Ross's (1975) assessment of the Scandinavian drinking‐and‐driving laws was a pivotal paper in the international literature because, in many ways, Norway and Sweden offer a critical test of the “tough approach” to deterring alcohol‐ impaired drivers. The present review raises some methodological and philosophical questions about Ross's approach to the Scandinavian data and examines four types of indirect evidence for deterrence in Norway and Sweden. While no conclusive evidence for deterrence could be identified, there was internal consistency in the pattern of circumstantial evidence pointing to a workable system of external restraints and internal controls in Scandinavia; and this pattern of evidence contrasted sharply with that obtained i