THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1934. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Commit tee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registvar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1.LONDON, June, 1934. Publications Committee, 1934135. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidml), C. 0. BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, C. DOREE, A. E. EVEREST, LEWIS EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H.H.HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasuver). A. Ge G. LEONARD, J. €3. LESTER, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, T. F. E.RHEAD, F. SOUTHERDEN, ERNEST VANSTONE, W. WARDLAW, H.B.WATSON, A. We Mm WINTLE. 179 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY, 1934. Council Meeting, 27th April.-At the meeting of Council held on the 27th April, a report (with a financial statement) was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry for the year 1933, embodying the following review of proceedings relating to the question of co-operation between chemical organisations. "In January, 1933, the Federal Council for Chemistry submitted a draft scheme for co-operation between the scientific, technical and professional chemical organisations to the Councils of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, asking whether they could agree the scheme in principle and, if so, inviting each body to appoint three delegates to confer on the matter with a Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry."The scheme in question was agreed in principle by the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and delegates were appointed. The Council of the Institute of Chemistry, however, was unable to agree the scheme in principle, but stated that it was prepared to discuss means of promoting co-operation between the three bodies concerned, and submitted an alternative scheme as a basis for discussion. The Federal Council for Chemistry thereupon invited the Institute of Chemistry to appoint representatives to meet the Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry and the three representatives each appointed by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at a Conference to discuss ab initio means of promoting co-operation between the three constituent bodies and to report to the respective Councils.This invitation was accepted. "The following were the representatives of the three bodies at this Conference: ChemicaZ Society: Mr. F. P. Dunn, Professor C. S. Gibson and Professor T. S. Moore. 180 Institute of Chemistry: Dr. 0. L. Brady, Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield, Sir Christopher Clayton, Mr. R. L. Collett, Mr. F. G. Edmed, Mr. L. Eynon, Mr. E. Hinks, Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, Mr. Richard B. Pilcher, Mr. W. Rintoul, and Professor J. F. Thorpe. Society of Chemical Industry: Dr. R. T. Colgate, Dr. W. Cullen, and Dr.R. H. Pickard. “The Committee of the Federal Council for Chemistry consisted of the following: Dr. E. F. Armstrong, Mr. E. R. Bolton, Dr. L. H. Lampitt, Professor G. T. Morgan, Mr. Emile Mond, Professor J. C. Philip, Sir William J. Pope, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, and Mr. W. Rintoul. “The Conference and its Sub-Committees held numerous meetings, and submitted a draft scheme to the Councils of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, inviting each body to appoint three delegates to serve on a Provisional Chemical Council. These invitations were accepted, and the Federal Council has invited the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers to nominate three delegates as representatives of chemical industry to serve on the Council.” The report of the Federal Council also directed attention to the heavy cost of German publications in this country, upon which representation has been made to the German Chemical Society and the Union Internationale de Chimie.The Council of the Institute has contributed fl20 to the expenses of the Federal Council for the present year. Also on 27th April, the Council of the Institute received reports from the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, the Publications Committee, and the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee. On the report of the Finance and House Committee, the Council resolved to contribute E250 to the Library of the Chemical Society, and made a small contribution to the British National Committee of the World Power Conference (of which Dr.Harold G. Colman is the Honorary Treasurer, and also representative of the Institute); and agreed to support the British Science Guild’s scheme for the publication of the fourth edition of the catalogue of Scientific and Technical Books. 181 Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, was appointed as representative of the Institute on the Federal Council for Chemistry, in succession to Professor Smithells, C.M.G., F.R.S., who has been invited to serve on the Federal Council as a co-opted member. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe was re-appointed representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the fund had been reduced considerably, during the first three months of the year, by heavy demands made upon it, while the receipts were about i40 less than those recorded for the corresponding period in 1933.Additional cases, both of widows and of members temporarily embarrassed through unemployment, are now receiving regular allowances, and the Committee will, therefore, be obliged to make a further special appeal to members who have not yet subscribed during 1934. The Publications Committee reported that the eighth edition of Official Chemical Appointments was in final proof; that arrangements were being made for the publication of a new edition of the Register in the autumn; and that the lecture- demonstrations on “Micro-chemical Methods,” given by Professor Briscoe and Mrs.Matthews were also in proof. The report of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee consisted mainly of the results of applications made for Studentship, Associateship and Fellowship. The names of successful candidates are given at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The report also contained the report on an inspection of two Institutions which are not yet to be recommended for recognition for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute, and dealt with correspondence with the Principals of technical colleges regarding the preliminary education of candidates who have been awarded National Certificates in Chemistry.Professor James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., D.Sc., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad, in place of Mr. Edward John Way, who had completed three years’ service in that capacity, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Way on his retirement from office. 182 Council Meeting, 11th May.-A Special Meeting of the Council was held on 11th May to receive a report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee embody- ing the report of the Board of Examiners on the April Examina- tions for the Associateship and Fellowship, an abstract of which is included in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Council Meeting, 25th May.-The Council received reports from the Standing Committees, including the Finance and House Committee, the Benevolent Fund Committee, and the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee.The Benevolent Fund Committee reported a decrease of E20 3s. 7d. in contributions, and an increase of E231 11s. 4d. in expenditure compared with the position at the same date in 1933. Fellows and Associates who have not responded to the appeal for the fund during the present year are, therefore, urgently requested to do what they can to support the endeavours of the Benevolent Fund Committee in order to enable them to deal adequately with appeals recently received. The Committee proposes to take steps to obtain collection boxes to be supplied, with the consent of the chemists in charge, to laboratories where a number of members are employed. The names of the new members elected at this meeting are recorded at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Professor J. F. Thorpe, F.R.S., President of the Institute, attended the Jubilee Celebrations of the Society of Dyers and Colourists held under the presidency of Professor A. G. Green, F.R.S., at Bradford, on 25th May. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer, visited the South Wales Section on 12th April, and addressed a meeting on the subject of the activities of the Institute (see page 206). International Congress.-Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Member of Council, represented the Institute at the ninth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry held in Madrid from 5th to 11th April.183 Achema VI1.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, represented the Institute at the Opening of Achema VII Exhibition of Chemical Apparatus at Cologne on 18th May. The Place of Chemistry in General Education.-At a meeting to be held on 29th June, the Council intends to proceed with the further consideration of the place of chemistry in general education. Fellows and Associates will recall that a report of a discussion on this subject was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I1 (pages 117-129),and that the President, in his address at the Annual General Meeting, intimated that members would be invited to contribute their views on the question. A number of letters have already been received, and the Council will be glad to hear from other members who may be interested, not later than Thursday, zIst June.Lectures.-The report of the lecture-demonstrations given by Professor H. V. A. Briscoe and Dr. Janet Matthews on “Micro-chemical Methods suitable for General Analytical Practice ” will be issued to the Fellows, AAssociates and Registered Students with this Part. Dr. A. D. Mitchell has kindly undertaken to give a lecture later in the year on “New Indicators and Other Reagents employed in Volumetric Analysis,’’ notice of which will be given in due course. Official Chemical Appointments, 1934.-The eighth edition of the List of Official Chemical Appointments, compiled by direction of the Council under the supervision of the Publications Committee, and recently published by the Institute, provides ample evidence of the increased employment of chemists under Government, Municipal, and other authorities in Great Britain and Ireland, in India, and in the Overseas Dominions.The general scheme adopted in the previous editions has been adhered to, the information has been revised, and many additions have been made, especially in connection with the public utility services, The book also contains a list of Societies and Institutions interested in chemistry, a comprehensive section devoted to legislation, orders, regulations, etc. affecting official chemical appointments, and indexes of names and places. 184 The information has been obtained from official sources, and the Council again acknowledges its indebtedness to the heads of Government Departments, Colonial Secretaries, Registrars and Secretaries of Universities and Colleges, Official Chemists, Town Clerks, and especially to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Honorary Secretaries of the Local Sections of the Institute, without whose assistance and courtesy the list could not have been prepared.Special acknowledgment is due to Mr. Thomas McLachlan for his help in connection with the preparation of the section dealing with legislation. Intended primarily for the use of professional chemists, the publication has been found useful by many authorities and others interested in the application of chemistry to purposes of State, and in the promotion of education in the science.A list of corrections and additions to the List is being issued with this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Very few of the alterations, however, are due to errors in the work of compilation. In some cases, the returns were received too late or incomplete and, in others, the changes have only been notified since the book went to press. Further editions of the List will be published periodically, with the continued assistance of officials and holders of appoint- ments. Suggestions which may increase the usefulness of the work will be welcomed and carefully considered. The Register, 1934.-A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Students is in course of preparation and will be published as soon as possible.Members who have not yet completed the cards recently issued to them, with a view to ensuring the correctness of their entries, will facilitate the work by making their returns without further delay. 185 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 16th May,- Professor James Hendrick presiding,--when Dr. A. B. Stewart, of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, read a paper entitled, “Chemistry and Soil Research.” The following is a prkcis of Dr. Stewart’s paper:- An indication was given of the directions in which modem soil research is being developed, both on philosophical and on practical lines.In soil survey work-that branch of soil research which deals with the classification of soils-the chemist is concerned with the determination of the extent to which the products of weathering have remained in, or have been removed from, the place of their formation. Various methods, e.g. extraction with strong hydrochloric acid, extraction with acid ammonium oxalate, separation and analysis of clay fractions, etc. have been tried out with a view to differentiating between weathered and unweathered material in the soil. Products of weathering, such as aluminium and ferric hydroxides, silicic acid, humus and various kations, may unite to form colloidal complexes. If a soil be treated with a salt solution, an ionic exchange reaction takes place, and the kations in these complexes are displaced to a certain extent by the kations in the salt solution.The equilibrium in the exchange reactions involving the displacement of basic kations depends principally on the concentration of the salt and on the hydro- dynamic volume of the kation in the salt solution; in exchange reactions involving displacement of hydrogen ions, the equili- brium also depends on the degree of dissociation of the resulting compound formed in solution. Whereas the alkalis in chemistry generally behave very similarly to one another, it is found that in these exchange reactions there is a special order for the ease with which they enter the soil complexes by displacement. With monovalent kations the order is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs < H, and for divalent kations Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba.For the reverse 186 reaction the above order is reversed for the monovalent kations, but not for the divalent kations. When hydrogen is the predominant kation in the colloidal complex, the soil is acid, and this gives rise to a soil condition which has considerable practical significance, as optimum growth of any particular plant is generally to be associated with a limited range in $H values. Various methods have been proposed for the determination of the ‘‘Lime Requirement ” and also for the “Manurial Requirement ” of a soil. Nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid and lime are the commonest plant nutrients in which a soil is likely to be deficient.In estimating the manurial content of a soil an endeavour is made to obtain a measure of the amount of the nutrients present in the soil in a form available to plants. Chemical methods for the estimation ,ofthe manurial content of a soil generally depend on the extraction of the soil with a weak acid or similar solvent, and on the sub-sequent analysis of the extract. Although no chemical method affects the soil in exactly the same way as does a growing plant, the results of such determinations can be interpreted to yield valuable information, when sufficient practical data are available to permit of correlation of the crop yield with the estimate of the manurial content. There was an interesting discussion at the conclusion of the paper, and Professor Hendrick moved a vote of thanks to Dr.Stewart. Thereafter, the Annual Meeting of the Section was held and, following the reading of the Secretary’s report, the following office-bearers were appointed-Chairman : Professor Alexander Findlay; Honorary Secretary : Mr. R. Craven; Committee : Professor Hendrick, Mr. A. Dargie, Captain John Allan, Mr. W. Godden, Mr. M. J. Robb and Mr. Patrick Mitchell. Mr. Craven has succeeded Mr. Mitchell on his retirement from the office of Honorary Secretary, in which capacity he has rendered valuable service since the formation of the Section in 1929. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the “Merrythought” Caf6 on 4th May.Dr. w. Honneymanin the Chair. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the Session, 1934-5-Chairman : Dr. W. Honneyman ; E~LTrea-surer: 3fr. J. W. Porter; Hon. Secretary: Mr. c. s. McDowell; 187 Committee: Messrs. J. C. Baird, E. M. Reid, H. T. Currie and Dr. T. E. Ellison. The Annual Report, presented by the Honorary Secretary, and the Accounts and Financial Report, presented by the Honorary Treasurer, were adopted. The arrangements for next Session were discussed. Birmingham and Midlands.-Dr. F. W. Norris has relin- quished the post of Honorary Secretary of the Section after seven years’ valuable service in that capacity, and has been succeeded by Mr. Garfield Thomas. The Annual Dinner-Dance, now an established popular event of the social activities of chemists in the Midlands, was held at the Midland Hotel, Birmingham, on 3rd February, when Mr.W. A. S. Calder presided over a large gathering. The President of the Institute (Professor J. F. Thorpe) proposed the toast of “The Midland Chemists,” and the President of the Society of Chemical Industry (Dr. J. T. Dunn) brought with him a special message from brother chemists in Newcastle- upon-Tyne and the North-Eastern Counties, which was much appreciated. The Annual Concert, which is also arranged jointly with other chemical societies, took place at the Midland Hotel, on 19th February. An excellent programme was arranged by Mr. J. R. Johnson and his friends, and a very pleasant evening was spent under the chairmanship of Mr.A. W. Knapp. On 23rd February, the Section was fortunate in having the opportunity of seeing new films depicting the laying and operation of pipe lines in Iraq, and of hearing them described and explained by Dr. A. E. Dunstan. The meeting was held in the University at Edgbaston, in collaboration with the Birmingham Section of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Dunstan. The Annual General Meeting took place on 26th March, in the University, at Edgbaston. Officers and Committee were elected for the ensuing Session as follows:-Chairman, Mr. A. W. Knapp; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. H. Bagnall; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas ; Committee : Fellows, Dr.J. C. Duff, Mr. G. Harding, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead and Dr. W. Wardlaw; Associates, Messrs. T. L. Harris, W. J. Price, A. R. Runeckles, L. V. D. Scorah; 188 ex officio, Mr. J. R. Johnson (District Member of Council); co-opted, Dr. F. W. Norris. Satisfactory reports were presented by the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary, and were formally approved by the meeting. A vote of thanks to the retiring Hon. Secretary was passed and duly acknowledged. The policy and programme of the Section were then discussed at some length. The business meeting was followed by refreshments and an exhibition of lantern slides and films. The Section is indebted to the Registrar of the Institute for the loan of a selection of lantern slides from the collection at Headquarters, and the exhibition was much appreciated.Members of the Section have been privileged to attend a number of meetings held under the auspices of other chemical societies during the months under review. Of these, the most important was the Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society, which was held this year in Birmingham on zznd March. Birm- ingham chemists were very glad to welcome the President and members of the Chemical Society to the city, and were also indebted to the Society for the invitation to be present at the Annual Meeting. A large number of chemists were present at the civic reception, listened with appreciation to the Presidential Address of Professor G. T. Morgan, and attended the Annual Dinner. The thanks of the Section were subsequently trans- mitted to the President and Council of the Chemical Society.By courtesy of the Officers and Committees of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Institute of Brewing and the University of Birmingham Biochemical Society, members have also been invited to attend the following lectures:- February 8th. Dr. E. L. Hirst, F.R.S., “Ascorbic Acid and its Relation to Vitamin C.” ,, 8th.‘ Mr. K. Taxner, “The Fermentation In- ,, 15th. dustries of Hungary.” Dr. E. H. Callow,“Food and Refrigeration.” ,, 16th. Professor J. C. Philip, F.R.S., “Some Biological Aspects of Osmotic Pressure.” March 1st Mr. A. W. Knapp, “Scientific Aspects of 1 Cacao Fermentation.” A number of members accepted an invitation from the Chairman and Committee of the Bristol and South-Western Section of the Institute to participate in a visit to the Fruit Preservation Research Station of the University of Bristol, at 189 Chipping Campden.The meeting proved very successful and may well be the forerunner of other joint meetings between the Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A joint visit of the Bristol Sections of the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, together with a number of members of the Birmingham Sections, was paid to the Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station, Campden, Glos., on 12th May. The party numbered 103. The work of the Research Station is concerned mainly with the British Canning Industry, and is intimately connected with commercial practice. Apart from research of a more academic nature, attention is directed to the solution of the difficulties encountered in a comparatively new industry. A brief descrip- tion of the problems studied in each department was given by Mr.F. Hirst, the Director of Research at the Station. It appears that but little information on commercial practice in the canning of cream is available in this country, and experi- mental plant was recently installed at the Research Station for the study of dairy products. The principal channels of research followed in the bacteriological department are (I) investigations on heat resistant moulds, (2)the spoilage of canned vegetables by thermophilic bacteria, (3) bacteriological examination of home- produced sugar for thermophilic bacteria, and (4) the examination of canned foods to ascertain the types of micro-organisms which survive normal sterilisation processes.In the biochemical department are being studied the changes in the starch content of peas during ripening, in which it has been shown that these changes are associated with loss of flavour and the development of a corny texture in over-mature peas. The results obtained up to the present on six of the most widely grown varieties were shown. The principal problems under investigation in the chemical department are the changes in composition of head-space gases in canned fruits during storage, the effect of hard water in the canning of fruits and vegetables, the causes of patchiness in the colour of canned strawberries, and the internal rusting of plain cans.The apparatus in the physical department was designed and constructed at the Research Station to measure pressures, head- spaces in cans, and to study problems connected with the straining 190 and distortion of can seams. In connection with research and advisory work, approximately 12,000cans were packed last year. The working of a small-size commercial product was demonstrated in the canning of rhubarb. Extensive variety trials of both fruits and vegetables are carried out each year, and new products and methods are being investigated. On the proposition of Prof.Garner, seconded by Mr. Alcock, a vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Hirst for the excellent arrangements made for the visit. Cape.-The ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Argus Board Room, on 30th April,-Mr. Graham Leslie in the chair. Dr. Leslie Denis-Lester (formerly Denis-Nathan) having notified the Section that it would not be possible for him to continue to hold office as Honorary Treasurer of the Section, owing to his transference to an appointment at Johannesburg, the thanks of the Section were accorded to him for his services to the Section. The Honorary Secretary reported that five meetings had been held during the year, and that the programme had included -a paper by Mr. E. H.Croghan on “Modem Sewage Disposal”; a meeting held under the auspices of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, when Professor Newbery gave an account of the purification of mercury; a meeting held in Martin Melck House, on 30th June, when Mr. Horace Weal1 dealt with “Toxi- cology”; an excursion to and meeting at Stellenbosch, on 1st September, when the members inspected the Faculty of Agricul- ture of the University, and were addressed by Dr. I. de V. Malherbe and Dr. W. E. Isaac; and a meeting held in the Martin Melck House, on the 17th November, when Dr. Arnstein of New York, read a paper on “Fuel Alcohol from Maize.” The Honorary Secretary also mentioned that he had met Professor Smithells, Past President of the Institute, during his recent visit to South Africa.The statement of accounts was received and adopted. Mr. Leslie was re-elected Chairman of the Section, and Dr. William Pugh, Honorary Secretary. Mr. R. J. Kruger was elected Honorary Treasurer, and the following members were elected to the Committee :-Dr. J. Malan, Professor Edgar Newbery and Dr. B. W. Marloth. 191 Mr. L. N. Cohen and Mr. H. Jacobs were appointed Honorary Auditors. At the conclusion of the annual business, Mr. Leslie gave an address on bb The Relationship between the Composition and Baking-strength of Wheaten Flours,” of which the following is a brief summary. In introducing the subject, Mr. Leslie referred to the wheat production of the world, and compared the quantities produced in South Africa with those of the more important wheat producing countries. The Union produces 3& million bags (250 lbs.) annually, and consumes 4$ million bags.Some of the more important types of wheat were mentioned, particularly those which had been found suitable to South Africa. The results of work done in the Stellenbosch University were in agreement with those of investigators in other parts of the world, as showing that climate had a great effect on the composition of the wheat kernel. Wheats grown in the south-westem Cape district had a low percentage of protein, but the protein was of good quality; whereas those grown in the north-eastern Free State district and on the borders of Basutoland had a high protein content, but the quality of the protein was not so good.It had been established that a hard winter followed by a hot ripening period provided the most favourable conditions for the growing of wheat. The effects of fertilisers on the nitrogen content of wheat in South Africa were found to be similar to the effects as stated by Kent-Jones and other authorities. Various grades of flours as obtained from the roller-milling process were briefly mentioned, and a general survey of the work done in England and America on the various constituents of flour was given. It was shown that the baking-strength of a flour could not be correlated with any of its specific ingredients, but that the baking-test, though not ideal, remained the most important test of baking-strength, and, when carried out under standardised conditions, gave a good indication of the baking quality of the flour.Mr. Leslie referred to the recent work on the colloidal chemistry of flour, which had greatly added to our knowledge of the physical properties of the ingredients, but he showed that the results of investigators differed. The physical quality of gluten .was much affected by its environment, par- ticularly by the hydrogen-ion concentration of the dough, The 192 action of improvers and bleaching agents on flour was dealt with, and the lecture was concluded with an account of the Kent- Jones method of improving flours by heating them under special conditions. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of the Session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 12th March, Mr.Adam Tait presiding. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. A. E. Dunstan, Dr. F. B. Thole gave, at short notice, a very interesting talk on “Lubricating Oils and Lubrication.” Dr. Thole traced the history of lubrication and then described modern methods of production of mineral lubricating oils. After discussing the chief criteria of a good lubricant, the lecturer concluded by giving a forecast of the possible future trend of works processes for the production of better and more efficient lubricants. Numerous questions were asked and answered by the lecturer, and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Dr. Thole.Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-The annual joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and Fellows of the Chemical Society, was held in Edinburgh, on 11th and 12th May. After a reception, on the afternoon of xIth May, in the Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh, Dr. D. Bain, lecturer in Technical Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, gave an informative lecture on “The Fluid Film in Industry.” Beginning with an outline of what was meant by “The Fluid Film,” the lecturer showed its importance in various works processes, and demonstrated how the film could be controlled. In the evening, Mr. W. M. Ames, presided at an informal dinner, held at the North British Station Hotel, when Principal Smail, Heriot-Watt College, Mr. Ames, Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, and Mr.Jamieson, Honorary Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute, were the principal speakers. 193 On nth May, an enjoyable visit was paid to the Edinburgh Corporation Gas Works at Granton. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Royal Technical College, on 16th March, Dr. J. A. Cranston gave a 66 Refresher Lecture on Physical Chemistry.” He divided his lecture into two parts, dealing firstly with what he considered the most important advance of general interest in the technique of measurement, and secondly with some fundamental discoveries in the constituents of the nucleus of the atom.For the former, the lecturer chose the subject of pH determina- tions, showing first of all its importance in a wide range of work. Two peculiarities are met with in the study of the influence of acidity on reactions: (I) the enormous effect produced by almost incredibly minute changes in hydrion concentration, (2) the existence in nature of buffer solutions whereby the hydrion concentration is maintained automatically within very narrow limits. Hydrion concentration was originally studied by means of hydrogen electrodes ; the technique was then successively simpli- fied by the use of quinhydrone, the glass electrode, electrometer triode valves, and the balanced circuits of the McFarlane-Pye instrument.The Harrison outfit with Morton glass electrode was demon strat ed. Reference was then made to Aston’s work with the second mass spectrograph, and the argument for the existence of a heavy isotope of hydrogen was explained. The discovery of deuterium, its concentration by electrolysis, and the properties of the heavy water produced were described. The lecturer finally dealt with the recent discoveries of the positron and neutron and summarised the achievements of nuclear chemistry. Special interest centres on the evidence that the positron arises from the materialisation of radiation, so that the constant interchange of matter into energy, and vice-versa, is seen to be more general than we had hitherto thought. Recent dis- coveries make our fundamental conceptions of matter more com- plex, and alternative suggestions about the constitution of the neutron and the proton await further evidence before a decision can be reached.The audience was supplied with a sheet containing references for further reading on these subjects, which was much appreciated, and is here reproduced- “E.M.F. Determinations with Glass Electrodes. Harrison, J.C.S., 1930, 1528. Greville and Maclagan, Trans. Par. Soc., 1931, 27,210. Morton, J.C.S., 1931, 2977 and 2983. McFarlane, Phil. Mag., 1932, 14,1. Jour. Sci. Instruments, 1933, Vols. 5 and 10. McFarlane-Pye Valve-Potentiometer (Catalogue).“Isotopes. Aston, Mass Spectra and Isotopes, (Arnold), 1933. ‘02,’Giauque and Johnston, Nature, 1929, 123, 318 and 831.‘Ha,’Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy, Phys. Rev., 1932, 40, 1. Urey, Nature, 1934, Feb. 10th. ‘Separation and Properties,’ Science, 1933, Dee. 22nd. ‘Concentration by Eloctrolysis,’ Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1932, 18, 496; Nature, 1934, 133,25. Aston, Sci. Prog., 1933, 28,203, Rutherford, Nature, 1933, 132,955. ‘D20,’: Heavy Water. J.A.C.S., 1933, 55, 3057, 3504, 4330, 4334, 4335; Nature, 1933, Oct. 7th. ‘Physiological Properties,’ Washburn and Smith, Science, 1934, 79, 188. ‘Effect on Spirogyra,’ J.A.C.S., 1933, 55, 4332. ‘Effect on Enzyme Activity,’ ibid., 5059. ‘Deutero-ammonias,’ ibid., 5057. “Positrons. Anderson, Science, 1932, 76,238; 1933, 77,432; Nature, 1934, 3rd March. Blackett and Occhialini, Proc. Roy.Soc., 1933, 139,699. Thibaud, C.R., 1933, 197,915. Curie and Joliot, C.R., 1933, 196,1105; Jour. de phys. et Ze radium, 1933, 4,494. Nature, 1934, 133,23. “Neutrons. Chadwick, Nature, 1932, 129, 312; Bakerian Lecture, Proc. Roy. SOC. 1933, 142, 1. Curie and Joliot. Nature, 1932, 130,57. Moon, ibid., 57. Review, ibid., 287. Bohr, ibid., 237. Feather, ibicl., 237; Proc. Roy. SOC.,1933, 142, 706. Webster, Nature, 1932, 129,402. Cockcroft and Walton, ibid., 649; 1933, 131,23; Proc. Roy. Soc., 1932,137, 229. Supplement, Science, 1933, 78, 10. “The Annual Reports of the Chemical Society should be available soon, and will probably give further references on the above subjects.” Huddersfie1d.-The attention of members of the Hudders- field Section is directed to the information regarding advanced courses in chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire.See Leeds Area Section. 195 India.-The Hon. Secretary of the Indian Section reports that the members in India are co-operating with other scientific societies in discussions on matters of common interest, and are arranging for meetings to be held in their respective areas in order to provide opportunities for social intercourse. From 30th March to 2nd April, inclusive, under the Presidency of Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., a series of meetings was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Central College, Bangalore, under the auspices of five societies, including the Indian Section of the Institute, when several papers were read and a visit was paid to the Government Sugar Cane Farms and Sugar Factory, Mandya.Special arrangements will be made for members of the Indian Section to come together at Calcutta during the next Indian Science Congress. Leeds Area.-Members of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute are informed that the University of Leeds has kindly arranged to give them facilities for consulting the books and periodicals in the Chaston Chapman Library. Any member wishing to use the library should communicate beforehand with either Professor R. Whytlaw Gray, F.R.S., Professor F. Challenger or Dr. H. Burton (Hon. Secretary of the Section), in order that arrangements can be made to give the member access to the collection. The Chaston Chapman Library is for reference purposes only and books may not be borrowed.Advanced Courses in Chemistry in the West Riding of Yorkshire. -In April, 1933,the Yorkshire Council for Further Education appointed a committee to make suggestions for a series of specialised courses in advanced chemistry to be held in technical colleges in the northern part of the industrial West Riding. The committee works under the Chairmanship of Mr. H. Richardson, Principal of the Bradford Technical College, and is representative of the Leeds Area and Huddersfield Sections of the Institute, the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the University of Leeds, the Local Education Authorities and Technical Colleges in the district, and the Board of Education.The lectures for the winter session beginning in September or October, 1934,have now been approved and will be held in the Bradford, Huddersfield and Leeds Technical Colleges. The lectures at Bradford will include a course of practical 196 work in the Microscopy of food and drugs (based on part of the requirements for the examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Branch E) and a course of weekly lectures on recent advances in textile chemistry. In addition to members of the Technical College staff, the lecturers include Mr. S. M. Neale, of the Manchester Municipal College of Technology, Mr. W. T. Astbury and Dr. J. B. Speakman of the University of Leeds, Dr. R. C. Cunliffe of the Wool Industries Research Association, and Mr.F. L. Goodall, of the Geigy Colour Co., Ltd. The lectures will deal with the chemistry of cotton, cellulose, and wool fibres, dyestuffs (including the fastness of dyed materials and the measurement of colour) , hydrogen-ion determination, bacteria and fungi, and the new higher alcohols in their application to scouring, bleaching and dyeing. At Huddersfield, a course of lectures and demonstrations will be given on certain aspects of chemical engineering by Mr. G. B. Jones, Works Manager of Dalton Works, I.C.I., Dyestuffs Group. In particular, the handling and treatment of liquids and gases will be described, and the design, selection and use of plant for grinding, mixing, drying, etc., will be fully treated.There will also be a series of lectures on the recent advances in synthetic organic chemistry, given by experts from Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group). These lectures will deal with natural products, aliphatic and aromatic compounds, polymerisation, synthetic rubbers and resins. The courses at the Leeds College of Technology will consist of two series of weekly lectures. Mr. A. C. Francis, Chief Analyst to Messrs. Rowntree and Co., Ltd., York, will deal with modern analytical methods with particular reference to colori- metry and “spot” tests. Dr. J. W. Baker of the University of Leeds will lecture on modern theories of organic chemistry. The following quotation from the booklet describing the courses explains the reasons why advanced lectures of the above types are specially desirable at the present time.“It is un- necessary,” the committee says, “in these times of strenuous commercial Competition to stress the fundamental importance of strict chemical supervision in our major industries, not merely in the basic chemical industries themselves, but in other branches in which Yorkshire is pre-eminent, such as textiles, engineering, mining, and metallurgy. The knowledge, experience, and skill of our trained chemists will play a very important part in the gradual recovery of our industrial supremacy. The country in 197 general, and Yorkshire in particular, cannot afford to fall behind the standard set by other countries in the utilisation of our chemical talent, both in controlling and improving existing processes and in devising new ones.“Owing, however, to the very wide curriculum now neces- sarily covered in the training of chemists, one very serious diffi- culty is found, not only by senior students and young graduates of our technical colleges and universities, but also by experienced chemists already engaged in industry, namely that of keeping abreast of the latest developments in the theory and technique of special branches of the subject; to realise this, one need only quote the developments in recent years of the theories of organic chemistry, microchemical analysis and electrometric methods of analysis and control. “New discoveries are recorded in the first instance in scientific technical journals, but it is generally a matter of many years before they find a place in students’ text-books or manuals.It is, however, important that information regarding new discoveries and their applications should be made available to technical chemists as soon as possible. “These courses are intended primarily for chemists who already possess qualifications equivalent to a university degree, the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry, the Higher National Certificate in Chemistry or Final Certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute.” In 1935-36, and subsequent years, it is intended to carry the scheme further. New courses will be advertised and some of those given this year will be repeated, under a rota system, at a different centre. In this way it is hoped that lectures under each of the main headings will, in the course of time, be made easily available to all chemists in the northern part of the industrial West Riding.Copies of the booklet can be obtained from the Officers of any of the institutions, societies, or Local Education Authorities represented on the committee or from the Secretary, Yorkshire Council for Further Education, Education Office, Calverley Street, Leeds, I. The Hon. Secretary represented the Section at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Yorkshire Council for Further Educa- tion, held in Barnsley, on 9th May. The delegates were welcomed at 2.30 p.m. in the Mining and Technical College, by Councillor J.Jones, C.B.E., Chairman of the Barnsley Education Committee. 198 SirPercy Jackson, the Chairman of the Yorkshire Council for Further Education, spoke of the work of the Council (and incidentally referred to the advanced courses in chemistry out- lined above) and then introduced Mr. F. N. Tribe, C.B.E., Assistant Secretary to the Ministry of Labour, who opened a discussion on "The Educational Aspects of the Unemployment Bill now before Parliament. " London and South-Eastern Counties.-Members of the Section have lately participated in visits-to the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company, Ltd., on 8th March; to Battersea Power Station on 10th April; and to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, on 7th May.These visits were thoroughly appreciated by those who were able to attend them. Malaya.-The Tenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th February at King Edward VII College of Medicine, Singapore,-Mr. Morris Jamieson in the Chair. The Annual Report and accounts having been received and adopted, the officers and committee for the ensuing year were elected:-Mr. J. Shelton, Chairman; Dr. J. L. Wiltshire, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Mr. J. F. Clark, Assistant Honorary Secretary; Mr. R. 0. Bishop, Dr. T. A. Buckley, Mr. P. J. R. Butler, Mr. J. C. Cowap, Committee; and Dr. I. A. Simpson and Mr. H. Marsden, Honorary Auditors. The Chairman remarked that the year under review had been rather a disappointing one in Malaya, and the activities of the Section had been somewhat hampered by the high incidence of leave among its members.Lately, however, there had been a more optimistic spirit throughout the country, and he expressed the hope that members of the Section would resume their interest and enthusiasm. The Section had completed its tenth year, and it was his firm conviction that the benefit accruing to the members from the association so established had been more real and valuable than had perhaps been generally appreciated. On the motion of Mr. Cowap, a sum of one hundred dollars was voted to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. Votes of thanks were accorded to the Principal of the College of Medicine for the use of rooms, and to the Chairman and the retiring members of the Committee for their services; also 199 to the Malayan Breweries, Ltd., for their kindness in allowing the members to visit their brewery on the 24th.The Annual Dinner of the Section was held at the Raffles Hotel, Singapore, on the same day. Manchester and District.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 15th March, Mr. A. W. Knapp opened a discussion on “The Relation of the Works Chemist to Staff and Workers.” Mr. Knapp has supplied the following abstract :-The subject is one on which it is difficult to generalise, because the chemist occupies a slightly different position in every works. The importance of chemistry in different industries varies enormously : for example, when a chemist comes into an industry which has run successfully for many years without a laboratory, his position may at first be relatively unimportant.The success of a business depends largely on the ability of the members of its staff to co-operate reciprocally with the directors and to co-operate with each other. In any works the chemist has a certain sphere of activity. If he is energetic this sphere may expand until it encroaches on the spheres of activity of other members of the staff. For efficient and smooth working, a clear understanding must, therefore, be established, so that the total activities of the staff cover the whole of the field without overlapping and without causing dissension. The Chemist and the Buyer.-Every factory needs certain raw materials, such as coal, trichlorethylene, yeast, or potatoes.In any case the question arises, what kind or grade shall be bought? The chemist can help the buyer in every case, but obviously more in some cases than in others. For all those substances whose properties are satisfactorily expressed by chemical, physical or bacteriological analysis, the chemist can, and should, advise the buyer. The chemist should not merely be prepared to give analytical figures; he should have consulted those who use the material, so as to determine actually what properties are desired, and should therefore be able to give an opinion, The chemist, in consultation with the buyer, should draw up specifications. To draw up a sound specification the chemist also needs to have some idea of the difficulties of the supplier, so that his specification is not too narrow with regard to proper- ties that are relatively unimportant. 200 The workers in the factory, if they encounter any difficulty, are very prone to blame the raw materials.The buyer, on the other hand, is apt to look very favourably at any material he has purchased. In the case of works difficulties the chemist is usually consulted and may find himself pierced by the arrows which are flying between the buyer and the works foreman. The chemist’s business is to find out the truth and supply this in reasonable doses as tactfully as possible. The success of any modern factory is determined by a number of factors, one of which is its ability to turn out, day after day, a standard article.The chemist, in all the work he does to this end, may at times seem critical of the buyer and, at others, of the worker in the factory. This is liable to make him temporarily unpopular with his colleagues. Fortunately, the laboratory also exists as a service department, and it is most important that the chemist should do all he can to make his department as helpful and as popular as possible with the rest of the staff and the workers. The Chemist and the Works Manager.-To get the best out of the chemist it is necessary that he should be the works manager’s good colleague rather than his subordinate. The chemist should not be responsible to any other member of the staff; he should be responsible solely to his directors, because he alone under- stands his own work and, as in the case of the medical man or lawyer, is a responsible person with specialised knowledge.That he must be independent becomes evident when one con- siders how often he finds himself in the position of judging the work of others. There are works managers who only want the chemist to work out their own ideas, and otherwise would keep the chemist in the laboratory, but experience shows that such works managers are often unaware just how and where the chemist can help them. The chemist should always attempt to be as open-minded and critical concerning his own ideas as about those of other people, and he should be careful that enthusiasm for his own ideas does not lead him to do things which irritate or create bad feeling.The laboratory being, as already indicated, a service department, the chemist is generally more than willing to help the works manager out of his difficulties. With regard to research, where the chemist has invented a process in the laboratory, the idea should not be handed over to other non-technical members of the staff at that stage. They cannot feel the researcher’s enthusiasm or see the full possibilities of the invention. It is in the interests of the business to let the chemist, or his chemical colleagues, carry through the process on a large scale until it is definitely shown to work, and work profitably. It can then be handed over to the works manager or foreman.Pure research is like gold; it is very valuable, but it is not hard enough to be of use to the community until it has been alloyed with a small percentage of less valuable things. The chemist should be given the opportunity of making his own alloys. The Chemist and the Sales Manager.-Many chemists have in the past hesitated to have anything to do with sales management or advertising. I think they would do well to take considerable interest in these activities which absorb ever vaster sums every year. There is no doubt that sales managers have recently awakened to the fact that the public think better of a product if its manu- facture is subject to analytical control. Laboratories now figure quite frequently in advertisements, and the laboratory has thus acquired in business a new value.It helps sales and, incident- ally, it has thus made a great advance in popular estimation. It should be the rule in all well-conducted works that no advertise- ment containing a definite statement of a scientific kind should be passed for publication until the scientific staff have seen and approved it. To prevent this critical activity giving the sales manager the idea that chemists are merely hampering, the chemist should try his hand at supplying the sales manager with an accurate description of the qualities of various products of the firm. The chemist can thus supply new reasons for optimism, and new matter has a stimulating effect on the susceptible sales mind.There are other ways in which the chemist can help the sales department. One of the best is to supply simple technical information which tells the customer how to make the best use of the firm’s products. When the sales department complains that the products they have to sell are faulty, the chemist can often usefully mediate between the sales department and the works. It has been said that the chemist would benefit by a knowledge of salesmanship. I will return the compliment and say that I have known cases where those who sold chemicals would have benefited by a knowledge of chemistry. I think that many firms would profit by more interchange of thought between the sales and the chemists’ departments. The sales manager is able to 202 say what the public wants, and thus the chemist can direct his investigations to a more definite end.The chief danger of a chemist getting interested in salesmanship is that he may be tempted to neglect the laboratory. It is to be regretted that the most able chemists are often paid more, the more they are required to give up chemistry. In such cases we can only hope that the world profits by the application of scientific methods to new fields. In the discussion, Mr. Harold Stevenson stated that in industry, ideas put forward by the chemist were very often taken up by the works manager or the engineers, who subse- quently claimed the credit. He considered that the chemist, on entering industry, should ask for advice from men of greater experience, and use as much common sense as possible.Mr. J. G. Sherratt cited a case in which the process chemists disagreed strongly with the analytical chemists in the works laboratory, and eventually an arbitrator had to be called in. It was extremely difficult to avoid such occurrences, and tact should be exercised on both sides. Mr. Thomas Horner said that many industries were in a change-over phase-gradually passing over to control by the chemist,-so that the engineer and process chemist and analytical chemist, who were all under the management, would actually be supervised by chemists. Many disputes between the analytical and process chemists would, therefore, be avoided or settled satisfactorily. He emphasised the point that the research chemist, fresh from the university, must not consider himself in a position to teach the older members of the staff, but must mix in with the rest of the staff and develop a certain amount of common sense.He indicated that sales departments should be more clear in their requests for products, and should use foresight, so that the desired type of product could be evolved in time for the demand. Chemists must realise that if they are to rise to executive positions, they must be prepared to leave the bench. Mr. G. A. Blakey said that the chemist was a comparatively new man in many industries. Consequently, he often found himself regarded with some jealousy by older and, perhaps, more securely established members of the staff.The chemist should be able to regard fairly his own observations, that is, he should develop a self-critical attitude. Cases such as that mentioned by Mr. Sherratt had, he felt, been amply covered by Mr. Knapp, 203 who had indicated that the chemist should possess “horse sense.” In the absence of this quality, some attention to its development might usefully be considered at college. Miss Rona Robinson spoke of a higher professional status for the chemist, and considered that this could be achieved by better collaboration between the management and the chemists, until such time as it was possible to obtain a chemical registration scheme. She thought that a better feeling should now develop between the young research chemist and the older experienced man, since their salaries were now more proportionate.Industry was often indebted to the young chemists with fresh minds and new ideas. Dr. I. E. Balaban stated that if the chemist were to act as an inspector and judge in industry he must be prepared to take on the responsibility of higher positions. He said that in a firrn with which he was previously connected, it was the practice of the research chemist to work out a process in the laboratory, and also to carry out the semi-works preparation. If this were successful, he had to supervise the works manufacture until this had been established on a sound footing. He considered that the chemist should be willing to move from the bench and to introduce scientific methods into the running of other departments.Mr. H. Whittaker stressed the fact that common sense and personality were essential if a man were to be of use in industry, and that these attributes were as important as academic qualifrca- tions. He also remarked that, since the sales manager was in close contact with the Board with regard to financial statements, he would always get higher rewards than the chemist, who should become reconciled to this fact. He commented on the appear- ance of chemists, and stated that, generally speaking, they were the worst-dressed men in the works; they could not expect to be advanced into executive positions if they were badly dressed. Mr. J. H. Lester emphasised the importance of tact in industrial relationships.Industrial concerns should employ more physicists who possessed detailed knowledge of the mechanical and other fundamental properties of substances. He thought that it was extremely diflicult to obtain a fully-trained physicist. Dr. A. Coulthard felt that it was not a satisfactory state of affairswhen the first-class chemist had to leave the laboratory in 204 order to obtain a higher position and salary. He did not con- sider that this was beneficial to the industry, since a good many years’ experience were necessary before a research man acquired a really first-class technique. It should be possible, he thought, for a man of such experience to obtain a higher pecuniary position, but still remain in the laboratory, where his value to the firm was probably greatest.Mr. W. G. Jarrett enquired whether the status of the chemist had definitely improved? If this were the case, they might be more optimistic in their outlook. Dr. H. A. Thomas touched on the relationship between the research chemist direct from the university and the older works chemist who had had many years’ practical experience. He considered that, at the outset, the new recruit should have his position clearly defined by the management. He should then be encouraged to put forward ideas, however fantastic they might appear on the surface, and these ideas should be fairly considered by the more experienced man and their value assessed. No satisfactory object could be achieved by the older and more experienced men continually reminding the younger chemist of his lack of experience.The Chairman, Mr. F. Scholefield, agreed with Mr. Knapp that it was impossible to generalise, since chemists in different posts had their individual problems and relationships. He agreed that usually chemists had rather a slovenly appearance and did not “cut enough dash,” whereas engineers usually possessed a smarter appearance. Young chemists should realise that the management were less concerned with the amount of chemical knowledge their staff possessed than with the balance sheet. The economic sense should, therefore, be instilled into the chemist during his training. Mr. Knapp, in reply to a number of questions, said that advertisements which employed chemical phraseology should always be checked, before publication, by a chemist.A large number of chemists never wished to be elected to the board of directors, but were quite content to do good work in the labora- tory. If a chemist were poorly paid and wished for worldly success, he should dress as though his salary were larger than it actually was, and realise that salesmanship applies to himself as well as to the manufactured products. He must, to some extent, be commercially minded in order to succeed in industry, since industry was run for profit. He agreed that sales 205 departments should be encouraged to be definite in their specifi- cations for desirable selling products. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr.Thompson and seconded by Mr. Rodway, was accorded to Mr. Knapp. Manchester alzd District Students’ Section.-At a meeting of the Manchester and District Students’ Section, held in the College of Technology, Manchester, on 23rd March, Mr. F. W. Allen presented a number of films illustrating the oil and soap indus- tries, which proved both interesting and instructive. On 20th April, the Students’ Section visited the Paper Mills of Messrs. Olive and Partington, at Glossop, where the manu- facture of the finest art papers was demonstrated from the raw material-logs of wood-stage by stage, to the finished product. The visit was very greatly appreciated by all who were able to participate in it. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-Mem-bers of the Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry, and Fellows of the Chemical Society in the district were invited to the 26th Bedson Lecture, delivered by Prof.G. G. Henderson, F.R.S., on 18th May entitled- ‘‘Notes on Balata, Gutta Percha and Caoutchouc.” Prof. Henderson outlined the oxidation of gutta percha, balata, and caoutchouc, with hydrogen peroxide, yielding finally what appeared to be the same end product from each. This work was published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, 1932, p. 386. Since that time, in the Glasgow laboratories, the hydro- genation of purified balata and gutta percha had been studied. Each C,H, unit in the molecule of those hydrocarbons becomes fully saturated on additions of two hydrogen atoms.Addition of hydrogen halide takes place smoothly, but instead of produc-tion of the same dihydrides on refluxing with metallic zinc in a suitable solvent in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, unsaturated substances (C,H,)x with one half of the unsaturation of the original hydrocarbons were obtained, in agreement with observa- tions of Staudinger on the similar behaviour of caoutchouc hydrochloride. This may be due to ring formation. Condensa-tion of the dibromides of balata and gutta percha with phenols in the presence of ferric chloride gives rise to coloured compounds, one of which, the resorcinol compound, has the properties of an indicator. 206 A vote of thanks was accorded to Professor Henderson, on the motion of the Chairman-Professor H.L. Riley. After the lecture a number of members of the Institute were present at the Eighth Annual Dinner of the Bedson Club, which was held in the Union adjoining the College. South Wales.-On 12th April, Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute, visited the Section and addressed the members at a meeting held at the Hotel Central, Swansea. Dealing with bb The general Activities of the Institute,” Mr. Kirkaldy said that it gave him great pleasure to have an opportunity of meeting the Section, and added that he was especially pleased to see among them two members of his own college,-King’s College, London,-Dr. Hinkel and Mr. Ayling. He had been asked to talk about the work of the Institute, but although he had been a member of the Institute-Associate and Fellow-for over 40 years, had served on the Council altogether for over 16 years, including 10 years as the Honorary Treasurer, and it was his practice, during at least 10 months of the year, to visit the Institute two or three and often four times a week, he found it rather difficult to select those of its activities which were likely to be of the greatest interest to the members. He felt that some of the matters which had been raised by the Section might be dealt with, and recalled that a year ago, at its suggestion, the Council had instructed the Finance and House Committee to investigate the expenditure of the Institute in relation to the increase in membership.He thought that it had been clearly shown that the Council had kept the expenditure within the income, having due regard to the interests of the members; further, that it had been proved that the administra- tive expenses had actually been reduced in recent years, while more had been done for the direct benefit of the members than at any previous time. He suggested that if they compared the annual subscriptions paid to the Institute with those paid to other professional bodies of the same character, they would be found as low as, if not lower than, those paid by the members of any other chartered body. Although some other professional institutions required 207 much higher subscriptions, in many cases more than double , yet their members did not receive in return as much as the members of the Institute.In some cases, indeed, they received only a year book,-no journal, no lectures, no such publication as ‘‘Official Chemical Appointments,” nor did the institutions maintain an Appointments Register or control a Benevolent Fund. He was inclined to think that it was only when a member had served on the Council that he was able to understand how it was that the conduct of the affairs of such a body necessitated an efficient staff , entailing considerable expenditure ; but some of those present had served on the Council and had seen some- thing of the work at headquarters and, although they had not had the opportunities of seeing the staff at work as he did, he thought that they realised, more clearly than those who had not so served, what was actually done. He proposed to tell them something of the staff and how they were engaged. In a general way the duties of the senior officers were so distributed that they had each their own special committee work in which they received help from one another, as well as from the Chief Clerk and the Cashier.Thus, the Registrar, though responsible for the work of the office as a whole, was specially concerned with the Finance and House Committee, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, the Publications Com-mittee, Benevolent Fund Committee, Public Appointments Committee, the Beilby Fund, and the Censors; while the Assistant Secretary took the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Board of Examiners, the Pedler Fund Committee, the Appointments Register Committee, and the committees concerned with National Certificates. However, they helped one another in all their work.The Finance and House Committee was naturally concerned with the general and other funds connected with the Institute, and the management of its finances and its premises; the Legal and Parliamentary Committee and Public Appointments Com- mittee kept a watchful eye on matters likely to be of interest to chemists, affecting appointments, contracts, patents, the em-ployment of alien chemists, legislation connected with dangerous drugs, pharmacy and poisons, therapeutic substances, dyestuffs, gas, Customs and Excise, methylated spirits, stills, and a host of other things.208 The Publications Commit tee controlled the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,made arrangements for lectures and their publication, and supervised the preparation of the Register and “Official Chemical Appointments.” All the publications of the Institute were “seen through the press” by the senior officers. The “make-up” of each publication was work which needed care and time, and much of it could only be done at home, away from interruptions. The reading and correction of proofs of some of the publications required long experience and considerable knowledge of personnel and of professional matters. Incidentally, it could hardly be realised that the mere preparation of the index of “Official Chemical Appointments,’’ apart from the time occupied in checking this index when it had been printed, had taken practically the whole of the time of two members of the Staff over nearly a fortnight, including Saturdays and Sundays.The preparation of the Register was less troublesome because that included only Members and Students of the Institute; but it was a very considerable undertaking now that the roll had reached about 7,000. They might imagine what a tedious business it was to read over and check that number of entries and to see that they were properly indexed. He emphasised the fact that the Institute had no special editorial staff, and, therefore, the whole cost of this work was included in the general account for salaries.The Benevolent Fund occupied a good deal of the time of the Registrar, who was the Honorary Secretary of the Fund. They might rest assured that appeals received the greatest care and sympathy. Apart from such rather delicate matters, however, both senior officers were occupied a good deal with the private difficulties of members, which, of course, remained strictly confidential ; with other matters affecting the profession, in which the Institute was able, through them, to take unofficial action, often with very satisfactory results; and with a great variety of enquiries received directly from the public. The volume of routine work of the Institute was really surprising; for example, in interviewing candidates, in the scrutiny and attention given to applications of all kinds which came before the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk were required to inspect the records and certificates of every candidate, 209 to take up references from professors and employers, and to prepare concise statements of the cases for the consideration of the Committee, which was also concerned with the inspection of institutions applying for recognition by the Institute. Then, the Assistant Secretary, as the “technical” officer, was responsible for making arrangements for the examinations,-meetings of the Board of Examiners, the ordering of laboratory supplies and so forth.There was heavy work also, especially for the Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk, in connection with National Certificates in Chemistry, necessitating the handling of hundreds of papers, and the careful recording and checking of marks awarded. Mr.Kirkaldy recalled that Professor Henderson, in his last presidential address, delivered at the Annual General Meeting, on the occasion of his retirement from the chair, in 1927,gave some particulars of the details of work which he had observed. He said: “Within my knowledge enquiries have related to books and journals, Government papers and reports; the purchase and disposal of apparatus and instruments; contracts of service and partnership, professional fees, income tax ; laboratory accom-modation; historical subjects, the loan of lantern slides, photo- graphs and prints ; conditions of life and professional prospects in various industries and in various parts of the Empire and elsewhere abroad ; introductions to fellow members and other persons; licences for stills and for the recovery of spirits; the names of specialists in various branches of work and in different parts of the country; and the interpretation of various Acts of Parliament, and of patents. Among enquiries which one would hardly expect have been requests that the Registrar should act as a reference for tenancies, insurance and fidelity guarantees ; should recommend medical consultants and dentists, schools, hotels and boarding houses, and should obtain tickets for the Zoo.‘‘Of course it is obvious that the more enquiries received the greater is the accumulation of information; but I doubt whether many other officers of Institutions of this kind treat all enquiries with quite the same good nature.I give you the information because I think that you should know of these things, and not to encourage an extension of any unreasonable demands on the time and service of our officers.” Continuing, Mr. Kirkaldy said that, in addition to the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary and the Chief Clerk, there were-one cashier, two typists, and a filing and indexing clerk; 210 and a Local Sections clerk, who was responsible for the routine work in connection with the Local Sections, for seeing that notices were despatched and that certificates for new members were distributed, and for reminding the honorary secretaries regarding reports for publication in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,etc. Next, there was the printing operator, who not only printed notices for the Local Sections, but did a great deal of printing and duplicating work for the Council, in addition to notices, examination papers, circulars, letter headings, etc.This work, of course, saved the Institute considerable printing expense, but the salary of the operator was included in the salaries and wages account,-not under the heading of printing. The Appointments Register clerk, who also did other junior work, maintained the lists of members seeking appointments ; the register clerk attended to alterations in the list of members, and in the addressograph plates, prepared the envelopes for the distribution of the Journal, and maintained the card-index registers of members.In this it would hardly be realised that at least 25 per cent. of the members changed their addresses every year, and, of course, there were names to be added and names to be taken off all through the year. There were two other junior clerks concerned with posting, and what might be called “fetch and carry work,’’ the sergeant, the house porter and a char-woman. The Institute could not do with a smaller staff; more than half the staff had had over 8 years’ service with the Institute, and was on maximum pay according to a scale fixed nearly 10 years ago.The lines of policy of the Institute-as he saw them-were broadly-To organise and register chemists who were competent within the meaning of the Charter and Regulations; To do all that was possible within the terms of the constitu- tion to advance the prestige and interests of the profession; To render every possible assistance to the Government, industry and commerce by furthering the employment of chemists and the utilisation of scientific knowledge in all affairs affecting the public welfare; To be ready at all times to participate in discussions con- cerning chemical interests, to co-operate with other bodies in furthering the interests of chemistry and chemists; but not to form any kind of amalgamation with any other society or 211 institution without first consulting the general body of Fellows and Associates.He reminded the members that the Institute worked under a Royal Charter, and that Royal Charters were not given for selfish ends. The chartered professional bodies had become for all practical purposes part of the machinery of Government, and the Government constantly looked to them for help. The objects of these bodies were defined in their charters and, in general, it was left to their councils to interpret their aims and objects. In the interpretation of the aims and objects of the Institute, successive Councils had taken such action that it had been clearly laid down by the Special Commissioners for Income Tax that the Institute was not a charity within the meaning of the Finance Act.Hence arose the peculiar anomaly that the Institute was less fettered in the interpretation of its activities, had greater freedom to do more good and useful work for the profession and for the public by reason of the fact that it was not a charity, and consequently had to pay income tax on the dividends derived from its invested funds. This placed the Institute, in at least one particular, in a different category from those societies which were entirely devoted to the promotion of science and the publication of literature, and were not specifically concerned with, but rather debarred from dealing with profes- sional interests. However, although the Institute had lost its case before the Special Commissioners, and it was decided that it was professional rather than charitable, it claimed to have exercised a beneficial influence on the education of chemists, through its Regulations and Examinations in which a very high standard had been maintained.The prestige of chemists never stood higher than it did to-day, and this was shown by the vastly increased employment of chemists in all industries, and by the fact that chemists were more and more coming into positions of control and responsi- bili ty . The policy of the Institute was to get steadily on with its work, and it was making very good progress. It did not interfere with other societies, but, indeed, helped them much more than was generally understood. In that connection, Mr.Kirkaldy suggested that the Local Sections of the Institute had been one 212 of the most, if not the main, effective means of bringing chemists together for their mutual interest and benefit in recent times. A general discussion followed, in which the view was expressed by some that the Benevolent Fund might be put on a sound financial basis if the Council would indicate to members how much they were expected to contribute; many members did not subscribe because they felt that their contributions might be regarded as comparatively small. In reply, Mr. Kirkaldy said that the Benevolent Fund Committee had frequently indicated that it was grateful to receive contributions, however small. It had been suggested that if every member gave at least 5s., the result would enable the Committee to meet all appeals.Half-crowns and shillings were welcome, and the system of “group” contributions had been established to facilitate the collection of small sums. A suggestion was made that the Charter might be modified to include the Benevolent Fund, and provision made for ear- marking a percentage of the annual subscription for the benefit of the Fund. In reply to a question with regard to co-operation among Chemical Societies, the Honorary Treasurer said that the matter was under consideration in collaboration with the Federal Council for Chemistry, and, for the present, the proceedings were confidential; but nothing affecting the interests of members of the Institute would be decided without their consent.While appreciating the lectures published by the Institute, some members were doubtful whether such publication was one of its proper functions. Mr. Kirkaldy replied that the Royal Charter gave the Institute very wide powers, and included specific provision for the publication of lectures. The publication of Oficial Chemical Appointments was criticised, in that the information which it contained was thought to be useful mainly to public analysts and possibly not to the greater proportion of the members. The Honorary Treasurer replied that the publication was very widely distributed, and constituted not only a book of reference, but a most valuable medium of publicity for the profession of chemistry. A suggestion was made that election to Council should be 213 on the regional basis.It was thought that an undue proportion of the Council consisted of representatives of the academic and public analyst branches of the profession. Mr. Kirkaldy said that the Council seemed to represent the districts and the various branches of the profession very well.* The question was raised whether adequate steps were taken to encourage new graduates who had attained the necessary honours degrees to join the Institute, and it was suggested that the Council should set up a Publicity Committee. On the motion of Mr. C. M. W. Grieb, seconded by Professor J. E. Coates, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Kirkaldy for his visit to the Section and for giving the members first-hand information regarding the activities of the Institute.The meeting was followed by an informal dinner. * Twelve members of the Council are actually elected as District Members of Council without ballot by the Institute as a whole; but if the list of officers and members is carefully scrutinised, it will be found that the districts generally are represented approximately in proportion to the numbers of members resident in them respectively. The various branches of professional work are represented as follows:-Industry 19;'Teaching 17; Public Analysts 4; other Consulting Chemists 3; Government Service 4. 214 April-May Examinations, 1934. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.Examinations were held at the times and places given below. The number of candidates examined and of those who passed was :-No. No. POTthe Associateship- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Manchester,T9th-l 6th April. . 43 22 For the Fellowship, at the Institute- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, 16th-20th April .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallography: at the Insti- tute and at the Royal School of Mines, London,-7th-l lth May .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to the Chemistry of Oils and Fats, exclud- ing Mineral and Essential Oils,-l6th-20th April .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 Branch D. Biochemistry,-l6th-20th April ..1 0 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Physiological Chemistry and Bacteri-010g~,-16th-ZOth A~il .. .. .. 1 0 Branch E. Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water,-l6th-21st April .. .. .. .. .. 11 4 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry, with specialreference to Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products,- 16th-20th April . . .. .. .. 1 0 Special Examinations : 16th-20th April-The Chemistry and Biology of Water Supply .. 1 1 General Analytical Chemistry . . .. .. 2 0 The Chemistry of Oils, Paints and Varnishes .. -1 1 -66 32 EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPFOR IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-on this occasion the work of the candidates in this part of the examination was distinctly better than usual. In the written papers all the questions were attempted, but some curious preferences appeared.The question on catalysis 215 was attempted by almost every candidate and often done fairly well, but it seems strange that very few attempted the question on gas analysis, and of these only a few gave good answers to it. Some very good and interesting accounts of research work were given. In the afternoon paper, questions of a historical character were less often chosen and not so well done as the rest. The practical work was well done by the better candidates, but it is disappointing that so many of those who are already engaged in chemical work should not be able to obtain more accurate results, and should fail, as they often do, to work out their results in a simple, workmanlike fashion.Much more attention should be given by candidates to acquiring direct and simple methods of calculation. In particular, volumetric calculations should be carried out as far as possible in terms of normality. It is bad practice to carry out the main body of a volumetric calculation in weights of reacting sub- stances. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The written work in organic chemistry of many candidates was, on the whole, disappointing. Candidates should realise that the minimum standard required is equivalent to a good honours degree. A knowledge of very recent work is not required, but answers should show an adequate knowledge of classical organic chemistry.In far too many cases it was obvious that candidates had read little more than an elementary textbook of the subject and fell far short of the standard required. Perhaps this is best brought out by the number of answers which gave, as the methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones, the oxidation of alcohols, the reduction of acids and the distillation of calcium salts. The Gattermann methods, the Reirner-Tiemann, the Friedel-Craft reactions and the methods depending on the controlled oxidation of the methyl group were seldom mentioned. Again, many of the essays on the keto-enol tautomerism were confined to little more than a statement that the phenomenon existed in ethylacetoacetate with no reference to Knorr’s or Kurt Meyer’s work, or to the fact that compounds existed in which the proportion of enol varied from o to IOO per cent.The answers to the question asking for details of two simple preparations often showed little acquaintance with the experimental method. Many candidates were ignorant of how to work up the product in the Skraup synthesis of quinoline, some crystallised the quinoline ; several 216 treated chloroacetic acid with potassium cyanide in the prepara- tion of ethyl malonate. Many did not know how to prepare thionyl chloride, and several confused it with sulphuryl chloride. Several candidates suggested that silver oxide is prepared by precipitation with ammonia and others by the ignition of silver carbonate or oxalate. In one or two cases the caligraphy and English were very poor.Examples of the association of work with individual chemists were often unfortunate; Fischer, Kiliani and Haworth were sometimes confused. The practical organic exercises were, generally speaking, quite well done, but here it is necessary to point out a serious deficiency in the training of many of the candidates. One preparation set was not to be found in any of the usual books of organic preparations, and a surprisingly large number of candidates had no idea how to obtain any information about the method, being quite unacquainted with Richter or Beilstein, which were available in the examination room. Such candidates cannot well be regarded as being trained chemists. Where these books are not available in college libraries, as they should be, teachers should endeavour to explain their use.The microscope is a valuable instrument to chemists, and some candidates would have avoided error had they used it instead of depending on the melting-point of the osazones to identify the sugar. Several candidates failed to recognise that one of the identifications contained un-ionisable bromine as well as ionisable chlorine, although they isolated the bromoaniline. EXAMINATION BRANCHFOR THE FELLOWSHIP: E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. THEORETICALPAPERS.-Ahost every candidate appeared to have a satisfactory knowledge of a systematic procedure for the microscopic examination of the various types of vegetable drug and was familiar with the diagnostic characters presented by them.The majority also were aware of the present technique for the detection and determination of extraneous water in milk, did justice to the theory of freezing-point depression, and were familiar with the Hortvet apparatus. The question on the estimation of tin and copper in canned goods, and that on the determination of fat in ice-cream, drew several unsatisfactory replies, especially in view of the fact that the candidates are 217 presumed, of necessity, to have had considerable laboratory experience in the examination of such materials. Widely divergent views were expressed on the sewage effluent problem, and, while certain candidates fairly justified the non-putrefactive nature of the effluent, few criticised it in relation to ‘the sewage from which it purported to be derived-in other words, noticed that the samples were not comparable ! With few exceptions, there was no mention of the specific r61e played by enzymes in cheese production. It was further disappointing to have, in most cases, scanty replies to the question respecting our indebtedness to outstanding men who did so much to further the work of the public analyst.PRACTICALWoRK.-The exercise on cheese (involving examination of the separated fat) was, on the whole, fairly well performed, and the opinions expressed were generally in keeping with existing requirements. The physical and analytical constants of the almond oil provided were determined in a satisfactory manner, although the adulterant (apricot-kernel oil) was entirely missed by one or two of the candidates. In certain cases, the results on the cream of tartar, the sweets and the water were erratic, and showed a lack of experience and an incapacity to search out the critical determinations for purposes of subse- quent interpretation. The straightforward quantitative work was quite sound, but conclusions, often drawn from insufficient data, were sometimes very wide of the mark. Candidates should bear in mind that the exercises given are truly representative of what may be submitted to the public analyst at any time.It should, further, be emphasised that the candidate is expected to enter his results legibly and neatly and in proper sequence, and that all calculations should be clearly shown.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Assockt~hip. Billington, Leslie, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Farmer, Charles Sandell, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Gerrard, Saxon Archibald, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Grindley, David Noel, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Hands, Miss Olga Muriel, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Henriksen, Richard Henry, Central Technical School, Liverpool. James, George Harold, Technical College, Derby. Lunn, Harold Britnor, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Muir, Andrew, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Nightingale, John Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science, London. 218 Pollard, William, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Rickwood, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), SirJohn Cass Technical Institute; and Woolwich Polytechnic, London. SGgar, Harold, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Shanks,William John, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Spriggs, Herbert John, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, and Birkbeck College, London; and the Northern Polytechnic, London. Stratford, Claude Lawson, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Tomhaon, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Technical College, Derby; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), Central Technical School, Liverpool.Walsh, Frederick, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Wharton, John, Central Technical School, Liverpool. White, Wilfred Arthur Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal College of Technology, Belfast. Wright, Robert Allen, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry : Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). In Branch A :Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallography : Jones, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch C: Organic Chemiatry, with special reference to Oils and Fats: Longman, George Frederick, B .Sc. (Lond.) . Sleep, William Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs,and of Water: Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc.(Lond.). Mallinder, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor, William Wilders, B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.). Special Examinations. In the Chemistry and Biology of Water Supply : Houghton, Gilbert Underwood, M.Sc. (Lond.). In the Chemistry of Oik,Paints and Varniaher,: Keenan, Henry Wilfrid. The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 9th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the chief characteristics of the effect of catalysts in chemical reactions, illustrating your answer by typical examples. Discuss briefly the principal theoretical explanations of these effects.2. Give an account of the effect of change of temperature and pressure on chemical equilibrium, dealing especially with any change that may occur in the equilibrium constant. 3. Describe in detail how you would proceed to analyse accurately a gas mixture consiating principally of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. 219 4. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances :selenium oxychloride, monosilane, hydrazine hydrate,anhydrous hydrogen peroxide, lead tetrachloride, sulphur hexduoride, boron nitride. 5. How may ONE of the following determinations be carried out :-(a) Chromium, iron,aluminium and manganese, in chrome iron ore; (b) Aluminium, magnesium and copper present in an alloy with small amounts of carbon, iron and silicon. 6.Name the metals which are commonly extracted or purified by distillation, and for one such case give a detailed account of the occurrence, smelting and principal uses of the metal. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a) The corrosion of metals; (b) The production and measurement of high temperatures; (c) The interaction of steam, oxygen and carbon; (d) Any research work on which you have been engaged. 2 to 5 p.m. (Attempt FTVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point.Give formulae and equatiom where possible.) 1. Outline the methods available for determining the change in the vapOur pressure of a liquid attendant on the solution of another substance in that liquid.Show how such data may be employed for determining molecular weights, and indicate the limitations of the method. 2. Give an account of the phme rule, illustrating your answer by reference to mono-, di-and tri-variant systems. How would you proceed to wcertain practically the transition temperature of a solid. 3. Name the new elements which have been discovered in the present century, give an account of the chemistry of one of them, and outline the reasons we have for believing that only a few elements remain to be discovered. 4. Outline the history of the development of chemistry up to the 5. Give an account of the oxy-acids of sulphur (other than sulphurous beginning of the nineteenth century. and dph uric acids) and of their salts, indicating especially any which are of importance in antdysis.6. Compaze and contrast the elements sulphur, selenium and tellurium. Given a mixture of sulphuric and selenic acids, how would you proceed to prepare therefrom pure specimens of sulphur and selenium. 7. Discuss critically the methods of pdcation and criteria of purity applicable to chemical substances. TUESDAY, 10th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt F~VEquestions only. Amer briefly and to the p&nt.Give fomuEae and equations where possible.) 1. Write a short account of EITHER (a)The stereochemistry of optically active nitrogen compounds, OR (b) The determination of the con6guration of geometrical isomerides of the general type RKC :WR,. 2.Describe the preparation and uses in organic chemistry of BOUR Of the following reagents:-(a) Cmo’s acid, (b) diazomethane, (c) potassium 220 phthalimide, (d)3 : 5dinitrohenzoyl chloride, (e)t,hionyl chloride, (f)silver oxide. 3. Outline the researches which resulted in the establishment of the structure of ONE of tho following compounds: (a) Pinene, (b) Nicotine, (c)Glucose. 4. The following formula is suggested for an organic compound: {) CH : CH.COOCH, What methods mould you employ to establish its correctness ? 5. Indicate by means of equations the general methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones. How do these compounds differ from aliphatic aldehydes and ketones ? 6.Write a short essay on keto-end tautomerism. 7. Describe with brief experimental details tho laboratory prepara- tion of TWO of the following compounds : (a)quinoline, (b)diethylnialonate, (c)benzil, (d)phenolphthalein. 8. How is anthraquinone obtained from coal tar? What synthetic methods are available for the preparation of this compound and its deriva- tives ? Describe the preparation of one dyestuff from anthraquinone. WEDNESDAY and TH UKSDA Y, 11th and 12th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of ethylacetoacetate (A)prepare pure crystallised specimens of phenylmethylpyrnzolono and of isonitrosophenylmethyl-pyrazolone. 2. From the sample of ,!?-naptho1(B) prepare pure crystallisedspecimcns of the benzoyl derivative and thc methyl ether.3. Identify the compounds (C) anti (D). Questions 1 and 2 may be coiiipleted on the second day. (C) and (D)will be handed out on the second day. Specimens must be placed in the tubes provided and labcllctl with (a) the name of the candidato, (b) the name of the substance and, (c) tho melting point of the substance. (C = p-bromoacctanilide, p-chloroacetanilide, OR p-bromo-aniline hydrochloride; D = Glucose, nialtose, OR lactose.) FRIDAY, 13th APIZIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution E contains magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium bromate. Stantlardise the approxiinatcly N/10 thiosiilphata solution provided, and usc it to determine voluitictrically the broinate in E. Prepare N,'10silver nitrate solution and use it to determine volumctric- .ally the chlorido in E.These results ni list be iiatztlctl T to-day.in Determino gravimetrically the magnesium and chloride in E. These estimations may be completed to-morrow. 2. Identify tho pure coriipounds I1' and G. (F = Potassium chlorochroinate; C; = Potassium cobalticyatni(1e.) 221 SATURDAY, 14th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations of Question 1 on Friday. 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture H which contains six radicals. (H = Copper sulphide, magnesium carbonate, nickel sulphate; OR Mercuric sulphide, barium carbonate, cobalt chloride.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1. What are the natural sources of vanadium and tungsten? In what manner would you proceed to obtain pure specimens of ammonium vanadate and sodium tungstate from the minerals? Give in detail particulars of the uses of vanadium and tungsten compounds in analysis. Describe the industrial uses of metallic vanadium and tungsten and of their salts. 2. Write an essay on the development of the discovery of isotopes.In this essay you will be expected to deal with recent developments in the separation of isotopes and the methods whereby it is demonstrated that an element consists of isotopes. 3. How are the hydrides of boron, nitrogen and phosphorus prepared ? Discuss the structural relationship of the last two classes of hydrides.Give an account of recent work on the constitution of boron hydrides.4. Describe the methods whereby “transmutation” of elements has been effected and give an account of the means whereby such transmuta- tion is demonstrated. How has the “neutron” been shown to result from the bombardment of atomic nuclei ? 5. Give a short account of the chemistry of germanium compounds, dealing more especially with the relation of its compounds to those of the elements of lower atomic weight in the same group of the periodic table (excluding carbon). 6. Describe the methods of formation and the behaviour of oxygen compounds of fluorine, and of hydrofluosilicic, hydrofluoboric, and oxy- fluoboric acids.2 to 5 p.m. (Fona qwth to be answered.) 1. Write an account of the elements of Group VIa beginning with chromium. 2. Give a full description of the methods of obtaining gaseous hydrogen commercially, showing how the product is purified. Describe the properties of atomic hydrogen and how it is obtained. What is the evidence to show that the hydrogen so obtained is in the atomic state ? 3. Write an essay on the halogen compounds of nitrogen, including in your answer the halogen amines. Describe in particular, recent work on the nitrogen fluorides and nitrogen iodide. 4. Various theories have been advanced to explain the photochemical reaction of hydrogen and chlorine. Discuss these, giving reasons for your preference for any one or more of the mechanisms suggested. 5.Describe in detail the preparation of any two complex ammines 6. What is the evidence for the existence of acids, or salts of the which you have made. Show, with respect to oneof them, how its structure has been determined. 222 acids derived from titanium, tin, zirconium and lead ? 7. By what methods may hyponitrous acids be obtained? Show how these methods of preparation indicate the constitution of the acid and adduce any other evidence in support of the structure. How would you write the electronic arrangement of hyponitrous acid? TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify (A), (B), and (C). (A = Zirconium metal powder;B = Tantalum metal; C = Rubidium ammonium bromide.) 2.Make a quantitative examination of the specimen of cobalt blue (D).(This exercise may be cqleted to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Complete the previous day’s exercise. 2. Identify the mixture (E), and make a complete quantitative examination. (E = Aluminium tungstate and chromium hydroxide.) (The qualitative test mu& be given in by 3 p.m., and the quantitative part my be completed during the next two days.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Continue the examination of (E). 2. Examine the specimen (F) of thorium carbonate for impurities;determine the thorium carbonate and the impurities contained in the sample. Prepare a specimen of a pure thorium salt from the material.[F = (containing Fe,O, and CaCO,).] (Thisexercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the previous day’s work. 2. Examine the specimen of ammonium molybdate (G) which is suspected to be impure, and ascertain the proportion of MOO,it contains. [G = (containing 15 per cent. sodium molybdate).] Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to Metallography. MONDAY, 7th MAY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:-(a) The zero group of elements; (b) Isotopes; (c) The Co-ordination Theory; (d) The Oxygen compounds of fluorine and Bromine. 2. What are the chief sources of thorium? How is the element obtained from its minerals ? How may the presence of helium be detected in the latter ? 3.Discuss critically the qualitative and quantitative methods for 4. The gas from a producer may contain the following constituents: the separation of copper, tin, antimony and arsenic. CO,, 0,, CO, CH,, H, and N,. How would you obtain and analyse:- (a) A spot sample for determining the performance of the (b) An average sample over a period of twelve hours. producer. This analysis being suitable for use subsequently in the “efficiency calcula- tions” for the plant. How may the nitrogen be determined directly? 5. Give an account of the constitution of phosphoric, phosphorous, hypophosphoric and hypophosphorous acids and of their relation to each other.6. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with three of the following names :-Graham, Stas, Davy, Moissan, Le Chatelier, Roberts-Austen and Langmuir. 7. Compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of magnesium with those of calcium and zinc. To which of these two metals do you consider magnesium to be more closely related ? Give reasons for your answer. 8. Give a short account of the employment of electrometric methods in analytical chemistry. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the changes that are produced in grinding, polishing and etching a non-ferrous metal surface for microscopic examination. What is the Beilby phase and how is it believed to be produced ? 2. Describe, with the aid of sketches, two types of electric furnace used in large-scale metallurgical practice.3. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of solid fuel, liquid fuel, and gaseous fuel in firing furnaces for the melting of brass, bronze and aluminium alloys. 4. Describe the methods of preparation of iron castings, steel castings and steel forgings for microscopical examination. Indicate the type of information to be expected from such an examination. 5. Discuss briefly the various methods adopted for plotting cooling curves and state the particular uses of each method. Sketch an arrange- ment for obtaining a “difference” cooling curve by an autographic method and describe the apparatus necessary. 6. What is the characteristic constituent of hardened steel? Sketch its microstructure and discuss the factors which contribute to its hardness.7. Give details of the methods which should be used for the determina- tion of tin-( 1) in a bronze, (2) in a high grade tin concentrate, and (3) in an antifriction metal containing tin, lead, antimony and copper. 8. How would you determine the amount of arsenic and bismuth in a sample of commercial copper ? TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 8th and 9th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Sketch and describe the microstructures of the seven specimens 2. Two samples are supplied of materials which have failed in 3. A steel bar, which has been heat-treated in such a way that the of commercial alloys (3 ferrous and 4 non-ferrous). Identify the alloys. service.Report on the causes of the failures. structure varies from one end of the bar to the other, is handed to you for examination. Estimate the composition of the steel by metallographic means and ascertain how the bar has been heat-treated. 224 THURSDAY, 10th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the main constituents in the sample of a light alloy. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 11th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the alloying element in the “straight” carbon steel. Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils and Fats, excluding Mineral and Essential Oils. MONDAY, 16th APBIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FOUR questions only. Answer briefy and to the point, Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Indicate by means of equations the general methods of preparing aliphatic primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. How do these com- pounds differ from one another in their chemical reactions? 2. Write a short account of the hydroxypropionic acids. 3. State with examples what is meant by THREE of the following: (a) Perkin’s reaction, (b) Friedel-Craft’s reaction, (c) Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction, (d) Skraup’s synthesis, (e) Aldol condensation. 4. Show by means of equations how, starting from benzene, you would prepare the following compounds :m-nitraniline, p-nitraniline, salicylic acid, benzoic acid and resorcinol. 5. How has the structure of naphthalene been established, and how would you prepare from this compound a-and /?-naphthol, and a-and /3-naphthylamine. 6.Describe in detail two methods for the estimation of chlorine in organic compounds. 7. Describe with examples the use of five of the following reagents in organic chemistry : (a)hydriodic mid, (b) benzene sulphonic chloride, (c) semicarbazide hydrochloride, (d) sodium hydrosulphite, (e) methyl sulphate, df) sodium nitrite, (9)mercuric sulphate. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Discuss the uses of potassium permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid as oxidising agents for fats. 2. You are asked to prepare about 100 grams of TWO of the following acids in a pure condition :lauric, palmitoleic, linolenic, or erucic.Describe the steps you would take, and indicate in each case the most suitable natural raw material. 3. Give some account of work which has been carried out on the synthesis of glycerides of known configuration, and refer specially to the case of isomeric aa’-and a/3-diglycerides. 4. Describe fully the production and the chemical composition of any TWO of the following fats: Babassu fat, perilla oil, Chinese vegetable tallow, menhaden oil. In each case, state the exact form in which the fat occurs, and in what localities the fat-bearing plant or animal is most abundant. 225 5. What methods are available for the bleaching of palm oiI ? How would the purpose for which the bleached fat was to be used affect the choice of the bleaching process ? 6.Discuss modern views of the processes operative in the saponi- fication of fats (i)by aqueous and (ii) by alcoholic alkali. 7. How may the higher fatty alcohols of the series C,H,,+,OH be manufactured, and for what purposes are they used in the modern detergent industry ? 8. How would you test a sample of olive oil for adulteration? What adulterants are likely to be encountered in this oil ? TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a full examination of the crude fat A, and report upon its nature and possible uses. Prepare a specimen of refined fat from A. Determine the amount and nature of the unsaponifiable matter present in A, and submit specimens of any unsaponifiable components which you isolate.(This exercise may be completed lo-morrow.) (A = Shea butter.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. From the mixed fatty acids (13) of cottonseed oil provided, prepare :-(i) specimens of crystalline tetrabromostearic acid and of ethyl linoleate ; (ii) specimens of palmitic acid and of methyl palmitate. The melting points of the three solids and the iodine value of the ethyl linoleate should be recorded. (Thisexercise need not be completed until the final duy of the Examinu-tion.) 2. Make a full analysis and report on the sample of glycerine C. THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 19th and 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 4. Examine and report upon the material D. (D = Sulphonated5. Identify the fatty oil E. (E = China wood oil.) Ocenol OR Sulphonated Lorol.) Branch D. Biochemistry.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 am. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the modern views regarding the biological 2. What is the nature of the more important processes serving to 3. Present a full account of recent chemical and biochemical studies oxidation of the fats. regulate the reaction of the blood and tissue fluids in animals 2 on either vitamin A OR vitamin C (ascorbic acid). 4. Write a short essay on the efficiency of biochemical reactions in 1iving tissues. 226 5. Discuss Pasteur’s statement that fermentation is life without air in the light of recent studies on respiration and fermentation. 6. What evidence is there for and against the view that proteins contain (a)diketopiperazine ring systems, (b)linkages involving a hydroxyl group, (c) other forms of sulphur than that present in cystine? 2 to 5 p.m.(Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write a general account of the chemical nature and biochemical significance of the phosphatidos. 2. In what manner has recent work on the chemical structure of antigens thrown light on the nature of the antigen-antibody reactions? 3. Discuss, from the microbiological and economic aspects, any one industrial fermentation process other than the commercial production of ethyl alcohol. 4. Describe the function of hormones and other “growth factors” in regulating growth. 5. Give an account of recent discoveries regarding the part played by compounds of phosphoric acid in carbohydrate metabolism.6. Discuss the breakdown of any three amino-acids by micro-organisms, indicating the variations in the end-products which may be produced (a)by employing different types of micro-organisms, and (b)byaltering the cultural conditions. 7. What factors play a part in regulating the concentration of sugar in the blood ? 8. Give a general account of the preparation of any three of the following substances:-(a) tryptophane, (b)xylose, (c)lecithin, (d)glycogen, (e) creatinine. 9. What evidence is there to show that fatty substances other than the glycerides are absorbed from the mammalian digestive tract ? TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of glutaminic acid from the sample of gluten2.Identify the enzyme in the powder M and determine the optimum 3. Estimate the percentage of sucrose and asparagine in the 4. Identify as completely as possible the compounds G, H, and K. flour provided (L). conditions of its action. solution F. Branch D. Biochemistry with specialreference to Bacteriology. ( Written papers as for Biochemistry,-abwe.) TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. each doy. 1. The solution A is a fermentation of glucose by yeast in the presence of sulphite. Isolate and identify, by the preparation of deriva- tives, the chief metabolic products. 2. Identify the enzyme in the powder B, and determine the optimum conditions of its action.227 3. Identify aa far as possible by microscopical examination the cultures C, D and E. 4. Estimate the percentages of sucrose and asparagine in the solu- tion F. Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. From what sources is saponin obtained and how is it prepared on a commercial scale? State what is known of its constitution. 2. What contributions, confined to matters which come within the scope of this examination, are associated with the names of Hassall, Edward Frankland, Hehner, T. E. Thorpe and Vieth. 3. What is the theoretical basis of the Freezing Point Test for the detection of extraneous water in milkS If the molecular depression of the freezing point of water is 1-86 and sodium chloride is 84 per cent.dissociated into its ions at the con- centration of physiological salt solution (9 grms. per litre; specific gravity, 1.007), calculate the depression of the freezing point of water in physiologi- cal salt solution. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. What are the chief uses of the following drugs or their prepara- tions in medicine. Indicate the dose which is usually prescribed:- Phenolphthalein, phenobarbitonum, cinchona, cocaine, buchu, potassii citras, hexamina, iodophthaleinum. 5. How would you detect and estimate chloroform in the tissues of a person who had died under an anaesthetic. 6. What are the symptoms of an overdose of opium. Indicate the analytical procedure required for the detection of opium in viscera.2 to 5 p.m. 1. Give a brief account of the manufacture of cheese, and the methods of control employed. Indicate the nature of the vital agencies concerned. What are your views regarding the establishment of a statutorylimit (or limits) of composition of this food? 2. You are supplied with a vegetable drug of unknown origin.Outline with all essential practical details, a scheme for its microscopical examination, 3. The following data, purporting to represent the performance of a Treatment Plant dealing with domestic sewage, are submitted for yourcriticism:-Crude Filtered Sewage. Effluent. Parts per 100,000.Total suspended solids .............. 28.0 3.7 Ammoniacal nitrogen .............. 5.5 0.86 Alblbuminoid do............... 1-1 0.18 Nitrous do. ..............nil 0.006 Nitric do. .......... ....nil 1.65 Combined chlorine .. 16.8 13-0 Oxygen absorbed in 4 ho& at 26.ibo C.** :: : :: ,. 11-2 1.72 Biochemical oxygen demand ............ 25 plus 1.90 What is your general interpretation of these results and what opinion do you express as to the fitness of the effluent for discharge into a stream of relatively high purity and low volume. 228 4. How would you propose to determine accurately the fat-content of ice-cream ? 5. Outline the procedure you would adopt in the examination of a sample of canned goods for small amounts of tin and copper and mention sensitive confirmatory tests for their presence. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Make as complete an examination as possible of the sample of Cheshire cheese and ascertain whether it complies with The Agricultural Produce (Grading & Marking) Regulations, 1933. (Genuine, “+-meat,” OR “mar-garine” brands.) WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of powder provided which purports to be cream of tartar. As the result of your analysis tabulate its composition quantitatively. Give reasons for arriving at your conclusions. (Con-taining calcium tartrate OR potassium sulphate.) 2. Determine the nature and approximate amount of adulterant in the specimen of almond oil provided. (Containing apricot kernel oil.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Ascertain the wholesomeness or otherwise of the sweets sold to school-children. If you take exception to the sample, report fully as to your reasons, and give a full interpretation of the facts. (Coated with a pigment of arsenical iron oxide.) 2. Examine the milk for the presence of a preservative. (Contains formalin and sodium nitrite.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the degree of hardness of the sample of organically-pure water and extend your examination to allow an opinion as to its potability from the point of view of mineral constituents. Determine, by microscopi- cal methods, the nature of the deposit present. (Containing 100 p.p. 100,000 NaHCO,.) 2. Confining yourself to miscroscopical technique, what foreigncomponents do you certify in (a) the sample of maize and (b) the dried mint ? Illustrate your answers by sketching the diagnostic charac-teristics.( (a)Containing rye and chalk OR barley; (b)containing ailanthus leaves.) 3. The specimen of wool flock is said to be genuine. What micro- scopical evidence have you to the contrary ? (Containing cotton.) SATURDAY, 21st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. From the drop of blood provided prepare:-(A) Haemin crystals, (B) A solution of haemochromogen. Leave the specimens you have prepared on your bench, labelled. 2. Examine the powder (A) microscopically. Make careful drawings of what you see, and indicate as far as you can the nature of the con- stituents of the powder. Credit will be given for careful and accurate drawings.(Pulv. Glycyrrhizae Co.) 3. Assume that (B) is a sample of vomit from a patient who has been attacked with acute vomiting and diarrhoea. Examine for the presence of poison and, if found, determine the amount present and express your result in grains per fluid ounce of vomit. Indicate also the form in which the poison has been taken and state what in your opinion would be a fatd dose. (Containing mercuric potassium iodide.) 229 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer QUESTION 1, and any three (but not more than three) other questions.) 1. On what different factors does the cost of production of a chemical product depend ? Which of these factors are, in your opinion, (a)whollywithin or (b)wholly beyond the control of the works chemist.2. Describe modern methods of separating (a)small quantities of suspended solids from gases and (b) small quantities of liquids present in the vapour phase in gaseous mixtures. 3. Give an account of the methods used to raise (i) solids and (ii) liquids to a height in chemical factories. What steps may be taken to minimise the number of such operations in the course of a sequence of processes? Give instances in which special construction or material must be resorted to in consequence of specific properties possessed by the material handled. 4. Write a short essay on the construction and manipulation of apparatus suitable for chemical processes which are carried out at very high pressures (above 100 atmospheres). 5.Describe forms of plant suitable for washing solid materials in chemical processes, giving references to actual cases with which you are acquainted. 6. Compare and contrast the use of fireclay or silica with that of metals in the construction of vessels for use at high temperatures. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What are the factors which determine the degree of dispersion and stability of an oil-in-water emulsion ? Describe the types of machinery in use for the preparation of pharmaceutical emulsions. 2. Describe briefly a method used for the synthesis on a manu-facturing scale of each of the following :-(a) camphor, (b)iodophthalein, (c) phenobarbitone, (d) acriflavine, (e) procaine.3. Discuss the possibility of the use of other fish oils as substitutes for cod-liver oil. To what extent is such substitution detectable by analysis? Give your views on the advisability of including other oils in the official description of cod-liver oil. 4. Describe in detail a method for the manufacture of insulin and suggest by means of a sketch a suitable arrangement of the plant. 5. What methods of sterilisation are available for pharmaceutical products? Discuss the applicability of such methods to different types of preparations. 6. Describe briefly the botanical and geographical sources and the methods of collection or purification of the most important materials which are valuable for the property of forming mucilage with water, 7.What is known of the chemistry of the anti-anaemic principle of liver? Give a method for the preparation of a solution suitable for intravenous injection. 230 TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of adrenaline from the gland material supplied and determine its purity. Report on the practicability of the commercial extraction of adrenaline from this material. 2. Examine the specimen of cod-liver oil and report upon its quality and purity. 3. Determine whether the specimen of powdered cinchona bark complies with the requirements of the B.P. for total alkaloids and for quinine and cinchonidine.4. Prepare 4 02s. of light bismuth carbonate from the metallic bis- muth supplied, and carry out the necessary tests to prove the purity of your preparation. 5. Identify the drugs A and B. (A = Hyoscyamus; B = Podo-phyllum indicum Resin.) General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions.) 1. It is now known that boron is very widely distributed in nature. Describe the methods which have been proposed for determining this element when present (a)in appreciable proportions and (b) in traces. 2. What is the modern way of defining pH ? Give the theory of the methods of determining pH, including the hydrogen electrode, quin- hydrone electrode, and the use of the glass electrode. 3.Describe as fully aa you can the methods (other than the Carius and lime methods) for the determination of halogens in organic com- pounds. 4. Furnish details of the qualitative and quantitative micro-methods for any six metals and one non-metal. 5. Write a description of the methods for determining the bromine, iodine and thiocyanogen values of oils. In what manner may these determinations be utilised to furnish information concerning the constitu- tion of the oils ? 6. Give a description of the polarimeter or saccharimeter, indicating the functions of the various parts, and state briefly how the instrument is used in analytical problems. 2 to 5 pm. (Answer FIVE questions. 1. Give an account of the utilisation of colloidal processes and adsorption phenomena in analysis.Illustrate your answer by describing the use of (a) stannic acid, and (b) peptisation by sodium hydroxide. 2. To what uses is pyridine put in inorganic and organic analytical operations? Furnish full details of any quantitative work you may have carried out employing this reagent. 3. What is the “absolute unit” of viscosity? Describe forms of viscometers used for the determination of viscosity. State in each case what is being measured and how you would proceed to utilise the measure- ments to obtain the viscosity in “absolute units.” 4. Write a short essay on the use of combustion methods in gasanalysis, and describe in your essay improvements in apparatus for the more effective examination of mixtures of combustible gases.6. How would you propose to make a complete quantitative examina- tion of a cup grease consisting of an insoluble soap incorporated with a mixture of mineral and vegetable oils ? How is the consistency of such a grease determined? 6. Show how the variation in the pH value of their solutions may be applied to the separation of the iron group of hydroxides from cobalt, nickel and manganese through the agency of zinc oxide. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the powder (H). (Results required before 12 noon.) Make a complete quantitative analysis of the material and report upon its value. (Trisodium Phosphate.) 2. Commence the examination of the floor polish and complete it next day.WEDNESDAY, 18th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the examination of the floor polish. 2. Make as full an examination as possible of the dust allaying liquid (K). (K = Engine oil, kerosene and phenol.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of brass (B) fully. (You MY finish this exercise to-morrow, but the results for copper and one other constituent must be given in to-day.) FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Finish the analysis of the brass. 2. Report on the sample of boiler-feed water, and prescribe the treatment, if any, required to render the water fit for boilers working at about 80-lb. pressure. Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Oils, Paints and Varnishes.MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer not more than F~URquestions.) 1. Write an essay on the production and properties of lake colours with special attention to their durability and fastness to light. Discuss the effects on the resulting lake of varying the bases and toners. 2. What physical and chemical changes take place in the drying of oils? Briefly describe the theories which have been advanced to account for the drying and the evidence on which the theories are founded. 3. What properties are sought for in anti-fouling compositions and how are these secured? In your answer describe the pigments and media employed, with the reasons for their use in each case. 4. Give an account of the driers used in paint and varnish, describing their mode of prepmation, properties and uses.What is the difference in the action on the resulting films between the various kinds of driers in common use? 232 5. Discuss the factors influencing the setting of red lead-linseed oil pastes and the methods for obtaining stable pastes. How would you assay such pastes? 6. Describe some recent work on the composition of linseed and tung oils, giving some account of the constitution of the principal fatty acids obtained from these oils. 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer not more than FOUR questions.) 1. What do you understand by the “hiding power” of paints and pigments? What methods are available for determining this property? 2. How are the plasticity and viscosity of paints and varnishes ascertained practically ? Illustrate your answer by describing in detail one method of carrying out the determination of each property.What is the value of determining the viscosity of varnishes ? 3. What changes in composition occur during the running of gumsfor making varnish? Give your views of the physical and chemical effects resulting from incorporating the oils with the gums. 4. Give a brief account of the various materials used in the making of a typical pigmented cellulose-ester finish. Your account should include the cellulose esters and gums, plasticisers, solvents and thinners and a brief statement of the reasons for using the different materials. 5. Write an essay on the nature and use of the various synthetic resins in the manufacture of varnish.A brief discussion of the advantages or disadvantages of synthetic a~ compared with natural resins should be included. 6. It is known that the protection of metal by means of paint may be due to physical or chemical effects, or to both together. Discuss this, with particular reference to the types of protective paint in common use. TUESDAY, 17th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine quantitatively the ready mixed paint. (This exercise may be carried on through the whole of the period of the examination. ) As a result of the analysis and any other tests you care to apply, the value of the paint should be assessed. WEDNESDAY, 18th April, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of “reduced” oil and report on its composition.(Tung oil, linseed oil, and white spirit.) THURSDAY, 19th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a complete analysis of the sample of cadmium lithopone. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. Identify the dry pigments in the specimen tubes. Indicate their main uses. FRIDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the outstanding tests. 2. Report on the samples of thinners (A) end (B). (A = White spirit and kerosene; B = White spirit and turpentine.) 233 Special Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry and Biology of Water Supplies. MONDAY, 16th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe in detail the effect of the ingress of imperfectly purified sewage into a stream of relatively low flow. Trace its effect by reference to the macroscopic appearance of the stream and the successive changes in the.flora and fauna until the self-purification of the polluted water- course is completed. 2. What is meant by the term “Humusyy Explain its appearance ? in water and trace the fermentative changes which substances of this nature bring about under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 3. For what purpose and in what way is active carbon used in the treatment of water-supplies? State what you know of its manufacture and properties and detail the tests you would apply for its evaluation. 4. Give a survey of the methods which are available for the determina- tion of dissolved oxygen in water. Contrast the value of the biochemical oxygen demand of a contaminated water with the permanganate, bichro- mate and chlorine oxidation tests.5. Explain the following terms :-Zoogloea, tetrad, symbiotic, nekton, confervoid, chlamydospore, holophytic. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Deal generally with the question of water storage and, more particularly, in respect of its effect on (a)the quality and condition of the water and (a) the plankton-content of the reservoir. Discuss specifically the question of abnormal plankton growth and its effect upon subsequent filtration and potability of the supply. What means may be adopted to combat such possible difficulties ? 2. Give a method for the determination of silica in circumstances where only a relatively small volume of water is available. What sensitive confirmatory tests would you apply for the detection of traces of lead, copper and manganese in a drinking water? 3.What type of organism is involved in “sulphate reduction,” and what are the appropriate conditions for this reaction. Suggest a readymeans of demonstration of this phenomenon. 4. Write a brief account of the mechanism of coagulation (with special reference to “floc” characteristics) in relation to the treatment of water intended for potable use. 5. What signifkance do you attach to a positive B.CoZi (presumptive) test in the case of a drinking water supply ? What steps would you take to satisfy yourself as to the potability of the supply ? Discuss generally the views held, in respect of hygienic signifkance, of aerial contamination and suggest what means are available for differentiation from actual infiltration of sewage and/or drainage from manured land.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 17th to 20th APRIL, 10 am. to 5 p.m. 1. The water (A) is said to be responsible for the incrustation in the GI pipe (B). Fully investigate this matter by analysis of both water and deposit and indicate what remedial measures should be taken to obviate the trouble. 2. The water (C) is supplied to a large municipality. Carry out a bacteriological examination and determine the presence or otherwise of a 234 coli-form organism, making such confirmatory tests JM the time of the examination will allow. Determine, ako, its plumbo-solvent action and critically examine microscopically the deposit (D)which has been frequently found in the water.3. Make comparative tests upon the two samples of active charcoal submitted (“G” and “T”). Which of them wo$d you recommend for use in the treatment of the water (E),given that G” costs half as much again as “T”? 4. Owing to shortage of the normal supply, a public authority is, at present, using the water “F” to which certain aesthetic objections have been taken, although its organic purity is not in question. Make such examination as will enable you to express an opinion upon the desirability of its use (a)in its present state and/or (b) after pre-treatment-setting out the form which this should take. 235 Notes. Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., Fellow, has been awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts for 1934 in recognition of his researches in biochemistry. Professor Harold Raistrick and Professor Samuel Sugden have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society.Laboratory Arts.-The Institute of Physics has announced a scheme to meet the demand for the proper training and certificating of laboratory and technical assistants in physics, and proposes in due course to set up an appointments register and an organisation for these assistants. Candidates for certificates will be required to attend approved courses of instruction and to pass examinations in accordance with prescribed regulations. Courses will be divided into- A. Practical Mathematics; Physics. B. Simple Wood and Metal Work.C. Glass Blowing. D. Laboratory Technique and Organisation. In addition to fulfilling certain other regulations, candidates must obtain an adequate standard in A and in any two of the remaining sections. Fellows and Associates who desire to direct the attention of laboratory attendants to these arrangements may obtain informa- tion from Dr. H. R. Lang, Secretary of the Institute of Physics, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7. Indian Science Congress.-Dr. H. B. Dunnicliff, as President of the Chemistry Section of the Indian Science Congress, held in January at Poona, gave an address on “The R61e of Chemistry in the Advancement of India,” in which he dealt with chemistry and culture ; the teaching profession ; chemists in commerce ; employment for chemists; Government of India appointments ; appointments under Local Government or in Indian States; pharmacology and the control of drugs; appoint- ments held by officers of the Indian Medical Service; chemical examiners; and an Indian Chemical Service.236 SURREY Fellow has directed attention COUNTYI,IBRARY.--A to the facilities afforded by the Surrey County Library to resi- dents in Surrey-except those in the boroughs of Guildford, Godalming, Kingston-on-Thames, Richmond and Wimbledon, and the urban districts of Chertsey, Mitcham and Surbiton- who wish to borrow books on special subjects. Books in the Surrey County Library, the National Central Library, and other libraries co-operating with the National Central Library, are available for study purposes-fiction will not be lent in this way.Communications should be addressed to the County Librarian, County Library Office, Milner Road, Kingston-on- Thames, who will send an application card to be signed by the borrower, and other particulars. Residents in the above-mentioned towns and urban districts should apply to their own libraries. Public Analysts.-Mr. Frederick Grant Duncan Chalmers, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Borough of Wolverhampton, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Alfred Edward Johnson, Fellow. Mr. Thomas Reginald Hodgson, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Borough of Hyde, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr.William Marshall, Fellow. Mr. Henry Turner Lea, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Borough of Burton-on-Trent, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. William Partridge, Fellow. Mr. Roy Warren Watridge, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County Council of the Isle of Wight, in addition to Mr. S. Emsley, Fellow. Mr. Hugh Amphlett Williams, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Deptford, in addition to Mr. Henry George Harrison, Fellow, 237 Obituary. EMRYSTHOMAS AUBREYdied on 9th May, at Llansadwrn, Llanwrda, South Wales, at the age of 40 years. Educated at Llandilo County School and University College, Aberystwyth, where he graduated in science, he was subsequently employed, from 1915 to 1919, at H.M. Factory, Pembrey, where he was chemist in charge of the acid section of the general laboratory of the Factory.In 1920 he became engaged in the Government Laboratory, and, in 1927, at the Aeronautical Inspection Department of the Royal Air Force Depot, at Kidbrooke, until 1929, when he was compelled to relinquish his appointment owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAM DALRYMPLE died at Beacon Lodge, Bean, near BORLAND Dartford, Kent, on 20th May, in his 71st year. He studied chemistry under Williamson at University College, London, and, in 1879, entered the laboratory of Otto Hehner, where he worked for nearly two years. In 1881 he became assistant analytical chemist to Tuson, and demon-strator in chemistry at the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, but shortly after joined the staff of the Explosives Co., Ltd., at Stowmarket, where he was engaged on research, in addition to the manufacture of gun-cotton.About the same period, he acted as abstractor of explosives literature for the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. From 1885 onwards he pursued the study of explosives privately, having a laboratory in London and experimental ground in the country for rifle powder experiments. In 1887 he was appointed consulting chemist to the E. C. Powder Co., Ltd., for whom he designed and in- augurated works in Oakland, New Jersey, U.S.A., and trained the necessary technical staff.In 1888, he devised a new smokeless powder, known at first as “J. B.,” and subsequently as “E. C. No. 2.,” and thereafter a powderknown as “E. C. No. 3” of a distinct type, which was the forerunner of several similar powders. He also made a special study of the means of testing percussion caps. His methods for the determination of energy,heating effect, time, and his arrangements for flame photography placed this testing on a sound scientific basis. In 1896 he became managing director of the E. C. Powder Co., and, when the company was amalgamated with Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., he was retained as technical adviser on sporting powder and ammunition. In 1932-33 he was Master of the Worshipful Company of Gunmakers, and he was also for some time a director of the Architect and Building News.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905. WILLIAMCROXFORDJOHN died as the result of an accident, on 9th June, in his 35th year. He studied chemistry at East Ham Technical College. His course was interrupted by military service from 1917-1919, and was then continued until 1925. From the end of 1922 he was also engaged with Messrs. Loders and Nucoline, Ltd., first as assistant chemist, and later, in charge of a laboratory until 1930. In 1924, he obtained the Higher National Certificate with distinction in organic chemistry. From January, 1931, he was assistant instructor in practical inorganic chemistry at East Ham Technical College, and occasional lecturer in the technology of 238 oils, fats and waxes.In 1929, he published in The Analyst a paper en- titled, “The Differential Halogen Absorction of Oils and Fats,” and in 1930 (in the same Journal) a paper on The Investigation of Rye Oil.” In 1933, he passed the examination for the Fellowship in Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Edible Oils and Fats. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930, and a Fellow in 1933. THOMAS DALLIMOREWARWICK died recently at the age of 35 years, after several years of suffering. He was educated at Westminster City School, and served with the King’s Royal Rifles from 1915 to 1918, whn he was discharged disabled. Towards the end of the latter year, he entered the Chelsea Polytechnic, where he studied science until 1922.He subse- quently obtained an appointment with the Gas Referees, which he held until 1928, when a recurrence of his disability necessitated his obtaining leave, and later compelled him to resign. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. RICHARD GEORGE DANIELS, after a long illness, died recently at Derby in his 42nd year. He was born at Harwich, and educated at the Grammar School, Earls Colne, Essex. He studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science from 1909 to 1913, obtaining the Associateship of the College, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1912, and devoting the fourth year to chemical engineering under Professor Hinchley. He obtained an appoint- ment with the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers, with whom he remained until the outbreak of war, when he enlisted with the Infantry.Later he was transferred to the Royal Engineers with whom he served until January, 1918, attaining the rank of Captain. After six months’ experience at the Experimental Station at Porton, he waa appointedARsistant Chemical Adviser to the Fourth Army H.Q. under Major G. W. Monier-Williams. In February 1919, he became a technical research assistant with the British Portland Cement Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and later in the year was appointed works chemist to Metallic Chemicals, Ltd. In 1922, he became employed as a chemist with Messrs. Jenson & Nicholson, Ltd., and in 1928, accepted an appointment with Messrs. Hadfields (Merton), Ltd., at Mitcham.In the following year he moved to Derby as chemist to Messrs. John Mason & Co., Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1920. THOMAS ELLWOODASHCROFT died at Trinidad, B.W.I., on the 10th March, in his 72nd year. Originally engaged in pharmacy, he worked with A. W. Smith, of Rye, Sussex; Stokes Dawson and John Woodland; con- tributed papers on investigations on Fixed Oils to the Pharmaceutical Journal in 1886 and 1887, and qualified as a member of the Pharmaceutical Society. From 1888, he was engaged as demonstrator in chemistry and lecturer on physics at the Central School of Chemistry, Marylebone Road, and at the City School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chancery Lane, London, and conducted a private consulting practice, paying particular attention to electro-chemical analysis and metallurgy, with specialreference to the isolation of metals on a commercial scale by electro-chemical means.Later, he qualified in medicine, was admitted M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. in 1897, and obtained the Diploma in Public Health (Cambridge) in 1898. He was in General Practice as a Homeopathic Physician until 1924, when he retired and resided at Hastings. Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1892. 239 SIR RICHARDCHARLES GARTON died at Lythe Hall, Hademere, Surrey, on 22nd April, in his 77th year. Educated at Queenwood College, Hampshire, under Clowes and Prevost, and at Owens College, Manchester, under Roscoe and Schorlemmer, he subsequently spent a year with Graham at University College, London, and two years with Zincke and Fittig at the University of‘ Marburg, where he remained three years, devoting special attention to problems connected with fermentation.He became head partner in the firm of Garton, Hill & Co., of Battersea, manufacturers of invert sugar, glucoses, corn syrup and starch products, directing the business of the firm from the age of 22 years. In conjunction with his father and brother, he initiated the business of invert sugar making, and, in due course, in addition to being a Director of Manbr6, Garton & Co., Ltd., he became Chairman of Watney, Combe, Reid & Co., Ltd., and a Director of E. Lacon & Co., Ltd. In 1923, he was one of the founders of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, of which he was Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, and to which he contributed the first €20,000, maintaining a keen and active interest in its work until his death. In 1928 he defrayed the cost of the International Conference on Cancer, which was attended by over 600 delegates from all parts of the world.He was knighted in 1908, and created Grand Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was also a generous benefactor to local charities in Haslemere and district, and was well known in sporting circles as a racing owner. At his funeral at Haslemere Parish Church on 25th April, the Institute was represented by Mr. Julian L. Baker. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1909 and served as a Member of Council from 1912 to 1915.CARL OLOFLUNDHOLMdied at Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, on 8th May, in his 84th year. Of Swedish birth, he studied at Stockholm Technical School, and from 1871 to 1873 was engaged as a chemist in the Swedish mining industry. From 1873 to 1875 he worked with Messrs. When & Co., Heating and Ventilating Engineers and, while with them, controlled the installation of apparatus in the Houses of Parliament at Stockholm and other places in Sweden and Finland. From 1875 to 1877 he was works manager and chemist in a wood cellulose factory, and in 1878 began the study of fulminate of mercury and other explosives at Geveleto Ammuni- tion Works, near Paris, before he joined Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., for whom he constructed and built the Fulminate of Mercury Factory at Redding Moor.From 1879 he was chemist and manager’s assistant at West Quarter and Redding Moor; from 1887 to 1889 he was assistant manager, and from 1889 to 1909, chief chemist and works manager, at Ardeer; and from 1909 to 1914, when he retired, technical adviser to the Nobel Dynamite Trust. In the early days of the war he was entrusted with a mission abroad on behalf of the British Government, He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1907. WILLIAMMACDONALDdied at Inverness on 23rd April, in his 68th year. From 1885 to 1889 he studied chemistry and metallurgy at the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, under T. E. Thorpeand Roberts-Austen, respectively, obtaining the diplomas in both depart- ments.In 1889 he became an assistant in the London laboratory of the Rio Tinto Co. Two years later he left for China, where he was engaged at the Polytechnic Institution at Shanghai in preparing a general laboratory and in examining and classifying minerals until the following year, when he proceeded to the Imperial College at Peking. There he had charge of 240 the English department, including astronomical, physical and chemical laboratories, until 1895, when he joined the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, at Peking, of which he became Commissioner, retiring in 1923. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1894. FREDERICK died at Cornwall General Hospital, in WALTER SNELGROVE Ontario, Canada, on 25th March, at the age of 44 years.Born at Frome, Somerset, he was educated at St. John’s College, Frome, and at the Northern Polytechnic Institute. During the latter half of 1914 he was a lecture-demonstrator and assistant to Dr. Senter at Birkbeck College, London. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1912, and proceeded to honours in chemistry in 1914. From 1914 to 1919 he was engaged in the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., Ltd., at Dartford; from 1919 to 1922 he was on the scientific staff of Messrs. Courtaulds at Coventry. In the latter year he was transferred to the works of the same Company at Flint, North Wales, and in 1925 was appointed chief chemist to Messrs. Courtaulds (Canada), Ltd., at Cornwall, Ontario, which position he held until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1914 and a Fellow in 1917. BERTRAMVINCENTSTORRdied at Ilford on 5th April, in his 57th year. Born at Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, he was educated at the Central Higher Grade School, and at Yorkshire College, Leeds, and thereafter held a Priestley Research Scholarship at Mason University College, Birmingham. He graduated B.Sc. (Vict.) in 1897, proceeded to honours in chemistry in 1898, and M.Sc. in 1901. In 1899, he joined the scientific staff of Ilford, Ltd., where he continued as a works and research chemist until his death, his work contributing to the invention and improvement of several valuable processes. During the war he assisted in initiating the X-ray Department of the Ilford Hospital, and was then first and voluntary radiographer.He was an abstractor for the Society of Chemical Industry on matters connected with photography, and, for several years, author of the photographic section in the Reports of Applied Chemistry issued by that Society. In 1922 he was appointed chief chemist of the Ilford Company’s plate factory, and in 1930 a director of Selo, Ltd., at Brentwood, Essex, the Company’s film factory. He thus held prominent positions on the production and scientific staffs of the amalgamated companies of which Ilford, Ltd., is now composed. In 1923 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919.WILLIAM GEORGE WHIFFEN died at Wimbledon Hospital on 28th April, in his 83rd year. The son of Mr. T. Whiffen, Chemical Manufacturer, of Lombard Road, Battersea, he studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland from 1866 to 1868, and was subsequently assistant for six months to Mr. John A. R. Newlands, who first suggested the “Periodic Law.” He then joined his father, and was for many years chemist and manager of the works at Battersea, eventually becoming Chairman of Messrs. Whiffen & Sons, with additional works at Carnwath Road, Fulham. He equipped the Whiffen Laboratory at the Imperial College of Science, London, at an expense of %12,000, and collaborated with Professor Jocelyn Thorpe in the direction of research bearing on the production of medicinal chemicals, in which he was specially interested.He was also Chairman of George Atkinson & Co., and a Director of Marshall, Sons & Co., of Gainsborough. He was a trustee and, since 1916, Chairman of 241 Wimbledon Hospital, was a Governor of the London Hospital, and served on the Committees of St. George’s Hospital and Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital. He endowed wards in memory of his wife, both at the Wimbledon and London Hospitals. He was a Justice of the Peace, a Conservator of Wimbledon Common, and a member of the Committee responsible for the planning of the War Memorial Garden in Kingston Vale. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878.At the memorial service at Robin Hood Church, Kingston Vale, and the funeral at Putney Vale Cemetery, the Institute was represented by the President. WILLIAM ELLARD WOOLCOTT died at Rock Ferry, Cheshire, on the 18th April, in his 66th year. He was educated at the Catholic Institute, Liverpool, and studied science at Liverpool Technical College, and School of Science and Art, partly under G. Watson Gray, Fellow, and passed many examinations in chemistry and other subjects for the Honours and Advanced Stage Certificates of the Science and Art Department. He also attended classes in several subjects in the University of Liverpool. After some business experience with his father, he entered, in 1888, the labora- tories of Dr. A. Norman Tate, Fellow, an old-established practice in Hackins Hey, which was continued after the death of Dr.Tate in 1892, under the title of A. Norman Tate & Co., in which Mr. Woolcott, in 1917, became a partner in association with Mr. Joseph Davies, Fellow, and continued until his death. Previous to 1892, he was also Secretary of the Liverpool Science and Art Classes. He was a member of the Com- mittee of Analysts appointed by the Ministry of Food, in 1918, to draw up standard methods of analysis of oils and fats. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1922. At his funeral at Flaybrick Hill Cemetery, Birkenhead, the Institute was represented by Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick, Member of Council, and Mr. F. Robertson Dodd. 242 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented to the Institute by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library :-“The Atom.” J. Tutin. Introduction by Frederick Soddy, F.R.S. Pp. 110. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 6s. net. An alternative theory of atomic structure. Dr. Tutin “inverts” the nuclear type of atom first proposed by Nagaoka and now current in the form known as the Rutherford-Bohr atom, and in his model the electrons form the inner nucleus, with the massive particles circulating in quantized orbits outside. “Biochemistry, An Introduction to.” William Robert Fearon. Pp. x + 314. (London: William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Preface; the subject-matter of biochemistry ; the biological elements ; inorganic compounds ; carbohydrates; chemical reactions of carbo-hydrates; proteins; amino acids and protein structure; lipides and lipoids; pyrrol pigments; catalysts; oxidation systems; food and vitamins; animal digestion; intermediate metabolism; purines and pyrimidines; nitrogenous bases; urea; excretion; autacoids.AppendicesI and 11. Index. “Conductometric Analysis: Principles, Technique, Applica-tions.” Hubert T. S. Britton. Volume VIII of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 178. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. Specific and equivalent conductivity. The preparation of conductivity water ; the significance of electrical conductivity ; conductometric titration apparatus; the conductometric titration of strong acids and strong bases; the conductometric titration of weak acids and weak bases; di- and tri-basic acids; di- and tri-acid bases; acid mixtures; base mix- tures ;replacement reactions ; the titration of alkaloids ; the principles of conductometric titration involving precipitation; conductometric estimates involving precipitations; conductometric titrations with mercuric perchlorate ; conductometric titration of abnormal acids ; the precipitation of metallic bases ; the application of conductometric titration to research; industrial applications ; author index ; subjectindex.243 “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor.Vol. XIII. Pp. x + 948. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 63s. net. The volume consists of the continuation of Chapter LXVI-The mechani-cal properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys; thermal properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ;optical properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ; electrical properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys ;magnetic properties of iron and iron-carbon alloys; the chemical properties of iron; the corrosion of iron and steel; the valency and atomic weight of iron; the passivity of iron; alloys and intermetallic compounds of iron; ferrous oxide and its hydrate; ferrosic oxide, or magnetic oxide of iron ; ferric oxide ;hydrated ferric oxide-hydrosol; the hydrated ferric oxides-hydrogels, the ferrites and perferrites ; iron trioxide-ferric acid and the ferrates.“Mechanical Technology.” A Treatise on the Materials and Preparatory Processes of the Mechanical Industries. G. F. Charnock. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by F. W. Partington. Pp. xii + 725. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) Production and Properties of the Chief Materials of Construction (metals, alloys, timber and stone) ; other materials used for mechanical purposes; oils, lubricants, etc., leather, rubber, plastics; preparatory processes, processes depending on the property of fusibility (castings, foundry practice, moulding, welding) ;processes depending upon the properties of malleability and ductility (forging and stamping) ;rolling wire drawing, manufacture of tubes and sheets.A Practical Chemistry for Higher School Certificate and Intermediate Students.’’ G. P. McHugh. Pp. viii + 118. (London: Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.) 2s. 9d. Qualitative Analysis ; Volumetric Analysis ; Preparations ; Tables of Atomic Weights, Vapour Pressures, Solubilities ; Logarithms and Antilogarithms. General Index. “Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.”-Supplement. Jocelyn Field Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. Vol. I: A to M. Pp. xxii + 680. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 60s. net. Supplementary Volume dealing with those sections of Thorpe’s Dictionary in which the greatest and most striking advances have been made, consisting largely of monographs written by eminent contributors giving a concise account of the present state of knowledge in various sections.British Standards Institution.-The British Standards Institution has recently issued the following :-No. 334-1934. Chemical Lead. (Types A and B.) (Super- seding No. 334, 1928.) 244 No. 541-1934. British Standard Technique for Determining the Rideal-Walker Coefficient of Disin- fect ants. No. 544-1934. Linseed Oil Putty: Types I and 2. No. 549-1934. Diacetone Alcohol. No. 551-1934. Normal Butyl Acetate. No. 552-1934. Amy1 Acetate. No. 553-1934. Ethyl Acetate. No. 554-1934. Report on Standard Temperature of Volu-metric Glassware. Copies can be obtained from the Publications Department of the Institution at 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, 2s. each. Imperial Institute.-The Annual Report for the year 1933 deals with the services rendered by the Imperial Institute during 1933, and includes reference to enquiries and investigations relating to silk, timber, vegetable fibres, oils and oilseeds, essential oils, and resins, hides and skins, drugs, and many other materials.Price 2s. Legal.-The Institution of Chemical Engineers has pub- lished, as a separate monograph, ‘‘Legal Pitfalls for the Chemical Engineer,’’ by J. Davidson Pratt and G. S. W. Marlow (3s.), in which the authors have dealt, inter alia, with questions affecting the safety, health and welfare of workers in factories, the emission of fumes, the discharge of effluents, and the infringement of patents and designs. The publication includes an appendix consisting of a summary of factory legislation from the point of view of design and construction. National Physical Laboratory.-Report for the year 1933, giving a record of the work of the various departments- Physics, Electricity, Radio, Metrology, Engineering, Metallurgy, Aerodynamics, and William Froude Laboratory.Pp. iv + 264. (London : H.M. Stationery Office, for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.) 13s. Non-Ferrous Metals.-The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association has recently published Bulletin No. 65 (May, 1934), which contains references to current literature relating to advances in non-ferrous metals research and industry, and a list of the more important accessions to the library of the Association up to April, 1934.245 Institution of Professional Civil Servants.-The fifteenth Annual Report of the Council of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants (for the year 1933). Pp. xiv + 74. (London: 69, Victoria Street, S.W.1.) The objects of the Institution include the advancement of efficiency in the Civil Service, the maintenance and improvement of the position and status of professional, scientific and technical Civil Servants, and the promot ion anci extension of professional knowledge and practice, anti their application for the good of the State. Members consist of Civil Servants “of the directing, administrative, or higher grades engaged in professional, scientific, or technical work ”; Associates are those who are “engaged in scientific and technical work” and are ordinarily the technical assistants of the Members.Mersey and Irwell Committee Proceedings, for the year ending 31st March, 1934. (Preston, Lancs.) Ribble Joint Committee : Proceedings for 1933-1934. (Preston, Lancs.) The Scientific Journal of the Royal College of Science, Volume IV, recently published, contains seven papers contributed to the Imperial College Chemical Society:-“ Gold,” by D. McDonald; “Shapes of Molecules,” by N. V. Sidgwick; “Water of Crystallisation,” by H. Bassett ;“Aluminium,” by R. Seligman ; “Vitamin D,” by R. K. Callow; “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Nitrogen,” by J. Kenner; “Determination of Structure in the Sesquiterpene Group,” by J. L. Simonsen.Pp. 172. (London: Edward Arnold.) 7s. 6d. Society of Dyers and Co1ourists.-The Jubilee Issue of the Journal of the Society published from its General Offices (33, Piccadilly, Bradford) contains a foreword by Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., and a remarkable series of articles by well-known authorities, constituting a valuable record of achievement by the Society and its members during the past fifty years in all aspects of the industry which they represent. (Price 25s.) The World Power Conference announces the publication of “The Transactions of the Scandinavian Sectional Meeting, in seven volumes, at Lt3 15s. the set, obtainable from Messrs. Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 12,Bedford Square, London, W.C.I. The volumes may be obtained separately.246 Vol. I, “Chronicle ” of the Sectional Meeting; General Reports in English, French and German; Index to the Com- plete Transactions, fl2 10s. Vol. 11,Electrical Energy (Section Ia), fla 10s. Vol. 111,Solid and Liquid Fuels and Gas (Sections Ib, IC), fl~5s. Vol. IV, Power and Heat Combinations, Steam Heat Consuming Industries (Sections 2 and 3),j6z 5s. Vol. V, Iron and Steel Industry, Electric Heating, Adaptation and Transmission of Motive Power in Industrial Plants (Sections 4, 5 and 6),flz 10s. Vol. VI, Railways, Urban and Suburban Traffic (Sections 7 and S), flz 15s. Vol. VII, Marine Transport (Section 9), fl~. I‘ Lewis’s Catalogue of Medical and Scientific Lending Library.” Second Supplement, 1931-1933.Pp. 112. (London: Lewis’s Library, 136, Gower Street, W.C.) 2s.; IS. to subscribers. Messrs. Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. have forwarded a copy of “Uncle Joe’s Nonsense for Young and Old Children,”-a Medley of Fun and Philosophy reported by J. W. Mellor, Hon. Secretary of the Ceramic Society; with 129 drawings and two photographs. Pp. xii+232. 12s. 6d. net. 247 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 27th April, 11th May and 25th May, z new Fellows were elected, 20 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 63 Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected, and 60 Students were admitted. The deaths of 10Fellows and 3 Associates have been reported. New Fellows. Underwood, Arthur Joseph Victor, D.Sc.(Leeds), M.I.Chem.E., 38,Victoria Street, London, S.W.l. Villiers, FranFois Jean de, B.A. (Cape Town), M.Sc. (Calif.), Ph.D. (Cornell), D.Sc. (S.A.), Division of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa. ' Associates elected to the Fellowship. Banks, Maurice Alfred Lister, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Barr, Joseph Robert, M.Sc. (Liv.), 36, Knole Road, Dartford. Burch, William John Nobbs, Ph.D. (Lond.), 28, Craven Park, London, N.W.lO. Charles, Frank Roland, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Canadian International Paper Co., Hawkesbury, Ontario. Chew, Clifford, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), Technical College, Brighton. Cranston, John Arnold, D.Sc. (Glas.), 25, Hillside Road, Mansewood, Glasgow, 5.3. Fenner, Joseph Bell, 15, Acreville Road, Lower Bebington, Cheshire.Harwood, Henry Francis, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (Heid.), Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Houghton, Gilbert Underwood, M.Sc. (Lond.), Salcombe, Fourth Avenue, Chelmsford. Jones, Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), Bryn Awel, Antons Road, Pensby, Cheshire. Keenan, Henry m7ilfrid, 8, Portland Mansions, London, W.14. Lea, Colin Henry, Ph.D. (Cantab. and Liv.), Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge. Norris, Mrs. Dorothy, M.Sc. (Mane.), Indian Lac Research Institute, P.O. Nankum, Ranchi, Bihar & Orissa, India. Norris, Frederick Walter, A.R.C.S., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Sleep, William Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Parkfield Road, Bebington, Wirral.Smith, Gilbert Ernest, B.Sc. (Birm.), 67, The Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. Taylor, William Wilders, B.Sc. (Lond.), Norfolk Cottage, East Runton, nr. Cromer. Turner, Ernest, B.Sc. (Dun.), 31, Mill Lane, Billingham-on-Tees. Webb, William Denis Lucking, 28, Laird Avenue, Blackshotts Lane, Grays, Essex. Williams, Kenneth Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Messaline Avenue, London, W.13. 248 New Associates. Best, John Kenneth, 7, Hemyock Road, Weoley Hill, Birmingham. Billington, Leslie, A.M.C.T., 26, Church Road, Northwich. Bremner, Thomas Sergeant, A.R.T.C., 14, North Castle Street, Alloa. Burdekin, Leslie, B.Sc.Tech. (Sheffield), 29, Carswick View Road, Sheffield, 10. Bussell, Eric Charles, B.Sc. (Glas.), Roseneath, Montgomery Drive, Giffnock, Glasgow.Cowie, Douglas Williamson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Holmlea, Wishaw, Scotland. Cowley, Eric George, M.Sc. (Lond.), 4,Walsingham Road, Enfield. Davis, John Edward, Easedale, Mottingham Lane, London, S.E.9. Ellis, Louis, B.Sc. (Leeds), 27, Northfield Terrace, Leeds. Farmer, Charles Sandell, A.M.C.T., 37, Elmwood, Welwyn Garden City. Finn, Arthur Edward, B.Sc. (W.A.), Lincoln College, Oxford. Frisken, James, B.Sc, (Edin.), 2, Dursely Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Galbraith, Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 44,Tannsfeld Road, London, S.E.26. Galloway, Walter Johnstone, M.Sc. (Manc.), c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Gerrard, Saxon Archibald, Bryn Cottage, Upton Heath, Chester. Gleave, John Leslie, B.Sc.(Lond.), 14, Camden Square, London, N.W.l. Glover, Wilfrid, School Lane, Leyland, Lanes. Goodman, Lewis, 23, Tormount Road, London, S.E.18. Griffiths, Leslie Herbert, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 82, Cavendish Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Grindley, David Noel, 28, Tollemache Road, Claughton, Birkenhead. Harden, Harold Lawrence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Ruskin Road, Belvedere, Kent. Haslewood, Geoffrey Arthur Dering, M.Sc. (Lond.), Toc H, Mark VII, 15, Fitzroy Square, London, W. 1. Henriksen, Richard Henry, 65, Moss Lane, Orrell Park, Liverpool. Huebner, Denis Willison, M.Sc. (Liv.), Connaught Hall, 18-20, Torrington Square, London, W.C. 1. Hunter, Eric Charles Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D., 76, Lloyd Road, London, E. 17. Jackman, William Henry Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), 82, Henslowe Road, London, S.E.22.James, George Harold, Main Road, Branston, Burton-on-Trent. Jones, Tudor Stanley George, Ph.D. (Wales), National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, nr. Reading.Kelly, Hugh Edward, The Laboratory, Messrs. 0. Younger & Son, Ltd., Alloa. Kirkpatrick, Kenneth Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Upper Derby Road, North End, Portsmouth. Lewis, Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 63, Moy Road, Aberfan, Merthyr Vale, Glam. Lintern, Philippe Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Weydon House, Weydon Lane, Farnham Surrey. Lowe, William Joseph, M.Sc. (Liv.), Reynolds Park, Woolton, Liverpool. Lunn, Harold Britnor, A.M.C.T., 5, Tom Shepley Street, Hyde, Cheshire. Martin, Robert Mitchell, B.Sc. (Glas.), P.O.Box 2933, Johannesburg, South Africa. Martin, Stanley Reginald William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 24, Goldie House, Hazelville Road, London, N.19. Mathur, Krishna Gopal, M.Sc. (Allahabad), D.Sc. (Punjab), 25, Old Anarkali, Lahore, India. Muir, Andrew, c/o Gosling, 11, Stompland Street, Stowmarket. Newbury, Norman Frederick, M.A. (Liv.), M.Sc. (Sheffield), 26, Eldred Road, Liverpool, 16. 249 Nicholls, Claude Edward Courtenay, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Beverley Road, Hull. Nightingale, John Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 17, Park Avenue, Gillingham.Parker, Robert Thomas, B.Sc. Met. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., c/o North British Aluminium Co., Ltd., Lochaber Works, Fort William, Inverness-shire. Peutherer, David Morwood, M.A., B.Sc.(Edin.), Hope Cottage, Winch- burgh, West Lothian. Pollard, William, A.M.C.T., 13, Birch Lane, Longsight, Manchester, 13. Pounder, Frederick Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), 4, Church Villas, Durham. Pratt, Henry Reginald Clive, B.Sc. (Lond.), 88, Ealing Road, Wembley. Reynolds, George David, Ph.D. (Sheffield), 72, Peartree Lane, Welwyn Garden City. Rickwood, Albert Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), 51, Sydenham Street, Whitstable. Sagar, Harold, A.M.C.T., 13, Albert Street, Whitworth, Rochdale. Sams, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 36, Fernhurst Road, London, S.W.6. Shanks, William John, A.M.C.T., 302, Audenshaw Road, Audenshaw, Manchester. Spriggs, Herbert John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Barrowell Green Villas, London, N.13. Stratford, Claude Lawson, A.M.C.T., 7, Winifred Road, Didsbury, Man- Chester.Tomlinson, Leslie George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wayside, Littleover Lane, Derby.Walley, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Irvine Road, Tranmere, Birkenhead. Walsh, Frederick, A.M.C.T., 97, West Street, Warrington. Weinstein, Samuel, M.Sc. (Saskatchewan), 79, Brunswick A\-enue, Toronto, Canada. Wharton, John, 134, Bedford Street South, Liverpool. White, Wilfred Arthur Stephen, B.Sc. (Lond.), 58, Pretoria Street, Stan- millis, Belfast. Wood, Eric Charles Clifford, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 22, Holland Park Road, Wembley. Woolgar, Cedric Warren, B.Sc. (Lond.), 26, Constance Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Wright, Robert Allen, A.M.C.T., 8, Redclyffe Road, Barton-on-Irwell, Manchester. Wyatt, Gordon Hilliar, B.Sc.(Lond.), Perivale, Linden Avenue, Maiden- head. Associates Re-elected. Sadler, Miss Eileen Sybella, fi1.S~. (Liv.), 2, Dovedale Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Scouller, Walter Daly, MSc. (Leeds), Sewage Disposal Works, Deighton, Huddersfield. New Students. Armfield, William, 75, Newmarket Road, Ashton-under-Lyne. Aslett, Herbert Henry, 32, Vernon Avenue, London, S.W.20. Baldry, Frank, 124, Nansen Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham. Basford, Frederick Robert, 38, Victoria Street, Grantham. Bean, Charles Ernest, 17, Hanworth Road, Feltham, Middlesex. Bilsbury, Thomas Charles, 7, Willow Way, Didsbury, Manehester. Blundell, John illortimer, 164, Greenvale Road, London, S.E.9. Budds, Gordon Jack, Burma,Uorden Lane, Sittingbourne, Kent. 250 BUPTOW,Kenneth, 459, Alcester Road S., King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14.Case, Albert Cecil, 15, Eastfields Road, London, W.3. Charlton, John Edward, 33, Weldon Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Clague, Miss Helena Langlands, Strathdene, Benhill Road, Dumbarton. Cooper, Harold Matthew, 30, Edgecumbe Street, Newland Avenue, Hull. Cox, Richard George, 7, Suffolk Road, London, E.13. Deeley, Ernest Lancelot, Prestwick Golf Clubhouse, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Downer, Archibald Walter Eric, Ashmere, Upper Heath Lane, Dartford. Drummond, William, Edinburgh University Union, K.B. Branch, West Mains Road, Edinburgh. Emsley, Ernest, 1, Devonshire Place, Yeadon, nr. Leeds. Frye, Derek Alan, 4, Berkeley Place, Cheltenham. Galloway, Robert Macleod, 3, Old Springfield Avenue, Shirehampton, Bristol.Harris, Frederick Reginald, 41, Princes Road, Brighton. Hart, Stanley James, 2, Brent Lane, Dartford, Heron, Harry, 12, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Holt, Cyril George, 30, Cargill Road, London, S.W.18. Holyday, Leslie Charles Horace, 30, Grosvenor Road, London, N.9. Howie, John Duncan, Rosegarth, Arthurlie Street, Barrhead, Glasgow. Jarrett, Stanley Graham, 87, Stanmer Villas, Brighton. Jessup, George Albert, 11, South Avenue, Rochester. Lee, David Claude, 5, Finchley Avenue, London, N.3. Lockett, James, 12, Aldersgate Road, Mile End, Stockport. Lockett, John Edward, Great Leighs Rectory, Chelmsford. Marsh, Thomas, 114, Babylon Lane, Adlington, Lancs. Marshall, Charles Roy, Sledmere, Lichfield Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield.Martin, Edgar Sydney Frederick Merrington, Estrella, Chesswood Road, Wort hing . Masters, Gerald, 5, Shafter Road, Dagenham. McDougal, Edward Ian, 30, Douglas Road, London, E.4. McKay, Alexander, c/o Rosie, 22, Lauriston Road, Edinburgh. McKelvie, Archibald Neil, 33, Montgomery Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Merrick, Leslie, 2, Waugh Avenue, Failsworth, Manchester. Morrison, Robert Murdoch, 8, Newlands Road, Darlington, Co. Durham. Munday, Charles Walter, 54, Maxey Road, London, S.E.18. Peill, Peter Livingstone Davies, Cove Hithe, Homefield Road, Worthing. Pertwee, Kenneth Stuart Guy, Barratts, Dedham, Colchester. Poole, Horace Robert, 82, Station Road, London, N. 11. Riley, Fred, Norbreck, Burnley Road, Huncoat, Accrington.Riley, John, 2 1, Coleridge Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Rose, Maurice James, 19, Furnival Street, London, E.C.4. Sampson, Philip Thomas, Fordwater, Park Crescent, Harrow Weald. Sealey, Frank, 61, Primrose Lane, Hall Green, Birmingham. Stocks, Miss Helen Margaret, 68, Montalt Road, Woodford Green. Swindells, Norman, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Thomas, George Edward, 51, Middleton Boulevard, Wollaton Park, Nottingham.Vclonsky, Abraham Colman, 25, Waterloo Road, London, S.E. 1. Vines, John Charles, 79, Dukes Avenue, London, N.lO. Warner, Lionel William Jeffrey, 5, Howard Street, Gloucester. Webb, Alan Frank, 14, Alexandra Road, Burton-on-Trent. Williams, Norman Edgar, 25, Vine Avenue, Sevonoaks. Wilson, John Hamilton, 10, Charlton Road, London, S.E.3.Winsor, Cecil Edward, Corporation Park, Blackburn. Wise, Stanley George Arthur, 1, The Crescent, Hall Lane, Horsforth, nr. Leeds. 251 CHANGES OF NAMES. Kathleen Culhane, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Lathbury-n her marriage. Caroline Phyllis Macoun, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Registered Student, to Caroline Phyllis Weir-n her marriage to Dr. Hubert C. Weir, of the British African Medical Staff. Dorothy Johanna Minter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Associate, to Dorothy Johanna Wolfsohn-an her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. William Dalrymple Borland. John William Croxford. Thomas Ashcroft Ellwood, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H. Sir Richard Garton, G.B.E., Ph.D. (Marburg). Carl Olof Lundholm. William MacDonald, A.R .C.S., A.R.S.M. Frederick Walter Snelgrove, B.Sc.(Lond.). Bertram Vincent Storr, M.Sc. (Leeds and Vict.). William George Whiffen. William Ellard Woolcott. Associates. Thomas Emrys Aubrey, B.Sc. (Wales). Thomas Warwick Dallimore. Richard George Daniels, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.). 252 Coming Events. JdY 9 to 14 THE ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE:Health Congress at Bristol. (Dr. L. H. LAMPITT,Chairman, Food Group,Society of Chemical Industry,will read a paper on 10th July.) 16 to 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: Annual General Meeting,-Cardiff . 253 General Notices. Examinations-Examinat ions for the Associat eship will be held in London and Glasgow, from 17th to zznd September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 9th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from 24th to 29th September.The list of entries will be closed on 9th July, except for candidates in Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, or those desiring special examinations, whose applications should have been received before 4th June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.The next award will be made in January, 1935. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1934, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.254 The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will next meet in October, 1934,and will be glad, in the meantime, to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between 255 the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m,), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m.Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. FOR THE LOANOFBOOKSREGULATIONS FROM THE SCIENCE LIBRARY TO FELLOWS OF THE INSTITUTE OF AND ASSOCIATES CHEMISTRY. I. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary. 2. Fellows, and Associates wishing to borrow books from the Science Library are required to give to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary a written undertaking to bear the cost of replacement of any work lost or damaged, and to return to the office of the Institution for cancellation, the duplicate (pink) requisition forms obtained from the Library when the books are returned. 3.Subsequently, borrowers may call, either personally or by representative, at the office of the Institute, and obtain signed requisitions, by means of which the works may be obtained from the Science Library. 4. Or, books can be sent by post to Fellows and Associates on written application (specifying the volume or volumes re- quired) to the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary, who will complete and transmit to the Science Library the necessary requisition forms, and the books will be posted direct from the Library. Postage will be charged to the borrower and collected from him by the Science Library authorities.256 5. The regulations of the Science Library require that books on loan shall be returned at once if asked for by the Keeper of the Library; otherwise within fifteen days, or sooner, if they can be dispensed with. Fellows and Associates are earnestly re-quested to comply with this regulation, and to return books within the period specified, without waiting for a reminder from the Library. Applications for the extension of the loan period niay be granted if circumstances permit. 6. A Hand-list of the periodicals in the Science Library may be consulted at the office of the Institute, or copies of the Hand- list (with Supplement) may be obtained direct from the Science Library for 2s.8d. post free. An extensive author and subject catalogue is accessible at the Science Library, and bibliographies of special subjects are compiled by its expert staff as and when required. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. The previous subscription arranged for members of the Institute expired on the 1st March, and fresh application forms must be obtained by those members who desire to continue for a further year’s service.The attention of such members is specially directed to the necessity for the renewal of subscriptions or the return of the last volumes and membership tokens to the respective branches of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 257 As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanertt addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register will be published in the Autumn of this year. Corrections of addresses, degrees, occupations, etc., should be notified to the Registrar without delay.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. AberdeenandNorthof R. Craven, Esq., B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., Scotland: 2, Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C., 38, Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, UpperCounties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope : Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Dodds, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland: Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12. Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 120, Long Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield.India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area : Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Emtern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya: J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’s Department, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester.Newcaatle-on-Tyne and M. A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, North-East Coast : The Crescent, Wallsend-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.l, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS.-The terms for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7000--chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.