A lzalyst , Jaizuary , 1979 Book Reviews 91 RADIOCHROMATOGRAPHY. THE CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS OF RADIOLABELLED COMPOUNDS. By T. R. ROBERTS. Journal of Chromatography Library, Volume 14. Pp. x + 174. Amsterdam, Oxford and New York: Elsevier. Distributed by Elsevier North-Holland in the USA and Canada. 1978. Price 539.95; Dfl90. In this book the author has set out to describe and discuss the various radiochromatographic and radioelectrophoresis methods. The book is divided into eight chapters, which include an introduction to the use of radioisotopes in the laboratory, radioactivity detectors used in chromato- graphy, and the technique as used in paper, thin-layer, column and gas - liquid chromatography and electrophoresis. Each of the chapters covering the various techniques is arranged attractively, with an intro- duction and a section on the development of the type of chromatography in question, followed by the selection of a method for a particular application.The chapter on radio-electrophoresis reviews paper, thin-layer and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods. Some applications of the methods available are given in most of the chapters and there is a final section devoted to miscellaneous applications. References are to be found a t the end of each chapter, and safety aspects are not forgotten, The radioactivity detectors that have been used in radiochromatography are discussed- ionisation detectors (proportional and Geiger - Muller counters), scintillation counters, auto- radiography, spark chambers and semiconductor detectors.Examples are given of those available commercially. Applications are given of studies in the fields of pesticide and drug metabolism, biochemical separations, radiosynthesis and radiochemical purity determinations, among others, and the chapter on miscellaneous applications of radioisotopes includes separations, for example, in soil leaching studies and in the continuous monitoring of radioactivity in animals. The book is the 14th volume in the Journal of Chromatography Library and is a worthy addition. I t is a useful review work with something under 400 references and the author, who has specialised in work in the pesticides field, has made it easy and interesting to read in addition to being informative. D. SIMPSON LABORATORY HANDBOOK OF PAPER AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.By J. GASPARIC and J . CHURACEK. Ellis Horwood Series in Analytical Chemistry. Pp. 362. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. New York, London, Sydney and Toronto: John Wiley. Distributed by John Wiley in Australia, New Zealand, South- east Asia, Europe and Africa and by Halsted Press in North and South America and the rest of the world. 1978. Price LlS. Translation Editor, R. A. CHALMERS. I t is interesting, albeit a little surprising, to see yet another book about paper and thin-layer chromatography. This one is described as a handbook and its authors are members of the academic field in Czechoslovakia-Dr. GaspariE is Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University, Hradec KrAlov6, and Dr.ChurAEek is Head of the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the Technical University, Pardubice. Early chapters of the book are given over to the principles and techniques of paper and thin- layer chromatography and cover all the details necessary for the preparation and documentation of chromatograms. Mention is made of qualitative and quantitative techniques, the use of preparative layers and the relationships between chromatographic behaviour and chemical structure. An international list of firms supplying equipment and materials is also provided. All this information is to be found under Part I of the volume. Part I1 covers the applications and mentions over one thousand substances that have been chromatographed. Groups dealt with include hydrocarbons, halogen derivatives, alcohols, phenols, ethers, 0x0 compounds, organic peroxides, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, lipids, steroids, terpenes, 0- and N-heterocyclic compounds, amines and nitro compounds, hydrazines and related substances, sulphur and organic phosphorus compounds.In addition, mention is made of organometallic compounds, vitamins, antibiotics, alkaloids, synthetic dyes and some inorganic and radioactive substances.92 BOOK REVIEWS Analyst, Vol. 104 The book contains very little in the way of explanation of extractions from, for example, industrial compounds. It might be debatable whether or not a handbook should include these features, and in fairness it should be pointed out that there are over 1200 references in all, where no doubt the reader could obtain more detailed methods. This could well be a very useful volume for a laboratory worker who wishes to look up a particular compound in the index but the reviewer feels that a word of warning should be given when mention is made of toxic products such as aflatoxins, with perhaps a note on how they should be handled (or preferably not handled).Nonetheless the book could be most helpful as an introductory work and a t a cost of around fIl8 for 362 pages might be regarded as reasona'ble value for money a t present prices. D. SIMPSON INELASTIC ELECTRON TUNNELLING SPECTROSCOPY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRON TUNNELLING, UNIVERSITY O F MISSOURI- COLUMBIA, USA, MAY 25-27, 1977. Springer Series in Solid- State Sciences.Pp. viii + 242. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag. 1978. Price DM58; $29. Edited by T. WOLFRAM. Almost traditionally the development and subsequent exploitation of analytical techniques, in their now multifarious forms, pass from the hands of the physicist to the chemist and then to the analyst. Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS) since its inception in 1966 has, in my view, reached about half-way along that sequence-I make no predictions as to its future. Nonetheless, the present status of the technique, in virtually all its existing aspects, is contained in this book. These Proceedings, the collected conference papers given by the leaders of the few groups actively involved specifically with the method or very closely related techniques, will theref ore serve admirably as a guide to IETS to all interested.The early work--theory and practice, more recent developments, likely progress and possible applications-are all admirably brought together and summarised. Clearly the book will serve both as an excellent introduction to the technique and as a handy reference for those already actively involved with the method. In summary it provides a unique, very highly sensitive method of electronically monitoring the vibrational modes of molecular adsorbates on a metal oxide surface. The technique has been developed by a number of laboratories for the study of the surface chemistry of such adsorbates on aluminium oxide. More recently applications have included the physi- and chemisorption of hydrocarbons, catalysis by metal particles, detection of trace amounts of organics in air and water and studies of biological molecules and electron damage to such molecules.IETS has also been used to investigate adhesives and work is in progress on the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys. Though as yet less successfully than vibrational molecular behaviour, electronic transitions have also been observed. A word of caution: while the book does fully review the technique it says little about the experi- mental difficulties and practical requirements. Not least of these is the provision of liquid helium. Finally, as a sign of the times, the book for its size is expensive. What then does IETS offer? NORMAN M. D. BROWN DEVELOPMENTS IN FOOD ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES-1. Edited by R.D. ICING. Pp. x f 323. London: Applied Science. 1978. Price i(25. This book is the first of a series that will be devoted to a discussion of recent development in techniques of food analysis. Such a series will be an interesting addition to the bookshelves of food analysts as a reference work giving an initial understanding of particular techniques. Being written in review format it cannot, I think, be considered a basic working aid to the analyst, because although some sections provide detailed. descriptions of equipment, reference elsewhere will need to be made for information on the practical applications of techniques in particular analyses. In addition the dynamic state of food analysis development is likely to date quickly those sections where applications are discussed in greater detail.Of the ten contributions to the book, five (Chapters 4-7, 10) discuss a particular technique,January, 1979 BOOK REVIEWS 93 its uses and equipment and three (Chapters 1, 2 and 9) consider a particular food class and techniques that may be used in its analysis. Of the remaining two chapters, Chapter 8 gives an informative and illustrative insight into the factors that must be considered in the automating of a laboratory. The discussion is based on the contributor’s own experiences and summarises the basic benefits (mostly economic) of such laboratory organisation. Chapter 3, dealing with the role of water in foodstuffs, is, perhaps, out of place in this volume when compared with the subject matter of the other sections. Although undoubtedly of value to the food technologist the thermodynamic, electrical and nuclear behaviour of water and its molecular and sub-molecular components will be of a more limited interest to food analysts.Most of the chapters dealing with particular techniques provide good reviews on the present state-of-the-art and applications. Recent developments are generally discussed well (e.g., capillary columns and head-space analysis) although the chapter on atomic-absorption spectro- scopy is, perhaps, deficient in this respect giving, as an example, no mention of the more recent Teflon bomb sample preparation procedures. The chapters concerned with methods of analysis of particular food classes are all well written leading the reader through, sometimes, detailed discussion on relevant techniques.It would have been useful if the section on the Determination of Nitrogen and Estimation of Protein in Foods could have been expanded to include more information on the determination of individual proteins and protein fractions in view of the current interest in non-meat proteins and calculation of meat contents. This is, in summary, a readable and enjoyable (apart from the price) volume, which might have been improved if not presented as ten discrete contributions. Areas of overlap occur between sections dealing, on the one hand, with a technique with reference to a particular food component and, on the other hand, a food component with reference to a particular technique. However, most contributions have provided a very full list of references and, if the volume is used as a starting point, these will guide the reader to sources of more detailed information.R. WOOD ANALYTICAL NOTES: A SUMMARY OF INORGANIC METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. By H. J. BONIFACE. Pp. 64. Wolverhampton : Sigma Technical Press. 1978. Price k3.50 (softback). The book is the distillation and concentration of a large number of years of experience that the author has gained as an industrial analytical chemist and deals with the determination of some thirty industrially important elements at both the major and trace levels. The elements are arranged in alphabetical order starting with aluminium and finishing with the combination of zirconium and hafnium. Each element receives two pages (as a single sheet) of attention, the format being identical for each element.Each sheet contains information on the preparation of standards, reactions that are used in the analysis, methods of separation for the element of interest from others, then methods of determination (gravimetric, titrimetric, molecular spectro- photometric, atomic-absorption spectroscopic, polarographic, spectrofluorimetric and gas- chromatographic methods) followed by applications of the methods and references. What is a little surprising in view of their industrial usage, is that emission spectrometry (using for example arcs) and X-ray fluorescence methods are not included. Is such a book useful? The reviewer believes yes; in fact while reading it, he used the book to answer a question on the telephone. The question was, “How can I determine sulphur in leaves ?” So many scientists use analytical chemistry, especially with the popularity of instruments, but who have little breadth of experience in the variety of elements or matrices in which they are encountered that a quick reference book of this type may well be extremely valuable.There are notable exceptions in the elements covered, e.g., mercury is not included, which is surprising in view of the current analytical interest in the element. The book is reasonably well packaged; there are minor errors, but that is only to be expected with the volume of information presented in such a slim volume. It can be recommended for analytical laboratories, especially those receiving enquiries for procedures from other scientists.G. NICKLESS94 BOOK REVIEWS Analyst, Vol. 104 DEVELOPMENTS IN CHROMATOGRAPHY-1. Developments Series. Edited by C . E. H. KNAPMAN. Pp. x + 245. London: Applied Science. 1978. Price L15. Persumably the present volume is the firsit of a projected series covering all aspects of the development of chromatographic methods, although the Preface to this volume is brevity itself. However, there are six such chapters each written by a single author who is an accepted authority on the particular topic; the chapters are fairly well balanced as far as length is concerned, each being about 40 pages long, and the bias of the book is towards gas chromatography. The subjects covered range from the fundamentals of the technique, i.e. , solute - solvent interactions through to the now accepted and demanded applications of chromatographic methods, i.e., to continuous refining studies and forensic science.The chapter on the characterisation of solute - solvent interactions in GLC is in its logical position of being first, as it is the exploitation of this interaction that allows separations to be achieved. The chapter discusses interaction forces, and the approaches that have been adopted to evaluating these forces leading logically to the possible relationship between activity coefficient and structure. In turn we progress to stationary phase classifi cation, where the most interesting feature is the possible substitution of fully hydrogenated Apiezon M in place of squalane as the non-polar standard in the well known McReynolds classification.If this substitution is satis- factory then a modified list of preferred phases for the observation of rentention data is near. Finally, the chapter is completed with a section discussing those stationary phases showing special selectivity ; metal complexes, bentonites and liquid crystals all receive attention. The second chapter describes the developments that have taken place over the last 20 years in taking analytical-scale chromatography into the preparation and even production-scale process, especially for the continuous separation of mixtures. The section on moving column systems is particularly interesting because these systems seem to be the most successful so far suggested. Perhaps the third chapter should have followed directly after Chapter 1, in that it discusses in great detail the gas-chromatographic separation of isomers differing only in molecular structure.Besides H-bonding and the “ortho effect,” separations also depend to a great deal on weak reversible metal - solute complexes. The detailed work that has “exploited” steric effects and molecular shapes of solutes is also included. There could be said to be some overlap with Chapter 1. The most conventional chapter is the fourth, which reviews gas-chromatographic detectors and the author has wisely limited his remarks to some six types of detectors, indeed one could say the most popular of their types today. The detectors in which no major developments have been made in recent years are omitted. However, discussion is also made of detector response and base-line noise.The fifth chapter is concerned with gel-permeation liquid chromatography and summarises very ably the various theories of the technique and the methods available for the calibration of GP columns. There is included a full detailed treatment of the procedure needed to derive the relative molecular mass distribution of a polynneric sample via GPC. The chapter is completed by a timely section on the practical aspects of GPC. The last chapter may again be called a classical paper where the chromatographic developments in forensic science and the various techniques are discussed in great detail. Of specific interest are sample storage and preparation as well a s modern liquid chromatography, which has an invaluable number of applications in this area, but obviously its full potential and possible range of operations has not yet been reached.Obviously the price is a disadvantage to the private owner but the book should be available in research labora- tories and major libraries. A good start to a series: it holds out the promise of more good to come. G. NICKLESS The book is well presented, has clear diagrams and many valuable references. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 1978. Edited by MICHEL M. BENARIE. Proceedings of the 13th International Colloquium, Paris, France, April 25-28, 1978. Studies in Environmental Science I . Pp. xii + 291. Amsterdam, Oxford and New York: Elsevier. 1978. Price $47.75; Dfl105. This book is the first of a series “Studies in Environmental Science,” which will include mono- graphs, multi-author works and conference proceedings concerned with some aspect of the environment or an associated problem.The volume reviewed contains 53 papers selected fromJanuary , 1979 BOOK REVIEWS 95 the 80 presented at the 13th of a series of biennial colloquia and follows a similar pattern to that published after the 12th Colloquium (reviewed, Analyst, 1977, 102, 987). One significant difference is that all of the papers are in English and printed in a more uniform format. The papers included cover all aspects of air pollution except legal and economic, although there is a tendency to concentrate on engineering applications or, as the Editor states in the Preface, “how-to-do” rather than “why.” This is in keeping with the current trend and suggests that the sponsors of the work described apparently prefer products rather than insight. To select and publish such a comprehensive collection of papers within about three months of a conference is no mean task and all concerned are to be congratulated on their efforts.The book is well produced, achieves its objectives and will be useful to those who wish to keep abreast of developments in the field of air pollution. The photographs and diagrams are clear; the legends on some of the latter, however, have not always been translated into English, but this in itself is not a serious criticism. A. F. SMITH VIRUSES AND TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER. Edited by JACK A. Pp. xiv + BORCHARDT, JAMES K. CLELAND, WILLIAM J. REDMAN and GORDON OLIVIER. 249. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers. 1977. Price kl8.60. The present volume is a compilation of papers that were presented at a seminar held biannually and intended to familiarise operators and engineers in the water and wastewater industries with the basic information concerning trace organics and inorganics and viruses likely to be present. The first two sections on viruses plus their removal from water and trace organics are almost devoid of analytical methods although analytically derived data are encountered frequently. Of particular interest to analytical chemists may be the sequence of reactions discussing the chlori- nated organic compounds produced in water and sewage systems, especially via the haloform reaction. In a similar vein is the next chapter on the reactions between trace organics in water and ozone.The third section is a little more familiar territory in that it describes the toxicity of heavy metals to aquatic biological forms and to man. Even more familiar is the paper describing the use of atomic-absorption spectrometry in water quality analysis where the instrumental require- ments, flame atomisation procedures, potential interferences, use of solvent extraction, graphite furnace atomisation, hydride generation and flameless determination of mercury are all described. The remainder of the section discusses the methods for the removal of heavy metals from water. Section IV is biased towards the Standards that American workers have to operate to or under. Although the philosophy is relevant, the numbers and data are probably not.Thus I doubt if this volume, although of great interest to the specialist water engineer, will be of much further interest to analytical chemists, However, as with all these Ann Arbor Science books, it is well produced and most clearly set out, although for the price charged it should be. G. NICKLESS FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL SYSTEMS. Volume Pp. viii + 311. New York, I. San Francisco and London: Academic Press. 1978. Price $25; L16.25. Edited by JOHN R. FERRARO and LOUIS J. BASILE. This book consists of seven chapters, each of which is a self-contained review of the following topics: (l), Matrix Isolation Studies with FT - IR; (2), Applications of FT - IR to Synthetic Polymers and Biological Macromolecules ; (3), Infrared Emission Spectroscopy ; (4), Gas-chromato- graphy and FT - IR; ( 5 ) , High-pressure Infrared Interferometry; (6), Current and Past Research in Far Infrared Interferometry; and (7), FT - IR: Applications to National Technical Problems. Each review is written by authors active in that field and while this has not resulted in much overlap, the breadth of treatment is uneven.Chapters 1, 3 and 5 are fairly general introductions to their respective techniques together with summaries of the results obtained up to 1977 using FT - IR spectrometers. Chapter 4 is a narrower but deeper discussion of the sampling constraints in “on the fly” GC - IR. The inter-related factors of GC-column type, infrared-cell volume and path length are covered as well as the advantages of dual-beam FT instruments in overcoming ADC dynamic range problems of single-beam interferometers. Chapter 6 traces the historical96 BOOK REVIEWS Analyst, Vol. 104 development of far infrared spectroscopy and! instrumentation with reference to examples of its application to vapour phase molecular rotations, heavy atom vibrations, crystal lattice vibration modes, ring motions and group torsional vibrations.Results from both dispensive instruments and interferometers are discussed, with the latter naturally predominating. A feature emphasised in a number of the contributions that is not confined to FT - IR instru- ments is the advantages of spectrum subtraction and data manipulation that are possible with digitised spectra. These are especially apparent in Chapter 2 where most of the results discussed could have been obtained with a digitised dispersive infrared spectrophotometer, albeit at the cost of lengthy spectrum accumulation times in some instances.Examples described in this section include obtaining spectra of single phases in heterophase (semicrystalline and amorphous) polymers, the study of fracture mechanisms and the effects of fillers, and also a very brief mention of biological macromolecules. The final chapter surveys those aspects of “national technical problems” where FT - IR has potential application. The problem areas are identified as atmospheric pollution, space explora- tion and energy-related problems, on the basis that the US Government has set up agencies specifically to investigate these areas (EPA, NASA and ERDA). Even though the infrared spectrum of Jupiter’s atmosphere, obtained using a FT - IR instrument flying at an altitude of 12.4 km above the Earth’s surface, is impressive, the pot-pourri of topics presented in this chapter should either have been given more space or omitted altogether.Overall, this is a well produced volume with few errors, but is unlikely to find its way into many analysts’ personal libraries. C. P. RICHARDS TREATISE ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. PART 11. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC AND ORGANICOMPOUNDS. SECTION A. SYSTEMATIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE ELE- MENTS. Volume 10. ANTIMONY, ARSENIC, BORON, CARBON, MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN. Edited by I. M. KOLTHOFF and PHILIP J. ELVING with the assistance of ERNEST B.SANDELL. Pp. xviii + 566. New York, Chichester, Brisbane and Toronto: John Wiley. 1978. Price L24.40; $43.85. The other two Parts, I and 111, of this comprehensive three-part treatise on analytical chemistry, deal with Theory and Practice, and Analytical Chemistry in Industry, respectively. I t is unlikely that any up-to-date analyst will be unaware of the periodic release of the various volumes com- prising this series, which, in toto, are planned to cover a very wide field of analytical chemistry and its associated disciplines. To date, it has been my pleasure to review many of the books in this series, in The Analyst, and, after a careful perusal of this one, it would ease my current assignment simply to repeat the favour- able impressions that I have already committed. to print. The analytical chemistry aspects of these six: elements are dealt with in this volume in a (now established) thorough manner ; on this occasion all elements are allocated about the same number of pages, the general presentation of each following a fairly regular pattern. For example, Tung- sten is dealt with under main headings such as Properties of Tungstevz and I t s Compounds, Dissolu- tion of Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys and Tungsten-containing Materials, Separation From Other Elements, Titrimetric Methods, Optical Methods, Radiochemical Methods, Determination in Speci=fic Materials, and Recommended Procedures. As in the earlier books that I have reviewed, the individual subjects in this one are compre- hensively covered by (seven) internationally recognised experts, in addition to the three named Editors. The book is well balanced in the presentation and adequately reinforced with nearly 3 500 references. However, under Carbon, I felt that some of the supporting detail was hardly necessary, and suspected that some readers might be given a false impression of this Section by its reference (p 135) to “A more recent method. . .,” when :in fact, the method referred to appeared in print, in detail, over 20 years ago. Apart from these relatively minor criticisms and the appearance of an odd (obvious) spelling mistake in this, and some of the other Sections, the high technical standard of the series is herein maintained. W. T. ELWELL