THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Decembey, 1933 Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R, M. CAVEN, c. DOR~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 355 Proceedings of the Council.At the Council meeting held on 17th November, reports were received from the Finance and House Committee, the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, and the Publications Commit tee. The Finance and House Committee reported, inter alia, that legacies to the General Fund account and the Benevolent Fund account of k500 each, bequeathed by the late Mr. Joseph Gordon Gordon, Fellow, had been received from the trustees. Correspondence was received from the Bristol and South Western Counties Section regarding the general facilities which are afforded by the University of Bristol to members of the Institute and other chemists in the district, both in respect of the University library and rooms for meetings. The Council expressed its appreciation of the action of the University in this respect and expressed the hope that the Section would reciprocate, so far as it was able, in the interests of the University.A discussion took place upon the report received from the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section,-particularly with reference to the place of chemistry in the education of boys up to the age of 16 years. The report was accompanied by a letter from Professor G. R. Clemo, of Armstrong College, intimating that the Board of Education appeared to hold the view that science in schools up to the first (School) certificate stage should be based primarily on physics and biology. The Section regarded it as desirable that members should be cognisant of the alterations indicated, and it was felt that the Council should consider the effect of such changes on the scientific equipment of ordinary educated citizens, as well as on prospective entrants to the profession of chemistry. The Section transmitted a resolution in the following terms:- “That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry in particular on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of 356 Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science com- prising elementary physics and biology.” The subject will be placed on the agenda for the meeting of Council to be held on the 26th January, 1934, and Professor G.R. Clemo, Chairman of the Section, has been invited to attend on that occasion. The British Standards Institution invited the Council to express its views on the need for producing a list of mutually agreed specifications for analytical reagents, as distinct from the specifications published by individual manufacturers. It was recalled that the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts had published a List of Reagents, during the war, in order to encourage manufacturers to produce such materials in this country when supplies were unobtainable from Germany. The Council felt that the specifications published by individual firms were sufficient, and that there did not appear to be any pressing necessity for the British Standards Institution to proceed with the matter.The Council concurred in the appointment of Examiners under the scheme for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry, Northern Ireland, for which it is understood a number of candidates will be prepared to present themselves in 1934. The Council gave instructions for the distribution of Professor Morgan’s Three Lectures, embodying a Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry, to Universities and Colleges. The Publications Committee reported on arrangements made for lectures, and recommended that the Registrar’s lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” which, modified from time to time, had been given before every Local Section of the Institute in Great Britain and Ireland, and else- where, be printed and published by the Institute.The lecture, having already been published by the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, arrangements were made whereby the standing type and blocks for the illustrations were available for the use of the Institute. At the meeting held on 15th December, in addition to receiving reports from the Standing Committees, the Council decided to invite Mr. E. G. Savage, H.M. Inspector of Schools, Board of Education, to the conference on the place of chemistry in school education. 357 Preliminary arrangements were made for the nomination of members for the new Council, to be elected on 1st March.Dr. E. Vanstone, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, was nominated by the Committee of the Section to succeed Mr. Edward Russell as District Member for Bristol and the South-Western Counties. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on four new cases which required immediate substantial help. The Constantine Technical College, Middlesbrough, was added to the list of institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. Poisons Board.-The Under Secretary of State for the Home Office has informed the Council of the Institute of the constitution of the Poisons Board, appointed under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,on which the Institute is represented by Dr. G.Roche Lynch, O.B.E. The Board consists of the following:- Sir Gereld Bellhouse, C.B.E. (Chairman) Secretary of State forSir Walter Greaves-Lord, K.C., M.P. Sir William George Lobjoit, O.B.E., J.P. the Home Depart- M.H. Whitelegge, Esq. ment,.J. M. Johnston, Esq.,M.B., F.R.C.S. (Edin.). .. Secretpry of State for IScotland. J. N. Beckett, Esq. G. F. McCleary, Esq., M.D. Minister of Health.I= H. E. Dale, Esq., C.B. .. Minister of Agricultureand Fisheries. Sir Robert Robertson, K.B.E., D.Sc., LL.D., Ex-oficio as Govern-F.R.S. (or Deputy). ment Chemist. J. H. Franklin, Esq. H. N. Linstead, Esq.G.A. Mallinson, Esq. Pharmaceutical Society E. T. Neathercoat, Esq., C.B.E., J.P.of Great Britain. P. Sparks, Esq. Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., Royal College of Physi-M.D., B.Sc. cians of London. R. Stockman, Esq., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P. . . Royal College of Physi-(Edin.). cians of Edinburgh. S.A. Smith, Esq.,M.D.,M.R.C.P.,D.P.K. .. General Medical Council. G. Roche Lynch, Esq., O.B.E., M.B., F.I.C. .. Council of the Institute of Chemistryof Great Britain and Ireland. J.W. Bone, Esq., M.D. .. British Medical Asso- ciation. 358 The members of the Board are appointed for three years, as from 1st November, 1933. Mr. M. D. Perrins of the Home Office has been appointed Secretary to the Board, and Mr. K. B. Paice, also of the Home Office, as Assistant Secretary. Building Research Board.-Sir Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., has been re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Standing Advisory Committee of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research which is concerned with the scheme for utilising the services of approved laboratories in connection with the testing of building materials.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Sixteenth Streat-feild Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute, on 17th November, by Mr. H. F. E. Hulton, Fellow,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The subject selected was “ Beer.” The President reminded the meeting that the lecture had been established by old students of Finsbury Technical College in memory of a Fellow of the Institute who had been a teacher in the college for many years, and had taken part in the education of a large number of those who had subsequently become members of the Institute.At the conclusion of the lecture, Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S., moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Hulton, which was seconded by Dr. Beaven, and carried with acclamation. The President then presented Mr. Hulton with a bronze medal, kindly given by the City and Guilds of London Institute, together with a portrait of Streatfeild. The lecture will be published as a separate monograph. The Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was delivered at the Institute on 15th December by Dr. Herbert Levinstein, who selected for his subject ‘*The Chemist as a Directing Force in Industry.” The lecture will be published in due course as a separate monograph.The President reminded the members that the lecture had been instituted at the suggestion of the Chief Chemist and the 359 chemical staff of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., in order to provide annually, in memory of Mr. S. M. Gluckstein, a lecture illustrating the importance of chemistry to the general community, to industry and commerce. At its conclusion, the President remarked that it seemed to him that chemists of the present day were being more closely brought together, and that happier relations existed between them than in the past. Dr. Levinstein had referred to the incidents which might be described as romances of industry, and he had reminded them of the history of artificial indigo.Recently, in an investigation into effects which occurred in glazed-iron pans, used in the manufacture of dyes, it was found that the existence of pin-pricks in the glaze resulted in action between the exposed iron and the dyes, which seriously affected the value of the latter, As a result, a new series of colouring matters was discovered which would withstand the heat of fused glass, the action of the strongest reagents, and also light. A vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. L. H. Lampitt, seconded by Dr. J. T. Dunn. Dr. Lampitt, in expressing his appreciation of the lecture, said that Dr. Levinstein had introduced views on the philosophy of life and themes lying rather outside the ordinary sphere of the chemist.He had given them food for thought, and a discourse which would encourage extra enthusiasm for their profession. Dr. Dunn commented specially on Dr. Levinstein’s remarks regarding the value of a scientific training. *A Official Chemical Appointments.”-The eighth edition of “Official Chemical Appointments” is now in proof and about to go to press, with a view to publication early in the new year. 360 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The first meeting of the present session was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Academic Institution, Belfast, on 24th October, when Dr. W. Honeyman, Chairman of the Section, gave a paper on Analytical Methods of the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932,and a further paper on the Changes in Pharmacy Law on Great Britain brought about by the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1933.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-Mr. R. D. Little- field presided at a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry, held at the Bristol University on and November, when Mr. G. S. Fawcett gave an address on “!Colour Measurement.” After defining ‘‘colour ” as a term used to describe the quality of the sensation which is stimulated when light falls upon the human eye, the speaker proceeded to define light by quoting passages from Sir William Bragg’s book The Universe of Light. A lantern slide illustrating the formation of a spectrum was shown, and the sorting out of the different wave lengths explained.The conditions which affect colour were then considered, and the standard sources of illumination defined and specified by the International Commission held at Cambridge in 1931 were reviewed. The difficulties of obtaining a satisfactory daylight in most industrial areas were mentioned together with the variations in the intensity of daylight. Mr. Fawcett referred to a number of Colour Charts which had been published, such as the Munsell in America, and another by the Repertoire de Couleur in France. Forms of Comparator employed, varying columns of liquid of predetermined composition as standards, generally referred to as colorimeters, were explained. Sub-tractive and additive colorimeters were briefly described, and the different methods employed by Lovibond and Jones in the former category, and by Guild and Ives, in the latter, were discussed.The Guild Colorimeter was the standard apparatus 361 used at the National Physical Laboratory, and was undoubtedly, from a research standpoint, of extreme value. An interesting discussion followed, in which a large number of members took part. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Dr. Maxted. A meeting of the Section was held at the Bristol University, jointly with the University Chemical Society, on 27th November, when Mr. F. C. Tompkins gave a lecture on L6 Quanta and Chemistry,” in which he gave a general survey of the quantum theory and its significance in chemical science.He said that the original quantum theory was propounded by Planck, as a result of investigations of the emission spectra of hot bodies. Although this was apparently a return to the corpuscular theory, the quantum and wave theories were not really con-tradictory, but complementary. When the electronic theory of atomic structure was in its infancy, it was found that attempts to explain emission spectra through it, by the application of classical mechanics, led to insur- mountable difficulties. Bohr, therefore, cast off the fetters of Newtonian mechanics, and propounded his revolutionary theory of atomic structure and spectra. Since the original theory of circular electron orbits did not account for all the spectral lines- especially their fine structure-elliptical orbits and other refine- ments had to be introduced.Mr. Tompkins explained the significance of the four quantum numbers and enunciated the rules which limit them, He described briefly how the application of Pauli’s exclusion principle led to the theoretical explanation of the Periodic System. The explanation of valency by the combination of unpaired electron spins was also given, and it was shown that this indicated the possibility of divalent helium, evidence for which had been found, and that tetravalent oxygen, as assumed in oxonium compounds, was impossible. After further illustrations of the way in which these theories had been confirmed by experiment, Mr. Tompkins gave a brief account of wave mechanics.A discussion followed, in which several members participated, and a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the proposition of Mr. E. Lewis. 362 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section.-The first meeting of Session 1933-34 was held, conjointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 26th October, in the North British Station Hotel, when Mr. Adam Tait, Chair- man of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute, gave his Inaugural Address entitled Science in the Brewing Industry.” In his introductory remarks Mr. Tait said that science offered, in his opinion, the best means of obtaining fundamental facts, and was essential if further progress was to be made in the brewing industry.Beginning with the epoch-making researches of Louis Pasteur, he led up to the work of Kjeldahl on the diastase of malt, and showed how other workers had utilised Kjeldahl’s “Law of Proportionality ” in general enzymic investigations. He dealt at some length with the practical applications of Serrensen’s “classical” work on hydrogen-ion concentration estimation in brewery control, and showed the important signi- ficance of electrometric titrations in malt extracts and beers, and how a measure of the potential basicity could be deduced from the results. The nitrogen question in brewing was undoubtedly compli- cated, but the lecturer pointed out inter aZia the “buffering” effect of the complex nitrogenous substances which were present in barley and degraded during the malting and mashing process.Yeast depended on these degradation products for its reproduc- tion, and so it was obvious that its life-history was bound up closely with the nitrogenous substances in barley, an opinion held by those responsible for the Institute of Brewing Research Scheme. Part of the lecturer’s address was taken up with the chemistry of hops, and he showed how it had been made possible to estimate the preservative power of hops by chemical means, and how the hop-grower was now in a position to select hops for cultivation which would suit the brewer’s requirements in this respect. He also made suggestions to chemists for further lines of work which he thought might lead to a more economical use of hops in practice.The “Log Phase Method” of Walker and his collaborators was referred to, and the possibility of this method of estimating very small differences in antiseptic potency being extended, with advantage, to medical researches. The use of the a-acid of hops, comparatively easy to obtain in a crystalline form, and being, weight for weight, about IOO times as potent as carbolic acid as an antiseptic in certain cases of stomachic indigestion, was sug- gested as a possible aid to the welfare of mankind. The question of “wild” or “disease” yeasts, and methods for eliminating them, were discussed by the author, and in a general summary he claimed that the present-day brewer with modern plant and stricter laboratory control was better equipped to turn out a regular article of inestimable value to all concerned.In conclusion, the lecturer said an alternative title to his address might have been “Brewery Control by a Modern Labora- tory,” and urged real collaboration between the technical and laboratory staffs as the only way to bring the efforts of science to fruition in the brewing industry. In the discussion which followed, Mr. Tait was asked if the use of pure yeast in Denmark and Germany had any practical advantages over our methods, and if it led to a more regular standard. Mr. Tait replied that it was very difficult to compare the two systems of brewing. One point in favour of the lager beer system was that fermentation and storage were carried out under practically aseptic conditions at a very low temperature, and so there was much less chance of “wild” yeasts developing to an extent to cause, say, hazy beers. Nevertheless, as mentioned in the lecture, the yeast had to be changed at intervals for some reason which at present was not quite understood.Replying to a question about the benefits of pasteurisation of beer, Mr. Tait was of the opinion that pasteurised beer lost a great deal, if not all, of its dietetic value, compared with the beer produced in this country, Asked if it would not be possible to utilise a portion of the 90 per cent. of the antiseptic substances of hops lost before the final beer was produced, Mr. Tait said that this was exactly what he meant when he stated that the chemist had wide scope for research; in fact the matter was engaging the attention of those responsible for the Hop Researches of the Institute of Brewing.A vote of thanks to Mr. Tait was proposed by Mr. Gall, a member of the Institute of Brewing, who thanked the members of the Institute of Chemistry and Society of Chemical Industry for inviting members of his Institute to the lecture. The second meeting of session 1933-34 was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry on 364 24th November, when Mr. William Bain gave a paper entitled L‘ Plastics and their Application to Friction Fabrics.” The lecturer stated that vast quantities of resins and plastics were utilised to meet the world’s requirements, and, as the sources of natural or fossil resins were by no means abundant, it was possible that the supplies might become exhausted.In many of the old formula-books mention was made of varnishes made from amber and other resins which to-day are sold at so much an ounce. With the passing of these raw materials which were at one time abundant, the synthetic resins had come into their own, due to the labours of research chemists who had demonstrated that it was possible to equal and, in many cases, surpass the natural products. Plastics was the name given to materials which, when sub- jected to heat and pressure, assume a particular shape or form. Plastic materials might be made from (I) natural resins, (2) cellulose products, (3)casein obtained from milk, (4) synthetic resins.When mixed with fillers and colouring matter, and moulded at high temperature and pressure, these materials produced articles of great beauty which could be utilised in many different ways. Mr. Bain dealt particularly with the fabrication of brake and clutch linings used in automobiles and also with many industrial applications. In the early days of the motor industry futile recourse was had to such materials as hard rubber, cotton, leather and various woods; eventually metal to metal contacts were used. All these materials proved unsatisfactory, in many cases with disastrous results. The salamander-like characteristics of asbestos had been known since Roman times, but had remained of more or less academic interest until the adoption of the steam engine about the middle of the last century.Rapid progress had been made in the scientific production of brake linings. The lecturer described how the asbestos rock, which was quarried in various parts of the world, was treated in suitable textile machines, and, mixed with small proportions of cotton and brass wire, was woven into fabric of any desired weave. After impregnation with pitches and oils, the asbestos was pressed to form the bonded friction linings. Brake linings made from these materials, he said, were also not entirely satisfactory, as the pitches tended to soften under the influence of the heat generated by the friction, causing the brake blocks to adhere 365 to the drum.This objection had been largely overcome by using synthetic resins in place of pitches. These resins were quite infusible at the temperatures usually reached in the brake drum of an automobile. The lecture was illustrated by a number of lantern slides showing various stages in the manufacture and testing of the friction material, and numerous examples of raw, intermediate and finished products were exhibited. After a number of questions had been asked by members of the audience and answered, the meeting closed with .a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Bain. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th October. The report of the Honorary Secretary showed that the Section had met on eleven occasions and that eight of these meetings had been held jointly with other chemical societies, not including a meeting convened by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, at which Lord Rutherford delivered the Thomas Hawkesley lecture on “Atomic Projectiles and their applications.” Reference was also made to the fact that a local examination for the Associateship of the Institute had been arranged for Scottish candidates, and that seven had presented themselves in Glasgow in September. The Section had encouraged support of the Benevolent Fund, and acknowledged the help given by Mr.T. Cockburn in dealing with cases arising in the Section area. Mention was also made of the help rendered by Mr. J. R. Ferguson in connection with the Appointments Register, and of the interest taken by Professor R.M. Caven and Dr. P. F. Gordon, Members of Council, in local affairs as also in the general work of the Institute. The Committee of the Section also reported that arrangements had been made to provide lectures-of the nature of “refresher” courses-on recent advances in organic and physical chemistry. A Joint Meeting of the Local Section of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and representatives of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce was held in the Royal Technical College, on 3rd November, when Mr. Thomas Ramsay, the representative of chemical industry on the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, gave an interesting survey of the work of this body with special reference to chemical affairs.366 The remainder of the evening was devoted to a discussion on the recent Report issued by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Scottish National Development Council, of which copies had been circulated to all members prior to the meeting. On 24th November, at the Royal Technical College, Dr. S. H. Tucker, of Glasgow University, gave a lecture on recent work in Organic Chemistry. He emphasised that many important sections of modern work had, on account of time limitations, to be omitted; that the lecture aimed at introducing elementary matter in each section treated, so that those who had not been in touch for some time with such work would have their memories (‘refreshed ” before the latest research was considered.The lecture provided a connecting link of development of the subject, which was illustrated by lantern slides. A synopsis, with references for further reading, was distributed to the audience. As a basis for comprehension of recent research work the electronic theory of valency was dealt with fairly fully; after which the stereo-chemistry of S, N, Be, B and 0 was reviewed, special stress being laid on the tetrahedral configuration of these atoms. The Beckmann Transformation involving trans migra-tion was introduced. Chelate compounds naturally received attention. The stereochemistry of strainless rings, cis and trans decalins, and of diphenyl derivatives was demonstrated with models. The thread of the lecture was then broken to deal with the Grignard reaction and the valuable applications of dioxan.The naturally occurring products were next considered-sugars (&oxide rings) ; proteins (Fischer’s early work, Troensegaard’s porphyrin-like units, Abderhalden’s diketopiperazine rings, Sorensen, and work on P content) ; alkaloids (Robinson’s syntheses under biological conditions, Winterstein and Trier’s generalisation) ; and vitamins (latest work on A, B,, C and D). The impetus given to research by the suggestion (Rosenheim and King) that the chrysene skeleton, and, better (Wieland and Dane), that the (‘modified ” chrysene skeleton is the fundamental unit of the bile acids, cholesterol, ergosterol, vitamin D,and of the hormone oestrin. The possible extension of it to carcinogenic compounds was mentioned, and all these substances were examined from this new standpoint.Prof. W. M. Cumming expressed the appreciation of the Section for nr. Tucker’s lectiire, and remarked that the numbers 367 present-about zoo-indicated the popularity of this type of lecture. The Annual Ramsay Chemical Dinner, in which the Societies connected with chemistry and chemical industry in the neighbour- hood of Glasgow participated, was held at the Central Hotel, Glasgow, on 8th December-Sir Arthur Huddleston, Director of the Royal Technical College, presiding. The company included Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, President of the Chemical Society; Dr. J. T. Dunn, President of the Society of Chemical Industry; Professor G.G. Henderson; Dr. William Cullen; Professor F. J. Wilson; and Mr. R. L. Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute. The following report has been abstracted from The Glasgow Herald. In submitting the toast of “The Profession of Chemistry,” Sir Arthur Huddleston recalled instances of his experience concerning chemistry in the Sudan, where for several years he occupied administrative posts. In a case of suspected murder, part of a wall on which there was found a fresh smear of blood was removed and sent to the Wellcome Research Laboratory at Khartoum. When the results of the chemist’s analysis arrived they cleared the suspect of the charge, as it was definitely estab- lished that the blood was bovine. Chemists in the Sudan did much besides merely detective work.There was an extensive irrigation scheme which covered over 600,000 acres and cost nearly ~zo,ooo,ooo. In planning that scheme great difficulties had to be faced. The land had not been irrigated before, there was scanty rainfall, and a com- plete lack of fertility statistics. The promoters of the scheme had therefore to rely largely on science. Holes were dug in the ground at regular intervals, and samples of the surface soil- and that at a greater depth-were taken and analysed. From the data thus acquired a chemical survey map, very much like a contour map, was drawn up. The scheme was then laid out and the work started. That irrigation scheme, on which the whole prosperity of the Sudan was built up, would always require scientific help, and it was really a question of how many chemists would be required.Another branch of chemistry with which he came in contact in the Sudan was railway chemistry. As a layman he was 368 surprised when he heard of the proposal to appoint a chemist to the State railways, and he remembered with delight how, when being responsible for the finances of the country, he received a statement which clearly showed that the chemist had saved his salary many times over. The coal supplies came from Natal, thus avoiding Suez Canal duties. The chemist examined, for ash content, samples of all the coal coming into the country, and was thus able to select the coal which was best suited for railway purposes.That incident was vividly brought back to his mind when he visited the Scottish Station of the Fuel Research Board, which was situated in the Royal Technical College. There Mr. Skilling and his staff were preparing a survey of all the Scottish coalfields. He wondered if coalowners and consumers realised the great benefits to be derived from exact knowledge of the proper- ties of different types of coal. When he first arrived in the Sudan he saw a great number of derelict indigo plants, which were then only suitable for foundations for a type of house for which there was no demand. He inquired about these, and found that an enterprising Arab had in the early 'eighties attempted to form a natural indigo industry. However, before the industry had started, synthetic indigo was prepared.That had been brought back recently to his mind when he saw work being done in the chemistry depart- ments of the Royal Technical College on new dye-stuff inter- mediates. The production of synthetic indigo had originated in Germany, but he was proud to think that the beginnings of the synthetic dye-stuffs industry had been laid by Sir William Perkin, who at one time was professor of chemistry in one of the colleges now merged in the Royal Technical College. In the Sudan no serious adjustment was necessary subsequent to the production of synthetic indigo, as the industry had not been started, but in other countries the position was not so fortunate. It was one of the great responsibilities of scientists that, by introducing new processes, they tended to displace labour from old industries and cause economic difficulties.That was a problem which must always be faced. It was his firm belief, however, that once the machinery of finance was again in full working order and the laws of supply and demand were following their normal course, the introduction of new processes would in the long run produce more work than it displaced. There was a difficult time ahead. There were many countries which had been predominantly agricultural and were now becoming more 369 and more industrial. Rationalisation was afield everywhere, and labour was less mobile, owing to the social legislation which had been introduced in recent years.The adjustment during the introduction of new processes would be more difficult than it had been in the past. To meet these difficulties more and more organisation was required, and the chemical societies would have to take their full part in such organisation. It was con- ceivable that they might have to rationalise themselves. Professor G. T. Morgan, President of the Chemical Society, who acknowledged the toast, referred to the great assistance that was rendered to students of chemistry in Scotland by the Carnegie Trust. During the last five years, he said, the Trust had offered facilities for between 70 and 80 of the more promising Scottish chemical students to pursue their studies in research. These students had reached a very high standard in the profession.It was not until recently that Scotland went in for the manu- facture of dye-stuffs, but its development in that direction had been wonderful, and they must not take a pessimistic view of the future prospects of chemical industries in Scotland. Dr. William Cullen proposed the toast of “Our Guests,” which was acknowledged by Dr. J. T. Dunn, President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Technical College, Huddersfield- jointly with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,-on zIst November, when Major F. A. Freeth, O.B.E., F.R.S., Joint Research Manager of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., gave a lecture on ‘(Drikold.” Major Freeth traced the history of the development of the science of refrigeration, from the discovery of the critical state by Andrews, to the present practice of refrigeration by solid carbon dioxide. The industrial applications of solid carbon dioxide, as a refrigerant and as a source of gaseous carbon dioxide, were illustrated by a series of lantern slides, and by demonstrations with a liquefier and an ice cream conserver. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, moved by Dr.A. E. Everest, and seconded by Professor N. M. Comber. 370 Irish Free State.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in University College, Dublin, on 22nd Novem- ber,-Mr. l3. G. Fagan presiding. The Committee for the Session was elected as follows:- Professor W.E. Adeney, Dr. J. Bell, Mr. B. G. Fagan, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dr. J. H. Millar, Professor A. O’Farrelly and Mr. J. W. Parkes. Professor A. O’Farrelly gave a description of the manufacture of sugar from beet as carried out at the Carlow factory. Sugar was first extracted from beetroot nearly zoo years ago (1747) by Marggraf, a druggist in Berlin, who advised farmers to obtain sugar by extracting pulped beet with water, clarifying the juice with albumen, filtering and evaporating. This advice contained in a brief and simple way the essential stages of the manufacturing process still employed for obtaining sugar from beetroot. The long experience gained by manufacturers since then has naturally led to vast improvements in the techriique and plant used at each stage.At Carlow, the beets containing on the average 16 per cent. of sugar are floated into the factory from the storage silos and hoisted to the washers where adhering soil is removed. Thence they pass to the cutting machine where they are sliced into thin narrow chips, which are conveyed to the diffusion battery con- sisting of 16 diffusion vessels, which are filled and emptied in rotation in such a manner that fresh water meets the chips which have been repeatedly extracted, while the fresh chips are put in contact with the solution which has already passed through all the other diffusers. The juice is thus obtained, using the minimum quantity of water, and is then purified by addition of milk of lime followed by treatment with carbon dioxide.The carbonate of lime, so formed, carries down with it much of the albuminoids and organic acids present, which are removed by filterpressing. The clarified juice is treated with sulphur dioxide which removes excess of lime, neutralises alkalinity and also decolourises the juice. After filtration the juice, which novy contains about 13 per cent. of sugar, is concentrated until the sugar content rises to about 70 per cent. ; this involves evaporation of enormous quantities of water (at Carlow about 350,000 gallons per diem),-a process which is effected economically in a quadruple effect evaporator. The resulting thick syrup is then boiled in vacuum pans to effect the crystallisation of the sugar.This very important cen I \/ I I I / I / /I , I /’ I / I / I /’ /-Centrifuged fN Ln 6 {g Molaasea Mixed with afanation syrup N.B.4olida 0 ; Solutione 0 ; Solid + solution &B 372 Beet Slices 17% Sugar. AHot water in Diffusion Battery (7OOC.): Limed Juice. / Pressed Pulp 80% -0.I CO, till Juice Mixed with molasses, v /contains -09% CaO. dried by hot gaa from I. Saturation <-Filtered \i/ coal furnace. Slime. I Molassed Pulp{ :!;$;%$*V I. Saturation Juice (Purity 88-90).\$ r408till -03% CaO. 11. $aturation f-Filtered. Slime. I V 11. Saturation Juice (Purity 90-92).J,, 4-SO, till -~ti--.o~ocao. 111. Saturation f-Filtered.Slime (trace). I V 111. Saturation Juice (&ty 92-93.6).,/, f-HeatwithDecolourisingCharcoal { ‘‘~~~m~n”} Filter and Heat. IV Outcooker Juice (Purity 93-93.5). Filter and Best. Iw 1244% Sugar Juice 6crs0%{Purity 92-6-94 373 process demands a high degree of skill and experience on the part of the operator in charge. (Formerly the work was neces- sarily carried out by experienced Belgian workers, but some Irish workers have now attained sufficient skill to be put in charge of the process.) The resulting mixture of syrup and sugar crystals, called massecuite, is centrifuged to remove the syrup; the crystals are then washed, dried, sieved, and weighed into sacks for the market. An additional yield of sugar is obtained from the syrup by further concentration in vacuum pans.The uncrystallisable syrup left, called molasses, is mixed with the exhausted chips, dried by hot gases, and sold as cattle food. The annual sugar campaign at Carlow lasts about IOO days, the daily output of sugar being about 250 tons. Professor O’Farrelly illustrated the various stages of the manufacture by means of the flow-sheets on pages 371and 372. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor O’Farrelly for his interesting lecture. Members of the Section visited the Carlow Factory of the Irish Sugar Manufacturing Company on 10th December, when a party of thirty was conducted over the factory by Mr. M. Freeman and Mr. G. C. A. IVilkin. Leeds Area Section.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 20th November, at the University of Leeds,- Professor Frederick Challenger in the chair.Messrs. R. Gawler, C. H. Manley, H. M. Mason, and W. A. Wightman were elected to serve on the Committee. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and J. M. Wishart were elected Honorary Auditors. Professor Challenger then welcomed Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, President of the Institute, whom he invited to take the chair. After presenting certificates to seven new Associates, Professor Thorpe called on Dr. S. Glasstone to give his lecture on Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” The lecture, of which the following is a very brief outline, will be published as a separate monograph, 374 Electrometric methods may be conveniently divided into two sections, namely conductometric and potentiometric.Deter-minations of conductivity have played an important part in the development of the modern theory of electrolytes and have also been used to study the hydrolysis of salts, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, the ionic product of water and the dis- sociation constants of acids and bases. Apart from matters of theoretical interest, conductometric methods have found application in analytical work; the neutralisation of strong and weak acids (done and in mixtures), the displacement of a weak acid from its salt by a strong acid, and the precipitation of insoluble salts may be followed by conductometric titration. The chief development in the technique of conductivity measure- ment concerns the use of the thermionic valve as a source of symmetrical A.C., and various methods for its rectification, so as to permit the use of direct current instruments as detectors and simplification of the apparatus for conduct ome tric titration.By measuring the E.M.F.'s of suitable cells it is possible to determine the transport numbers of ions, the valencies of ions, and the heats of certain reactions with considerable accuracy. The study of single electrode potentials is important for the deter- mination of pH; for this purpose various electrodes, e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, air, antimony, quinhydrone, and glass have been used. The amplifying properties of the thermionic valve have been applied, both with and without a potentiometer, to measure E.M.F.'s of high and low resistance cells, particularly for purposes of potentiometric titration.A potentiometric method of a quite different type is that involving the "dropping mercury cathode ''; the apparatus, known as a "polarograph '' is of the automatic self-registering type and, by means of it, solutions containing as little as IO-~ g.mol. per litre of any ion or reducible substance may be analysed. The apparatus has also been used in connexion with fundamental physical problems, such as overvoltage, electrolytic reduction, and the stability of complex ions. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, and seconded by Professor H.M. Dawson, was carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-A Joint Meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 9th November at the University of Liverpool, when Professor 375 A. Robertson, Professor of Organic Chemistry of the University of Liverpool, read a paper entitled “The Insecticides and Fish Poisons of the Derris root and related compounds.” . Professor Robertson dealt with the subject from the view- point of the organic chemist, discussing the synthesis of the various derris root products such as Rotenone and its related substances Deguelin, Tephrosin and Toxicarol. Slides were shown illustrating native methods of extracting and using various fish poisons. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer by a large and appreciative audience. The attention of members of this Section is drawn to the invitation of the Society of Chemical Industry to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture to be delivered in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, University of Liverpool, on 5th January, at 6 p.m., when Dr.L. H. Lampitt will deliver the lecture entitled “Some Fundamental Problems of the Food Industry.” Manchester and District.-On 7th December, Mr. F. Scholefield presided at the Annual Dinner and Dance which was held at “The Manchester, Ltd.,” and attended by nearly 300 members and their friends. The guests included Professor J. F. Thorpe, President of the Institute, Mr. C. H. Creasey, H.M. Inspector, Board of Education, Mr.John Allan, President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and Mrs. Allan, Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Dyestuffs Group, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and Mrs. Cronshaw, Dr. A. Schedler, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mrs. Schedler, Principal Mouat Jones (College of Technology), Professor I. M. Heilbron, Mr. S. A. Brazier, Chairman of the Local Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, and Mrs. Brazier, Mr. and Mrs. Crosland, Mr. E. B. Hughes, Honorary Treasurer, Society of Public Analysts, and Mrs. Hughes, and the Registrar of the Institute, and Mrs. Pilcher. The President replied to the toast of “The Institute,” proposed by Mr. Creasey, and Mr. John Allan replied for “The Guests,” proposed by the Chairman.After the dinner, the evening was devoted to dancing and a cabaret. 376 The Section is greatly indebted to Dr. A. Coulthard, Hon. Secretary of the Section, and to Dr. 0. R. Howell and his staff of stewards, for the arrangements made for a most enjoyable evening. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North East Coast.-A meet-ing of the Section was held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 25th October, when the Chairman, Professor G. R. Clemo, opened a discussion on *( Chemistry and the Public.” The discussion, in which sixteen members participated, was resumed and considerably amplified on the conclusion of the general business of the Annual Meeting of the Section held on 8th November. Professor Clemo received the thanks of the members for his address, of which the following is a brief summary:- He dealt with the obligations of the chemist in matters of everyday social life and international affairs.He pointed out that the publicity of chemistry which was desirable involved the better education of the public, and, referring to the publicity nowadays given to physics, due to the popularised work of outstanding physicists (e.g., Rutherford, Eddington, Jeans, etc.), stressed the real need in these days for interpreters of chemistry. This aspect of the question was illustrated by articles in the issue of The Observer for 13th November, one on “Infinitesimal and Infinite,’’ based on Eddington’s work, and another on “The Thyroid Gland,” which, although of a chemical nature, was by a medical correspondent.Moreover, he (Professor Clemo) thought that ministers of religion might do something towards removing, instead of encouraging, the popular conception of the antagonism between Religion and Science-especially chemistry. On the positive side, he outlined the achievements of the chemist under the three “proficiencies” of the diarist Evelyn- (i) Health, (ii) Profit, and (iii) Beauty. (i) Under Health,-life expectancy had been increased, largely owing to the application of chemical knowledge to questions relating to the purity and proper supply of water and food, improved sanitation, and the numerous aids which the chemist has given to medicine. 377 (ii) Under Profit,-among many instances quoted, were the increased yields of foodstuffs (due largely to synthetic manures), their preservation and transport, (iii)While, under Beauty, were included references to the production of clothing (especially cellulose products) and the multifarious applications of dyestuffs, from coal-tar, etc., serving to illustrate the beautifying influences of modern chemistry. In the ensuing discussion several speakers testified to the great ignorance of the general public-even of so-called educated people-on chemical matters of the utmost importance to their we1fare.To meet the evident need for a campaign to educate the public in an appreciation of the chemist’s work, strong support was given to the practical suggestions made by Dr.Sayce, viz. :-(I) The immediate appointment, by the committees of the local chemical and semi-chemical societies, of press representa- tives who should be chemists possessing journalistic ability. The representatives should be required to attend all meetings of their respective societies and to send accounts of the proceedings to the local newspapers. Such accounts should possess real “news value,” be accurate in detail and be written in such a manner as to excite the interest and curiosity of non-technical readers. The representatives should receive adequate payment from the societies concerned for each article published. (2) The establishment, as soon as possible, of a national ‘‘ Chemical Press Bureau” to provide the chief newspapers, magazines and news agencies with an adequate and continuous supply of articles on:- (a) The progress and discoveries of pure chemistry.(b) The achievements of purely chemical industries. (c) The contributions of chemistry to industry in general. (d) The contributions of chemistry to public health, nutrition, and medicine. While the members of the bureau should be primarily chemists, it was essential that they should have had journalistic experience. Articles emanating from them must have sufficient popular appeal to insure their immediate acceptance by editors. These should be well-informed and accurate, and should fulfil their purpose of keeping the work of chemists constantly before the public.378 (It is of interest to note here that on the lines of suggestion (a) above, at the instigation of this Section, a Publicity Officer has already been appointed by the Newcastle sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chemical Society, and the Bedson Club.) Various speakers referred to certain ‘‘ popular ” chemical articles of value which had appeared in the press, and suggested that if and when the various chemical interests in this country were united, machinery such as was indicated in @)-above- should be set up at headquarters. It was further suggested (by W. M. Madgin) that increased vigilance of the Institute, and action where necessary with the State Departments concerned, should be encouraged with regard to the regulations relating to chemical matters involved, eg., the road transport of chemicals,-a parallel to rail transport in this connection being apparently non-existent. During the course of the discussion attention was repeatedly directed to the educational aspect of the question, and the chairman mentioned the possibility that, in the near future, the formal study of chemistry might largely disappear from the education of boys up to the age of sixteen.Earnest consideration of this matter was given by the meeting. Dr. P. L. Robinson expressed the general feeling that such a step, which would seriously diminish the quantitative side of science teaching, would be profoundly detrimental to the incul- cation of the principles of scientific method, and therefore to the interests of education as a whole.At the close of the discussion the following resolution was moved by Professor Clemo, seconded by Mr. Muddiman, and carried unanimously :-“ That, in view of the intellectual discipline involved in the study of chemistry as an exact science in the schools, and the great and growing dependence of science generally and of industry, in particular, on chemists, this meeting views with considerable concern the implied policy of the Board of Education in aiming at largely replacing the study of formal chemistry for the School Certificate by general science com- prising elementary physics and biology.’’ On 3rd November, at the invitation of the Bedson Club, members of the Section attended a meeting at Armstrong College, 379 at which Professor H.L. Riley presided, and Professor R. A. Peters, Whitley Professor of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, delivered the Twenty-third Bedson Lecture, in which he dealt with “Some Recent Aspects of the Vitamin B Complex.” (This lecture has been reported in Chemistry and Ind&yy,-17th November, 1933: Vol. 52, No. 46, page 929.) At the Annual General Meeting, referred to above, held at the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club, on 8th November, the Committeds report and the Hon. Treasurer’s financial statement for the year ended 31st October were received and approved. The report showed that eleven meetings, including the Joint Annual Dinner, were held during the Session.The apparently increasing desire in recent days for closer co-operation in the activities of various scientific bodies was reflected in the increased number of meetings held jointly with other Societies during the past Session. Four joint meetings were held with the Society of Chemical Industry, one with the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, and three with the Bedson Club, other Societies being also represented at most of the meetings. The membership of the Section comprised 43 Fellows and 109 Associates resident in the Local Sectional Area, the total being the same as for 1932, viz., 152. Attached to this Section there were 17 registered Students, as compared with 15 in 1932. The officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Prof.G. R. Clemo (Chairman), Dr. J. T. Dunn, Dr. J. H. Jones, Mr. E. W. Muddiman, Dr. A. Rule, Dr. L. A. Sayce, Mr. F. H. Walker (Hon. Treasurer), Mr. M. A. W. Brown (Hon. Secretary), and Hon. Auditors: Messrs. H. C. L. Bloxam and A. F. McCarley. Votes of thanks were accorded to Dr. J. T. Dunn for his services as Chairman during the past year, to Mr. N. Dawson for his services as Honorary Treasurer during the past four years, and to Mr. E. W. Muddiman for his assistance as an Auditor. Scotland.-A syllabus of technical meetings to be held during the months of January/May, 1934, in Glasgow and Edinburgh, has recently been issued by the Association of Secretaries of Technical Societies in Glasgow.The Convener of the Chemical Group is Mr. E. M. Melville, M.A., B.Sc., A.I.C., West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow, C.2. 380 Notes. Professional Procedure in the United States of America.-The News Edition of Industrial and Engineerivlg Chemistry, dated 10th September, 1933, contained particulars of a code for professional conduct, which has been approved by the Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers in the United States, and filed with the National Recovery Admin- istration in Washington. The Code is divided into two parts, the first referring to fair competition, and the second to ethics and interpretations. The Code applies to every person engaged in consulting chemistry and chemical engineering.It provides that no person employed with the industry shall be permitted to work more than an average of forty hours per week during any three months’ period, or more than forty-eight in any one week; but this does not apply to out-side salesmen, to persons employed in adminis- trative capacities, to employees engaged in protecting against hazards, to repair crews, or to trained employees in emergency work. The Code prescribes a minimum wage of fifteen dollars weekly for persons employed in the industry throughout the United States, except in that part south of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers and east of the Mississippi, where the minimum wage shall be twelve dollars weekly. Amongst other provisions,- employees are to have the right to organise and bargain collec- tively through representatives of their own choosing, and to be free from the interference, restraint or coercion of employers of labour or their agents in the designation of such representatives, or in self-organisation or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.Each employer shall comply with the maximum hours of labour, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employ-ment approved or prescribed by the President. The Association is designated as the agency for administering and supervising the provisions of the code, and for receiving communications from the Administrator for National Recovery relating to the industry. The members of the industry, including 381 consulting chemists and chemical engineers, shall be bound by the code of ethics and interpretations, which is to become effective after its approval by the President of the United States, and to remain in force until the expiration or repeal of Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The code of ethics provides that every individual on entering the Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers, Inc., shall incur an obligation to advance the science and art of chemistry, to guard and uphold its high standard of honour, and to conform to the principles of professional conduct; that the members shall not knowingly be engaged in illegal work or co-operate with those who are so engaged; that a member shall carry on his professional work in the strict spirit of fairness to clients, and of personal helpfulness and fraternity towards other members of the profession.(Attached to this provision is an “interpretation” to the effect that laboratory notes on which a report is based remain the property of the consulting organisation making the report, and that paid employees of a consulting organisation have no personal property right in notes made in connection with their work for that organisation.) Members must refrain from associating with, or allowing the use of their names by, any enterprise of questionable character. The Code allows a member to advertise, provided that he does so “in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements.” In the interpretation referring to this provision, it is stipulated that the real ownership or control of the laboratory should be disclosed.It is undignified for any member to allow his photograph to be reproduced in any advertising matter, or to allow his reports to appear in advertisements without his having checked them and given his written consent to the publication. If any such reports are deemed deceptive to the public or prejudicial to the dignity of the profession, the Association may consider this sufficient cause for the termination of the membership of the individual concerned. If a member is requested by clients to undertake work which seems to present improbability of successful results, he shall so advise before undertaking the work.He must be conservative in his estimates, reports, and testimony in connection with the promotion of business enterprise. He shall not accept compensa- tion, financial or otherwise, from more than one interested party without the consent of all parties concerned, or commissions from outside parties on sales to his clients without their know- ledge, but he is not debarred from accepting employment from more than one client where there is no conflict of interest. He shall not use any unfair, improper or questionable methods of 382 securing professional work or advancement, and shall decline to pay or accept secret commissions for securing such work. It is allowable to pay fees to a recognised employment bureau or similar agency for consultant work. He may use all honourable means in competition to secure professional employment, but shall not, by unfair means, injure directly or indirectly the professional reputation, prospects or business of a fellow member, or attempt to supplant a fellow member.He shall not knowingly accept employment by a client while the claim for compensation or damage, or both, of a member previously employed by the same client remains unsatisfied, or until such claim has been referred to arbitration, or issue has been joined at law, or unless the member previously employed has neglected to press his claim legally. He shall be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enables him to recognise.He shall not attempt to compete with a fellow member on the basis of professional charges. The Association does not dictate to its members the fees they shall charge, but it regards it as unethical and contrary to the best interests of the profession for an individual organisation to maintain a sliding scale of fees, the basis of which is not thoroughly understood by other members. He shall not accept any engage- ment to review the professional work (except journal articles and similar scientific publications, and in litigation) of a fellow member without the knowledge of such member, or unless the connection of such member with the work has been terminated. He shall so far as possible in consulting work fix fees suffi- ciently high to warrant complete and adequate services, having regard to the time and labour involved, the novelty and difficulty of the matter, the experience and skill necessary, whether the employment precludes other employment or would involve the loss of other business, the magnitude of the matter and of the benefits resulting to the client, the character of the employment, and whether the work is undertaken for casual or for regular clients.The code provides that members engaged in teaching and research work shall be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients, but it is regarded as prejudicial to the profession that such services should be rendered at fees which ignore the cost of equipment, supplies 383 and overhead expenses.The members should resist any effort of a client to have his fees reduced without real and sufficient cause, although controversies with clients regarding compensation should be avoided. There should be no hesitation to apply to the courts to prevent injustice, imposition or fraud. When a member conducts his profession through a professional service corporation, and represent at ives of that corporation conduct themselves otherwise than in accordance with the code, it is the duty of the member to induce the representatives of the corporation so to conduct its business as to harmonise with the principles which the Association has laid down for the conduct of its members, or to sever his connection with the professional service corporation.While the above code is interesting and conveys some useful suggestions regarding professional procedure, it differs in some important respects from the ethics generally accepted by pro- fessional men in this country. For example, in Great Britain and Ireland, and in most parts of the British Dominions overseas, advertising for practice and the giving of certificates for advertis- ing purposes are discouraged. Moreover, the code adopted by the American Association appears to suggest that it is permissible for a member of the profession to undertake what is usually described as ''cover" work,-work undertaken for an unqualified person or agency which will in all probability issue a report as if he or the agency had undertaken the work.Edward Frankland.-In October, at the Storey Institute, Lancaster, the Mayor, Mrs. A. E. Helme, formally opened and named the new Frankland Laboratory. The Mayor said it was fitting that she should refer to the distinguished chemist after whom the laboratory was named, and to his association with Lancaster. Sir Edward Frankland, the first President of the Institute of Chemistry, was born in 1825 at Churchtown, near Garstang, and lived at Lancaster from about the age of five years almost continuously until he left for London to work with Dr. Lyon-later Lord-Playfair. He was educated at a private school kept by Mr. Willasey and at the Lancaster Free Grammar School, and subsequently apprenticed to Mr.Stephen Ross, a pharmacist in the town. Frankland, moreover, had given his first lecture at the Old Mechanics Institute, upon which site the present Storey Institute was built. 384 The Mayor said she had pleasure in declaring the Laboratory open for the study of chemical science, and it would be called the Frankland Laboratory, in the hope that the life of him whose name it bore might be an unfailing source of inspiration to those who prosecuted their studies therein. The Lancastrian Frankland Society has issued a syllabus of meetings to be held at the Storey Institute during the present session. Harrison Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Bernard Howard, Fellow, delivered the Harrison Memorial Lecture before the Pharmaceutical Society on 12th December, taking for his subject “Cinchona and Civilisation.” Mr.Howard was presented with the Medal instituted in memory of Colonel Edward Frank Harrison. The Annual Chemical Dinner, in which fourteen societies interested in chemistry participated, was held at the Wharncliffe Rooms, Great Central Hotel, London, on 28th November,- Viscount Leverhulme in the chair. Sir Ernest Benn was the guest of the evening, and proposed the toast of “Chemistry,” to which the Chairman replied. Beit Fellowships.-The next election of Beit Scientific Research Fellows will take place in July, 1934. Fellowships are tenable for two years and are of the annual value of &50. Candidates must be under 25 years of age, and must have taken a degree at an approved university or have passed another examina- tion approved by the trustees. Not more than three Fellowships will be awarded.Applications must be forwarded not later than 12th April, 1934,to the Rector, Imperial College, South Kensing- ton, London, S.W. Warning.-Chemists in various parts of the country have lately again been receiving visits from an imposter impersonating a Fellow of the Institute and seeking financial assistance. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar, in order that (in bona Jide cases) they may be assisted promptly from the Benevolent Fund. Complaints have also been received regarding vendors of rugs, etc., who have visited members of the Institute, pretending that they have been introduced by officers or members of the Institute. 385 Obituary.FREDERICK BRANSONWOODWARD died at Far Headingley, Leeds, on 30th November, in his 82nd year. He studied chemistry in London, attending courses under Prof. H. E. Armstrong and under Attfield at the School of the Pharmaceutical Societ,y ;and metallurgy under Huntington at King’s College. He qualified as a pharmacist and passed the majorexamination of the Pharmaceutical Society. At King’s College he was Clothworkers’ Science Prizeman, and was for some time demonstrator in the metallurgical laboratory. In 1883 he setbled in Leeds, where he became engaged with Richard Reynolds in the manufacture of purechemicals, apparatus, and laboratory equipment, in which he continued until his retirement in 1931.During the war he was an active worker in connection with the provision of laboratory glass and porcelain ware apparatus, when supplies from the Continent were cut off, and in 1918 read a paper on “Some Aspects of the Scientific Glassware Industry,” before the Leeds Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. EDWARDJOHNVENN CONOLLYdied at Newark, Notts., on 13th November, at the age of 30 years. He was educated at Mount School and Magnus Grammar School, Newark, and studied chemistry at University College, Nottingham. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with first class honours in chemistry in 1923, and two years later joined the staff of the British Dyestuffs Corporation, Ltd.(I.C.I.) as a research chemist. Later, he was transferred to the manufacturing staff, and in 1927 he was appointed a Plant Manager at Dalton, Huddersfield, retaining this position until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. FREDERICKLUCASLE FPVRE died of peritonitis, while on holiday at Bradford, on the 19th October, aged 36 years. He was the son of the Rev. F. W. Le Fbvre, and was educated at Ampleforth College and at the University of Leeds. He served in the war as a Lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery, and saw much service on the Western Front. In 1922 he graduated B.Sc. with first-class honours in Colour Chemistryand later proceeded to M.Sc.Also, in 1922, he obtained an appointmentas chemist and dyer with Brysilka Ltd., at Apperley Bridge, near Leeds, where he remained until 1931, in which year he went to Guernsey and became engaged in tomato growing. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. HARCOURTGEOFFREY GIBBS died at “Sand Tiles,” Merrow, Surrey, on 22nd July, in his 37th year. Educated at Worcester Grammar School, he matriculated at London University and studied at King’s College from 1912 to 1915, and, in due course, was awarded the degree of B.Sc. (Lond.). He was engaged for a time at the King’s Norton Metal Company before joining the Royal Garrison Artillery, in which he held a commisaion until 386 early in 1917.He was seconded to the Royal Flying Corps until the end of the war; he then returned to his own regiment, from which he retired in 1927, when he was appointed one of H.M. Inspectors of Explosives, Home office. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. THOMAS HOLDENHALSTEAD died suddenly at Cartmel, near Ulverston, on 10th June, in his 46th year. Educated at Wallasey Grammar School, he matriculated at London University in June, 1905, and became engaged MI an assistant chemist in the analytical laboratories of Messrs. Evans, Sons, Lescher & Webb, Ltd. From 1909 to 1911 he studied at the Uni- versity of Liverpool, where later he continued research in collaboration with Professor Harvey Gibson and Dr. A. W. Titherley. He graduated B.Sc.(Liv.) with honours in chemistry in 1911, and proceeded to M.Sc. in 1913. He devoted special attention to anti-fouling and anti-corrosive compositions for ships’ bottoms, and also published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, joint papers with Dr. Titherley on the mechanism of reaction between acyl chlorides and primary amides, and benzotrichloride and primary amides, respectively. In 1922 he established a works for the manufacture of anti-fouling compositions. Later, this was formed into a company (Everclean Antifoulings, Ltd.), of which he became a Director, and he continued his research in these matters until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. BAL DEV KAURA died at Delhi on the 29th June, in his 31st year.He was educated at the Government College, Lahore, the University of Utah and at Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A. He graduated B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering, and subsequently proceeded to M.Sc. in the Punjab University. In 1924 he was appointed Reader in Mathematics, and Graduate Assistant in Chemistry in the University of Utah, where he subsequently held a Research Fellowship in Chemistry in 1926 and 1927. Towards the end of the latter year he was appointed Graduate Assistant in Chemistry in Purdue University, where also he held a Research Fellowship from 1928 to 1929. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930. WILLIAMPARTRIDGEdied at Wimbledon, on 10th December, in his 53rd year. He studied at the Finsbury Technical College under Meldola, Silvanus Thompson and Dalby, from 1897 to 1900, and became an analytical assistant under William Chattaway, and Mr.C. G. Moor, with whom he was engaged mainly in the analysis of food and drugs, and the bacteriological examination of disinfectants, foods and waters. In 1905 he joined Mr. Moor in private practice, which he subsequently continued independently until his death. He was public analyst and official agricultural analyst to the County Borough of Burton-on-Trent, joint public analyst with Mr. Moor for the County of Dorset and the Boroughs of Penzance and Poole. He was author of Aids to Chemistry, published in 1921; Aids to Bacteriology, of which the fourth edition was published in 1922, and compiled a Dictionary of Bacteriological Equivalents in Five Languages, published in 1927.He was also joint author, with Mr. Moor, of Aids to the Ana.Zysis of Food and Drugs, of which the fourth edition was published in 1918. He was a past Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts, and a frequent contributor to its proceedings. He was a member of the Public Appointments Committee of the Institute, and was very helpful in compiling Appendix IV of the seventh edition of 387 the “List of Official Chemicai Appointments, ‘’ giving a summary of legis-lation, government departmental regulations, recommendations, etc., relating to the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928, affecting the appointments and duties of public analysts, official agricultural analysts, water examiners, etc.He had also kindly undertaken to revise the same part of the eighth edition. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1902, and a Fellow in 1905. GEORGETATE died at Prenton, Birkenhead, on the 24th November, in his 76th year. Born at Hastings, he was the son of Thomas Tate, a well-known educationalist of his day and mathematics master at the National Society’s Training College, Battersea. He was educated at the City of London School and afterwards studied chemistry under Will at Giessen, and Wislicenus at Wiirzburg, graduating Ph.D. at the latter University. The subject of his dissertation was “Nonsymmetrical Di-methyl Succinic Acids and Propyl-and-Isopropyl- Malonic Acids.” On his return to England he took over the College of Chemistry,Liverpool (founded by Sheridan Muspratt) and devoted his energies to teaching chemistry, at the same time carrying on an analytical and consultingpractice.From about 1890 to 1915 he was head of the Chemistry Department of the Liverpool Technical School and, from 1893 until September, 1933, head of the Chemistry Department of the Birkenhead Technical School. At the time of his death he was engaged on an investigation into the constituents of Tantalite and Columbite, searching for a constituent which he believed to be present, but had not previously been discovered. He had few interests outside science, and while he made chemistry his life’s work, he found recreation in the study of geology, mineralogy, botany and bacteriology. The Institute was represented at the funeral by Mr.F. Robertson Dodd, immediate Past Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section, and several other Fellows of the Institute. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, served as a Member of Council from 1922 to 1925, and for several years was the active repre- sentative of the Benevolent Fund Committee for the Liverpool and North- West Coast District. 388 Books and their Con tents. The following book has,Ibeen presented by the British Non- Ferrous Metals Research Association :-"Metallurgical Analysis by the Spectrograph," being some experiences of the application of the Spectrograph to the Analysis of Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys.D. M. Smith. Pp. xi + 114. (London: British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association.) 10s. 6d. General principles; the spectrum and its photography; qualitative and quantitative analysis ; the standardisation of technique ; quantitativeinterpretation of spectrograms; assay of Zn, Sn, Pb, Cu; scope and value of spectrographic methods. Presented by the Publishers :-"Inorganic Chemistry, A Text-Book of." Fritz Ephraim,. English Edition. P. C. L. Thorne. Second Edition-Revised and Enlarged. Pp. xii + 874. (London: Gurney and Jackson.) 28s. net. The elements; halogen compounds; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compounds of sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; the nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group; elements of the fourth group (and boron); rare earths, alloys, radioactivity ;Appendix; Tables; Indexes.Sir James Dewar.-Mr. H. Young has kindly presented the Institute with a brochure-" A Record of the Scientific Work of Sir James Dewar," printed for private circulation, 1933. The scientific papers of Sir James Dewar and colleagues are arranged in sections : Chemical and physical research and physiological action; charcoal and the production of high vacua; spectroscopic investigations ; investigations at low temperatures; capillary and liquid films; bio- graphical; historical. The*Departmentof Scientific and Industrial Research has issued the Report of the Building Research Board for the year 1932. H.M. Stationery Office: 2s. 6d. net, 389 British Standards Institution.-The following British Standard Specifications, prepared by a Technical Committee of the Chemical Divisional Council, have lately been issued :-No.515-1933. Crude Carbolic Acids 60’s and 45’s. 516-1933. Distilled Carbolic Acids 60’s and 45’s. 517-1933. Cresylic Acid of High Orthocresol Content. 521-1933. Cresylic Acid (50/55per cent. Metacresol). 522-1933. Orthocresol, Metacresol and Paracresol. 523-1933. Phenol. 524-1933. Refined Cresylic Acids, Grades A and B. The Institution expresses the hope that the specifications will be adopted by Fellows and Associates of the Institute wherever possible. Copies can be obtained from the Publications Depart- ment of the British Standards Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, 2s.each net, post free, 2s. zd. The World Power Conference has announced the publication of the Transactions of the Scandinavian Sectional Meeting, and of the first Congress on Large Dams, in seven volumes, particulars of which can be obtained from Messrs.Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. Gas Undertakings Acts, 1920 and 1929.-The “General Notification of the Gas Referees,” re-issued 15th November, 1933, is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office,-price 2s. 6d. net. Gas Referees; general notification; issue of special prescriptions; testing places; gas supply to testing places; times of testing; gasexaminers ;representation of gas undertakers ; testing the pressure of the gas; testing the purity of the gas; testing for calorific value; times and forms of gas examiner’s reports ; publication of reports.Appendices. Surgical Dressings.-The Pharmaceutical Society has published a summary of the Principal Standards for Surgical Dressings, recommended by the Dressings Sub-committee of the Codex Revision Committee of the Society. This report has been accepted, provisionally, for inclusion in the British Pharma- ceutical Codex, 1934, and is published by the Pharmaceutical Press, price IS. 6d. 390 The Register. AT the meetings of Council held on 17th November and 15th December, 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 42 Associates were elected, and 38 Students were admitted. The deaths of three Fellows and five Associates have been reported.Associates elected to the Fellowship. Costigan, Howard Augustus, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), The Lilacs, Horsham St. Faith’s, Norwich. Hey, Donald Holroyde, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), Chemistry Depart- ment, The University, Manchester. Lacy, Sidney Augustus de, 29, Windermore Avenue, London, S.W.19. MacConkey, Charles Alexander Hamilton, D.Se.Tech. (Zurich), National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Thompson, Mark, M.A. (Cantab.), 16, Kingsfield Road, Oxhey, Herts. Ward, Allan Miles, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Lond.), Meadowsweet, Woldingham, Caterham Valley, Surrey. Warren, Frederick William, B.Sc.Teeh. (Mane.), 64, South Drive, Chorlton- ville, Manchester. New Associates . Alexander, Joseph Brightwell, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 24, Park Farm Road, Kingston-on-Thames.Balfe, Bernard James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Berber Road, London, S.W.ll. Burns, Ronald Hosendoff, B.Sc. (Lond.), 38, Atbara Road, Teddington. Cheesman, Geoffrey Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 9, Compton Road, London, S.W.19. Critehley, George Norton, M.Sc. (Sheffield), Ashgate Mount, Broomhill, Sheffield. Dale, Frank Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Easby Mount, Birkhill Road, Bradford. Darby, George Douglas, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.H.W.C., Caversham, Claygate, Surrey.Darney, Alexander, M.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Joinings Bank, Langley Green, Birmingham.Farmer, Edward Henry, B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.), P.O. Box 259, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand. Ferguson, William Swan, Rotherslade, Orchard Avenue, Burnham, Bucks.Flowerdew, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Birm.), Messrs. Bob Martin, Ltd., Southport.Gething, Harry Howard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Greenhill Road, Grantham, Lines. Goodwin, Thomas Henry, B.Se. (Birm.), 24, Bournbrook Road, Selly Hill, Birmingham.Hartree, Edward Francis, B.Se., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Coleridge Walk, London, N.W.ll. Hughes, William Frederick, B.A. (Cantab.), Exeter Lodge, Grosvenor Street, Cheltenham, Glos. 391 Jacobs, Harry, B.Sc. (Cape), 10, Military Road, Tamboers Kloof, Cape Town, S. Africa. Jones, John Kenyon Netherton, B.Sc. (Birm.), c/o 790, Washwood Heath Road, Ward End, Birmingham. Kennedy, Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 195, Standhill' Road, Nottingham. King, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Roseneath Avenue, London, N.21.Lidstone, Frank BIarshall, Dilham, Lawn Heads Avenue, Littleover, Derby. Lowe, Arthur Reginald, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 7, Kemps-ford Gardens, London, S.W.5. Milburn, Denys Percival, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 14, Raymond Avenue, Bury.Miller, John Garnet Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 108, Bramhall Lane, Stockport, Cheshire. Money, Reginald William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Tangier Road, Richmond, Surrey.Mortimer, George Abbott, A.H-W.C., 47, Queens Avenue, Blackhall, Edinburgh.North, Harry Ernest, B.Sc. (Leeds), 156, Waterton Road, Lupset, Wake- field. Paver, Harold, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Prospect House, Henconner Lane, Bramley, Yorks. Peel, Patrick Robert Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 16, Westminster Palace Gardens, London, S.W.l.Preston, John Frederick, B.Sc. (Birm.), 330, Yardley Road, South Yardley, Birmingham.Record, Basil Roland, I3.Sc. (Birm.), 9, Woodville Road, Harborne, Birmingham.Righellato, Edwin Clemente, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Dorothy Road, London, S.W.11. Roberts, John Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Dewsland Park Road, Newport, Mon. Sandler, Robert, B.Sc.Eng. (Witwatersrand), c/oJ. Chitkin, 30, Abbotsford Place, Glasgow, C.5. Sharratt, Edward, B.Sc. (Birm.), 74, Harden Road, Leamore, TNalsall. Sher, Harry Nathan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 81, Sterndale Road, London, W.14. Short, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 7, Gloucester Road, London, E.ll. Simmons, Harold William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Brownberrie Walk, Hors-forth, Yorks. Smith, Eric Hutchinson, M.A.(Toronto), Box 431, Acton, Ontario, Canada. Soulsby, Austen James Elliott, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Guisborough Street, Sunderland. Tone, Gerard Monteith, B.Xc. (Lond.), Fawdon, Bury Street, Ruislip,Middx. White, Christopher Fifield, B.Sc. (Lond.), 140, Station Road, London, N.W.4. Whyatt, Gilbert Henderson, B.Sc. (Mane.), 24, Bucklesham Road, Ipswich. New Students. Anderson, Frank William, 23, Ridley Road, Rochester, Kent. Barraclough, John Marsden, Gates Lodge, Farnley Ironworks, Farnley, Leeds. Bartlett, Kenneth Walter William, 8, Frimley R,oad, Camberley, Surrey. Beecher, Laurence, 31, Paget Road, London, S.E.18. Berry, John Edward Walter, 14, Clarina Street, Lincoln. Browne, Geoffery, 95, Perry Rise, London, S.E.23.Buckley, Frank Cyril, 1, Benchill Crescent, Benchill, Wythenshawe, Mtwchester. 392 Chapman, John Arthur Douglas, Toujours, Gorelands Lane, Chalfont St. Giles. Davies, Philip Morey, 27, Radcliffe Road, London, N.21. Digby, George Harold, Hilary, Watts Wood, Purfleet, Essex. Duckworth, Frank, 1, Station Villae, Hellifield, Yorks. Gloyns, Frank Philip, Homefield, Pinner Road, Piimer, Middx. Hilton, Herbert, 8, Waterloo Road, Waterloo, Nr. Liverpool.Johnson, Thomas Edwin, 50, Old Road, Blackley, Manchester. Kershaw, John Maurice, Sunnymede, Atwick Road, Hornsea, E. Yorks. Lawson, Gavin, 19, Isles Terrace, Newmilns, Ayrshire. McLintie, Ronald Herbert, 56, Totteridge Road, Enfield, Middx. Pamely-Evans, Owen Goronwy, 85, Somerset Road, Newport, Mon.Potter, Frank, 16, Sandygate Lane, Clayton, Manchester. Purdie, Robert Hume, 114, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.3. Pyle, Percival Robert Charles, Maple Leaf Villa, Cam, Glos. Ragg, Leonard William, Suffolk House, Melford Road, Sudbury, Suffolk. Rankin, William Thomas Clibborn, 2, Eton Road, MTest Bridgford, Not tingham . Read, John Scot, 6, Chatsworth Road, London, W.4. Roberson, Edwin Cecil, 88, Messina Avenue, London, N.W.6. Rose, Charles Francis Mathew, 59, Russell Street, London, S.TV.9. Round, Kenneth George, Dinan, Elmdon Lane, Marston Green, Birming- ham. Rowbotham, Robert Welsh, 12, Front Street, Bank Head, Fenco Houses, Co. Durham. Rowell, Aubrey Harry Winter, 31, Hallowell Road, Northwood, Middx. Russell, William Caird, 50, Hereus Loan, Musselburgh, Midlothian. Smith, Edward Fraser, 80, Plumstead Common Road, London, S.E.18.Sneary, William James, 15, Benledi Street, London, E.14. Squire, George Victor Vincent, School House, Winterton, Gt. Yarmouth. Tasker, Hardwicke Slingsby, 152, Abbey Lane, Woodseats, Sheffield. Thurland, Francis Edward, 13, Everest Road, London, S.E.9. Torrance, Sydney, 20, Fair Street, London, E.l. Tracey, Herbert George, Rose Cottage, Longford Hall, Nr. Derby.Woodthorpe, Thomas John, 87, Blackpool Street, Burton-on-Trent. DEATHS. Fellows. Frederick Woodward Branson. William Partridge. George Tate, Ph.D. (Wurzburg). Associates. Edward John Venn Conolly, B.Sc. (Lond.). Geoffrey Harcourt Gibbs, B.Sc. (Lond.).Thomas Halstead Holden, B.Sc.(Lond.), M.Sc. (Liv.). Bal Dev Kaura, M.Sc. (Punjab).Frederick Lucas Le FBvre, M.Sc. (Leeds). CHANGE OF NAME. Leonidio Cocuzzi, PeWow, to Leo Cooksey by Deed Poll. 393 Coming Events. 1934 January 5th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(Liverpool Section) : Joint Meeting with the Manchester Section and the Food Group of the S.C.I. “Some Fundamental Scientific Problems in the Food Industry.” Dr. L. H. LAMPITT. University of Liverpool, 6 p.m.Visit to the Aintree Factory of Messrs. Wm. P. Hartley, Ltd. 6th SPECIALBRIGADE,R.E.: The twelfth Annual Re-union and Dinner of “Q ” Special Co. R.E. will be held at Anderton’s Hotel, Fleet Street, London, E.C.4, at 7 p.m. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, H.T. Islip, Wa,yside, Iver, Bucks. 8th SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(London Section): Joint Meeting with the Institution of Chemical Engineers. “Legal Pitfalls for the Chemical Engineer. J. DAVIDSONPRATT and G. S. W. MARLOW. Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.l, 6 p.m. INSTITUTEBREWING (London Section) : 30th AnnualOF General Meeting. “The Season’s Hops.” F. S. JACKSON and W. L. MOORE. Horse Shoe Hotel, Tottenham Court Road, W., 7.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRYINSTITUTION (London and District Section): “Accelerators Derived from Piperidine.” M. W. PHILPOTT.“Accelerators as an Aid to Quality.” M. JONES. “Accelerators as an Aid to Production.” A. H. SMITH. First Avenue Hotel, High Holborn, W.C. SOCIETY9th PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREATBRITAIN: “Isoprene as a Fundamental Unit in the Synthesis of Plant Products.” Professor I.M. HEILBRON,F.R.S. 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, 8.30 p.m. Exhibition of Scientific Instruments.-The Physical Society has announced that the 24th Annual Exhibition of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, from Tuesday, 9th January, to Thursday, 11th January, inclusive ; 3 p.m. to 6 p-m., and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on 9th and 11th January, and 4 p.m. to 6 p.m., and 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on 10th January. 9th INSTITUTEOF METALS (North-East Coast Section) : “PhysicalProperties of Deposited Weld Metal in the Arc-Welding and Atomic Hydrogen Processes.” C. R. DEGLOXand L.MILLER. Armstrong,College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 7.30 p.m. 10th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section):OF Film Exhibit. Royal Belfast Academical Institution, 7.46 p.m. 394 1934 January 11th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL ~NDUSTRY (Bristol Section) : Joint Meeting with the Plastics Group of the S.C.I. and the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associat’ion. “Development of Synthetic Pigments and Resins.” NOELHEATON.Univer-sity, Bristol, 7.30 p.m. 12th SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY(Plastics Group) : Joint Meeting with the Chemical Engineering Group. ‘L Plastics as Engineering Material.” H. W. ROWELL. Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. 1, 8 p.m. 17th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and S.E. Counties Section): “Developments in the Coal Industry.” Dr.J. G. KING, F.I.C. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. 18th LANCASTRIAN SOCIETYFRANKLAND : Informal Dinner ; Prof. H. E. ARMSTRONG, F.R.S., in the Chair. 24th TEXTILEINSTITUTE(Oldham Technical Association) :“The Selection of Oil for Industrial Purposes.” F. J. SLEE, at the Municipal Technical College, Oldham. SOCIETY (Food Group) : Joint Meeting OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY with the British Association of Refrigeration. “Refri-geration in the Food Industry.” Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, S.W.1, 8 p.m. 29th TEXTILEINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Textile Society) : “Peroxide Bleaching.” H. W. WILKINSON, at Huddersfield. February 7th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Irish Free State Section) : “Modern Photography.” T.MASON. Physics Lecture Theatre, Trinity College, Dublin, 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY : “The Influence 13th PHARMACEUTICAL OF GREATBR~TAIN of Nutritional Factors in Disease.’’ Professor E. MELLANBY, F.R.S. 17, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.l, 8.30 p.m. OF15th INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Belfast and District Section): “Some Aspects of Modern Astronomy.” J. C. A. BRIERLEY. Royal Belfast Academical Institution, 7.45 p.m. 21st INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and S.E. Counties Section) : “Problems relating to the Profession of Chemistry.’’Discussion opened by Dr. E. F. ARMSTRONG,J.P., LL.D., F.R.S. 30, Russell Square, W.C. 1, 7.30 p.m. 23rd LANCASTRIAN SOCIETY(FRANKLAND) :“ The Chemical Nature of Vitamins, with special reference to Vitamin C.” Dr.E. 1,. HIRST. Storey Institute, 8 p.m. March OF1st INSTITUTECHEMISTRY: Annual General Meeting. 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1, 4.30 p.m. 2nd SOCIETYOF PUBLICANALYSTS:60th Anniversary Dinner. Trocadero Restaurant, Piccadilly, London, I&.. 1, 7 p,m. 6th INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) :Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society. “Micro-methods in Inorganic Chemistry. ” Prof. F. G. TRYHORN, D.Sc. 7.30 p.m. 395 General Notices. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute, on Thursday, 1st March, 1934. Nominationof General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members of Council :-By-law 26.(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form: “We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify t’hat A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy. The Officers and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, 1st March, 1934, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows: Vice- President.George Gerald Henderson, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Members of Council. Norman Mederson Comber, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. Arthur Gordon Francis, D.Sc. Isidor Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Right Hon. Lord Henley, M.A. Herbert Henry Hodgson, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. George King, M.Sc. William Johnson Smith Naunton, M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. George Henry Perry, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Eric Keightley Rideal, M.B.E., B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. John Weir, M. A., B.Sc.,Ph.D. 396 Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m. on Thursday, 18th January, 1934. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows :-Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson.Bristol and South-Western Counties : Ernest Vanstone, D.Sc. Liverpool and North-Western: William RoscoeHardwick, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern : Edwin Burnhope Hughes, M.Sc. Manchester and District : Joseph Henry Lester, M.Sc. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Arthur Ernest Everest, D.Sc., Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland: Robert Bruce. Glasgow and West of Scotland: Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Herbert Ben Watson, D.Sc. Northern Ireland : Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State: Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad: To be co-opted in March, 1934.Examinations, 1934.-The arrangements for the April and September examinations in 1934 will be as follows:-FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 9th to 14th April. (Notebooks: 16th March.) 17th to 22nd September, Monday, 9th July, 1934. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 7th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 16th to zIst April. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 24th to 29th September. Monday, 9th July, 1934. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 4th June, 1934. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 397 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in October, 1934, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment , will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases , Intermediate Science Examinations. 398 Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations.The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. 399 Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s.8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Appointments Register. A Register of chemists who are available for appointments, or who are seeking to improve their positions, is kept at the office of the Institute.The facilities afforded by this Register are available (gratis) to Companies and firms requiring the services of Chemists, and to Universities, Colleges and Technical Schools requiring teachers of chemistry and technology. A List of junior assistants is also available. All communications to be addressed to The Registrar, The Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,BENEVOLENT INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.1. 400 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES, 1sT MARCH TO 15~~DECEMBER, 1933.Council Oouncil in Committees Uommittee J. F. Thorpe, Pres. W. J. A. Butterfield, .. V.P. .. .. .. .. 8 7 2 8 32 7 22 6 1 1 A. E. Dunstan, V.P. .. Sir G. C. Clayton, V.P. .. F. G. Edmed, V.P. .. G. G. Henderson, V.P. .. W. H. Roberts, V.P. .. P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treas. C. 0. Bannister . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 4 8 2 4 8 5 0 1 8 0 5 8 2 13 3 5 3 1 30 5 0 3 5 0 0 28 0 1 1 8 J. C. A. BrierleyRobert Bruce . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 2 2 0 4 5 0 0 R. M. Caven .. .. .. .. 4 1 5 1 N. M. Comber .. .. .. .. 2 3 0 0 H. E. Cox .. .. .. .. .. 8 6 1 1 4 C. H. Desch .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 0 Charles Dor6e .. .. .. .. 4 5 8 0 6 13. D. Elkington G. D. Elsdon .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 2 6 2 0 4 0 0 A. E. Everest .. .. .. .. 7 5 18 9 A. G. Francis P. F. Gordon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 6 0 8 1 14 1 13 5 R. H. Greaves .. .. .. .. 4 5 1 0 1 W. R. Hardwick .. .. .. .. 6 6 1 0 I. M. Heilbron .. .. .. .. 2 0 0 0 Lord Henley H. H. HodgsonG. E. Holden .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 6 5 0 6 1 0 19 0 0 14 0 R. H. Hopkins E. B. HughesJ. R. Johnson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 7 1 1 1 3 14 4 1 6 0 George King J. G. King .. A. G. G. Leonard .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 4 3 4 2 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 2 J. H. Lester .. .. .. .. 3 1 4 0 W. J. X. Naunton .. .. .. 2 1 0 0 G. H. PerryE. K. Rideal .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 1 0 2 0 14 3 2 1 William Rintoul . . .. .. .. 4 0 3 3 Robert Robinson .. .. .. .. 2* 0 0 0 Edward Russell .. .. .. .. 8 8 5 3 Samuel Smiles .. .. .. .. 3 6 3 2 Frank Southerden .. .. .. .. 6 3 4 1 William Wardlaw . . .. .. ._ 4 1 21 6 H. B. Watson E. J. Way .. John Weir ..A. W. M. Wintle .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ,. .. * Oj a possible 5 2 0 7 3. 3 1 0 5 4 17 1 1 0 9 0 1