had been designed for this process, which worked automatically and might be run for weeks at a time without attention, giving about roo grams of mercury of the highest quality per day. Apparatus suitable for all these processes was shown, and the met hods were demonstrated. On 30th June, at the Martin Melck House, Mr. Horace Weall, Senior Government Chemist at Cape Town, gave an address before the Section on LL Poisons.” Mr. Graham Leslie presided.Mr. Weall showed how difficult it was for cases of poisoning to avoid detection, because of the ease with which most poisons could be traced in the viscera. He said that among metallic poisons arsenic had always been popular. This was scarcely to be wondered at, because arsenic was odourless, tasteless and very much like flour and other harmless substances in appearance. It was, furthermore, productive of symptoms which resembled those of food poisoning and enteric. But, fortunately, it was one of the easiest of all poisons to detect. There were several very delicate tests for arsenic, particularly the Reinsch test and the Marsh test. The Reinsch was a simple test and, from his own experience, he had found that a stomach containing only one-fiftieth of a grain would give a positive result.It was almost impossible to fail to detect arsenic, if arsenic had been the cause of death. That also applied to all other metallic poisons. Mr. Weall recalled a case in which the only material he was supplied with was about an ounce of soil collected from a spot in which the deceased was said to have vomited. There was no difficulty at all in showing conclusively that this soil contained mercury and that the deceased had died from mercurial poisoning. Much controversy, he said, had raged around the question of the toxicity of aluminium, on account of its extensive use in the form of cooking utensils. A great deal of experimental work had been done, and it was now quite definitely established that the use of aluminium involved no danger whatever.Dr. Burn had recently carried out exhaustive feeding experiments on animals and men, and had shown that growth and reproduction were unaffected by the metal. Some years ago a substance-alocol-was widely advocated for dyspepsia. Alocol was a salt of aluminium! As to alkaloids, the difficulties of toxicology were greatly increased in South Africa on account of the many native medicines and various decoctions of plants used by natives, some of which were little known. The native liked his medicine “strong”! Of this class of poison, strychnine seemed to be the favourite, but there was no difficulty in detecting strychnine. Mr. Weal1 gave a brief account of the general methods employed in detecting poisons, and referred to two particularly sensitive tests which had been developed by the late Dr. Moir, of Johannesburg,--one for traces of carbolic acid, and the other for cyanide.Many interesting reminiscences were related, and discussion followed. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The next meeting of the Section will be held at the Institute on 24th October, when the programme will include an Exhibition of apparatus and cinematograph films. Members of the Section will receive further notification in due course. Malaya.-A meeting of the Section was held at the King Edward VII College of Medicine on the 26th May-Mr. Morris Jamieson in the Chair-when Mr. H. J. Benjafield, Chief Sanitary Inspector of the Municipality of Singapore exhibited a cine-matograph film of local anti-malarial methods, illustrating the life history of the mosquito, including emergence of the larvz from the eggs, and of the adult mosquito from the larva.Typical habitats were shown, and the methods of trapping and carrying out mosquito surveys, together with methods of control, such as clearing of undergrowth, oiling, filling in and draining swamps, construction of open and subsoil drains, etc. Various difficulties met with in the work were dealt with, and the methods by which they were overcome were demon- strated. The film concluded with a few pictures of comparative American methods. The thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. Benjafield, who was warmly congratulated on the production, and especially on the photography involved in it.At a meeting of the Section held on the 30th June, at Kuala Lumpur, Mr. Greenstreet read a paper on L‘ Animal Nutrition.” He said that the history of the scientific investigation of animal nutrition was divisible into three well-defined phases. 238 The chief investigators of the basic principles of animal nutrition were the Germans Thaer, Grovan and Kellner, the American Armsby, and the Englishmen Lawes and Gilbert, of Rothamsted fame. As a result of their researches it was proved that the chief source of fat in the animal body is carbohydrates, and the death blow was given to the theory that animals possess a mysterious vital force which enables them to make heat out of nothing in defiance of the laws of physics.Feeding standards were drawn up which, with slight revision, have since been used. The second phase of the subject arose from the discovery that sometimes animals failed to thrive upon these standard rations. This circumstance led to the investigation of a variety of substances, the presence of which enabled animals to thrive, and the absence of which caused restriction of growth, illness or even death. Mr. Greenstreet proceeded to describe some of these €om- pounds, such as the unsaturated fatty acids, proteins of high biological value, and vitamins. In Malaya, press cake from gingelly seed, and the ubiquitous rubber seed, are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, while gingelly cake and the local odoriferous fish refuse are good sources of high quality proteins.Mr. Greenstreet then referred to pasture research, and stated that the modifications of species to secure more rapid growth and higher milk production were generally unaccompanied by a sufficient increase in the supply of minerals to the cattle. The trouble had been aggravated by the transfer of stock to new habitats of varying geological origin and novel flora, and by the continued export of meat and other animal products without any corresponding manurial return to the soil. He described the effects of mineral deficiencies and the various methods of remedying them. He said that the improve- ment of €he mineral content of pastures went hand in hand with an increase in protein content, with the result that it had been found possible by rotational grazing, or cutting accom- panied by the regular application of artificial phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilisers, to produce a grass which constituted a well-balanced and adequate ration for all classes of cattle. As a result of experiments in the Department of Agriculture, this state of affairs had been found equally and economically possible in Malaya.239 In reply to an enquiry regarding the feeding value of locally growing leguminous crops, Mr. Greenstreet said that the cow pea plant was eagerly relished by cattle and had a feeding value similar to lucerne. As regards the quality of local cattle manure, he said that its deficiency in phosphate was a result of the low phosphate content of local grasses.After referring to his interest in the feeding of race-horses, the Chairman invited the meeting to accord Mr. Greenstreet a hearty vote of thanks for his interesting address. He said that in Malaya they had become so used to the sight of cattle on the border-line of starvation, ekeing out a precarious existence on road sides and rough grazings, that it came as a surprise to some of the audience that, in Malaya, fodder grasses, sufficiently nutritious to provide an adequate ration for stock, could easily be grown. Mr. Shelton considered that research in animal nutrition provided a further example of the importance of chemistry to their daily life.Malaya ought to benefit considerably from the application of chemical research in this direction. He understood that the results of Mr. Greenstreet’s original investigations on animal nutrition were shortly to be published by the Department of Agriculture, and he looked forward with interest to reading them. In conclusion, the Chairman remarked that the lecturer was shortly proceeding to England on retirement, and he felt sure that he was expressing the general feeling of the meeting in wishing Mr. Greenstreet Bon voyage and every success in the future. Manchester and District.-The fifteenth annual general meeting of the Section was held on 16th March in the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,-Mr. J. H. Lester in the Chair. Dr. C. A.Burkhardt, Dr. H. Hunter, Dr. F. C. Wood, and Mr. K. H. Saunders were elected members of the Committee in the place of four retiring members. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. L. Thompson and P. Evans, were unanimously re-elected. A vote of thanks was accorded the retiring members of the Committee for their services. On the conclusion of the formal business, Professor T. P. Hilditch read a paper entitled 6b Some Curious Features of the Composition of Fats in Plants and Animals,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The kinds and amounts of various fatty acids which are 240 characteristic of several different groups of naturally-occurring fats were described in order to illustrate a few of the quantitative similarities or differences in fatty acid content which are found in natural fats (of which nearly 1,500different kinds have now been recorded from plants and animals).It was pointed out that nearly all fats are built up from a relatively small number of fatty acids, the structure of each of which is fairly simple, and in most cases quite well known; and that, therefore, chemical study and classification of natural fats is chiefly a matter of (i) observing the relative proportions of the fatty acids specific to each fat, and (ii) ascertaining how these acids are linked up with glycerol molecules to form mixtures of mixed triglycerides. Commencing with the growing plant, it appears that oleic, linoleic, palmitic and sometimes linolenic acid are the only members of the series which occur in any quantity as glycerides in the leaf, stem, etc.In the reproductive system, fats may be present in the exterior fruit-coat as well as in the seed (endosperm or embryo); in fruit-coat fats and in very many seed-fats, the main component acids are still only those already mentioned, but many botanical families are characterised by the presence, in the seed-fats, of large amounts of other fatty acids which are frequently quite specific for a particular family. The kernel fats of the palm family, with high contents of lauric and myristic acids in the glycerides, were cited as a specially well-marked instance of this specificity, and also the relatively few cases (all belonging to a few tropical families) in which stearic acid is a prominent component of vegetable fats.Regular but minor variations in composition within the same group of fats were illustrated in the case of the fruit-coat fat of the native West African oil palm (red palm oil). Proceeding eastwards from Sierra Leone, palm oils from different districts show a progressive fall in palmitic acid content and corresponding rise in oleic acid, the oils from Liberia and the Ivory Coast being poorest in palmitic acid; but oils from the Gold Coast, Nigeria or the Congo again have a comparatively high content of palmitic acid and proportionately less oleic acid. The differences are probably due to different varieties of the oil-palm rather than to climatic or other external factors, for plantation oils from the Congo, Malaya, or Sumatra are all very closely alike in composi- tion and very similar to, for example, a Lagos native oil.Turning to land animal body-fats (including those of birds) 241 it was emphasised that at least two different groups of these exist, so far as chemical composition is concerned. In one, which seems to include those of rodents (rats, rabbits) and birds (geese, poultry), there is usually 20-25 per cent. of combined palmitic acid with oleic or linoleic acids in varying proportions , but with little (usually 5 per cent. or less) stearic acid; in the other group (which includes the important body-fats of pigs, sheep and oxen, and with which the corresponding milk-fats seem to have certain close general relationships in chemical constitution) the amount of palmitic acid is much the same, but stearic acid also becomes a major component and may exceed the amount of palmitic acid present.In lards and tallows, moreover, there is a definite, if only approximate, balance between the amounts of stearic and oleic acid present in any given instance, the combined proportion of these acids (with linoleic) approaching a more or less constant figure (65-72 per cent.) in all tallows and lards so far examined. Moreover, the amount of completely-saturated glycerides (palmitostearins) present in these fats is roughly proportional to the total proportion of saturated acids in the whole fat, and frequently reaches a fairly high figure (25-30 per cent.), whereas vegetable seed-fats yhich contain as much as 50-60 per cent.of , stearic (or stearic and palmitic) acids contain only negligible amounts of palmitostearins. The pig, sheep and ox body-fats, in fact, appear to owe their characteristic structure to some kind of hydrogenation process wherein oleo-glycerides have been partially converted into stear o-gl ycerides. Incident ally, the prevalent idea that stearic is the most typical of the natural fatty acids is now seen to rest only upon the relative familiarity and abundance in Europe of such fats as tallow and lard. The particular examples of fats dealt with in the lecture were chosen in order to illustrate some of the interesting chemical and structural problems which invite study in this large group of natural products, and to indicate some of the directions in which investigation is going on at present.Observation and correlation of the many different categories of vegetable and animal fats seems still to be the immediate need; from the accumulated results of work of this kind there may later emerge points of attack on the more fundamental question of how fatty acids and glycerides are elaborated in the living organism. Students’ Section.-On the 24th June, the Students’ Section enjoyed an excursion to Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derhyshire. 242 Notes. Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund (the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals) reported awards of one hundred guineas each to Dr.Constance F. Tipper (n6e Elam) of the Engineering Department, Cambridge University, and to Dr. Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, Chemical Engineer. Constance F. Elam (Mrs. G. H. Tipper), M.A., D.Sc., was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge. From 1916 to 1917 she was an assistant in the metallurgical department at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington ; and from 1917 to I927 worked at the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, where she was research assistant to Prof. Sir Harold Carpenter, held the Frecheville Research Fellowship, and received grants from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.During short periods between 1917 and 1928 she also worked in the Cavendish Laboratory, at Cambridge, and at the Davy- Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. In I924 she was elected Armourers’ and Brasiers’ Research Fellow in metallurgy, and held this Fellowship for the maximum period of five years. In 1928 she married Mr. G. H. Tipper, M.A., formerly Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, and since that time has conducted research in the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. She held a Newnham College Research Scholarship for the year 1930-1931. The Royal Society has made grants to her for apparatus required in connection with the work on which she is now engaged. She has published much scientific work-twenty-one papers in all-including six in conjunction with Prof.Sir Harold Car- penter, F.R.S.; three in conjunction with Prof. G. I. Taylor, F.R.S. ; and twelve independent publications. Her work in the first group includes papers read before the Institute of Metals on “An Investigation on Unsound Castings of Admiralty Bronze (88.10.2),its Cause and Remedy,” “Crystal Growth and Recrystallisation in Metals,’’ and “Stages in the Recrystallisation 243 oi Aluminium Sheet on Heating”; before the Royal Society, on “The Production of Single Crystals of Aluminium and their Tensile Properties,” and ‘‘Experiments on the Distortion of Single Crystal Test-Pieces of Aluminium ”; and before the Iron and Steel Institute, on “The Effect of Oxidising Gases at Low Pressures on Heated Iron.” In the second group are papers read before the Royal Society on “The Distortion of an Aluminium Crystal during a Tensile Test ,” “Plastic Extension and Fracture of Aluminium Crystals,” and “The Distortion of Iron Crystals.” The greater proportion of her work, which was done independently and published by the above-mentioned bodies, relates principally to metallic crystals.A bibliography entitled (‘The X-ray Investigation of Alloys-a Summary of published information 1921-28” appeared in the Journal of the Institute of Metals in 1929. More recently she has turned her attention to archaeology, and has read before the Institute of Metals papers on “An Investigation of the Microstructure of Fifteen Silver Greek Coins (500-300 B.c.) and Some Forgeries,” and ‘‘Some Bronze Specimens from the Royal Graves at Ur.” Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, D.Sc., was educated in the University of Leeds, where he graduated with first-class honours in both mathematics and engineering, and was a Research Scholar from 1918 to 1920.He took a post-graduate chemical engineering course at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, from 1920 to 1921,and qualified as an associate, and later as a full member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, of which body he has since served as a Member of Council and Examiner. Dr. Underwood is a Consulting Chemical Engineer and an Honorary Lecturer in the Ramsay Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, University College, London.His practical ex-perience has been in connection with explosives, poison gas, alkali manufacture from natural deposit, beet sugar, wood distillation, fermentation, and catalytic processes for solvent manufacture. It has been gained in Great Britain, Kenya Colony, Yugoslavia and elsewhere. He has published a large number of papers on chemical engineering subjects, notably filtration, distillation, and flame temperatures. His treatment has been mainly mathematical, and he has developed original quantitative methods for interpreting and applying basic chemical engineering processes. 244 Sir Robert Hadfield, Bart., D.Met., D.Sc., F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed a Commendatore of the Order of the Crown of Italy.The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1928-32 has been awarded by the Royal Society of Edinburgh to Sir James Walker, F.R.S., Fellow. Professor Arthur Avery Read, FeZZow, has retired from his appointment as Professor of Metallurgy and Fuel Technology in the University College of South Wales, Cardiff. Mr. Albert Theodore King, Fellow, has been appointed to the Chair of Textile Chemistry in the University of Leeds. Miss Muriel Roberts, Fellow, has been appointed as an Additional Public Analyst for the County Borough of Barrow-in-Furness. Mr. F. A. Ruddock, Associate, formerly Lecturer, has been appointed Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Mr. Richard William Sutton, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Derbyshire, in the place of Mr.John White, FeUow, who has retired. Mr. Charles Frederick Turner, Fellow, has been appointed as an Additional Public Analyst for the City and County Borough of Liverpool. 245 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1933. THECouncil has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). Assessors.-Prof. G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Prof. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Prof. J. E. Coates, 0.B.E , DSc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introdzcctory.-During the present session one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade.The number of entries in the Senior grade was 230,of whom 125 passed. In 1932 there were zoo candidates, of whom 120 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 79 candidates, of whom 55 passed. In 1932, there were 88 candidates, of whom 65 passed. Of the 79 candidates, 57 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate; and of the 55 successful candidates, 40 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. II. Inorganic Chemistry .-Theoretical Examination.-In the Senior Grade the standard reached by the candidates was some- what varied. In some colleges the work of all the candidates was excellent, while in others most of the results were very little above the border line. In some cases the answers were very poor indeed.It is still apparent that many students endeavour to learn chemistry without really understanding the facts; or is it that sufficient explanations are not given, or that the students do not think for themselves? Questions on the Periodic Law were to be found in most papcrs, but in far too many cases was it stated that Mendelejeff used atomic numbers when he drew up his table; also, it was a great exception for Lothar Meyer to be mentioned. This point 246 was referred to in last year’s report, but seems to have escaped at tent ion. In the Advanced Grade the standard of work was much more satisfactory. Generally speaking, the questions set were of a distinctly high standard. This year it was noticeable that the candidates paid more attention to the principles of the subject, and did not endeavour to burden their memories with details, e.g.of numerical values, which should always be looked up in a book of reference. Practical Examination.-As in previous years , the standard reached in the practical work was decidedly higher than that in the theoretical. There were comparatively few failures in this part of the examination. In qualitative analysis, attention must be called to the fact that it is just as bad an error to find a radical present which is not there, as to miss a radical. The work in the Advanced Grade was generally of a high standard, the quantitative work being very good. 111. Physical Chemistry.-In some schools, questions on this subject are still included in the paper in Inorganic Chemistry, and it must again be emphasised that when the two subjects are included in the same paper, candidates must show a sufficient acquaintance with both if they are to be successful.Questions on colloids were general. It was a very common statement that the Brownian movement was discovered by means of the ultramicroscope. Loose statements were also common in connection with the Law of Mass Action and with Osmotic Pressure. Pfeffer’s work was often ascribed to van’t Hoff. Again, Soddy’s name was seldom mentioned in answer to questions on Isotopes. In some schools the practical exercises consisted of purely physical measurements, without any direct reference to chemistry.It should be possible to set satisfactory exercises involving such subjects as @Hdetermination, steam distillation, transition points, etc. IV. Organic Chmistry. Theoretical Examination.--In many instances, answers to questions on general reactions such as sulphonation, nitration, halogenation , diazotisation or condensa- tion, suggested that candidate had neither seen nor performed these chemical operations. 24.7 Questions on the diazo-reaction appeared in many examina- tion papers, but there were numerous candidates whose answers showed a lack of practical acquaintance with this important operation. In several instances it was stated that benzene- diazonium chloride was prepared by adding sodium nitrite to a cooled mixture of benzene and hydrochloric acid.In other cases the treatment proposed would have led not to a benzene-diazonium salt but to diazoaminobenzene. The various synthetic applications of the diazo-reaction were also confused. It was stated that diazonium salts evolved nitrous oxide on warming, and it was frequently suggested that cuprous iodide is required in the Sandmeyer replacement of the amino-group by iodine. The Liebermann reaction for secondary amines was not always clearly described in its three-colour phases. Hinsberg’s method of separating the three classes of amines with an aryl-sulphonic chloride was very seldom mentioned. The Friedel-Craft condensation was frequently misunderstood. For instance, phenol when treated with hydrogen chloride, and cuprous chloride was stated to yield chlorobenzene.Methyl chloride was referred to in the condensations as being a liquid, and acetanilide was stated to be produced by a Friedel-Craft condensation. In answer to a question on the production of certain naph- thalene derivatives, many candidates gave an impracticable preparation of p-naphthylamine based on the reduction of F-nitronaphthalene, which in turn was obtained by direct nitration of naphthalene. Indigo and alizarin were cited as naphthalene derivatives. Methods suggested for the manufacture of mono-and dimethyl- aniline were sometimes impracticable. The latter base was stated to be produced when methyl iodide was bubbled through aniline to which small pieces of sodium were slowly added.In another answer, this procedure was said to result in the con- version of aniline into iodo-benzene. Sulphonation was well described and the common sul-phonating agents were mentioned, but the opposite process of desulphonation, by the Armstrong and Miller method, was almost unknown. Questions involving a reference to alkali fusion were set in both grades, and there was a tendency to 248 regard the alizarin fusion as taking place with anthraquinone- disulphonic acid instead of with the monosulphonate (“ silver ” salt). In answers to questions on organic preparations, compounds were frequently stated to be obtained from less accessible materials. For instance, a candidate who stated that benzal- dehyde was prepared from benzyl alcohol, also gave the prepara- tion of benzyl alcohol from benzaldehyde.In several schools, a compulsory question on the validity of the Kekul6 formula for benzene led to many thoughtful answers, which even in the lower grade showed a sound know- ledge of the constitution of aromatic substances. Among the varied items of evidence adduced either for or against this formulation, the following may be mentioned : hydrogenation and oxidation of benzene and the formation of its halogen additive compounds; the existence of only one ortho-di-substituted benzene, and the formation of benzene triozonide. Kekulk’s formula was compared with those of Armstrong, Baeyer, Ladenburg, and Thiele. Comparisons were also drawn between benzene and the following hydrocarbons : ethylene, dipropargyl and cyclo-octatetrene.In the higher grade, answers on the structure of benzene were not more detailed than those described above; but, in addition, reference was made to the chemical constitution of naphthalene, anthracene, and their more important derivatives. A compulsory question involved an explanation of the isomerism of maleic and fumaric acids and of their oxidation to tartaric acids. These explanations were generally satis-factory, but other examples of cis-and tram-isomerism were less frequently given. Even in the higher grade the laws of substitution in the aromatic series were not always clearly described. It was stated without any qualification that m-toluidine was obtainable from the nitration product of toluene. Salicylaldehyde, produced in the Tiemann-Reimer’s reaction, was described as a meta-compound.Excellent answers were obtained in the higher grade to questions on the production and properties of isoprene and on the occurrence in nature of heterocyclic rings, sometimes of five or six atoms. 249 Interesting comparisons were made between benzaldehyde and furfuraldehyde, although occasionally the chemical nat.ure of the latter aldehyde was misunderstood. Questions on tautomerism presented some difficulty in the lower grade, but were more adequately answered by candidates in the higher grade. Notions on high pressure reactions are still hazy. Methyl alcohol was said to be obtained by sparking carbon monoxide and hydrogen over thoria. Hydrogenations were conducted under reduced pressure with nickel or colloidal palladium at 130~.Practical Examination.-In the tests for elements, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in organic compounds, it was noticed that nitrogen was not infrequently missed by the sodium test, and when a halogen was found, no discriminating test was applied to ascertain which of the halogens was present. For want of this additional test, bromal hydrate WPS returned as chloral hydrate even in the higher grade. Tests for metallic elements were often omitted so that potassium or calcium salts were sometimes returned either as the free acid or as the sodium salt. The carbylamine test for primary amines was given by some specimens of secondary amines, possibly owing to impurity, so that ethylaniline was returned as o-toluidine. With some important exceptions, the practical work was generally satisfactory. In one school, one of five different sugars was set to each candidate, whose identification of these carbo- hydrates was remarkably accurate.V. Chemical Technology. Theoretical Examination .-In their anxiety to acquire the technical details, students are apt to avoid learning the chemical principles underlying their special industry. In a metallurgical paper, candidates who were evidently strong on the technical side obtained only poor marks for their answers to a question on the chemical reactions of the blast furnace. Many important points were missed, such as the smelting of iron ore with excess of carbon monoxide, absorp- tion of carbon and silicon by iron, formation of slags, calcium sulphide and manganese sulphide.In a written paper on paints, pigments and varnishes, satisfactory answers were given to a compulsory question on the 260 classification of white pigments, with a description of the chemical nature of these pigments. In answer to a question on yellow and orange pigments, the chemical characteristics of various lead chromates were correctly indicated. The properties of oleic acid were correctly described, and an outline was given of modern methods of ascertaining the constitution of this technically important acid. Questions on cotton dyeing with azoic dyestuffs occurred in several examination papers on dyeing.The answers showed that candidates in general were acquainted with the practical details of the process, but the weaker answers were hazy on the underlying chemical reactions. In several schools, para-red was given as the only standard example; naphthol A.S. was mentioned only in one instance. Students do not realise quite clearly that, although many different arylamides of z hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid are now employed in the trade, the resulting azo-pigments all have the same general chemical formula based on an aryl-azo-/&naphthol. Many incorrect formulations were attributed to these azoic dyes. In some instances 2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilide and its homologues were correctly indicated, but not the coupled products.The chemical nature of indigosol and soledon dyes was not understood by some candidates who knew the mode of applica- tion of these dyestuffs to wool. It was asserted that indigo could be dissolved in aqueous caustic soda. On the other hand, a hydrosulphite vat was said to be made up with indigo extract. An answer to a question on the application and properties of acid mordant dyes gained a high mark, although nothing was said about the chemical nature of these dyes and their substantive character for wool. Logwood was included in the list. The only type of mordant application mentioned was premordanting with 3 per cent. dichromate. Such answers give the impression that although students are acquainted with certain practical details of dyeing they know but little con-cerning the chemical nature of the materials they employ.In papers on cotton dyeing and bleaching, answers to questions on the production of rayon fibres sometimes included a reference to four different types, but the de-nitration of Chardonnet silk was often omitted. The types generally 251 mentioned were viscose, cuprammonium and acetate rayons. The various stages of the viscose process were particularly well described. Candidates were well acquainted with the widespread use of wetting agents and referred to certain proprietary articles. Mercerol LP and Perminol ME R were stated to be mixtures of cresylic acid and organic solvents.The uses of hydrogen peroxide in the textile industry were well described. Satisfactory answers were given as to distinctive tests on the fibre for various dyeings of the same colour, but produced with different types of colouring matters. The chemical and tinctorial classifications of dyes were appropriately contrasted, and correct constitutional formulae were attributed to such diverse dyes as auramine, dianisidine blue and indant hrene. Practical Examination.-High marks were gained in the practical tests on paints, pigments, and varnishes, when an examination was made of a mixture of two pigments and of a varnish in general use. In practical bleaching and dyeing, excellent patterns were submitted of a full red dyeing on cotton from naphthol A.S.In technical analysis, an estimation of fatty acid and total alkali in a sample of softening material furnished correct data for alkali, although the results for fatty acid were rather low. Commercial samples of m-nitraniline and naphthol A.S. were identified and matched for strength against pure specimens. VI. Physics and Mathematics.-The general standard of the various examinations in these subjects was maintained. It was interesting to note that in one school, an excellent question paper in mathematics contained a considerable number of exercises having some reference to chemistry. This did not in any way diminish their value as tests of pure mathematics. The idea of giving a chemical flavour, however slight, to the subsidiary subject, is much to be commended. Students should acquire the habit of entering all their obser- vations directly into their notebooks and making all their calculations therein. In the actual examination, the examination book takes the place of the notebook. It is necessary to repeat the remarks made last year, that all observations should be entered directly in the examination book at the time they are 252 made, and that all calculations must be shown in the examination book.‘I Scribbling paper’’ should not be used. Candidates generally obtained high marks for their practical work. The Council has been informed that Dr. Jamieson Walker, Fellow, and Mr. C. H. Creasey, who have acted as two of the representatives of the Board of Education since the inauguration of the scheme, will shortly be retiring from their posts as H.M.Inspectors of Technical Schools, and has conveyed to them its appreciation of their helpful co-operation. The Council has invited Dr. Jamieson Walker to remain a member of the Joint Committee as one of the Institute’s representatives, and he has kindly consented to do so. CERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY, 1933.NATIONAL SCOTLAND, The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton. Five candidates have been awarded the Ordinary Certificate, and four, the Higher Certificate. 253 Obituary.ARTHUR ADAMS died at Smethwick on 10th July, in his 75th year. He studied chemistry under Tilden, at the Mason College, and under William Russell at the Municipal Technical School, Birmingham, and passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894. During his career he held appointments as a t,eacher of chemistry and other sciences at the Handsworth Grammar School, at Bourne College, Darlaston, at Walsall, and for many years at the Technical School, Smethwick, in which town in recent years he conducted a consultingpractice. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. WALTERCRAVENBALLdied at Idmiston, near Salisbury, on 9th June, in his 56t,h year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he obt,ained open scholarships in Natural Sciences, proceeded to Trinity College, Oxford, graduated with first class in chemistry in the final honours school in 1899, and later proceeded to the degree of M.A.He was for a time demonstrator at Balliol College, and afterwards a research student at Owens College, Manchester. In 1901 he was appointed demonstrator in chemistry at Guy’s Hospital Medical School, London, where, in 1906, he was also appointed teacher in chemistry for the Diploma in Public Health. He made several original contributions to the Proceedings and Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Proceedings of the RoyalSociety, and was awarded the degree of Sc.D. (Dublin). During the war, he served with the forces in France, holding a commission as Captain, and was subsequently transferred to the Chemical Defence Experimental Station at Porton, as Superintendent of the Chemical Department, with the rank of Major, R.E.In May, 1932, he was appointedDirector of Experiments. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. HENRYGEORGEGREENISHdied at Willesden Green on 2nd August, in his 79th year. Educated at the Philological-now the Marylebone- School, he gained the Basil Ward Scholarship and matriculated in the University of London. Apprenticed with his father, Thomas Greenish, who was Treasurer of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain from 1878 to 1880, President of the Society from 1880 to 1882, and President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference in 1886, he entered as a student in the School of the Society, where he gained Silver Medals in chemistryand pharmacy, practical chemistry, botany, and materia medica, and was Bell Scholar in 1875.He passed the Major Examination of the Society in 1877 and then acted for a session as Demonstrator in the Chemical Laboratory of the School, before he undertook two years’post-graduate study at Dorpat, under Dragendorff, which was followed by a course at the University of Vienna. In 1890, he was appointed Lecturer, and, in 1893, Professor of Materia Medica in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society,-the title of the 254 Chair being subsequently changed to that of Professor of Pharmaceutics,- and finally he occupied for many years the position of Dean of the School.He was a member of the British Pharmacopoeia Addendum Committee, and Joint Editor with the late Sir Nestor Tirard, of tho 1914 issue of the British Pharmacopoeia. He was a member of the Commission for the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932, and served on the Committees engaged in the revision of successive editions of the British Pharmaceutical Codex. He was the author of A Standard Text-Book of Materia Medica (sixthedition, under the title of A Text-Book of Phrmacognosy, published in London, 1932); The Microscopical Examination of Food and Drugs (third edition, 1923, now reprinting, London); and jointly with Dr. E. Collin, of An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders (London, 1904).He made numerous contributions to the Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society, The Year Book of Pharmacy, and other scientific publications, on the constitution of drugs, and, in collaboration with Upsher Smith, published a series of reports on the solubilities of various official chemicals. Also, jointly with other research workers, he published reports on the drug room beetle and its detection in powdered drugs, on the microscopical investigation of green extracts, on the alleged deficiency of myrosin in black mustard, and on the assay of cantharides. He encouraged the cultivation of medicinal plants in this country and, with the late Sir William Glyn-Jones, made a tour of enquiry in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy into the system and working of State Health Insurance in these countries.He was awarded the Hanbury Gold Medal in 1917, and the degree of Dr. 6s Science, honoris causa, of the University of Paris, in 1920. He was President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1921-22; he was Professor of Pharmaceutics in the University of London and a corresponding member of many foreign learned and scientific Societies. When he retired, in June last, after 43 years’ service with the Pharma- ceutical Society, the Council of the Society placed on record an expression of their high appreciation of his services and of the debt due to him by British pharmacy, and a presentation was made to him by students of the School. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878, and a Fellow in 1883.He served as a Member of Council from 1906 to 1909. At the funeral at Golders Green Crematorium on 4th August, the Institute was represented by Mr. R. R. Bennett. CHARLES STUART STANFORDWEBSTERdied at Redland, Bristol, on the 9th June, in his 72nd year. He studied chemistry at University College, now the University, Bristol, under Letts and Ramsay, and at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland. He was subsequently engaged on research at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, and published papers on the “Analysis of certain plant fibres,” on trichloropyrogallol, on tho chlorination of phloroglucinol and on the constitution of mairogallol,contributed to the Journal of the Chemical) Society.Since 1886 he had practised as a consulting and analytical chemist in Bristol. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 255 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1933, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Combustion et Dktonation des Substances Explosives.” Marcel Patry. (Paris: Hermann et Cie.) 45 fys. Introduction : explosifs utilisk : pr6paration; propri6tes : action de la chaleur sur le fulminate de mercure; la, formation de l’onde explosive clans les explosifs d’amorgage; l’amorgage; la detonation et les ph8- iiomtmes lumineux; l’onde de choc; 6tude experimentale des ondes de choc; la transmission de la detonation B distance; r6sum6 et con-clusions.Index bibliographique. “Gases at High Pressures, The Viscosity of.” R. 0. Gibson. Pp. x + 89. (Amsterdam: H. J. Paris.) TKe definition of the viscosity of a gas; the viscosity of gases under normal conditions; viscosity of compressed gases and of liquids ;generalmethods for the measurement of viscosity; choice of method for adapta-tion to high pressures; apparatus used by previous workers; principle of method; apparatus ;calibration of apparatus ;experimental procedure ; calculation of results; results; discussion. “Photography, Infra-Red.” S. 0. Rawling. Pp. x + 57. (London: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. Infra-red radiation; infra-red sensitive materials; handling infra-red sensitive materials; infra-red photography and its applications; appendices.“Physics, An Elementary Introduction to.” Descriptive, experi- mental and historical. E. Booth. Pp. xvi + 465. (London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 5s. Introductory measurements; hydrostatics, pneumatics, and heat ; mechanics; light and sound; magnetism and electricity. ‘‘Plough Court: The Story of a Notable Pharmacy, 1715-1927.” Compiled by Ernest C. Cripps. Pp. xviii+zz8. The Bevans; William Allen; John Thomas Barry and Daniel Bell Hanbury ; Daniel Hanbury; Expansion; Plough Court; Bethnal Green (Pre-War); Bethnal Green (Post-War) ; The Ware Factory; Overseas Business; West End Branches; Appendixes : Index. 256 “Spices and Condiments.” H.S. Redgrove. Pp. xviii + 361. (London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. The philosophy of spice; ground spices, essences and essential oils. Rhizome and root spices : ginger, turmeric, zedoary and galangal, garlic and allied flavouring materials, angelica, miscellaneous root and rhizome spices. Bark spices : cinnamon, cassia and allied spices, miscellaneous bark spices. Flower spices : cloves, saffron, miscellaneous flower spices and allied flavouring materials. Fruit spices : vanilla, black, white and allied peppers, capsicum spices, cummin, dill and carraway, anise and fennel, coriander and celery seeds, allspice or pimento, star-anise, juniper berries. Seed Spices: cardamoms and grains of paradise,nutmegs and mace, white, black and Indian mustards, almonds and pistachio nuts, miscellaneous seed spices.The 69th Annual Report on Alkali, etc. Works by the Chief Inspectors under the Alkali etc. Works Regulation Act, 1906, and Alkali, etc., Works Order, 1928, on proceedings during the year 1932, has been published by H.M. Stationery Office (9d net). The British Standards Institution has issued a Hand-book of Information, including the Annual Report, 1932-33, and Indexed List of British Standard Specifications, to July, 1933, which is obtainable from the British Standards Institution, Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1 (IS. net). Specifications recently published by the Institution include :-No. 481, 1933.-Woven Wire and Perforated Plate Sieves and Screens for Industrial Purposes.No. 496, 1933.-Sampling and Analysis of Coke. No. 497, 1933.-For Cast Iron Manhole Covers and Frames (Light). No. 501,1933.-Report on Metric Units of Volume. No. 502, 1933.-Sampling of Large and Run-of-Mine Coal. The British Standards Institution expresses the hope that Fellows and Associates of the Institute will encourage the adoption of these specifications wherever possible. Slips, for attachment to existing specifications, are also available if required for :-C.D. (C) 817.-Addendum to B.S.S. No. 470, 1932. Manhole Openings (Size and Position only) for Chemical Plant-Fixed and Mobile. 257 Messrs. Adam Hilger Ltd., have published the 6th Edition of l1 The Practice of Spectrum Analysis ” with Hilger Instruments, including a note on the various types of emission spectra, compiled by F.Twyman, F.R.S., 3s. 6d. net. The brochure deals chiefly with the use of the spectrograph and includes-types of problems to which spectrum analysis is applicable; apparatus and literature ; ways and means of exciting emission spectra; taking spectrograms, measuring wavelengths and identifying elements ; quantitative spectrum analysis ; various types of spectrum. Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has published the fourth number of “Sands, Clays and Minerals,” which is devoted to the interests of those who are engaged in the production and use of economic minerals. (IS. 3d.). “The Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,Explained.”--Messrs. Eyre & Spottiswood (Publishers), Ltd., have announced that they have arranged with Mr.Hildreth Glyn- Jones, Barrister- at-Law, to prepare a concise practical guide to the provisions of the new Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,and that at the request of the Pharmaceutical Society, a special edition of this book is being published at a special price for its members. By the courtesy of the Pharmaceutical Society, Fellows and Associates of the Institute may also obtain copies of this pub- lication on application to the Registrar of the Institute,-Price 6s.; or post free, 6s. 6d. The publication will appear very shortly, and orders should be placed without delay. An ordinary edition, available to the public, will also be published at a substantially higher price.258 The Register, AT the meetings of Council held on 16th June and 21st July, 1933, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 32 Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 19 Students were admitted. Associates elected to the Fellow~hip. Cooke, John Harbourne, M.C., B.A. (Dublin), A.R.C.Sc.T., 17, Selwood Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. Croxford, John William, 66, LicMeld Road, London, E.6. Farmer, Ernest Harold, D.So. (Lond.), D.I.C., Organic Chemical Depart- ment, Royal College of Science, s. Kenaington, London, S.W.7. Moffat, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Anglo-Pereian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Murray, Humphrey Desmond, B.A. (Oxon.), Chemical Laboratories, 118, Fulham Road, London, S.W.3. Weston, Stanley Haworth, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., Research Laboratories, British Aluminium Co., Ltd., Kinlochleven, Argyllshire. New Asociates. Anantakrishnan, Sekharipuram Venkateswaraiyer, M.A. (Madras), 34, Midholm, Off Lyttleton Road, London, N.W.11. Ashton, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Caversham Avenue, London, N.13. Atkins, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Emanuel Avenue, London, W.3. Banks, Adam, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 105, Roxburgh Street, Liverpool, 4. Brown, Clifford, B.Sc. (Leeds), Heversham School, Milnthorpe, Westmor- land. Butler, Patrick John Rees, M.Sc. (Liv.), c/o I.C.1.-Malaya-Ltd., 1440, Robinson Road, Singapore, S.S. Campbell-Gamble, Derek John, B.A. (Cantab.), 7, Welby Gardens, Grant- ham. Chaplin, Cyril Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), Arbores, Lower Road, Fetcham, Leatherhead. Connolly, Joseph Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 107, Ratcliffe Road, Lough- borough.Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Louisa Street, London, E.l. Ellis, Bertram Stanley, B.Sc. (S.A.), D.I.C., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Files, Joseph Robert, B.Sc. (Manc.), 306, Bolton Road, Kearsley, nr. Bolton, Lancs. Fletcher, George Alexander, B.Sc. (Manc.), 3, Gundulph Road, BromleY, Kent. 259 Gee, Geoffrey, M.Sc. (Mane.), 88, Albion Road, New Mills, nr. Stockport. Glassman, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Goldsmith’s Row, London, E.2. Gupta, Raghunath Sahai, B.Sc. (Lucknow), M.Sc. (Benares), c/oDr. Keen, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.Harrison, Jack Blatchley, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 29, East View, Yeadon, nr. Leeds. Hayne, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Blenheim Road, Newport, Mon. Hitchcock, Ronald William, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Wallasey Crescent, Ickenham, Middlesex. Nanji, Homi Ruttonji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 55, Kunter Street, London, W.C.l. Raghava-Rao, Bhartipudy Srinivasa Vira, B.Sc. (Madras), College of Science, Andhra University, Waltair, S. India. Rance, Herbert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 28, Heath Road, St. Albans, Herts. Randall, Robert Bennet, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 226, Brockley Grove, London, S.E.4. Rao, Gandikota Gopala, M.Sc., B.A. (Allahabad), Chemical Laboratories, Andhra University, Waltair, B.N.Rly, India. Sanders, Frederick George, M.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Pleydell Avenue, London, S.E.19. Smith, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Mellor Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Thorp, Hubert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 92, Queen’s Road, London, E.8. Tompkins, Dennis Gordon, B.Sc. (Mane.), The Sugar Factory, Allscott, Wellington, Shropshire. Walton, Arthur, B.Sc. (Liv.), 61, Normandale Road, Liverpool, 4. Wilkins, Ralph James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Ambrose Avenue, London, N.W.11. Williams, Frank Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Hafod Cottages, Dowlais, Glam. Wootton, Charles Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, Crosbie Road, Harborne, Birming- ham. Re-elected Associate. Wood, Cyril Christian, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 94, Park Avenue South, London, N.8. New Students. Aspa, Alfred, 44, Kingsley Road, Swinton, Manchester.Baines, Eric Jeffery, 5, Yew Tree Road, London, W.12. Bromley, Wilfred, 12,Hotspur Street, Liverpool, 20. Dickens, Arthur, 66, Sandy Lane, Weston Point, Runcorn. Freeman, Hugh Cameron, 47, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. GSn, Richard Percival, 152, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Halliwell, William Edward, 242, Ivydale Road, London, S.E. 15. Hands, Miss Olga Muriel, 35, Alfriston Road, London, S.W.ll. Harvey, Henry Guy, 13, Orchard Terrace, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Judge, Miss Bertha Edith, 41, Rathmore Road, Cambridge. King, Frank, 252, Shortheath Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Lyle, William Baillie, 19, Garven Terrace, Stevenston, Ayrshire. McEwen, George, 49, Hurstwood Road, London, N.W.ll.Meyer, Charles Gustave, 49, Linden Avenue, London, N.W.lO. Pollitt, Raymond John Michael, 24, Rothesay Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. Reynolds, Stanley, 62, Arngask Road, London, S.E.6. Rodger, David, 7, Woodburn Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. ROSS,Kenneth John, Brook Villa, Cray Road, St. Paul’s Cray, Kent. Todd, Stanley Minor, 13, Tarporley Avenue, Fallowfield, Manchester. 260 DEA!I'HS. Fellows. Arthur Adams. Walter Craven Ball, O.B.E., M.A. (Oxon.), Sc.D. (T.C.D.).Henry George Greenish, D. 6s Sc. (Paris). Charles Stuart Stanford Webster. CHANCIE OF NAME. Kathleen Margaret Monteagle Barlow, Associate, to Planterose-on her marriage.Bernard Beilenaohn, Associate, to Bernard Beilenson. Janet Warden Brown, Associate, to Matthews-on her marriage.Et*hel Craig Howell, Associate, to Venables-on her marriage. Elsie Wade, Associate, to Shirley-on her marriage. CORRIGENDUM. Register.-In the list of new Associates published in Journal, Part 111,1933,page 212,for Brock, Gerald Clement, B.Sc. (Lond.), read Brock, Gerald Clement, M.Sc. (Dub.). 1933 September 18th-21st 18th-21st 22nd-25th 24th-30th October 11th 12th 14th 18th 24th 28th November 2nd 8th 9th 13th 16th 261 Coming Events. INSTITUTEOF METALS: 25th Autumn Meeting at Birm-ingham. Mr. W. R. BARCLAY(Vice-president) on “Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Metallurgical Plant.” INTERNATIONALSOCIETYOF LEATHERTRADES’CHEM-ISTS : Annual Conference at Amsterdam.OFASSOCIATION SPECIALLIBRARIESAND INFORMATION BUREAUX: 10th Annual Conference at Bristol. SOCIETEDE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLE:13me Congrhs at Lille. INSTITUTEOF FUEL: Presentation of Melchett Medal. Sir JOHN G.C.M.G., will read the Melchett CADMAN, Lecture at the Geological Society, at 8.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:Mr. RICHARD B. PILCHERon “Alchemists in Art and Literature.’’ OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Section): Social Meeting, on the invitation of Dr. A. C. FRYER. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Annual Dinner. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London Section) : Exhibition at the Institute : Apparatus, Chemicals, Cinemato- graph Films, etc. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet -ing with the College Chemical Society.Professor J. J. SUDBOROUGH “The Perishing of Paper in on Indian Libraries.” INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet- ing with the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. G. FAWCETTon “The Measurement of Colour.” INSTITUTEFUEL:Drs. J. G. KING, L. HORTON,OF and F. A. WILLIAMS on ‘‘The Progressive Action of Hydrogen on Coal,” at the Chemical Society, at 6 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Joint Meeting with the Chemical Engineering Group, Society of Chemical Industry. “The Function of Paint as a Metal Preservative.” INSTITUTION Dr.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY:H. P. STEVENSon “Rubber Paints.” INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERSOF : President’s Reception. November 17th 18th 20th 27th December 1st 14th 15th 1934 January26th February16th 19th 22nd March 1st 7th-8th 22nd 23rd May9th JdY16th-20th 262 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Strecatfeild Memorial Lecture.Mr. H. F. E. HTJLTONon “Beer ”-at the Institute. Sir WILLIAM LARKE,K.B.E., will give his Presidential Address at the Geological Society, at 11.30 a.m. Dr. KOPPERS on “Recent Developments in Coking Practice,” at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Dr. S. GLASSTONE,on “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry,” at the University of Leeds. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) :JOht Meet-ing with the University Chemical Society. Lecturer : Mr. C. F. TOMPKINS,B.Sc. On. AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION: Informal Meeting.OIL AND Co~omc CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Mr. W. E. WORNUM on “Some Observations on Colloidal Behaviour in Paint and Varnish Systems,” Part 11. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, by Dr. HERBERTLEVINSTEIN. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Section): Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. C. N. HINSHELWOOD,of Oxford, on “Reaction Kinetics.” INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF CHEMICAL : Annual Dinner. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet- ing with the Bristol University Chemical Society. Dr. J. H. QUASTELL,of Cardiff, on “The Study of Chemical Processes in Animal Tissues.” CHEMICALSOCIETY:Fourth Pedler Lecture. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual Meeting. INSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Dinner and AnnualOF Meeting.CHEMICALSOCIETY:Annual Meeting and Anniversary Dinner at Birmingham. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) : Annual Meeting and Chairman’s Address, on “Chemistry and Agriculture.” INSTITUTEOF METALS: Lecture. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY :Annual Meeting. 263 Institute of Metals Autumn Meeting, 1934.-The Institute of Metals proposes to hold its Autumn Meeting in 1934 at sea, and arrangements are being made to secure the use of a commodious cruising vessel, calling at well-known resorts in the Mediterranean Sea, the voyage occupying about fourteen days (during the last week of August and the first week of September). Members of other Institutes are invited to participate in the project, and Fellows and Associates who are likely to be interested are invited to send in their names to the Registrar of the Institute, who will forward them in due course to the Secretary of the Institute of Metals. The minimum steamship fare would be about L22 , exclusive of personal expenses, gratuities and shore excursions.Achema.-The seventh "Achema " Chemical Plant Exhibi- tion will be held in Cologne from 18th-27th May, 1934,during the same period as the Annual Congress of the German Chemical Trades Association. Information concerning the Exhibition may be obtained on application to "Achema," Management Offices, Seelze, near Hanover. 264 Notices. Examinations, 1934.-The arrangements for examinations during 1934 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP.Dates of Examinations. Entries close. Monday, 6th November, 1933. 8th to 13th January. } (Notebooks: 15th December.) Monday, 5th February, 1934. (Notebooks: 16th March.) 9th to 14th April. 17th to zznd September, Monday, 9th July, 1934. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 7th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 16th to zIst April. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 24th to 29th September. Monday, 9th July, 1934. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 4th June, 1934. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933, to work of the character indicated. 265 Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1934,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 3rst December, 1933, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . 266 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 267 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to confonn to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd. ; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, member$ are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 268 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasztrer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND, INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.I.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE SectionS. Hon. Secreta&a. Aberdeen and North of Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., Scotland: 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91,Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, Upper Counties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of Walter Smith, A.I.C., Castle Mills, Edinburgh. Scotland: Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 415, Wakefield Road, Dalton, Huddersfield.Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. JJ (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, L00dS. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’sDepartment, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Mancheater. Newcastle-on-Tyne and M.A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, North-Eat Coast : The Crescent, Walleend-on-Tyne. New Zdand: G. A. Lawrence, B.Sc., F.I.C., Johnsonville, Wellington, Now Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND hOCEEDINOS.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7000-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific boob and to booksellers.Publications of the Institute LECTURES: “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine. Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Copyright:with special reference to Scientifh Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-&-Law. 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” Alec.M. Cameron, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 29. net. * “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0. F. Bloch, F.I.C. 28. net. 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ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700219

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. October, 1933. Publications Committee, 1933-34, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (C~UZYPX'Z~Z), JOCELYN I?. THORPE (Presided), C. 0 BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R, M. CAVEN, C. DORI~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 27 1 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, October, 1933.-Reports were received from the Standing Committees, and also from the Public Appoint- ments Committee and the Appointments Register Committee. The Finance and House Committee recommended the provision of means whereby members in Australia and New Zealand may pay their dues to the Institute, in Commonwealth or Dominion currency, respectively,-pending an improvement of the rates of exchange. The Publications Committee reported on lecture arrange- ments, and on the results of its consideration of the matters referred to it by the Council, arising from the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Public Appointments Committee reported on proceedings in connection with the Departmental Committee on Food Law.The Report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee embodied the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations. The Millilitre (ml.).-The Council has decided that in future issues of the Journal and in all other publications of the Institute, in which reference to metric units of volume is made, the unit to be employed shall be the millilitre (abbreviation ml.) in preference to the cubic centimetre. The recommendation that this should be done was first made in a Report issued by the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware in 1924, and a revised report on the subject has recently been issued by the British Standards Insti- tution, copies of which can be obtained from their Publications Committee, 28 Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, price 2s. zd.post free. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution has decided that in British Standard Specifications prepared for use in the chemical industry, the millilitre shall be employed, and all British standard volumetric glassware is now so calibrated. Mr. Verney Stott, of the National Physical Laboratory, has kindly contributed a note on this subject (page 320). 272 The Publications Committee.-Among the proposals of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was the creation of a liaison with the press with a view to securing adequate publicity for chemistry. The Publications Committee expressed the opinion that the general public only reads matter relating to science when an event of an exceptional or sensational character is reported, in which case there is no difficulty in securing publicity.The Central News Agency, the Press Association, and the Press generally, can usually be relied upon for spreading information regarding new theories, discoveries and inventions ;it is, however, most important to ensure that the information is reported correctly. The Headquarters of the Chemical and other Scientific Societies are frequently called upon to assist reporters for the general Press, in obtaining information in such circumstances. Apart from new scientific matter, many newspapers devote space from time to time to what might be described as popular science; indeed, a number of chemists and other scientific men and women supply contributions of this character to daily newspapers, magazines, etc.Formal reports of meetings receive little attention because they are not of general interest to the public, unless they contain something new or sensational ; but short accounts sometimes appear of the more important meetings, and the principal daily newspapers will usually print results of examinations, awards of medals, scholarships, etc. The newspapers in the great industrial centres throughout the country generally deal with matters of local interest or of technical importance more liberally than the principal London daily newspapers; and the Local Sections of the Institute and other scientific bodies have in many cases established such friendly relations with editors and reporters that they can secure a measure of publicity for their proceedings when the matter to be reported is such that it can be widely appreciated and understood, It is desirable, therefore, that the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections should endeavour to establish such relations where they do not at present exist, and that they (or other members of the Sections who can spare the time) should be deputed to provide brief reports to the local press, and to scientific and technical periodicals as well as to the headquarters of the Institute.273 The Publications Committee has adopted the suggestion that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould include a Schedule of “Coming Events” likely to be of interest to chemists.The Publications Committee has considered the advisability of preparing a Register of Lecturers who might be invited to visit Local Sections, but feels that the existence of a formal Register would be distasteful to the lecturers, most of whom are prepared only occasionally to accept such invitations. The Committee suggested that the Annual Reports of the Councils of the Institute and other bodies provide a good deal of information regarding lecturers, and the subjects with which they are prepared to deal, and that it should not be very difficult to make a selection of lecturers and to ascertain whether the lectures which have been given have been appreciated.The Committee suggested that the Council would have no objection to a Local Section meeting the expenses incurred in respect of lectures out of the grants made to the Section, and that on occasion special provision for this purpose might be made to supplement such grants, particularly in the cases of Sections with comparatively small memberships. Regarding the proposal that Honorary Officers of the Institute should visit Local Sections more frequently than hitherto, the Committee felt that this matter rested very largely with the Local Sections themselves. The Honorary Officers would endeavour to accept invitations to attend meetings and social or other functions. The Committee thought that their expenses should be provided from the general funds of the Institute, and that each Section might secure the attendance of an Honorary Officer, at a meeting or social function, at least once a year.In considering the desirability of lectures given at headquarters being repeated before Local Sections, the Publications Committee was of opinion that, in suitable cases, members who had given lectures at headquarters might be disposed to repeat their lectures before Local Sections, even after the lectures had been published, but the arrangements must always depend upon whether the lecturers could afford the time. The Publications Committee agreed that the Council would probably sanction the necessary expenses in such cases. Generally, the Committee expressed the hope that the programmes of Local Sections would be discussed at the Con- ference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections, and, therefore, 274 that the date of the Conference should be arranged for an ap- propriate time, in order that the programmes of the Sections might be co-ordinated.Committee on Food Law.-As reported in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV (pp. 222-3),the Departmental Committee on Food Law has resumed its work, but with modified terms of reference. The terms, in fact, have been so altered as to exclude practically all the matters dealt with in the Memorandum which was forwarded to the Committee by the Institute in 1931. However, in response to the suggestion received from the Departmental Committee, that the Council of the Institute might desire to modify the Memorandum, it has been revised by the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute ,and copies have been forwarded to the Departmental Committee, together with a covering letter, to the following effect: The Institute notes that the terms of reference set out in the Minute of Appointment of the Committee have been altered.The Institute adheres, however, to the views expressed in its original Memorandum, and, feeling that it would be difficult to make any change in the law relating to Food without considering some changes affecting the methods of administration, hopes that the Memorandum will receive careful consideration. The Institute desires to support the Memorandum submitted by the Society of Public Analysts with regard to the present enquiry, and feels that it would serve no useful purpose to duplicate the representations already made by the Society.The Institute itself would be willing, however, to send representatives to give evidence, if the Departmental Committee feels that the views of the Institute might be useful in connection with any changes in the Food Law which may be under consideration; for, in the event of the Committee coming to the decision that standards are required for articles of food, it appears obvious that alterations in relation to administration will then become imperative. Thus, for instance, if standards and definitions are adopted, the Law relating to labelling and description, to warranties, and to notices in shops, will need drastic alteration.In the opinion of the Institute, it would be desirable to constitute a Committee on which public analysts, as the officers concerned with the actual administration of the Act, and other food chemists, are adequately represented, in order to formulate 275 standards which are consistent and equitable, and to ensure that anomalies, such as exist in some food regulations at present in force, may be avoided in future. For example, under the Condensed Milk Regulations, pro- cedure must be adopted which is not in accordance with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and it is suggested that it will be found that similar difficulties willinevitably arise when standards are prescribed for other articles under the Act.It has been observed that when the Minister has made regu- lations for standards for food, in exercise of his power under the Public Health Act, he has had to incorporate Sections of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act which need to be modified or interpreted in the light of the Regulations. In the view of the Institute, it is imperative that such a Committee as is suggested above should be a permanent Com- mittee, in order that it may deal with standards and limits of impurity, the need for which may arise in any emergency, and that prompt decision and action may be taken to avoid the serious consequences which might otherwise result to health or to important commercial interests. The following is the revised Memorandum.MEMORANDUM FOR THE COMMITTEE, APPOINTED BY THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR SCOTLAND. Terms of Reference, ~931:-“To enquire into the working of the law as to the com- position and description of articles of food, other than milk, and to report what alterations, if any, in the law or its admin- istration appear to be desirable.” Terms of Reference, revised 1933 :--“To consider whether it is desirable that the law relating to the composition and description of articles of food should be altered so as to enable definitions or standards to be prescribed, or declarations of composition to be required, for articles of food other than liquid milk; and if so to recommend what alterations of the law are required.” I.The Council of the Institute of Chemistry desires to direct attention to certain difficulties arising in connection 276 with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, the removal of which would tend to greater efficiency in administration. 2. The Council of the Institute understands that the Council of the Society of Public Analysts will deal with questions relating to the composition and description of articles of food, with standards and definitions, and to a less extent with questions of administration. 3. The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was founded in 1877 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885, with authority to promote the better education of persons desirous of practising the profession of chemistry, to hold examinations, to grant certificates of competency, and to main- tain a register of such as have been found to be competent.The Register comprises approximately z ,000 Fellows and 4,000 Associates, who are engaged in all branches of practice in Great Britain and Ireland, in the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. 4. Qual$$cations for Associateship (A.I.C.) and Fellowship (F.I.C.). A candidate for the Associateship is required to produce satisfactory evidence of general education and to have completed a four years systematic day course of study, or its equivalent, in chemistry and allied sciences; he then presents himself for the Institute’s examination in general chemistry for the Associateship.He may claim exemption from this examination, however, provided that he holds an approved University degree with first or second class honours in chemistry, and has complied with the Regulations in all other respects. An Associate of not less than three years standing who desires to become a candidate for the Fellowship is required to produce evidence that, since his admission to the Associateship, he has been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry, in a manner satisfactory to the Council. The examination for the Fellowship may be taken in one of the following branches- Inorganic ; Physical ; Organic ; Biochemistry ; the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water; Agricultural Chemistry ;Industrial Chemistry.An Associate may be exempted from examination for the Fellowship on producing evidence satisfactory to the Council that he has carried out original research of sufficient merit or that he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit, or that, having been engaged in important analytical, industrial, consulting or other work of a general or specialised character, he is, in the opinion of the Council, possessed of sufficient knowledge and ability. The Institute thus covers a wide field, and its members are engaged in all branches of the profession-academic, analytical and consulting, and industrial. Men and women are equally eligible for the Institute’s qualifications. 5. QualiJcations of Public Analysts. The branch which particularly concerns the Committee is Branch E,-the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water-since it is the duty of the Minister of Health to satisfy himself as to the competency of a Public Analyst appointed under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and this examination is specifically recognised in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts.It is of interest to recall that the first Adulteration Act, of 1860, was practically inoperative ;and the second, passed in 1872, was not satisfactory in administration. That it was only partially enforced was due in some measure to the scarcity of analysts capable of carrying out its provisions. Twenty-seven Counties neglected to appoint Public Analysts, and these Authorities only gradually fell into line under the encouragement of the Local Government Boards.It may be said that later, in 1875, when the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (which, with amending Acts, was consolidated in the Act of 1928) was passed, there was stilt an insufficient supply of persons competent to carry out the chemical analyses required. (This is not surprising, since the chemistry of food and drugs was in its infancy and the requisite knowledge was not available.) The Select Committee of the House of Commons on Food Products Adulteration (1894) reported that the method of assessing the qualifications of candidates was not wholly satis- factory and suggested that the production of a recognised diploma or certificate should be required.In order to meet this urgent necessity, the Council of the Institute of Chemistry established a special examination in the Chemistry (andMicro-scopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water, including an examination in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy, for which a separate certificate was granted. This examination, instituted thirty years ago, has been conducted on lines approved by the Government Departments concerned, and, up to the present time, 278 the Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute, together with a certificate granted by the Institute after this examination, has been officially accepted as satisfactory evidence of com-petency.* Since 1919this certificate has only been obtainable by those who take Branch E in the Fellowship examination.No other body conducts an examination which ensures the necessary knowledge,skill and experience. The Fellowship, taken in any branch, necessitates a minimum of seven years professional education and experience, but candi- dates who qualify in Branch E-the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water-are required to have worked for at least three years in an approved laboratory devoted to the chemistry of food and drugs, and, as stated above, must gain, in addition, the special certificate in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy. The Institute has thus created and maintained a high standard of attainment on the part of those qualified for these appointments, and all except three out of over 240 appointments as Public Analyst in Great Britain are held by its Members.The Ministry of Health has also prescribed” that: “where a registered medical practitioner is appointed as a Public Analyst his medical diploma is ordinarily accepted as sufficient evidence of competence in therapeutics and microscopy, but he is required to furnish evidence of competence in analytical chemistry” ; and further, “where a candidate for the office of Public Analyst does not possess the specific evidences of competence mentioned above, it is necessary for him to produce documentary evidence that he has attained an equivalent standard of com-petence in each of the three specified subjects. A personal testimonial is of no value as evidence of competence unless it is given by a person who is himself a recognised expert of high standing in the subjects in question and testifies to his personal knowledge of the proficiency of the candidate in these subjects.” However, in reply to an enquiry addressed to the Ministry, by the Council of the Institute on the 28th January, 1927,the Council was assured that the Ministry would require the same standard of competence in analytical chemistry from a medical practitioner so appointed as from any other person.It will be seen, therefore, that the Ministry requires the same standard of evidence of competence from all candidates for * Memo. 36/Foods : January, 1929.-Ministry of Health. 279 appointment as Public Analyst as that which has been main- tained by the Institute for this purpose.At the present time, one Public Analyst is a registered medical practitioner, but not a member of the Institute; and one is neither a member of the Institute, nor a medical practitioner. In view of the present position of the profession of chemistry, it would seem to be no longer desirable to suggest that medical practitioners, as such, should become candidates for appoint- ments as Public Analysts, since they are not trained as chemists and their professional education does not cover the knowledge of, and skill in, chemistry necessary for these appointments. In these circumstances, the Institute recommends that the reference to medical practitioners in the Memorandum (36/Foods) should be eliminated.6. Conditions and terms of A$$ointment of Public Analysts. Following upon this review of the education and qualification of Public Analysts, the attention of the Committee is directed to the conditions of appointment of these officers. Public Analysts are appointed under Section 15 of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928,which provides that every Food and Drugs Authority (Counties, County Boroughs, and certain designated Boroughs) is required to appoint one or more ' persons as analysts of food and drugs within its area, and may remove any such person from office; but every such appointment and removal is at all times subject to the approval of the Minister of Health, who may give his approval absolutely or with modifica- tions as to the period of the appointment, removal, or otherwise.Every person so appointed is required to furnish proof of competency under regulations framed by the Minister of Health (referred to above*) and no person may be appointed as public analyst for any place who is engaged directly or indirectly in any trade or business connected with the sale of food or drugs in that place. The Food and Drugs Authority is required to pay to every public analyst appointed by it such remuneration as may be mutually agreed upon. The foregoing are the provisions of the Act. * Memo. 36/Foods : January, 1929.--Ministry of Health. 280 In practice, the Public Analyst is appointed by the Local Authority either (I)as a whole-time oflcer, in which case he is paid a salary and devotes his whole time to the Local Authority (in a few cases several Local Authorities acting jointly) ap-pointing him: his laboratory, staff, equipment, and whole working expenses being paid for by the Authority.or (2)as a part-time oficer, in which case the analyst provides his own laboratory, and pays his own staff and all working expenses. He may, and often does, serve more than one Authority. The part-time analyst may engage in private practice in addition to his official work. The part-time Public Analyst is paid by retaining fee covering a specified number of analyses, or simply by a fee per sample, or by a combination of these two methods. A further condition to which reference should be made is that the remuneration of a part-time analyst, for analyses under the Act, is almost invariably on the basis of a “flat-rate” fee, i.e.the most simple and the most complicated analyses are paid for at the same rate. The number of samples submitted to the Public Analyst varies considerably for different appointments. The larger authorities may submit thousands of samples per annum: the smaller as few as 30 samples per annum; but this does not affect the efficiency of the actual analytical work, as might be inferred from evidence given before the Royal Commission on Local Government (Final Report: par. 36, p. 11). It is clear, however, that the smaller Authorities must employ analysts who are either in general practice or who also act for other Authorities. The Authorities which have appointed whole-time analysts and staffs and have provided laboratories are in a minority-less than 20 out of over 240.The period of appointment of Public Analysts, particularly of part-time analysts, may also vary : some have been appointed without reference to the period of appointment; some during the pleasure of the appointing Authority, the appointment being terminable on notice being given by either side; but some are appointed annually-for a period of one year only. Many Public Analysts are called upon to conduct, for their own Authorities, analytical and consulting work unconnected with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. As a rule, the whole-time 281 analyst is also Official Agricultural Analyst, and is entrusted with water and sewage analysis, atmospheric pollution tests, analysis of road-making materials, and of contract samples of various kinds-f oods, building materials, paints, disinfect ants, soaps, boiler waters, and so forth.Part-time analysts also may do such work for their Authorities, though naturally they are less regularly employed in this way. For instance, the part-time Public Analyst for Authority A may be the Official Agricultural Analyst for Authority B; while the Public Analyst for Authority B may be the Official Agricultural Analyst for Authority A. Similarly, such appointments as Water Examiner, Gas Examiner (under the Gas Regulation Act), and Analyst to Rivers Boards, may or may not be held by the Public Analyst. A very responsible duty which at times devolves upon the Public Analyst is the investigation of cases for coroners and the police.Such investigations involve the analysis of viscera and other materials for poisons, the examination of materials for the presence of blood, and a variety of analytical work. Criminal charges of the most serious character may at any time depend upon such work. It is customary to make the undertaking of this type of work a condition of the appointment of whole-time Public Analysts, and there are few Public Analysts, either whole- time or part-time, who have not in the course of years had to undertake, from time to time, the onerous responsibility of investigations of this nature.The Institute, therefore, covers this field also in its Branch E Examination. There is thus great diversity in the character of the appoint- ments of Public Analysts and in the nature of the work which they are called upon to do; in this respect the Public Analyst seems to be unique in the Local Government service. It is manifest that the duties of Public Analysts extend, in the majority of cases, beyond those required under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. They are stated here, not with the view of advocating a change or a reform, but with the object of demon- strating a position which does, in fact, exist, and in view of the importance in the public interest of securing the services of the most competent and experienced candidates for such appoint- ments.The first care of the Institute has always been the education and qualification of professional chemists. In regard to the qualification of Public Analysts, it can claim to have done work of special importance and, following upon that, it feels that it may venture to ask that consideration should be given to the conditions and terms attaching to these appointments. 7. Status of Public Analysts and Control of Analysis. It is clearly the intention of the Act that the Public Analyst shall be the person to analyse all samples taken in pursuance of the Act. Section 17 (i), however, provides that-“ Where a sampling officer procures a sample of food or of a drug, he shall, if he suspects the sample or the article from which the sample is taken to have been sold contrary to any provision of this Act, or that the provisions of this Act have otherwise been infringed with respect to that article, submit it to be analysed by the public analyst of the place for which he acts.’’ It is clear that a sampling officer should not be restricted to taking samples only in cases where he has definite cause for suspicion, and it is therefore suggested that the words “if he suspects the sample or the article from which the sample was taken to have been sold contrary to any provision of this Act, or that the provisions of this Act have otherwise been infringed with respect to that article,” should be deleted.A practice has grown up in connection with informal sampling by which samples are subjected to certain tests by persons other than the Public Analyst, the sampling officer himself frequently performing these tests.The Institute approves of the principle of taking informal samples (i.e. samples taken without the formalities of the Act). Such procedure is very valuable, especially when a difficult point has to be investigated, a formal sample being subsequently taken or not, according as it is shown to be required, or not required, by the investigation. The Institute is strongly of the opinion, however, that the sampling officer should not be entrusted with duties which are essentially those of the Public Analyst. It is true that certain so-called “sorting tests’’ can be carried out under supervision by unqualified persons who have been given a little training, but such tests should be per- formed ‘under the control of the Public Analyst, who alone is competent to judge as to their sufficiency.Moreover, under such a system, samples must obviously escape full examination, and adulteration may thereby remain undetected. There are other aspects of this question which cannot with safety be neglected. viz., that if the only samples submitted are those selected on preliminary sorting tests, it may be some time before new methods of sophistication are detected; if 283 the system were to become general, the Public Analyst would receive few, if any, but adulterated samples; and on this basis the part-time Public Analyst (see under 6) could not carry on his work, simply on account of financial considerations. The Public Analyst should, whatever system is adopted, be in control of the analysis of all samples taken for the purpose of detecting adulteration. He should work in close co-operation with the sampling officers, because upon this co-operation the successful administration of the Act largely depends.Whether the sampling officers be Sanitary Inspectors, Inspectors of Weights and Measures or Police Officers, the Public Analyst is an inde- pendent officer, appointed under an Act of Parliament for special duties, and should not, as, unfortunately, at times has been the case, be put in the position practically of an assistant officer in the department of the Medical Officer of Health.8. Security of Tenure. As stated above, no appointment to the office of Public Analyst can be made without the approval of the Minister, “who may give his approval absolutely or with modifications as to the period of the appointment, removal, or otherwise” [Section 15 (z)]. It is the opinion of Counsel, con- sulted by the Institute, that the discretion of the Minister is unqualified; that he may fix the period for which the appointment is to be made, and modify any other term of the appointment which he may regard as being contrary to public policy or to the public interest. (The Institute has been informed, however, that the Law Officers of the Crown disagree with this view, and the Ministry has disclaimed any power to intervene in questions concerning remuneration.) The Institute is also advised by Counsel that, if an appoint- ment is made for a fixed period, the analyst ceases to hold office at the end of that period, and it is necessary to make a new appointment of the same or of another competent person, subject to the approval of the Minister.The Local Authority cannot be required to re-appoint the same analyst. Also, since by Section 15 (i) of the Act it is the duty of the Authority to appoint “one or more persons as analysts of food and drugs,” it is within the power of the Authority to appoint an additional analyst, to submit the samples to him, and to cease submitting them to the first appointed analyst, though he retain 284 the appointment of Public Analyst.It is submitted that, though it is desirable that provision should be made for the carrying on of the duties of the Public Analyst during his necessary absence (see section 10of this Memorandum), this should not be capable of being used virtually to deprive him of office whilst, in form, he retains it. Further, the Institute urges that a Local Authority should not be permitted to make the appointment of Public Analyst an annual one. The duties of the Public Analyst are such that they may render him unpopular or bring him into conflict with a member of his Authority if he reports adversely upon an article in which that member is interested. Moreover, a part-time Analyst has to provide laboratory and staff sufficient to deal with the anticipated number of samples ; considerable capital expenditure is necessary.He should not be subjected to the uncertainty attaching to an annual appointment. The same argument applies to appointments subject to notice. The Public Analyst looks to the Minister, who sanctions his appointment, to protect him alike from capricious dismissal and unreasonable alterations in the terms of his appointment. The Institute submits, therefore, that provision should be made whereby Public Analysts should have reasonable security of tenure. 9. Remuneration. The Institute also feels that the terms of remuneration should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. Section 12of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, provided that a member of the public should be entitled to obtain an analysis for 10s.6d.; but from official reports of the proceedings in the House of Commons at the time that the Bill was under discussion, it was evident that such a fee was not regarded as adequate, and that the intention was that it should be supple- mented from the rates.The (then) Member for Leicestershire, Mr. Pell, in referring to this clause, suggested that the charge was too low. Pro-fessor Playfair (later Lord Playfair) said that a consumer would have a right to obtain an analysis at the expense of the ratepayers, that is to say, that he would pay his 10s. 6d., but the difference would be paid out of the rates. This view was 286 immediately endorsed by Mr.Sclater-Booth (afterwards Lord Basing), then President of the Local Government Board, who said : “I cannot help thinking that if any charge on the rates is reasonable, it is a charge of this nature.’’ The Act was passed on the understanding that the fee of 10s. 6d. was a nominal fee, and that the rates should be called upon for the proper payment of the Public Analyst. In the course of time the fee of 10s. 6d. per sample, mentioned in 1875, came to be regarded by some Authorities as the total remuneration to be paid to the analyst for his services under the Act. Some Authorities are continuing to pay this rate, although the work and its incidental expenses and the responsibility attaching to it have steadily increased.Many Authorities have given no consideration to the increased cost of living, or to the increased cost of assistants, chemicals, apparatus, or rent, or to the additional work imposed upon the analyst by recent legisla- tion and by official regulations issued by the Ministry of Health. Owing to the growth of knowledge and the improvement of methods of analysis of food and drugs-largely due to the investigations conducted by the Public Analysts themselves, and arising in large measure from the necessity of meeting increasing ingenuity on the part of the unscrupulous trader-the work of the analyst on the majority of articles has been greatly extended, and he has been compelled to use increasingly complex methods and to provide more costly equipment for the practice of his profession.It might be thought that, with advancing knowledge, the task of the analyst would have been rendered more simple. With some exceptions, precisely the reverse is the case. On the one hand, advance in knowledge enables an analyst to do what previously he could not do, but it does not always enable him to do more simply what before was complicated: his work thus, even without any change in the material he analyses, becomes more extended. On the other hand, crude methods of adulteration, which would in these days be com- paratively easy of detection, have been replaced by carefully controlled sophistication, necessitating the employment of refined methods of analysis. Moreover, the introduction of new raw materials, not previously utilised in the manufacture of food products, and the employment of new methods of pre-paring foods for the market, have greatly increased the difficulties of analysis.Further, it must be remembered that the Public 286 Analyst is not merely applying established methods of analysis : it is as necessary that continual research should be proceeding in the laboratory of a Public Analyst as it is in the laboratories of research associations and of industrial concerns. The result of expansion in these various directions is that the space, equipment and staff of a Public Analyst’s laboratory have to be as different now from what they were fifty years ago, as has a modem hospital to be different from its predecessor of that date.Within the last few years certain Statutory Regulations with regard to food have been made by the Minister of Health; it is to be anticipated that similar action will be found to be desirable to a greater extent. While the Ministry has the power to make and enforce such regulations, it is advised that it has not the power to require the authorities to remunerate the analyst for the extra work involved. The rate of remuneration is fixed by the local authorities, but it is based on no general principles. Particularly where a part-time Public Analyst is appointed, the members of Local Authorities rarely know anything about the actual details of the professional duties of the analyst or of the cost of equipping and maintaining a laboratory, and receive no guidance from the Ministry of Health on such matters.Manufacturers of foodstuffs, in common with many other manufacturers, realise the importance of scientific control in their several works, and chemists with special qualifications and experience in the chemistry of food and drugs are being attracted to the food industry. It is essential, therefore, that the Local Government service should be made equally attractive. The Institute is of opinion that the question of remuneration, specifically referred to in the existing Food and Drugs (Adultera- tion) Act, requires reconsideration and amendment ;a recommen- dation is included in clause IV of the Conclusions. 10. The Institute understands that the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists advocates that provision be made for the appointment of Deputy Public Analysts, to act in the event of absence of the Public Analyst through sickness or leave.287 The Institute supports this recommendation as a reasonable provision for ensuring the proper administration of the Act. Similar provision is made under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926. 11. The Institute also supports the suggestion that an Advisory Committee be constituted (similar to the Advisory Committee under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act) to deal with all matters arising under the administration of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act. CONCLUSIONS. I. Qualifications for Appointment.The Institute suggests that the time has come for the elimination of the reference to medical practitioners in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts. Since the Examination for the Certificate of the Institute in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water, including Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Micro- scopy, has been accepted by the Ministry of Health for over 30 years, it should be sufficient that these qualifications and no other be mentioned in the Regulations as to competency of Public Analysts. 11. Status of Analysts and Control of Analysis. The Institute recommends that, since the official position of the Public Analyst relative to other officials is not clearly defined, it should be made definite that he is an independent officer appointed for duties involving highly specialised training and experience, and his status as an independent officer, answerable directly to his Authority, should be so defined.The Institute also recommends that the Public Analyst should be in control of all samples taken by Local Authorities for the purpose of detecting adulteration, whether or not such samples be taken with the formalities of the Act. 111. Conditions of Appointment. In the opinion of the Institute, not merely the appointment and removal, but also the terms and conditions of the appointments (including specifically the terms of remuneration) should be subject to the approval of the Minister of Health. 288 (Such powers might be definitely conferred on the Minister if an Exchequer grant were contributed to the remuneration of the Public Analyst as in the case of the Medical Officer of Health and the Sanitary Inspector.) It is urged that no appointment of Public Analyst already made or hereafter made should be determined without the con- sent of the Minister, and that when any alteration affecting the appointment of a Public Analyst is proposed to be introduced by the Local Authority, the Public Analyst should be entitled to appeal direct to the Minister of Health, whose decision should be binding; Further, that provision be made for compensating Public Analysts, both whole-time and part-time, for loss of office conse- quent on new legislation, as in the case of officers under the Local Government Act, rgzg.As a result of the Local Government (Scotland) Act, some Public Analysts have lost their positions without compensation or allowance of any kind. If the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Local Government are followed in England and Wales, it is quite possible that other Public Analysts may suffer in the same way. IV. Remuneration. The Institute recommends that Section 17 (3) of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, be amended in order to eliminate all mention of a fee of 10s. 6d., and that the fee for analysis under this Section be that agreed between the Public Analyst and his Authority. Also, that when fresh legislation is introduced or regulations are made by the Minister of Health, which have the effect of increasing the work of the Public Analyst, provision shall be made for the revision of his remuneration.Finally, the Institute deprecates the tendency on the part of some authorities to invite applications for appointments on a basis of tendering. The Report of the Local Government Board for England and Wales for the year 1908-1909 contained the following statement :-“Our attention has been drawn to the practice which has been adopted recently by certain local authorities of inviting applicants for the office of public analyst to state the terms 289 upon which they are prepared to accept the appointment. We consider the offering of such appointments ‘on tender’ as open to strong objection, and we trust that the practice will be discontinued.” The Institute hopes that the Ministry will make provision for preventing further cause for complaint on this account.By Order of the Council, RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. Revised, September, 1933. As indicated in paragraph 2 of the Memorandum forwarded by the Institute, the Society of Public Analysts has forwarded a Memorandum dealing with the composition and description of articles of food. (Representatives .of the Society have since given evidence before the Departmental Committee.) A Memorandum of Suggestions has also been forwarded by the Association of Public Analysts for Scotland, and the Feder- ation of Grocers’ Associations of the United Kingdom has ad- dressed a communication to the Departmental Committee on such matters as warranty defence, the preservative regulations, and the application of the Merchandise Marks Act to articles of food, as well as on standards, containers, imported foods, etc.Appointments Register.-Fellows and Associates who may be concerned in the appointment of chemists are earnestly desired by the Council to help in increasing the value of the Appointments Register by notifying their requirements to the Officers at headquarters. They are reminded that this Register is being used by over 400 members, the majority of whom at present hold appointments but are desirous of a change if a suitable opportunity presents itself. They receive lists of vacancies issued regularly by the Institute, and may not habitu- ally refer to the advertisement columns of the technical or lay press.The Appointments Register thus affords a means by which prospective employers can be brought into touch with chemists with considerable experience in any particular field. Members are reminded that before any person is admitted to the Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute, the Council has satisfied itself not only with regard to the examinations which 290 the candidate has passed, but also with regard to his general training and experience in chemistry and in subsidiary subjects, such as physics and mathematics, and that all statements made by candidates as to their training and degrees have been carefully verified and confirmed by personal references and recommenda- tions.The Council has received the following report on the working of the Appointment Register for the twelve months ending September 3oth, 1933. The total number of vacancies notified was 687 as against 569 during the previous corresponding period. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies :-Government Appointments . . .. .. .. .. University and Technical College appointments :professors, lecturers and demonstrators .. .. .. .. Schools .. .. .. .. .. .. Appointments with Educational Authorities .. .. Scholarships and Research Grants .. .. .. Appointments with other public bodies, including Public Analysts, Research Associations .... .. Industrial Chemists .. .. .. .. .. .. Chemical Engineers .. .. .. .. .. 1. Technical Salesmen .. .. .. .. .. .. Junior Appointments 1. .. .. .. .. Appointments for Women . . .. a. .. .. Temporary Appointments .. .. .. .. .. Of the above, 48 were abroad, compared with 27 during the previous corresponding period. The total number of members using the Appointments Register was 443 in October, 1932, and is now 424. It will be seen that there has been a substantial increase in the number of vacancies notified. The policy adopted has been to include in the lists any vacancy which it is hoped might be interesting to any member using the register; no vacancy has, however, been included which was not considered to be really suitable for a Member of the Institute.The tendency for prospective employers to ask for highly specialised qualifications is still noticeable. Many firms seem unwilling to trust the adaptability of qualified chemists, and seem 291 only to be willing to consider as candidates those who have had actual experience in somewhat narrow fields of work. Salaries.-It is not possible to give any precise information as to whether the salaries offered are lower than in previous years. There is, however, a slight tendency towards an increase in the number of rather poorly paid appointments. The practice of asking candidates to “state salary required” seems to be on the increase. Prospective employers appear to regard this as a useful “sorting test”; they say that the value which a man places upon his own services is useful in assessing whether he is a man of the calibre they require. When the Officers are asked by members for advice as to the figure they should mention, it has been the practice to advise them to inform prospective employers of the remuneration they were getting in their last posts, and to cover themselves by asking whether this question might be discussed in an interview.Every effort has been made to induce prospective employers to give some indication as to the salary they are prepared to offer. In this connection the Salary Statistics published in the Institute’s JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSin 1931 have proved of great value both to candi- dates for appointments and to prospective employers.Unemployment.-The following table shows the number of members who have informed the Institute that they were unemployed at the stated times. Figures for the previous corresponding period are given in brackets. Total. October, 1932 198 (160) November, ,, 201 December, ,, I97 January, 1933 196 (181) February, ,, I97 March, ,, 191 April, ,, 184 (195) May, ,, 181 June, I77,J July 180 (193) J, August, ,, 185 September, ,, 191 It will be seen that the number of unemployed remained very constant until about March. In the spring there was a small 292 but distinct drop. This has, however, since been neutralised, largely it is thought, because newly elected members or those who have been continuing their studies in the universities and colleges have, at the termination of the academic year, become desirous of obtaining appointments. Of the total unemployed list of 191, including 11 women, 32 have apparently been unemployed for three months or less; 73, from three months to one year; and 86, over one year.It is regretted that the number of those long unemployed again shows an increase. The Ages of Members at present unemployed are as follows:- 21-25 .. .. .. .. 42 25-30 .. .. .. ** 43 30-35 .. .. .. .. 41 35-40 .. .. .. .. 16 40-45 .. .. .. .. 26 .. .. .. .. I045-50 50 and over .. .. .. 13 The total membership of the Institute at the date of the last report of Council, January, 1933, was 6054.The percentage unemployed is, therefore, about 3.2 as against 3.3 at this time last year. The number of members resident in the various Section areas, who have informed the Institute that they are without any remunerative employment is as follows :--Aberdeen and North Scotland . . .. Birmingham and Midlands .. .. 15 Bristol and South-West England .. .. 4 Belfast and District . . .. .. .. I Edinburgh and East Scotland .. .. I0 Glasgow and West Scotland .. .. I1 Huddersfield and District .. .. .. I Dublin and District .. .. .. 2 Leeds Area . . .. .. .. .. I0 Liverpool and North-West England .. I4 Manchester and District .. .. .. I0 London and South-East Counties .. .. 99 Newcastle and North-East England ..4 South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 9 Abroad .. .. .. .. .. I 293 The figures are difficult to explain except on the assumption that unemployed chemists tend to gravitate towards London where the chances of obtaining a post may be larger. Register of Laboratory Assistautts.-There still seems to be very little demand for persons in the laboratory assistants category, although there has been a slight improvement in this respect during the last few days. The register now contains IOI names, and the number of vacancies notified during the twelve months has been 41. There seems to be some confusion in the minds of students between the entry of their names on this “Register” and regis- tration as Students of the Institute. The Council has therefore decided that in future this will be referred to as the “List of Laboratory Assistants.” 294 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 14th October a representative gathering of the members of the Section availed themselves of the kind invitation of Dr.A. C. Fryer to an “At Home,” held at 13, Eaton Crescent, Clifton. The members were received by Dr. Fryer, and, after refreshments, listened to a very interesting illustrated address by their host on “Wells Cathedral.” Dr. Ernest Vanstone, Chairman of the Section, expressed the thanks of the members present to Dr. Fryer for his excellent entertainment and hospitality. On 28th October, at a meeting held at the Washington-Singer Laboratories of University College, Exeter, jointly with the Chemical Club of the College, the members were entertained to tea, through the kind hospitality of Professor W.H. Lewis, after which a lecture was given by Professor J. J. Sudborough on LL The Perishing of Paper in Indian Libraries,” of which the following is an abstract :-“The lecturer drew attention to the fact that, in the libraries of many Plain scations in India, e.g. Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Meerut, and Tanjore, a very considerable proportion of the paper has undergone a process of perishing, in many cases to such an extent that two foldings are sufficient to cause a break along the fold. The proportion of such perished paper, and the degree of perishing, appears to exceed anything that has been observed in European and American Libraries.“The perishing is very common with pure rag (cotton or linen) papers, although certain types of rag papers have been met with which show no signs of deterioration after 130 years in a Plain Station. Such papers are certain coarse fibred Eastern papers and certain English papers with watermarks-Whatman, Babston and Co., Bigg, Budeen, Elgar, Curtiss & Son-sating from 1796 to 1932. In Hill Station Libraries, such as Simla and Ootacamund, the proportion of perished paper is much less, and even esparto papers appear to retain their strength much better in such libraries. The perishing appears to be a purely chemical one, and is not due to micro-organisms. In practically all cases complete pages or complete ‘ formes’ are perished, and 295 in many books several completely perished ‘formes’ are present side by side with strong sound paper. The nature of the perishing in the case of rag paper appears to be a process of hydrolysis, rather than oxidation, as chemical examination reveals the presence of products with high copper reducing values (probably hydrocelluloses) .The perishing may be due to the use of old rags the fibres of which have been weathered before conversion into paper, but in most cases is probably due to over-bleaching-with the object of obtaining a whiter paper- or to the non-removal of the last traces of bleaching agent (bleaching powder or chlorine). The latter cause appears to have been more common before sodium thiosulphate (antichlor) was used for removing the excess of bleaching agent.The amounts of rosin and gelatin do not appear to have much effect on the durability of the paper, but excess of alum in sizing probably has a marked effect, and the non-removal of all traces of acid is highly prejudicial to the keeping powers of a paper. “It is obvious that, for all books or records of permanent value, the use of a high grade rag paper of guaranteed strength is essential, and in countries with high temperatures, and high degrees of humidity, the storage of the records in ‘air-conditioned’ rooms, i.e. rooms in which both temperature and humidity are kept under complete control is advisable.” In the discussion which followed, Dr.E. Vanstone, Chairman of the Section, Dr. H. T. S. Britton, Mr. A. Marsden, and Mr. E. Lewis participated. A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Sudborough, on the motion of Mr. Edward Russell. The thanks of the members were also accorded to Professor Lewis for his hospitality and for the use of the lecture theatre. Cape.-By the courtesy of the Dean of the Agricultural Faculty of the University of Stellenbosch, a joint meeting of the Cape Section, with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, was held at Stellenbosch-Elsenburg College of Agriculture, on 1st September, when the members were invited to inspect the Farm and Botanical Gardens of the Faculty, and papers were read-by Dr. Isaac on “Soil Micro-organisms and the Measure- ment of their Activity”; and by Professor I.de V. Malherbe on “Chemical Methods of Determining the Maturity and Keeping Quality of Fruit.’’ The first paper has not come to hand. 296 The following abstract of the second paper has been prepared from a report published in The Cape Times:-Professor Malherbe described the results of the investigations carried out at the College on the keeping quality of fruit. These investigations had led to the development of what was known as the “index figure,” which enabled the farmer not only to determine with certainty the best time for picking the fruit, but also to foretell how the fruit would keep in cold storage during transport. Many methods had been tried, including- the pressure tester, the total acidity, the sugar-acid ratio.Although some of these were useful for certain types of fruit- the pressure tester for pears for instance-none of them was wholly reliable. Previous work tended to show that the degree of dissociation of acids played a very important part in plant changes. Sugars and acids might both serve as respirable material, but there was substantial evidence that if sugars are respired in excess of acids, so that the latter accumulates, bad keeping quality results. The new conception developed at Stellenbosch was that the keeping quality of a fruit was related to the ratio of the dissociated acid, as given by the hydrogen ion concentration, to the total acid in the juice, as given by titration. This ratio was termed the “index figure,” which could be determined easily with suitable apparatus.Professor Malherbe described the tests that had been carried out during the last season. For any particular fruit, he said, the index figure rose during the ripening process, reaching a maxi- mum value just at that period when it was considered the best time to pick the fruit. The magnitude of the index figure differed for different fruits and also for different varieties, but it had been clearly demonstrated that the higher the index figure of a consignment, the better would it keep in cold storage. Keeping quality in cold storage was known to depend on the rate of respiration of acid. The greater the acid lost during storage, the better would the fruit keep.It had been con-clusively shown that the rate of acid loss rose and fell with the index figure. A fruit with a high index figure would respire more acid in storage than one with a low index figure. Therefore, we had in the index figure a reliable means of predicting the rate of acid loss and of the keeping quality, which prediction could be made as soon as the fruit had been picked from the tree. Many consignments of various kinds of fruit, apples, pears, plums, peaches, grapes, etc., were tested according to this new basis 297 last season, and the results were really remarkable for their uniformity. In conclusion, Professor Malherbe stated that this new conception opened up a big field for further investigation.It would be valuable to know the effect of soil treatment and fertilisers on the index figure. A certain amount of work had already been done and, so far, this went to show that nitrogenous fertilisers lowered the index figure, while potash tended to raise it. Hence, if nitrogen was applied to the soil, sufficient potash must be supplied also, otherwise a fruit of poor keeping quality would result. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The first meeting of the session 1933-1934 was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 26th October, when Mr. Adam Tait, Chairman of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute, gave an address entitled- ‘(Science in the Brewing Industry,” of which a report will be published in due course.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A Joint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 6th October. Invitations were extended to several Engineering Societies and there was a good attendance of their members. The Chairman, Prof. F. J. Wilson, introduced the Lecturer, Dr. J. W. Donaldson, who gave an address on (( Frictional Tests on Lubricating Oils.” A full report of the lecture will appear in Chemistry and Industry. The lecturer dealt with frictional resistance, boundary lubrication, tests on mineral, vegetable, and compounded oils, and gave descriptions of various types of apparatus used and of the method of testing employed.He also discussed the results obtained, and the relationship between friction and temperature, and between friction and viscosity. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at the opening meeting of the Section held in Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, on 10th October, when Dr. H. Baines, of Messrs. Ilford Ltd., gave a lecture on ((The use of Dyes in the Photographic Industry.” In his lecture, which was illustrated by a remarkable series 298 of lantern slides, Dr. Baines dealt mainly with the sensitising action of dyes. He illustrated, by means of spectrograms of silver bromide and silver iodo-bromide emulsions, the sensitivity to particular wave-lengths of these emulsions, and the effect in increasing the range by the adsorption of the dye on to the silver halide.Sensi-tising may be carried out by bathing the plate or film in a dilute aqueous or alcoholic-aqueous solution of the dye or, in many cases, by direct addition of the dye to the emulsion before coating. One of the earlier examples of a sensitising dye is erythrosin. The high colour sensitivity of modern materials is due almost entirely to one class of dyes-the cyanine dyes-the chemistry of which the lecturer reviewed briefly, The sensitising effect of these dyes was illustrated by spectro- grams of orthochromatic and panchromatic emulsions, and the infra red sensitising of such dyes as kryptocyanine and neocyanine. The lecturer said that the object of colour sensitising was to make the colour sensitivity of an emulsion similar to that of the eye.The eye is most sensitive to green light, and its sensitivity falls off as the colours approach the extremes of the spectrum. By photographing with a non-colour sensitised (i.e. blue sensitive) material, coloured objects are rendered in monochrome by entirely erroneous tone values. Thus, by using a panchromatic material in conjunction with a suitable filter to suppress the ultraviolet and extreme violet, a very close approximation to the visual tone values can be obtained. This point was illus- trated by a series of slides in which the photographing of various objects and scenes with blue sensitive and panchromatic material plus filter was compared. The use of panchromatic dyes in making materials more sensitive to artificial light, which is relatively richer in the longer wave lengths than daylight, was next illustrated.This was followed by some remarkable illustrations of infra red photography, which is not a new achievement but has only recently become capable of commercial exploitation owing to improvements in infra red sensitive materials. The applications of infra red photography to ethnological research, entomology, dermatology,astronomy, criminology, long distance photography , etc., were graphically illustrated. The lecturer then closed with a description of a further use of dyestuffs in preventing halation in photographic materials. The discussion which followed was evidence of the keen 299 interest the lecture had excited.The lecturer was accorded a vote of thanks on the motion of Dr. Sexton. Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 20th November, 1933,at 8 p.m., in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University, Leeds, to elect four members of Committee and two auditors. After the annual business, Dr. S. Glasstone, F.I.C., will deliver a lecture on “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” The chair will be taken by the President of the Institute. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool, on 12th October, when Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, the Chairman, introduced his successor, Mr.G. E. Knowles, who gave an interesting address, relating his experiences in the Near East, illustrated by lantern slides. London and South-Eastern Counties.-An exhibition of apparatus, instruments and books, was held at the Institute, on 24th October. The exhibitors were as follows:- Cambridge Instrument Co., Ltd. Messrs. Adam Hilger Ltd. Foster Instruments. Messrs. W. Watson & Sons, Ltd. Messrs. Benn Bros., Ltd. Messrs. Reeve Angel & Co., Ltd. Messrs. Negretti & Zambra. Messrs. Isenthal & Co., Ltd. Messrs. Duroglass, Ltd. Thermal Syndicate, Ltd. Messrs. L. Oertling, Ltd. Messrs. H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd. Messrs. Brown & Son, Ltd. Scientific Glassblowing Co. British Drug Houses, Ltd.Hutchinsons’ Testing Apparatus, Ltd. Messrs. Baird & Tatlock (London), Ltd. Messrs. Gallenkamp & Co., Ltd. Messrs. Townson & Mercer, Ltd. Messrs. Griffin & Tatlock, Ltd. Streamline Filter Co., Ltd. During the exhibition three cinema films were shown: “How a Gramophone is Made,” ‘‘Smoke (Cigarette Manufacture),” “From Coal Mine to Road.” The Annual General Meeting has been arranged to take place on 22nd November, at 7.30 p.m., at Slater’s Restaurant, 55, High Holborn, and will be followed by a smoking concert. 300 Malaya.-On 30th June, at the Medical Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Mr. V. R. Greenstreet, FeZZow, delivered a lecture entitled 6b A Conspectus of Animal Nutrition.” Mr. J.Skelton presided. Mr. Greenstreet outlined the history of the scientific investi- gation of animal nutrition. The first phase was when, about one hundred years ago, it was recognised that the utilisation of fodders by animals followed the principle of the conservation of energy. This led to the construction of feeding standards. The second phase consisted in the investigation of a variety of substances, the presence of which enabled animals to thrive, and the absence of which caused restriction of growth, illness or death. The discovery of the necessity for adequate quantities of minerals in the diet caused attention to be paid to the mineral content of pastures, and the manufacture of nitrogenous manures from atmospheric nitrogen helped to focus attention upon increasing the protein content of pasture.The lecturer referred to the early work of Thaer in Germany on “Hay Equivalents’’ of feeding stuffs, to the investigations of Lawes and Gilbert and to the “balance” method, combined with the respiratory chamber devised by Kellner. Armsby, in Pennsylvania, had employed a combination of the animal calorimeter and respiratory chamber to compare the evolution of heat in the body of the animal, resulting from the consumption of foodstuffs, with their calorific value as measured in a bomb calorimeter. Another dietary factor of importance was the different biological value of the amino- acids of which the proteins were composed. Tryptophan, cystine and histidine were indispensable for maintenance and growth, and lysine for growth if not also for maintenance.Vitamins did not play a leading rBle in the conspectus of animal nutrition, since animals chiefly subsisted on “natural foods.” Cattle normally received adequate quan- tities of vitamins for their own maintenance, but, in England and Denmark, butter and milk were often found to be deficient in vitamins during the winter months. The author suggested that the remedy was to eat Australian and New Zealand butter during the English winter! He then summarised the state of knowledge on the occurrence of diseases in animals due to deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, etc., in pasture, dealing especially with conditions in Ma1 aya . 301 The Chairman, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr.Green-street, referred to his impending departure from Malaya, and wished him bon voyage and good luck. A vote of thanks was also passed to the Principal of the College, for the use of the lecture room. Manchester and District.-Mr. F. Scholefield, who was recently elected Chairman of the Section, presided at a meeting held on 12th October in the Queen’s Hotel, Manchester, when Dr. G. N. Burkhardt of the University of Manchester read a paper entitled (* The Properties of Groups in the Benzene Nucleus,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract :-Dr. Burkhardt pointed out that electron donors and electron acceptors were clearly recognised in general chemical theory in two cases.Weak negative ions and reducing agents were donors and weak positive ions and oxidising agents acceptors, e.g.:- Acceptor Donor. Donor. Acceptor. (1) H+ + :CN’-+H:CN (4) @ +.di: -+ @++:ci:f I’ (3) H+ + :OH,-+H:OH: (6) O:Sio+‘6:-+O:SiO :0: Reactions 2 and 3 defined ammonia and water as typical donors. For application to organic reactions Professor Lapworth in 1925 had given the following classification of typical molecular structures :-Electron acceptors Electron donors (cationoid reagents). (anionoid reagents). H+ Diazo+, -CC”, OEt’, OH’, Na I CH 0,, halogens, HOC1, NH3and derivatives, metals, -C =0, -C =C-C =0. ethylene, acetylene, benzene, phenol ethers, alkyl anilines. An anionoid reagent was one which behaved like certain weak anions (e.g.CN’) in tending to form covalencies with weak cations. This terminology did not involve detailed conceptions of mechanism of reaction and was simply a basis of classification, but the terms “donor” and “acceptor” had been more widely used. The classification was based on the fact that reagents of 302 the one type reacted fairly readily and completely with reagents of the opposite type but not with those of the same type, e.g. >C=O reacted with KCN, NaHSO,, NH,, derivatives, I: 3-diketo derivatives and alkylanilines, and was an acceptor (the reactions with KCN, NaHSO, and sodiomalonate arose from the activity of the negative ions, the alkali metal ions being extremely stable) ; ethylene reacted with strong acids (Hs), halogens, ozone, HOC1, but not with KCN, sodiomalonate, ammonia derivatives, etc., and was therefore a donor.All organic substances could be classified as of one type or the other, for a particular group of reactions, by considering either (a)their general nature, e.g. active negative ions or reducing agents, or (b) which of the typical substances they reacted with. Numerous (‘amphoteric ” and borderline cases were found, but the wide applicability of this classification was remarkable. In the case of, for example, a benzene derivative, consideration of which particular positions in the molecule were attacked by acceptors and which by donors, gave a valuable technique for the exploration of the molecular structure with a view to deter-mining the “electron availability ” at particular points, whatever that might mean.The following table summarised the effect of substituents, X, on the properties of various groups, A, when placed m-or p-to one another in the benzene nucleus:- X X A When X is an When X is an A. Phenomenon considered. 0-p directive substituent. rn-directive substituent. -H Rate of substitution ..-H Rate of substitution by NR’, -NH2 Dissociation constant .. -c1 Rate of replacement by OH’and NR’, .. .. } Dissociation constant .. 1EzEf } Rate hydrol. aqueous alcohol p >m -p >m -m > p p > m m>P P >m P >m m>P m>P P >m -CH2C1 -CH,Br Rate + KI in acetone Rate reduction with HI -.}. . m>p P >m -CHO Dissociation constant of cyanohydrin ..p>m p =m? 303 Here m > p-meant that the reaction in the m-position relative to X was faster than in the 9-or that the m-isomeride was more dissociated than the 9-,according to the phenomenon. It was to be observed that, for any one phenomenon, if the substituent X was 0-9directive the relationship between the properties of m-A and those of p-A was defined, irrespective of which particular @-directive substituent X might be, and the inverse relation was shown with m-directive substituents X. Hence (i) the problem of “aromatic substitution ” as it was known ten years ago had disappeared, being absorbed in the wider but more hopeful problem here represented, and (ii) it was not unreasonable to assume that these regularities arose from structural and valency relationships in the molecules of the substances concerned and to attempt to interpret them in terms of the best theory of structure and valency available, i.e.in terms of electrons. All ordinary substituting agents were electron acceptors (Br,, conc. HNO,, conc. H,SO,, diazonium ion). Hence positions preferentially attacked by them were positions of relatively high availability, i.e. if X was o-p-directive, 9-availabilit y was greater than m-availability and conversely. This being so, the other relationships were satisfactorily inter- preted as follows:-When the group A was attached to a position of high availability, if it was -COOH or -OH dissociation was relatively low (loss of +ve ion); if -NH, or cyanohydrin, dissociation was high (loss of -ve ion); if -CH,Cl, hydrolysis fast (loss of Cl’), and reaction with potassium iodide (attack by 1’) and reduction slow.Nuclear attack by donors (OH’ and NR’,), replacing H or C1, was only effective at positions of lowest availability (eg. p-to -NO,). This accounted for the relationships of m-isomerides to p-isomerides but the relation- ship of both isomerides to the unsubstituted material (Ph.A) was only interpreted on the assumption that the substituent X also affected the general availability of electrons in the whole molecule in a manner related to the dipole moment of Ph.X. The lecturer then indicated a view of the way in which these effects arose (compare Burkhardt and Evans, Mem, Manch. Lit.& Phil. SOC., 1933,p. 37) and went on to discuss the effect of substituents on the rate of hydrolysis of the salts of phenylsulphuric acid. This hydrolysis was formally repre- sented by equation I, but more fully by I1 as a hydragen ion catalysis which was partially autocatalytic, 304 I. Ph.O.SO,.OK + H,O F2 Ph.OH + KHSO, TI. Ph-O-SO,*O’+H+ +H20+ K+ + C1’ -+Ph.OH + HSO,’+ H++ K++ C1’H H++SO,” The sequence of substituents was normal p-NO,>o-NO,>m-NO, >m-Cl>o-Cl>p-Cl>p-Br >m-OMe > H >m-Me >o-Me >p-Me >p-OMe; and certain features about the mechanism and the effect of substituents emerged, as well as an unusually clear parallelism between the actual velocities and the activation energies deter- mined from the temperature coefficients.The lecturer concluded with a discussion of steps taken, on this basis, towards relating the methods of the organic chemist in this field, to those of the physical chemist in general kinetics. The former obtained remarkable generalisations from a consideration of the values of velocity and dissociation constants themselves; the latter had made progress mainly by considering their temperature coefficients. These two lines of thought were only just beginning to converge in problems of this type. In opening the discussion, the Chairman, Mr. Scholefield, made some remarks on the effect of light in determining the position of substituent groups and asked the lecturer if this influence could be explained by the electronic theory.Dr. Burkhardt replied that the reactions to which the elec- tronic theory applied were predominantly thermochemical and that since light could produce fundamental electronic changes, thus radically altering molecular behaviour, it could not be claimed that the electronic theory in its present form interpreted reactions involving light activation, the polarization of reactants on surfaces, or specific catalysis. Professor Lapworth, in congratulating the lecturer, stressed the complex nature of the subject and said that it was necessary to guard against progressing too rapidly in the application of the electronic theory. In the lecture they had had that evening Dr.Burkhardt had succeeded in avoiding many speculative assumptions commonly seen in papers on the subject. Dr. Hunter raised the point with respect to the application of the Arrhenius Equation to the substitution reactions, and was under the impression that the activation energy represented by E of a system could not be determined with any degree of 305 accuracy from the temperature coefficient. He wondered whether the sequence of results shown by Dr. Burkhardt and which ranged from approximately 24,000 calories to 27,000 calories was significent, since there was only a difference of 3,000 calories over the whole range. Dr. Burkhardt agreed that there was some difficulty in the accurate determination of the activation energy coefficient E, but the sequence of results was very regular and therefore probably of intrinsic significance.He then asked Professor Polanyi his opinion with regard to the determination of the activation energy coefficient. Professor Polanyi stated that he did not consider that the dependence of ionic activity on concentration was very well defined and pointed out that a 5 per cent. precision in the determination of the activation energy coefficient implied a 5 per cent. precision with regard to the temperature coefficient determination. Dr. Burkhardt stated that the temperature coefficients did not appear to be as sensitive to the last stage in the purification of the material as were the constants themselves, and that they could probab-y be determined with an accuracy of 5 per cent.Dr. O’Sullivan enquired whether Crum Brown & Gibson’s rule was confirmed by the modern electronic theories. He pointed out that in some cases Crum Brown’s rule would apply at a certain temperature, but if the temperature was altered it did not hold. He enquired whether this temperature effect could be explained by the modern conceptions. In reply, Dr. Burkhardt stated that the modern electronic theory whilst explaining all the cases of substitution which were covered by Crum Brown’s rule applied still further and was therefore more comprehensive. A general rule for the classi- fication of substituents was then given as follows:- “If, in a substituent in benzene, the atom next to the nucleus has unshared electrons, it is ortho and para directing; if it has no unshared electrons then it is meta directing, except that -CH, and some of its simple derivatives (e.g.-CH,Cl and -CH=CH-) are o-p-directing although the atom next the nucleus carries no unshared electrons in the ordinary formulation.’’ The temperature effect mentioned by Dr. O’Sullivan only appeared in such a way as to present theoretical difficulties in 306 borderline cases. The additive properties of vinyl bromide (CH,=CH.Br) were very sensitive to temperature changes. These cases which were also affected by concentration changes had been the subject of a good deal of discussion and some reasonable speculations had been made. There was evidence for large catalytic effects.Usually, however, the substituents in the benzene ring were very definite in their directional influence. Professor Challenger cited the case of the further bromination of bromo-benzene and enquired how the electronic theory applied to this. In reply Dr. Burkhardt observed that this most interesting result was obtained by Wibaut, van de Lande and Wallagh by dropping bromobenzene and bromine through a heated tube packed with pumice. At 500’ C. the product contained 59 per cent. of m-dibromobenzene, the percentage of o-isomeride being approximately normal. As the ratio m :$ exceeded z : I at the high temperature the change in this ratio did not appear to be accounted for in terms of the apparent activation energies for substitution at the m-and $-positions, without other factors.The reaction might well occur on the surface. In this case, it should be considered in conjunction with the other results obtained by Wibaut and his collaborators on the effect of hetero-geneous catalysts on orientation in ethylenic addition reactions. Such results were a special problem outside the scope of the ordinary form of the electronic theories of organic reactions. Professor Polanyi pointed out that our knowledge of how chemical reactions go was extremely vague and scanty. He could not understand how an ion with 25,000 calories of energy could split open a bond representing a strength equivalent to approximately IOO,OOO calories, This was a fundamental problem which he hoped would be solved. Mr.Lester proposing the vote of thanks to the lecturer re- marked that the positive end of a di-pole is a very useful weapon from a tinctorial point of view. Mr. Barrowcliff seconded the vote of thanks and indicated the importance and utility of the work which was being performed on these substitution problems at the Manchester University. The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Manchester Section will take place at “The Manchester” Ltd,, on Thursday, 7th December, 1933. 307 September Examinations, 1933. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. FOREXAMINATIONSTHE ASSOCIATESHIPAND FELLOWSHIP. Examinations were held at the times and places given below: No. No. For the Associateship- Examined.Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow,-l8th- 23rd September .. .. .. .. 29 17 For the Fellowship-Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy: at the Institute and the Royal School of Mines, London,- 25th-29th September .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry :at the Institute, -25th-29th September .. .. .. 1 1 Branch D. Biochemistry:at the Institute, and University College, London,-25thc29th September .. .. .. ,. .. 3 2 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute,-25th--3Oth September .. In the Examination for the Associateshim three candidates completed their examination by passing in the tra&lation of German technical literature; one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the translation of German technical literature.In the Examinations for the Fellowship, Branch D-one candidate satisfied the Examiners in the written papers, but failed to do so in the practical work; and in Branch E one candidate satisfied the Examiners in the written papers but failed to do so in the practical work. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the written papers were often rather disappointing ; the information supplied by many candidates, though generally speaking accurate, was meagre and some had apparently done little reading in organic chemistry beyond a pass degree standard. For example, many 308 candidates knew of no reaction of an ‘‘active methylene group ” beyond the replacement of the hydrogen by alkyl, nor were they aware of the use of copper in the Gattermann or Ullmann reactions or as a dehydrogenating agent for alcohols.The only synthesis given for an amino- acid was, as a rule, the action of ammonia on the a-halogen acids. In several cases only the more elementary questions were attempted and, having answered these, the candidate was unable to complete the five questions required. A large choice of questions dealing with “classical” organic chemistry was provided and no properly trained candidate should have had any difficulty in finding five questions to answer. Few candidates answered the question on stereochemistry even moderately well.The answers to the question in which candidates were allowed to choose their own subject were interesting. Some dealt with analytical processes the candidates had investigated, others, in spite of the warning, reproduced text-book materials, and one, personally unknown to the Examiner, gave a somewhat inaccurate account of the Examiner’s own field of work, even to the mention of a paper published within three weeks of the examinat ion. PRACTTCAL.-The exercises were carried out with uneven success. Some candidates did first class work, but that oi many was only moderate. The determination of the melting point of an anisotropic substance showed that most of the candidates were careful observers.The preparative work was fairly well done, though some candidates relied on one distillation without a fractionating column for a separation. The quantitative exercise proved a stumbling block to many of the weaker candidates. CHEMI~TRYINORGANIC .-The work on the written papers was very good in a few cases and moderately good for a majority of the candidates. It seems that the average candidate needs, not more detailed knowledge, but, rather, greater depth and solidity in the comprehension of matters of principle. Due attention should be given to the historical and physical aspects. On this occasion the practical examination was disappointing, chiefly because the quantitative exercise proved more difficult than had been anticipated.Due allowance was, of course, made for this. It appeared, however, that several candidates showed less resource and skill than might fairly be expected of them: too many failed wholly or partially to deal with the very straightforward identifications and analyses given. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIPBRANCHE.IN WRITTENPAPERS.-Taken as a whole the answers to the questions were not of a very high standard. Few candidates did justice to those involving an acquaintance with either the gross forms of adulteration prior to the passing of the first Adulteration Act and subsequent legislation which became necessary, or of the frequently quoted classical High Court of Appeal cases. The replies in respect of limiting amounts of preservatives were somewhat erratic, and the same remark applies to the information asked for respecting composition and method of evaluation of B.P.products. Only three candidates produced satisfactory evidence of a knowledge of pectin and the conventional method for its estimation, and these three gave satisfactory answers respecting the theory of base exchange in water softening, and the official evaluation of malt extract. On the other hand, a satisfactory account was generally given of the governing qualities which should justify the discharge of a sewage effluent. PRACTICALWoRK.-The analysis (organic and mineral) of water presented difficulty to many of the candidates, and the opinions expressed were often unjustifiable, while some failed to detect traces of lead (0.05parts per IOOOOO), and zinc (0.1parts per IOOOOQ). Those candidates whose performance throughout was con- sistently satisfactory worked in an orderly manner, but it was quite obvious that others lacked experience in the performance of the every-day type of work which comes within the province of the Public Analyst.The microscopical work was generally satisfactory. The following papers and exercises were set :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 18th SEPTEMBER,1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brieJy and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Discuss in outline the modern ionic theory and its applications in chemistry. 2. Give an account of ONE of the following matters:- (u) The quantitative study of the hydration of salts and oxides.(b) The determination of the solubility of sparingly soluble 3. Outline the chemistry of the following analytical procedures : (a) The determination of silica, alumina and fluorine in cryolite. (b) The estimation of copper, nickel and tin in an alloy. 4. Outline historically the development of our views on the nature substances. 310 of the atom and molecule. 5. Describe the sources and the methods of extraction and purifica t,ion employed for TWO of the following:- (a) bismuth, (b) beryllium, (c) boron. 6. What are the characteristic properties of per-acids and their salts? Name the compounds of this clam which are important commercj- ally and discuss carefully the preparation and constitution of THREE of them.7. Give an account of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brieJy and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the more important views upon the phenomenon of “catalysis,” illustrating your answer by reference to examples of industrial importance. 2. What are the salient points of resemblance and of difference among the halogens, both in the properties of the free elemsnts and in the nature and properties of their compounds? 3. Discuss critically the available evidence upon the molecular complexity of liquids. 4. Write a short essay on om of the following topics:- (a) Isotopes.(b) Active gases. (c) Complex ions. 5. Give an account of the chemistry of EITHER selenium OR thallium. 6. Indicate briefly the developments in inorganic chemistry associ- ated with FOUR of the following names:- Deville, Stas, Werner, Ramsay, Scheele, von Welsbach. 7. What actions are possible in a system consisting of carbon, air and steam ? Discuss fully the industrial utilisation of these reactions and the conditions necessary for them. TUESDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Under what conditions does a =CH, group in organic compounds exhibit enhanced reactivity 9 Quote three examples of compoundsillustrating this and indicate the reactions peculiar to this group.2. What is the evidence to show (a) that in compounds of the ammonium type the four valency directions of nitrogen are tetrahedrally arranged about the atom, AND (b) that anhydride formation occurs only when two carboxyl groups are in the cis position to one another ? 3. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) the structure of sucrose, OR (b)the amino acids, OR (c) triphenyl methyl. 31 1 4. Give examples of the use of the following metals in organic chemistry, indicating briefly the experimental conditions : (a) nickel, (b) copper, (c) sodium, (d) magnesium. 5. An organic compound (A) of M.W. 177 containing C, 61.0%; H, 3.9% ; 0, 27.1% ; and N, 7.9% on mild oxidation gave a compound of the formula C,H70,N which with dilute acid potassium permanganate gave a product of the formula C,H,O,N. (A) on boiling with alkaline potassium permanganate gave a product of the formula C,H,O,N and (A) on reduction with ammonium sulphide gave a compound which loses one molecule of water to give quinoline.Indicate the structure of (A) and the course of the reactions described above. How may (A) be synthesised ? 6. Write an account of EITHER (a)cyclic ketones, OR (b)the synthesis of atropine, OR (c) pinene and its relation to camphene. 7. Suggest methods of synthesis from readily available sources for FOUR of the following compounds: (a)p-dinitrobenzene, (b) 1 -naphthol-4- aldehyde, (c) furoin, (d)dimethylaminoethanol, (e) 1: 3 ; 5-triethylbenwne.8. Describe in detail a method for the quantitative determination of the alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl group in organic compcunds. 9. Write a short essay on some subject in organic chemistry, not mentioned above, in which you have been specially interested. (Answers to this question will be expected to show evidence of reading of the original literature or special acquaintance with the experimental investigation of the subject. No credit will be given for those which do not satisfy this condition.) Translation : 18 hours allowed. Translate into English :-Saure C2,H4,06. 100 g. der Saure C27H.1404 wurden in 10 Portionen in je 100 ccm 3-prozentiger Kalilauge gelost und unter Kuhlung mit 200 ccm einer 3.5-prozentigen Kaliumpermanganatlosung versetzt.Nach dem Stehen iiber Nacht wurde das Mangansuperoxyd abfiltriert, die Losung angesauert und mit Ather extrahiert ; der Verdunstungsriickstand des Athers wurde mit der 10-fachen Menge kalten Athers stehen gelassen und der ungelost bleibende Niederschlag, der aus nicht angegriffenem Ausgangsmaterial besteht, abfiltriert; seine Menge betragt ca. 12-15%. Die atherische Losung wurde abdestilliert und der Ruckstand aus verdiinnter Essigsaure umkrystallisiert ; die sich abscheidenden Krystalle unterscheiden sich durch ihre groBere Loslichkeit, sowie durch ihren niedrigeren Schmelzpunkt vom Ausgangsmaterial, doch enthalten sie immer noch geringe Mengen des letzteren und konnen durch Umkrystallisieren nur schwer ganz davon befreit werden.Leicht gelingt ihre Reindarstellung iiber das neutrale Natriumsalz. Zur Bereitung desselben wurden die Krystalle in absolutem Alkohol gelost und mit n-Natronlauge in geringem Oberschu 13 verset'zt. Hierbei schied sich das in absolutem Alkohol unlosliche Natriumsalz krystallinisch ab und konnte durch Umkrystallisieren aus verdunntem -4lkohol leicht vollig rein erhalten werden. Die aus dem Natriumsalz mittels Schwefelsiiure freigemachte Sliure wurde mit Ather aufgenommen und nach dem Ahdestillieren des Athers aus verdmter Essigsiiure umkrystallisiert. Hierbei fallt sie in Form kurzer, ziemlich derber Prismen heraus, welche beim Erhitzen im Capillarrohrchen bei 216-217" unter Zersetzung schmelzen.Ausbsute etwa 22 g. PRhPARATION.-La methode de Moissan, pour obtenir le bore pur, consiste ii reduire I'anhydride borique par le magnBsium ; I'anhydride 312 borique doit &re parfaitement see et pur, c’est-$-dire exempt de soude, de chaux et de silice, qui en sont les impureths ordinaires, et le magnesium ne doit contenir ni fer ni silicium. On melange intimoment la limaille de magnesium avec trois fois le poids d’anhydride borique pulverise qu’il serait susceptible de reduire, puis on tasse ce melange dans un creuset de terre que l’on place dans un fourneau Perrot chauffe prealablement au rouge vif. La reaction se produit bient8t avec un grand degagement de chaleur qui porte la masse au rouge blanc.On chauffe encore pendant une dizaine de minutes, on retire le creuset du feu et on laisse refroidir. On trouve au fond du creuset un culot presentant exterieurement une couleur noire, au centre une couleur marron et traversPi dans toute la masse par de petits cristaux blancs de borate de magnesium. On separe avec soin toute la partie marron qui renferme le bore, melange de borate et de borures de magnesium, puis d’anhydride borique non reduit. On pulverise cette masse et on la fait bouillir avec un grand excBs d’eau acidulde par l’acide chlorhydrique pour dissoudre tout l’acide borique et decomposer l’un des borures de magnesium. La masse est ensuite traitee plusieursreprises par l’acide chlorhydrique bouillant pour enlever Ie borate de magn6sium.Le nouveau rdsidu est soumis B l’Pibullition, dans un alambic de platine, avec de l’acide fluorhydrique moyennoment concentre ; ce dernier Blimine la silice provenant de l’attaque du creuset. Le rdsidu pulvdrulent, separ6 par decantation et lave it l’eau, est enh dch6 d’abord sur des plaques de porcelaine poreuse, puis ensuite dans le vide en presence d’anhydride phosphorique. (The use of dictionaries is allowed.) WEDNESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Prepare from the binary mixture of a solid and a liquid (A) a pure crystalline specimen of the solid and two crystalline derivatives of the liquid. Leave your specimens for inspection. (Quantity as well as quality will be considered in awarding credit for this exercise.) 2.Determine the melting point of the substance (B), recording the phenomena you observe. A = Benzaldehyde and ,%naphthol. B = Benzalazine. THURSDAY, 21st SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (C), approxirnately 0.2 N as regards acidity, contains a mixture of formic, acetic and oxalic acids in approximately equal quanti- ties. Determine the amounts of each present. 2. Report upon the nature of the compound (D). D = Sulphanilic acid, . or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, or p-bromoacetanilide. FRIDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (E) contains potassium iodide, potassium iodate and potassium carbonate. YOU are required to make volumetric estimations- direct or indirect-of the iodide, iodate and carbonate and gravimetric estimations of potassium and iodide. (The gravimetric estimations may be finished to-morrow ; the volu- metric results must be handed in to-day.Suitable standard solutions are supplied, but they must be standardised by the candidate.) 313 2. Identify the salte (F)and (G). F = Sodium bismuthate or sodium thioantimonate. G = Zinc silicofluoride or potassium chlorochromate. SATURDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric exercises. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (H).H = Cadmium bromide, potassium nitrate, and barium carbonate, or Cadmium bromide, strontium nitrate and magnesium carbonate. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A.Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy. MONDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER7 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. What changes take place when metallic antimony is (a)heated in air, (b)treated with nitric acid? Give three methods by which antimony compounds may be distinguished from arsen ic compounds. 2. Give a short account of any ONE of the following technical pro- cesses, and discuss fully the general chemical principles involved :-(a) The contact process for the manufacture of sulphur trioxide; (b) The preparation of oxides of nitrogen from atmospheric air; (c) The manufacture of magnesium. 3. Give a brief statement, with equations, describing ONE method of preparing each of the following Substances :-(a) potassium bichromate, (b) sodium thiosulphate, (c) mercuric sulphide (vermilion), and (d) potas-sium permanganate.4. Explain, illustrating your answer by equations, the analytical processes for separating the following :-(a) tin from copper, (b) nickel from cobalt, (c) iron from manganese. 5. Describe the preparation of carbon monoxide and explain how you would detect and estimate it when mixed with other gases such as air. How, and under what conditions, does carbon monoxide react with the following substances :-(a) nickel, (b) chlorine, (c) hydrogen, (d) iron ? 6. Give an account of the various phenomena which may arise when two metals are molted together, and explain the methods which may be employed to ascertain the nature of the product obtained on solidification.7. Describe a process for the softening of water on a large scale and state the chemical changes which occur during the process. 8. Starting with potassium permanganate, describe with sufficient detail how the following substances could be obtained in a reasonable state of purity :-Oxygen, manganese dioxide, chlorine, and manganese sulphate. Give three examples of the use of potassium permanganate as an oxidising agent. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe how a basic Bessemer converter is lined, and how the hearth of an acid open-hearth furnace is made. Give the approximate compositions of the refractory materials used. 314 2. Give a short account of the methods of production, composition, treatment, and properties of a stainless steel.3. Describe briefly how the following elements occur in steel and their influence on the metal :-Sulphur, phosphorus, manganese, nickel, chromium, and tungsten. 4. How would you carry out the determination of EITHER molyb-denum OR tungsten in an alloy steel ? 5. Review the phase and crystallographic changes of a 0.2 per cent. carbon steel on cooling from above the liquidus to the ordinary temperature, and sketch the structure obtained with slow cooling. What is the effect of quenching the specimen from (a) 500' C. and (b) 1,000" C. ? 6. Give an account of the chief requirements of a good bearing metal and indicate how the necessary properties are obtained.7. Discuss the application of high frequency currents for meltingmetals on a commercial scale. 8. Describe the (a) thermo-electric, (b) electrical resistance, and (c) radiation methods of measuring temperatures. Under what particular circumstances would each method be employed ? TUESDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the alloying metals in a chromium, Iungsten, vanadium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel steel. (This exercise may be completed lo-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the ordinary constituents in a sample of cast iron (contain- .ng copper, silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, and manganese). (Thia exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Determine the constituents of a manganese bronze (containing copper, tin, zinc and manganese). (This exercise mybe completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.vn. to 5 p.m. 1. Sketch and describe the microstructures of the four specimens, and 2. The given bar of straight carbon steel has been heat-treated in a identify the alloys. temperature gradient. Sketch and describe its microstructure, estimate the carbon content of the steel, and state what treatment it has received. Branch C. Organic Chemistry. MONDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only are to be answered.) 1. Discuss the views which have been held regarding the constitution 2. Describe fully the reactions and uses of phenyl hydrazine.In of the aliphatic and aromatic diazo-compounds. dealing with its reactions with sugars, point out the st,ereo-chemical consequences of these reactions. 315 3. Give an account of the preparation aiid uses in the dyestuff industry of any THREE of the following:-(a) benzidine; (b) dimethyl-aniline ; (c) naphthol A.S.; (d) /3-aminoanthraquinone. 4. Describe fully the synthesis and properties of dipentene. 5. Into what groups may the principal alkaloids containing the isoquinoline nucleus be classified? Describe the synthesis of any ONE alkaloid containing this ring. 6. Give an account of the determination of the constitution of uric acid. How may this substance be converted into caffeine? 7.Describe and comment upon any THREE of the followingphenomena: (a)mutarotation; (b)the pinacoline change; (c)the Beckmann rearrangement ; (d) Hofmann’s degradation of bases by exhaustive methylat ion. 3 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions only are to be answered.) 1. Describe and explain cases of stereoisomerism in substances which do not contain an asymmetric atom. 2. Write an essay on modern views of tautomerism. 3. Explain how knowledge of the physical properties of an organic compound, such as its refractive index, may be used in determining the constitution of the substance. 4. Describe fully the methods which have been employed in the synthesis of typical anthocyanins. 5. Give an account of the synthesis and properties of derivatives of indole, with special reference to recent work on naturally occurring substances containing this nucleus.6. Describe and discuss recent work on the constitution of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). TUESDA Y and WEDNESDAY, 26th and 27th SEPTEMBER, 1933 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the ternary mixture (A) and express your results in parts by weight. A = Toluene, ethyl tartrate, acetic acid. (The qualitative results must be returned lo-day (Tuesday) ; the quantita-tive work may be completed to-morrow (Wednesday).) 2. Determine quantitatively the methoxyl and nitrogen content of the alkaloid salt (B). B = Papaverine oxalate. THURSDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the three constituents of the mixture (C) and prepare a crystalline derivative from each of them.C = p-toluidine, p-bromobenzonitrile, salicylic acid. FRIDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Identify the substances (D), (E) and (F). (Oenanthaldehyde,sulphanilic acid, quinaldine zinc ichloride .) 316 Branch D. Biochemistry. MONDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions.) 1. In what directions have views on the nature of the proteolytic enzymes been modified during the past ten years ? 2. Give a general account of the chemical composition of the pig- ments which are responsible for the colour of plant leaves, including reference to the changes which give ripe to “autumn tints.” 3. What evidence can be derived from studies of the changes which occur in plant and animal tissues to show that carbohydrates and fats are riiutually convertible ? 4.What important biochemical significance is attached to recent advances in knowledge of the chemical structure of the sterols ? 5. Describe the main stages of the circulation of nitrogen and sulphur in Nature, giving in your account a brief description of the micro-organisms which are concerned. 6. To what extent have investigations of permeability and narcosis thrown light on the character of the “cell membrane”? 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions.) 1. Give a general account of the factors which are believed to be concerned in the process of the calcification of cartilage. 2.What are the important biochemical relations which have been traced between the composition of the mammary circulation in cows and that of the milk secreted ? 3. Write a short essay on ONE of the following aspects of lactic acid :-(a) Its r61e in muscular contraction; (b) as a problem in the dairy industry; (c) as a factor responsible for some of the disorders associated with “vitamin B deficiency.” 4. Give an account of Levene’s investigations of the structure of the mucins and related compounds. 5. Discuss the biological significance of ANY TWO of the following elements :-(a)iron, (b) copper, (c) manganese, (d)iodine. 6. Describe how you would proceed to examine in detail the chemical nature of a sample of protein. 7.Discuss, from the biochemical point of view, the evidence that certain micro-organisms can become acclimatised to a changed environ- ment. Give examples and discuss the biochemical aspect of this interesting adapt ion. 8. In what forms is sulphur believed to exist in proteins ? To what extent is the nutritive value of a protein determined by the charachr of its sulphur-containing units ? What evidence is there that these units undergo change during “denaturation” ? 9. What are the important chemical changes which occur duxing the manufacture and ripening of cheese ? 317 I'UESDAY to FRIDAY, 26th to 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. The sample of urine A represents the excretion over a twenty-four hour period.Examine fully the nitrogenous constituents and report the interpretation of your observations. 2. Examine the sample of fish liver oil (B) for the presence of squalene. 3. Report on the nature of the specimens (C) and (D). (C = Phyto-sterol; D = cystine.) 4. Estimate the percentage of protein in the sample of dried milk (E) . Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to the CheIlAistry and Bacteriology of Dairy Products. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 26th to 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a qualitative and quantitative chemical examination of the sample of dried milk (F)and report on its character and quality. 2. Report on the nature of the compounds (G) and (H). (G = Chol-esterol; H = calcium lactate.) 3. Examine the sample of milk (J) for suspended impurities and report on their nature.Prepare a specimen of purified caseinogen from the crude material Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to the Chemistry of Proteins. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 26th to 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. lo 5 p.m. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of edestin from the hemp seed labelled (L). 2. Identify the compounds (M) and (N). (M = Zein; N = histidine 3. The sample of urine (0)represents the excretion over a twenty- hydrochloride.) four hour period. Examine the nitrogenous constituents and report the interpretation of your observations. 4. Estimate the percentage of protein in the sample of dried milk (R). Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Upon what factors does the value of a Malt Extract depend, and what process would you employ for the determination of its diaatatic capacity ? 2. In a short essay, trace the events which led to initial legislation governing the purity of food for man, and summarise the more important provisions of subsequent enactments up to the year 1928. 318 3. What are the limiting figures-legal or conventional-laid down in relation to :-(a) the “facing” of rice; (b) benzoic acid in pickles; (c) total silica in sandstone, etc. (Workmen’s Compensation Silicosis Act, 1925); (d) combined chlorine in rag flock; (e) sulphur dioxide in jujubes? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4.Enumerate the salts of mercury in the British Pharmacopoeia, stating the doses usually given. What are the chief uses of these salts in medicine ? 5. Discuss and criticise the methods available for the estimation of minute traces of lead in (a)urine, (b)faeces, and (c)bones. 6. State the chemical nature and therapeutic uses of the following:- Veronal, benzocaine, methyl-sulphonal, hexamine, ephedrine, cinchophen. MONDAY, 25th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 2 lo 5 p.m. 1. What are the essential components used in the preparation of Parrish’s Food, and what are the B.P. directions for its assay ? 2. Give an account of the base-exchange process of water-softening, and explain the underlying reactions involved.3. Discuss the legal ruling and its effect in any THREE of the following “High Court of Appeal” Cases:- (a) Bridge w. Howard; (b) Dickins w. Randerson; (c) Smithies w. Bridge; (d) J. Lyons & Co. v. Keating; and (e) Hunt v. Richardson. 4. How is pectin made? State what you know of its constitution, and detail the method you would use for its determination in fruit pulp. 5. Give a summary of such standard tests as are employed in the examination of sewage effluents and/or polluted waters. Detail (a)alter-native methods for the determination of suspended solids, and (b)a method for the estimation of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of an effluent. Discuss the significance of the latter test as compared with the Four Hours’ Oxygen Absorption (acid permanganate) test. 6.What degree of refinement would you anticipate in a sample of benzoic acid intended for use as an analytical reagent, and how would you proceed to determine its purity ? TUESDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make as complete an examination of the water submitted M will enable you to report upon (a)its potability or otherwise, and (b) its saline constitution. Calculate the amount of the requisite reagents to be used, per 1,000 gallons of the supply, for effective removal of the “hardness.” (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 319 2. Determine, as far as you can, the nature of the fat component of the sample of bread and butter (either genuine butter, or margarine, or a 75%-25 % mixture).WEDNESDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise, No. 1. 2. The leather hat-band provided is said to have caused a rash on the skin of the wearer. Satisfy yourself on this point in respect of the absence or otherwise of a recognised toxic agent (metaphenylenediamine, or lead, or arsenic present). THURSDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of milk which was vended on the 7th instant, and report on the form of certificate herewith. 2. As the result of your examination of the glace mints provided, what opinion do you express as to the genuineness or otherwise of the article? (Sucrose and invert sugar with SO, in varying amount.) FRIDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the amount of active constituents in the eye lotion. (No alkaloids are present.) 2. Examine microscopically and report upon the deposit in the brook water (A);the specimen of snuff (B); and the vegetable powder (C),sketching its diagnostic structures. 3. Identify the starches in the admixed specimens (D), (E) and (F).Prepare permanent slides in each case. SATURDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1933: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. A purchase was made in a herbalist’s shop of two ounces of “Easton’s Syrup.” This is specimen A. Make such examination of the specimen as you may think fit to ascertain what action, if any, should be taken against the vendor. When your examination is complete, state what course of action you would advise.(No strychnine present.) 2. The sample of beer is stated to have caused acute vomiting and diarrhoea. Examine the sample qualitatively for a,ny substance which could have produced the effect described. (Containing antimony.) 3. Examine the sample of urine for the presence of any abnormal (pathological) substance or substances. 320 The Millilitre and the “c.c.” By VERNEYSTOTT,B.A., F.Inst.P., National Physical Laboratory. 1 HAVE been asked to state the reasons for the adoption of the millilitre in preference to the cubic centimetre. Only a brief and necessarily inadequate outline is possible within a limited space, and readers interested in the subject are strongly recom- mended to consult one or other of the references quoted below* for a more adequate treatment of the question.Practical experience has proved that units of volume based on units of length, and units of volume defined in terms of a specified quantity of water are both necessary. But, “a C.C. of water weighs I gramme,” and so why worry about the dis- tinction between the two types of units in the Metric System? The unquestioning acceptance of the statement that “I C.C. of water weighs I gramme” is at the root of the trouble, and has led to much confusion. The abbreviation “C.C.” is sometimes used to indicate the cubic centimetre-the correct internationally agreed abbreviation for which is cm3-sometimes as equivalent to the millilitre and sometimes as the volume occupied, under conditions not generally well defined, by a quantity of water which has an apparent weight in air of one gramme.A “IOOO c.c.” flask containing at room temperature a quantity of water having an apparent weight in air of 1000 grammes has a capacity of approximately 1002 cm3, and so is in error by five times the maximum Permissible error in. ordinary grade commercial $asks. It must be realised then that it is as important in the Metric System as in any other system to maintain the distinction between * Units of Volume, Report No. 1 of the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware, published by the Institute of Chemistry, 1924. Volumetric Glassware, published by H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 1928.The Units and Standards of Measurernents employed at the National Physical Laboratory, H.M.S.O., 1929. The MiZZilitre, Nature, October lDth, 1929. Report on Metric Units of Volume, British Standards Institution Report NO. 501, 1933. the unit of volume derived from the unit of length and the unit of volume defined in terms of a specified quantity of water. Volumetric glassware is calibrated gravimetrically by weighing the quantity of water which it contains or delivers. The logical unit to use for calibration is therefore one defined in terms of a specified quantity of water, i.e. in the Metric System the litre* or the millilitre (ml.). It is, however, not only on logical grounds that the millilitre has been adopted as the unit of volume for volumetric glassware and for other purposes, e.g.in the description of analytical methods, but because this procedure affords a simple means of removing the confusion which has arisen from the common misuse of the term “cubic centimetre” and the abbreviation “c.c.” for quantities other than the centimetre cube. *The litre is the volume occupied at ihs temperature of maximum density and under normal atmospheric pressure by a quantity of water having a mass of one kilogramme. 322 Notes. Priest1ey.-Fellows and Associates will recall that Professor Caven delivered a lecture on “Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804,” on 13th March last, and that the lecture was subsequently published. Reference has already been made in the JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS of the Institute (Part 11, pp, 106 and 107) to other lectures given, in March last, in various places, in celebration of the bi- centenary of the birth of Priestley, and attention may also be directed to the tributes paid to him in the valuable papers read by Sir Philip Hartog, Professor A.N. Meldrum and Sir Harold Hartley, at the celebration held under the auspices of the Chemical Society on 6th April. (J.C.S., July, 1933.) The following correspondence on the “Date and Place of Priestley’s Discovery of Oxygen” is reproduced here, with the kind permission of the Editor of Natzwe, and of the correspondents -Professor R. M. Caven, and Sir Philip Hartog. “In Nature of March 11, Mr. H. G. Wayling states that ‘At Lansdowne House on August I, 1774, Priestley discovered oxygen’; and a similar statement is made by Sir Philip Hartog in the Dictionary of National Biography.“Sir Edward Thorpe in his Joseph Priestley says, however, that ‘the course of inquiry which he began at Leeds was con- tinued by him with characteristic assiduity and conspicuous success at Calne,’ and again, ‘The years which Priestley spent at Calne constitute the most fruitful period oi his scientific career,’ and ‘it cannot be maintained that during the subsequent period he added many first-rate facts to our knowledge, or indeed discovered any facts at all comparable in importance with those he ascertained during his life in Wiltshire.’ “Moreover, Lord Shelburne, when he became Priestley’s patron, was, Thorpe tells us, ‘living in retirement at Bowood’ which was near to Calne; and provided for Priestley ‘a pleasant house at Calne in the summer and a house in town during the winter .’ 323 “Further, on p.34 of Vol. I1 of Experiments and Observations on Diferent Kinds of Air, Priestley says: ‘Mr. Warltire, a good chymist, and lecturer in natural philosophy, happening to be at that time in Calne, I explained my views to him, and was furn- ished by him with many substances which I could not otherwise have procured. With this apparatus, after a variety of other experiments, an account of which will be found in its proper place, on the first of August 1774 I endeavoured to extract air from nzercurius calcinatus per se; and I presently found that, by means of this lens, air was expelled from it very readily.’ “Soon after this, Priestley visited the Continent with his patron, and met Lavoisier in Paris; but in the following March he was back again in Calne.This is shown by an autograph letter which I have been privileged to see amongst a collection in Dr. Williams’s library in Gordon Square. In this letter, Priestley, afterreferring to his indifferent health-he was suffering, he says, from painful boils-states that when able he hoped to continue his experiments on the new air, which he was now able to prepare in larger quantity; and at the foot of this letter, on the left hand side, occurs the single word ‘Calne.’ “In view of this evidence one would not doubt that Priestley discovered oxygen in Wiltshire rather than in London, were it not for the categorical statement in the Dictionary of National Biography.Is there any evidence to support this statement? I have found none.” R. M. CAVEN. The Royal Technical College, Glasgow, C.I. “I am obliged to the Editor of Natwe for having communi- cated to me the foregoing letter by Prof. Caven. “I wish at the outset to say, after looking through the volumin- ous notes on which my article on Priestley was based, that I cannot confirm my statement that Priestley’s experiment of August I, 1774, on mercurius calcinatus per se was made at Lansdowne House, and I think Prof. Caven is probably right in suggesting that it was made at Calne. But the matter does not end there.My error must, I think, have been due to the following passage (of which I have been reminded by Sir Harold Hartley) in a letter of Priestley of April I, 1775: “ ‘By the heat of the Aame of a candle . . . I get the pure air I discovered in London in great plenty from a variety of 324 cheap materials; not only from red lead, but many earthy substances moistened with spirit of nitre and dried,’ etc.* “This should be read in connexion with the following well- known passage from the Experiments and Observations on Diflerent Kinds of Air, Vol. I1 (1775)’p. 40, in which, after referring to his experiment of August I, 1774,Priestley says: “ ‘In this ignorance of the real nature of this kind of air, I continued from this time (November) to the 1st March following.’ “The comparison of these two passages indicates clearly that for Priestley himself the date of the ‘discovery of oxygen’ was.March I, 1775,and the place, London. “That Priestley’s experiments in London were made in the house now called Lansdowne House (but which was then called Shelburne House, presumably until Lord Shelburne became Marquis of Lansdowne in 1784)t is shown by a passage in his Philosophical Empiricism (1775)’p. 4,where he speaks of having shown some of his experiments (on oxygen) at that house to friends on May 23,1775,the day before he wrote his third letter on the subject to the Royal Society. (I owe this reference to Prof. A. N. Meldrum.) “An undue importance has, as I have always thought, been attached to the date August I, 1774,since, as Priestley himself pointed out,$ he ‘was in possession of,’ that is, had isolated, the new gas in his laboratory ‘before the month of November 1771’-though he did not recognise the fact either then or in August 1774.It is to be hoped that the statement that Priestley ‘discovered oxygen on August I, 1774,’may now disappear from our textbooks. “An examination of the letter-books of the Royal Society and of the Journal Book has revealed certain slight inaccuracies in * Phil. Trans., 65, 390; 1775. (The italics are mine.-P.J.H.) t Lord Lansdowne, to whom I sent a copy of this letter, confirms my statement that Shelburne House and Lansdowne House were the same. He ad& that the room at Bowood (Lord Shelburne’s country seat near Calne) in which Priestley conducted his experiments is to this day known as “The Laboratory,” though it has certainly not been used as such since Priestley’s, and, following him, Ingenhousz’s time.Lord Lnnsdowne thinks that the experiment of August 1, 1774, was in all probability made in this room, though it may have taken place at the private house (on “the Green” at Calne) where Priestley lived when he was in Lord Shelburne’s employ. $ See “Experiments and Observations on Air,” vol. 1, pp. 155-157; 1774; and “Expts. and Obsns. relating to . . . Natural Philosophy,” vol. 1, pp. 194-198 ; 1779. In these early experiments Priestley obtained oxygen from saltpetre. 325 the text of Priestley’s three letters on the disc.overy of oxygen published in the PhilosophicaE Transactions (Vol.65, pp. 384-94 ; 1775); and together with the letter in Dr. Williams’s library of March 25, 1775, addressed to Rev. Theophilus Lindsey (the letter to which Prof. Caven refers), these MSS. enable one to trace Priestley’s movements at the time, Letter I to Sir John Pringle, president of the Royal Society, is in Priestley’s own handwriting and is dated ‘London, March 15, 1775 ’; that letter was read on March 23, 1775; and this must be taken as the date of Priestley’s first public announcement of the discovery of oxygen. Letter I1 is not printed in full but is in reality an extract from a letter of April I, 1775 to the Rev. Dr.Richard Price; it is in Price’s handwriting; it is definitely stated in it that the letter was dated Calne, April I; and it was read on April 6, 1775. It was quite natural that Priestley should refer in it to the gas which he ‘had discovered in London’ as Price, his intimate friend, and himself a fellow of the Royal Society, would have known about the gas and also that he had recently gone from London to Calne. (The letter to Lindsey shows that he was already in Calne on March 25.) Letter I11 was from Priestley to Pringle and is dated London, May 24, 1775; it was read on May 25, 1775. The Philosophical Transactions wrongly give the date of Letter I11 as May 25, and an inset at the beginning of the communications wrongly suggests that all three letters were read on that day.“To complete the matter, it may be added that the MSS. show that Priestley asked Price to show Letter I1 to Pringle, so that, if he chose, it might be ‘read to the Royal Society, but not to be published,’ but that he withdrew his objection to publication. Letter I has endorsed on it ‘Withdrawn by the President through mistake, believing that such was Dr. Priestley’s inclination.’ But the words are crossed out, perhaps to avoid their being reproduced by the printer. Obviously the passage in Priestley’s Letter I1 made Pringle doubt if he wished his Letter I to be published. It is probable that Priestley only hesitated about the publication of Letter I1 because he wished to continue his experiments before publishing them.I am afraid that some of these details may seem meticulous; only the importance of the discovery to which they refer justifies my taking up so much space. The points of chief importance are the place and date which Priestley himself assigns to his great discovery.” P. J. HARTOG. 5 Inverness Gardens, W.8. 326 Industrial Administration.-In furtherance of the sug-gestion that chemists, not only in their own interests but in those of industry generally, would do well to study management questions, Mr. L. H. D. Acland, Associate, Chairman of the London Group of the Industrial Administration Students’ Union, has notified the Institute of the programme of lectures arranged by the Union for the present session. This programme includes- General Management, by T. G.Rose; Product Development, by Major L. J. Barley, D.S.O.; Production Management in a Large Motor Factory, by Mr. G. Still; Market Research, by Mr. A. G. Hill ; Advertising in Relation to Management, by Commander H. S. H. Ellis; The Human Problems of Management, by Mr. R. R. Hyde, M.V.O.; Some Aspects of Finance in Relation to Industrial Administration, by Mr. T. Watson Collin ; and Trade Marks, by Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, Fellow. Further particulars as to membership, dates of meetings, etc., can be obtained from Mr. B. W. Galvin Wright, Honorary Secretary, Industrial Administration Students’ Union, No. I, London Group, Imperial Chemical House, Millbank, London, S.W.I. Attention has also been directed to the classes, which have been arranged and are now in progress at the L.C.C.South-East London Technical Institute, Lewisham High Road, and include an Advanced Course in Works Management, in addition to a Management Course for Foremen. These courses might appear, at first sight, to be more suitable for engineering foremen than for professional chemists, but the Principal of the Technical Institute urges that the Special Advanced Course on Manage- ment by the Case System is of a very general nature and that the data for it have been received from a wide variety of manu-facturing concerns. Further, the Principal has kindly suggested that any member of the Institute will be welcome to attend a class discussion, without any obligation, and will thereafter be at liberty to join a class if he so desires.Royal Statistical Society.-The Council of the Royal Statistical Society is forming a Section for the promotion of the application of methods of statistical analysis to problems in industry and agriculture, in order to provide facilities for dis- cussion which may result in the solution of such problems as may arise from time to time in the Research Departments of 327 industrial concerns and institutions. Such problems may relate to a routine production, sampling and testing. It is proposed that a Section of the Royal Statistical Society be formed for holding regular meetings, and that a supplement to the Journal of the Society be devoted entirely to the study of this aspect o€ statistical science, and reports of the discussions. In order to obtain the full benefit of the work of the Section, persons who are interested should be Fellows of the Society, but those who are not able to become Fellows may make arrange- ments to subscribe for the Supplement and to attend meetings.The first meeting of the Section will be held on Thursday, 23rd November, at the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, at 5.30 p.m. Further particulars can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Industrial and Agricultural Research Section, Royal Statistical Society, g Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C.2. Mr. Frederick William Edwards, Fellow, has been appointed an Additional Public Analyst for the City of Westminster. Dr.Robert Benjamin Forster, Fellow, has been appointed Head of the Department of Chemical Technology of the Univer- sity of Bombay. Dr. Douglas Heber Ingall, F.Inst.P., FeZZozw, has been ap-pointed Principal of the Borough Polytechnic, London. 328 Obituary. EDWARDTHEODOREBREWISdied at Leytonstone, Essex, on 12th October, in his 72nd year. He studied chemistry under Hartley at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, and was for seven years engaged in the pharmaceutical laboratory of Messrs. Hamilton, Long & Co., Dublin, and thereafter, for three years, with the Dublin Sugar Refinery. He was also a demonstrator in practical chemistry at the Carmichael School of Medicine. Next, he was engaged for nearly two years with Messrs. Southall Bros.and Barclay at Birmingham, and, for a short time, with Messrs. Boileau & Boyd, Manufacturing Chemists, Dublin, where he was in sole charge of the laboratory, before he joined the staff of Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, with whom he remained until his death. He was in general charge of the distillation of essential oils and head of the analytical laboratory in London. As a recognised authority on the subject he was a member of the Essential Oil Sub-Committee of the Standing Committee on Uniformity of Analytical Methods, appointed by the Society of Public Analysts. He was also a member of the Chemical Sub-Committee for the Revision of the British Pharmaceutical Codex, and was consulted during the preparation of the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932.Jointly with others he contributed papers on essential oils to the Perfumery and Essential Oil Record, and on pharmaceutical subjects to the British Pharmaceutical Conference, of which he was for a time a member of the Executive Committee. Mr. Brewis was a regular attendant at meetings of the Institute and of the London Section, and of other Societies in London. He was, at the time of his death, a member of the committee of the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JOHANNESCHRISTIAN BRUNNICH,whose death at Brisbane has been recently reported, was born at Gorz, Austria, in 1861, and educated rat the Privat College Grammar Real School, Ryffel, Staffa, Switzerland, and the Polytechnic, Zurich.After acting for a time as private assistant to Victor Meyer, he obtained an appointment as analyst and technical assistant in Count Chotek‘s Sugar Factory, Auschitz, Bohemia, which he held from 1881 to 1883. He then served for two years in the Swiss Army as a lieutenant of artillery. In 1887, he obtained an appointment as chemist and technical manager at the Colonial Sugar Refining Company’s Sugar Mill, at Homebush, Queensland, where he continued for ten years. In 1897, he was appointed agricultural chemist to the Department of Agriculture, Queensland, which position he held until his retirement in 1931. During the years 1898 to 1900 he was also lecturer on theoretical and practical chemistry and agricultural chemistry at the Agricultural College at Gatton, Queensland, and, from 1904 onwards, did much important work as Chief Inspector of Sugar Mills in Queensland. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905.329 DAVID DOUULAS died at Newlands, Glasgow, in his 44th HAMILTON year. Educated at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, he passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations of the Institute, and was elected an Associate in 1912. He then became engaged with Messrs. J. & D. Hamilton, Ltd., Oil Merchants and Refiners and Paint Manufacturers, in the same city, where, in due course, he had charge of the oil refinery of the firm,with whom he remained until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918.ALFREDEDWARD died at Wolvsrhampton on 30th September, JOHNSON in his 76th year. Born in London, he was educated at the City of London School, and at the Royal College of Science, Ireland. He obtained the Diploma of the College in the Faculty of Manufactures in 1881, qualified for the Associateship of the Institute in 1885, and later graduated B.Sc. in the University of London. In 1883 he became Assistant to E. W. T. Jones, Public Analyst of Wolverhampton, with whom he remained until Mr. Jones died in 1912. He then continued with his son, Mr. E. Victor Jones, until 1929, when the latter was appointed Public Analyst for the County of Staffordshire. Mr. Johnson held appointments as Public Analyst for the County Borough of Wolverhampton, the City of Stoke-on- Trent, and the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme.He was the author of The Analyst’s Laboratory Companion, of which the fifth edition was published by Messrs. Churchill in 1920. He assisted Mr. Francis Sutton with the 9th edition, and jointly with Mr. W. Lincolne Sutton, revised the 10th and 11th editions of Sutton’s Systematic Handbook of Volumetric AnaZysis, qublished by Messrs. ChurchilI-the last in 1924. He was a Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. WILLIAMJOHN died at Stoke Newington on 20th July, LIVINGSTON in his 84th year. He was educated at the City of London School and at the age of 18 entered the service of the Metropolitan Board of Works. After serving 15 years in the Architects’ Department, he entered the Chemical Department, and was associated with the late W.J. Dibdin in his work on standards of light. He continued until 1910 in the service of the London County Council, which succeeded the Board of Works. Although his work was mainly administrative, he was greatly interestedin thephilosophi- cal side of chemistry, and continued this interest long after his retirement. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. THOMASWILSONSTUART died at Sefton Park, Liverpool, on 28th September, in his 88th year. Born at Neweastle-upon-Tyne, where he was educated at the Westgate Academy, he studied chemistry at the University and Surgeons Hall, Edinburgh, from 1863 to 1866, when he obtained an appointment as works chemist with Messrs. C.Allhusen & Sons, with whom he was subsequently works manager until 1869. From 1870 to 1875 he occupied a similar position with the Felling Coal and Iron Co., and from 1876 until 1890 with Messrs. C. Tennant & Co. From 1890 to 1895 he was district manager of the Tyne and Scottish Works of the United Alkali Co., and from 1895 was general technical manager of that company.Mr. Stuart attained a high reputation as an industrial leader and employer of labour in the heavy chemical industry. In 1925, he was elected an honorary member of the Boilermakers’ and Iron and Steel Ship- builders’ Society. In 1926, he became a Director of the United Alkali Co., and he was also a Director of the Sunderland Gas Co.and the South Shields Water Co. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1924. 330 WALTER WHITLEY died at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika, Central Africa, on 13th July. Born at Bingley, Yorks., in 1902, he was educated at Bradford Grammar School, and proceeded to Oxford University, where he graduated with honours in chemistry in the School of Natural Science. He then became a pupil in the laboratory of Mr. P. A. Ellis Richards, and later obtained an appointment under Dr. Colgate with Messrs. Huntley & Palmer, Ltd., at Reading, which he held until 1927, when he was appointedchemical examiner to the Government of Tanganyika, which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925.WILLIAM THOMAS died at Poole, Dorset, on 12th October, THOMSON in his 66th year. After five years’ experience in the laboratories of Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock & Clark, of Glasgow, he joined the staff of the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, where he remained for twenty-five years, finally occupying the position of assistant managerunder his brother, the late J. Miln Thomson, who was also a Fellow of the Institute. In 1894 he was presented with a gold watch and chain by the Secretary of State for War in recognition of special services on the occasion of an explosion. He was responsible for the initiation and instalment of many processes of manufacture and improvements in plant in connect,ion with the works under his control.Notably, he was co-patentee with his brother of an important process for the manufacture of gun-cotton. He was appointed manager of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory, Holton Heath, on its inception in 1915, and occupied that position until his retirement in May, 1932. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 19 18. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. 331 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1933, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “The Chemistry of Drugs.” Norman Evers. A completely revised edition with extensions dealing with the chemistry of the hormones and vitamins and their therapeutic application. Pp.viii + 256. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.) 55s. Synthetic drugs; drugs of natural origin, both containing and not containing alkaloids ; vitamins ; hormones ; lists of drugs giving their official and trade names, chemical constitution and biological action. “Introduction to Physical Chemistry.” Alexander Findlay. With 124 figures in the Text. Pp. vii + 492. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 7s. 6d. The properties of gases, liquids and crystalline solids; dilute solutions; osmosis ; lowering of the vapour pressure ;behaviour of electrolytes in solution; laws of thermodynamics and mass action; chemical and electrical energy ; photochemistry ; heterogeneous equilibria ; phase rule; adsorption ;the colloidal state.“Metallurgy, The Rise of.” With special reference to Sheffield Discoveries, Inventions and Research. An address of welcome by Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Bart., to the Members of the Iron and Steel Institute and other friends visiting the East Hecla Works of Messrs. Hadfields, Ltd., on 14th September, 1933. Numerous illustrations. Pp. viii + IIZ + 32. Introduction; The Rise of Sheffield; Importance of Iron and Steel; Early Days of Metallurgy in Sheffield; Modern Metallurgy and Sheffield; Alloy Steels; Metallography and Heat Treatment ; MetallurgicalChemists; Employment and Equipment in Modern Steelworks; National Defence ;Metallurgical Education ;Metallurgical Societies and Institutions ; Research ; Names of the early Metallurgists ; Conclusion.Supplements. ‘‘Organic and Biochemistry.” R. H. A. Plimmer. With coloured plate and other illustrations in the text. 5th edition. Pp. x + 624. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. Recognition, isolation and preparation of common organic compounds; criteria of purity ;carbohydrates ; alkaloids ;.pigments;proteins ; milk ; fermentation; enzymes ; the blood; metabolism; composition of food-stuffs; respiratory exchange; examination of urine and faeces; hydrogen ion concentration. 332 Standard Methods of Analysis of Iron, Steel and Ferro-Alloys." Pp. 35. (Sheffield: The United Steel Companies, Ltd.) 4s. 6d. The standard methods of analysis adopted by the Laboratories of the United Steel Companies, Ltd."The Swelling of Proteins, and Allied Phenomena." Being the Series of Papers read at a Special Conference held by the British Section of the International Society of Leather Trades Chemists at the Leathersellers' Hall, London, on 1st December, 1932). Pp. vii + 124. (London: International Society of Leather Trades' Chemists.) Price 5s. 6d. Some considerations relating to membrane equilibria and the secondary swelling of protein gels: Professor Donnan. The osmotic pressure of protein solutions: G. S. Adair, M.A. Formation and constitution of protein salts from the standpoint of modern theories of valency:Dr. H. Phillips. The effect of neutral salts on the swelling of gelatin: F. C. Thompson, M.Sc. Swelling in alkaline solutions :Dr.R. H. Marriott. Some practical aspects of the plumping of hides and skins: Dr. C. H. Spiers. Protein swelling and molecular organisation: Dr. D. Jordan Lloyd. The swelling of proteins in weak acids: W. R. Atkin, M,Sc. The structure of wool keratin and its relation to swelling phenomena: Dr. J. B. Speakman. The combination of proteins with acids and bases: Dr. D. Jordan Lloyd. Alcohol Tables.-Tables showing the relation between Specific Gravity of Spirits at 80"/80"F., the corresponding Per- centage of Proof Spirit, and the Percentage of Alcohol by Weight. Francis G. H. Tate, Government Laboratory, London. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2s. 6d. net. The tables are for use in ascertaining the strength of spirits in accordance with the regulations made under Section 4 of the Finance Act, 1907,whenever the temperature is so high as to render inconvenient the use of the legalised tables correlating alcoholic and proof strengths with specific gravities at 60" F.The tables are based upon the data used in the compilation of those referred to above, and the values for thermal expansion of alcohol given by the United States Bureau of Standards (BUh?., VOl. 9, pp. 424-5). Specific gravities are given in air at 80" F., water being taken as unity at the same temperature. The percentages of proof spirit are derived from percentages of alcohol by volume at SOOF., in accordance with the principle adopted by Sikes in compiling his hydrometer tables. 333 The Report of the Government Chemist, for the year 1932-1933, has recently been published by H.M.Stationery Office, gd. net. “Onthe State of the Public Health” is the title of the Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health for the year 1932. Pp. 266. H.M. Stationery Office, 4s. net. dlThe Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, Explained.”-H. Glyn Jones. With an Introduction by Hugh N. Linstead, Secretary and Registrar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pp. 118. The Special Edition, published in London by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd., may be obtained on application to the Registrar of the Institute,-price 6s. 6d. post free. Part I deals with the profession of pharmacy; Part I1 with the control of poisons; Part I11 contains miscellaneous provisions necessary for the enforcement of Parts I and 11, and provides for variations in the Act as applied to Scotland.The following abstract from the Author’s Preface is of interest to Fellows and Associates of the Institute :-“The right to the title ‘chemist’ is no longer exclusively reserved to pharmacists or their representatives or corporate bodies carrying on the business of chemist, but no other persons may use the professional titles in connection with the sale of goods by retail.” The above refers particularly to Section 3 (Restriction on use of certain titles, etc.), Sub-section I, viz.:-“(I) It shall not be lawful for a person, unless he is regis-tered as a pharmaceutical chemist, to take or use the title of pharmaceutical chemist or pharmaceutist, or for any person unless he is registered as a pharmacist to take or use the title of ‘chemist and druggist,’ or of druggist or of pharmacist or of member of the Pharmaceutical Society, or to take or use in connection with the sale of goods by retail the title of chemist.’’ The Author’s Note on this Section is as follows:-“The new Act preserves the distinction between the titles ‘pharmaceutical chemist ’ and ‘pharmaceutist,’ which are 334 reserved to those who have passed what was commonly known as the ‘major ’ examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, and the titles ‘chemist and druggist’ and ‘pharmacist,’ which may be used alike by those who have passed either the ‘ major ’ or the ‘minor’ examination.The title ‘chemist’ is no longer to be restricted by law to those who have passed the Pharma- ceutical Society’s examination, but may not be used except by a pharmacist in connection with the sale of goods by retail. It is difficult to see upon what grounds this alteration in the law could have been resisted. The title ‘chemist’ has been for long in common use to describe those who practise chemistry, whether as analysts or teachers, and the Pharma- ceutical Society has never sought to prevent or desired to prevent its use by such persons, although technically under the Pharmacy Act of 1868 the use of the title ‘ chemist’ in any circumstances by a person who is not a registered pharmacist is illegal.It was sought to persuade the departmental com- mittee that the title ‘ chemist ’ ought not to be used by regis- tered pharmacists at all; but apart from the obvious objections which pharmacists could bring on the strongest grounds, public interest demanded that an artificial limitation should not be placed upon the term ‘chemist,’ which is still in far more common use among the public to describe a registered chemist and druggist than is the term ‘pharmacist.’ ” It may be remarked that the expression- “may not be used except by a pharmacist in connection with the sale of goods by retail” could have been still more clearly and definitely expressed- “may not be used in connection with the sale of goods by retail except by a pharmacist.” British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has recently issued the following Specifications :-No.506-1933. Methyl Alcohol (Methanol). 507-1933. Ethyl Alcohol. 508-1933. Normal Butyl Alcohol (Butanol). 509-1933. Acetone. Price 2s. each, obtainable from the British Standards In- stitution, Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. 335 The Handbook of Information including the Annual Report (1932-1933) and Indexed List of British Standard Specifications was published in July, price IS. Water Pollution Research. Summary of Current Literature.-Vol. VI, No. 9, September, 1933. Issued by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. net. AA Education for Industry and Commerce inEngland.”-The Oxford University Press has announced the publication of the above-mentioned treatise, by Mr.A. Abbott, C.B.E., formerly H.M. Chief Inspector of Technical Schools, with an Introduction by Lord Eustace Percy. Pp. xiv+zz8. 5s. net. Rubber in Chemical Engineering.-The Rubber Growers’ Association has published an illustrated brochure prepared by Dr. H. P. Stevens and Mr. M. B. Donald, Fellows, on “Rubber in Chemical Engineering,” dealing with the properties and chemical resistance of rubber, rubber linings for tanks, rubber paints, cements, and with other uses of rubber in chemical and allied industries. Copies can be obtained, on sending I+d. for postage, to Mr. Frank G. Smith, Secretary, The Rubber Growers’ Association, 2, 3 and 4, Idol Lane, Eastcheap, London, E.C.3.Messrs. Longmans Green & Co., Ltd., have published the. 5th Edition of Dr. R. H. A. Plimmer’s Organic and Bio-Chemistry. 21s. net. 336 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 20th October, 1933, z Fellows were elected, 8 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 71 Associates were elected, and 27 Students were admitted. The deaths of 7 Fellows and I Associate have been reported. New Fellows. Billington, Edward Eric, B.Sc. (Liv.), M.Sc. (McGill), 67, Stanley Street, Liverpool.Watson, Stephen John, I.C.I., Agricultural Research Station, Jealotts Hill, Bracknell, Berks. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Aitken, Harry Arthur Ashwell, M.Sc.(N.Z.), 39, St. Charles Square, London, W.10. Bury,Frank Ward, M.Sc. (Vict.), Sapsed Cottage, Sawbridgeworth. Cocuzzi, Leonidio, B.Sc. (Lond.), 515, Cambridge Road, London, E.2. Cooksey, Arnold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Weston Street, Wigan. Harrison, William Finnemore, M.Sc. (Birm.), 19, Kingscote Road, Croydon. Johnson, Francis Raban, M.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Hallswelle Road, London, N.W.ll. Loach, John Vaughan, Ph.D. (Birm.), Biochemistry Department, The University, Liverpool, 3. Stevens, William Henry, A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Wood Ride Cottage, Petts Wood, Kent. New Associates. Airs, Raymond Spencer, B.Sc. (Lond.), St. Mary’s Road, Oatlands Park, Weybridge.Allum, Reginald Edward, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 70, Rose Hill Park West, Sutton, Surrey.Anderson, Francis Greenwood, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ivy Lea, Baildon, Yorks. Askew, Frederic Anderton, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 11, Fordington Road, London, N.6. Baelz, Miss Irene Katherine Helen, Doktor re techn. (Stuttgart), B.Sc. (Lond.), Bracken, Woodland Way, Kingswood, Surrey. Balfour, Arthur Eadie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Springfield Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham, 14. Bowen, Edgar, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Park Road, Hengoed, Glam. Broomhead, Cecil Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.), 198, Lodge Road, Winson Green, Birmingham, 18. Brown, William Burns, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Benmore, Isaacs Road, Barton, Torquay. 337 Canning, Miss Georgina Elizabeth, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), St. Clements House, 20-28, Bolsover Street, London, W.l. Chatfield, Herbert Walter, B.Sc.(Lond.), 64, Sutherland Road, W. Croydon. Clarke, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 296, Katherine Road, London, E.7. Clemow, Percy Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Canford Road, London, S.W.ll. Coleman, Cecil Maltwood, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Ltd., 54, Parliament Street, London, S.W.l. Cooper, Norman Eric, 31, Nicholls Street, West Bromwich, Staffs. Currington, Miss Joan Muriel, 173, Ashgate Road, Chesterfield. Dyson, Neville Bingham, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 6, St. John’s Mount, Easingwold, Yorks. Earp, Thomas Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Brushfield Street, Hyson Green, Nottingham.Finklestone, Eli, 24, Greek Street, Liverpool, 3. Garrett, Horace Edward, 113, Colin Crescent, The Hyde, Hendon, London, N.W.9. Gartshore, John Ferguson Cockburn, B.Sc. (Glas.), 12, Clouston Street, Glasgow, N.W.Goldenberg, Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 46, Oxford Gardens, London, W.10. Gyles, Thomas Benson, M.Sc. (Melbourne), 2, Greenway Road, Redland, Bristol. Hall, Frank Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham,Halliday, George Gerrard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 91, Hale Lane, London, N.W.7. Hatton, John Percival, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 47, Upper Lloyd Street, Moss Side, Manchester, 14. Hawes, William Bernard, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 102, Durham Road, London, S.W.20. Heading, William Richard, B.Sc.Pharm. (Glas.), 19, Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow, N.W. Heron, Neil, 36, Dansie Street, Liverpool, 3. Higgins, Albert George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Colfe Road, London, S.E.23.Holt, Paul Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Keythorpe Street, Leicester. Hutt, George Manson, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 35,Ennerdale Road, Kew Gardens, Richmond. Jackson, John Fabian Brindley, B.Sc. (Mane.), 45, Derbe Road, St. Annes, Lytham-St. Annes, Lanes. Kingcome, John Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mewstone, Searle Road, Farnham, Surrey.Krishnan, Palamarneri Sivasubrahmanya Sastri, M.A. (Madras), Chemical Laboratory, New Custom House, Bombay. Leemann, Walter Gustav, B.Sc. (S.A.),P.O. Box 556, Pretoria, S. Africa. Lloyd, Peter, B.A. (Cantab.), c/o Gas Light & Coke Co., Watson House, Nine Elms Lane, London, S.W.8. Macnair, John Aitken, 39, Monksbridge Avenue, Knightswood, Glasgow, w.3. Manken, Eric George, B.A. (Cape), Fairdale Road, Fairmead Estate, Diep River, Cape, S.Africa. Manning, George Bernard, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 16, Stanlow Villas, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire. Marriott, John AIbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 96, Coventry Road, Market Har- borough.McGhee, Miss Nora Innes, B.Sc. (Glas.), 57, Cresswell Street, Glasgow, W.2. McKinlay, Robert Hay, 415, Shields Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Merry, James Shankland, 17, Mayfair Avenue, Gt. Crosby, Liverpool, 23. Mitchell, William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh. Morris, Benjamin Stephen, B.Sc. (Glas.), Clydesdale Bank House, Rothesay, Bute, Scotland. 338 Morrison, Ian Hugh, B.A. (Cantab.), 10, Myddleton Park, London, N.W. Narayana Iyer, Subramania, M.A. (Madras), Acting Senr. Asst. to Govern- ment Analyst, King Institute, Guindy, Madras, India.Oakley, Henry Bowen, M.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), D.I.C., 3, Magdalene Lane, Barrack Road, Christchurch, Hants. Orchard, Edwin Retief, B.Sc. (S.A.), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.Orkin, Wilfred Aubrey, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), By-product Works, Waschbank, Natal, S. Africa. Peacop, James Thomas, A.M.C.T., 42, Windsor Road, St. Andrews Park, Bristol, 6. Pullen, Gilbert George Sargeant, 30, Jubilee Avenue, Whitton, Middx. Richardson, Thomas Norman, B.A. (T.C.D.), 30, Trinity College, Dublin. Rodway, Leslie William, B.A. (Cantab.), 34, Graham Road, Pendleton, Salford, 6, Manchester. Shanks, Samuel, A.M.C.T., 28, Green Lane, Bolton, Lancs. Shaw, Frank, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 29, Scott Park Road, Burnley, Lancs.Srikantan, Bhavani Subrahmanya, B.A., D.Sc. (Dacca), Lecturer in Technical Chemistry, College of Engineering, Madras, India. Stevens, Sidney George Edward, 30, Raul Road, London, S.E.15. Stows, Francis Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Margravine Gardens, London, W.6. Tanner, Gerald Evelyn, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 52, Park Road, London, S.E.21. Tattersall, Jeffrey, 232, Briercliffe Road, Burnley. Waller, Miss Edith Kate, B.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Wroughton Road, London, S.W.11. Wallis, Norton James Hugh, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 36, Sydenham Road, Cotham, Bristol, 6. Watkins, Sidney Bevan, M.Sc. (JT7ales), 12, Bishops Road, Whitchurch, Glam. Waye, Basil Edmund, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Clydach Road, Enfield, Middx. Webb, Denis, B.Sc.(Birm.), c/o Shanghai Waterworks Co., Ltd., 484, Kiangse Road, Shanghai, China. Welsh, William Cameron, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Lochiel, Highfield, Eaglescliffe, Co. Durham. Westhuyzen, Johannes Petrus van der, M.Sc. (Stellenbosch), Lecturer in Chemistry, Agricultural College, Cedara, Natal, S. Africa. Wilson, Miss Beatrice Muriel, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), Higher Trevarrick, St. Austell, Cornwall. Young, James Hunter, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Upper Hornsey Rise, London, N. 19. New Students. Abbott, Arthur Horatio Alldridge, 49a, South Street, London, W.l. Berry, Frank, 2, Park Street, Beeston, Notts. Booth, Frederick Leslie, 50, Gillott Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Cavanagh, John Charles, 162, Gloster Street,, Subiaco, W. Australia. Clark, Raymond William Kingsley, 133, Woodside Avenue, Green Lane, Coventry.Cochrane, John, 31, New Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire.Cook, Leslie Arthur, 408, Billinge Road, Highfield, Pemberton, Wigan. Honey, Robert Stanley Joseph, 179, Clifton Street, Swindon. Isaacs, Elias, 68, Rangefield Road, Bromley, Kent. Johnston, Thomas Alexander, 31, Orchard Road South, Edinburgh, 4. Kenny, Robert Leopold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Cranmore Avenue, Osterley Middx. 339 Lewis, David Trefor, 126, Albert Road, Stechford, Birmingham, I). Niblock, Hugh, Woodwynd, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Parkin, George, 23, Carnaby Road, Sheffield, 6. Partridge, Maurice William, 30, Byron Close, Newark, Notts. Passey, Herbert Francis, 179, Greenway Road, Widnes.Price, George Henry Stuart, 1, Crescent Road, London, N.8. Radford, George Harry, 3, Fullwood Avenue, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. Smith, Alan Jack, 38, Bramshot Avenue, London, S.E.7. Spencer, John George, 26, Clarendon Street, Earlsdon, Coventry. Streeton, Reginald Douglas, 197, Clock House Road, Beckenham. Swire, William Hedley, Noyna, Bow Lane, Leyland, Lanes. Tracey, George, 6, Eagle Street, Blackburn. Turner, Wilfrid Osman, 67, Scar Top, Lockwood, Huddersfield. Wass, Noel Heathcote, 178, Kings Road, New Oscott, Birmingham. Woodman, John Vere, Sway Road, Lymington, Hants. Young, John Thomas, 188, Grange Road, Kings Heath, Birmingham. DEATHS. Fellows. Edward Theodore Brewis. John Christian Briinnich. David Douglas Hamilton. Alfred Edward Johnson, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.1.VCTilliam John Livingston. Thomas Wilson Stuart. William Thomas Thomson, O.B.E. Associate. Walter Whitley, B.A. (Oxon.). CHANGE OF NAME. Bernard Beilensohn, Associate, to Bernard Beilenson-by Deed Poll. Caroline Alice Rachel Park, Associate, to Caroline Alice Rachel Little- on her marriage. Coming Events. 1933 November 6th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): Joint Meeting with the Food Group. Jubilee Memorial Lecture. Dr. L. H. LAMPITT, “Some Fundamental Scientific Pro- blems of the Food Industry,” at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccsdilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. OF8th INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY (Newcastle Section) : Annual General Meeting. OF FUEL:Drs. J. G. KING, L.HORTON, INSTITUTE and F. A. WILLIAMSon “The Progressive Action of Hydrogen on Coal,” at the Chemical Society, at 6 p.m. HALIFAX TEXTILE SOCIETY: Councillor W. A. BROOKon “Factory Management ,,’ at Building Trades Exchange, Halifax, at 7.30 p.m. OF9th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (South Wales Section): “Some applications of Magnetism to Chemical Problems.” (Chemical Society Lecture). Professor S. SUGDEN,D.Sc., A.I.C., at Swansea. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group): Joint Meeting with the Oil & Colour Chemists’ Association. Dr. L. A. JORDANwill open a discussion on “The Function of Paint as a Metal Preservative.” Institute of Chemistry, Russell Square, at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Manchester District): “Molecules Pictorial.” Prof. J.E. LENNARDJONES,D.Sc. F.R.S. 10th OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION “Cooking of Oils,” T. MCQUILLEN, B.Sc. “Discussion on Laboratory Problems,” introduced by Dr. V. G. JOLLY, B.Sc., A.I.C. Reynolds Hall,’ College of Technology,Manchester. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN. “The Shape of Molecules.” N. V. SIDGWICK,M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY13th INSTITUTION (London and Dis- trict section): Joint Meeting with Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association. “The Use of Rubber in Paint Vehicles,” Dr. H. P. STEVENS and NOEL HEATON. First Avenue Hotel, High Holborn, London, at 7.30 p.m. 14th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group): Conference on “The Mechanical Testing of Bituminous Road Materials.” Public Works, Roads and Transport Exhibition, at the Royal Agricultural Hall, London, at 11 a.m.and 3 p.m. OF (London):THE INSTITUTETHE PLASTICSINDUSTRY “Synthetic Varnishes,” Dr. G. E. HAEFELY. Windsor Castle Hotel, Victoria, S.W.l. 341 November OF16th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : General Discussion on Professional Matters. Cardiff. The CQEMICAL SOCIETY: Discussion on “Condensed Aromatic Ring Systems,” to be opened by Dr. R. FRASERTHOMSON. Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. 1, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTION : President’s Reception. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS INSTITUTION : General Meeting.OF MININGAND METALLURGY Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTION (Midland Section) :OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “Latex Processes,” Dr. PAULKLEIN. Grand Hotel, Birmingham, at 7.30 p.m. OF17th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Streatfeild Memorial Lecture. Mr. H. F. E. HTJLTONon “Beer,” at the Institute, at 8 p.m. BIOCHEMICALSOCIETY DINNER : 21st Anniversary. Hyde Park Hotel, London, S.vIT.1, at 8 p.m. OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) :ASSOCIATION Annual Dinner and Dance. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) : Dr. A. F. KERTESS,on “New Methods for the Examination of Scouring Products,” at Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, at 7 p.m. OF20th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Leeds Area Section): Dr.S. GLASSTONE,on “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry,” at the University of Leeds, at 8 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : “Naphtha-laden Atmospheres and a Rapid Method for their Analytical Examination,” D. F. TWISS, D.Sc., F.I.C., F.I.R.I. and F. A. JOXES,B.Sc., A.I.R.I.(Sc.). Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. 21st INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Huddersfield Section) : Major F. A. FREETH,on ‘‘Drikold.” Technical College, Queen Street, Huddersfield, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Joint Meeting with Birmingham Section of the Society, in Birming-ham. “Some Chemical Aspects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins,” GEORGE DRING, at 8 p.m.22nd INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London Section) : Annual General Meeting, at Slater’s Restaurant, 55, High Holborn, at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section) : Annual General Meeting. ‘‘Manufacture of Sugar from Beet,” by Prof. A. O’FARRELLY,M.A., F.I.C. University College, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, at 4.30P.M. 342 November OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY22nd INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) : “Progress in the Use of Latex in Rubber Manufacture as revealed by Patent Literature,” R. F. MCKAY, M.Sc., Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., M.1.Mech.E. The Institution of En-gineers and Shipbuilders, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, at 7.30 p.m. 23rd-24th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Food Group): Three sessions, Thursday afternoon, Friday morning and afternoon.International Symposium on “Bread and Milk.” Hall of the British Medical Association, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. Followed by a Dinner at the Trocadero Restaurant. 24th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : Discussion on “The Chemical Aspects of Optical and Morphological Crystallography.” (Chemical Society Meeting). Cardiff. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN: “Liquid Crystals.” Sir WILLIAM BRAGG, O.M., K.B.E., M.A., at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W. 1, at 9 p.m. OF27th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) : Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society, at the University. Lecturer: Mr. C. E. TOMPKINS,B.Sc. 28th ANNUALCHEMICALDINNER:Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, at 7.30.December 1st OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:Informal Meeting. ROYALINSTITUTIONOF GREAT BRITAIN : “The Making of a Sheet of Glass.” Major R. M. WEEKS, at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. 4th SOCIETY (London Section): Mr. E. A. OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY COOKEand Mr. J. C. SWALLOW,“The Control and Measure- ment of Temperature in an Industrial Laboratory,” at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. SOCIETY (Yorkshire Section) : JubileeOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Memorial Lecture. “Biochemistry and the Manufacture of Fine Chemicals,” Dr. F. H. CARR, C.B.E., F.I.C. 6th INSTITUTION (West of EnglandOF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Section): “The Causes of Tyre Failure,” Dr.J. G. MACKAY. Town Hall, Trowbridge, at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS: Ordinary Meeting. Burlington House, Picca- dilly, London, W.1, at 8 p.m. OF7th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(Manchester Section) : Dinner and Dance, at “The Manchester Ltd.” THECHEMICALSOCIETY: Ordinary Scientific Meeting. Bur-lington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF BREWING(North-Eastern Section) : Professor N. M. COMBERon “The Effect of Soil Reaction on Plant Growth.” Queen’s Hotel, Leeds, at 7 p.m. 343 December 7th INSTITUTION (Midland Section): OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “Tyre Curing Bag Problems,” J. MATTINSON. Victoria Hotel, Wolverhampton, at 7.30 p.m. 8th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(South Wales Section) : Notes on the Extraction and Refining of Parafi Wax, E.THORNTON, B.Sc., A.I.C., Swansea. 10th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Irish Free State Section): Visit to Carlow Sugar Factory. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY11th INSTITUTION (London and District Section): “Developments in Tyre Building,”F. A. NICHOLAS. First Avenue Hotel, High Holborn, London. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY12th INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) : Cinematograph Evening. Films will be shown dealing with rubber footwear manufacture, cable manufacture, tyre manufacture and raw rubber. Reynolds Hall, College of Technology, Manchester, at 7.30 p.m. 13th INSTITUTION (West of England OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Section): Annual Dinner.14th OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Mr. w. E. WORNUM on “Some Observations on Colloidal Behaviour in Paint and Varnish Systems,” Part 11. 15th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, by Dr. HERBERT “The Chemist as a directingLEVINSTEIN, force in Industry,” at 8 p.m. OFROYALINSTITUTIONGREAT BRITAIN : “Industrial Research: A Business Man’s View.” Mr. KENNETH LEE, LL.D., at the Royal Institution, 21, Albemarle Street, London, W.l, at 9 p.m. 19th INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) : ChristmasOF CHEMISTRY Lecture. (Popular Lecture.) Cardiff. INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) :OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY “Tubing Machines and Extrusion Problems,” H.WILLSHAW. Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce Rooms, 25, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m.21st THE CHEMICALSOCIETY:Ordinary Scientific Meeting. Bur-lington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTIONOF MINING AND METALLURGY: General Meeting. Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 5.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTION. Sir WILLIAM BRAGG, O.M., K.B.E., F.R.S., will deliver a course of lectures on ‘I Liquid Crystals,” on Tuesdays, 21st, 28th November, 5th, 12th December, at 5.15 p.m. Subscriptions payable by non-members : 10s. 6d. ARMOURERS’AND BRAZIERS’COMPANY:A course of three lectures on “Gases in Metals” will be given at King’s College, London, by Prof. D. HANSON, D.Sc., on the 9th, 16th and 23rd of November, at 5.30 p.m. Admission free, without ticket. 344 General Notices.Lecture.-The Council, in collaboration with the Leeds Area Section, is glad to give notice that Dr. Samuel Glasstone, Fellow, Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, University of Sheffield, will give a Lecture, in the New Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, on Monday, 20th November, at 8 p.m., on (‘Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” Fellows of the Chemical Society and Members of the Society of Chemical Industry and of other Scientific Societies will be welcome, and, as the subject is one of much importance and this is the first occasion on which an “Institute” lecture, announced from Headquarters, has been arranged to be given in a provincial centre, the Council hopes to see a large attendance of Fellows and Associates. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Mr.H. F. E. Hulton, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 17th November, at 8 p.m. The subject selected by the lecturer is- $6 Beer.” S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 15th December, at 8 p.m. He has selected as his subject: (‘The Chemist as a directing Force in Industry.” All Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will also be open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College.Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than members or students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. 345 Annual Chemical Dinner, 1933.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Tuesday, 28th November, in the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London, N.W.I. The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Leverhulme will preside. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets, price 12s. 6d. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, White-hall Court, London, S.W.1.Examinations, 1934,-The arrangements for examinations during 1934 will be as follows:-FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. Monday, 6th November, 1933. 8th to 13th January. } (Notebooks: 15th December.) Monday, 5th February, 1934. (Notebooks: 16th March.) 9th to 14th April. 17th to 22nd September, Monday, 9th July, 1934. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 7th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 16th to zIst April. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 24th to 29th September. Monday, 9th July, 1934. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 4th June, 1934. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1934, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 11th December, 1933.I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th March, 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stefford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northempton. 346 Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line.The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, Suff olk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith- ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfrew, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad.The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council. 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a)may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Mondayin December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in 347 our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next af the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membershipof the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.348 V. After the &st election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who will have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson.Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North-West Coast :William Roscoe Hardwick, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : Edward Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, Ph.D., D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce, M.C. GIasgow and West of Scotland: Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth :Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State : Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad :Edward John Way. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933,to work of the character indicated. 349 Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1934,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit, and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1933,and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 350 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates ,and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p,m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 351 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. 2d. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. 2d.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 352 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Appointments Register. A Register of chemists who are available for appointments, or who are seeking to improve their positions, is kept at the office of the Institute. The facilities afforded by this Register are available (gratis) to Companies and firms requiring the services of Chemists, and to Universities, Colleges and Technical Schools requiring teachers of chemistry and technology.A List of junior assistants is also available. All communications to be addressed to The Registrar, The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square , London, W.C.I. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700269

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Decembey, 1933 Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R, M. CAVEN, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 355 Proceedings of the Council.At the Council meeting held on 17th November, reports were received from the Finance and House Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Publications Commit tee. The Finance and House Committee reported, inter alia, that legacies to the General Fund account and the Benevolent Fund account of k500 each, bequeathed by the late Mr. Joseph Gordon Gordon, Fellow, had been received from the trustees. Correspondence was received from the Bristol and South Western Counties Section regarding the general facilities which are afforded by the University of Bristol to members of the Institute and other chemists in the district, both in respect of the University library and rooms for meetings. The Council expressed its appreciation of the action of the University in this respect and expressed the hope that the Section would reciprocate, so far as it was able, in the interests of the University.A discussion took place upon the report received from the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section,-particularly with reference to the place of chemistry in the education of boys up to the age of 16 years. The report was accompanied by a letter from Professor G. R. Clemo, of Armstrong College, intimating that the Board of Education appeared to hold the view that science in schools up to the first (School) certificate stage should be based primarily on physics and biology. The Section regarded it as desirable that members should be cognisant of the alterations indicated, and it was felt that the Council should consider the effect of such changes on the scientific equipment of ordinary educated citizens, as well as on prospective entrants to the profession of chemistry. The Section transmitted a resolution in the following terms:- “That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry in particular on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of 356 Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science com- prising elementary physics and biology.” The subject will be placed on the agenda for the meeting of Council to be held on the 26th January, 1934, and Professor G.R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, has been invited to attend on that occasion. The British Standards Institution invited the Council to express its views on the need for producing a list of mutually agreed specifications for analytical reagents, as distinct from the specifications published by individual manufacturers. It was recalled that the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts had published a List of Reagents, during the war, in order to encourage manufacturers to produce such materials in this country when supplies were unobtainable from Germany. The Council felt that the specifications published by individual firms were sufficient, and that there did not appear to be any pressing necessity for the British Standards Institution to proceed with the matter.The Council concurred in the appointment of Examiners under the scheme for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, Northern Ireland, for which it is understood a number of candidates will be prepared to present themselves in 1934. The Council gave instructions for the distribution of Professor Morgan’s Three Lectures, embodying a Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry, to Universities and Colleges. The Publications Committee reported on arrangements made for lectures, and recommended that the Registrar’s lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” which, modified from time to time, had been given before every Local Section of the Institute in Great Britain and Ireland, and else- where, be printed and published by the Institute.The lecture, having already been published by the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, arrangements were made whereby the standing type and blocks for the illustrations were available for the use of the Institute. At the meeting held on 15th December, in addition to receiving reports from the Standing Committees, the Council decided to invite Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Inspector of Schools, Board of Education, to the conference on the place of chemistry in school education. 357 Preliminary arrangements were made for the nomination of members for the new Council, to be elected on 1st March.Dr. E. Vanstone, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, was nominated by the Committee of the Section to succeed Mr. Edward Russell as District Member for Bristol and the South-Western Counties. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on four new cases which required immediate substantial help. The Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough, was added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. Poisons Board.-The Under Secretary of State for the Home Office has informed the Council of the Institute of the constitution of the Poisons Board, appointed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,on which the Institute is represented by Dr. G.Roche Lynch, O.B.E. The Board consists of the following:- Sir Gereld Bellhouse, C.B.E. (Chairman) Secretary of State forSir Walter Greaves-Lord, K.C., M.P. Sir William George Lobjoit, O.B.E., J.P. the Home Depart- M.H. Whitelegge, Esq. ment,.J. M. Johnston, Esq.,M.B., F.R.C.S. (Edin.). .. Secretpry of State for IScotland. J. N. Beckett, Esq. G. F. McCleary, Esq., M.D. Minister of Health.I= H. E. Dale, Esq., C.B. .. Minister of Agricultureand Fisheries. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., LL.D., Ex-oficio as Govern-F.R.S. (or Deputy). ment Chemist. J. H. Franklin, Esq. H. N. Linstead, Esq.G.A. Mallinson, Esq. Pharmaceutical Society E. T. Neathercoat, Esq., C.B.E., J.P.of Great Britain. P. Sparks, Esq. Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Royal College of Physi-M.D., B.Sc. cians of London. R. Stockman, Esq., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P. . . Royal College of Physi-(Edin.). cians of Edinburgh. S.A. Smith, Esq.,M.D.,M.R.C.P.,D.P.K. .. General Medical Council. G. Roche Lynch, Esq., O.B.E., M.B., F.I.C. .. Council of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland. J.W. Bone, Esq., M.D. .. British Medical Asso- ciation. 358 The members of the Board are appointed for three years, as from 1st November, 1933. Mr. M. D. Perrins of the Home Office has been appointed Secretary to the Board, and Mr. K. B. Paice, also of the Home Office, as Assistant Secretary. Building Research Board.-Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., has been re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Standing Advisory Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research which is concerned with the scheme for utilising the services of approved laboratories in connection with the testing of building materials.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Sixteenth Streat-feild Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute, on 17th November, by Mr. H. F. E. Hulton, Fellow,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The subject selected was “ Beer.” The President reminded the meeting that the lecture had been established by old students of Finsbury Technical College in memory of a Fellow of the Institute who had been a teacher in the college for many years, and had taken part in the education of a large number of those who had subsequently become members of the Institute.At the conclusion of the lecture, Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Hulton, which was seconded by Dr. Beaven, and carried with acclamation. The President then presented Mr. Hulton with a bronze medal, kindly given by the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a portrait of Streatfeild. The lecture will be published as a separate monograph. The Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute on 15th December by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, who selected for his subject ‘*The Chemist as a Directing Force in Industry.” The lecture will be published in due course as a separate monograph.The President reminded the members that the lecture had been instituted at the suggestion of the Chief Chemist and the 359 chemical staff of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., in order to provide annually, in memory of Mr. S. M. Gluckstein, a lecture illustrating the importance of chemistry to the general community, to industry and commerce. At its conclusion, the President remarked that it seemed to him that chemists of the present day were being more closely brought together, and that happier relations existed between them than in the past. Dr. Levinstein had referred to the incidents which might be described as romances of industry, and he had reminded them of the history of artificial indigo.Recently, in an investigation into effects which occurred in glazed-iron pans, used in the manufacture of dyes, it was found that the existence of pin-pricks in the glaze resulted in action between the exposed iron and the dyes, which seriously affected the value of the latter, As a result, a new series of colouring matters was discovered which would withstand the heat of fused glass, the action of the strongest reagents, and also light. A vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. L. H. Lampitt, seconded by Dr. J. T. Dunn. Dr. Lampitt, in expressing his appreciation of the lecture, said that Dr. Levinstein had introduced views on the philosophy of life and themes lying rather outside the ordinary sphere of the chemist.He had given them food for thought, and a discourse which would encourage extra enthusiasm for their profession. Dr. Dunn commented specially on Dr. Levinstein’s remarks regarding the value of a scientific training. *A Official Chemical Appointments.”-The eighth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments” is now in proof and about to go to press, with a view to publication early in the new year. 360 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The first meeting of the present session was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Academic Institution, Belfast, on 24th October, when Dr. W. Honeyman, Chairman of the Section, gave a paper on Analytical Methods of the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932,and a further paper on the Changes in Pharmacy Law on Great Britain brought about by the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1933.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. R. D. Little- field presided at a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Bristol University on and November, when Mr. G. S. Fawcett gave an address on “!Colour Measurement.” After defining ‘‘colour ” as a term used to describe the quality of the sensation which is stimulated when light falls upon the human eye, the speaker proceeded to define light by quoting passages from Sir William Bragg’s book The Universe of Light. A lantern slide illustrating the formation of a spectrum was shown, and the sorting out of the different wave lengths explained.The conditions which affect colour were then considered, and the standard sources of illumination defined and specified by the International Commission held at Cambridge in 1931 were reviewed. The difficulties of obtaining a satisfactory daylight in most industrial areas were mentioned together with the variations in the intensity of daylight. Mr. Fawcett referred to a number of Colour Charts which had been published, such as the Munsell in America, and another by the Repertoire de Couleur in France. Forms of Comparator employed, varying columns of liquid of predetermined composition as standards, generally referred to as colorimeters, were explained. Sub-tractive and additive colorimeters were briefly described, and the different methods employed by Lovibond and Jones in the former category, and by Guild and Ives, in the latter, were discussed.The Guild Colorimeter was the standard apparatus 361 used at the National Physical Laboratory, and was undoubtedly, from a research standpoint, of extreme value. An interesting discussion followed, in which a large number of members took part. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr. Maxted. A meeting of the Section was held at the Bristol University, jointly with the University Chemical Society, on 27th November, when Mr. F. C. Tompkins gave a lecture on L6 Quanta and Chemistry,” in which he gave a general survey of the quantum theory and its significance in chemical science.He said that the original quantum theory was propounded by Planck, as a result of investigations of the emission spectra of hot bodies. Although this was apparently a return to the corpuscular theory, the quantum and wave theories were not really con-tradictory, but complementary. When the electronic theory of atomic structure was in its infancy, it was found that attempts to explain emission spectra through it, by the application of classical mechanics, led to insur- mountable difficulties. Bohr, therefore, cast off the fetters of Newtonian mechanics, and propounded his revolutionary theory of atomic structure and spectra. Since the original theory of circular electron orbits did not account for all the spectral lines- especially their fine structure-elliptical orbits and other refine- ments had to be introduced.Mr. Tompkins explained the significance of the four quantum numbers and enunciated the rules which limit them, He described briefly how the application of Pauli’s exclusion principle led to the theoretical explanation of the Periodic System. The explanation of valency by the combination of unpaired electron spins was also given, and it was shown that this indicated the possibility of divalent helium, evidence for which had been found, and that tetravalent oxygen, as assumed in oxonium compounds, was impossible. After further illustrations of the way in which these theories had been confirmed by experiment, Mr. Tompkins gave a brief account of wave mechanics.A discussion followed, in which several members participated, and a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. E. Lewis. 362 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section.-The first meeting of Session 1933-34 was held, conjointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 26th October, in the North British Station Hotel, when Mr. Adam Tait, Chair- man of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute, gave his Inaugural Address entitled Science in the Brewing Industry.” In his introductory remarks Mr. Tait said that science offered, in his opinion, the best means of obtaining fundamental facts, and was essential if further progress was to be made in the brewing industry.Beginning with the epoch-making researches of Louis Pasteur, he led up to the work of Kjeldahl on the diastase of malt, and showed how other workers had utilised Kjeldahl’s “Law of Proportionality ” in general enzymic investigations. He dealt at some length with the practical applications of Serrensen’s “classical” work on hydrogen-ion concentration estimation in brewery control, and showed the important signi- ficance of electrometric titrations in malt extracts and beers, and how a measure of the potential basicity could be deduced from the results. The nitrogen question in brewing was undoubtedly compli- cated, but the lecturer pointed out inter aZia the “buffering” effect of the complex nitrogenous substances which were present in barley and degraded during the malting and mashing process.Yeast depended on these degradation products for its reproduc- tion, and so it was obvious that its life-history was bound up closely with the nitrogenous substances in barley, an opinion held by those responsible for the Institute of Brewing Research Scheme. Part of the lecturer’s address was taken up with the chemistry of hops, and he showed how it had been made possible to estimate the preservative power of hops by chemical means, and how the hop-grower was now in a position to select hops for cultivation which would suit the brewer’s requirements in this respect. He also made suggestions to chemists for further lines of work which he thought might lead to a more economical use of hops in practice.The “Log Phase Method” of Walker and his collaborators was referred to, and the possibility of this method of estimating very small differences in antiseptic potency being extended, with advantage, to medical researches. The use of the a-acid of hops, comparatively easy to obtain in a crystalline form, and being, weight for weight, about IOO times as potent as carbolic acid as an antiseptic in certain cases of stomachic indigestion, was sug- gested as a possible aid to the welfare of mankind. The question of “wild” or “disease” yeasts, and methods for eliminating them, were discussed by the author, and in a general summary he claimed that the present-day brewer with modern plant and stricter laboratory control was better equipped to turn out a regular article of inestimable value to all concerned.In conclusion, the lecturer said an alternative title to his address might have been “Brewery Control by a Modern Labora- tory,” and urged real collaboration between the technical and laboratory staffs as the only way to bring the efforts of science to fruition in the brewing industry. In the discussion which followed, Mr. Tait was asked if the use of pure yeast in Denmark and Germany had any practical advantages over our methods, and if it led to a more regular standard. Mr. Tait replied that it was very difficult to compare the two systems of brewing. One point in favour of the lager beer system was that fermentation and storage were carried out under practically aseptic conditions at a very low temperature, and so there was much less chance of “wild” yeasts developing to an extent to cause, say, hazy beers. Nevertheless, as mentioned in the lecture, the yeast had to be changed at intervals for some reason which at present was not quite understood.Replying to a question about the benefits of pasteurisation of beer, Mr. Tait was of the opinion that pasteurised beer lost a great deal, if not all, of its dietetic value, compared with the beer produced in this country, Asked if it would not be possible to utilise a portion of the 90 per cent. of the antiseptic substances of hops lost before the final beer was produced, Mr. Tait said that this was exactly what he meant when he stated that the chemist had wide scope for research; in fact the matter was engaging the attention of those responsible for the Hop Researches of the Institute of Brewing.A vote of thanks to Mr. Tait was proposed by Mr. Gall, a member of the Institute of Brewing, who thanked the members of the Institute of Chemistry and Society of Chemical Industry for inviting members of his Institute to the lecture. The second meeting of session 1933-34 was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 364 24th November, when Mr. William Bain gave a paper entitled L‘ Plastics and their Application to Friction Fabrics.” The lecturer stated that vast quantities of resins and plastics were utilised to meet the world’s requirements, and, as the sources of natural or fossil resins were by no means abundant, it was possible that the supplies might become exhausted.In many of the old formula-books mention was made of varnishes made from amber and other resins which to-day are sold at so much an ounce. With the passing of these raw materials which were at one time abundant, the synthetic resins had come into their own, due to the labours of research chemists who had demonstrated that it was possible to equal and, in many cases, surpass the natural products. Plastics was the name given to materials which, when sub- jected to heat and pressure, assume a particular shape or form. Plastic materials might be made from (I) natural resins, (2) cellulose products, (3)casein obtained from milk, (4) synthetic resins.When mixed with fillers and colouring matter, and moulded at high temperature and pressure, these materials produced articles of great beauty which could be utilised in many different ways. Mr. Bain dealt particularly with the fabrication of brake and clutch linings used in automobiles and also with many industrial applications. In the early days of the motor industry futile recourse was had to such materials as hard rubber, cotton, leather and various woods; eventually metal to metal contacts were used. All these materials proved unsatisfactory, in many cases with disastrous results. The salamander-like characteristics of asbestos had been known since Roman times, but had remained of more or less academic interest until the adoption of the steam engine about the middle of the last century.Rapid progress had been made in the scientific production of brake linings. The lecturer described how the asbestos rock, which was quarried in various parts of the world, was treated in suitable textile machines, and, mixed with small proportions of cotton and brass wire, was woven into fabric of any desired weave. After impregnation with pitches and oils, the asbestos was pressed to form the bonded friction linings. Brake linings made from these materials, he said, were also not entirely satisfactory, as the pitches tended to soften under the influence of the heat generated by the friction, causing the brake blocks to adhere 365 to the drum.This objection had been largely overcome by using synthetic resins in place of pitches. These resins were quite infusible at the temperatures usually reached in the brake drum of an automobile. The lecture was illustrated by a number of lantern slides showing various stages in the manufacture and testing of the friction material, and numerous examples of raw, intermediate and finished products were exhibited. After a number of questions had been asked by members of the audience and answered, the meeting closed with .a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Bain. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th October. The report of the Honorary Secretary showed that the Section had met on eleven occasions and that eight of these meetings had been held jointly with other chemical societies, not including a meeting convened by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, at which Lord Rutherford delivered the Thomas Hawkesley lecture on “Atomic Projectiles and their applications.” Reference was also made to the fact that a local examination for the Associateship of the Institute had been arranged for Scottish candidates, and that seven had presented themselves in Glasgow in September. The Section had encouraged support of the Benevolent Fund, and acknowledged the help given by Mr.T. Cockburn in dealing with cases arising in the Section area. Mention was also made of the help rendered by Mr. J. R. Ferguson in connection with the Appointments Register, and of the interest taken by Professor R.M. Caven and Dr. P. F. Gordon, Members of Council, in local affairs as also in the general work of the Institute. The Committee of the Section also reported that arrangements had been made to provide lectures-of the nature of “refresher” courses-on recent advances in organic and physical chemistry. A Joint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and representatives of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce was held in the Royal Technical College, on 3rd November, when Mr. Thomas Ramsay, the representative of chemical industry on the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, gave an interesting survey of the work of this body with special reference to chemical affairs.366 The remainder of the evening was devoted to a discussion on the recent Report issued by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Scottish National Development Council, of which copies had been circulated to all members prior to the meeting. On 24th November, at the Royal Technical College, Dr. S. H. Tucker, of Glasgow University, gave a lecture on recent work in Organic Chemistry. He emphasised that many important sections of modern work had, on account of time limitations, to be omitted; that the lecture aimed at introducing elementary matter in each section treated, so that those who had not been in touch for some time with such work would have their memories (‘refreshed ” before the latest research was considered.The lecture provided a connecting link of development of the subject, which was illustrated by lantern slides. A synopsis, with references for further reading, was distributed to the audience. As a basis for comprehension of recent research work the electronic theory of valency was dealt with fairly fully; after which the stereo-chemistry of S, N, Be, B and 0 was reviewed, special stress being laid on the tetrahedral configuration of these atoms. The Beckmann Transformation involving trans migra-tion was introduced. Chelate compounds naturally received attention. The stereochemistry of strainless rings, cis and trans decalins, and of diphenyl derivatives was demonstrated with models. The thread of the lecture was then broken to deal with the Grignard reaction and the valuable applications of dioxan.The naturally occurring products were next considered-sugars (&oxide rings) ; proteins (Fischer’s early work, Troensegaard’s porphyrin-like units, Abderhalden’s diketopiperazine rings, Sorensen, and work on P content) ; alkaloids (Robinson’s syntheses under biological conditions, Winterstein and Trier’s generalisation) ; and vitamins (latest work on A, B,, C and D). The impetus given to research by the suggestion (Rosenheim and King) that the chrysene skeleton, and, better (Wieland and Dane), that the (‘modified ” chrysene skeleton is the fundamental unit of the bile acids, cholesterol, ergosterol, vitamin D,and of the hormone oestrin. The possible extension of it to carcinogenic compounds was mentioned, and all these substances were examined from this new standpoint.Prof. W. M. Cumming expressed the appreciation of the Section for nr. Tucker’s lectiire, and remarked that the numbers 367 present-about zoo-indicated the popularity of this type of lecture. The Annual Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which the Societies connected with chemistry and chemical industry in the neighbour- hood of Glasgow participated, was held at the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 8th December-Sir Arthur Huddleston, Director of the Royal Technical College, presiding. The company included Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, President of the Chemical Society; Dr. J. T. Dunn, President of the Society of Chemical Industry; Professor G.G. Henderson; Dr. William Cullen; Professor F. J. Wilson; and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. The following report has been abstracted from The Glasgow Herald. In submitting the toast of “The Profession of Chemistry,” Sir Arthur Huddleston recalled instances of his experience concerning chemistry in the Sudan, where for several years he occupied administrative posts. In a case of suspected murder, part of a wall on which there was found a fresh smear of blood was removed and sent to the Wellcome Research Laboratory at Khartoum. When the results of the chemist’s analysis arrived they cleared the suspect of the charge, as it was definitely estab- lished that the blood was bovine. Chemists in the Sudan did much besides merely detective work.There was an extensive irrigation scheme which covered over 600,000 acres and cost nearly ~zo,ooo,ooo. In planning that scheme great difficulties had to be faced. The land had not been irrigated before, there was scanty rainfall, and a com- plete lack of fertility statistics. The promoters of the scheme had therefore to rely largely on science. Holes were dug in the ground at regular intervals, and samples of the surface soil- and that at a greater depth-were taken and analysed. From the data thus acquired a chemical survey map, very much like a contour map, was drawn up. The scheme was then laid out and the work started. That irrigation scheme, on which the whole prosperity of the Sudan was built up, would always require scientific help, and it was really a question of how many chemists would be required.Another branch of chemistry with which he came in contact in the Sudan was railway chemistry. As a layman he was 368 surprised when he heard of the proposal to appoint a chemist to the State railways, and he remembered with delight how, when being responsible for the finances of the country, he received a statement which clearly showed that the chemist had saved his salary many times over. The coal supplies came from Natal, thus avoiding Suez Canal duties. The chemist examined, for ash content, samples of all the coal coming into the country, and was thus able to select the coal which was best suited for railway purposes.That incident was vividly brought back to his mind when he visited the Scottish Station of the Fuel Research Board, which was situated in the Royal Technical College. There Mr. Skilling and his staff were preparing a survey of all the Scottish coalfields. He wondered if coalowners and consumers realised the great benefits to be derived from exact knowledge of the proper- ties of different types of coal. When he first arrived in the Sudan he saw a great number of derelict indigo plants, which were then only suitable for foundations for a type of house for which there was no demand. He inquired about these, and found that an enterprising Arab had in the early 'eighties attempted to form a natural indigo industry. However, before the industry had started, synthetic indigo was prepared.That had been brought back recently to his mind when he saw work being done in the chemistry depart- ments of the Royal Technical College on new dye-stuff inter- mediates. The production of synthetic indigo had originated in Germany, but he was proud to think that the beginnings of the synthetic dye-stuffs industry had been laid by Sir William Perkin, who at one time was professor of chemistry in one of the colleges now merged in the Royal Technical College. In the Sudan no serious adjustment was necessary subsequent to the production of synthetic indigo, as the industry had not been started, but in other countries the position was not so fortunate. It was one of the great responsibilities of scientists that, by introducing new processes, they tended to displace labour from old industries and cause economic difficulties.That was a problem which must always be faced. It was his firm belief, however, that once the machinery of finance was again in full working order and the laws of supply and demand were following their normal course, the introduction of new processes would in the long run produce more work than it displaced. There was a difficult time ahead. There were many countries which had been predominantly agricultural and were now becoming more 369 and more industrial. Rationalisation was afield everywhere, and labour was less mobile, owing to the social legislation which had been introduced in recent years.The adjustment during the introduction of new processes would be more difficult than it had been in the past. To meet these difficulties more and more organisation was required, and the chemical societies would have to take their full part in such organisation. It was con- ceivable that they might have to rationalise themselves. Professor G. T. Morgan, President of the Chemical Society, who acknowledged the toast, referred to the great assistance that was rendered to students of chemistry in Scotland by the Carnegie Trust. During the last five years, he said, the Trust had offered facilities for between 70 and 80 of the more promising Scottish chemical students to pursue their studies in research. These students had reached a very high standard in the profession.It was not until recently that Scotland went in for the manu- facture of dye-stuffs, but its development in that direction had been wonderful, and they must not take a pessimistic view of the future prospects of chemical industries in Scotland. Dr. William Cullen proposed the toast of “Our Guests,” which was acknowledged by Dr. J. T. Dunn, President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Technical College, Huddersfield- jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,-on zIst November, when Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., Joint Research Manager of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on ‘(Drikold.” Major Freeth traced the history of the development of the science of refrigeration, from the discovery of the critical state by Andrews, to the present practice of refrigeration by solid carbon dioxide. The industrial applications of solid carbon dioxide, as a refrigerant and as a source of gaseous carbon dioxide, were illustrated by a series of lantern slides, and by demonstrations with a liquefier and an ice cream conserver. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, moved by Dr.A. E. Everest, and seconded by Professor N. M. Comber. 370 Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 22nd Novem- ber,-Mr. l3. G. Fagan presiding. The Committee for the Session was elected as follows:- Professor W.E. Adeney, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. Professor A. O’Farrelly gave a description of the manufacture of sugar from beet as carried out at the Carlow factory. Sugar was first extracted from beetroot nearly zoo years ago (1747) by Marggraf, a druggist in Berlin, who advised farmers to obtain sugar by extracting pulped beet with water, clarifying the juice with albumen, filtering and evaporating. This advice contained in a brief and simple way the essential stages of the manufacturing process still employed for obtaining sugar from beetroot. The long experience gained by manufacturers since then has naturally led to vast improvements in the techriique and plant used at each stage.At Carlow, the beets containing on the average 16 per cent. of sugar are floated into the factory from the storage silos and hoisted to the washers where adhering soil is removed. Thence they pass to the cutting machine where they are sliced into thin narrow chips, which are conveyed to the diffusion battery con- sisting of 16 diffusion vessels, which are filled and emptied in rotation in such a manner that fresh water meets the chips which have been repeatedly extracted, while the fresh chips are put in contact with the solution which has already passed through all the other diffusers. The juice is thus obtained, using the minimum quantity of water, and is then purified by addition of milk of lime followed by treatment with carbon dioxide.The carbonate of lime, so formed, carries down with it much of the albuminoids and organic acids present, which are removed by filterpressing. The clarified juice is treated with sulphur dioxide which removes excess of lime, neutralises alkalinity and also decolourises the juice. After filtration the juice, which novy contains about 13 per cent. of sugar, is concentrated until the sugar content rises to about 70 per cent. ; this involves evaporation of enormous quantities of water (at Carlow about 350,000 gallons per diem),-a process which is effected economically in a quadruple effect evaporator. The resulting thick syrup is then boiled in vacuum pans to effect the crystallisation of the sugar.This very important cen I \/ I I I / I / /I , I /’ I / I / I /’ /-Centrifuged fN Ln 6 {g Molaasea Mixed with afanation syrup N.B.4olida 0 ; Solutione 0 ; Solid + solution &B 372 Beet Slices 17% Sugar. AHot water in Diffusion Battery (7OOC.): Limed Juice. / Pressed Pulp 80% -0.I CO, till Juice Mixed with molasses, v /contains -09% CaO. dried by hot gaa from I. Saturation <-Filtered \i/ coal furnace. Slime. I Molassed Pulp{ :!;$;%$*V I. Saturation Juice (Purity 88-90).\$ r408till -03% CaO. 11. $aturation f-Filtered. Slime. I V 11. Saturation Juice (Purity 90-92).J,, 4-SO, till -~ti--.o~ocao. 111. Saturation f-Filtered.Slime (trace). I V 111. Saturation Juice (&ty 92-93.6).,/, f-HeatwithDecolourisingCharcoal { ‘‘~~~m~n”} Filter and Heat. IV Outcooker Juice (Purity 93-93.5). Filter and Best. Iw 1244% Sugar Juice 6crs0%{Purity 92-6-94 373 process demands a high degree of skill and experience on the part of the operator in charge. (Formerly the work was neces- sarily carried out by experienced Belgian workers, but some Irish workers have now attained sufficient skill to be put in charge of the process.) The resulting mixture of syrup and sugar crystals, called massecuite, is centrifuged to remove the syrup; the crystals are then washed, dried, sieved, and weighed into sacks for the market. An additional yield of sugar is obtained from the syrup by further concentration in vacuum pans.The uncrystallisable syrup left, called molasses, is mixed with the exhausted chips, dried by hot gases, and sold as cattle food. The annual sugar campaign at Carlow lasts about IOO days, the daily output of sugar being about 250 tons. Professor O’Farrelly illustrated the various stages of the manufacture by means of the flow-sheets on pages 371and 372. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor O’Farrelly for his interesting lecture. Members of the Section visited the Carlow Factory of the Irish Sugar Manufacturing Company on 10th December, when a party of thirty was conducted over the factory by Mr. M. Freeman and Mr. G. C. A. IVilkin. Leeds Area Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 20th November, at the University of Leeds,- Professor Frederick Challenger in the chair.Messrs. R. Gawler, C. H. Manley, H. M. Mason, and W. A. Wightman were elected to serve on the Committee. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected Honorary Auditors. Professor Challenger then welcomed Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, President of the Institute, whom he invited to take the chair. After presenting certificates to seven new Associates, Professor Thorpe called on Dr. S. Glasstone to give his lecture on Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” The lecture, of which the following is a very brief outline, will be published as a separate monograph, 374 Electrometric methods may be conveniently divided into two sections, namely conductometric and potentiometric.Deter-minations of conductivity have played an important part in the development of the modern theory of electrolytes and have also been used to study the hydrolysis of salts, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, the ionic product of water and the dis- sociation constants of acids and bases. Apart from matters of theoretical interest, conductometric methods have found application in analytical work; the neutralisation of strong and weak acids (done and in mixtures), the displacement of a weak acid from its salt by a strong acid, and the precipitation of insoluble salts may be followed by conductometric titration. The chief development in the technique of conductivity measure- ment concerns the use of the thermionic valve as a source of symmetrical A.C., and various methods for its rectification, so as to permit the use of direct current instruments as detectors and simplification of the apparatus for conduct ome tric titration.By measuring the E.M.F.'s of suitable cells it is possible to determine the transport numbers of ions, the valencies of ions, and the heats of certain reactions with considerable accuracy. The study of single electrode potentials is important for the deter- mination of pH; for this purpose various electrodes, e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, air, antimony, quinhydrone, and glass have been used. The amplifying properties of the thermionic valve have been applied, both with and without a potentiometer, to measure E.M.F.'s of high and low resistance cells, particularly for purposes of potentiometric titration.A potentiometric method of a quite different type is that involving the "dropping mercury cathode ''; the apparatus, known as a "polarograph '' is of the automatic self-registering type and, by means of it, solutions containing as little as IO-~ g.mol. per litre of any ion or reducible substance may be analysed. The apparatus has also been used in connexion with fundamental physical problems, such as overvoltage, electrolytic reduction, and the stability of complex ions. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, and seconded by Professor H.M. Dawson, was carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 9th November at the University of Liverpool, when Professor 375 A. Robertson, Professor of Organic Chemistry of the University of Liverpool, read a paper entitled “The Insecticides and Fish Poisons of the Derris root and related compounds.” . Professor Robertson dealt with the subject from the view- point of the organic chemist, discussing the synthesis of the various derris root products such as Rotenone and its related substances Deguelin, Tephrosin and Toxicarol. Slides were shown illustrating native methods of extracting and using various fish poisons. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer by a large and appreciative audience. The attention of members of this Section is drawn to the invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture to be delivered in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Liverpool, on 5th January, at 6 p.m., when Dr.L. H. Lampitt will deliver the lecture entitled “Some Fundamental Problems of the Food Industry.” Manchester and District.-On 7th December, Mr. F. Scholefield presided at the Annual Dinner and Dance which was held at “The Manchester, Ltd.,” and attended by nearly 300 members and their friends. The guests included Professor J. F. Thorpe, President of the Institute, Mr. C. H. Creasey, H.M. Inspector, Board of Education, Mr.John Allan, President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and Mrs. Allan, Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Dyestuffs Group, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and Mrs. Cronshaw, Dr. A. Schedler, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mrs. Schedler, Principal Mouat Jones (College of Technology), Professor I. M. Heilbron, Mr. S. A. Brazier, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, and Mrs. Brazier, Mr. and Mrs. Crosland, Mr. E. B. Hughes, Honorary Treasurer, Society of Public Analysts, and Mrs. Hughes, and the Registrar of the Institute, and Mrs. Pilcher. The President replied to the toast of “The Institute,” proposed by Mr. Creasey, and Mr. John Allan replied for “The Guests,” proposed by the Chairman.After the dinner, the evening was devoted to dancing and a cabaret. 376 The Section is greatly indebted to Dr. A. Coulthard, Hon. Secretary of the Section, and to Dr. 0. R. Howell and his staff of stewards, for the arrangements made for a most enjoyable evening. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East Coast.-A meet-ing of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 25th October, when the Chairman, Professor G. R. Clemo, opened a discussion on *( Chemistry and the Public.” The discussion, in which sixteen members participated, was resumed and considerably amplified on the conclusion of the general business of the Annual Meeting of the Section held on 8th November. Professor Clemo received the thanks of the members for his address, of which the following is a brief summary:- He dealt with the obligations of the chemist in matters of everyday social life and international affairs.He pointed out that the publicity of chemistry which was desirable involved the better education of the public, and, referring to the publicity nowadays given to physics, due to the popularised work of outstanding physicists (e.g., Rutherford, Eddington, Jeans, etc.), stressed the real need in these days for interpreters of chemistry. This aspect of the question was illustrated by articles in the issue of The Observer for 13th November, one on “Infinitesimal and Infinite,’’ based on Eddington’s work, and another on “The Thyroid Gland,” which, although of a chemical nature, was by a medical correspondent.Moreover, he (Professor Clemo) thought that ministers of religion might do something towards removing, instead of encouraging, the popular conception of the antagonism between Religion and Science-especially chemistry. On the positive side, he outlined the achievements of the chemist under the three “proficiencies” of the diarist Evelyn- (i) Health, (ii) Profit, and (iii) Beauty. (i) Under Health,-life expectancy had been increased, largely owing to the application of chemical knowledge to questions relating to the purity and proper supply of water and food, improved sanitation, and the numerous aids which the chemist has given to medicine. 377 (ii) Under Profit,-among many instances quoted, were the increased yields of foodstuffs (due largely to synthetic manures), their preservation and transport, (iii)While, under Beauty, were included references to the production of clothing (especially cellulose products) and the multifarious applications of dyestuffs, from coal-tar, etc., serving to illustrate the beautifying influences of modern chemistry. In the ensuing discussion several speakers testified to the great ignorance of the general public-even of so-called educated people-on chemical matters of the utmost importance to their we1fare.To meet the evident need for a campaign to educate the public in an appreciation of the chemist’s work, strong support was given to the practical suggestions made by Dr.Sayce, viz. :-(I) The immediate appointment, by the committees of the local chemical and semi-chemical societies, of press representa- tives who should be chemists possessing journalistic ability. The representatives should be required to attend all meetings of their respective societies and to send accounts of the proceedings to the local newspapers. Such accounts should possess real “news value,” be accurate in detail and be written in such a manner as to excite the interest and curiosity of non-technical readers. The representatives should receive adequate payment from the societies concerned for each article published. (2) The establishment, as soon as possible, of a national ‘‘ Chemical Press Bureau” to provide the chief newspapers, magazines and news agencies with an adequate and continuous supply of articles on:- (a) The progress and discoveries of pure chemistry.(b) The achievements of purely chemical industries. (c) The contributions of chemistry to industry in general. (d) The contributions of chemistry to public health, nutrition, and medicine. While the members of the bureau should be primarily chemists, it was essential that they should have had journalistic experience. Articles emanating from them must have sufficient popular appeal to insure their immediate acceptance by editors. These should be well-informed and accurate, and should fulfil their purpose of keeping the work of chemists constantly before the public.378 (It is of interest to note here that on the lines of suggestion (a) above, at the instigation of this Section, a Publicity Officer has already been appointed by the Newcastle sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chemical Society, and the Bedson Club.) Various speakers referred to certain ‘‘ popular ” chemical articles of value which had appeared in the press, and suggested that if and when the various chemical interests in this country were united, machinery such as was indicated in @)-above- should be set up at headquarters. It was further suggested (by W. M. Madgin) that increased vigilance of the Institute, and action where necessary with the State Departments concerned, should be encouraged with regard to the regulations relating to chemical matters involved, eg., the road transport of chemicals,-a parallel to rail transport in this connection being apparently non-existent. During the course of the discussion attention was repeatedly directed to the educational aspect of the question, and the chairman mentioned the possibility that, in the near future, the formal study of chemistry might largely disappear from the education of boys up to the age of sixteen.Earnest consideration of this matter was given by the meeting. Dr. P. L. Robinson expressed the general feeling that such a step, which would seriously diminish the quantitative side of science teaching, would be profoundly detrimental to the incul- cation of the principles of scientific method, and therefore to the interests of education as a whole.At the close of the discussion the following resolution was moved by Professor Clemo, seconded by Mr. Muddiman, and carried unanimously :-“ That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry, in particular, on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science com- prising elementary physics and biology.’’ On 3rd November, at the invitation of the Bedson Club, members of the Section attended a meeting at Armstrong College, 379 at which Professor H.L. Riley presided, and Professor R. A. Peters, Whitley Professor of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, delivered the Twenty-third Bedson Lecture, in which he dealt with “Some Recent Aspects of the Vitamin B Complex.” (This lecture has been reported in Chemistry and Ind&yy,-17th November, 1933: Vol. 52, No. 46, page 929.) At the Annual General Meeting, referred to above, held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club, on 8th November, the Committeds report and the Hon. Treasurer’s financial statement for the year ended 31st October were received and approved. The report showed that eleven meetings, including the Joint Annual Dinner, were held during the Session.The apparently increasing desire in recent days for closer co-operation in the activities of various scientific bodies was reflected in the increased number of meetings held jointly with other Societies during the past Session. Four joint meetings were held with the Society of Chemical Industry, one with the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, and three with the Bedson Club, other Societies being also represented at most of the meetings. The membership of the Section comprised 43 Fellows and 109 Associates resident in the Local Sectional Area, the total being the same as for 1932, viz., 152. Attached to this Section there were 17 registered Students, as compared with 15 in 1932. The officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Prof.G. R. Clemo (Chairman), Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. J. H. Jones, Mr. E. W. Muddiman, Dr. A. Rule, Dr. L. A. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker (Hon. Treasurer), Mr. M. A. W. Brown (Hon. Secretary), and Hon. Auditors: Messrs. H. C. L. Bloxam and A. F. McCarley. Votes of thanks were accorded to Dr. J. T. Dunn for his services as Chairman during the past year, to Mr. N. Dawson for his services as Honorary Treasurer during the past four years, and to Mr. E. W. Muddiman for his assistance as an Auditor. Scotland.-A syllabus of technical meetings to be held during the months of January/May, 1934, in Glasgow and Edinburgh, has recently been issued by the Association of Secretaries of Technical Societies in Glasgow.The Convener of the Chemical Group is Mr. E. M. Melville, M.A., B.Sc., A.I.C., West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow, C.2. 380 Notes. Professional Procedure in the United States of America.-The News Edition of Industrial and Engineerivlg Chemistry, dated 10th September, 1933, contained particulars of a code for professional conduct, which has been approved by the Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers in the United States, and filed with the National Recovery Admin- istration in Washington. The Code is divided into two parts, the first referring to fair competition, and the second to ethics and interpretations. The Code applies to every person engaged in consulting chemistry and chemical engineering.It provides that no person employed with the industry shall be permitted to work more than an average of forty hours per week during any three months’ period, or more than forty-eight in any one week; but this does not apply to out-side salesmen, to persons employed in adminis- trative capacities, to employees engaged in protecting against hazards, to repair crews, or to trained employees in emergency work. The Code prescribes a minimum wage of fifteen dollars weekly for persons employed in the industry throughout the United States, except in that part south of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers and east of the Mississippi, where the minimum wage shall be twelve dollars weekly. Amongst other provisions,- employees are to have the right to organise and bargain collec- tively through representatives of their own choosing, and to be free from the interference, restraint or coercion of employers of labour or their agents in the designation of such representatives, or in self-organisation or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.Each employer shall comply with the maximum hours of labour, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employ-ment approved or prescribed by the President. The Association is designated as the agency for administering and supervising the provisions of the code, and for receiving communications from the Administrator for National Recovery relating to the industry. The members of the industry, including 381 consulting chemists and chemical engineers, shall be bound by the code of ethics and interpretations, which is to become effective after its approval by the President of the United States, and to remain in force until the expiration or repeal of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The code of ethics provides that every individual on entering the Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers, Inc., shall incur an obligation to advance the science and art of chemistry, to guard and uphold its high standard of honour, and to conform to the principles of professional conduct; that the members shall not knowingly be engaged in illegal work or co-operate with those who are so engaged; that a member shall carry on his professional work in the strict spirit of fairness to clients, and of personal helpfulness and fraternity towards other members of the profession.(Attached to this provision is an “interpretation” to the effect that laboratory notes on which a report is based remain the property of the consulting organisation making the report, and that paid employees of a consulting organisation have no personal property right in notes made in connection with their work for that organisation.) Members must refrain from associating with, or allowing the use of their names by, any enterprise of questionable character. The Code allows a member to advertise, provided that he does so “in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements.” In the interpretation referring to this provision, it is stipulated that the real ownership or control of the laboratory should be disclosed.It is undignified for any member to allow his photograph to be reproduced in any advertising matter, or to allow his reports to appear in advertisements without his having checked them and given his written consent to the publication. If any such reports are deemed deceptive to the public or prejudicial to the dignity of the profession, the Association may consider this sufficient cause for the termination of the membership of the individual concerned. If a member is requested by clients to undertake work which seems to present improbability of successful results, he shall so advise before undertaking the work.He must be conservative in his estimates, reports, and testimony in connection with the promotion of business enterprise. He shall not accept compensa- tion, financial or otherwise, from more than one interested party without the consent of all parties concerned, or commissions from outside parties on sales to his clients without their know- ledge, but he is not debarred from accepting employment from more than one client where there is no conflict of interest. He shall not use any unfair, improper or questionable methods of 382 securing professional work or advancement, and shall decline to pay or accept secret commissions for securing such work. It is allowable to pay fees to a recognised employment bureau or similar agency for consultant work. He may use all honourable means in competition to secure professional employment, but shall not, by unfair means, injure directly or indirectly the professional reputation, prospects or business of a fellow member, or attempt to supplant a fellow member.He shall not knowingly accept employment by a client while the claim for compensation or damage, or both, of a member previously employed by the same client remains unsatisfied, or until such claim has been referred to arbitration, or issue has been joined at law, or unless the member previously employed has neglected to press his claim legally. He shall be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enables him to recognise.He shall not attempt to compete with a fellow member on the basis of professional charges. The Association does not dictate to its members the fees they shall charge, but it regards it as unethical and contrary to the best interests of the profession for an individual organisation to maintain a sliding scale of fees, the basis of which is not thoroughly understood by other members. He shall not accept any engage- ment to review the professional work (except journal articles and similar scientific publications, and in litigation) of a fellow member without the knowledge of such member, or unless the connection of such member with the work has been terminated. He shall so far as possible in consulting work fix fees suffi- ciently high to warrant complete and adequate services, having regard to the time and labour involved, the novelty and difficulty of the matter, the experience and skill necessary, whether the employment precludes other employment or would involve the loss of other business, the magnitude of the matter and of the benefits resulting to the client, the character of the employment, and whether the work is undertaken for casual or for regular clients.The code provides that members engaged in teaching and research work shall be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients, but it is regarded as prejudicial to the profession that such services should be rendered at fees which ignore the cost of equipment, supplies 383 and overhead expenses.The members should resist any effort of a client to have his fees reduced without real and sufficient cause, although controversies with clients regarding compensation should be avoided. There should be no hesitation to apply to the courts to prevent injustice, imposition or fraud. When a member conducts his profession through a professional service corporation, and represent at ives of that corporation conduct themselves otherwise than in accordance with the code, it is the duty of the member to induce the representatives of the corporation so to conduct its business as to harmonise with the principles which the Association has laid down for the conduct of its members, or to sever his connection with the professional service corporation.While the above code is interesting and conveys some useful suggestions regarding professional procedure, it differs in some important respects from the ethics generally accepted by pro- fessional men in this country. For example, in Great Britain and Ireland, and in most parts of the British Dominions overseas, advertising for practice and the giving of certificates for advertis- ing purposes are discouraged. Moreover, the code adopted by the American Association appears to suggest that it is permissible for a member of the profession to undertake what is usually described as ''cover" work,-work undertaken for an unqualified person or agency which will in all probability issue a report as if he or the agency had undertaken the work.Edward Frankland.-In October, at the Storey Institute, Lancaster, the Mayor, Mrs. A. E. Helme, formally opened and named the new Frankland Laboratory. The Mayor said it was fitting that she should refer to the distinguished chemist after whom the laboratory was named, and to his association with Lancaster. Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute of Chemistry, was born in 1825 at Churchtown, near Garstang, and lived at Lancaster from about the age of five years almost continuously until he left for London to work with Dr. Lyon-later Lord-Playfair. He was educated at a private school kept by Mr. Willasey and at the Lancaster Free Grammar School, and subsequently apprenticed to Mr.Stephen Ross, a pharmacist in the town. Frankland, moreover, had given his first lecture at the Old Mechanics Institute, upon which site the present Storey Institute was built. 384 The Mayor said she had pleasure in declaring the Laboratory open for the study of chemical science, and it would be called the Frankland Laboratory, in the hope that the life of him whose name it bore might be an unfailing source of inspiration to those who prosecuted their studies therein. The Lancastrian Frankland Society has issued a syllabus of meetings to be held at the Storey Institute during the present session. Harrison Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Bernard Howard, Fellow, delivered the Harrison Memorial Lecture before the Pharmaceutical Society on 12th December, taking for his subject “Cinchona and Civilisation.” Mr.Howard was presented with the Medal instituted in memory of Colonel Edward Frank Harrison. The Annual Chemical Dinner, in which fourteen societies interested in chemistry participated, was held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, London, on 28th November,- Viscount Leverhulme in the chair. Sir Ernest Benn was the guest of the evening, and proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” to which the Chairman replied. Beit Fellowships.-The next election of Beit Scientific Research Fellows will take place in July, 1934. Fellowships are tenable for two years and are of the annual value of &50. Candidates must be under 25 years of age, and must have taken a degree at an approved university or have passed another examina- tion approved by the trustees. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded.Applications must be forwarded not later than 12th April, 1934,to the Rector, Imperial College, South Kensing- ton, London, S.W. Warning.-Chemists in various parts of the country have lately again been receiving visits from an imposter impersonating a Fellow of the Institute and seeking financial assistance. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar, in order that (in bona Jide cases) they may be assisted promptly from the Benevolent Fund. Complaints have also been received regarding vendors of rugs, etc., who have visited members of the Institute, pretending that they have been introduced by officers or members of the Institute. 385 Obituary.FREDERICK BRANSONWOODWARD died at Far Headingley, Leeds, on 30th November, in his 82nd year. He studied chemistry in London, attending courses under Prof. H. E. Armstrong and under Attfield at the School of the Pharmaceutical Societ,y ;and metallurgy under Huntington at King’s College. He qualified as a pharmacist and passed the majorexamination of the Pharmaceutical Society. At King’s College he was Clothworkers’ Science Prizeman, and was for some time demonstrator in the metallurgical laboratory. In 1883 he setbled in Leeds, where he became engaged with Richard Reynolds in the manufacture of purechemicals, apparatus, and laboratory equipment, in which he continued until his retirement in 1931.During the war he was an active worker in connection with the provision of laboratory glass and porcelain ware apparatus, when supplies from the Continent were cut off, and in 1918 read a paper on “Some Aspects of the Scientific Glassware Industry,” before the Leeds Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. EDWARDJOHNVENN CONOLLYdied at Newark, Notts., on 13th November, at the age of 30 years. He was educated at Mount School and Magnus Grammar School, Newark, and studied chemistry at University College, Nottingham. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1923, and two years later joined the staff of the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd.(I.C.I.) as a research chemist. Later, he was transferred to the manufacturing staff, and in 1927 he was appointed a Plant Manager at Dalton, Huddersfield, retaining this position until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. FREDERICKLUCASLE FPVRE died of peritonitis, while on holiday at Bradford, on the 19th October, aged 36 years. He was the son of the Rev. F. W. Le Fbvre, and was educated at Ampleforth College and at the University of Leeds. He served in the war as a Lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery, and saw much service on the Western Front. In 1922 he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in Colour Chemistryand later proceeded to M.Sc.Also, in 1922, he obtained an appointmentas chemist and dyer with Brysilka Ltd., at Apperley Bridge, near Leeds, where he remained until 1931, in which year he went to Guernsey and became engaged in tomato growing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. HARCOURTGEOFFREY GIBBS died at “Sand Tiles,” Merrow, Surrey, on 22nd July, in his 37th year. Educated at Worcester Grammar School, he matriculated at London University and studied at King’s College from 1912 to 1915, and, in due course, was awarded the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.). He was engaged for a time at the King’s Norton Metal Company before joining the Royal Garrison Artillery, in which he held a commisaion until 386 early in 1917.He was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps until the end of the war; he then returned to his own regiment, from which he retired in 1927, when he was appointed one of H.M. Inspectors of Explosives, Home office. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. THOMAS HOLDENHALSTEAD died suddenly at Cartmel, near Ulverston, on 10th June, in his 46th year. Educated at Wallasey Grammar School, he matriculated at London University in June, 1905, and became engaged MI an assistant chemist in the analytical laboratories of Messrs. Evans, Sons, Lescher & Webb, Ltd. From 1909 to 1911 he studied at the Uni- versity of Liverpool, where later he continued research in collaboration with Professor Harvey Gibson and Dr. A. W. Titherley. He graduated B.Sc.(Liv.) with honours in chemistry in 1911, and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1913. He devoted special attention to anti-fouling and anti-corrosive compositions for ships’ bottoms, and also published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, joint papers with Dr. Titherley on the mechanism of reaction between acyl chlorides and primary amides, and benzotrichloride and primary amides, respectively. In 1922 he established a works for the manufacture of anti-fouling compositions. Later, this was formed into a company (Everclean Antifoulings, Ltd.), of which he became a Director, and he continued his research in these matters until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. BAL DEV KAURA died at Delhi on the 29th June, in his 31st year.He was educated at the Government College, Lahore, the University of Utah and at Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A. He graduated B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering, and subsequently proceeded to M.Sc. in the Punjab University. In 1924 he was appointed Reader in Mathematics, and Graduate Assistant in Chemistry in the University of Utah, where he subsequently held a Research Fellowship in Chemistry in 1926 and 1927. Towards the end of the latter year he was appointed Graduate Assistant in Chemistry in Purdue University, where also he held a Research Fellowship from 1928 to 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. WILLIAMPARTRIDGEdied at Wimbledon, on 10th December, in his 53rd year. He studied at the Finsbury Technical College under Meldola, Silvanus Thompson and Dalby, from 1897 to 1900, and became an analytical assistant under William Chattaway, and Mr.C. G. Moor, with whom he was engaged mainly in the analysis of food and drugs, and the bacteriological examination of disinfectants, foods and waters. In 1905 he joined Mr. Moor in private practice, which he subsequently continued independently until his death. He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst to the County Borough of Burton-on-Trent, joint public analyst with Mr. Moor for the County of Dorset and the Boroughs of Penzance and Poole. He was author of Aids to Chemistry, published in 1921; Aids to Bacteriology, of which the fourth edition was published in 1922, and compiled a Dictionary of Bacteriological Equivalents in Five Languages, published in 1927.He was also joint author, with Mr. Moor, of Aids to the Ana.Zysis of Food and Drugs, of which the fourth edition was published in 1918. He was a past Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts, and a frequent contributor to its proceedings. He was a member of the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute, and was very helpful in compiling Appendix IV of the seventh edition of 387 the “List of Official Chemicai Appointments, ‘’ giving a summary of legis-lation, government departmental regulations, recommendations, etc., relating to the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, affecting the appointments and duties of public analysts, official agricultural analysts, water examiners, etc.He had also kindly undertaken to revise the same part of the eighth edition. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1902, and a Fellow in 1905. GEORGETATE died at Prenton, Birkenhead, on the 24th November, in his 76th year. Born at Hastings, he was the son of Thomas Tate, a well-known educationalist of his day and mathematics master at the National Society’s Training College, Battersea. He was educated at the City of London School and afterwards studied chemistry under Will at Giessen, and Wislicenus at Wiirzburg, graduating Ph.D. at the latter University. The subject of his dissertation was “Nonsymmetrical Di-methyl Succinic Acids and Propyl-and-Isopropyl- Malonic Acids.” On his return to England he took over the College of Chemistry,Liverpool (founded by Sheridan Muspratt) and devoted his energies to teaching chemistry, at the same time carrying on an analytical and consultingpractice.From about 1890 to 1915 he was head of the Chemistry Department of the Liverpool Technical School and, from 1893 until September, 1933, head of the Chemistry Department of the Birkenhead Technical School. At the time of his death he was engaged on an investigation into the constituents of Tantalite and Columbite, searching for a constituent which he believed to be present, but had not previously been discovered. He had few interests outside science, and while he made chemistry his life’s work, he found recreation in the study of geology, mineralogy, botany and bacteriology. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Mr.F. Robertson Dodd, immediate Past Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section, and several other Fellows of the Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, served as a Member of Council from 1922 to 1925, and for several years was the active repre- sentative of the Benevolent Fund Committee for the Liverpool and North- West Coast District. 388 Books and their Con tents. The following book has,Ibeen presented by the British Non- Ferrous Metals Research Association :-"Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph," being some experiences of the application of the Spectrograph to the Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys.D. M. Smith. Pp. xi + 114. (London: British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association.) 10s. 6d. General principles; the spectrum and its photography; qualitative and quantitative analysis ; the standardisation of technique ; quantitativeinterpretation of spectrograms; assay of Zn, Sn, Pb, Cu; scope and value of spectrographic methods. Presented by the Publishers :-"Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-Book of." Fritz Ephraim,. English Edition. P. C. L. Thorne. Second Edition-Revised and Enlarged. Pp. xii + 874. (London: Gurney and Jackson.) 28s. net. The elements; halogen compounds; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; the nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group; elements of the fourth group (and boron); rare earths, alloys, radioactivity ;Appendix; Tables; Indexes.Sir James Dewar.-Mr. H. Young has kindly presented the Institute with a brochure-" A Record of the Scientific Work of Sir James Dewar," printed for private circulation, 1933. The scientific papers of Sir James Dewar and colleagues are arranged in sections : Chemical and physical research and physiological action; charcoal and the production of high vacua; spectroscopic investigations ; investigations at low temperatures; capillary and liquid films; bio- graphical; historical. The*Departmentof Scientific and Industrial Research has issued the Report of the Building Research Board for the year 1932. H.M. Stationery Office: 2s. 6d. net, 389 British Standards Institution.-The following British Standard Specifications, prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council, have lately been issued :-No.515-1933. Crude Carbolic Acids 60’s and 45’s. 516-1933. Distilled Carbolic Acids 60’s and 45’s. 517-1933. Cresylic Acid of High Orthocresol Content. 521-1933. Cresylic Acid (50/55per cent. Metacresol). 522-1933. Orthocresol, Metacresol and Paracresol. 523-1933. Phenol. 524-1933. Refined Cresylic Acids, Grades A and B. The Institution expresses the hope that the specifications will be adopted by Fellows and Associates of the Institute wherever possible. Copies can be obtained from the Publications Depart- ment of the British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, 2s.each net, post free, 2s. zd. The World Power Conference has announced the publication of the Transactions of the Scandinavian Sectional Meeting, and of the first Congress on Large Dams, in seven volumes, particulars of which can be obtained from Messrs.Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. Gas Undertakings Acts, 1920 and 1929.-The “General Notification of the Gas Referees,” re-issued 15th November, 1933, is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office,-price 2s. 6d. net. Gas Referees; general notification; issue of special prescriptions; testing places; gas supply to testing places; times of testing; gasexaminers ;representation of gas undertakers ; testing the pressure of the gas; testing the purity of the gas; testing for calorific value; times and forms of gas examiner’s reports ; publication of reports.Appendices. Surgical Dressings.-The Pharmaceutical Society has published a summary of the Principal Standards for Surgical Dressings, recommended by the Dressings Sub-committee of the Codex Revision Committee of the Society. This report has been accepted, provisionally, for inclusion in the British Pharma- ceutical Codex, 1934, and is published by the Pharmaceutical Press, price IS. 6d. 390 The Register. AT the meetings of Council held on 17th November and 15th December, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 42 Associates were elected, and 38 Students were admitted. The deaths of three Fellows and five Associates have been reported.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Costigan, Howard Augustus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), The Lilacs, Horsham St. Faith’s, Norwich. Hey, Donald Holroyde, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), Chemistry Depart- ment, The University, Manchester. Lacy, Sidney Augustus de, 29, Windermore Avenue, London, S.W.19. MacConkey, Charles Alexander Hamilton, D.Se.Tech. (Zurich), National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Thompson, Mark, M.A. (Cantab.), 16, Kingsfield Road, Oxhey, Herts. Ward, Allan Miles, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), Meadowsweet, Woldingham, Caterham Valley, Surrey. Warren, Frederick William, B.Sc.Teeh. (Mane.), 64, South Drive, Chorlton- ville, Manchester. New Associates . Alexander, Joseph Brightwell, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 24, Park Farm Road, Kingston-on-Thames.Balfe, Bernard James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Berber Road, London, S.W.ll. Burns, Ronald Hosendoff, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Atbara Road, Teddington. Cheesman, Geoffrey Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 9, Compton Road, London, S.W.19. Critehley, George Norton, M.Sc. (Sheffield), Ashgate Mount, Broomhill, Sheffield. Dale, Frank Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Easby Mount, Birkhill Road, Bradford. Darby, George Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H.W.C., Caversham, Claygate, Surrey.Darney, Alexander, M.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Joinings Bank, Langley Green, Birmingham.Farmer, Edward Henry, B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.), P.O. Box 259, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand. Ferguson, William Swan, Rotherslade, Orchard Avenue, Burnham, Bucks.Flowerdew, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Birm.), Messrs. Bob Martin, Ltd., Southport.Gething, Harry Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Greenhill Road, Grantham, Lines. Goodwin, Thomas Henry, B.Se. (Birm.), 24, Bournbrook Road, Selly Hill, Birmingham.Hartree, Edward Francis, B.Se., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Coleridge Walk, London, N.W.ll. Hughes, William Frederick, B.A. (Cantab.), Exeter Lodge, Grosvenor Street, Cheltenham, Glos. 391 Jacobs, Harry, B.Sc. (Cape), 10, Military Road, Tamboers Kloof, Cape Town, S. Africa. Jones, John Kenyon Netherton, B.Sc. (Birm.), c/o 790, Washwood Heath Road, Ward End, Birmingham. Kennedy, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 195, Standhill' Road, Nottingham. King, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Roseneath Avenue, London, N.21.Lidstone, Frank BIarshall, Dilham, Lawn Heads Avenue, Littleover, Derby. Lowe, Arthur Reginald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 7, Kemps-ford Gardens, London, S.W.5. Milburn, Denys Percival, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 14, Raymond Avenue, Bury.Miller, John Garnet Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 108, Bramhall Lane, Stockport, Cheshire. Money, Reginald William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tangier Road, Richmond, Surrey.Mortimer, George Abbott, A.H-W.C., 47, Queens Avenue, Blackhall, Edinburgh.North, Harry Ernest, B.Sc. (Leeds), 156, Waterton Road, Lupset, Wake- field. Paver, Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Prospect House, Henconner Lane, Bramley, Yorks. Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Westminster Palace Gardens, London, S.W.l.Preston, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 330, Yardley Road, South Yardley, Birmingham.Record, Basil Roland, I3.Sc. (Birm.), 9, Woodville Road, Harborne, Birmingham.Righellato, Edwin Clemente, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Dorothy Road, London, S.W.11. Roberts, John Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Dewsland Park Road, Newport, Mon. Sandler, Robert, B.Sc.Eng. (Witwatersrand), c/oJ. Chitkin, 30, Abbotsford Place, Glasgow, C.5. Sharratt, Edward, B.Sc. (Birm.), 74, Harden Road, Leamore, TNalsall. Sher, Harry Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 81, Sterndale Road, London, W.14. Short, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Gloucester Road, London, E.ll. Simmons, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Brownberrie Walk, Hors-forth, Yorks. Smith, Eric Hutchinson, M.A.(Toronto), Box 431, Acton, Ontario, Canada. Soulsby, Austen James Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Guisborough Street, Sunderland. Tone, Gerard Monteith, B.Xc. (Lond.), Fawdon, Bury Street, Ruislip,Middx. White, Christopher Fifield, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Station Road, London, N.W.4. Whyatt, Gilbert Henderson, B.Sc. (Mane.), 24, Bucklesham Road, Ipswich. New Students. Anderson, Frank William, 23, Ridley Road, Rochester, Kent. Barraclough, John Marsden, Gates Lodge, Farnley Ironworks, Farnley, Leeds. Bartlett, Kenneth Walter William, 8, Frimley R,oad, Camberley, Surrey. Beecher, Laurence, 31, Paget Road, London, S.E.18. Berry, John Edward Walter, 14, Clarina Street, Lincoln. Browne, Geoffery, 95, Perry Rise, London, S.E.23.Buckley, Frank Cyril, 1, Benchill Crescent, Benchill, Wythenshawe, Mtwchester. 392 Chapman, John Arthur Douglas, Toujours, Gorelands Lane, Chalfont St. Giles. Davies, Philip Morey, 27, Radcliffe Road, London, N.21. Digby, George Harold, Hilary, Watts Wood, Purfleet, Essex. Duckworth, Frank, 1, Station Villae, Hellifield, Yorks. Gloyns, Frank Philip, Homefield, Pinner Road, Piimer, Middx. Hilton, Herbert, 8, Waterloo Road, Waterloo, Nr. Liverpool.Johnson, Thomas Edwin, 50, Old Road, Blackley, Manchester. Kershaw, John Maurice, Sunnymede, Atwick Road, Hornsea, E. Yorks. Lawson, Gavin, 19, Isles Terrace, Newmilns, Ayrshire. McLintie, Ronald Herbert, 56, Totteridge Road, Enfield, Middx. Pamely-Evans, Owen Goronwy, 85, Somerset Road, Newport, Mon.Potter, Frank, 16, Sandygate Lane, Clayton, Manchester. Purdie, Robert Hume, 114, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Pyle, Percival Robert Charles, Maple Leaf Villa, Cam, Glos. Ragg, Leonard William, Suffolk House, Melford Road, Sudbury, Suffolk. Rankin, William Thomas Clibborn, 2, Eton Road, MTest Bridgford, Not tingham . Read, John Scot, 6, Chatsworth Road, London, W.4. Roberson, Edwin Cecil, 88, Messina Avenue, London, N.W.6. Rose, Charles Francis Mathew, 59, Russell Street, London, S.TV.9. Round, Kenneth George, Dinan, Elmdon Lane, Marston Green, Birming- ham. Rowbotham, Robert Welsh, 12, Front Street, Bank Head, Fenco Houses, Co. Durham. Rowell, Aubrey Harry Winter, 31, Hallowell Road, Northwood, Middx. Russell, William Caird, 50, Hereus Loan, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Smith, Edward Fraser, 80, Plumstead Common Road, London, S.E.18.Sneary, William James, 15, Benledi Street, London, E.14. Squire, George Victor Vincent, School House, Winterton, Gt. Yarmouth. Tasker, Hardwicke Slingsby, 152, Abbey Lane, Woodseats, Sheffield. Thurland, Francis Edward, 13, Everest Road, London, S.E.9. Torrance, Sydney, 20, Fair Street, London, E.l. Tracey, Herbert George, Rose Cottage, Longford Hall, Nr. Derby.Woodthorpe, Thomas John, 87, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. DEATHS. Fellows. Frederick Woodward Branson. William Partridge. George Tate, Ph.D. (Wurzburg). Associates. Edward John Venn Conolly, B.Sc. (Lond.). Geoffrey Harcourt Gibbs, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Halstead Holden, B.Sc.(Lond.), M.Sc. (Liv.). Bal Dev Kaura, M.Sc. (Punjab).Frederick Lucas Le FBvre, M.Sc. (Leeds). CHANGE OF NAME. Leonidio Cocuzzi, PeWow, to Leo Cooksey by Deed Poll. 393 Coming Events. 1934 January 5th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Liverpool Section) : Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section and the Food Group of the S.C.I. “Some Fundamental Scientific Problems in the Food Industry.” Dr. L. H. LAMPITT. University of Liverpool, 6 p.m.Visit to the Aintree Factory of Messrs. Wm. P. Hartley, Ltd. 6th SPECIALBRIGADE,R.E.: The twelfth Annual Re-union and Dinner of “Q ” Special Co. R.E. will be held at Anderton’s Hotel, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4, at 7 p.m. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, H.T. Islip, Wa,yside, Iver, Bucks. 8th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers. “Legal Pitfalls for the Chemical Engineer. J. DAVIDSONPRATT and G. S. W. MARLOW. Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, 6 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING (London Section) : 30th AnnualOF General Meeting. “The Season’s Hops.” F. S. JACKSON and W. L. MOORE. Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, W., 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (London and District Section): “Accelerators Derived from Piperidine.” M. W. PHILPOTT.“Accelerators as an Aid to Quality.” M. JONES. “Accelerators as an Aid to Production.” A. H. SMITH. First Avenue Hotel, High Holborn, W.C. SOCIETY9th PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREATBRITAIN: “Isoprene as a Fundamental Unit in the Synthesis of Plant Products.” Professor I.M. HEILBRON,F.R.S. 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, 8.30 p.m. Exhibition of Scientific Instruments.-The Physical Society has announced that the 24th Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, from Tuesday, 9th January, to Thursday, 11th January, inclusive ; 3 p.m. to 6 p-m., and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on 9th and 11th January, and 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on 10th January. 9th INSTITUTEOF METALS (North-East Coast Section) : “PhysicalProperties of Deposited Weld Metal in the Arc-Welding and Atomic Hydrogen Processes.” C. R. DEGLOXand L.MILLER. Armstrong,College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 7.30 p.m. 10th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section):OF Film Exhibit. Royal Belfast Academical Institution, 7.46 p.m. 394 1934 January 11th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL ~NDUSTRY (Bristol Section) : Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group of the S.C.I. and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associat’ion. “Development of Synthetic Pigments and Resins.” NOELHEATON.Univer-sity, Bristol, 7.30 p.m. 12th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Joint Meeting with the Chemical Engineering Group. ‘L Plastics as Engineering Material.” H. W. ROWELL. Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, 8 p.m. 17th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and S.E. Counties Section): “Developments in the Coal Industry.” Dr.J. G. KING, F.I.C. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. 18th LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : Informal Dinner ; Prof. H. E. ARMSTRONG, F.R.S., in the Chair. 24th TEXTILEINSTITUTE(Oldham Technical Association) :“The Selection of Oil for Industrial Purposes.” F. J. SLEE, at the Municipal Technical College, Oldham. SOCIETY (Food Group) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the British Association of Refrigeration. “Refri-geration in the Food Industry.” Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1, 8 p.m. 29th TEXTILEINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Textile Society) : “Peroxide Bleaching.” H. W. WILKINSON, at Huddersfield. February 7th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section) : “Modern Photography.” T.MASON. Physics Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY : “The Influence 13th PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREATBR~TAIN of Nutritional Factors in Disease.’’ Professor E. MELLANBY, F.R.S. 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, 8.30 p.m. OF15th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): “Some Aspects of Modern Astronomy.” J. C. A. BRIERLEY. Royal Belfast Academical Institution, 7.45 p.m. 21st INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and S.E. Counties Section) : “Problems relating to the Profession of Chemistry.’’Discussion opened by Dr. E. F. ARMSTRONG,J.P., LL.D., F.R.S. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. 23rd LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) :“ The Chemical Nature of Vitamins, with special reference to Vitamin C.” Dr.E. 1,. HIRST. Storey Institute, 8 p.m. March OF1st INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, 4.30 p.m. 2nd SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:60th Anniversary Dinner. Trocadero Restaurant, Piccadilly, London, I&.. 1, 7 p,m. 6th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) :Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society. “Micro-methods in Inorganic Chemistry. ” Prof. F. G. TRYHORN, D.Sc. 7.30 p.m. 395 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934. Nominationof General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :-By-law 26.(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify t’hat A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1934, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows: Vice- President.George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Members of Council. Norman Mederson Comber, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. Arthur Gordon Francis, D.Sc. Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Right Hon. Lord Henley, M.A. Herbert Henry Hodgson, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. George King, M.Sc. William Johnson Smith Naunton, M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. George Henry Perry, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Eric Keightley Rideal, M.B.E., B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. John Weir, M. A., B.Sc.,Ph.D. 396 Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Thursday, 18th January, 1934. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows :-Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson.Bristol and South-Western Counties : Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-Western: William RoscoeHardwick, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern : Edwin Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: To be co-opted in March, 1934.Examinations, 1934.-The arrangements for the April and September examinations in 1934 will be as follows:-FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 9th to 14th April. (Notebooks: 16th March.) 17th to 22nd September, Monday, 9th July, 1934. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 7th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 16th to zIst April. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 24th to 29th September. Monday, 9th July, 1934. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 4th June, 1934. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 397 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in October, 1934, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment , will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases , Intermediate Science Examinations. 398 Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. 399 Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Appointments Register. A Register of chemists who are available for appointments, or who are seeking to improve their positions, is kept at the office of the Institute.The facilities afforded by this Register are available (gratis) to Companies and firms requiring the services of Chemists, and to Universities, Colleges and Technical Schools requiring teachers of chemistry and technology. A List of junior assistants is also available. All communications to be addressed to The Registrar, The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. 400 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 15~~DECEMBER, 1933.Council Oouncil in Committees Uommittee J. F. Thorpe, Pres. W. J. A. Butterfield, .. V.P. .. .. .. .. 8 7 2 8 32 7 22 6 1 1 A. E. Dunstan, V.P. .. Sir G. C. Clayton, V.P. .. F. G. Edmed, V.P. .. G. G. Henderson, V.P. .. W. H. Roberts, V.P. .. P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. C. 0. Bannister . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 4 8 2 4 8 5 0 1 8 0 5 8 2 13 3 5 3 1 30 5 0 3 5 0 0 28 0 1 1 8 J. C. A. BrierleyRobert Bruce . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 2 2 0 4 5 0 0 R. M. Caven .. .. .. .. 4 1 5 1 N. M. Comber .. .. .. .. 2 3 0 0 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. .. 8 6 1 1 4 C. H. Desch .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 0 Charles Dor6e .. .. .. .. 4 5 8 0 6 13. D. Elkington G. D. Elsdon .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 2 6 2 0 4 0 0 A. E. Everest .. .. .. .. 7 5 18 9 A. G. Francis P. F. Gordon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 6 0 8 1 14 1 13 5 R. H. Greaves .. .. .. .. 4 5 1 0 1 W. R. Hardwick .. .. .. .. 6 6 1 0 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 0 Lord Henley H. H. HodgsonG. E. Holden .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 6 5 0 6 1 0 19 0 0 14 0 R. H. Hopkins E. B. HughesJ. R. Johnson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 7 1 1 1 3 14 4 1 6 0 George King J. G. King .. A. G. G. Leonard .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 4 3 4 2 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 2 J. H. Lester .. .. .. .. 3 1 4 0 W. J. X. Naunton .. .. .. 2 1 0 0 G. H. PerryE. K. Rideal .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 1 0 2 0 14 3 2 1 William Rintoul . . .. .. .. 4 0 3 3 Robert Robinson .. .. .. .. 2* 0 0 0 Edward Russell .. .. .. .. 8 8 5 3 Samuel Smiles .. .. .. .. 3 6 3 2 Frank Southerden .. .. .. .. 6 3 4 1 William Wardlaw . . .. .. ._ 4 1 21 6 H. B. Watson E. J. Way .. John Weir ..A. W. M. Wintle .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ,. .. * Oj a possible 5 2 0 7 3. 3 1 0 5 4 17 1 1 0 9 0 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700353

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index: 1933. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 12, 109, 174, 234 Accounts (1932), 23 et seq., 86 Administration, Industrial, 5, 7 PLgriculture, 149 “ alchemist,^ in Art and Literature,” 366 American Chemical Society, 105 American Association of Chemists, etc., 380 Analyst (The) in the Witness Box, 40 Animal Nutrition, 237, 300 Annual Chemical Dinner, 345, 384 Annual General Meeting, 85, 224, 289, 350 L4pparatus, Exhibition of, 237, 299 Appointments Register, 4, 20, 75, 397 A.S.L.I.B., 5 Attendances, Council, etc., 400 Auditors, 84, 90 Bakery Exhibition, 5 Bankers, 84 “Beer,” 225, 344, 358 Beet Sugar Industry, 8, 161, 370 Beilby Memorial Awards, 5,75, 242, 396 Beit Fellowships, 384 Belfast and District Section, 12, 35, 176, 360 Benevolent Fund, 4, 10, 98, 171 Benzene Nucleus, The Properties of Groups in the, 301 Bequests, 10, 105 Biological Stains, 5 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 12, 177 Bone, Calcification of, 45 Books and their Contents, 69, 148, 210, 255, 331, 388 Boots Booklovers’ Library, 76, 157, 351, 398 Brewing Industry, Science in the, 297, 362 Bricks, 127 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 13, 35, 110, 178,234,294, 365,360 British Association, 6 British Pharmacopoeia, 149 British Standards Institution, 173, 256, 334, 389 Building Research Board, 358 Butterfat Testing, 223 Calcification of Bone, 45 Cancer Problem, Chemical Aspects of the, 35 Cane Sugar, 112 Cape Section, 13, 179, 235, 295 Cellulose and Some of its Uses, 176 Censors, 90 Chartered Chemist, 11, 119 Charter, Supplemental, 11,119 Chemical Research Laboratory, 139 Chemical Society, 5, 19, 172 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 “Chemist (The) in the Far East,” 107, 121 Chemistry and Fermentation, 185 “Chemistry and the Law,” 40 “Chemistry and Life,” 34, 107 “Chemistry and the Public,” 375 Chemists, Chartered, 11, 119 “Chemist (The) as a Directing Force in Industry,” 344, 358 Cinematograph Films, 231,237, 299 City and Guilds of London Institute, 6, 358 Coal, 130 Coke, 51 Colonial Service, 170 “Colorimetric Methods, The Detec- tion and Determination of small amount’s of Substances by,” 48 ‘‘Colour Measurement,” 360 Coming Events, 261, 340, 393 Committees, 82, 83 Co-operation (Chemical Societies), 99 Copper in Water, Estimation, 115 “Corrosion of Metals in Salt Solu- tions and Sea VCTater,” 52 Council, 81, 222 Council Attendances, 400 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 402 Council, District Members of, 81, 345, 396 Council, Nomination of the, 29, 395 Council Proceedings, 29, 104, 161, 221, 271, 355 Council, Report of, 3, 88 Cribb Collection, The, 10 Conference of Local Section Secre- taries, 173, 226 Cyclic Compounds, The Stability of, 185 Deaths, 3, 66, 144, 205, 253, 328, 392 Derris Root, 375 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 346 District Members of Council, 81, 345, 396 “Drikold,” 179, 369 “Dyes in the Photographic Indus- try, The use of,” 297 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 13, 35, 111, 175, 179, 295, 297, 362 Education, 335, 355 Education, Board of, 4 Education, Scottish Dept., 4 “Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions, Outline of an,” 18 “Electrometric Methods in Physicaland Analytical Chemistry,” 225, 299, 373 Examinations, 16, 67, 74, 188, 307, 345, 396 Examiners, Board of, 17, 84, 170, 222 Exhibition of Apparatus, 237, 299 Fats-in Plants and Animals, 239.Federal Council, 5, 105 Fermentation Chemistry, 185 Films, 231, 237, 299 , Finance, 168 Finance and House Committee, 4, 8, 82 Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, 20 Food Law, 223, 274 Foods, 139 Forensic Chemistry, 40 Frankland, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 17, 85, 265, 349 Frankland : Lmcaster Chemical Society, 62, 142, 383 Fruit, Chemical Methods of Deter-mining the Maturity and Keeping Quality of,” 295 Fuel Research Board, 139 Fuel, Gaseous, Use of, in S.Wales Industries, 185 Gas, 389 Geochemistry of Mineral Resources, 122 Gifts, 172 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 13, 174, 180, 297, 365 Glass, Plate, 125 Glassware, Scientific, G Gluckstein, S. M., Memorid Lec-ture, 19, 34, 225, 344,358 Glue, 142 Gordon Legacy, 105, 355 Harrison Memorial Lecture, 384 Headmasters’ Employment Com-mittee, 5, 65 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 20 Honours, 65, 203 Huddersfield Section, 13.39, Z 12, 182, 297, 369 Income Tax, 9, 10, 30 Industrial Administration, 5, 7, 204, 326 Industrial Management, 96 “Inorganic Chemistry, A Survey of Modern,” 34, 107, 155, 171 “Insecticides and Fiah Poisons of the Derris root and rela.ted com- pounds, The ” 375 Institute, Roll of, 4, 95 Institutions, 17 Irish Free State Section, 13, 115, 183, 370 Laboratory Methods, 48 Lantern Slides, 19, 75, 351, 399 “Leaves from the Diary of a Chemist,” 109 “Lead, Estimation in Water,” 115. “Leather Manufacture, Modern Light,” 182 Leather Trades’ Chemists, 69. Lectures, 107, 170, 356, 358 Lee& Area Section 13, 45, 183,299, 373 Legal and Parliamenta.ry Com-mittee, 4, 11, 98 Legg Bequest, 10.403 Library, The, 19, 76, 150, 157, 350 Library, Boots Booklovers’, 76, 157, 351, 398 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 14, 48, 118, 299, 374 Local Sections, 12, 34, 35, 98, 109, 173, 174, 226, 234, 294, 360 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties’ Section, 14, 50, 121, 184, 237, 299 London University, 224 Lubricating Oils, Frictional Tests on, 297 Malaya Section, 14, 184, 300 Manchester and District Section, 14, 125, 239, 375 Manchester and District Students’ Section, 14, 50, 129, 241, 301 Medical Prescriptions, 11 1 “Medicine, Some Aspects of,, the application of Chemistry to, 50 Meldola Bequests, 10 Meldola Medal, 17, 85, 264, 348 Metallurgical Problems in Chemical Industry, 53 “Mercury, Purification of Metallic,” 235 Metals, Institute of, 263 Mineral Resources, Geochemistryof, 122 Mining Industry (N.Z.), 121 Millilitre (ml.), 271, 320 National Certificates in Chemistry, 4, 18, 170, 245 “Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Chemical Processes,’’ 18 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 57, 129, 185, 355, 376 New Zealand Section, 14, 131 New Zealand Mining Industry, 131 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 4, 15, 98 Nomination of General Members of Council, 395 Notes, 62, 138, 203, 242, 322, 380 Notice to Associates, 397 Notices, General, 74, 155, 215, 264, 344, 395 Nutrition, Animal, 237, 300 Obituary, 66, 144, 208, 253, 328, 385 Officers and Council, List of, S1 “Official Chemical Appointments,” 359 Oils, Lubricating, Frictional Tests on, 297 Paper, Perishing of, in Indian Libraries, 294 Patents, 5, 11 Pedler Scholarship, 18 Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 11, 105, 162, 257, 333, 357 Petroleum, 130 “Perfumery, The Art and Science Of,” 39 Pharmaceutical Society, 118 “Photographic Industry, the Use of Dyes in,” 297 Physical Chemistry, 56 Pitch, 128 “Plastics and their Application to Friction Fabrics,” 364 Plate Glass, 125 “Poisons,” 236, 357 Poisons Board, 357 Power Conference, World, 5, 172 President, 20, 29, 85, 92, 94 President’s Address, 94 Priestley, 34, 106, 207, 322 Professional Interests, 107, 180 Professional Procedure in the United States of America, 380 Public Appointments Committee, 4, 19, 99, 223 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 4, 18, 99, 272 Publicity, 375 Pupils, Premium, 203 “Purification of Metallic Mercury,” 235 “Quanta, and Chemktry,” 361 Ramsay Chemical Dinner.367 Reagents, 356 Refractometer, 115 Register, 4, 72, 153, 211, 358, 336, 390 Regulations, 17 Relation of Food to Disease, 19 Research Associations, 140 Revision Courses, 18, 366 Roll of the Institute, The, 4, 95 Royal Statistical Society, 326 Rubber in Chemical Engineering, 335 “Rubber Industry, The Early His-tory of,” 105 Rubber Industry Bill, 167 Rubber Latex, 118 Safety in Mines Research Board, 70 Sands, 125, 149 “Science in the Brewing Industry,” 362 “Science and the Community,” 180 Science Museum, 76, 157, 351, 398 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Department, 5,138,388 Scrutineers, 29, 90 hi1 Micro-organisms and the Mea- surement of their Activity, 295 “Soil Problems in U.S.S.R.,” 36 Solicitors, 84 South Wales Section, 15, 55, 186 Standards, British, 173,256,334,389 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 19, 225, 344, 358 Students’ Section (Manchester), 14, 50, 129, 241,301 Students, Registered, 15 Sugar, 370 Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers, 110 Surgical Dressings, 389 Therapeutic Substances Act, 5 Thomson, John Millar, 104, 172 Trade Marks, 105, 167 Viscose and Acetate Artificial Silk, 110 Vitamins, 35, 378 Warning, 384 “Water, Estimation of Copper and Lead in,” 115 Water Pollution Research, 139, 335 Water Supply (Edinburgh), 37 Women (University), International Federation of, 5 World Power Conference, 5, 172 ~~ PRINTEDBY W.HEFFERAND SONSLTD., CAMBRIDGE,ENGLAND.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9335700401

出版商:RSC    

年代:1933

数据来源: RSC