THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 111: 1942 Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.1 Jme, 194.2 Publications Committee, 1942-43 F. P. Dunn (Chairman), J. J. Fox (President), A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F. Challenger, J. W. Cook, D. Jordan-Lloyd, J. R. Nicholls, Sir Robert Yickard and Garfield Thomas. Important Notice Remuneration Statistics.-Shortly after the issue of this part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,all Fellows and Associates resident in Great Britain will receive a separate circular letter and a prepaid addressed postcard, on which they will be asked to make anonymously a return of their remuneration.The return will be in simple form, similar to that made in 1938, when members were asked merely to make a cross on a card. On that occasion 5,386 cards were received. On this occasion an attempt will be made to differentiate between those members who are in “permanent” employment and those who hold temporary war-time appointments. The Council considers that the in- formation so obtained will not only be of great value to the Institute and to the profession as a record of the position under war conditions, but will also provide a valuable indication as to the situation which is likely to arise on the termination of hostilities. Fellows and Associates are therefore asked to read the letter very carefully and it is hoped that all-without exception-will respond to the request.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. In view of the aim of the Benevolent Fund Committee to build up a strong Fund to meet the heavy appeals that are likely to be received after the War, the Committee learns with anxiety that the contributions received for the Fund up to 15th June, 1942, are less by a sum of E160 11s. than those received to the corresponding date in 1941,and would bring this to the particular notice of the Fellows and Associates who have not yet forwarded their subscriptions to the Fund for the present year.Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT FUND,INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, LONDON, W.c.1. Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 24th April, 1942.-A letter was received from the Ministry of Agriculture stating that the correspondence about the testing of milk, which had recently passed between the Ministry of Food and the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, had been under consideration. The Ministry of Agriculture reported that the scheme had reference only to the cleanliness of milk, and at present, at any rate, was not concerned with its composition. The operation of the scheme was not likely to interfere with the duties of public analysts.From the American Chemical Society a message was received expres- sing sincere appreciation of the cordial greetings cabled to the Society from the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The American Chemical Society heartily reciprocated the good wishes expressed by the Institute and expressed the “hope that the chemists and chemical engineers of Great Britain would continue the good work they are doing for the salvation of both countries and for the type of humanity that they represent.” A letter was received from the Chemical Council reporting the acquisition of offices in Burlington Gardens, London, W., for the collection of joint subscriptions under the co-operative scheme, for the distribution of publications for the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, and for the indexing section of the Bureau of ChemicalAbstracts.The Chemical Council also asked that the three Chartered Bodies would agree to divide their contributions to the maintenance of the cost of the Library for the Chemical Society for 1941on the same basis as for the year rg4o,-the Institute paying 50 per cent., the Society of Chemical Industry 26 per cent., and the Chemical Society 24 per cent., after bring- ing into account contributions from other sources, including E250 from the Chemical Council itself. With this the Council concurred. Letters referring to the remuneration and status of chemists in ordnance factories and those lent by industrial concerns to the Govern- ment for the period of the war were referred to the Appointments Com- mit tee. Correspondence referring to coupons for overalls and protesting against the ruling that three coupons should be surrendered for a laboratory coat, was also submitted, and it was mentioned that in the House of Com- mons on 8th January, Captain Waterhouse, replying for the Board of Trade, had said that laboratory workers, like other members of the com- munity, werenormally expected to provide their working clothes out of their c 103 1 ration. Those who wore overalls would benefit both by the recent reduc- tion in the coupon-rating of these garments and by the saving of wear on ordinary clothes which overalls undoubtedly afforded.Special arrangements were being considered in co-operation with representatives of industry to meet the cases of laboratory workers who needed a very large amount of protective clothing, or whose clothing was severely damaged by industrial accident.The Council was informed that the Officers were still in negotiation with the Board of Trade. (See p. 132.) A letter was received from a Fellow complaining that members of the Institute are excluded from retailing poisonous preparations for vermin destruction. The Council suggested that the Fellow concerned should apply to his local authority with a view to becoming a licensed seller of poisons. Two resolutions were received from the Birmingham and Midlands Section,-one recommending that the Council be requested to refrain from italicising its own nominees in the balloting list for Council elections, and the second, that the Publications Committee be requested to give sympathetic consideration 'to a method of incorporating letters and discussions of policy in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The first resolution could not be accepted without alteration of By-law 27 and the question was referred to the Committee on the Constitu- tion, Nomination and Election of the Council. The second resolution was referred to the Publications Committee. A Fellow raised the question whether large employers had been able to make arrangements for the insurance of their staffs who did not come within the scope of the Workmen's Compensation Acts, in order to insure against disability caused by laboratory accidents, such, for example, as a bite from a rat, resulting in septicaemia. After discussion, the consideration of the matter was deferred for further enquiries.(See p. 105.) A Fellow wrote to inform the Council that most Gas Identification Officers in his district stood by three nights a week, and took part in the combined exercises of other Civil Defence Services nearly every other week-end, in addition to lecturing to C.D. personnel and to the Home Guard. They did not wish to be paid for their services, but they thought that the Council should be aware of their activities. Another Gas Identification Officer reported that such Ofiicers were expected to have telephones at their private addresses, although the regulation prescribed that telephones would not be installed at public expense.This enquiry was also referred for further information. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Storey Technical Institute, Lancaster, and the Bridgend Mining and Technical Institute were added to the list of colleges recognised for the training of candidates for the examinations of the Institute. The Appointments Committee reported on the form of questionnaire relating to remuneratioh statistics, and the Finance and House Com-mittee concurred in the expense involved. [ 1041 The President stated that the Policy Committee had discussed the proposal to establish a third grade of membership, but although the Committee had made progress it was not in a position to report.The Council concurred in the suggestion that the President should mention the proposal at meetings of Local Sections. The Council received the Sixth Annual Report of the Chemical Council. Council Meeting, 15th May,1942.-A letter was received from the Ministry of Health regarding the activities of the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service, and was referred to the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, which has the matter under consideration. Regarding the enquiry submitted at the previous meeting as to the insurance of chemists against laboratory accidents, information was submitted that, in an occupation involving such risks, particular emphasis was likely to be laid upon the risk of accident arising at work, but it should not be overlooked that there is always exposure to accidents in every-day life.In comparison with occupational accidents, even in a rather hazardous occupation, the extra premium to cover accidents in private life was small. Insurance companies and underwriters were prepared to give accident policies providing for medical expenses in excess of L5 for any one accident, and the word “accident” was generally defined as “bodily injury caused by violent external and physical means.” Thus a bite from a rat is an accident within the meaning of the policy, and if septicaemia and eventual death resulted, the policy would apply. Where the employer made provision for paying salaries during the first four, eight or thirteen weeks of disablement resulting from an accident during employment, “cover” under the policy could be restricted and a more favourable premium would be payable. The Council received a letter from the Ministry of Home Security stating that G.1.0~.were not expected to bear the expense of installing telephones, but they should endeavour to make arrangements to be readily in communication with the Civil Defence Authorities. A letter was received from Dr. S. Judd Lewis directing attention to the suggestion that a University Quarter should be considered in re-building operations in London, and that it would be desirable that “Chemistry House ’’ or a Science Quarter, including Chemistry House, should be in the neighbourhood of the University Quarter.The sugges- tion was referred to the Chemical Council. The Council was informed that the Tees-side members contemplated making application for the formation of a Local Section. Reports were received from the Standing Committees and from the Appointments Committee, who expressed the hope that the questionnaire regarding remuneration statistics might assist them in reporting on enquiries regarding the present status of chemists. c 105 1 Lectures .-The Publications Committee hopes shortly to arrange for the issue of “Further Advances in the Use of the Spekker Photo- Electric Absorptiometer in Metallurgical Analysis ” by Mr. E. J. Vaughan, Fellow, and a lecture on Petroleum by Dr.A. E. Dunstan, Member of Council. Mr. Russell G. Pelly, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Twenty- fifth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, and will deal with the subject of “Water Purification ” or “Water Treatment.” A further announcement will be made in due course. Local Sections The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speeches delivered during discussiom. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section, held on 27th April, the office-bearers for 1941-42 were re-elected with the exception of Dr. A. B. Stewart, who had retired. The vacancy was filled by the election of Dr. Archibald Clow. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in “The Carlton,” Belfast, on 30th March.Tn the absence of the Chairman, Dr. R. H. Common, through illness, the Chair was taken by Dr. W. Honneyman. The statement of accounts and annual report were passed after some discussion. The joint meeting held in February for the discussion on Fuel Eco- nomy was criticised. Several speakers mentioned that nothing practical had been done since the meeting and the following resolution proposed by Mr. A. N. Adamson and seconded by Dr. E. M. Reid was passed unanimously :-“That a qualified staff of Fuel Technologists with powers similar to Factory Inspectors be appointed as a government organisation to instruct Fuel and Power consumers in Northern Ireland in the operation of Plant with a view to fuel economy.” Officers for the .coming session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Dr.M. H. Hall; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Mr. A. N. Adamson, Drs. R. H. Common, T. E. Ellison, A. J. Kidney. Birmingham and Midlands .-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held on 25th March. The Committee elected for the ensuing yep was as follows :-Chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Vice-chairman, Dr. S. R. Carter; Treasurer, Mr. G. H. Edwards; District Member of Council, Mr. Garfield Thomas; FeZZows, c 106 1 Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. A. Churchman, Professor R. H. Hopkins, Mr. Geo. King, Mr. E. G. K. Pritchett; Associates, Mr. R. Black, Mr. J. F. Hearne, MI-.F. W. Pinkard, Dr. G. W. Usherwood; Secretary, Mr.E. M. Joiner. Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse and Mr. F. G. Broughall were elected Honor- ary Auditors. On the conclusion of formal business a general discussion took place and the following resolutions were passed :-(I) “That the Couiicil be requested to refrain from italicising its own nominees in the ballot list prepared for Council elections.” (2) “That the Publications Committee be requested to give sym- pathetic consideration to a method of incorporating letters and discussions of policy in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.”(See P. 104.1 On 25th April, the Section was visited by the President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., who delivered an address on “Recent Applications of Chemical and Physical Methods.” Dr.Fox prefaced his lecture by advocating the establishment of University Chairs in Analytical Chemistry. Analysis was the ground- work of chemistry and as such merited the most careful study and investigation. In the course of his lecture he dealt with the modern technique of fractional distillation, the importance of the microscope in the detection of minute quantities of impurities and the recent advances in spectrographic analysis. Following this meeting the Midland Chemists held a luncheon at which Mr. George King presided. The guests included the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and the Lady Mayoress, Dr. J. J. Fox, President of the Institute, Dr. William Cullen, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, Mr. Kenneth Chance, President of the Institute of Plastics, and Mr.W. J. Foulkes, of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting was held on 23rd April, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University, when Mr. E. W. Sawyer gave a paper on “Oil from Coal.” The Chair was taken by Mr. A. Sanders, Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. A meeting of the Section was held on 14th May, at Bristol University, jointly with Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. E. B. Maxted, the local representative of the Chemical Society, was in the Chair, and the members were privileged to hear the Tilden Lecture of the Chemical Society given by Professor R.D. Haworth, on “The Chemistry of the Lignan Group of Natural Products.” Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, District Member of Council, has been elected Chairman of the Section for the coming session. r 1071 Cardiff and District .-The Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Philharnionic Hotel, St. Mary Street, Cardiff, on 1st May,-bIr. S. Dixon in the Chair. The officers and committee elected ior 1942-43 were :----Chairman : Mr. S. Dixon; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Dr. J. F. J. Dippy; Com- mittee: Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Dr. D. Y.Evans, Mr. G. M. Kerman, Mr. R. G. Minor, Mr. S. B. Watkins, Dr. W. T. H. Williamson; District Council Member (ex-ojicio member of Committee) : bfr.E. E. Ayling; Hon. Auditor: Mr. D. Hicks. Dublin.-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 25th February, in University College, Dublin, Professor T. J. Nolan in the Chair. Mr. T. Breaden gave an account of the application of chromatographic analysis and demonstrated the methods employed. Mr. V. E. J. Davidson dealt with micro methods of organic analysis and also demonstrated a hydrogenation apparatus which he had con-structed and which was now in general use in University College, Dublin. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A well attended meeting of the Section was held on 20th March, Professor W. M. Cumming, Chairman of the Section, presiding. Further consideration was given to the size, composition, and method of election of Council.It was generally agreed that District Members should be elected as at present, and that, in addition, some form of Regional representation should be introduced. On the question of a limiting qualification for Associates, should they become eligible for election, there was conSiderable discnssion, but on a vote being taken it was agreed by a two-thirds majority that no such qualification should apply. The following resolution was then passed unanimously :-“The Council, exclusive of Officers, should consist of District Members and Regional Members, the former to be nominated by Local Sections, the latter by the membership within the Region. Associates should be eligible for election under both categories. Members of Council should hold office for three consecutive years and should then be ineligible for re-election until the expiry of one year.One-third of the Council should retire annually.’’ It was also suggested that any existing rule by which attendance of Councillors can be ensured should be strictly applied. The next business was the question of co-operation or collaboration with other chemical bodies, such as the B.A.C., but as there was also before the meeting a Memorandum signed by a number of members, and circulated to all, proposing the formation of a Federation of Science, these two items were taken together. The opening statement of the Memorandum was as follows:- “Members of the scientific professions, increasingly aware of the interdependence and community of interests of their sciences, are becoming alive to the need for greater co-opgration between scientific and technical societies, institutes and associations concerned with the r 108 1 publication of scientific information, the maintenance of standards of scientific qualification, and with the economic status and general welfare of their members.. . .” The Memorandum suggested (i) the formation, under the initial convenership of the Royal Society and/or the British Association for the Advancemefit of Science, of a British Federation of Science from existing organisations concerned with biology, chemistry, engineering, physics and allied branches of science and technology; (ii) this Federation would serve the affiliated organisations as the Chemical Council serves the three senior chemical bodies; (iii) these organiations would be autono- mous except where the constitution of the Federation affected them; (iv) as a practical symbol of the new found unity, the Federation could be housed in a generously conceived building.Dr. J. A. Cranston, in introducing the Memorandum, spoke of the desire among the members of the various societies for some more active policy, and for the formation of some body which could speak with authority for all interested in science. Such a body would prevent unnecessary duplication of functions, undesirable rivalries, uneconomical dispersion of administrative offices and personnel; it would provide a national centre for the publication of all scientific information, and could fulfil the urgent need for the clarification of ideas as to the part science as a whole should play in society.Discussion on this matter was long and lively, a very large percentage of those present taking part. Various opinions were expressed, including the view that the present time was not opportune for such a large scale movement. This view was not supported by many; the large majority obviously held the opinion that more vigorous action by the Institute was desirable, not only for the welfare of its members, but also wherever chemistry impinged on the national life. Proposals were submitted by Mr. J. W. Kerr, seconded by Dr. P. F. Gordon, and by Dr. J. A. Cranston, seconded by Dr.T. J. Mitchell, and the following resolutions were adopted :-“ (a)That this meeting recommends that the Institute of Chemistry should urgently consider its position and functions and the develop- ment oE these with particular reference to internal affairs including welfare, external affairs, publications, with a view to exploring the desirability of collaboration with other scientific bodies, particularly those operating in the chemical field. “(b) That, having approved the general principles embodied in a Memorandum recommending the formation of a British Federation of Science, this meeting requests the Council of the Institute to ascertain, by ballot or other means, if the members of the Institute would be in favour of affiliation to such a Federation. Should this be the case, the Council should then invite the Royal Society and/or the British Association for the Advancement of Science, to call a Conference of Representatives from established Scientific and Technical Bodies to explain to them the objects of the Federation ; the convening organisation [ 1091 would then request each body to determine whether or not it was prepared to become affiliated to the Federation on the basis proposed and, if the responses were adequate, would proceed to &he formation of the Federation.’ Huddersfield.-The Twenty-second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 17th March, in Field’s Cafe, Dr. J. W. Whitaker in the Chair. The reports of the Hon.Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted. Mr. D. Hanson and Miss E, C. Gilmore were elected to the Committee in place of Mr. F. Robinson and Mr. W. D. Scouller, who retired by rule. Messrs. H. S. Pink and C. E. Randolph were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The Meeting endorsed the action of the Committee in appointing Dr. A. E. Everest to handle local matters for the Benevolent Fund. The business meeting concluded with a brief talk on Institute matters by Mr. H. W. Moss, the retiring District Member of Council for Yorkshire, and an ordinary meeting of the Section was then held, at which the Chair- man, Dr. J. W. Whitaker, spoke on “Technical Education after the War.” A most interesting discussion followed in which nearly every mein ber present participated.Leeds Area.-A joint meeting with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on zrst April. Professor M. G. Evans, President of the University Chemical Society, presided at the first part of the meeting, at which two films were shown --“Vitamins,” by courtesy of Dr. L. J. Harris, and “Enough to Eat,” by courtesy of the British Commercial Gas Association. Both films proved very interesting and were much appreciated by a large audience. After an interval for light refreshments, the Chair was taken by Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. L. J. Harris, Director of the Dunn-Nutritional Laboratory, Cambridge, gave a lecture on “Vitamins in War-time.” (See p. 112.) Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 7th May, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr. H.Humphreys Jones in the Chair. The Chairman expressed the congratulations of the Section to Professor T. P. Hilditch on his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. The following officers were elected for the ensuing session :--Chairman, Dr. R. A. Morton; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. Humphreys Jones; Hon. Treas- urer, Mr. G. W. Beaumont; Committee, Professor T. P. Hilditch and Messrs. R. R. Butler, E. G. Jones, H. Weatherall and P. N. Williams; Auditors, Messrs. L. V. Cocks and B. D. W. Luff; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. J. Smith; Hon. Assistant Secretary, E. Reid. The Hon. Treasurer’s Report was received and adopted.Dr. J. B. Firth, Member of Council, gave an interesting lecture on “Some Problems in Forensic Chemistry,” in which he described 110 1 systematically the principal methods employed in the identification of blood stains, giving examples drawn from his own experience. A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Firth, on the motion of Mr. Gabriel Jones, seconded by Dr. Morton. Manchester and District .-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 2Ist March at the University of Manchester, when Dr. J. M. Robertson gave a lecture entitled “Application of X-ray diffraction methods to problems of molecular structure.” There was an animated discussion after the meeting at which about IOO members were present. South Yorkshire.-A well-attended meeting was held at the College of Technology and Art, Rotherham, on 28th March, when three short papers were presented: “The Colliery Chemist at a Group of Collieries,” by Mr.J. T. Storrow; “The Colliery Chemist and Safety Requirements,” by Dr. F. V. Tideswell; and “The Training of the Colliery Chemist,” by Dr. T. G. Woolhouse. The papers were followed by an interesting and informative discus- sion in which Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. A. H. Dodd, Mr. E. J. Vaughan and others took part, and the success of the meeting suggested that others of similar type might be arranged. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was’held on 29th May, at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. A report on the year’s activities was presented by the Hon.Secretary and the audited statement of Section funds was accepted. The deaths of Mr. T. G. Elliot, Fellow, and Dr. W. T. Wilde, Associate, wcre recorded with regret. Officers for the year 1942-43 were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. A. H. Dodd; Vice-Chairmen, Mi-.E. J. Vaughan and Mr. B. W. Methley; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Stevenson; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Parkin. The Section Committee includes:-Mr. W. F. Andrew, Mr. R. Belcher, Dr. E. Gregory (Member of Council), Professor R. D. Haworth, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. P. Lord, Dr. E. A. J. Mahler, Dr. R. A. Mott, Mr. G. E. Speight, and Mr. J. L. West. Mr. Dodd welcomed the new members of Committee, and said that he anticipated a busy year of office.Dr. E. Gregory paid tribute to the excellent work of Mr. Methley, who had done much to maintain the high le~l of activity of the Section during a difficult year. Arrangements are in hand for a joint meeting to be held in Sheffield on 24th June, of the Iron and Steel Institute with the Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metallurgists, the Sheffield Metallurgical Association and the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute. Dr. E. .Gregory will present the first Report of the Standard Methods of Analysis Sub-Committee of the Iron and Steel Institute, of which Committee he is Chairman. It is expected that Dr. W. H. Hatfielci, F.R.S., Vice-president of the Iron and Steel Institute, will preside, and an interesting meeting is anticipated. [ 111 j SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Vitamins in War Time By Dr.LESLIE J. HARRIS,F.I.C., Nutritional Laboratory, Medical Research Council and University of Cambridge [Leeds Area Section of the Institute and Leeds University Chemical Society, on zrst April, rg~p.1 Do vitamins matter ?-People sometimes suppose that since there is little beri-beri or scurvy to be seen in this country, therefore everybody must be having enough of the corresponding vitamins. The fallacy is that they overlook the importance of PartiaZ deficiency of vitamins, by which is meant ill health without the more spectacular symptoms of the advanced deficiency disease. Our ancestors.-Another argument sometimes propounded is that provided we have an “average” mixed diet, we are bound to have an adequacy of all food essentials: “so why bother? ” To this is added the rhetorical question : “How did our fathers get on so well before vitamins were invented? ” The reply is that “they didn’t,’’ as is shown by the prevalence of vitamin deficiencies in earlier decades, and the continual improvement in the physique of schoolchildren with better feeding in the years leading to the present war, and with a consequent fall in morbidity and mortality rates.Incidence of .undern.utrition.--There is, however, still much room €or further improvement, as there is ample evidence of the continued existence of undernutrition at the present time. Vitamins in this war and the last.-In war time there is the additional problem of the more restricted choice available.In the last war symp- toms of severe deficiency diseases could be seen in all the belligerent countries, including own own-for example, there were outbreaks of scurvy in this country, and of beri-beri among the troops in the Near East. To illustrate the advance in knowledge, conditions in this war may be compared with those in the last. Vitamins were then only just beginning to be of more than theoretical interest; their chemical nature and relation to the prevention of specific diseases had still to be determined. Four vitamins may be considered in detail as of special interest and importance: two of these are fat-soluble, vitamins D (anti-rachitic) and A (anti-xerotic) ; and two are water-soluble, C (anti-scorbutic) and B, (ant i-neuri t ic) .Vitnmin D.-In this country, the most important vitamin from the practical standpoint has been the anti-rickets factor, vitamin D. At the beginning of the present century rickets was almost universal among [ 1121 children in many sections of the industrial population in certain big cities, and “fulminating” cases, of a severity now virtually extinct, were quite common. It was during the last war that the cause of rickets was being worked out, and since then chemists ha17e been able to isolate, and estab- lish the forniuk of vitamin I> (D2,Q, etc.). Concentrated preparations of vitamin D can in consequence now be given, and the abolition or potential abolition of rickets is one of the major medical advances of the century. The discovery of the prevention and cure of rickets by ultra-violet rays was made in Germany at the end of the last war: it was due to a “non-Aryan,” Huldschinsky, who would accordingly now be precluded from helping his fatherland and humanity in this way.In Central Europe at the close of the last war, malnutrition was so severe that rickets was prevalent not only among infants, children and adoles- cents, but also in adults. (Photographs of the so-called “marmalade legs” women were shown.) The use of “synthetic” vitamin D (made from irradiated ergosterol or dehydrocholesterol) has been a great boon in stamping out rickets, as it is possible to reach a more adequate level of dosage than with cod-liver oil.Incidentally its use implies the need for care, or rather common sense, in not overstepping a reasonable dosage; and the lecturer referred to his observations on the nature of hypervitaminosis D and the explanation of the mode of action of the vitamin in controlling the “net absorption” of calcium and phosphate. As a result of the investigations of medical research workers and chemists since the last war it is now possible for Government action to be taken to control rickets-for example preparations containing vitamins D and A are now supplied by the government for all babies and all our margarine is fortified with these same vitamins. New sources of vitamin D, halibut-liver oil, tunny-liver oil and the oil of certain marine mammals, are also being increasingly called into use.Vitamin A .-The second important fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin A. During the war of 1914-18,cases of xerophthalmia were common among children in Denmark (photographs were shown), because of the German appropriation of Danish dairy products. Since then, the chemical nature of the protective factor had been ascertained, and it was the work of Dr. Harris’s colleague, Dr. Thomas Moore, at Cambridge which eluci- dated its relation to the yellow pigment carotene. Met-hods have been worked out for detecting early signs of deficiency or “partial deficiency ” -e.g. the dark-adaptation test for studying minor degrees of night blindness. The application of these tests by Dr. Harris and his co-workers indicates that a considerable proportion of people, especially children, may be near the border line of normality, or slightly deficient.As already mentioned, vitamin A is now added to all margarine, although the dose given in the margarine is not enough in itself if other foods containing the vitamin are not eaten. The consumption of carrots constitutes the most satisfactory way of obtaining an adequacy of pro-vitamin A under war-time restrictions. c 113 1 Vitami?zC.-Scurvy made its appearance both in France and in this country during the last war. Now vitamin C can be manufactured synthetically by the ton. Also the “saturation” test (introduced by the lecturer) enables one to ascertain the level of nutrition of the human subject-i.e. whether given individuals or groups of people have good, mediocre or inadequate reserves, or in other words how near they are to scurvy.Tests on schoolboys before and during the war indicate that as a result of the absence of imported fruits, reserves are liable to be low after the winter and spring months. It is important therefore that good helpings of potatoes and green vegetables should be taken by all. For young children synthetic vitamin C, or alternatively black-currant pur&e, have been provided by the Government. Much work has been done at Cambridge on improved methods of cooking, and these are now being adopted by the services, to prevent losses. New types of canned and processed foods, retaining the vitamin, will also soon be on the market.Long research has been necessary to work out the right condi- tions ior preventing destruction of the vitamin in these processed foods. Vitamin &.--The fourth and last vitamin to be discussed here is vitamin B,. A diet of polished rice, from which the vitamin has been removed, has been responsible in the past for thousands of deaths every year in Japan. This vitamin has likewise ,been isolated since the last war, and it can be produced synthetically at a very cheap price. Dr. Harris is responsible for introducing a test for ascertaining the level of nutrition, similar to that which he devised for vitamin C. He has since applied this to other vitamin deficiencies. As well as a deficiency of vitamin 13, arising from a shortage in the diet, a state of “conditioned deficiency” can result from faulty absorption or utilisation of the vitamin, as in the alcoholic neuritis seen in inebriates, and in the neuritis associated with pregnancy and with certain gastro-intestinal disorders.Beri-beri (vitamin B, deficiency) occurred among British troops in the last war. We know for certain now how to prevent it, easily and cheaply. The substitution of wheatmeal for white (“ devitalised ”) bread is to be welcomed because white bread contains virtually no vitamin B,. Another possibility would be to enrich bread or biscuits with extra yeast or with a particularly potent variety of yeast. The growing of yeast in large amounts is however itself a problem when food supplies are restricted. Bread and biscuits prepared with alkaline baking powdei- have their vitamin B, destroyed, and the practice should be discouraged.It is possible to make good biscuits with yeast. Contrary to popular supposition, commercial yeast extracts as sold are poor sources of vitamin B,, since the activity falls off rapidly in the neutral moist medium. No less than 50 g. would have to be eaten daily to provide the daily requirement of vitamin B,. Wheat germ, yeast, or wheatmeal or whole- meal breads are more suitable ways of supplying it. The authorities are to be congratulated on having dropped the proposal to add synthetic vitamin B, to the white flour from which the vitamin has previously [ 114 1 been removed by milling. Synthetic vitamin B, has however been a valuable tool in curative medicine, in the treatment of actual beri-beri or of conditioned polyneuritis.Other vitamins.-For the sake of completeness, passing allusion should be made to at least two other vitamins, the first being the anti-pellagra vitamin and the second vitamin K. Thousands of people have died annually on the Mississippi basin and in certain other parts of the world from pellagra, caused by deficiency of a vitamin now identified as the relatively simple organic compound, nicotinamide. Vitamin K, too, has found important uses in medicine, e.g. in preventing haemorrhage after operations for obstructive jaundice and in the bleeding disease of new-born babies : it is a naphthaquinone derivative, several active homo- logues being known.Sources of vitamins in way time.-It is notable that we have to rely on relatively few foods among the many we eat to provide us with the necessary amount of the several vitamins. For example, vitamin A (or its equivalent, carotene), is found in large quantities in carrots, and in green leafy vegetables; but apart from these the only other significant carriers at present available are milk, reinforced margarine, and the liver oils provided for babies. Vitamin B, we get from wheatmeal or wholemeal bread, and to a less extent from potatoes: the amounts in most other foods are relatively small. For vitamin C we must rely mainly on potatoes and on green vegetables (especially sprouts and cabbage), and, when in season, on certain summer fruits (notably black currants and strawberries).Vitamin D is present in our reinforced margarine, apart from which the only other supply is cod-liver oil or other fresh liver oils and concentrates: hence all babies should receive a preparation of this kind, otherwise rickets is inevitable for a large proportion of them (in climates such as ours, relatively deficient in ultra-violet rays), as indeed all past experience has repeatedly proved. Partial dejciencies.-The idea must be abandoned that vitamins are “qualitative” factors only and that any small trace in the diet is enough. A definite amount of each vitamin (the so-called “minimum” dose) is needed to prevent the corresponding severe deficiency disease, but a larger amount (the “marginal” dose) is needed to prevent milder clinical manifestations, and a still larger amount (the “optimal” dose) for full health.The curve relating “response” (e.g. growth in young animals) to the “dose” is logarithmic: i.e. large increases in the dose at levels far above the mere minimum dose still produce slight but per- ceptible improvements in performance. In experimental animals and man, the signs of partial deficiency include: for vitamin A, poor dark adaptation and xerosis of membranes; for vitamin B,, gastro-intestinal hypotonia and poor growth in the young; for vitamin C, diminished resist- ance to infection, faulty healing of wounds and probably dental hypo- plasia; for vitamin D, lowxed assimilation of calcium and phosphorus, [ 1151 impaired muscular tone, minor bony defects and increased dental caries ; similarly, with the minerals and other components of the diet.One of the most conclusive demonstrations of the reality of a partial deficiency was given by Dr. Helen Mackay, who showed that a large proportion of babies and mothers in working-class areas although apparently normal had “sub-clinical ” nutritional anaemia : addition of extra iron improved their health as shown by the lowered morbidity rates. Similarly, it had been repeatedly proved with statistical accuracy all over the world that the provision of extra milk for supposedly “normal”-but in reality only “average ”-schoolchildren improved their health, physique and high spirits.Reality of .undenz.utrition.-Evidence of the existence of undernutrition before the war in this country had been sought on several different lines. First there was the “economic” evidence: it had been shown that some- where around 50 per cent. of the population had -insufficient financial resources to provide a diet judged by physiologists to be necessary for full health. Secondly there was the “dietetic ” evidence:by analysis of budgets it had been shown that the food eaten was ,below optimum standard, notably in the consumption of milk. Thirdly there was the “medical” evidence: for example, about 75 per cent. of infants in London slums or 50 per cent. of working-class mothers in Aberdeen had some degree of haemia; 97 per cent. of 9 year old schoolchildren in L.C.C.schools gave signs of having had some degree (often mild) of rickets; 50 to 15per cent. of children were below standard in vitamin-C reserves in the speaker’s experience. Fourthly there was the “sociological” evidence: health returns (morbidity rates, physique) were notoriously lower in poorly fed groups as compared with the better fed in the more prosperous areas. Fifth and most convincing was the “experimental ” evidence: in controlled tests there had been a lowered incidence of infections and better physique and general good health when the diet was supplemented. Conclusions.-Mr. Bruce, the Australian prime minister, who was chairman of the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1935,referred at Geneva to “the paradox of glutted markets while insufficient nourishment is available for a substantial proportion of mankind.” In 1936 the League of Nations’ Mixed Committee on Nutrition gave their considered verdict that “the evidence that inadequacy of diet is widespread is conclusive, the greatest single cause of malnutrition is poverty.” The discoveries made before the war have put us in a strong position to prevent the spread of vitamin deficiencies at home arising from the use of one-sided diets.In many parts of Europe, however, the problem now developing is not malnutrition but famine. After the war there will be a wonderful opportunity for a central organisation with pooled nutri- tional resources to apply modern knowledge in a world-wide programme of relief.It will be the most important side of post-war reconstruction, and it is not too early to start considering plans now. [ 116 J Oil from Coal By E. W. SAWYER,BSc., A.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Section, on 24th April, 1942.1 The hydrogenation of coal, first achieved by Bergius, has been developed and applied on the large scale in Germany by the I.G. Farbenindustrie, while in this country the work done by I.C.I. in technical co-operation with the I.G. and other concerns has carried the investiga- tions, begun by the D.S.I.R., through semi-technical and pilot plant stages to a full scale plant which came into operation in 1935 for the production of petrol from bituminous coal. The hydrogenation of coal involves (a) the elimination of ash and of unwanted elements (oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur), (b) the addition of hydrogen to double bonds, and (c) the scission of carbon-carbon bonds and further hydrogen addition to reduce the size of the molecule to that required in the final product.Although these reactions occur chiefly in this order, there is also much overlapping. The breakdown of coal in reaction (c) involves temperatures of about 450" C. even in the presence of catalysts, and to control the reaction and direct it towards the desired products a high hydrogen pressure of over zoo atmospheres is required. Many of the problems in the development of the process arise out of this requirement of high hydrogen pressure and high temperature. In present-day technique the initial stage is carried out in the liquid phase with coal paste using, as a vehicle, heavy oil, which is a product of this reaction. The liquid phase process produces heavy oil, middle oil and petrol, and the proportion can be varied by control of reaction time.Thus the heavy oil produced may be controlled at just the amount needed for pasting oil so that there is no net production of heavy oil. It is found better, however, to separate the process into two stages, in the first of which heavy oil is produced from coal in excess of pasting oil requirements. This excess is hydrogenated in the second stage to petrol and middle oil under conditions more favourable than can be achieved in the first stage. The middle oil from the liquid phase stages of boiling point up to about 330" C.is sufficiently volatile to be vaporised and processed over fixed catalysts to produce petrol and a middle oil fraction which is re- cycled. The resulting petrol is of high quality and only that produced in the liquid phase stages needs any refining beyond simple washing with sodium hydroxide. [ 1171 April Examinations, 1942 Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held as under :-No. No. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- Entpred. Passed. At the Institute, in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington, and at the University of Manchester ; theoretical papers being also t'akeii at a number of local centres. Theory-Monday and Tuesday, 13th and 14 ~JLApril.Practical-Wednesday to Saturday, 8th-11 th April, inclusive .... .. .. .. *. 60 '5* For the Pd1owship- Branch C. Organic Chemistry . . .. .. .. .. 1 1 With special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes . . .. 1 0 With special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Synthetic Drugs, Fine Chemicals, etc. .. .. 2 1 At the Institute and at Battersea Polytechnic.-Nonday to Friday, 13th-17th April, inclusive. Brunch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington,-Monday to Friday, 13th-17th April, inclusive . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 4 Byanch F. Agricultural Chemistry :at the Seale Hayne Agri -cultural College, Newton Abbot, Devon,-Monday to Friday, 6th-10th April, inclusive .... .. .. 1 1 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with Special Reference to Coke and By-product Manufacture :at the Institute and at the South-East Essex Technical College, Dagenham,- Monday to Friday, 27th April to 1st May, inclusive .. 1 1 Branch H. General Analytical Chemistry : at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London, South Kensington,-Monday to Friday, 13th-17th April,inclusive .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0** 74 33 * Three candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners ill part only of the examina- tion, 2 candidates were absent from the practical part and 1 candidate satisfied the Examiners in that part in which he had previously failed.** Failed only in the theoretical part of the examination. The following exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible. ) 1. How are the following gases prepared on an industrial scale and what are their principal uses :-(a) oxygen, (b)chlorine, (c) ammonia ? Discuss the theoretical principles involved in the processes which you describe. 2. Give an equational statement of the Phase Rule. * Define the terms involved 3. By reference to particular applications, write an account of some reducing 4. Give an outline of the theory of electrolytic dissociation and critically and illustrate their meanings by discussing TWO systems in detail.agents which are of service in analytical chemistry, c 118 3 examine the evidence which supports it. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances: (a) phosphorus oxychloride, (b) nitrosyl chloride, (c) iodine monochloride, (d) di-borane, B&,, (e) nitrogen sulphide, N,S,, (f)chromyl chloride. 6. Write a concise account of the original Werner theory of chemical combina- tion and molecular structure. 7. Indicate some of the developments in chemistry which are associated with the names of (a)Madame Curie (b)Aston, (c) Ramsay. 2 to 5 p.nz. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1.Show how the law of mass action may be utilised to determine the equi- librium of a balanced reaction. Discuss how the dissociation of a gas is influenced by (u)pressure, (b) addition of an inert gas, (c)addition of a decomposition product. 3. Comment on TWO of the following subjects:- (a) the classification of valency bonds; (b) The reactions of carbon monoxide with metals; (c) the use of non-radioactive isotopes as indicators in chemical reactions. 3. What, do you understand by “protective action” in colloidal systems? Discuss, with examples, the mechanism of this action, and give an account of some of its practical applications. 4. Explain the meaning of “oxidation-reduction potential.” Discuss the determination of standard oxidation-reduction potentials.6. What constituents would you kxpect to find in coal gas and in what pro- portions approximately would they be there ? Describe in detail how you would carry out a quantitative analysis of a sarnplc of coal gas and comment on the accuracy of the method you describe. 6. Write an account of ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The influence of light on chemical reactions; (b) The transmutation of elements. 7. Give a concise account of ONE of the following:- (a) rhenium and its compounds; (b) the rare earths; (c) the platinum metals. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (,4nswer FOUR questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Give an account of the products obtained when nitrobenzene is reduced 2. By means of equations and short notes illustrate the characteristic reactions under various experimental conditions. of:-(a) urea; (b) acetone; (c) chloroform; (d) ethyl chloroformate; (e) methylsulphate; (f) citric acid. 3. Outline the processes by which the following compounds are usually pre- pared from benzene :-(u) cyclohexanone; (b)picric acid; (c)resorcinol; (d) hydro- quinone (quinol); (e) salicylic acid; (f) maleic anhydride; (9)adipic acid. 4. Give an account of optical activity associated with the presence of (a)nitro-5. Describe the reactions by which glucose may be converted into (a) man-6.Describe some important applications of catalysis in industrial organic7. Write an essay on (a)tautomerism, OR (b) geometrical isomerism. gen and (b) sulphur in organic compounds. nose, (b) fructose, (c)glucoheptose, (d) arabinose. chemistry. 2 to 3.30 p.711.. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Identify compounds (A) and (B).(L4)= Benzene-azo-P-naphthol, OR Benzene-uzo-salicylic acid ; (B) = n-butyloxalate, OR ethyl chloroacetate. [ 1191 THURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. Characterise as completely as time allows the two components of the mixture (C) and state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(C) = Toluene and salol; OR cyclohexane and p-toluidine. FRIDAY, 10th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.na. 1. Solution (D) is a nitric acid solution containing copper and bismuth nitrates. Determine the bismuth gravimetrically as bismuth ovychloride and the copper volumetrically by means of the standard solution of sodium thiosulphate provided. Express your results as grams of Bi... and grams of Cum. per litre of solution (D). 2. Identify the substances (E) and (F). (E) = PbClF; (F)= Ammonium phosphomolybdate. SATURDAY, 11th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of purs sodium nitrite in the commercial sample (G) by two independent volumetric methods. You are to use the approximately decinormal potassium permanganate and the approximately decinormal ceric sul- phate provided, Pure ferrous ammonium sulphate is available for standardisation.2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (H) which contains six radicals. (H) = Borax, Ca,(PO,),, MgF,. 3. Identify the solid (I). (I)= K,Na [CO(NO,),]. Examination for the Fellowship Branch C : Organic Chemistry MONDAY, 13th APRIL; 1942: 10 0.m. to 1 pm. (AnswerFIVE questions.) 1. Give examples illustrating the uses of the reducing agents more commonly employed in organic chemistry. 2. By means of equations and short notes indicate how SIX of the following compounds are usually prepared :-(a) benzidine ; (b)azobenzene; (c) benzaldehyde ; (d) carbon tetrachloride; (e) chloroform; (f) cyclohexanone; (9) anthranilic acid; (h),8-naphthylamine; (i)salicylic acid.3. Give an account of the uses of diazo-compounds in preparative chemistry. 4. By means of typical examples illustrate the uses of SIX of the following reagents :-(a) methyl sulphate; (b)thionyl chloride; (c) thoria; (d)selenium dioxide ; (e)phenylhydrazine; (f)ozone; (9)alumifiium chloride; (h)zinc (other than for reduc- tion). 5. Describe the preparation of a typical Grignard reagent. Give an accoiint of the uses of these reagents. 0. Discuss the isomerism of the tartaric acids. 7. Outline the methods available for the synthesis of quinoline and iso-quino- line and their derivatives. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of any important group of dyestuffs.2. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)The electronic theory of valency in organic chemistry; (b) the structure of benzene. 3. Give an account of the Walden Inversion with special reference to more recent work. 4. Outline the various molecular structures which are capable of giving rise to optical activity in organic compounds. 5. Give an account of the evidence, analytical as well as synthetical, on which the structure of ONE of the following compounds is based: (a)camphor; (b)papaverine, (c) indigo. 6. Dismiss the evidence for the present day formulation of glucose. [ 1201 TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 u.jn. to 6 p.~. (A) is a mixture of three compounds. You are required to:- (i) prepare a pure specimen of each; (ii) prepare a crystalline derivative of each; (iii) state the approximate proportions in which they are present.(A) = Cycloliexanol, phenol and p-toluidine. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY, 15th to 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. From the aniline supplied prepare specimens of:- (i) p-nitraniline ; (ii) p-bromoacetanilide ; (iii) pheiiylhydrazine hydro- chloride-and from this prepare (iv) the phenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde ; (v) benzene-azo- 13-naphthol-and from this prepare (vi) a-amino -P-naphthol. 3. From the phthalic anhydride provided, prepare specimens of:- (vii) methyl hydrogen phthalate ; (viii) phthalimide. Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats andWaxes MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. See page 120. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFIVE questions.) 1. Describe the reactions involved in the sulphation of (u)fatty acids ;(b)amino-alkyl compounds, and indicate how these compounds may be identified. 2. Compare, with reasons, the modern view of saponification in the soap pan with the old fashioned theory. 3. What microscopical structures may be seen in soaps and what light do they give on the soap-boiling process ? 4. What changes take place during the “boiling” of linseed oil; how may they be followed and what reactions do you consider may account for them ? 5. Give an account of the process of hydrogenation as applied to oils.6. How would you determine:-(a) the rosin content of a soap; (b)tri-ethanol-amine in, say, a cosmetic cream; (c) trimethylene glycol in crude glycerine ? 7. Discuss in outline the synthesis of waxes from carbon monoxide and of fatty acids from these waxes. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Estimate the glycerol content in the crude glycerine sample (A). 2. Report upon the purity of the Oiticica Oil (B). These exercises may be continued to-morrow. WEDNESDAY, 15th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.?)!.to 5 y.nt. 1. Coinplete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Estimate the rosin in the soap (C). This exercise may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 16th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 6 p.ttL. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise.2. Prepare a specimen of azelaic acid from the oleic acid provided. This exercise may be complet,ed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Examine and report upon the detergent (D). (D) = it sulphonated fatty ester. c 121 1 Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Synthetic Drugs, etc .) MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.nz. See page 120. 2 to 5 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Naturally occurring medicinal chemicals are gradually being replaced by synthetic materials identical in chemical structure. What considerations govern the choice of route in the synthesis of sych substances? In addition to general considerations, illustrate your answer by discussing possible practical methods of synthesis of EITHER caffeine OR progesterone. 2.Write an account of the applications in research on medicinal and fine chemicals of (a)the molecular still, (b)chromatographic adsorption. 3. Give an account of some recent structural chemical investigation carried out in the field of EITHER the cardiac glycosides, OR of lysergic acid compounds. 4. What principles guide the research worker in attempts to devise new chemo- therapeutic substances, and what tests should such substances be required to pass before being released for general use ? 5. What methods are available for the production of TWO of the following substances on an industrial scale : nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and adrenalin? Indicate in your answer the type of plant or apparatus involved.6. Write an account of modern antiseptics, with special reference to their fields of use, and to the validity of the accepted methods of testing their efficacy. 7. Discuss the chemistry of the principal modern sleep-producing drugs (sedatives and hypnotics) and indicate the main reasons why they are used in preference to the many hundreds of chemically analogous substances which exhibit similar pharmacological activity. TUESDAY, 14th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 P.W. (A), (B) and (C) are specimens of a well-known medicinal chemical. Identify the material and report on the suitability of the three specimens for issue. Prepare a specimen of the pure drug from the raw materials (D) provided.(A) = Dithranol; (B) = dithranol, with unchanged dihydroxyanthraquinone ; (C)=dithranol, with 0.5 per cent. zinc oxide and unchanged dihydroxyanthraquinone ; (D)= 1 :8-dihydroxyanthraquinone. The preparation may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 16th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identifythesubstance (E). (€3) = 2-methyl-I: 4naphthaquinone; or allantoin. 2. Examine the sample (G) which purports to be the crude output of a caffeine plant. Report on the nature of this product, identify the impurities and indicate how pure caffeine may be economically prepared from it. Prepare a pure sample of caffeine from it. (G) = caffeine containing 30 per cent. theobromine and 5 per cent. cocoa butter.This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 17th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complzte yesterday's exercise 2. 2. (H) is a by -product from an industrial process ;identify and prepare a purespecimen of the main constituent. Suggest three fine chemicals of industrial importance which could be made conveniently from this material, indicate the methods to be used and prepare by your chosen method a sample of one such sub- stance. (€€) .= comniercial 8.0 per cent. p-nitrophenol. Branch E: The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water MONDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 to 11.30 a.m. (AllTHREE questions should be answered.) 1. What are the reqiiirenients of thc Sale of Xilk Regulations, 1939? Out-line High Court decisions which affect these standards.2. What methods are appropriate to the routine bacteriological oxarninat ion of potable water ? If presuniptix-e R.Coliarefound,what further tests would you apply ? 3. How may (a)sacctiarix and (b)dulcin be identified and estininted? [ 1221 11.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Name the Pharmacopoeia1 preparations of mercury and its compounds, and give some account of their therapeutic uses. 2. Discuss the pharmacology and therapeutics of the following :-(a) mandelic acid; (b)nicotinic acid; (c) diamorphine hydrochloride : (d) pilocarpine nitrate. 3. Give an account of the pharmacology of the drugs of the belladonna group and the alkaloids obtained from them.4. Write an account of the microscopy of the following drugs, with special reference to the diagnostic features of the powders :-(a) nux voinica; (b)ipecacuanha; (c) senna leaves; (d)cinchona bark. 2 to 5 p.1tt. (FIVEquestions shozild be answered.) 1. Give pn account of the composition and properties of hens’ eggs and of their function in cookery. 2. Discuss the tests which have been proposed for the identification of horse flesh and their possibilities. 3. How would you report upon:- (a)An orange squash substitute containing 5 per cent. phosphoric acid; (b) a baking powder containing magnesium sulphate; (c) a baking powder containing alum ; (d) a baking powder containing ammonium carbonate; (e) sausages containing 0.08 per cent.boric acid; (f)an egg substitute containing 10 per cent. dried egg, 20 per cent. soya meal and 70 per cent. flour? State briefly your reasons in each casc. 1. How would you determine quantitatively :-(a) Citric acid in fruit juice; (b) iso-propyl alcohol iii ethyl alcohol; (c) phenols in a carbolic soap; (d) citral in lemon oil? 5. How may vitamin R, be prepared synthetically, and how is it estimated in flour ? G. Describe a recent method for the determination of the unsaturated fatty acids in a fat such as lard. TUESDAY, 7th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report upon the samples of pimento and vinegar respectively. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. IBEDXESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Report upon the milk (A). (A, prepared from milk powder.) THURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the lemon oil (B) and make a microscopical study of the two food substitutes (C) and (D). (B)contained mineral oil and lemongrass oil, (C) contained wheat and oat meal and dextrin, (D) = wheat, oat and soya meals and gelatin. PRIDA Y, 10th APRIL, 1942 : 10 a.m. to 5 p.17~. Ihtermine the formic acid and ascorbic acid content of the fruit juice (E). SdTURDAY, 11th ,4PRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.rn. Reports on microscopical examinations should include annotated sketches. 1. Examine the vegetable powders (F), (G), (H) and (I) microscopically. Identify (F)and (G). Coinpare (H) with (F)and (I)with (G) and report on any siinilarities and differences.(F)= belladonna root, (G) = squill, (H) = Indian belladonna root, (I)= Indian, squill. 2. Identify the ingredients of the analgesic tablets (J). (J)= aspirin,phenacetin, codeine phosphate. 3. Examine the stained fabric (K), and report on (a)the nature of the stain, (b)the constituent fibres of the fabric. (K) =-silk and wool stained with blood. L 123 ] Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry -MONDAY, 6th APRIL, 1942: 10 ~.WLto 1 p.?~. (Answer THREE questions ordy.) 1. Discuss the manufacture of superphosphate, including any changes caused by war conditions. State fully the composition of the product, and discuss the changes it undergoes in the soil and those it causes in soil constituents.2. Discuss recent developments in our knowledge of the mineral colloids of the soil. 3. Describe the various methods employed in estimating the available plant nutrients in soils, giving your opinion of the practical value of each method. 4. Discuss any TWO of the following:- (a) The replacement of potash by sodium compounds in fertilisers; (b)the utilisation of waste products as fertilisers; (c) the liming of soils; (d) the relative values of organic and inorganic fertilisers. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer all FOUR questions.) 1. Give an account of the experimental work on which our knowledge of main- tenance and production requirements of cattle is based, with special reference tmo recent work. 2. Discuss the variations in the carotene content of dried grass and hay.How is the carotene content of a foodstuff determined? 3. Give an account, EITHER of the chemical methods of seed treatment, OR of chemical methods used in the partial sterilisation of soils. 4. Discuss the various methods that have been proposed for increasing the production of protein in farm crops. Distinguish between crude protein, pure protein, protein equivalent, and digestible protein. How is the percentage of digestible protein in a foodstuff determined ? TUESDAY, 7th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report on the available plant foods in the sample of soil (A), and its suitability for horticultural crops. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. WEDNESDAY, 8th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1.Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the Fertiliser (B) and determine in it the percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. l’HURSDAY, 9th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Analyse the foodstuff (C), and determine the percentage of CaO. (C) =A. poultry balancer meal. This exercise may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY, 10th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Determine the percentage of copper in the sample of Bordeaux mixture (D). Branch G: Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal, Coke and By-product Manufacture iMONDAY, 27th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Writo a short essay on research on the reactions between hydrogen and carbon monoxide at high pressures. 2. Outline the series of operations by which concentrated nitric acid is obtained from ammonia liquor, indicating clearly the optimum conditions for the chemical reactions involved at the various stages. 3. State briefly the restrictions imposed by the Alkali Act in regard to the discharge of gaseous impurities into the atmosphere. Describe one method which you consider suitable for removing sulphur dioxide from the flue gases from a large power station. c 124 I 4. What requirements do you consider should be satisfied by tower-packing in connexion with equipment for gas-absorption ? Describe some of the types of packing with which you are familiar, and state the uses for which you consider them to be particularly suited.5. What is meant by the term “activated charcoal,” and how is this substance obtained. For what purpose is activated charcoal used? Describe and give a diagram of a typical plant which employs this material. 6. Under what headings is it customary to classify the various ways in which heat is transmitted ? Write short notes on each classification. What is meant by the term “film-coefficient,” and in what manner do fluid films influence the rate of heat transfer ? Indicate the relationship between fluid velocity and rate of heat transfer in, for example, a tubular heat interchanger. 7. Write notes on any TWO of the following:- (a) Caustic embrittlement ; (b) corrosion fatigue ; (c) heat-resisting cast iron ; (d) factors which influenco the permeability of refractory materials to gases.2 to 5 p.771. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. State in outline how the products formed when coal is carbonised are affected by (a)the size of the coal, (b)the temperature of carbonisation, (c)the rate of heating, (d) the passage of time and (e) the extent to which the charge fills the retort or oven. 2. Give an account of the use, prospects arid limitations of micro-methods and semi-micro-methods in the analysis of solid, liquid anti gaseous samples in the fnel and by-product laboratory. 3. Describe, with diagrams to illustrate the underlying theory, the behaviour of a mixture of benzene and toluene as it is distilled, and describe, with reference to the theory developed, a plant for separating such a mixture.4. State (a) the forms in which sulphur occurs in coal, (b) the behaviour 01’ the sulphur compounds when coal is carbonised, (c) how the sulphur is distributed among the products of the carbonisation, (d) the disadvantages of sulphur in the products and how these disadvantages may be minimised and (e)how useful sulphur compounds may be recovered from the products. 5. Write a few lines on each of FIVE of the following: (a)E.V.T.; (b)octane and cetene numbers, (c) shatter index and Cochrane test; (d) size-weight ratio; (e)detoxification of todm’s gas and (f) inhibitors. 6. Discuss the chemical constitution of coal in relation to coking power, dealing also with.the control of coking power. What methods are available for assessing coking power ? Criticise these methods and suggest improvements in them. 7. Give an account of the normal degradation and synthesis of hydrocarbons, drawing your examples from the carbonisation industries. 8. Write an essay on ONE of the following topics:- (a)The coalfields and coals of Great Britain (with special reference, if you wish, to an industry you are interested in.) (b) The heating of coke ovens. (c) Smoke abatement. (d) The limitations imposed on the use of a coal by the fusibility and other properties of its ash. TUESDAY to PRIDAI’, 28th APRIL, to 1st MAY, 1941: 10 a.m.to 5 p.nz. each day. 1. Examine and classify the three coals (A), (B) and (C), and report on their suitability for (a)the manufacture of metallurgical coke, (b)the production of town’s gas, and (c) use in a gas-producer. 2. (a) Determine the percentage of carbon disulphide in the crude benzol (K).(b) Determine the percentage of unsaturated hydrocarbons and of aromatic hydrocarbons in the synthetic spirit (S). You may use the method provided, or any other method that you consider superior. If you do use another method, you should say why you think it superior. r 1251 3. Two gas-sampling tubes (1) and (2), differing in design, are provided. A gas, flowing along a pipe-line at a uniform rate, but varying in composition, is to be sampled with one of these tubew The tube, filled with a confining liquid, is to be attached to the gas-main by a tee-joint, and the confining liquid then run out under its own head, with no mechanical aid, during a period determined by suitable adjustment of the cock on the tube or by a capillary jet.Say with which tube you expect to get the more nearly representative sample, giving your reasons. Pro-ceed to ascertain by experiment which tube should be selected, and comment on any difference between the result and your expectation. 4. The tube (3) contains a suspension. Investigate tho interdependence of the slope of the tube and the time required for sedimentation to be completed. How might any principles established be of use in industrial processes ? Branch H : General Analytical Chemistry MOATDAY, 13th APRIL, 1942: 10 a.m.to 1 p.prb. (FIVEpestions to be answered.) 1. It has recently been said that “In our opinion photometric or photoelectric measurements will largely replace so-called colorimeters within the next few years.” Discuss this statement. 2. Explain the term “oxidation-reduction potential.” Discuss in detail two oxidation-reduction systems used in volumetric analysis, of which one must be the iodine-arsenious acid system. 3. Describe metliods available for the determination of viscosity in (u) oils, (b) thixotropic systems. What precautions must be taken in each case to avoid errors, how reproducible should the results be, and how are the instruments you describe calibrated ? 4. Write a critical essay on the determination of unsaturation in organic compounds. 5.Describe modifications which have been nistcle in Kjcldahl’s method for nitrogen in organic compounds, with a view to extending its utility. Tndicate how far this has in your view been achieved, and what classes of compound still cannot be determined in this way. 6. Give a brief outline of methods for the determination of FOUR of the following groups : acetyl, carbonyl, imino, nitro, ethoxy. 7. What arc the desirable properties in a standard substance in volumetric analysis? Describe the system of standardisation you prefer, and state what degree of accuracy you expect in good anelytical practice. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions to be answered.) 1.Write an essay on the principles underlying the sampling of solids in large quantities, using as illustrations materials with which you are familiar. 2. Draw up a scheme for the detailed analysis of bauxite. 3. How would you determine potash accurately in (a) a Cornish stone, (0)a mixed fertiliser containing ammonium salts, (c) a natural brine. Mention the chief sources of error in these determinations. 4. Discuss the theory and application of adsorption indicators, if possible basing any criticisms on your own experience. 5. Draw up a scheme for the separation and determination of EITHER:-(a)Ti, Mo, and W (in an alloy steel); OR (b) Be, Al, Mg and Zn (in a light alloy); OR (c) C1, Br and I (in sea water.) 6.Describe methods for the assay of FIVE of the following commercial chemi- cals : acetic anhydride; o-cresol or nz-cresol in cresylic acid; sodium cyanide; sodium nitrite ; sodium hyposulphite ; sodium perborate ; glycerol; potassium ferricynnide. 7. Explain briefly how you would make the following determinations, and indicate any likely interfering elements or sources of error :-(a)Selenium in sulphur (0.02-0~0Sper cent.); (6) selenium in glass (as a, colouring matter) ; (c) selenium in cadmium red pigment; (d) vana-dium in alloy steel; (e) vanadium in coal ash; (f) peroxide oxygen in organic solvents. [ 130] TUEBDAY to FRIDAY, 14th to 17th APRIL, 1042: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. I. Examine the sample of river water and report as to treatment necessary t,o render it suitable for use in medium pressure boilers.2. Examine the sample of grease, determine its composition, and report on its suitability for lubrication of light roller bearings. 3. Determine the ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphoric anhydride, and, SO far as time allows, the fluorine, chromium and copper, in the fertiliser. EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP.FOR INORGANICAND PHYSICAL. Theory.-The papers were of a general and fundamental character and it was hoped that they would afford good scope for the majority of the candidates. On the whole, the answers did not come up to expectations. The Brin Process is interesting as illustrating the equilibrium state and other chemical principles, but it has ceased to be of interest as a method for the preparation of oxygen on an industrial scale.Yet too many candidates were satisfied to give the Brin Process as the answer to Question I (a) in Paper I, and to state that ammonia is obtained com- mercially by sparking nitrogen and hydrogen. In Question z dealing with the phase rule, certain candidates did not appreciate that in the system CaCO, = CaO + CO, there are three phases and not two. It was reasonable to expect good answers to Question 3, which required a discussion of reducing agents of service in analytical chemistry, but many (if the answers dealt only with hydrogen, sulphur dioxide and ferrous sulphate. As a general rule candidates were not familiar with the preparation of POC1, and NOCl while N4S4was seldom selected for dis- cussion.It was curious to find that the name of Ranisay was not always spontaneously linked up with the discovery of inert gases. In Paper 2, the classification of valency bonds was invariably well done; some excel- lent answers were given to the question on the transmutation of elements and to Question 3 dealing with colloidal systems. Few candidates gave :t reasonable answer to the method for the quantitative analysis of coal gas. PracticaZ Work-The work set in practical inorganic chemistry gave the candidates full days, but as a general rule they did very good work both in the qualitative and quantitative exercises. ORGANIC. In the answers to the theory papers the standard of attainment reached by a large proportion of candidates was not so high as usual, but a few candidates answered the questions very well indeed.None of the questions presented any special difficulty for they all received roughly the same number of answers. Quite a number of candidates possessed but a scanty knowledge, both of general reactions and of fundamental prin- ciples; this betrayed itself, not so much in inaccuracy of statement as in lack of clarity and precision. This criticism is particularly applicable to the answers to Questions 4 and 7, and incidentally suggests that candidates should pay more attention to the rubric at the head of the paper which states that formulae and equations are to be given where possible. [ 127 1 Detailed points of criticism are as follows: The only characteristic reaction of chloroform mentioned by several candidates was the “horrid” or “foul” odour which this substance gives with aniline and potash (no equation); many candidates appear to believe that phenol is usually prepared from benzene via aniline, and several suggested that resorcinol is usually prepared from m-phenylenediamine.The answers to Question 5 were generally very good. Practical.-Although a few candidates did very well, the majority did not carry out the practical exercises as well as usual; the work on the second day, however, showed a general improvement over that of the first day. A number of candidates, although they strongly suspected that one of the compounds to be examined was an azo dye, had not very definite ideas on the procedure to be adopted for its characterisation. A few candidates failed to detect the presence of nitrogen in the hydroxy- azo-compounds provided.TRANSLATIONS.-These were done moderately well although a few candidates were very weak in German. FORTHE FELLOWSHIP BRANCHE: The Chemistry, including Microscopy of Food and Drugs, and of Water. On the whole the written work was satisfactory, but more considera- tion should be given to scrutiny of the words of the question, in order that the answers may be wholly relevant. Several candidates failed to remember that magnesium sulphate when warmed reacts as an acid in admixture with sodium bicarbonate. The practical work showed a tendency to embark at once on quantita- tive determinations with the help of a text book without a careful pre- liminary survey of the materials.Thus a deposit of undissolved milk powder was quite unobserved in a sample prepared from so-called house- hold milk. Several candidates failed to notice pepper (to the extent of 35 per cent.) in some pimento which was also heavily contaminated with lead. PHARMACOLOGYTHERAPEUTICS, AND MIcRoscoPu.-The standard in this part of the examination was well maintained. There is evidence that candidates studied these subjects with some care. In the practical work the microscopical examination of vegetable powders was well done, but some candidates were not so successful in those parts of the exercises which required the comparison of unknown material with powders which they had already identified.Tablets given for chemical analysis had been made according to a well known formula and contained aspirin, phenacetin and a small dose of codeine phosphate. Some candidates appeared to be so occupied in proving the presence or absence of caffeine that codeine phosphate was missed and in some instances alkaloids were ignored or proved absent. The stained fabric gave little difficulty. I: 1281 PASS LIST Emiizinat ion i)~General Chemistry for t?ie Associateship. Bayley, Andrew Newton, Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Bentley, Reginald Alfred, Technical College, Lancaster ; and Harris Institute, Preston. Bradburn, Ernest, College of Technology, Manchester.Bradwell, Lawrence, Sheffield University; and University College, Nottingham. Bridge, Frank, College of Technology, Manchester ;and Municipal Technical College, Holton. Broadbent, Neville Halford, City Technical College, Liverpool. Buckley, Gerard Dunstan, College of Technology, Manchester. Cregeen, William Allan, College of Technology, Manchester. Gibbons, George Cuthbert, Stockport College. Glover, Jack Harry, Technical College, Derby. Gooclo, Eric Victor, Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Hatfull, Ronald Stanley, Battersea Polytechnic, London. Holland, Eric James, M.P.S., City Technical College, Liverpool. Jones, Robert, City Technical College, Liverpool. Looney, Reginald Frederick, City Technical College, Liverpool.Mayoh, Ronald, College of Technology, Manchester ;and Bolton Municipal Technical College.Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, M.P.S., City Technical College, Liverpool. Oglethorpe, Charles Christopher, B.Sc (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, Lonaon. Pomfret, Richard, Collage of Technology, Manchester ;and Bolton Municipal Techni- cal College. Portwood, Walter Ernest, College of Technology, Manchester. Shaw, Wilfrid, College of Technology, Manchester. Stephens, Francis Frederick, College of Technology, Manchester. Tompkins, William Arthur, Municipal Technical College, Cbventry. Tully-Turner, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), City Technical College, Liverpool. Watt, Alfred Henry, Central Technical College, Birmingham. White, Basil David, University College, Hull.Examination for the Fellowship. In Branciz C : Organic Chemistry. Senior, Xorman, B.Sc. (Lond.). with special reference to Pharmaceutical Chemistry : Westlake, Herbert George, B.Sc., B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C. In Branch E : 7”he Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Pood and Drz~gs,and of Water. Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.). Robins, Cecil Hancorn, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, B.Sc. (Lond.). IrL Branch P : Agricultural Chemistry. Tinsley, Joseph, B.Sc. (Reading). ln I3runch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special refe,.encc to Coke und By-productManufacture. Illingworth, Prank Knoudes, B.Sc. (Lond.). [ 129 ] The Chemical Council Umiev Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, The Iizstitute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry rst July, 1935.(Extended on. rst Jdy, 1940, to 30th June, 1947.) SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT (March, r942) The Fifth Report with Financial Statements for the twelve months ended 30th September, 1940, was published in May, 1941, having been deferred pending the inauguration of the new Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies. CONSTITUTION.-In November, 1941, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, who had been Chairman of the Council since 1938, and had been one of the repre- sentatives of the Society of Chemical Industry, was appointed a repre-sentative of the Chemical Society in the place of Professor F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., F.R.S., whose term of office had expired, and Dr.William Cullen, Dr. R. T. Colgate and Mr. Stanley Robson were appointed representatives of the Society of Chemical Industry to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Mr. C. S. Garland, Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt and Mr. H. 17. Potter, who had also completed the full term of three years’ service in that capacity. The thanks of the Council are accorded to their retiring colleagues for their valuable help. CO-OPEKATION.-BYthe appointment of Dr. Lampitt as representative of the Chemical Society, the Council retains the collaboration of one of the chiei initiators of the Scheme of Co-operation between the three Chartered Bodies on which the Council is glad to report progress. The time chosen for the initiation of such a Scheme was not, in some respects, the most convenient, but the Council, after long deliberation, felt it was important that a beginning should be made.It was not easy to visualise the work which would devolve at short notice on the depleted staffs of the three Bodies in the circumstances prevailing at the beginning of 1941. The correspondence, accounting and recording, and the dis- tribution of publications, involving the possible combinations of more than 20 different requirements in varying numbers, rendered delays unavoidable, but the Council learns that the organisation for 1942 is running more smoothly, and intends, in the near future, to establish an offi:e staffed independently for carrying on the whole of this work. At the date of this Report (March, 7942) about 1650 chemists are participating in the Scheme as joint members of all three Bodies, and about 370 as joint members of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry.This does not represent all who enjoy membership of more than one Eody. There are Life Members and other subscribers who do not participate in the Scheme bccause they prefer to continue their usual [ 1301 status, although, in many cases, limiting, voluntarily, their requirements of publications, thus contributing to economy in paper, pi-inting and distribution. The results so far may be summarised as follows:-The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry have each elected as members about 850 more Fellows and Associates of the Institute, and the Institute has acquired some addition to its Roll through the introduction of the Scheme.The participators have each indicated the publications they require, so that the Societies are better able to estimate xpproximately the prospective circulations. The ultimate effect of the Scheme on the finances of the Societies can hardly be calculated with any accuracy in a time of restricted output and abnormal costs, but the Council feels that the extended circulation and improvement of the publications will be of substantial benefit not only to the participators, whose numbers will steadily increase in the future under the encourage- ment of the Councils of the three Chartered Bodies, but also to the in- dustries which have so generously supported the Council in its endeavours to ensure the financial stability of the publishing Societies and the Chemical Library.LIBRARY.-The Council has continued to receive reports from the Joint Library Committee now constituted as follows:-Association of British Chemical Manufacturers: Dr. F. H. Carr; Biochemical Society: Dr. W. Robson ; Chemical Society: Professof A. J. Allmand, Prof. H. Bassett, Dr. 0. L. Brady, Prof. C. H. Desch, *Mr. M. B. Donald, Dr. H. J. Emelkus, Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham, Dr. C. F. Goodeve, Dr. P. Haas, Prof. C. R. Harington, Dr. T. A. Henry, Di-. E. W. McClelland Dr. E. E. Turner, Prof. W. Wardlaw; Faraday Society: Professor J. R. Partington; Institute of Brewing: Mr. H. W. Harman; Institute of Chemistry: Mr.A. L. Bacharach, Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, Mr. H. W. Cremer, Dr. E. Vanstone; Society of Chemical Industry: Dr. H. E. Cox, Dr. L. A. Jordan, Dr. R. Lessing; Society of Dyers and Colourists: Mr. J. Blair; Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists: Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell. The contributions of the Chartered Bodies towards the maintenance of the Library during 1940, calculated approximately proportionately on the roll of members respectively, and taking into account donations received from other sources, and L2jo contributed by the Chemical Council itself under Section 7of the Constitution, were allocated as follows :-Institute of Chemistry : 50percent. L674 7 6 Society of Chemical Industry: 26 ,, L343 18 10 Chemical Society : 24 L330 8 9J, FINANcEs.-The Council has continued to assist the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in the cost of publications, has again contributed &o to the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society, as mentioned above, and in addition, l50 for the inclusion of “Summaries” in the Journal of the Society.c 131 1 The Council has also completed a donation of E50o towards the cost of the Quinquennial Index (1933-1937) of British Chemical Abstracts, and paid LIOOtowards the expenses incurred on its bchalf tq, the Institute of Chemistry. yo further appeal for funds has been made, but the (‘ouiicil has been much gratified to receive the regular payment of contributions under Deeds of Covenant and others in fulfilment of promises made at the time of the inauguration of the fund.Notes The Board of Trade have authorised the following announcement :-“The Board of Trade have arranged that where Laboratory or Industrial Chemists have expended more than twelve coupons on overalls during the period 1st June, 1941, to 31st May, 1942, they may claim a rebate of coupons expended in excess of that number. For the present, such claims supported with bills, should be sent: by members of the Institute of Chemistry to the Institute, and by members of the British Association of Chemists, or by chemists who are not members of any organised body, to the Association. No claims may be sent by chemists who have received extra coupons under any oi the Board’s awards of supplementary coupons.“The Board is also considering the special clothing needs of chemists in respect of the next rationing period, and a further announcement will be made in due course.” The Board has further considered the problem of the replacement of clothing destroyed by industrial accident;; and has now decided that, where a worker’s clothing-whether his own or whether supplied by his employer-is irreparably destroyed by accident resulting from his work, coupons will be granted for its replacement, subject to the following arrangements being complied with, viz :-(I) The employer of the worker concerned will be required to make an application for the necessary coupons giving the following particulars :-(a) the exact quantity and nature of the clothing destroyed; (b) the exact nature and circumstances of the accident and date; (c) a statement by the employee that he has not and will not make (2) With a view to facilitating the prompt handling of these applica- any other application for coupons in respect of the loss.tions the Board is prepared to allow such applications to be dealt with by employers’ organisations on behalf of their constituent firms. The Board has agreed to consider the Institute as an “Employers’ Association ” for the purpose of the above scheme, in respect of any Fellows or Associates who are employers but do not belong to any other such organisation. It is expected that this may prove useful to consulting chemists or other members working independently .132 1 Further particulars may be available on enquiry to the officers of the Institute in the near future. The Ministry of Home Security has announced that new equipment for the testing of gases is now being issued to Gas Identification Officers. It is not intended to apply compulsory enrolment in the Home Guard to Gas Identification Officers without the consent of the local authorities concerned. G.1.O.s who receive calling-up notices must communicate immediately with their local authorities in order that there should be no hitch in the procedure for application for the deferment of such officers if called up for military service. The Ministry of Home Security has confirmed that Gas Identification Officers fall within the grade of Officers. Mr.E. V. Evans, O.B.E., Fellow, has been elected President of the Institution of Gas Engineers. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., is glad to admit visitors on week-days to the extensive laboratories and farm. The latter is especially interesting at present on account of woodland reclamation. The Woburn Experimental Farm (Husborne ,Crawley, via Bletchley, Beds.) may be visited by appointment with the Hon. Local Director, Dr. 14. H. Mann, F.I.C. Corrigendum.-From the list of the Board of Examiners published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1942,page 66, the mention of Branch H, General Analytical Chemistry was inadvertently omitted. The Examiner for that Branch is Mr.Herbert Newton Wilson, Fellow. Obituary FRANCIS CLARK,who has been reported missing as the result of theWILLIAM oss of the ship in which he was known to have been travelling, was in his 42nd year. Educated at Hugh Myddelton Higher Grade School, he obtained employment in the laboratory of the City of London Electric Lighting Co., Ltd., and studied at Birkbeck College and at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. In 1917 he became engaged on research for British Dyestuffs, Ltd., under Professor A. G. Perkin, F.R.S., at Leeds University, and later continued with t’he British Dyestuffs Corporation at Huddersfield and Blackley until 1925, when he visited the United States and Canada on an investigation on behalf of the British Dyestuffs Corporation and the Distillers Company, Ltd.In 1926 he visited France to study special processes of manufacture, and in 1927 joined the staff of the Distillers Co., Ltd., and was associated until 1934 with the building and organisation of the works of British Jndustrial Solvents, Ltd., with whom he became technical development manager, and two years later technical superintendent, in which capacity he made further visits to the United States, Canada and the Continent. In 1938 he was joint autrhor wit,h M. IT. Guinot of a paper on “Azeotropic Distillation in Jndustry,” read beforc tho Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was a very able chemical engineer. whose loss at the present time is much to be deplored.Ho was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918, and a Fellow in 1938. [ 133 1 GEORGEPERLY died in Australia on 10th April, in his 74th year. DARNELL-SM~TH Between 1886 and 1891 he attended courses under Williamson, and later under Ramsay and Carey Poster at University College, London. During his training, however, he held a post with the Soar Soap Works at Leicester, and taught for a year at Gainsborough Grammar School, but in spite of these digressions, graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1891. He was then for nine months assistant to Dr. William Marcet, P.R.S., Fellow, for whom he carried out the gas analysis required for a paper on respiration contributed to the Royal Society. Thereafter, he held an appointment as lecturer in biology and chemistry at the Merchant Venturers' School, Bristol, and had practical control of the cliemical department there from 1898 yntil about 1906 when he received nil appointment under the Board of Education, Auckland, New Zealand.Three years later, he joined the staff of the Government Bureau of Micro-biology, New South Wales, and subsequently held appointments as biologist in the cshemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, and finally became Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, from which position he retired in 1933. In 1918 hc received the Honorary degree of D.Sc. from the University of Sydney. He was elected an Associate of the Institute 1898 and a Fellow in 1901. ALFRED GREIXES died at Wortliing on 12th April, in his 75th year.About 1889, he became an assistant in the laboratory of Messrs. Thomas Farmer and Co., of Victoria DOC~S,and then studied for two years at Finsbury Technical College, under Meldola, before proceeding to the Royal College of Science, London, under (Sir) Edward Thorpe and Ruckcr, and to the South-Western Polytechnic Institute, Chelsea. He gained the A.R.C.S. and graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) with honours in chemistry. He was for three years research assistant to Dr. M7. Palmer Wynne, and in 1894 joined the staff of tho Wandsworth Technical Institute, where he was in charge of the chemical department until his retirement in 1933. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1914. LIONELSAMUELHARTZdied on 30th June, 1941, at the age of 29 years.1l:ducated at the Jews Froe Central School (L.C.C.), he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. J. Lyons LQ Cn., Ltd., in 1936, and studied at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute, graduating B.Sc., with first class honours in chemistry, in 1939. He was electcd an Associate of the Institute in 1939. WILLIAMHAIGHJOHNSONJOHN died at Wakofield on 20th April in his 66th year. Educated at Wheelwright Grammar School, Dewsbury, he received his professional training under Smit hells at Yorkshire College-later the University- Leeds, from 1893 to 1896, in which year he graduated B.Sc. (Vict.). In the latter year he became assistant to George Jarmain, Fellow, Public Analyst for Huddersfieltl, and in 1898 obtained an appointment as chemist and biologist with the West Riding of Yorkshire Rivers Board, where he remained until his retirement in 1940.He conducted much original research embodied in reports to the West Riding Rivers Board and published in the Journal of Economic Biology and other technical journals. We was awarded t'he clegrce of M.Sc. (Leeds) in 1915. He was elected a Fellow in 1919. The Institute was represented at his funeral by Mr. W. A. Wightman, Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section. HENRY died at Johnsonvillo, Wellington, New Zealand, WILLIAMLAWRENCE on 16th March, in his 77th year. The son of W. A. Lawrence, a leather merchant, he was born at Hackney, London, and educated at Downharn Road Collegiate School, Islington. From 1882 to lS90 he was an assistant under Dr.J. A. Voelcker in the laboratory of the Royal Agricultural Society and, while occupying that position, attended courses at the Onslow Collego of Science, King's Road, Chelsea. Prom 1890 to 1900 he worked under Sir Henry Gilbert at the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, and in the latter year became cngaged in the laboratory of the Nek Zealand Agricultural Department. From 1905 to 2907 he was chief chemist to the Underwood Condensed Milk Co., Ltd., at Port Fairy, and in 1907 became chemist and manager with the Gilruth Food Co. With Dr. Gilruth he was engaged on animal feeding experiments and introduced standard cheese cultures. From 1907 until his death he was engaged in private practice, largely concerned with the meat freezing industry, in which he was joined later by his son, Mr.G. A. Lawrence, R .Sc. (N.Z.), Fellov. He was a Member of tho Council of the Wellington Chamber of Commerce and of other local bodies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1921. 134 I SYDNEY died at Epsom on 1%li May, in his 60th year. TrainedANDREWM~NN at the East London-iiow Queen Mary-College, 116 obtained his first appointment as assistant chemist with Burgoyne Burbidges & Co., Ltd., Bfanufacturing Chemists, with whom he remained far three years. 111 1901 he was appointed chemist to the pathological laboratory of London County Jleiital Hospitals and devoted himself to research in biochemistry with special relation to the diagnosis of mental diseases, for which he was awarded the degree of B.Sc.(Lolid.); he later proceeded to D.Sc. Many of his papers were published in the Archiv~sof Neurology, the Journal of Physiology, The Lancet, anti the Proceedings of the Royal Soci~fy of Medicine. He carried out impor-lant research in connexion with a shortened method of the Wasser- man Test used in the diagnosis of venereal diseases.-a work which was published in conjunction with Dr. J. P. Candler,-and was for several years engaged on chemical investigations for the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases, the results of which were published in the final report of the Commission. During the xvar of 1914-1918 he served as Captain in thc R.A.M.C. 1st London (City of London) Sanitary Company, was Officer Commanding 93rd Sanitary Section ( l915-1919), serving in Egypt and Syria, was mentioned iii despatches, and was Officer in Charge of the Army Malaria Research Laboratory (1919-1920). After the war he returned to his work at Maudsley Hospital, where he continued until his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1922. NAYLOR,KENKETH a Registered Student of the Institute (1935),was born 1917 and educated at Batley Grammar School, and studied for several years at Bradford Technical College. At the outbreak of war he was engaged with the Magadi Soda Co., in Kenya, and had intended to take the examination for the Associateship of the Jnstitute in the present year, but in 1940 he joined the Royal Air Force and was a Sergeant, when.in June, 1941, he was reported missing and believed to be a prisoner of war. Recently, the Air Ministry has announced that he is now presumed to have been killed in action. WILLIAMSELBY SIXPSONdied at Enfield on 18th April, in his 86th year. Educated privately before he was 15 years of age, he continued at Darmstadt for three years and, on his return, studied at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland, and subsequently in Berlin under Hofmann as an assistant in his private laboratory. In 1878 he joined the staff of Brooke, Simpson and Spiller at Hackney Wick, with whom he remained until 1903, when he established his own works at Old Southgate, and afterwards was also associated with British Aniline Dyes and Chemical M70rk~.Ltd., as well as W.J. Simpson & Co. He discovered several colours and initiated new processes in the dyestuffs industry. He was elected ;L Fellow of the Institute in 1887. Ti7RAN(’IS GEORGEHENRYTATE died at Felbridge, East, Grinst>ead, on 10th April, in his 64th year. He was trained at Loughborough College from 1892-1896, at Icing’s College from 1896 to 1899 and at the Roj-a1 College of Science, London, from 1900 to 1!)02,in which year he joined the staff of the Government Laboratory 8s assistant. I”om 1911 to 1025 he was in charge of the Tea, Cocoa and Coffee Section of the Customs Branch of the Laboratory; from 1925-1926 was in charge of the General Imports Seetioil; from 1926-192s was engaged upon his special investiga- tion into official inethoc‘s of determining alcoholic strengths for fiscal purposes; and from 1928 was an Inspecting Chemist, having charge of branch laboratories at the ports, being at the same time in charge of the Tobacco Section.Mr. Tate devised a new hydrometer aid worked out tables for determining spirit at high temperatures: he also worked out rofractometer tables to give the proof strengths of “obscured” spirits without distillation, and introduced improved methods of analysis of tobacco. He was the author of a book on Alcoholometry,published by H.34. Stationery Office, 1930: and of various articles contributed to the Encyclopmdiz Rritannica and Thorpe’s Dictionary of Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Tnstitutc: in 1933.The Institute has recently been informed of the death of ARTHUR WILICINSON, in his 30th year. Educated at Newbridge (Mon.) Secondary School, he received his professional training at University College, Cardiff, and graduated B.Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemistry. He was subsequently engaged under thp War Depart-ment Chemist. He was elected an Associ8,te of the Institute in 1939. r 135 1 Books and their Contents The following books and publications have been kindly presented by the publishers:- Atomic Physics, Introduction to. S. Tolansky. Foreword by Sir Lawrence Bragg, F.R.S. Pp. xii + 344. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). 15s. net. A survey of modern atomic physics based on a course of lectures given to second year Honours Physics students at Manchester University. The conduction of electricity through gases ; electric discharge through gases at low pressures; charge and mass of tho electron; positive rays and the mass spectrograph; the quantum theory ; the thermionic effect ; photo-electricity ; atomic spectra and the periodic table; X-rays and their properties; the struc- tures of crystals ; wave mechanics ; electron collisions in gases ; radioactivityand radioactive transformations ; the a-particle; /%rays; y-rays; cosmic radiation: the positron and the meson; the nucleus of the atom; the relativity theory.Appendix. Index. Australia: Official Handbook. (Issued with the authority of the Minister of Commerce by the Australian National Publicity Association.Railway Buildings, Flinders Street, Melbourne, Australia.) June, 1941. Introduction by the Chairman. Geographical description ; rainfall and climate ; history ; government ; Aus-tralian territories ; social conditions ; culturo ; primary industries; land settle- ment ; water supply; manufacturing industries ; conditions affecting industry ; overseas trade ; marketing; finance; transport and communications ; the Aus- tralian aborigines : fauna ; flora; sports and pastimes ; the traveller’s Australia. Appendix :admission to Australia ; travel ; acquisition of land ; power, heat and light; maps. Introduction to Foremanship. Edited by H. McFarland Davis, for the Institute of Industrial Administration. Pp. x + zoo.(London: Macdonald and Evans.) 8s. 6d. net. Foremanship and supervision ; production organisation and planning ; labour management ;costing and remuneration ; reading and studying. Knotted String; Autobiography of a Steel Maker. Harry Brearley. Pp. x -/-198. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co.). ros. 6d. net. This is the story of a metallurgist who by sheer pertinacity and ability overcame the disadvantages of poverty and lack of education, eventually achieving fame as the discoverer of stainless steel-a record which may afford encouragement to others who may be striving against adversity. As a “cellar-lad,” his main duties consisted in wheeling coke for the crucible steel-making furnaces, removing clinker and fetching beer for the steel-melters. Next he became bottle-washer in the labora- tory of the works chemist, James Taylor-a Whitworth Scholar, who at one time had been private assistant to Sir Henry RosCoe-under whose guidance he learned woodwork, tinwork, soldering, glass-blowing and wirework for improvising apparatus for laboratory experiments.r 1361 Turning to other crafts, he made domestic furniture, repaired boots and shoes and made sandals, delighting in pulling waxed thread througll thick pliant leather. He was encouraged to rmd serious literature and was attracted by Carlisle, Ruskin and h‘lorris. Taylor gave him a Copy of Todhunter’s .4Zgebra and for a time he attended evening classes in science. While with Taylor, he was required to knot together pieces of string which had been used in tying up packets of steel drillings delivered for analysis.The “Knotted String” was kept in remote drawers arid was never used, but gives the clue to the title of the book, while the ‘‘James Taylor” Prize, awarded to a member of the Sheffield Metallurgical ASSO-ciation for the best paper or papers read or published during each two- year period, is a memorial marking the esteem of the pupil for his teacher. Brearley traces the development of analytical chemistry in steel works and makes critical comments regarding the influence of selected elements on the properties and microstructure of steel. We records his four years’ expetience in Czarist Russia where he became works manager and had to train Lettish labourers in the art of practical heat-treatment.The chapter on “Stainless Steel” indicates that at first his employers appear to have seen nothing of commercial value in the discovery and still less of scientific interest. Brearley was primarily concerned with the influence of chromium on the properties of steel for the manufacture of rifle-barrels and the inner tubes of guns, and his first realisation of the corrosion-resisting properties of low-carbon high-chromium steels was obtained from the “non-etching ” by the usual reagents, of specimens prepared for microscopic examination. The steel offered its highest resistance to corrosion when in the quenched or hardened condition. For a time, he was described as “the man who invented knives that won’t cut ”;but when they were properly hardened this difficulty was overcome and the knives did not readily snap when bent.He became works manager of Brown Bayley’s Steelworks, and wrote, with his brother, a treatise on “Ingots and Ingot Moulds.” Later he was appointed a technical director and travelled widely for his firm before he became an independent consultant. Among his other works, Mr. Brearley is the author, jointly with F. Ibbotson (“Phi ”), of The Analysis of Steel Works Materials, published in 1902, and sole author of The Analytical Chemistry of Uranium, pub-lished in the following year. In 1918,he published a book on The Heat-Treatment of Tool Steel. In 1920, he was awarded the Bessemer Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute-the only distinction he had ever coveted.Physical Chemistry, Introduction to. Alexander Findlay. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Pp. viii + 582. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.) 15s. net. Constitution of matter ; properties of gases ; liquefaction of gases and crjtical phenomena ; liquids and their properties ; properties of crystalline solids; molecular dimensions and configurations. Dilute solution7 aiitl their colligat,ive [ 137 1 properties ; osmosis and osmotic pressure ; lowering of the vapour pressure. Behaviour of electrolytes in solution ; colloidal state ; adsorption ; thernio-chemistry and the first law of thermodynamics ; homogeneous equilibria : velocity of chemical reaction; catalysis ; second law of thermodynamics ; Iau of mass action applied to solutions of elactrolytes ;cliornical energy and electrical energy :clectromotivo force ;photo-chemistry.Hcterogeneous equilibria and thv law of mass action : distribution law. Heterogeneous equilibria : the phase rule. Appendix. Questions arid problems. Logarithms. Index. “Practical Chemistry.” James Bruce and Harry Harper. Fifth Edition. Pp. xxii + 510. (London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.) 7s. Gd. net. Laboratory apparatus and methods ; physical measurements and laws: preparations. Qualitative analysis : reactions of the cations ; reactions of the anions; reactions of some rare elements. The balance; volumetric apparatus. Volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis.Appendix. Index. “Refractory Materials.” Second Report by the Joint Refractories Research Committee of the Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council and the ,British Refractories Research Association. Pp. vi + 168. (London: Iron and Steel Institute). 16s. Special Report No. 28 of the Iron and Steel Institute. Steelworks Refractories ; blast-furnacc refractories ; summary of publi4~etlxwrk of the British Refractories Rescarch Association. The British Standards Institution has published No. 1013-1942 Sanitary or Disinfectant Powders (2s. net, 2s. 3d. post free). Information Bulletin, No. I, on Handling, Storing and Trans- porting Wrought Aluminium Alloys has been received from the Wrought Light Alloys Development Association, 34, New Street, West Bromwich, Staffs.A brochure (C.D.A. , Publication No. 3G), entitled Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys has been received from the Copper Development Association, 9, Bilton Road, Rugby. The Mond Nickel Company, Ltd., has kindly presented the Institutc with a copy of The Nickel Bulletin, Volume 14, Nos. 1-12, 1941. Pp. 203 + I. Nickel ; non-ferrous alloys; nickel-iron alloys ; constructional steels ; heat- and corrosion-resisting alloys. Subjects and authors indcxes. Mr. E. T. H. Bucknell, Fellow, has kindly presented the Institute with Chemical Essays. R. Watson, D.D., F.K.S. Dablin, 1786. The first edition; two volumes bound in one. Dr. Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, was Regius Profcssor of Divinity and Professor of Chemistry (1764-1773) in the University of Cambridge.In his dedication to his former pupil, the Duke of Rutland, he says: “Chemistry is cultivated abroad by persons of the first rank, fortune and ability; they find in it a never failing source of honourable amusement for their private hours; and as public men, they consider its cultiva- tion as one of the most certain means of bringing to their utmost perfection, the manufactures of their country.” 138 J The Register At the meetings of Council held on 24th April and 15th May, 1942, 2 new Fellows were elected, 25 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 80 new Associates were elected, 3 Associates were re-elected, 47 Students were admitted, and I Student was re-admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of 8 Fellows, 3 Associates and I Student. New Fellows Battye, Horace George, Department of Mines and Resources, 552, Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Wood, William Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trevessa, Grasmere Avenue, Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Associates elected to the Fellowship Adamson, Donald Colin Malcolm, 47, Fordwich Rise, Hertford. Bell, Sydney Hector, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 6, Claremont Road, Teddington.Black, Hugh Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cranmere, Hatherden Avenue, Parkstone, Dorset. Blair, George William Scott, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), F.Inst.P., National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shseld, Reading. Boulton, John, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 2, St.Peters Close, Braintree, Essex. Buchan, Samuel, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Ph.D. (Cantab.), 30, Hillcrest Gardens, Hinchley Wood, Surrey. Chatfield, Herbert Walter, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 81, The Ridgeway, London, N.W.3. Chatt, Miss Eileen Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), Flat 11, 59, Christchurch Hill, London, N.W.3. Dohn, Frank Bernard, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (Jena), F.C.I.Y.A., Kingsway House, 103, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. Frost, Henry Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ivy House, East Cliff, Preston, Lancashire. Gibbs, Egbert Mead, M.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Creffield Road, London, W.5. Hadley, William Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), 11, Slade Road, Newton-Mumbles, Swansea. Lawton, George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.M.I.Chem.E., 27, Town Moor Avenue, Doncaster. Nicholls, Claude Edward Courtenay, B.Sc.(Lond.), Lowther Lodge, Beverley Road, Kirkella, E. Yorks. Rampton, Harry Cecil, B.Sc. (Lond.), 41, Fordbridge Road, Ashfdrd, Middlesex. Robins, Cecil Hancorn, B.Sc. (Lond.), 79, Epsom Road, Croydon, Surrey. Rogans, Edward Stanley Fairfield, 59, Hopwood Gardens, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Thomson, Robin Hamilton Kendall, M.Sc. (N.Z.), c/o The Bank of New Zealand, 1, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4. Tinsley, Joseph, B.Sc. (Reading), S.E. Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. Trease, George Edward, B.Pharm. (Lond.), Ph.C., 17, Wollaton Vale, Beeston, Nottinghamshire. Wain, Ralph Louis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), Westerley, Church Lane, Backwell, nr. Bristol. White, Bertram, B.Sc. (Lond.), 6, North Road, Cold Meece, Stone, Staffordshire.Whitworth, James Bell, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab.), University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge. Wordsworth, Charles Harcourt, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o The Laboratory, Finsbury Town Hall, Rosebery Avenue, London, E.C.l. Wyatt, Gordon Hilliar, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Lynwood, Wells Green, nr. Crewe. New Associates Acock, George Percival, B.Sc. (Bris.), 141, Belmont Road, Hereford. Adams, Alec Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Thornton Road, London, S.W.19. Bache, Robert Edwin, B.Sc. (Liv.), 93, Leyfield Road, Liverpool, 12. Bayley, Andrew Newton, 112, Harvey Lane, Golborne, Nr. Warrington. Bentley, Reginald Alfred, Roaslyn, Vernon Place, Sandy Lane, Leyland, Lancashire. E 139 1 Bhave, Vbhnu Mahadeo, M.Sc. (Bombay), Bhave House, 105, 4th Road, Hindu Colony, Dadar, Bombay, India.Blackburn, Francis Henry Bernard, B.Sc. (Lond.), Imperial College of TropicalAgriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad, B.W.I. Borkar, Shankar Keshav, M.Sc. (Bombay), 12, Icchaporia Sadan, Proctor Road, Bombay 7, India. Bradburn, Ernest, 29, Harcourt Road, Altrincham, Cheshire. Bradwell, Lawrence, 20, Lime Grove Avenue, Chilwell, Nottinghamshire. Bridge, Frank, A.M.C.T., 113, St. James’ Street, Farnworth, Nr. Bolton, Lancashire. Broadbent, Neville Halford, 30, Penkett Road, Wallasey, Cheshire. Buckley, Frank Cyril, 47, Hullah Lane, Wrexham. Buckley, Gerard Dunstan, 8, Marston Road, Stretford, Lancashire. Burden, Frederick Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 118, Rickmansworth Road, Watford, Herts. Cartmell, Edward, B.Sc.(Lond.), Connaught Hall, Swaythling, Southampton. Chapman, John Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 106, Woodcock Hill, Kenton, Harrow, Middlesex. Comely, Richard Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lyndhurst Grove, Chaddesden, Nr. Derby. Cox, Herbert, 23, Tyndall Avenue, Moston, Mancheslter 10. Cregeen, William,Allan, The Manse, Cross Lane, Marple, Nr. Stockport. Cunneen, John Ivan, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 48, Tewin Road, Welwyn Garden City. Currie, Archibald Beveridge, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 6, North Fort Street, Leith, Edinburgh 6. Davidson, Vincent Edward Joseph, M.Sc, (N.U.I.), 12, Prospect Road, Glasnevin, Dublin, Eire. Davies, Dennis Lancashire, B.Sc. (Manc.), 3, Queens Park, Colwyn Bay. Drew, Raymond Samuel, B.Sc. (Wales), 56, Rhyddings Park Road, Swansea.Gillham, Ronald William, 107, Becketts Park Drive, Leeds 6. Gilroy, Patrick Eric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 24, Blackfriars Road, Kings Lynn, Norfolk. Glover, Jack Harry, 88, Gordon Street, Burton-on-Trent. Goode, Eric Victor, No. 1 Flat, Low Hill, Darwen, Lancashire. Hargreaves, Kenneth Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 114, High Street, Burntisland, Fife. Harvey, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33; Kent Road, Sutton, St. Helena, Lancashire. Holland, Eric James, M.P.S., 16, Loretto Drive, Upton, Nr. Birkenhead. Hopkins, Donald Percy, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tennyson House, West End, Clevedon, Somerset. Jones, Robert, 188, High Park Street, Liverpool 8. Judge, Miss Bertha Edith, B.A. (Cantab.), 156, Kings Court, Ravenscourt Park, London, W.6. Lancaster, Douglas Winston, B.Sc.(Lond.), 9, Eversley Crescent, Osterley, Middlesex. Lawton, Stanley Ewart, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Manc.), 17, Clarence Street, Warrington. Lees; Howard, 3.Sc. (Liv.), Unit of Soil Enzyme Chemistry, Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Leigh, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Arnfield Road, Withington, Manchester 20. Looney, Reginald Frederick, 149, King’s Road, Bebington, Wirral. Marsden, William, 8, Bishops Road, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne 5. Martin, Geoffrey William, Minstead, Oxford Road ,Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. Mayah, Ronald, 126, Ainsworth Lane, Bolton, Lancashire. Miller, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), “Middle Fens,” Grange Road, West Hartlepool. Mills, Eric William, B.Sc. (Liv.), 649, Queen’s Drive, Liverpool 13. Mitchell, Stanley Cecil, B.Sc.(Lond.), Inglebank, Oakleigh Road, Clayton, Bradford. Nicholls, Stanley Frederick, M.P.S., c/o 60, Merchant Avenue, Spondon, Nr. Derby. Perkins, Walter Manuel Temple, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Universal Grinding Wheel Co., Ltd., Stafford. Pinner, Solomon Harris, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Highview, Brantham Hill, Nr. Manning- tree, Essex. Pomfret, Richard, 75, Cambridge Street, Atherton, Manchester. Portwood, Walter Ernest, 33, Beccles Road, Brooklands, Cheshire. Pool, Leslie Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), Glendene, Woodlands Avenue, Stone, Stafford- shire. Price, Frederick Charles, 42, Ickenham Close, Ruislip, Middlesex. Ramsden, Stanley Arthur, 32, Beadon Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Ransley, Henry Maurice Penrose, B.Sc.(Lond.), at 98, Marlborough Road, Beeston, Nottinghamshire. [ 140 1 Reeve, Thomas John, 14, Derby Street, Beeston, Notts. Reid, Robert Gray, 65, Church Street, Broughty Ferry, Dundee. Richards, Glyn Owen, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), The Coach Home, Rheola, Resolven, Glamorganshire.Rosney, William Charles Victor, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 5, Seafield Road, Walton, Liverpool. Ross, Francis Fraser, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 1, Coombe Rise, Coombe Lane, Kingston- on-Thames. Sharma, Vijay Ratna, B.Sc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Lond.), College of the Pharmaceutical Society, at University College, Cathay’s Park, Cardiff. Shaw, Wilfrid, 24, Marsh House Lane, Warrington. Silcocks, Clifford George, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.), Fairfield, Gatley Road, Gatley, Cheshire. Sloan, John George, B.Sc.(Q.U.B.), c/o Bleary, Portadown, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. Stephens, Francis Frederick, 1012, Ashton New Road, Clayton, Manchester 11. Stewart, Donald McPherson, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 101, Bank Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Stoddart, Eric Maurice, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Dun.), 10, Mavis Avenue, Heyworth Road, Leicester. Swarup, Daya, B.Sc. (Benares), Ph.D. (Sheff.), Department of Mining and Metal-lurgy, Benares Hindu University, Benares, India. Tewari, Chandra Nath, B.Sc. (Bengal), 15, Majidabad Buildings, Souterganj, Cawn- pore City, India. Thompson, Robert Norman, 21, Acacia Avenue, Knutsford, Cheshire. Tompkins, William Arthur, 607, Foleshill Road, Coventry. Topham, Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Broxton Avenue, Daubhill, Bolton, Lancashire.Tully-Turner, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 71, Prenton Road East, Birkenhead. Turner, Kenneth, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheff.), 4, South Parade, Leeds 1. Varadachar, K. S., M.A., M.Sc. (Madras), Inspectorate of Explosives and Chemical Stores, Kirkee, Bombay Presidency. Walker, Frank Arthur, 25, Sundial Road, Offerton, Stockport. Watt, Alfred Henry, 415, Alwold Road, Selly Oak, BirmingharrJ 29. White, Basil David, Needler Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorks. Wilkinson, Robert Foster, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., 25, Bowham Avenue, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Williams, William Sydney, B.Sc. (Bhn.), 22, Caroline Street, Dudley, Worcester- shire. Re-elected Associates Cleland, Andrew, B.Sc. (Glas.), Heatherdene, Bishopton, Renfrewshire.Gibson, Graham Charles, M.Sc. (Wales), 60, Salisbury Road, Maesteg, Glamorgan- shire. Haley, John Barber, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 25, Southport Road, Chorley, Lancashire. New Students Alcock, Arthur, Flat 3, 13, Brook Road, Fallowfield, Manchester 14. Ballard, Cecil Walter, 42, Parkstone Avenue, Emerson Park, Hornchurch, Essex. Broadwell, Edward, 29, Welbeck Street, Princes Avenue, Hull. Bushnell, Miss Rhoda Muriel, 22, Cramper’s Field, Coventry. Coathup, Alexander, 20, Anscot Avenue, Bebington, Wirral. Dawson, Joseph Henry, 28, Golgotha Road, Bowerham, Lancaster. Dean, Francis Edward, 34, Penderel Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Done, James, 23, Shortwood Avenue, Staines, Middlesex. Flack, Geoffrey Eustace, 2, Berkshire Road, Bishopston, Bristol 7.Fletcher, Robert Mark Elgar, 19, Parksway, Sedgley Park, Prestwich, Lancashire. Gardner, Arthur Alan, Duncan House, St. Georges Avenue, Northampton. Gardner, Brian Conrad, 79, Banks Road, Coventry. Gilbert, Lionel Alfred, 16, Lindfield Gardens, London, N.W.3. Griffin, George James, 73, Bluehill Lane, Wortley, Leeds 12. Gwilt, John Ruff, 181, Swinton Hall Road, Swinton, Manchester. Hand, Albert, 166, Knowsley Road, St. Helens, Lancashire. Harris, Eric David, 24, Lakeside Road, London, N.13. Heaton, John Burgess, 5, Gardens Grove, Morecambe. Herringshaw, John Francis, Yelton Hotel, White Rock, Hasting. [ 141 1 Jepson, Frank Milton, 15, Burton Avenue, Lancaster. Lassman, Miss Doreen Esta, 19, Douglas Road, Lenton Sands, Nottingham.Lazarus, Alan Moss, 230, Torbay Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Leslie, Ronald, 3, First Avenue, Heatherhouse Road, Irvine, Ayrshire. Mann, Gordon Marshall Leonard, 10, Borstal Street, Rochester, Kent. Marshall, Walter Wilkinson, Green Bank, Little Hallam Hill, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. McIntosh, Henry James, 36, Windsor Street, Coventry. McLagan, Robert Alexander, 137, Lower Paddock Road, Oxhey, Herts. Moodie, Thomas, c/o 15, Carment Drive, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Parker, Alwyn, 27, Trentham Grove, Lesds 11. Patrick, Eric Anthony Knights, 49, Ingleby Way, Wallington, Surrey. Payne, William Charles, 16, Gladsmuir Road, London, N.19. Pierce, John Stephen, 23, Sunnyside Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Pollard, Alan, 73, Dewsbury Road, Leeds 11.Potter, Robert Towns, Viewforth House, High Street, Dysart, Fife. Reast, Norman, 3, Georges Road, Bessacarr, Doncaster. Reed, Dennis Woodgate, 81, Alleyn Road, London, S.E.21. Rubin, Wallace, 34, Cambrian Street, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire. Rutherford, William Alexander, 32, Newland Park, Hull. Ruthven, Colin Richard Jerome, 20, Brackendale Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Senior, Arthur Edward, 123, Broadgat'e Walk, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds. Sharp, Sidney, 145, Do la Pole Avenue, Anlaby Road, Hull. Taylor, Henry, 73, Royal Park Avenue, Leeds 6. Thompson, Ronald John, 20, Meadowcroft Avenue, Cleveleys, Lancashire. Thornton, Arthur, 3, Central Avenue, Greenfield, Nr. Oldham. Tozer, Harold, Raby Road, Neston, Wirral, Cheshire. Watts, Charles Frederick, 65, Beresford Avenue, Foleshill, Coventry. Wells, Hal, 100, Wellesley Road, Slough, Buckinghamshire.Re-admitted Student Cumberland, Frank Charles, 10, Willow Trees Drive, Lammack, Blackburn, Lanca- shire. DEATHS Fellows Francis William Clark, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.1.Chem.E. George Percy Darnell-Smith, B.Sc. (Lond. & Bris.), D.Sc. (Sydney). Alfred Greeves, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. John William Haigh Johnson, B.Sc. (Vict.), M.Sc. (Leeds). Henry William Lawrence. Sydney Andrew Mann, D.Sc. (Lond.). William Selby Simpson. Francis George Henry Tate. Associates Lionel Samuel Hartz, B.Sc. (Lond.).Robert Ernest Jefferson, M.Sc. (Mane.).Arthur Wilkinson, B.Sc. (Wales). Student Kenneth Naylor. Coming Events June 24 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Section). “Adhesives.” Dr.M. G. M. Pryor, at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. Iron and Steel Institute, jointly with the Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metallurgists, the Sheffield Metallurgical Association and the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute of Chemistry: in the Assembly Room, Royal Victoria Station Hotel, Sheffield, at 7 p.m. 18 Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association (London Section). “Modern Views of and25 some Reactions of Organic Compounds.” Dr. H. B. Watson, at the JVLY2 Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 6.30 p.m.(10s. for the course. Application to be made to the Honorary Secretary, London Section, Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, Mr.David E. Roe, c/o Atlas Preservative Co., Ltd., Fraser Road, Erith, Kent.) JdY 15 THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). ‘-Chemist versus Forger.’’ Dr. J. Grant, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 6 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE(Birmingham and Midlands Seetion). ”Structure and Pattern in Carbohydrates.” Professor W. N. Haworth, F.R..S., at the Chamber of Commerce, New Street, Birmingham, at 6 p.m. Aug . 12 THE INSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). “Chemist versus Forger.’; Dr. J.Grant, at Kodak Hall, Harrow, at 6 p:m. 36 THE INSTITIJTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section). Visit to the Imperial Inst#itute (South Kensington), at 4p.m. Limited (by ballot) to 50 members; applications to be sent to the Hon.Secretary. Successful members will be notified. General Notices Examinations--It is hoped that examinations for the Associateship arid for the Fellowship will be held in September as usual. Candidates whose applications have not yet been accepted by the Council cannot now enter for these examinations. It is hoped that candidates whose applications have been accepted, may be informed early in July as to the arrangements for the examina- tions. The last date for actual entries and payment of examination fees will be Monday,20th July. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc.r 143 1 Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Asso-ciates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of .extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. For Library Notices of the Institute, The Chemical Society, The Science Library, Boots’ and Lewis’s, see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, August, 1941,pp. 250-251. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.--Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their eermanent addresses for registration. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Correspondence should ?zormaZZy be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number : Hillside 1859. c 1441