THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 11: 1940. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee- RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary-30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. April, 1940. Publications Committee, 1940-41. -A. L. BACHARACH (Chairman), J. J. FOX (President), W. M. AMES, M. BOGOD, R. R. BUTLER, * A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L.EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUVTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W.MONIER-WILLIAMS, A.C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J.R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PIC-, F. M. ROWE, S. B. WATKINS. Qfficers and Members of Council, 1940-41. PRESIDENT: JOHN JACOB FOX, C.B., O.B.E., D.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. FRANCIS HOWARD CARR, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. HAROLD AUGUSTINE TEMPANY, C.B.E., D.Sc. HON. TREASURER: JOHN CHRISTISON WHITE, M.C., O.B.E., A.K.C. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: WILLIAM MELVILLE AMES, M.A., B.Sc.: Edinburgh and East 0s EDWARD BERTRAM ANDERSON, M.Sc. : London. [Scotland. ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH, M.A. : London.MARK BOGOD, A.R.C.S. : London and South-Eastern Counties. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER, M.Sc. :Liverpool and North- West Coast. ALBERT COULTHARD, Ph.D. : Manchester. WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow.JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. : London. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.: London. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. : London. LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc. : London. ERNEST HAROLD FARMER, D.Sc., D.I.C. : London. ALEXANDER FINDLAY, M.A., PH.D., D.Sc. : Aberdeen. WILLIAM GODDEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : Aberdeen and North of Scotland. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D., A.H.-W.C. :Coatbridge.EDWIN GREGORY, M.Sc., PH.D.: East Midlardt? and South Yorlcshire. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HALL, M.Sc., PH.D. :Newcastle upon Tyne[and North-East Comt.JOHN WILLIAM HAWLEY, B.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E. : Glasgow and West of IAN MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : London. [Scotland.HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : Huddersfield. THOMAS REGINALD HODGSON, M.A. : Mmchester. WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, B.Sc., PH.D.: Northern Ireland. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKINS, D.Sc. : Birmingham.HAROLD HUNTER, D.Sc., A.INsT.P., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Cheadle. GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : Birmingham.LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT, D.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : London. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : Munchester and District. PERCY LEWIS-DALE, PH.D. : Bournemouth. GORDON WICKHAM MONIER-WILLIAMS, O.B.E., M.C., M.A., Ph.D.: [London.ALLAJY CUTHBERTSON MONKHOUSE, B.Sc., PH.D. : Bristol and [South- Western Counties. HENRY WEBSTER MOSS, A.R.C.Sc.1.: Yorlishzre. JOHN RALPH NICHOLLS, B.Sc. : London. THOMAS JOSEPH NOLAN, B.A., D.Sc.: Dublin. DERIC WILLIAM PARKES, M.C., B.A., B.Sc. :Birminghamand Midlands. WILLIAM STEWART PATTERSON, PH.D., D.Sc. :Sunderland. ALFRED JOHN PRINCE, MSc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Billinghum.THOMAS FRED ERIC RHEAD, M.Sc., M.I.CHEM.E. : Birmingham.WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.Sc. : LiverpooZ.FREDERICK MAURICE ROWE, D.Sc. : Lee&. NORMAN LINDSAY SHELDON, C.I.E., PH.D. : The Overseas Dominions [and Elsewhere Abroad. SIDNEY BEVAN WATKINS, M.Sc., A.M.I.CHEM.E.: Warlea and the JOHN WEIR, M.A., PH.D. : Stevenston. [Countyof Monmth. 84 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1940: 1 9 ~ ~APRIL. 1940: 15~~NOVEMBER. 1~THMAY. 20~~DECEMBER. 21ST JUNE. 1941 : 24~~JANUARY.1 9 ~ ~JULY. 31ST JANUARY. 1STH OCTOBER. BlsT FEBRUARY. ANiWAL GENERAL MEETING: 3RD MARCH, 1941. CENSORS : 1940-41. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. SIR JOCELYN THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1940141. Chairman* FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, F. H. CARR, A. E. DUN-STAN, L. EYNON, A. FINDLAY, H. H. HODGSON, G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, A. J. PRINCE, H. A. TEMPANY, AKD J. C. WHITE*. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, WITH F. H. CARR, G. KING, L. H. LAMPITT, J. H. LESTER, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. ROCHE LYNCH, G. W. MONIER- WILLIAMS, H. ?V. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, W.H. ROBERTS, AND H. A. TEMPANY. NOMINATIONS, EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT*- H. V. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN);AND COUNCIL IN C~MMITTEE. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH*,M. BOGOD,R. R. BUTLER, A. COULTHARD, F. P. DUNN, A. E. DUNSTAN, L. EYNON, W. GODDEN, E. GREGORY, A. A. HALL, J. W. HAWLEY, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEY- MAN, R. H. HOPKINS, H. HUNTER, G. KING, P. LEWIS-DALE, G. W. MONIER-WILLIAMS, A. C. MONKHOUSE, H. W. MOSS, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. J. NOLAN, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, F. M. ROWE, AND S. B. WATKINS. SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT, J. C. WHITE (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, H.G. COLMAN, E. M. HAWKINS, C. PROCTOR, AND G. RUDD THOMPSOK. 85 APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. COULTHARD, H. E. COX, H. W. CREMER, C. J. T. CRONSHAW, J. C. DRUMMOND, €3. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, P. F. GORDON, E. GREGORY, H. H. HODGSON, W. HONNEYMAN, R. H. HOPKINS, G.ROCHE LYNCH, C. A.MITCHELL, J.R. NICHOLLS, W. S. PATTERSON, A. J. PRINCE, W. H. ROBERTS, R. E. SLADE, H. A. TEMPANY", AND S. B. WATKINS. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH 0. L. BRADY, H. BURTON, F. H. CARR*, W. CUMMING, E. H. FARMER, T. P. HILDITCH, H. H. HODGSON, R. H. HOPKINS, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, L. H. LAMPITT, H. McCOMBIE, E. K. RIDEAL, SIR ROBERT ROBINSON, SIR JOCELYN THORPE, D. F. TWISS, AND WILLIAM WARDLAW.COMMITTEE RE PUBLICITY: A. L. BACHARACH*, L. EYNON, J. R. JOHNSON, AND A REPRE-SENTATIVE OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE LOKDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES SECTION, SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTER COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT*, WITH W. M. AMES, H. V. A. BRISCOE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, H. E. COX, A. E. EVEREST, T. P. HILDITCH, H. HUNTER, G. ROCHE LYNCH, D. W. PARKES, SIR ROBERT PICKARD, W. H. ROBERTS AND S. B. WATKINS. WAR EMERGENCY COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT", THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER. NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE JOINT COMMITTEE WITH THE BOARD OF EDUCATION (ENGLAND AND WALES): THEPRESIDENT, WITH H. V. A. BRISCOE, A. E. DUNSTAN, LEWIS EYNON, AND SIR ROBERT PICKARD. THE SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT: THEPRESIDENT, WITH R.BRUCE, W. M. CUMMING, A. FINDLAY, P. F. GORDON, J. W. HAWLEY, G. G. HENDERSON*, F. D. MILES, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, J. WEIR, AND F. J. WILSON. THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, NORTHERN IRELAND : THE PRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSOK, J. HAWTHORNE, W. HONNEYMAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND G. S. ROBERTSON. REPRESENTATIVE ON THE POISONS BOARD (Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933) G. ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. 86 REPRESENTATIVES ON THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL: J. 3.FOX (PRESIDENT),H. A. TEMPANY, AND SIR JOCELYN THORPE. REPRESENTATIVES ON THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY: A. L. BACHARACH, H. V. A. BRISCOE, H. W. CREMER, AND ERNEST VANSTONE. BOARD OF' EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1940-41.Chai,rman : THE PRESIDENT. Representatives of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee : H. V. A. BRISCOE, E. H. FARMER, G. ROCHE LYNCH. SIR ROBERT PICKARD, AND W. H. ROBERTS. Examiner8 for the Associateship : JOSEPH KENYON, D.Sc. (LoND.), F.R.S. HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLIKGHAM, PH.D. (LoND.),A.R.C.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHENISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW, D.Sc. (DUNELM). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY:RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH, Sc.D. (CANTAB), F.R.S. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:JOSEPH KENYON, D.SC.(LOND.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY: HAROLD RAISTRICK, B.A., Sc.D. (CANTAB.),D.Sc. (LEEDS), F.R.S. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, D.Sc.(BIRM.). THERAPEUTICS, ANDPHARMACOLOGY, MICROSCOPY:CHARLES HERBERT HAMPSHIRE, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (LoND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AURICULTURAL CHEMISTRY: ERNEST VANSTONE, D.Sc. (BIRM.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) : HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER, M.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed asrequired. 87 HON.AUDITORS, 1940-41: CLAUDE LEOPOLD CLAREMONT, B.Sc. (LoND.), HD JOHN GAIUSASHWELL GRIFFITHS, B.A., PH.D. (CANTAB.). AUDITORS, 1940-41: DAVID HENDERSON, in association with MESSRS. J. Y. FINLAY & CO., Chartered Accountant8. SOLICITORS: MESaas. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2.BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICmD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CANTAB.), F.I.C. Chemists and National Service.-The Executive Officers of the Institute are prepared, so far as they are able, to deal with enquiries regarding chemists and national service. The business of the Institute has been carried on without interruption at its headquarters since the outbreak of war. Should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, enquiries may be addressed-for the present-to the Registrar, at 9, Westbury Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, N.12. Telephone Number: Hillside 1859. 88 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 23rd February, 1940.-The Council received a letter from Lord Leverhulme, Chairman of the British Management Council, expressing sympathy with the Council of the Institute on the death of its President, who had for some years past represented the Institute on the British Management Council. A letter was received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section transmitting a copy of a report of a sub-committee which had been considering the general question of publicity as applied to the activities of the Institute and to the profession of chemistry. After discussion, the Council resolved to appoint a Special Committee to consider the matter,- the said Committee to consist of the Chairman of the Publications Committee (to be appointed by the new Council in March), Mr.A. L. Bacharach, Mr. J. R. Johnson (Birmingham), and a representative appointed by the Committee of the London and Sout h-East ern Counties Sect ion. Sir Robert Pickard, Senior Vice-president, who presided at the meeting, referred to the death of Sir Gilbert Morgan, and to the services which he had rendered to the Institute and to the profession. The Council stood in silence. A letter was received from the Press and Censorship Bureau informing the Institute that care should be taken to prevent the unauthorised disclosure of confidential matters which might be the subjects of discussion at meetings of professional institutions.The matter was referred to the executive officers for appropriate attention. Reports of the Standing Committees were received. The Benevolent Fund Committee reported on its proceedings in connexion with ten cases; also that a letter had been received from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section urging that further effort be made to secure support for the fund, and sug- gesting that the Committee would be assisted if the circum- stances, which enabled members in need to apply for assistance, were prescribed in a general way. The Committee reported that it had frequently considered 89 means whereby Local Sections might be utilised to secure further support for the fund, but had deprecated bringing pressure to bear on Fellows and Associates by making collections at meetings, because members who were keen in supporting the activities of Local Sections were usually regular supporters of the fund, and it was not fair that they should be called upon to contribute to such collections, which might also tend to dissuade members from attending meetings.The Committee felt that greater interest in the fund might be secured if the Honorary Secretary or Members of the Committee or District Members of Council could be allowed, on suitable occasions, to tell the members something more about the work of the Committee and the cases with which it dealt. With regard to the second enquiry from the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, the Committee did not feel that those who needed help had any difficulty in approaching the Institute.Every deserving case was dealt with promptly and without formality. The Committee felt that it was not neces- sary to prescribe, in any way, the circumstances in which appeals could be made to the fund. The Chairman of the Committee was gratified to report that, acting in conjunction with the Chairman of the Publications Committee, he had addressed a letter to a large number of Fellows and Associates who had been asked to collaborate in the new edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science, and, so far, had received only favourable replies indicating a general very willing desire to co-operate in the work, for the benefit of the fund.On the Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, the Stockport College for Further Educa- tion was added to the list of Institutions recognised by the Council for the training of candidates for the Associateship. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr. H. E. Cox, on his retirement from the Council, for his valuable services as a member of the Sub-committee for the oral examination of candidates, particularly those applying for admission to the Associateship under the provision of Regulation I11 and I (C). On the Report of the Publications Committee, the Council authorised the Committee to make arrangements for a lecture on the Chemistry of Enzyme Action. The Council received from Dr.C. Ainsworth Mitchell, Chair- man of the Appointments Committee, a report on the working of the Appointments Register (see page 91). 90 The Council confirmed the appointment of the Examiners, and re-appointed the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries and the Executive Officers of the Institute, for the ensuing year. The Senior Vice-president having expressed thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell, and other Members of Council who would retire at the Annual General Meeting, in accordance with the By-laws, Mr. Butterfield and Mr. J. R. Johnson replied on their behalf. Council Meeting, 15th March, 1940.-The Council wel- comed the new President, Dr. J. J. Fox, C.B., who, in turn, welcomed the new Members of Council who were in attendance for the first time,-Mr.E. B. Anderson, Mr. F. P. Dunn and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse,-and also those who had previously served on the Council and had been re-elected. In reviewing the matters which had been referred to the new Council,-(a) it was decided to postpone for a further six months the consideration of the Proposed Supplemental Charter; (b) it was decided to ask Dr. Francis H. Carr, C.B.E., Vice-president, to accept appointment as representative of the Institute on the British Management Council, in the place of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder; (c) Dr. Norman Lindsay Sheldon, C.I.E., was elected District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad; (d) it was decided to publish a new edition of the Register of the Institute, without addresses and without any information regarding the appointments held by the Fellows and Associates; and (e) it was decided to ask the new Publications Committee to consider the question of the exchange of advertise- ments of the Institute with the advertisements of other Societies in their respective publications.The Committees for 1940-41 were appointed with their Chairmen, and the dates of future Council meetings were fixed. 91 The Appointments Register. The following statement was submitted to the Council on 23rd February :-The last Report on the working of the Appointments Register was presented to the Council in October, 1938, and covered the period 1st October, 1937, to 30th September, 1938.The usual Report was not presented in October, 1939. The following information is now submitted :-VACANCIES.-~,~~~vacancies were notified to members using the Appointments Register from 1st September, 1938, to 31st August, 1939, compared with 1,059 in the previous twelve months. From 1st September, 1939, to 13th February, 1940, 292 vacancies have been notified. There was, as might have been expected, some falling off in the earlier part of this period, but there are signs that the number of vacancies notified to the Institute and in the press is tending to increase. NUMBER REGISTER.-OF MEMBERSUSING THE APPOINTMENTS On the 1st September, 1939,266 members who held paid appoint- ments were using the Appointments Register.131 of these are still using the Register and 126have since enrolled, making a total of 392 members holding appointments who have used the Appointments Register at some time since September, 1939. At the date of this Report, 238 members holding appointments are using the Register. To this must be added 204 members who have been at various times recorded as unemployed, bringing the number of members who have had occasion to use the Appointments Register during the period under review to a total of 596. UNEMPLOYMENT.--On the xst September, 1939, 90 members (20 Fellows and 70 Associates) were recorded as unemployed. Of these, 45 still continue the use of the Appointments Register and are still disengaged. Since the above date, 114 members have enrolled, stating that they were either without employment or expecting to terminate their engagements.The above figures show that 204 have been recorded as unemployed at some time 92 during the period. At the date of this Report (14th February) IOS* are registered as unemployed. Of these 108-25 have been unemployed for over I year 20 ” Y9 ?> 3’ between IZ months and 6 months I2 ” 9) 7) ’ $9 99 6 9) )> 5 >> 918 ” ’J >> >> >> 3) $9 >I >> >> 5 4 >? 9) 7) 3) 4 3 >J >> 9 92 $9 >) >> >> 3 >J >> 2 >> 4 >J 95 >Y Y> YJ 2 9) 1) I >J 11 9J 9) 9) >’ under I month The peak of unemployment was reached on 27th November, 1939,when 137 were recorded as unemployed.It may be mentioned that the number unemployed includes several who were previously recorded as “retired” but who, owing to the war, are desirous of obtaining employment which may be useful to the nation. It also includes the names of a few members who had been engaged in consulting work but owing to the falling off of practice are now desirous of obtaining whole-time salaried employment. * On going to press, 92. 93 Sixty-Second Annual General Meeting. FRIDAY, 1st MARCH, 1940. The Sixty-Second Annual General Meeting of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, the 1st day of March, 1940, at 3 p.m., Sir Robert Pickard, F.R.S., Senior Vice-president, occupying the Chair.THELATE PRESIDENT. The CHAIRMAN: “I did not expect to preside at an Annual General Meeting of the Institute again, but you will know that it is due to the unhappy circumstances in which we meet. You are all aware of the very grievous loss that the Institute has suffered in the sudden death of our distinguished President, Mr. W. A. S. Calder. Mr. Calder endeared himself to everybody who came in contact with him by his very friendly, cordial and sweet way of dealing with men, and while he served on the Council and for so short a time as President he did the Institute a great service by the interest that he displayed and the ready way in which he gave his wide experience of chemists, of chemical industry and of the chemical profession to the service of the Institute.We mourn his loss, and I willask you to signify that by rising in your places.” The members stood in silence for a few moments. PRESENTATION THE MELDOLA MEDAL. OF The CHAIRMAN: “It is customary at the Annual General Meeting, before proceeding to the ordinary business, to perform a very pleasant ceremony. “Professor Meldola, one of the most distinguished Presidents of this Institute, was also President of the Society of Maccabaeans, and, when he died, the Society decided to give annually a medal, to be awarded by the Council of the Institute in collaboration with a representative of the Society, to be used in distinguishing a man whose work before the age of thirty was deemed to be of outstanding merit.In making this award, the Council of the Institute has of late years alternated between the two main divisions of our science,-+hysical, inorganic and general chemistry on the one hand, and organic and biochemistry on the other. This year, other things being equal, it fell to the Council of the Institute to award the Meldola Medal to an organic chemist. Of the names brought to the notice of the Institute there was the name of a man whose work stood out from the others, and the Council decided to award the Medal on this occasion to Dr. Henry Norman Rydon. (Applause.) I will ask Dr. Rydon to come forward.” Presenting the MedaL to DY.Rydon, the Chairman said: “Dr.Rydon, you are to-day becoming one of the long succession of Meldola Medallists,-men who at the time of the award were under thirty years of age, and had done distinguished work. The list of Medallists includes many men who have since made a mark in the chemical profession ; and the Council of the Institute, in making this award to you, has no fear but that you will take your proper place among those in the list of Meldola Medallists. In making the award, the Council was particularly struck by your work on unsaturated compounds, and regarded as of special merit some of the work that you did on the Michael reaction, your work on one or two of the terpenes, and your work on the synthesis of bodies related to the sterols, which is of outstanding character.On behalf of the Council, I have much pleasure in handing you this Medal, with the congratulations of the Institute.” (Applause.) Dr. H. N.RYDON:“I wish to thank the Institute and the Society of Maccabxans very much for this award. It is an award which I, like many others, have coveted, but I never expected to get it; such a thing did not seem likely to happen to me; yet it has happened. I do not say that merely out of modesty;I feel it. But there is another side to the picture; it is incumbent upon me now to work several times as hard as I have been working in order to live up to this great award, and I shall try to do so. “If there has been any merit in my work, I do not think it is due to me alone.Credit is due, as would be the case with anyone’s research work, to those who have worked under me and my colleagues, and more especially have I to thank my teachers. Among my teachers I would mention Professor Linstead, himself a previous recipient of the Medal, with whom I worked for my Ph.D. in London and who started me on the path of research; Sir Jocelyn Thorpe, who gave me such wonderful 95 facilities at South Kensingtoil to work out my ideas; and latterly Sir Robert Robinson, who has proved such an inspiration to me at Oxford. “It would perhaps not be inappropriate if I were to remind the Institute that Professor Meldola was very anxious about British chemical industry at the beginning of and during the last war, and I think that probably it is fair to say that if he were alive to-day he would be very pleased to see in how much better a position we stand to-day as compared with that which we occupied in 1914.” The CHAIRMAN:“The Institute of Chemistry possesses a small fund which arose in an interesting way, mainly by the sale of the gold Davy Medal of the Royal Society, which had been awarded to Professor Meldola and bequeathed to the Institute by Mrs.Meldola. With the concurrence of the Royal Society and the surviving relatives of Professor Meldola, the Medal was sold and the proceeds invested, so that the Institute has been enabled to have a small prize fund associated with the Meldola Medal. The income has been sufficient to enable us to provide as a prize a book, selected by Dr.Rydon, entitled ‘The Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity,’ which I have much pleasure in presenting to the Meldola Medallist for 1939.” :Dr. RYDON “Thank you, Sir.” MINUTES. The notice convening the meeting was taken as read, as were also the Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which had been circulated in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939. The Minutes were signed. ANNUALACCOUNTS. The CHAIRMAK:“I will now ask the Honorary Treasurer to present the Annual Accounts, with the Report of the Auditors.” Mr. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) : “I do not propose to read the Report of the Finance and House Committee or the Statement of Accounts, which will be found on pages 8 and g and pages 22 et seq.of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, 1940. I would only add, to what has already been printed and is before you, the assurance-I hope an unnecessary assurance- that my Committee during the past year has endeavoured to ensure the carrying out of the objects and functions of the Institute, as interpreted by the Council, as fully and in as economic 96 a manner as is consistent with due efficiency. War-time con- ditions may call for further economies, and the Committee has acted accordingly. “I beg to move the adoption of the Accounts as printed in the copy of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSwhich is before you, and I have much pleasure in proposing also that a hearty vote of thanks be extended to the Honorary Auditors, Messrs.C. L. Claremont and J.G. A. Griffiths.” Dr. KENYOX:“I have much pleasure in seconding that proposal.” The CHAIRMAN: “Does any member of the Institute wish to raise any point or ask any question on the Accounts? ” Mr. C. E. BARRS:I should like to ask one question. I see from page 20 of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIYGS,Part I, 1940, that advertisements in the JOURNAL are to be discontinued. Does that mean much loss of revenue ? ” Mi. JOHN C. WHITE (Hon. Treasurer) : “Advertisements of recent years have brought in something between LIOO and l200.” Mr. A. L. BACHARACH: “Is it not correct to say that no charge has ever been made against advertisements for the cost of setting and printing them, which has been covered by the general charge for the JOURNAL, and that in actual fact the Institute has gained little if anything from the printing of advertisements? ” The CHAIRMAN:“That is the explanation.If there are no further questions, I will put the motion.” The motion, including a vote of thanks to the Hon. Auditors, was carried unanimously. Mr. C. L. CLAREMONT(Hon. Auditor) : ‘‘I have nothing very much to say about the audit of the Accounts. Dr. Griffiths and I attended at the Institute on one or two occasions and were shown the books. We received every help and facility from the officers of the Institute and from the professional accountants; it was a very pleasant and easy task. I thank you on behalf of Dr. Griffiths and myself for your vote of thanks.” REPORTOF THE COUNCIL.The CHAIRMAN: “It is now my duty to move from the Chair that the Report of the Council be received and adopted. In the circumstances, you will not expect from me anything in the nature of a Presidential Address, but I think it would be fitting for me to make a few comments on the Report. 97 “In the first place, you will notice that the Report calls attention to the fact that we have lost not only our esteemed President but also many other good friends and supporters of the Institute. Two very prominent Fellows-Mr. E. R. Bolton and Professor Smithelk,-died between the publication of the last Report and the last Annual Meeting, and reference was made to them at that meeting. Our losses since the last Annual General Meeting, a year ago to-day, have been truly deplorable.They include, to mention only a few, Mr. F. G. Edmed, late Admiralty Chemist, an esteemed and very hard-working member of the Council; Professor Henry Louis, probably not known to the younger generation except by reputation, a notable metallurgist and mineralogist in Newcastle upon Tyne; and Sir William Pope, a brilliant research worker and for many years a leading figure in our profession. Lately, too, we have lost Sir Gilbert Morgan, who possessed perhaps as wide a knowledge of our subject as any man of our time. He did a great work for the Institute in that he acted from the start as our Chief Assessor in the examina- tions for National Certificates in Chemistry, and thereby did much to encourage the improvement of the standard of training in our technical colleges.We have lost also Mr. Edmund Neville Nevill, a chemist and also an astronomer. It is noteworthy that Mr. Nevill was a Founder Fellow and a member of our first Council. We have lost Dr. Frank Shutt, an eminent Canadian agricultural chemist; and-one whom some of us will remember very well,-Mr. George Stubbs, formerly Deputy Government Chemist. These and others who had attained a high reputation and success in chemistry leave with us many grateful memories. “After twenty-one years, we meet again under conditions of war, and again the Institute, as a professional organisation, is called upon to assist the Government in supplying its needs in technical personnel for industries essential to the success of our arms.In times such as these the existence of the Institute is a national asset, and, thanks to the support of the 7,500 Fellows and Associates, the requirements of the departments of State and of industry can usually be supplied. “We are sometimes told that chemistry needs greater publicity, and that we are too conservative, too apt to take the old British attitude of declining to ‘blow our own trumpet ’; but on occasions such as this we may perhaps reflect that the roll of the Institute continues to increase and is now more than five 98 times as great as it was at the corresponding period of the last war. Those of us who remember the position of the profession forty years ago and recall the difficulty which many experienced of making any headway in it in those days have watched, especially during the past twenty years, the astonishing increase in the number of qualified chemists, their growing influence, and, above all, the increasing application of science to and the steady absorp- tion of chemical talent in industry and commerce, in Government and municipal service, and in the affairs of everyday life.“Few of us thought in 1898, when I became a member of the Institute, that we should witness such progress, and no one can deny that the British profession of chemistry to-day stands high in the public esteem as a very essential service. The difference between the position to-day and that at the end of the last century is very marked indeed, and I do not think that the younger chemists fully realise that fact.It is not inappropriate to say from this Chair that the progress which has been made and the increase which has taken place in the public esteem in which chemistry as an essential ‘service is held are-not wholly, of course,-but very largely due to the policy and growth of the Institute. (Applause.) “You have heard from the Honorary Treasurer a satisfactory report on our finances, and I have no doubt that under his careful and expert guidance, having due regard to the progress of world affairs and its influence on our own, the financial position of the Institute will continue to be secure. “I wish, however, that I could say the same of other chemical organisations which have to meet the ever-increasing burden of publications and find serious difficulty in ensuring the adherence of sufficient members to pay for the maintenance of their essential work.It is to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute that the publishing societies, and particularly the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, look for further support, and I understand that the Chemical Council will suggest a scheme whereby the affairs of the publishing societies, with the help of the fund which has been raised by the Chemical Council from industry as well as from chemists themselves, may be placed on a sounder financial basis. “The action taken by the Institute in some public affairs affecting the interests of chemists is indicated in the section of the Report headed ‘Legal and Parliamentary,’ and this, I think, should be received with some satisfaction by Fellows and Associates.“In spite of the times, the Local Sections have shown a good record of activity. The Sections both at home and abroad continue to afford opportunities for social meetings, which are all helpful in promoting the best interests of the members and of the profession. The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee has been as heavy as usual, and, unless the war prevents students from continuing their training, as it has already done in many cases, it is hoped that we may continue to hold examinations, although we may-it is not obvious yet that we will-have fewer candidates presenting themselves, and we may have to rely upon other Institutions to allow us accommodation for the purpose.The Council, as is stated in the Report, is very grateful to those other Institutions who have already helped the Institute in this way. “I have referred very briefly to some of the more important sections of the Report, and should like to add a few words with regard to our publications. In doing so, I am sure the Council would desire me to acknowledge the valuable services of Mr. Butterfield (applause), who has been most energetic and efficient as Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee during the past three years. Under his guidance, the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShas acquired several new features; but we were unfortunately prevented from providing, during the year under review, as many separate monographs as usual.This was partly owing to the cost of the special lectures given in 1938 falling into the accounts for 1939, and partly because the incidence of the war prevented our having lectures in November and December. Moreover, we are advised now that, if the Register of the Institute is published this year, the production must not be in such a form as to give useful information to the enemy, and for the same reason the publication of a new issue of ‘Official Chemical Appointments ’ must be deferred. “The Publications Committee, however, will be entrusted in the coming year with another task, namely the supervision of the preparation of a new edition of a book entitled What IndzGstry Owes to Chemical Science, the copyright of which the Council has accepted for the benefit of the Benevolent Fund.Its revision 100 will be in the hands of Fellows and Associates of the Institute selected for the work, which, it may be anticipated, will provide a comprehensive summary of the value of chemistry to industry and the common weal. That book arose out of the last war, largely through the energy of our Registrar, and it is appropriate that a new edition should come out at this stage. It is hoped that it will be of material benefit to the Benevolent Fund. “By the operation of the By-laws we lose, at any rate temporarily, several members of the Council.To Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, who retires from the office of Vice-president, the Institute is indebted for valuable help for six long years,-three years as a member of Council and three years as Vice-president. From among the District and Ordinary Members of Council, too, we lose for the time being the services of many who have given much time and thought to our affairs, which on behalf of the Institute and on your behalf I now gratefully acknowledge. (Applause.) “I move that the Report of the Council be received and adopted, and I will ask Professor Wardlaw to second the motion, after which there will be an opportunity for questions.” Professor W. WARDLAW:“I feel it a great privilege to be allowed to second the adoption of the Report of the Council.The fact that the Institute of Chemistry goes from strength to strength is a source of great satisfaction to all of us, and I think we realise that in the accomplishment of that very happy result the Council of the Institute plays a most important part. All the members of the Institute are obviously indebted to the Council for their work, but I do not think that one has a full appreciation of the work of the Council until one has had the privilege of sitting on that body. I have had that privilege on two occasions, and I can speak most sincerely of the devotion with which the Council looks after the welfare not only of members of the Institute but of chemists generally.’’ (Applause.) The CHAIRMAN:“Are there any questions? ” Mr.ASPLAND : “There is one matter which is not in the nature of a question but which, while the Chairman was speaking, it occurred to me might usefully be raised here. It is a question of the duty of the chemist as a citizen. I gather from what I have heard recently that there is much waste in connexion with national expenditure. I suggest that we might perhaps do some- thing in the matter; where instances come to our knowledge Fellows and Associates might communicate with the Institute, 101 or forward the information to their Parliamentary representatives. I may say that I have already done so myself in regard to matters which have come under my notice.” The CHAIRMAN:“I thank Mr.Aspland for what he has said. I am not certain that it does arise on the Report of the Council, except indirectly, but I may say that the Council does from time to time receive from the general body of members of the Institute and from its own members questions relating to topics such as Mr. Aspland has indicated. The officers of the Institute and the Council are in touch with the Government departments and, without taking public action, have been able on occasions to make very fruitful suggestions which have had an effect along the lines that Mr. Aspland suggests. Obviously, it would destroy the influence of our officers and of the Council to make public reference to some such matters, but I am quite certain that the Council and your officials can deal with instances of the type that have been indicated and can bring them to the notice of those in authority.” Mr. ASPLAND:“Thank you, Sir.” The CHAIRMAN: If there are no other questions, I will formally put to the meeting the motion that the Report of the Council be received and adopted.” The motion was carried unanimously. APPOINTMENTOF AUDITORS. The CHAIRMAN: “I now move from the Chair that Mr. David Henderson, in conjunction with Messrs. J. Y. Finlay & Co., Chartered Accountants, be re-appointed Auditor for the ensuing year at a fee of forty guineas, as before.” Mr. C. E. BARRS: “I beg to second that.’’ The motion was carried unanimously. The CHAIRMAN: “We have now to appoint Honorary Auditors, and I have much pleasure in proposing from the Chair the re-election of Mr.C. L. Claremont, who has acted before. It is usual for the second Honorary Auditor to be nominated from the body of the meeting, but I venture to say that we have had very good service in the past from Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Dr. Griffiths has been asked whether he would serve again, and he is prepared to do so. It is open to you to nominate Dr. Griffiths or anyone else.’’ 102 Mr. LEWIS EYNON: “I shall be very pleased to propose the name of Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths.” The motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. :The CHAIRMAN“I declare Mr. C. L. Claremont and Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths elected Honorary Auditors.” VOTE OF THANKSTO THE RETIRING VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.Mr. EDWARDHINKS:“I have much pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to the retiring Vice-president, Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, and to the retiring Members of Council. The record of their deeds in this and previous years is contained in the Reports of the Council, and a very imposing record it is; and I think that these four walls could give a long account of their labours, their deliberations and their conclusions, and of the hard work that they have put in, for six years in the case of Dr. Mitchell-three years as Vice-president and three as Member of Council-and for three years in the case of the others. The members of the Institute are very much indebted to the Members of Council, who devote their time-in the case of those who have to travel long distances, a very considerable amount of time-to our interests and the interests of the profession in general.I have very great pleasure, therefore, in moving this vote of thanks.” The vote of thanks was carried unanimously. Mr. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD,replying, in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Mitchell: “It gives me very much pleasure to thank the meeting for according this vote of thanks to those of us who are retiring from to-day. It is a very great pleasure and privilege to serve on the Council of the Institute, because, directly one is in touch with one’s fellow members of that Council, one appreciates how fully the Council as a whole takes for its purpose the furtherance of the interests of the members of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry as a whole.It is on that account that it becomes such a pleasure to serve and to be privileged by one’s fellow members to represent them on that Council. I thank you very much on behalf of myself and of the others included in this vote of thanks.” REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The CHAIRMAN:“The Report of the Scrutineers is on the table, and I will ask the Registrar to read the material portions of 103 it, which deal with the election of Officers, Members of Council and Censors for the ensuing year.’’ The REGISTRAR read the Report of the Scrutineers:- ELECTIONOF OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND CENSORS. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,240.The following were elected:- President: J. J. Fox. Vice-presidents: H. V. A. Briscoe, F. H. Carr, T. P. Hilditch, G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Pickard, and H. A. Tempany. Hon. Treasurer: John C. White. The number of valid votes cast for General Members of Council was 1,235. The following were elected:- L. H. Lampitt, A. Findlay, I. M. Heilbron, A. E. Dunstan, J. C. Drummond, A. L. Bacharach, George King, W. M. Cwnming, John Weir, H. H. Hodgson, G. W. Monier-Williams, F. M. Rowe, H. Hunter, E. B. Anderson, T. F. E. Rhead, R. H. Hopkins, A. J. Prince, E. H. Farmer, J. R. Nicholls, W. S. Patterson, F. P. Dunn, W. H. Roberts, T. R. Hodgson, P. F. Gordon, L. Eynon, A. Coulthard, P. Lewis-Dale. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,168.The following were elected:- Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Sir Robert Robinson, Sir Robert H. Pickard and Sir Jocelyn F. Thorpe. The CHAIRMAN:“On behalf of the Institute, I should like to thank from the Chair the Scrutineers, Mr. C. A. Bassett and Mr. B. A. Ellis, for their services. Those services are very onerous and very monotonous, and require a great deal of patience and exactitude, and, if the scrutineers are here, I should like to tell them personally that we are deeply indebted to them. “1 have to declare that the Fellows of the Institute whose names have been read out by the Registrar are duly elected Officers, Members of Council and Censors of the Institute.” INDUCTIONTHE NEW PRESIDENT.OF The CHAIRMAN:“I have now to invite our esteemed Fellow, Dr.J. J. Fox, to assume the office of President.” Sir Robert Pickard then vacated the Chair, which was taken, amid applause, by the new President, Dr. J. J. Fox. The PRESIDENT:“It is a very proud privilege to be elected into this Chair. I do not intend to spend much time talking to you to-day; I want only to say this. To me, as to all of us here, it must be a matter for profound regret that the circumstances should have arisen which have caused my election to the Chair on this occasion. Sir Robert Pickard has spoken to you in moving 104 terms of our late friend, Mr. Calder. I can only hope that I shall be able to follow the example of Mr. Calder and of Sir Robert himself, and that I shall uphold the dignity of this office with as much distinction as they have done, It will be my object to further the interests of the Institute so far as I can, and, above all, the interests of its members.“There is one matter which I have much at heart, and I trust that here I shall have the support of those present. I feel that there should be some alteration in the proportion of Fellows and Associates among the members of this Institute, and that many more Associates should go forward to the Fellowship. (Applause.) (‘For the rest, I hope that in these troublous times we shall be able to keep the Institute on an even keel, and I feel sure that with your assistance I shall manage to accomplish that. I thank you once again for the honour you have done me by electing me President of this Institute.” That concludes the business of this meeting.The proceedings then terminated. 105 Local Sections. [TheInstitute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussions.] Birmingham and Midlands .-The Annual Meeting of the Section was held at the White Horse Hotel, Birmingham, on 20th March. The following Officers, Committee and Auditors were appointed for next Session :-Chairman, Mr. J. R. Johnson ; Vice-chairman, Mr. T. H. Gant; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. M. Joiner; Committee, Dr. S. R. Carter, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Mr. E-.G. K. Pritchett, Dr.D. F. Twiss, Mr. F. G. Broughall, Dr. R. A. Gregory, Mr. E. H. Steer, Mr. G. Thomas, and (ex-oficio) Mr. D. W. Parkes (District Member of Council); Auditors, Mr. W. T. Collis and Dr. A. G. R. Whit ehouse. On the motion of Dr. D. F. Twiss the following alterations in Local Section Rules were agreed to (subject to the approval of the Council *-): Rule 4 to read :-“The Section, in general meeting called with notice thereof, may determine what subscription, if any, shall be paid by the members in order to supplement the Annual Grant and other funds provided by the Council.” Rule 5 (a)to read :-“The Membership shall be limited to Fellows and Associates of the Institute. Any Fellow or Associate desirous of joining the Section shall notify the Secretary in writing of his desire to do so, and shall undertake to abide by the Rules of the Section.” Rule 5 (c)to be deleted.On the motion of the Chairman, supported by Professor R. H. Hopkins, a vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring Honorary Secretary, Mr. Garfield Thomas, for his services. His successor, Mr. E. M. Joiner, has already held office as Honorary Secretary to several other societies and committees in the Midlands. * These proposals have not been considered by th Council. 106 A Report of a Symposium on 6b The History of Chemical Industry in the Midlands ” held under the auspices of the Section, at the Grand Hotel, Birmingham, on 25th January, 1939, will be published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 111.Bristol and South-Western Counties Section.-A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with Fellows of the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held at Bristol University on 29th February,- Professor E. L. Hirst in the Chair-when a lecture on “The Mechanism of the Synthesis of Large Molecules ” was given by Dr. H. W. Melville, who has provided the following summary :-A description was given of the application of the principles of chemical kinetics to the formulation of the mechanism of the polymerisation of vinyl compounds in the vapour phase. The only satisfactory method of starting polymerisation is by direct photo-activation of the molecule or by the addition of hydrogen atoms or methyl radicals to the monomeric vapour.In the latter case the active polymer is a free radical which may add on many monomeric units in a matter of a few milliseconds. The technique for measuring these short lifetimes, involving the use of rotating sectors and multiple sources of radiation, was described. These free radical polymerisations often differ markedly from the direct photo-polymerisation, from which it may be surmised that the latter reaction takes place by quite another mechanism. For example, this reaction is sometimes characterised by the fact that polymerisation in the dark, after illumination, occurs for extended periods. This not only allows of the construction of molecules of extremely high molecular weight but also provides a technique for building up molecular sandwiches of any desired constitution.Methods were described for determining kinetically the chain length of such photo- polymers. Cardiff and District.-A meeting of the Section took place on 8th February, in the University Union, Park Place, Cardiff. 107 When the business of the evening had been transacted, themeeting adjourned to University College, Cathays Park, to hear a lecture by Dr. K. W. Pepper, of the National Chemical Laboratory, on the subject of “Plastics and Coal,” of which the following is a brief abstract :-In a paper by N. J. L. Megson and K. W. Pepper, on “Plastics and Coal,” shortly to be published in Chemistry and Industry, the great number and variety of plastics obtainable from coal was emphasised. The following products, the raw material for which is coal, were described:-(I) the vinyl resins, which are polyrnerisation products and may be used for adhesives, safety-glass interlayers, electrical insulation, acid-resisting pipes and cosmetic containers; (2) the acrylate resins, which are colourless and clearer than glass and may be moulded or machined; (3) the phenolic resins, which can either be moulded, laminated or cast and used in such articles as radio cabinets, tabletops, etc.; (4) the urea resins, which can be treated in a similar manner to the phenolics, and give products with lighter colours; (5) the glyptal resins, which are used in coatings ; (6)Nylon, the U.S.A.fibre which is stronger than natural silk.The Plastics Industry was a small one, at present, but one which is rapidly growing. The lecture concluded with a plea for discrimination in the use of plastics. The excellent array of exhibits attracted much attention. The lecture was followed by a keen discussion in which several members took part. A Tea-Dance (held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) took place in the afternoon of 16th March, in the Ballroom, Carlton Hotel, Queen Street, Cardiff. A third social event will be organised for the Section before termination of the Session. It has been decided to hold a dinner in honour of Dr. J. H. Quastel, on his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society.Dr. Quastel is a prominent member of the Cardiff and District Section, and his fellow- members join in heartily congratulating him on his achieve- ment. Full details of the arrangements will be circularised at the earliest opportunity. 108 Cardiff and District and South Wales.-A joint meeting of the Cardiff and District and South Wales Sections of the Institute with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with the Food Group (Nutritional Panel) of that Society was held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of University College, Cardiff, on 8th March,-Mr. Frank Bird in the Chair. An informal lecture on “Links in Nutrition” was given by Mr. A. L. Bacharach, Member of Council (Honorary Secretary, Nutrition Panel of the Food Group, S.C.I.).Mr. Bacharach referred to the “newer nutrition’’ involving the study of the chemical nature and physiological r81e of individual metals and vitamins. Study of the recognised “major” con-stituents, fat, protein and carbohydrate, had progressed less rapidly during recent times: thus it was not known to this day what were the amino acid requirements of the human organism, except by analogy with the experimental rat. He then sketched the chemical relationship between certain vitamins and the co- enzyme molecules of which they form part. As illustration, he outlined the connexion between aneurin (vitamin B,), co-car-boxylase, carbohydrate metabolism and beri-beri, mentioning recent work that pointed to a “balance” between aneurin and magnesium, already shown to be part of the system, along with the holo-enzyme (apo-enzyme plus co-enzyme) , for de-carboxyla- tion of pyruvic acid.He also referred briefly to the relation be- tween nicotinic acid and co-dehydrases, especially co-zymase, and its relation to pellagra, and called attention to the curious “synthetic pellagra” apparently sometimes produced by sulphan- ilamide poisoning. Finally, he discussed some of the problems arising out of the intra-cellular r6les of the fat soluble vitamins, such as the method of conversion of carotene to vitamin A, the r8le of vitamin A in the visual purple cycle, with the adjuvant effectof vitamin C and lactoflavin. He also drew attention to the different part played by the phytyl residue in vitamin K where it appeared to be simply a “desolubilising” group, and in tocopherol, where it formed the part of the chroman ring system and was indispensable for vitamin E activity.Dublin.-At a meeting on zIst February, 1940,in Trinity College, Dublin, Dr. Kenneth Bailey, Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of Dublin, lectured on 109 “The Retardation of Chemical Reactions.” Dr. Bailey sketched the development of the subject from such early observations as-those of Robert Boyle, that phos- phorus will not glow in the presence of oil of turpentine; of Thenard, that hydrogen peroxide is stabilised by acids; of Squibb, that alcohol checks the oxidation of chloroform; and of Bunsen and Roscoe, that oxygen interferes with the photochemical reactions of hydrogen and chlorine.The modern work on the subject began with the experiments of Moureu and Dufraisse on the stabilisation of acrolein and benzaldehyde. This important generalization,-that oxidations can only be retarded by substances capable of being oxidized,-had been foreshadowed by Henry in 1824. The great industrial extension of the subject, in preventing the deterioration of rubber, petrol, steel, and other substances was discussed, and various theories of retardation were compared. No single theory could explain all cases of retardation, but the chain theory of reactions had proved most fruitful. The con- nexion between reaction limits and retardation by added sub- stances was expounded. The lecture was fully illustrated by experiments.East Ang1ia.-At the Great White Horse Hotel, Ipswich, on 17th February, Mr. K. R. Price opened a discussion on ‘‘The Standardisation of Solutions.” Mr. Price dealt with the calibration of apparatus; the selection of various substances as standards, and their respective merits and demerits; and the use of suitable indicators. A discussion followed which was so vigorous that it had to be deliberately brought to a close to keep it within the bounds of time. Matters considered were procedures in laboratories of members and friends present, and the particular difficulties which had been experienced by individuals. The relationship of an analysis dependent upon a series of estimations to the precision of any one operation, the use of mixed indicators in sharpening end- points, and the problem of graduated glassware which required heating in certain standard methods of analysis, were matters which received a large share of the discussion.110 At a meeting held in Ipswich, on 16th March, Mr. G. H. Whyatt gave a short paper on “Registration.” After analysing the various approaches which may be made to the general problem of registration, Mr. Whyatt discussed the position achieved by other professions in each of their respective aspects. In the instances of Law and Medicine it had been possible to close completely the professions; but in other fields only those concerned with food, drugs and the compounding of medicines had obtained protection.In the latter categories many members of the Institute of Chemistry had benefited. Other members of the Institute were engaged chiefly in teaching, research or industry and, in these cases, it would be difficult to establish “public interest’’ as a fundamental reason for a statutory register. Any register, therefore, wouId have to be a voluntary one, and its value would be directly related to the prestige of the registering body and to the qualifications of those admitted to the register. In the vigorous discussion which followed, suggestions were made for achieving the objects of the proposed Supplemental Charter while avoiding those features to which objection could be taken.East Midlands.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 7th March, at the Welbeck Hotel, Nottingham, Professor E. C. Dodds gave a lecture on “Hormones.” The development of endocrinology, an almost unknown branch of medical knowledge until last century, has made very rapid progress in our own times. To-day the hormones are in various stages of development, some, such as thyroxine, having been isolated and synthesised, while others, such as insulin, have not yet been characterised chemically or synthesised, although they can be crystallised and obtained as active and stable preparations. Recently the most rapid developments have been made with the sex hormones. The results of castration both in male and female are amongst the first observations in the history of medicine, but it is only recently that there has been any real 111 understanding of the underlying cause.The first attempt to solve the problem on modern lines can be attributed to Brown- Skquard, who initiated hormonal therapy by injecting himself with testis-tissue extract. His experiment failed because testis-tissue contains only minute quantities of the male hormone. It was not long before Butenandt crystallised and established the formula of androsterone which is given below (Fig. I). Ruzicka then succeeded in synthesising androsterone and dehydroand- rosterone by the degradation of cholesterol, and testosterone (Fig. 3), which is many times more active, was later isolated by David and Laqueur from bull testis-tissue.Testosterone is now produced by a degradation of cholesterol. The study of the female sex hormone made no progress until Stockard and Papanicolaou showed that the rodent was a suitable test animal, and developed the technique of the vaginal smear to show the changes taking place during the menstrual cycle. Allen and Doisy were then able to test a series of ovarian extracts on rodents, and showed that a stable oestrus-producing hormone could be obtained from an alcoholic extract of ovaries. In 1927 Ascheim and Zondek established that the urine of pregnancy is a plentiful source of the hormone, and intensive chemical investigations were begun. Doisy in America and Butenandt in Germany independently crystallised oestrone from the urine of pregnant mares, whilst Marrian in England obtained a crystalline substance from human pregnancy urine which became known as oestriol. Their formu12 are given below.Oestradiol, which is now regarded as the natural oestrus principle, was later produced by Schwenk and Hildebrandt by a process involving the hydrogenation of oestrone, and Doisy succeeded in isolating it from follicular fluid, The use of Girard’s reagent, which reacts on organic ketones and makes them water-soluble, made the commercial production of these substances from pregnancy urine possible, and they became widely used clinically, usually in the form of their benzoate and in conjunction with the corpus luteum hormone progesterone.Many attempts were made to produce the pure compounds with the correct isomeric formulae, but the structure of the stereoisomeric forms proved too complex. An attempt to establish the specificity of the oestrus reaction led to the investigation of a large series of phenanthrene compounds, and in 1933 Cook, Dodds and Hewett described the compound 112 r-keto-I: 2 :3 :4-tetrahydrophenanthrene which showed low oestrogenic activity. When, however, Dodds and Lawson showed that the phenanthrene ring system was not, as had been thought, essential for oestrogenic activity, an intensive effort was made to simplify the molecule and obtain higher activity. This culminated in the s-ynthesis of a derivative of stilbene, 4: 4'-dihydroxy-a: p-diethyl stilbene (Fig.5), which was described by Dodds, Golberg, Lawson and Robinson in 1938. Its activity is much greater than that of oestrone, and since it can be produced in the OH Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone Testosterone Oestrone Oestriol Progesterone Stilboestrol laboratory from ordinary chemical starting materials cheaply, and is extremely potent when given by mouth, it has great clinical importance, and is now widely used. Another compound, 4:4'7 :8-diphenyl-a :6-hexadiene, has proved to be more active than stilboestrol by mouth, while dihydro-stilboestrol is also being investigated clinically, and appears to be highly potent. The female sex hormone must be considered in conjunction with the corpus luteum hormone, since it is impossible to reproduce 113 the sexual cycle in the higher animals with one alone.The existence of such an ovarian hormone was first demonstrated by Allen and Corner, and was crystallised independently by Allen and Butenandt. This hormone, which is known as progesterone (Fig. 6), is obtained by a process of sterol degradation as is the male sex hormone, with the soya bean as starting material. One of the outstanding features of modern endocrinology is the importance given to the pituitary. It has in recent years been established that the rest of the endocrine system is governed by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, and that the secondary endocrine organs only secrete their hormones under the influence of the different anterior lobe secretions.Whilst, however, understanding of the way in which the pituitary functions is growing rapidly, it is impossible at present to foresee any great advances from the chemical point of view, since organic chemistry is not yet fitted to undertake protein syntheses. The lecture was followed by a discussion in which a number of members took part. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, on 20th February,-Dr. W. G. Hiscock, Chairman of the Section, presiding. The Hon. Secretary’s Report and the Accounts were read and approved. The Hon. Secretary reported that the Section had held seven meetings and that the Committee had met on three occasions.He reported that the four evening meetings held since the outbreak of war had been very well attended and that it was intended to have as nearly normal a programme as possible next winter. Dr. W. G. Hiscock was re-elected Chairman, and Mr. W. M. Ames, District Council Member, Vice-chairman for the ensuing year. Messrs. W. A. Alexander, J. C. Brash, C. G. Cochrane, James Johnston and Professor G. F. Marrian were elected to fill committee vacancies. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds was re-elected Hon. Secretary. Thanks were accorded to Dr. Wylam, late Council Member, the retiring office-bearers and the Hon. Secretary for their services to the Section and the Institute. On the same evening, a meeting of the Section was held, 114 jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr.G. Elliot Dodds lectured on “Gas Identification.” After recounting the history of the service, the lecturer showed how it was linked up with the national service through the South-East district laboratory and the Senior Gas Adviser. At the end of the lecture a demonstration of apparatus used for gas detection was given by the lecturer, assisted by Mr. W. A. Alexander, who also demonstrated an apparatus of his own devising for the detection of mustard liquid or gas by decomposi- tion, with formation of sulphur dioxide. After an interval for social intercourse, Professor J. P. Kendall took the Chair and a long and interesting discussion ensued, and the. lecturer answered various questions which had been raised.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Members of the Section were present, by invitation, at a meeting of the Chemical Society held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 16th February. The meeting was under the chairmanship of Professor T. S. Patterson and the lecturer was Professor W. I;. K. Wynne-Jones, of University College, Dundee, whose subject was “Ionization and its Chemical Significance.” The lecturer stated that despite all that had been said about the theory of ionization in the past it had, within comparatively recent years, been modified and by its use many valuable generalisations had been made possible, a case in point being in the definition of acids and bases.He referred to the late Professor H. E. Armstrong’s attacks on the theory and mentioned that while the theory as propounded by Arrhenius had both inaccuracies and omissions, it had survived because there was fundamental truth in it. He pointed to its survival as typical of how a theory may be discarded more than once, but, if there is a substratum of truth in it, will ultimately be rebuilt in an acceptable form. One of the notable omissions in the original theory was that of making allowance for any energy change during ionization and the lecturer quoted a scene from Tilden’s Life of Ramsay, in which Professor Fitzgerald, in discussing the theory with Ramsay, Lodge, Armstrong and others, is reported as “walking about with 115 his hand clasped on his brow and uttering in his rich Irish brogue, ‘I can’t see where the energy comes from’.’’ This fault in the theory has now been rectified and to-day the energy requirements, together with their significance, have been fully recognised, with the result that many interesting points regarding the nature of solution have been brought to light.The lecturer then cited the simple case of the solution of sodium salts in water. When this takes place the sodium passes from the atomic into the ionic form, a change involving the loss of an electron. This removal of one or more electrons from an atom requires energy and the measure of this energy is indicated by the “Ionization Potentials” (here a slide showing a table of such potentials for a number of elements was exhibited), which also showed that while the removal of the “valency electrons ” is comparatively easy, the removal of any others requires very much more energy.It was also evident from the table that the third and fourth group elements do not have a strong tendency to form ionic bonds. The change from an atom to an ion thus requires energy, and as this is what happens when sodium goes into solution in water, the source of this energy must be found. It has been suggested that as the ion forms it becomes surrounded by water molecules and that this tendency to hydration supplies the energy required for the formation of the ions. A slide of some “Ionic Heats of Hydration” (calculated) was shown and from it and the table of ionization potentials the stability or otherwise of various ions was deduced, the balance of energy between these two being the guiding factor.Thus, if the heat of hydration was the greater, the ion was stable; the greater the excess the more stable the ion and vice versa. In this connexion also it was shown that the heat of hydration increases with decreasing size of the ion and with increasing valency. Examination of oxidation-reduction potentials showed that there is a similarity between them and the energy required for the formation of an ion in solution. It was further pointed out that the formation of some “complexes,’’ e.g. with ammonia, was exactly like hydration and could be considered as stabilising the ion.In support of the theory of the hydration of the ion the case of acetic acid in aqueous solution was examined. According to the theory the ions are surrounded by hydration shells and, if this is true, certain consequences should be apparent. Thus, the 116 specific heat must be largely affected. It should be reduced, because prior to the ions being present and hydrated, the water molecules would have their own “degrees of freedom,” but after the change they would lose these and have only those of the ion. This was shown to be in accordance with experiment. In conclusion, it was pointed out that if the theory is correct the ions exist because of the energy of hydration and this fact can be used to interpret some of the finer points connected with ionization and solution. It is also obvious that the interaction of the ions with the medium must be considered and when this is done, it is possible to explain certain changes in rates of reaction such as in racemisation.Following the lecture discussion took place in which Professor Patterson spoke of the practicability and method of “stripping” the atom of its electrons. Dr. Cranston mentioned changes observed in the molecular volume of salts in solution due to ionization and Dr. Wright raised the question of the source of the energy required to keep a solid like sodium chloride in the ionic form when in such a case there can be no energy of hydration. Members of the Section were invited to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on 1st March, when Sir John Boyd Orr, F.R.S., of the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, dealt with “Chemical Aspects of Nutrition in Relation to Animals and Human Beings.” Dealing with the present food position, Sir John Orr said that, although there had been a remarkable improvement in the national diet and an improvement in national health, the diet of nearly one-third of the population was still not up to the standard we now knew to be necessary for health.Our war policy should be directed first and foremost to bringing the diet of the poor up to the new health standard. The food requirement of a man was increased by about one- third when he joined the Army; when the unemployed were taken into industry they also required more food.Thus we were faced with the necessity of increasing the total national food supplies by probably as much as 20 per cent., and that at a time when we had to economise in shipping space and in foreign exchange for food imports. 117 Home production would require to be pushed to the utmost limit in order to make our food position safe. We should have a definite plan of increased production based on the additional foods required. The ploughing up of so many acres of pasture without any guidance as to what additional crops should be grown was not sufficient to meet the situation. The Secretary of State for Scotland had wisely given a warning against ploughing up good pasture.Much of the ploughed-up pasture would be laid down to oats, which would be used for feeding. An acre of good pasture could give five or six tons of grass silage-equivalent to the feeding value of a ton of oats, the average yield of an acre-and in addition would provide valuable grazing in early spring and in autumn. Sir John contended that we should first decide what amounts of each of the different foods were required to meet the nutritional needs of the people and then offer the farmer guaranteed prices calculated to call forth these amounts. The total produced would be decided by the price offered and not by exhortations or compulsory orders. Milk, vegetables, and potatoes together supplied the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients the body needed for health. If we produced sufficient of these at home we could, if need be, limit imports to the cheap energy-yielding foods-wheat, fats, and sugar.We could import as much of these as required with less than one-third of the shipping space devoted in peace-time to the imports of food and feeding stuffs. If we had plenty of milk, vegetables and potatoes there need be no malnutrition, and if we had plenty of wheat, fats (butter and margarine), sugar, and oatmeal there would be no starvation. There was a very large attendance, the audience being drawn not only from the various chemical societies but also from the Medical Profession, the University and the College of Domestic Science. The above report is mainly from The Glasgow Herald.A full report of the lecture will appear in Chemistry and Industry in due course. On 15th March an interesting social function took place in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, when a presentation was made to Mr. E. M. Melville, on his retirement from the post of Secretary to the Chemical Group of the Association of Secretaries of Scientific Societies in Glasgow and the West of Scotland. 118 This Association was brought into being 13 years ago through the instrumentality of the Local Section of the Institute. Its purpose was to co-ordinate the activities of the scientific societies and by a proper allocation of dates to prevent the overlapping of meetings.Mr. Melville acted as Secretary of the Chemical Group of ten societies for a period of fully seven years, and the presentation was on behalf of past and present members of the committees of the three Chartered Chemical Societies who had been associated with him during his term of office. Professor Cumming, Chairman of the Section, made the presentation,-a Buhl clock and a writing set,-which Mr. Melville acknowledged. After tea, three talking films were shown,-“Buried Treasure,” a film showing coal production and mining; “Cargoes for Ardrossan”; and a Silly Symphony, “The Orphans’ Benefit.” India.-On 3rd January, at a meeting of the Indian Science Congress Association held in Madras, Dr. Gilbert, J. Fowler, Fellow, on introducing a discussion on “ Chemistry in the Service of the Nation,” said that the qualities which were essential in a good chemist were also those which were characteristic of a good citizen. The consideration of the chemist’s function as a citizen would, therefore, have a bearing on his specific activities in the service of the nation.Dr. Fowler referred to the valuable Gluckstein Memorial Lectures and the Streatfeild Memorial Lectures, published by the Institute to perpetuate the memory and message, on the one hand, of a business man of courage and vision and, on the other hand, of a teacher of exceptional power and charm. Other discourses had been published by the Institute dealing with various aspects of the relation between the chemist and the community, and the importance of the topic could not be questioned.After referring to Joseph Priestley as one who was famous both as a chemist and as a citizen, and one who was willing to endure persecution for what he conceived to be truth, Dr. Fowler dealt with the essential quality of honesty in its relation to chemistry. He suggested that if Cavendish had yielded to the possible temptation to make his analysis of atmospheric air 119 “add up” to roo, we might have had to wait much longer for the discovery, by Rayleigh and Ramsay, of argon and other inert gases. He also referred to the importance of correctly recording observations, whether or not their final implications were thoroughly understood and appreciated at the time.The chemist in the laboratory, and as a citizen, needed both physical and moral courage and, in that connexion, Dr. Fowler commented on the leaflets entitled “Laboratory Precautions,” issued from time to time by the Institute, directing attention to possible sources of accident and unusual occurrences in the laboratory. He next dealt with the frequent undue eagerness for publication of scientific papers: one paper announcing the preparation of a new type of compound, or which described a new process, or initiated a new approach to the discussion of a problem, was worth more than scores of publications which were essentially repetitive. Patience and willingness to wait for truth to prevail required moral courage on the part of the chemist as on the part of the citizen or the politician. Another important direction in which the qualities of a good chemist coincided with those of a good citizen was in the preven- tion of waste.A lady member at a previous conference had suggested that it required the instinct of “good housekeeping’’ to prevent waste in a factory, as well as in its numberless aspects in the town and countryside. Another characteristic quality of the good chemist, as of a good citizen, was a sensitiveness to beauty. It used to be told of Carl Schorlemmer that he could do fractional distillation on the palm of his hand by noting the succession of smells detectable as the various ingredients of the mixture successively evaporated. The Mayor of Madras dreamt of a “city beautiful” and, in his efforts, he should have the full support of the chemical profession.It was good to hear that he would inaugurate a campaign of city cleansing. Another constantly recurring theme in the lectures of the Institute was the need for maintaining the supply of chemists possessing the qualities of leadership to enable them to take positions of control, including, particularly, economic and financial responsibility. The position of the chemist, inter- mediate between the business and operative activities of an industrial concern, especially fitted him to be a mediator between capital and labour: stress should be laid on the importance of his loyal and unselfish co-operation with others, 120 It was evident that only by acquiring a breadth of view and by getting away from the purely laboratory atmosphere that a chemist could take his share in the planning of industry and in the social development which was in the minds of all thoughtful people in these times of change.The chemist needed the true understanding of what was meant by the scientific spirit and outlook, which implied a reverence for truth, a power of just criticism, and a true valuation of com-parative policies. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held on 4th March, at the Hotel Metropole, Leeds,-Dr. H. Burton presiding, in the absence of Professor F. M. Rowe owing to illness. Professor D. T. A. Townend gave a lecture on “The Combustion of Hydrocarbons.” The lecturer has kindly supplied the following summary: Dr.Townend described the line of thought on the subject during the last century and indicated the re-discoveries, both in Manchester and Leeds, which led to Bone’s investigations into the slow and explosive combustion of hydrocarbons. Between 1900 and 1905,Bone carried out his classical work, discovering that during slow combustion intermediate oxidation products are formed, which, although the alcohols could not at that time be detected, were attributed to processes involving a sequence of hydroxylation stages. Some 30 years later, the missing alcohols had been found by Newitt at South Kensington working under high pressure conditions. The lecturer thought that the results of Bone’s contemporane- ous researches into the explosive combustion of hydrocarbons were nowadays better interpreted in the light of the chemical equilibria established in the explosion products at the tempera- tures attained, provided the durations of the flames in each particular case were adequate, than by the postulated thermal decompositions of intermediate products as suggested by Bone.Some explosion experiments were made during the lecture to illustrate these points. A quarter of a century had elapsed before the subject again received the active interest of chemists, and this was then due mainly to two causes, namely (a) the importance of the problem of “knock” in internal combustion engines, and (b) the develop- ment of the kinetic theory of gaseous reactions. At this period, 121 the recognition of the link between apparently abnormal happen- ings in both combustion and photochemical reactions led to views limiting the applicability of the Arrhenius thermal theory and replacing it by the chain theory; on such premises, reaction proceeds by a chain process involving active centres, the tempera- ture of the system as a whole not necessarily being raised until the process reaches an advanced stage. Such effects as the striking behaviour of inhibitors and promoters, e.g., the part played by lead tetraethyl in suppressing knock, now found a straight forward explanation.Difficulty at once became apparent in interpreting the newer observations on reaction velocity during the slow combustion of hydrocarbons on the assumptions that the initial product was an alcohol, because this view required either ternary collisions or a supply of oxygen atoms.Further, it was soon observed that slow combustion of hydrocarbons is autocatalytic, or in other words, it becomes self-propellant when an intermediate product is formed in adequate amount. As an outcome of researches with higher hydrocarbons, it was suggested by both Callendar and his collaborators and by Egerton that the initial product might be a peroxide, and Egerton proposed a chain mechanism involving peroxide formation as the source of reactive molecules. Bone insisted that the initial product was an alcohol and supported his view by a new series of systematic researches on the slow combustion of methane, ethane, ethylene and acetylene, which probably formed one of the best pieces of work of his career.He established, for example, that in the combustion of methane, reaction apparently sets in after a requisite amount of formaldehyde has been produced in the system. This accorded well with an oxygen atom chain mechanism proposed by Norrish at this time, but Bone argued that methyl alcohol was the primary product. One of the most interesting developments during the past decade had been the discovery that with higher hydrocarbons there was a temperature range (roughly 250-400°C.) in which reaction proceeded at a much faster rate than was possible at higher temperatures, and it had become obvious that this was attributable to the survival of an unstable product probably acting as a chain initiator in this range.It is in this range also that at low pressure cool flames are observed; and at higher pressures ignition occurs by a two-stage process, a brief interval sccurring between the moment of cool flame formation and of the 122 ignition which succeeds it. The unravelling of such phenomena was now providing a most fascinating study, and there could be little doubt that in some way peroxide bodies were involved. The lecturer described how, in a series of researches with the assistance of his collaborators, the pressure and temperature zones of reactivity leading to the complicated ignition phenomena discussed, both of the paraffins and olefines, together with certain of their derivatives, namely, aldehydes, ethers, ketones, etc., had been mapped out.This work had thrown new light on the problem of knock in internal combustion engines, for it soon became apparent that a very close relationship existed between the pressure and temperature conditions in the medium ahead of the flame in an engine when knock occurs, taken in relation to the speed of running, and those requisite for its spontaneous ignition within an appropriate time lag; and in such circumstances the spontaneous ignition would be very violent and akin to detona- tion. When the spontaneous ignition characteristics of any fuel were examined in the laboratory, the relationship referred to had always held good.In conclusion, Professor Townend drew attention to the remarkable progress which was now being made in the oil industry, so that to-day the higher grade fuels were not merely petroleum fractions, but synthetic products of higher knock rating than that of fuels obtained by means of distillation and cracking processes. Liverpool and North Western.-A joint meeting of the Local Section of the Institute with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists was held on 14th March, at Reece’s Restaurant, Parker Street, Liverpool,-Mr. €3. D. W. Luff, in the Chair. Mr. P. Hamer, of Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., spoke on “Water Treatment and the Efficient Management of Boiler Plant.” Mr.Hamer has kindly supplied the following summary, which was published in Chemistry and Industry on 27th January. The lecturer emphasised that war conditions made it impera-tive to get the maximum performances out of existing boiler plant, and this in turn focussed attention on efficient boiler water management. Dealing first with water supplies, he said that the composition of the raw water supply was the key to most boiler troubles, and he drew attention to the difficulties likely to be experienced with well, moorland, surface and town’s waters when used for boiler feed. Corrosion in storage tanks was difficult to avoid, but the application of corrosion-resisting paint to the carefully cleaned metal surface reduced the trouble to a minimum.To protect economisers and preheaters against corrosion it was essential to reduce the dissolved oxygen to not more than 0.05C.C. per litre for boiler pressures up to 450 lb. per sq. in., and to not more than 0.02 C.C. per litre for higher pressures. This could be effected by mechanical de-aeration, or chemically by means of sodium sulphite. Coming to the question of scale formation the lecturer stressed the necessity for applying a softening treatment to the water before it enters the boiler. Deposition of calcium sulphate could be prevented by Na,CO, but, at pressures above 200 lb. per sq. in., Na,CO, was largely decomposed into CO, and NaOH and this latter had no scale-preventing properties.In such cases sodium phosphate might be used and he recommended a reserve of 5-10 parts PO, per IOO,OOO in the boiler water to precipitate calcium entering either through condenser leakage or through accidental variation in softening treatment ; sodium phosphate had the further advantage of preventing calcium silicate scale. The problem of caustic embrittlement was, he said, still unsolved despite the large amount of work done in America, but experience had shown that a ratio Na,SO,/NaOH greater than 25 should give protection. Dirty steam, due to carry-over of small particles of boiler water, might lead to solid deposits in the superheater or on the turbine blades, and the lecturer gave figures for the maximum permissible total dissolved solid content for various pressures ; from these it was possible to calculate the amount of blow-down required.Continuous blow-down together with continuous sampling and conductivity measurements were essential for satisfactory boiler operation. During the discussion which followed, and in which the chairman, Messrs. E. T. Williams, G. Thompson, V. Biske and several others took part, Mr. Hamer said that silica in the water caused no trouble if no calcium was present in solution. Addition of hexametaphosphate caused precipitation of calcium, probably as apatite, because of its lower solubility. It was very difficult to define silicate scale, as it varied with the conditions of forma-tion. Dealing with the relationship between silica and caustic embrittlement, he said that, if silica were a cause, the necessary amount was less than that present in any natural water.The action of sodium aluminate when used as a coagulant was also explained. On the question of the relative merits of the “Per- mutit” and lime-soda methods of softening, Mr. Hamer said that both had their place,-the first for treating waters of low per- manent hardness and the second for dealing with those of high temporary hardness. Comparing chemical de-aeration with steam de-aeration he said that the former treatment (with sodium sulphite) removed oxygen only. Mr. H. E. Potts said that with the exception of the problem of caustic embrittlement, the major portion of the scientific investi- gation appeared to have been done and industry would now benefit from a more extended application of the results. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On the 21st February, a meeting of the Section was held in the Hall of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, at which Mr.J. R. Nicholls, chairman, presided. Dr. H. J. Emelkus, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, gave a lecture on “The Silicon Hydrides and some of their Simpler Derivatives.” The lecturer has kindly supplied the following summary: Dr. Emel6us introduced his subject by referring to the pioneer work of Alfred Stock in this field. Had it not been for the develop- ment of special vacuum technique by Stock, the isolation of the silicon hydrides and their characterisation might have presented almost insuperable difficultics.A detailed account was given of the experimental technique now in use in the Chemistry Department of the Imperial College for isolating the individual hydrides SiH,, Si,H,, Si,H,, and Si,H,,, and reference was made to certain of the derivatives of these hydrides which were isolated by Stock. The latter part of the lecture was devoted to the description of recent experimental work which has led to the isolation of a number of new derivatives of monosilane. These included hydroxy- t richlorosilane, an intermediate in the pho t o-oxidation of silico-chloroform, and amine-like bodies of the formulae 125 N(SiH,),(CH,), and N(SiH,)(CH,),. A quaternary salt of the composition, N(SiH,) (CH,),Cl was then described. Finally the lecturer referred to the preparation of the hitherto unknown fluorides SiH,F, and SiH,F and of the iodides SiH,I, and SiH,I.The last of these substances has been shown to form a Grignard compound, and some of the interesting synthetic work which it was hoped to carry out with its aid was briefly men- tioned. Many of the derivatives described were exhibited and they included two on view publicly for the first time. On 14th February, members of the Section visited the Royal Flour Mills of Messrs. Charles Brown and Co., Ltd., Vauxhall. They were received by Mr. Brown, Mill Manager and Dr. Herd, Fellow, Chief Chemist, and were conducted through all depart-ments of the mill, commencing with the suction of the grain from barges into silos from which the different types are drawn and blended automatically on a continuous belt.Cleaning and conditioning then follow and the milling proper begins when the grain reaches the break rolls. Subsequently the reduced grain flows through a multiplicity of screenings in plansifters, a purifica- tion whereby the finer divisions of the flour are air-lifted from the denser which return for further reductions on the roller mills; screening and purifying. The finishing touches of bleaching and bagging were shown. Finally, an experimental mill, a diminu-tive replica of all that had been inspected, capable of prodwing 50 lbs. of flour an hour, was seen in operation, after which Dr. Herd demonstrated certain physical tests which are applied to flour in order to gauge its qualities.A model bakery was viewed and the visitors were entertained to tea. On the 13th March a party proceeded to Messrs. Whitbread’s Brewery, Chiswell Street, E.C. The tour commenced with an inspection of the chemical and bacteriological laboratories, after which the brewing processes were shown and described, starting with the crushing of the malted barley, screening, mashing, straining off the wort ,saccharification, boiling with hops, cooling, fermentation with yeast, settling and storage. Pure culture and yeast rooms were viewed, cask washing methods seen and the beers sampled. The guests were entertained to tea. Manchester and District.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with other Manchester Scientific Societies, on 27th 126 January, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University.The meeting was preceded by a luncheon in the University Refectory. Mr. S. A. Brazier, Chairman of the Section, presided, and an address was given by Professor J. D. Bernal, F.R.S., entitled “The Social Function of Science.” Professor Bernal has kindly supplied the following summary : To understand the place of science in modem society we must look into its origins. At first there was nothing to distinguish science from any other tribal technical activity. The basic processes of living, cookery, building, etc., do not imply any specialised knowledge apart from practice. In classical times, with the growth of a wealthy aristocracy, practical knowledge of the trades was despised, while theoretical speculation divorced from any experience, even in such sciences as astronomy and medicine, became formal and mystical.This divorce held up the advance of science for nearly two thousand years. Modern science is a by-product of the great economic revolution in Europe of the fifteenth century. The desire for new ways of making money with the least expenditure of labour either in trades or manufacture brought together the handicraftsman and the philosopher. The crafts which had been maintained by unwritten tradition were studied systematically by scholars, and the principles on which they were based began to appear. At this stage science gained more from industrial practice than it gave to it. The truth of this is easily seen when we consider where modern science first developed.The centre of activity moved from Italy through Germany to the Low Countries, following the centre of commercial and industrial activity. In England we get two phases of scientific develop- ments : the seventeenth-century phase, associated with the names of Harvey, Hooke, Boyle, and Newton, which was concerned with problems of astronomy and navigation, centred at London; and a later eighteenth-century phase associated with such names as Dalton , Watt, and Priestley, centred in the manufacturing districts of the north, and concerned with mechanics and chemis- try. Even then science was only beginning to repay its debt.The industrial revolution was an industrial and technical rather than a scientific movement. Its two great industries were textiles and metal working. Science contributed to the first only the process of chemical bleaching, but to the second it gave the 127 steam engine, which must be reckoned as the first major applica- tion of scientific principles to industry, though in its turn it was derived from the pump and owed its origin to the need for draining mines. In the nineteenth century, science was well established as a means of forwarding industrial progress. Scientific education was started and the professional scientist made his appearance. If we think of science in the present day we see that all its major developments are linked directly or indirectly to industrial developments. It is in industry or government service that most scientists find their employment, and the educational machinery of science owes its existence to industrial needs for trained men.Since the last war science has been recognised as an essential part of government, particularly for military ends, and a beginning has been made of national organisation of science through the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and similar bodies. Just before the war the greatest emphasis on scientific research was on the industrial side, the expenditure in industry on scientific research and development was probably of the order of ~15,000,000,but only a fraction of this can rightly be reckoned as scientific research.Governmental research accounted for another E~,OOO,OOO. Research in universities, out of which comes 90 per cent. of the published data of science and to which, the lecturer said, it owes all its advances, probably accounted for no more than ~I,OOO,OOO a year. Altogether the whole expendi- ture on science was only about one-tenth of I per cent. of the national income. The position of science to-day is unsatisfactory both to the scientists and to the people at large. Although the scale of science is equivalent to that of a small industry numbering in different grades something of the order of 40,000 persons, it is not an industry that pays its way. Science cannot be sold even though its application brings immense returns to the community.An analysis of the savings effected by various researches carried out by the D.S.I.R. shows, for instance, an average return of 800 per cent. per annum. In our economic system, however, such a return is of little value if it does not come and come quickly to those who put up the money in the first place. The results of research usually take between 10and 15years to mature and then benefit the whole of industry rather than a particular section. We are beginning to see from the developments immediately preceding the war, and even more from the problems the war itself 128 raises, that we cannot afford any longer to leave the organisation and application of science to chance or to the operation of a competitive economic system.Most working scientists and technicians already see fairly clearly that science has a special part to play in the structure of a modern community. We may think of this structure as a flow sheet which begins with the extractive industries such as mining, and goes through heavy industries and light industries to distribution and consumption. The technical functions of science are to provide for a continuous modification of this flow sheet to deal with any practical diffi- culties or bottle necks in any part of the system. The latter is its negative function. To develop, simplify, and cheapen the whole system in terms of human labour is its positive function. Science is the growing point or second differential of a modern organised community.It can only function properly if this is seen and appropriately provided for. It is not simply a matter of carrying on pure science and arranging for the application of the results of new discoveries. Science requires to be integrated much more closely with industrial, agricultural, and health problems. Many of these problems can only be appreciated if they are scientifically studied, and from them fundamental sciences can draw a continuous stream of inspiration which can later be returned in the form of improvements and applications. The great evils that have accumulated in our times as a result of industrial development, particularly chronic unemployment, insecurity, and war, are the result of a disordered growth of industry for incompatible and private ends.They are the fruits of a misuse rather than the use of science. By the ordered application of science in a community which consciously sought for the common good, the development of industry could be maintained at an even pace and not be violently distorted as it is now by the appearance of new technical discoveries. Science has moreover other values than its fundamental utilitarian ones. The educational and aesthetic values of science are no excuse for removing it from current practical problems. Indeed, once science is so removed, as the lessons of the past have already shown, it relapses into pedantry and superstition. How are we to get a state of affairs in which science will be able to be most effective in the service of the community? Only by more intelligent co-operation between scientists and between them and the public at large.The first stage is the organisation of scien-tists themselves, not as heretofore on purely academic or purely 129 professional lines, but as conscious of their corporate responsi- bility to society. This responsibility is being recognised, as witness the activities of such bodies as the British Association division on the Social and International Relations of Science, the British Association of Chemists, and the Association of Scientific Workers. If scientists begin to set their own house in order, they will be in a better position to explain the possibilities that lie in science for human betterment and to secure the co-operation of the great mass of the people in the country. A discussion followed, in which Dr.L. H. Callendar, Mr. Collier, Dr. A. R. Lowe, Mr. E. A. O’Brien, Dr. R. J. B. Marsden, Mr. Silvester, Mr. H. Stevenson and others participated. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 27th February, Professor Riley, Chairman of the Section of the Society, delivered an address upon (‘Some Recent Investigations of the Northern Coke Research Laboratory.” The Chair was occupied by Dr. W. M. Madgin, Chairman of the North-East Coast Section of the Institute, who said that since the laboratory referred to was the only institution of its kind in the North, it was particularly desirable that a talk upon its work should be given from time to time.Professor Riley outlined the line of approach they had adopted, which was really forced upon them by previous work on the reactivity of coke, and by the important results of Hofmann in Germany. It was now well known that the crystallites of coke contained parallel planes of carbon atoms similar to those found in graphite, and variations of spacing within and between the layer-planes with crystallite size, were described. Differences between the diffraction patterns of graphite and cokes, however, necessitated the supposition that the layer-planes in cokes were not stacked so exactly as they had been found to be in graphite.A detailed investigation of carbonisation had shown that such pure materials as cellulose yielded, by low temperature carbonisa- tion, very small crystallites, the size of which increased very rapidly in the region of 700°, and gradually, but steadily up to about z,ooo0. Soft coals behaved in much the same way, and although anthracites, at low temperatures, yielded crystallites larger than those from cellulose or soft coals, their behaviour I30 above 700' was very similar. In all instances, increase of cryst allite size was accompanied by extension of the layer-planes, but with anthracites and certain coals the number of the layer- planes per crystallite passed through a minimum. With peat, however, a striking increase in the number of layer-planes with increasing carbonisation temperature had been found in the region 700--Q00°, and although much work had been done upon the subject, the exact reason for this was still unknown.The necessity for extending these investigations above z,oooo had been realised, a suitable electric furnace had been con-structed and experiments with carbonisation temperatures ranging up to 3,000" had been performed. Professor Riley then turned to a consideration of the allied question of coalification, a natural process which also results in d.n increase of crystallite size. He was unable to accept, without qualification, Bone's theory that the essential change is an extension of the layer-planes; on the contrary, recent results indicated that the disappearence of bituminous matter was connected with an increase in the number of layer-planes per crystallite.Finally, Professor Riley made some remarks upon certain preliminary work on active cokes, which the exigencies of the national situation had thrust upon them. The meeting concluded with a short discussion. New Zealand.-The 13th Annual Meeting of the New Zealand Section was held in the Dominion Museum, Wellington, on the 26th January. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:- Chairman, Dr. R. 0. Page; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. P. White; Hon. Auditor, Mr. T. A. Glendining; Committee, Auckland: Mr. F. H. V. Fielder; Christchurch: Mr. T. H.McCombs; Palmerston North: Dr. McDowall; Nelson: Dr. H. 0. Askew; Dunedin: Dr. R. Gardner; Wellington: Miss A. E. Lorimer, Dr. G. M. Moir, and Mr. M. L. H. Stewart. The Chairman of the Section, Mr. R. L. Andrew, chose as his subject for the Annual Address, "Some Aspects of Standardisation." of which the following summary has been supplied by the Hon. Secretary of the Section :-The question of standardisation has in recent years become 131 very prominent and, for this reason, is regarded by many as something new and a product of modern scientific development. Standardisation is really one of the primary human activities, as it arises from the endeavour of mankind to live an ordinary life. Language may be regarded as standardised arrangements of sounds to express certain ideas.Standard practices were observed by savages in their methods of procuring and preparing food, in their warfare, and in various ceremonial observances. The ancient Egyptians erected the pyramids to specifications so minutely standardised that they would move a modern engineer to envy and despair according to certain enthusiasts. The Romans established a system of law which is still the standard in many parts of the world. Their standardised system of road- making probably meant more to ancient Europe than railroads do to the modern world. Through all ages and into our own time military practice affords probably one of the most striking examples of standardisa- tion, under the name of discipline.Standardisation is no new thing. It takes different directions according to the trend of the times and may be either good or bad in its effects. We can describe the clash of ideologies now filling our world with noise and destruction, asaclash of standards. Thus, man, in his effort to bring about order, causes disorder. With mass production, standardisation of form and composi- tion of materials and products came both as a cause and asan effect. Mass production and standardisation in its special modern sense are inseparable. Much of the work of the Dominion Laboratory consists of the examination of samples of food and drugs and of a wide range of materials for the Government purchasing departments, to ascertain if they comply with certain specified standards. Before the standards could be established, the composition of various foods and drugs had to be ascertained, together with the variations which might be expected.The analytical methods of analysis had to be devised and then improved. The rule in New Zealand for dealing with adulteration of food or drugs is to take proceedings for failure to comply with a regulation. In England, in most cases, the standard to which a food should conform is decided by the magistrate after hearing evidence. Quantitative standards are merely regarded as presumptive evidence. None of the statutory requirements for milk is expressed 132 quantitatively, e.g., the term “clean” is fairly wide. The analyst, in spite of this, should so state or present his findings that they will be clear to others concerned and willbe capable of withstanding attack in the law courts.By concentrating on visible dirt, the amount of invisible or soluble dirt has been reduced. The reductase or methylene blue test has set a standard for freshness of milk. The test as enforced is by no means a stringent standard. The result is one of several instances where the strict enforcement of what appears to be too low a standard has, in the end, the effect that the foods concerned are sold to comply with a reasonably high standard. The freezing-point test has established a method of determining whether milk contains added water and was in use in New Zealand for 19 years before it was adopted in England.The freezing- point test has caused “the cow with the iron tail” to go dry. It is to be regretted that there is a tendency to specify unnecessarily expensive and complicated apparatus for carrying out tests in accordance with standard specifications. It has to be remembered that once a method or piece of apparatus has been specified for examining a certain article, its use becomes mandatory where legal proceedings are taken for that article’s failure to comply with the requirements. A means of controlling and testing the pasteurising of milk has been evolved, and this is widely used to test the milk supplied to school children. The effect of raising and enforcing the standard of milk in Wellington is that the quality of milk now sold is, on the whole, equal to that of any other city in the world.As in the case of foods, there is now little deliberate adultera- tion of drugs. This is in part due to the enforcement of standards and also due to rigid works standards where the drugs are produced. In purchasing goods to a specification, the customer should get the materials for which he asked and should know what he is getting. The following programme was carried out at the combined Conference of the New Zealand Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry:-“Pharmaceutical Industry,” by Mr. H. F. Harvey. 133 “The Metal Industry,” by Mr. R. M. Bruce, of the Railway Department. “A Symposium on Facial Eczema,” by Dr. F. J. Filmer, Dr.I. G. Cunningham and Mr. R. E. R. Grimmett. “The Relation of Chemistry to Industry,” by Dr. K. Gardner, President, New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. At the conclusion of the Conference a party of members and ladies visited the Centennial Exhibition. South Wales.-Members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged jointly by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society, held on 7th February, in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea,- Sir Robert Robertson, K.B .E., F.R.S., presiding. Prof. G. M. Bennett delivered a lecture on “Liquid Crystals.” Prof. Bennett described the mesomorphic nature of liquid crystals, in which the fluidity of a liquid is combined with the double refraction of a crystal, and traced the development of the study of such substances, from the first observation of Reinitzer in 1888 to the important classification proposed in 1922 by Friedel, by whom the three chief types of liquid crystal were characterised.The gradual development of liquid cryst a1 proper- ties in a series was illustrated by the para-alkoxy-benzoic and -cinnamic acids (Bennett and Jones, J.C.S., 1939,420). Prof. Bennett then gave an enthralling demonstration, by projection with polarised light, of the formation and behaviour of liquid crystals. Substance exhibiting simple polymorphism, carbon tetrabromide and chloroacetic acid, were first shown, followed by compounds of the cholesteryl type and by com-pounds such as para-azoxyanisole and ethyl azoxybenzoate, which give the nematic and smectic types of liquid crystal respec- tively.Anisylidene-para-aminocinnamicester was shown as an example of a compound giving both the nematic and the smectic states, whilst $mra-octyloxybenzoic acid exhibited in addition two polymorphic solid forms. The lecture and demonstration were warmly applauded. A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 7th March, in the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea,-Mr. J. Christie in the Chair, 134 Dr. J. H. Quastel delivered a lecture on 66 Tissue Respiration.” Dr. Quastel gave a brief account of some of the recent advances which have been made in the field of tissue respiration. He showed the importance of chemical equilibria in the presence of dehydrogenase systems and how interaction took place between oxidisable and reducible molecules in presence of their respective enzymes so long as particular carriers of hydrogen were present.Such carriers have proved to be composed of substances of great importance nutritionally: for example, nicotinic acid in the carrier cozymase, and vitamin B, in the carrier flavoprotein. The evidence indicates that vitamin B, and vitamin C may also prove to be hydrogen carriers in respiration systems in the cell. Reference was also made to the mechanism of the action of poisons and drugs, such as cyanides, carbon monoxide, and narcotics, on cell respiratory processes. Dr. T. W. Jones, Prof. J.E. Coates and Mr. Christie partici- pated in the discussion which followed. Local Sections.-The approximate number of members at present attached to each Local Section is given below. Section. No. of members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland .. .. .. 62 Belfast and District .. .. .. .. .. 49 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. 472 277 Cape of Good Hope CardB District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 95 Dublin and District .. .. 0. .. .. 52 East Anglia* .. East Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 243 Edinburghand East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 200 389 72 India .. .. .... .. *. .. 259 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. 295 Liverpool and North-Western Counties London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. 547 2690 Malaya .. .. .. Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 582 Newcastle and North-East Coast .. .. .. 176 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 South Wales (Swansea)South Yorkshire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 127 *PrwiOusly ineluded in London and South-Emtern CoullliW Sedbn. Notes. The New President.-Dr. John Jacob Fox, who was elected President of the Institute at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March, was appointed to the staff of the Government Laboratory in 1904, He graduated R.Sc.(Lond.) in 1906,and proceeded to DSc. in 1910. He has published investigations, mostly physico-chemical, in various journals, and has devised and improved analytical processes.At the time of his election to the Fellowship of the Institute in 1916, he was in charge of an important section of the Government Laboratory, and his services during 1914-1918were recognised by his appointment as an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In 1929he became Deputy Government Chemist in succession to the late Mr. George Stubbs, and in 1936 was appointed Government Chemist in succession to Sir Robert Robertson. In 1938 he was appointed a Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath. Dr. Fox has maintained a keen interest in all the activities of the Institute. He served as an Examiner for the Associateship in General Chemistry from 1928-1932,as an Examiner in Mineral Chemistry from 1925-1927, and as an Examiner in Inorganic Chemistry for the Fellowship from 1927 to 1935.He was a Vice-president of the Institute from 1936-1939. He has served as a Member of the Councils of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry, is a Past President of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, and is an Honorary Member of the Institute of Brewing. He is also a Member of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists, the Faraday Society and the Institute of Petroleum. Science Censorship.-At the request of the Director-General of the Press and Censorship Bureau, a panel has been formed by Sir William Bragg, President of the Royal Society, to assist the Bureau in the censorship of scientific journals.The panel includes Professor C. R. Harington (biochemistry), Pro- fessor A. C. Egerton (chemistry), Professor P. G. H. Boswell (geology), Dr. C. H. Desch (metallurgy). 136 SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT. Salaries.-On 13th January, Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Financial Secretary whether he was aware that scientific personnel was being recruited for temporary employment in Government departments at salary scales below the normal recommended in the Carpenter Report, and that some chemists with several years’ experience had recently been appointed at salaries between EZOO and E218 per annum, whereas the recommended salary for equivalent posts in the Carpenter Report was L275 ;and whether he was prepared to see that such temporary staff should receive salaries commensurate with the normal scale.The Financial Secretary to the Treasury replied that he under-stood that a few chemists had been engaged on a temporary basis at E218 per annum during a probationary period. Their duties did not, however, correspond in range and responsibility with those appropriate to the “Carpenter” grade of chemists whose normal commencing salary was Ez75 per annum. Pool Petrol.-On 14th February, in reply to a question by Sir W. Davidson,-the Secretary for Mines stated that compre- hensive specifications for pool petrol had been laid down and every cargo was fully tested by experienced chemists on arrival, not only by analyses but by engine tests.Some twenty-five laboratories were engaged on petrol-testing work. Oil from Coal.-On 16th January, in reply to a question by Mr. Grenfell, as to what extent the Mines Department was prepared to give technical assistance to promoters of oil from coal processes,-the Secretary of Mines said that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was as freely available as possible for the purpose and would, in accordance with its published scheme, test, free of charge, plants for low-temperature carbonisation of such a size that their performance would be comparable with similar plants operating on a commercial scale. The test provided technical information on which the promoters and others could from experience form their estimate of the commercial prospects of a process.Flow.-On 17th January, in answer to a question by Mr. De La Bere as to whether, since the Army Contracts Purchasing Department prohibited the use of chemically-treated white flour for the troops, the Minister of Health would consider afford- ing the same protection to the general public,-Miss Horsbrugh, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry, said that the Minister 137 was not satisfied on the evidence available to him that a general prohibition would be justified. Science and War.-On 18th January, Lord Strabolgi initiated a debate in the House of Lords on Science and the War. He asked whether there was a central organisation for the examina- tion of discoveries and new inventions connected with the war, what methods of co-ordination existed between the scientific departments of the fighting services and the Ministry of Supply, and whether there was adequate liaison between our own Govern-ment and the French Government for the mutual exchange of scientific knowledge.The Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence, in reply, referred to the work of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Ministry of Supply; of the Civil Defence Research Committee; the Research and Experiments Branch of the A.R.P. Depart- ment; the Camouflage Panel of the Ministry of Home Security; the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ; the Medical Research Council ; the Agricultural Research Council, and the Directors of Scientific Research of the Service Depart- ments.He described at length the arrangements for co-ordinat- ing the scientific departments of the various services. On 14th February, in reply to a question of Captain Plugge,- the Minister of Supply stated that regular liaison between the Advisory Council on Scientific Research and Technical Develop- ment and the French scientific representatives was effected through the Mission Scientifique Franco-Brittanique, which had a permanent secretary in London, located at the Ministry of Supply. This Mission had contact with the whole of the French war-time scientific organisation. There was also a direct link between the Ministry of Supply and the French Ministitre de I’Armaments, which could be used by the Council for matters relating to scientific inventions, through an officer who had been appointed and would shortly take up his duties in Paris.Methane.-On 30th January, in reply to a question by Sir R. Gower,-the Secretary for Mines stated the importance of methane as an alternative fuel was fully recognised by his Department, and the question of its production and utilisation for industrial purposes was being considered. ScientiJic Glassware, &.-On 30th January, Captain Plugge asked whether the Minister was aware of the difficulties of firms, such as Messrs. John Moncrieff and the Worcester Royal 138 Porcelain Co., and other firms producing scientific apparatus, in obtaining an adequate number of highly skilled workers; and whether he would do everything possible to assist those firms in obtaining the release from the fighting services of the workers they required.The Minister replied that he was aware of the urgent demand for such workers, but their release was a matter for the Service Departments in the light of representations made by the Depart- ment interested in the products of the firm making application. Captain Plugge also asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was aware that the Glass Manufacturers’ Federation had recently been informed by the War Office that no more skilled men could be released from the Army to undertake vital skilled work in factories producing scientific instruments, glass- ware, etc.Mr. Oliver Stanley, Secretary of State for War, replied that there had been much correspondence on this matter between the War Office and the Federation. Certain releases had been approved and further releases could not be granted unless the circumstances were very exceptional. On 1st February, Captain Plugge asked the Minister of Labour whether he was aware that up to the outbreak of war many articles of a scientific character were still being imported from Germany, and that arrangements had now to be made by British industries to make up for the shortage: and whether he would, in consultation with the Defence Department of the Ministry of Supply, take steps to ensure the release of a certain number of men from the services for this purpose.The Minister of Labour replied that the matter was under constant review by all the departments concerned, and arrange- ments were made, so far as possible, to adjust to the best advan- tage the several demands for the services of the men concerned. The release from the forces of individual men was a matter for settlement between the supply Department and the fighting service concerned. On the 7th March, Captain Plugge asked the Secretary of State for War whether he was aware that Messrs. J. Moncrieff, Ltd., of the North British Glass Works, Perth, had received a letter, dated zIst February, from the Ministry informing them that the delay in the delivery by them of glass tubing was causing serious inconvenience and holding up the manufacture 139 of instruments urgently required to meet the War Office demands; whether he was aware that this delay was caused by the inability of the firm to obtain the release from military service of certain essential scientific glassware workers ; and whether, in these circumstances, he could expedite the release of the men in question, some of whom, as a result of delays in this respect, hitherto, had now been sent to France.The Secretary of State for War replied that the answer to the first part of the question was in the affirmative; as to the rest, he was making enquiries in collaboration with the Minister of Supply and would communicate with Captain Plugge in due course. Aluminium.-On 31st January, in answer to a question by Mr.McEntee, regarding supplies of aluminium to be used in the manufacture of tubes and containers,-Colonel Llewellin (replying for the Minister of Supply) said that aluminium was a vital raw material which must be strictly conserved for essential purposes. There had been an increase in the demand of the service departments for it, and it was not now possible to licence the use of aluminium for tubes and containers for dentifrices, etc. Students (Military Service) .-On 8th February, in reply to questions by Mr. Burke and Mr. Thurtle,-the Minister of Labour said that the period for which a postponement certificate on grounds of exceptional hardship might be granted was limited by the Armed Forces (Postponement Certificates) Regulations to six months in the first instance, but application might be made for the renewal of the certificate not later than fourteen days before its expiry.The Umpire had decided that a full-time student who had been studying for a year, or a part-time student for two years, might be granted postponement so as to enable him to take a critical examination which was due to be held within nine months of the date on which he was registered. The Minister emphasised that postponement was not by any means confined to university students. Arseniuretted Hydrogen.-On 15th February, in answer to a question of Rear-Admiral Beamish as to whether he had any statement to make regarding the danger to the civil population of the possible use of a new war gas by the enemy,-the Minister of Home Security said that he assumed that the question referred to arseniuretted hydrogen, the properties and limitations of which had long been known to every competent chemist.The present 140 civilian respirator gave protection against that gas, and he did not consider that any further measures were necessary. University Grartts.-On 20th February, Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he could make a statement on the Treasury grant in aid of the universities and colleges in the coming financial year. The Chancellor, in reply, said that Parliament would be invited, in the estimates shortly to be presented, to maintain a provision made for the universities and colleges at the existing level, namely, &,rqg,ooo. He was satisfied himself, after considering the representations of the Vice-Chancellors and the results of a survey of university finance carried out at his request by the University Grants Committee, that the maintenance during the coming financial year of the present provision was necessary if the universities were to continue to make their contribution to the national effort.Sir E. Graham-Little asked whether it would not be possible to increase the grant in order to meet the normal increased expenses of the universities and colleges owing to the war. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said that he thought the answer that he had given might be regarded as an encouraging one and he could not add to it.Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry : Fellow-ships.-Applications are invited for Salters’ Fellowships avail- able for chemists of post-graduate standing. The object of the Fellowships is to afford special training by means of a course of Chemical Engineering at an approved College, for one year. The course to be followed will in each case be decided in con- sultation with the Fellow. The value of a Fellowship is normally from @50 to E3oo. Applications should be received by the Director, Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Salters’ Gardens, Church Road, Watford, Herts., on or before 1st May, 1940. Full particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Director. 141 Income Tax on Royalties.-Enquiries have been received regarding the liabilities of authors and patentees to income tax on royalties.The Finance Act, 1927,deals with income in respect of copy- right :-z~.-(I) Where the usual place of abode of the owner of a copyright is not within the United Kingdom, Rule 21 of the General Rules shall apply to any payment of or on account of any royalties or sums paid periodically for or in respect of that copyright as it applies to annual payments not payable out of profits or gains brought into charge. (3) This section shall apply to all payments of or on account of any royalties or sums made on or after the first day of July, nineteen hundred and twenty-seven, for or in respect of any such copyright as aforesaid, and to any payments made between the eleventh day of April, nineteen hundred and twenty-seven, and the said first day of July on account of any such royalties or sums payable in respect of any matter arising on or after the said first day of July.(4) In this section the expression “owner of a copy- right” includes a person who, notwithstanding that he has assigned a copyright to some other person, is entitled to receive periodical payments in respect of that copyright, and the reference to royalties or sums paid periodically for or in respect of a copyright shall not include royalties or sums paid in respect of copies of works which are shown to the satis- faction of the Special Commissioners to have been exported from the United Kingdom for distribution outside the United Kingdom.Where authors receive royalties in respect of their published books, the sums received have to be included in their return of income made for assessment to income tax. Whether expenses incurred in the course of writing the book will be allowed as a drawback against the sums received, is a question to which no general answer can be given. Such expenses should be returned, and will probably form the subject of correspondence with the Inspector of Taxes. In the Finance Act for I927 was an important new provision as to the payment of income tax on royalties by authors whose usual place of abode is not in the United Kingdom. In their 142 case income tax is only payable in respect of royalties received on copies sold for disposal in the United Kingdom, and not on copies sold for export outside the United Kingdom.The publisher is required in such cases to deduct the income tax on that part of the royalties attributable to United Kingdom sales from the sums payable to the author and to remit the tax to the Inland Revenue authorities. The Income Tax Act, 1918,deals with royalties in respect of patents :-‘((2) Where any royalty or other sum is paid in respect of the user of a patent, wholly out of profits or gains brought into charge to tax, the person paying the royalty or sum shall be entitled, on making the payment, to deduct and retain thereout a sum representing the amount of the tax thereon at the rate or rates of tax in force during the period through which the royalty or sum was accruing due.” A patentee who has income tax deducted from his royalties is, however, permitted to claim an allowance for his expenses, including litigation expenses for the purpose of protecting and enforcing his patent rights. This Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGScontains a copy of a photograph (by H. J. Whitlock & Sons, Ltd.) of the late Mr. W. A. S. Calder, President 1939-40, of which an enlarged copy has been added to the portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room of the Institute. Prof. Reginald Patrick Linstead, Fellow, (Meldola Medallist , I~JO),has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Dr. Juda Hirsch Quastel, Fellow , (Meldola Medallist , 1927), has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Dr. Harry Work Melville, Fellow, (Meldola Medallist, 1935), has been appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen on the retirement, from that Chair, of Professor Alexander Findlay, Member of Council. Dr. E. B. Hughes, Fellow, has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. 143 Professor Cecil Henry Desch, D.Sc., F.K.S., FeZZow, has been appointed Scientific Adviser to the Iron and Steel Scientific Industrial Research Council. The Messel Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry has been awarded to the Right Hon. Viscount Samuel, G.C.B., G.B.E. The presentation will be made at the Annual Meeting of the Society in London, on 9th July, when Lord Samuel will deliver an Address.The Herbert Jackson Prize for 1939 of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway has been awarded to Mr. H. I. Andrews of the Engineering Section, Research Department, Derby, for a paper entitled “The Development of a Refrigerating Machine for use on Trains.” 144 Obituary. ERIC WILLIAM AUSTIN died as the result of a motor cycle accident at Farnborough, Kent, on 1 lth November, 1939, in his 27th year. Educated at Selhurst Grammar School, he became a temporary laboratory assistant in the Government Laboratory, and continued his training at Battersea Polytechnic, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first-class honours in 1937. He continued at the Government Laboratory until September, 1938, when he accepted an appointment as an assistant chemist at the Sittingbourne (Kent) paper mills of Edward Lloyd, Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1938. Information has recently been received that WALTER JOHNSTONE GALLOWAYdied on 7th September, 1937, in his 40th year. Educated at Bickerton House, Birkdale, Lancs., and the Royal Grammar School, Worcester, he served with the B.E.F. in France from 1917-19, at first holding a commission in the Royal Field Artillery, later being seconded to the Royal Engineers. From 1919-23 he studied at the University of Manchester, graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, and was awarded the Le Blanc Medal in Fuel. From 1923-24 he was assistant chemist and assistant mines superintendent with the Demerara Bauxite Co., British Guiana.From 1925-30 he held an appointment with the Anglo- Persian Oil Company. During 1930-31 he studied chemical engineering at University College, London, and proceeded to the degree of M.Sc. (Engineering) in the University of Manchester, awarded for a thesis on the transfer of heat to liquids flowing at low velocities in a helical coil. He subsequently returned to the Anglo-Persian-now the Anglo-Iranian- Oil Co., with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. HUGHGILMOURdied at Salisbury, on 10th January, in his 60th year. Educated at Shawlands ,Academy and Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, he pursued his professional training at the Glasgow and West of Scotland- now the Royal Technical-College, Glasgow, and was awarded the Asso- ciateship of the College in 1911.In the following year, he was appointed demonstrator in the Chemistry Department of the West of Scotland Agri- cultural College, and, in 1914, joined the staff of the Indo-Burmah Petro- leum Co., Ltd., at Rangoon. On the outbreak of war, however, he returned and received a commission in the 10th Battalion, South Lancs. Regiment; but was later transferred to Royal Engineers (Gas Section) and served with the B.E.F. in France. After the war, he was engaged at Birmingham Uni- versity on research work and in July, 1923, obtained an appointment at the Experimental Station, Porton, where he was a Scientific Officer at the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1912, and a Fellow in 1920. JAMESHEMBROUGHdied at Poole, Dorset, on 20th February, in his 68th year. Educated at the Merchant Venturers’ School and Technical College, Bristol, he worked for some time with Dr.-now Sir-Ernest Cook, and in 1890 and 1891 was an assistant demonstrator in the Technical 145 College before he continued his studies at the Royal College of Science, London, where he took the Teachers’ Training Course and obtained the Associateship of the College in 1894. From 1894 to 1896 he was chemistry master at Bewerley Street Higher Grade School, Leeds. In 1902 he became head of the chemistry department of Cockburn Higher Grade School, Leeds, and in 1908 Principal of the Secondary School at Newton Abbot, Devon, where he was also Principal of the Science and Art and Technical Institute, and Director of evening classes, until his retirement in 1933.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1918. PERCY died at Woodford Green, on 26th January, inGWYNNJENKINS his 58th year. Educated at the Stationers Company’s School, Hornsey, he received his professional training at Finsbury Technical College from 1899 to 1903, and having become engaged in the gas industry, passed the technological examination of the City and Guilds of London Institute with first class honours in gas manufacture and gas supply. In due course, he collaborated in the design and working of large-scale gas-washing plant for extracting benzene and toluene, also in designing and working ammonia oxidation plant for the Gas Light and Coke Co.From 1904 to 1910 he had charge of the company’s experimental carbonising and coal-testing plant at Silvertown. Subsequently, he had charge of the laboratory at the Tar Works at Beckton and, in 1915, took over control of the sulphuric acid, eulphate of ammonia and liquid ammonia plants at the same works. He remained at this post until ill-health caused him to resign in December, 1939. Mr. Jenkins won many honours on miniature rifle ranges, including the Essex County Championship, in 1927, and the Corbet Woodall Cup of the Gas Light and Coke Co., in 1925, 1928 and 1937. .He was also a keen yachtsman. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919.GEORGELEGERRUSBY died on 8th February, at Russell Court, Woburn Place, London, in his 27th year. He was educated at Waterloo- with-Seaforth Grammar School and at the University of Liverpool, where he graduated with first class honours in chemistry in 1933, and was awarded the United Alkali Scholarship as the most outstanding chemical student of his year. He collaborat,ed with Professor A. Robertson in research on the synthesis of rotenone and its derivatives, and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1935. In the following year he obtained an appointment as a research chemist with Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. ANGUSSMITHdied at Greenock on 5th March, at the age of 77 years.He was trained for five years in the laboratory of J. W. Biggart, attended the courses given by Humbolt Sexton at Anderson’s College, Glasgow,- now the Royal Technical College,-and obtained first class certificates in chemistry in the Honours Stage of the examination of the Science and Art Department. In 1888, he became engaged as chief chemist in the Sugar Refinery of Messrs. A. Scott and Sons, Greenock and, a few years later, as head chemist to Messrs. John T’S’alker and Co. (Sugar Refiners), Ltd., in the same burgh. He was the author of booklets on Precious Stones, 1919, and on Golden Syrup Analysis, 1924. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a, Fellow in 1892. 146 Books and their Contents.The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Biochemistry, an Introduction to. William Robert Fearon. and Edition. Pp. xii + 476. (London: William Heinemann-Medical Books-Ltd.). 17s. 6d. Part I. Elements and inorganic compounds; the subject matter of biochemistry; biological elements ; inorganic compounds ; solutions and colloidal systems. Part 11. Organic compounds ; classification and characteristics ;carbo-hydrates; reactions of carbohydrates; proteins; amino acids and protein structure; lipides; steroids; pigments ; pyrrole derivatives ; carotinoids, flavins ; catalysts ; nutrients ; alimentary digestion ; intermediate meta- bolism; carbohydrates ;proteins;lipides;tissue respiration; purines and pyrimidines; nitrogenous bases; urea; excretion; hormones ;the internal environment.Appendix. Index. The Cracking Art in 1938. Edited by Gustav Egloff. Pp. 458. (Chicago, Illinois: Universal Oil Products Company, Research Laboratories). U.O.P. Booklet No. 239. A report covering publications from 1st January to 31st December, 1938. Introduction; U.S. and foreign statistics; cracking research; commercial cracking; cracking plant equipment ;treating cracked products ;cracked products and by-products; high-octane fuel by polymerization and alkylation; reviews; patents; author index. Engineering and Industrial Science, Records and Research in. A Guide to the Production, Extraction, Integrating, Store-keeping, Circulation, and Translation of Technical Knowledge.J. Edwin Holmstrom. Pp. xii + 302, (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 15s. net. Nature and methods of technical science; phases in the application of science to practice ;experimental organisations, collative organisations ; the gathering of ideas from technical literature; the sorting and integrat- ing of ideas; the expression and transmission of ideas; foreign languages and their translation; the technician as a person; abbreviations for engineering qualitlcations. 147 Fats, The Chemical Constitution of Natural. T. P. Hilditch. Pp. xii +438. (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.). 35s. net. Introductory survey of the natural fats; the component acids of fats of aquatic flora and fauna; the component acids of fats of land animals; the component acids of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of natural fats (mainly qualitative investigations); the component glycerides of vegetable fats; the component glycerides of animal fats ; some aspects of the biochemistry of fats ; constitution of individual natural fatty acids ; synthetic glycerides ;individual naturally occurring fatty alcohols and my1 ethers of glycerol; notes on experimentaltechnique employed in the quantitative investigation of fats ; generalindex of subjects; index of individual fats and waxes (and plant families) ; index of individual fatty acids and glycerides.(Thisbook will be reviewed in JOURNALPROCEEDINGS,AND Part 111.) Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. F.N. Apple-yard and C. G. Lyons. 4th Edition. Pp. viii + 174. (Lon-don: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd.). 6s. 6d. net. Volumetric analysis ;gasometric analysis ;official limit tests ;gravimetric analysis;alkaloidal assay processes ;preparation of organic compounds ; qualitative organic analysis ; table of approximate a,tomic weights ; logarithms; index. Water Treatment : A Comprehensive Treatise on the Treat- ment of Water for all Purposes and Effluents Purification. G. V. James. Pp. xii + 224. (London: The Technical Press, Ltd.). 30s. net. Part I. Domestic supplies ; int,roductory; sterilisation; removal of colour, odour and taste from a water; treatment of water to prevent plumbo-solvent and other action on metals; water softening; army we of water; use in sea-going vessels; contamination by poison gases; purification of water for swimming baths; boiler feed water and treat- ment. Part 11.Industrial supplies and effluents; classification and effects of contamination due to effluents; industries in which only effluents have to be treated; industries requiring treatment of the influent as well as the effluent. Part 111. Domestic sewage; introductory ; suspended matter; tank treatment, sludge, effluents and filters; contact beds ;straw filters; other processes ; the activated sludge process. Appendix. Index. The British Standards Institution has forwarded a copy of the Handbook of Information, including the Indexed List of British Standards (January, 1940), obtainable from the office of the Institution, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, price IS. 6d.The Institution has also issued B.S.SS. 593-1940. General Purpose Laboratory Thermometer. 148 611-1940. Petri Dishes. Price 2s. each net; 2s. zd. post free. A Corrigenda Slip C.F.(C) 4734 for B.S. 188-1937. Method for the Determination of Viscosity of Liquids in Absolute (C.G.S.) Units. 882-1940. Natural Aggregates up to 13 in. Normal Maximum Size for Concrete for Structural Purposes including Roads. Dr. G. Roche Lynch, O.B.E., Vice-Pyesideizt, has kindly pre- sented the Institute with a copy of the article on Toxicology: Homicidal, Suicidal and Accidental Poisoning which he has contributed jointly with Dr.D. M. Pryce, of the De- partment of Morbid Anatomy and Histology, St. Mary's Hospital, London, to Volume XI1 of the British Encyclopaedia of Medical Practice, published by Messrs Butterworth and Co. (Publishers), Ltd., 1939. Introduction, including a table showing the number of deaths from the commoner poisons in the years 1933-1936 inclusive in England; the method of taking specimens for analysis and other proceedings in cases of suspected poisoning; gases ;corrosives; synthetic organic substances; alkaloids ; cantharides ; inorganic and metallic poisoning; poisonous fungi; abortifacients; powdered glass. References. The Institute has received from the Department of Chemistry of the University of Queensland, Numbers 5 to 14 of Papers mainly dealing with Essential Oils, reprinted from the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, published in June and September, 1939.The Annual Report of the Imperial Institute for the year 1939refers to the work of the Scientific Departments, dealing with plant and animal products and mineral resources. The plant and animal investigations related to Pyrethrums from Tanganyika and St. Helena, Strophanthus from Northern Rhodesia, Flax from Australia, Sunn Hemp from Ceylon, Sansevieria Fibre from South Africa, Urena Fibre from Trinidad, Teak from Trinidad for Paper-making, Essential Oils from St. Helena, Geranium Oil and Eucalyptus Oil from Southern Rhodesia, Palmarosa Oil from the Seychelles, Beeswax from Northern Rhodesia, Turtle Oil from Ceylon, Coconut Cake from Ceylon, Tara Pods from Kenya, Gum from Nigeria, Incense Gums from British Somaliland, Tung Fruits and Nuts from South Africa, Passion Fruit Juice, and the evaluation of Rotenone. 149 The chemical and mineralogical investigations dealt with Cement-making Materials from Ceylon :-Clay, Coral, Slaked Lime Limestone, Clays (4) and Gypsum; Rock Samples from the Federated Malay States, Concentrates from Sierra Leone, Clay from the Gold Coast, Mineral and Other Specimens (76) from Johore, Euxenite from Uganda, Red Earth from the Seychelles, Asbestos from New Zealand, Graphite from South Africa, Iron Ores from Southern Rhodesia, Soils from the Seychelles, Corundum from Southern Rhodesia, Magnesium Alum from South Africa, Waters from Nyasaland, Vermiculite from Tanganyika, Vermiculite and Green Chloritic Mineral from Western Australia, Bauxite and other minerals from the Gold Coast, and Black Sand from Jamaica. The International Tin Research and Development Council has issued its Fourth General Report covering the work of the Council during 1939.160 The Library, 1939-40. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11, 1939, the Council has had the pleasure to acknowledge the following gifts :-ANQLO-IRANIANOm Co., LTD.: Famous Cities of Iran. L. Lockhart. Brentford, 1939. ANONYMOUS: Dictionary of Scientific Terms. C. M. Beadnell. London, 1938. OF BRITISHCHEMICALMANUFACTURERSASSOCIATION : British Chemicals and their Manufacturers.Lofidon, 1939. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Analysis. Vol. I. Electro-chemical Theory. H. J. S. Sand. London and Glasgow, 1939. THEBRITISHPHARMACOPOEIACOMMISSION: Report of the Committee on Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy containing Section 1, Report of the Sub-Committee on Crude Drugs. Report of the Committee on General Chemistry, including Section 1, Report of tho Sub-Committee on Alkaloids and Alkaloidal Salts, and Section 2, Report of the Sub-Committee on General Organic Chemicals. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY :PRESS Statistical Thermodynamics. A Version of Statistical Mechanics for Students of Physics and Chemistry. R. H. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim. Cambridge, 1939.The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases. S. Chapman and T. G. Cowling. Cambridge, 1939. MESSRS. CECPMAN& HALT,,LTD.: A Practical Manual of Chemical Engineering. H. Tongue. With a Foreword by Sir Gilbert Morgan. London, 1939. Fluorescence Analysis in Ultra-Violet Light. J. A. Radley and J. Grant. 3rd Edition. Lon.don, 1939. Practical Microscopical Metallography. 3rd Edition revised and enlarged. R. H. Greaves and H. Wrighton. London, 1939. Records and Research in Engineering and Industrial Science. J. Edwin Holmstrom. London, 1940. The Chemistry of Milk. 2nd Edition. W. L. Davies. London, 1939. The Corrosion of Iron and Steel. J. C. Hudson. London, 1940. The Quality of Coke. R. A. Mott and R. V. Wheeler. London, 1939.The Raman Effect and its Chemical Applications. J. H. Hibben. New Ywk, 1939. Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related Materials. Compiledand Edited by T. C. Gregory. New York, 1939. 151 DR. A. C. CHIBNALL,F.R.S.: Protein Metabolism in the Plant. A. C. Chibd. New Haven and London, 1939. H. E. CLARKE,Esq., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C.: An Introduction to Lead-Acid Accumulator Technique. H. E. Clarke. Birmingham, 1939. A. Itr. COMBER,Esq., F.I.C. : Composition Flooring and Floorlaying. A. Mr. Comber. London, 1936. Magnesite aa a Refractory. A. W. Comber. London, 1937. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD.: Lavoisier. J. A. Cochrane. London, 1931. THE COPPERDEVELOPMENTASSOCIATION: The Machining of Copper and its Alloys.London, 1939. MESSRS. J. M. DENT& SONS, LTD.: A Higher School Certificate Inorganic Chemistry. E.J. Holmyard. London, 1939. MESSRS. GURNEY& JACKSON: Fritz Ephraim. Inorganic Chemistry. P. C. L. Thorne and A. M. Ward. London, 1939. A. HARVEY,Esq.: Fat, Total Solids and Moisture. R. D. Mason. London, 1939. Sulphated Oils and Allied Products. Their Chemistry and Analysis.D. Burton and G. F. Robertshaw. London,, 1939. MESSRS. WILLIAMHEINEMANN(MEDICALBOOKS),LTD.: An Introduction to Bio-Chemistry. 2nd Edition. W. R. Fearon. London, 1940. IMPERIAL :INSTITUTE Magnesium, Magnesite and Dolomite. J. Lumsden. London, 1939. INSTITUTE :OF PETROLEUM Annual Reviews of Petroleum Technology. Vol. 4. F. H. Gamer. London, 1939. INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTTINRESEARCH COUNCIL: Historic Tinned Foods.Greenford, 1939. DR. D. W. KENT-JONES,B.Sc., F.I.C.: Modern Cereal Chemistry. Third Edition. D. W. Kent-Jones. London, 1939. MESSRS. LONUMANS,GREEN& Co., LTD.: A Text Book on Light. A. W. Barton. London, 1939. A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Theory and Practice. A. I. Vogel. London, 1939. Chemistry in the Service of Man. Fifth Edition. A Findlay. Lon-don-New York-Toronto, 1940. Chemistry of Synthetic Drugs. 4th Edition revised mcl re-written. P. May and G. M.Dyson. London, 1939. 152 Elementary General Science. Book II. Edited by J. M. Harrison. London, 1939. Elementary Mechanics with Hydrostatics. D. Humphrey and E. A. Baggott.London, 1939. General and Inorganic Chemistry. P. G. Durrant. London, 1939. Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders. London, 1939. Mellor’s Modern Inorganic Chemistry. Revised and Edited byG. D. Parkes, in collaboration with J. W. Mellor, D.Sc. London, 1939. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. J. F. Thorpe and M. A. Whiteley. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged. Vol. 111. London, 1939. DR. G. ROCIIE LYNCH, O.B.E., F.I.C.: Toxicology. 1. Homicidal, Siiicidal and Accidental Poisoning.G. Roche Lynch and D. M. Pryce. London, 1939. MESSRS. METHUEN & Co., LTD. : Electrocapillarity. J. A. V. Butler. London, 1940. THE NITRATE CORPORATIONOF CHILE, LTD.: Bibliography of References to the Literature on the Minor Elements and their relation to Plant and Animal Nutrition.3rd Edition. Originally compiled by L. G. Willis. New York, 1939. SIRISAACPTTMAN& SONS, LTD.: A Text Book of Pharmacognosy. T. C. Denston. With Illustrations and Drawing Notes by M. Riley. 3rd Edition. London, 1939. Definitions and Formulae for Students. Metallurgy. E. R. Taylor.London, 1939. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 4th Edition. F. N. Appleyard and C. G. Lyons. London, 1939. MESSRS.RELIANCERUBBERCo., LTD.: Plastic Gold. The Story of Rubber in the Service of Mankind. London, 1939. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Vitamin E. A Symposium held under the Auspices of the Food Group (Nutrition Panel) of the Society of Chemical Industry, April, 1939.Edited by A. L. Bacharach and J. C. Drummond. London, 1939. THETECHNICALPRESS,LTD.: Water Treatment. A Comprehensive Treatise on the treatment of Water for all purposes and Efiluents Purification. G. V. James. London, 1940. UNIVERSITY PRESS:OF LONDON Chemistry (with some geology). Part I and complete volume also. J. A. Lauwerys and J. Ellison. London, 1938. UNIVERSITYOIL PRODUCTSCo.: The Cracking Art in 1938. Edited by Gustav Egloff. Chicago, Ill., 1939. 153 UNIVERSITY TTJTORIAL PRESS, LTD.: Chemistry. H. G. Lambert and P. E. Andrews. London, 1939. Books Purchased. Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry for 1937. Issued by the Chemical Society. London, 1938. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1938.Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. 47. New Yo& and London, 1939. The War Gases. Chemistry and Analysis. M. Sartori. Translated from the 2nd Enlarged Italian Edition by L. W. Marrison. London, 1939. Coming Events. 1940 April 11 THE FUELLUNCHEONCLUB, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2. 12.40 for 1.10. 12 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) : “Chemical Engineering Problems in the Canning Industry.” Mr. T. W. Jones, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 8 p.m. 18 THECHEMICALSOCIETY: ‘‘Some Aspects of the Polymerisation of Vinyl Compounds.” Professor R. F. W. Norrish, F.R.S., at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, M’.1. 22 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section) : “The Detection and Identification of War Gases.” Dr.J. W. Baker, Home Office Regional Instructor for the Gas Identification Service. “The Organisation of the Gas Identification Service.” Dr. A. L. Roberts, Senior Gas Identitication Officer for Leeds, at the University of Lee& at 7 p.m. 23 INSTITUTIONOF CHEMICALENGINEERS.A Review of Certain Unit Processes. Mr. J. C. Farrant, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 4.45 for 5.15 p.m. 24 SOCIETY (Food Group, Nutrition Panel) :OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY “The Egg as Food.” Chairman: The Right Hon. Lord Iveagh. Contributions by Dr. Joseph Needham, Dr. S. K. Kon, Dr. Haines, and Miss Mary Andross. At the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.l, at 2.30 p.m.28 INSTITTTTEOF CHEMISTRY (South Wales Section) : Annual General Meeting, at the Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEWISTRY (East Anglian Branch) : Annual General Meeting, at Fox Hotel, Stowmarket, at 3 p.m. Mag 7 INsTITmIoN OF CHEMICALENQINEERS. Measurement of the Flow of Liquids and Gases, Mr. E. Owes. 154 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 23rd February, 1940,g Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 34 new Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected, and 35 Students were admitted. The Council records with regret the deaths of three Fellows and three Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bennion, Edmund Baron, M.Sc.Tech.(Manc.), A.M.C.T., 8, Broadmead Road, Woodford Green, Essex. Churchman, Arthur, N.Sc. (Birm.), 23, Kingsley Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham. Jennings, James Sowdon, B.Sc. (Leeds), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bim.), 94, Grestone Avenue, Handsworth, Birmingham, 20. Manning, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Astra, Darlington Road, Hartburn, Stockton-on-Tees. Middleton, Arthur William, B.Sc., Ph.l). (Lond.), 33, Devereux Drive, Wat,ford. Prior, Philip Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Messrs. A. E. Reed & Co., Ltd., Aylesford Paper Mills, Larkfield, Kent. Kay, Karunaranjan, B.Sc. (Calcutta), M.Sc. (Bim.), Metallurgical Inspectorate, Tatanagar, B.N.Rly., India. Raybould, William Edward, MSc. (Bim.), Fillongley, Silvermead Road, Sutton Coldfield.Rhodes, Edwin Clements, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 34, Trinity Close, London, s.w.4. New Associates. Billing, Joseph, 41, Sunny Grove, Chaddesden, Derby. Bremner, Alexander McColl, B.Sc. (Glas.), 17, Church Street, Dumbarton, Scotland. Broughton, Granville, B.Sc. (Lond.), Tattersall’s Farm, Hurstwood, nr. Burnley.Burjorjee, Hirjee Rustoin, M.Sc. (Rangoon), Bungalow 5.128, Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., Syriam, Burma. Butcher, James Anthony, B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Bright Eyes Row, Lofthouse, nr. Wakefield. Chambers, Fred William, Dip.Chem. (Cologne), 40, Park House Gardens, Twickenham Park, Middlesex. Cooper, Raymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Warren Avenue, Stapleford,Nottingham. Dawson, Edward Lionel, A.M.C.T., A.I.R.I., 3, Fieldhead Avenue, Bamford, Rochdale.Feltham, Kenneth Shipton, B.Sc. (Lond.), B.Pharm., Ph.C., School of Pharmacy, Medical Department, Lagos, Nigeria, W. Africa. 155 Gaskell, George Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 50, Lydyett Lane, Barnton, North- wich, Cheshire. Gerdes, Joachim Friedrich August, B.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Dipl. Ing. (Aachen), 9, Seymour Avenue, Parktown West, Johannesburg,S. Africa. Grant, William Jackson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Speldhurst Road, London, E.9. Guest, Walton Loveday, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 133, Grafton Street, St. Helens. Harrington, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ives Head View, 17, Hirig Fence, Shepshed, nr. Loughborough. Hems, Benjamin Arthur, B.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (Edin.), 328, Carr Road, Northolt, Greenford. Ibbitson, Douglas Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), 26, Welbeck Street, Sandal, Wakefield. Jayatunge, Noel, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Analysts’ Laboratory, Colombo, Ceylom. Khin, Maung Aung, B.Sc. (Rangoon),32, Eardley Crescent, London, S.W.5. King, Hugh Kirkman, B.A. (Cantab.), 6, Harvey Road, London, N.8. Krishnamurthy, Venkatasubba, M.A. (Madras), Chemical Laboratory, Custom House, Madras, India. Lightfoot, David Evan, B.Sc. (Birm.), 330, Camden Street, Birmingham, 18. Lindsay, Andrew Fraser, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 10, Cartwright Gardens, London, W.C.l. McLean, Joseph Shanks, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Kilnside Road, Paisley,Scotland. Muir, John Robertson, B.Sc. (Edin.), 77, Grieve Street, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Murdoch, James Shanks, ;MA, B.Sc. (Glas.), 81, Mount -4iinan Drive, Glasgow, 5.4.Murti, Kambhampaty Satyanarayana, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Allahabad),Department of Industrial Chemistry, The University, Liverpool. O’Leary, Miss Agnes Cecilia, B.Sc. (Wales), 60, Colum Road, Cardiff. Ridgway, Radford Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Nevern Square, London, S.W.5. Schollick, Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 53, Candover Road, Hornchurch Road, Romford, Essex. Summers, Alexander John, B.Sc. (Glas.), Logie, Kirriemuir, Angus. Walker, Cyril, B.Se. (Lond.), 59, Firth Park Road, Sheffield, 5. Wheeler, Richard Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), 204, Chiswick Village,London, W.4. Wright, Miss Winifred Booth, B.A. (Cantab.), 59, Ranelagh Gardens, London, S.W.13. 3.-oung, Cornelius, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Ella Road, London, N.8. Re-elected Associates.Cutting, Mrs. Margery Enid Maud, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Wickliffe Avenue, London, N.3. Steward, Cyril Oswald Main, A.R.C.S., 25, Altar Drive, Heaton, Bradford. New Students. Aston, Richard Samuel, 17, The Crescent, School Road Estate, TettenhaU Wood, Staffs. Bedford, William, 10, Butcher Lane, Rothwell, Leeds. Bishop, Joseph Robert, Station House, Crigglestone, nr. Wakefield. Boyd, James William Wyllie, Braeside, Dalry, Ayrshire. Brickell, Edgar George, Highclere, Horse11 Rise, Woking. Chalk, Edward Eugene, 134, Dudden Hill Lane, London, N.W.lO. 156 Deasy, Michael, 6, North Road, Cardiff. Ellis, George, 82, Melrose Road, Liverpool, 4. Evans, Norman, 35, Brynland Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. Greenwood, Robert Fred, 5, Rockware Avenue, Greenford.Hardesty, Francis, 23, Chilside Road, Felling-on-Tyne. Hargreaves, Harry, 54, Melville Street, Burnley. Holland, David Oliver, 489, Oldfield Lane, Greenford Green, Middlesex. Jones, Eric Hague, 5, Stamford Road, Mossley, nr. Manchester. Kupfer, Miss Hella Regina, 29, Fitzjohn’s Avenue, London, N.IV.3. Large, Frank Elton, Hayes Ha,ll, Fillongley, nr. Coventry. Lewis, Thomas Frank Leslie, The Homestead, Bhylls Lane, Merry Hill, Wolverhampton. Mac Arthur, Duncan Morris, 186, Swinton Road, Baillieston, Glasgow. Maisey, Alfred John, 7, Banstock Road, Edgware. Maw, George Alexander, 94, Shirland Road, London, W.9. McLeavy, Gordon, 36, Stainburn Drive, Harrogate Road, Leeds, 7. Merrick, Thomas, 14, Birch Avenue, Salford, 6.Ransom, James Charles Cyril, 13, Blonhoim Square, Leeds, 8. Reynolds, George Frederick, 12, Hyde Road, Maidstone. Scott, John Theophilus, 7, Lonsdale Road, Gloucester. Sim, James Watson, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Cowdenhill Place, Knightswood, Glasgow, W.3. , Sims, Ivan Palmer, 83, Langthorne Street, London, S.W.6. Sloan, Samuel Campbell, 53, Thane Road, Knightswood, Glasgow, W.3. Thompson, Douglas, 19, Westbourne Grove, Goole, Yorks. Tiley, Peter Frank, 107, Somerville Road, St. Andrews Park, Bristol, 6. Walker, Leslie, Cambridge House, Whalley Road, Accrington. Walker, Wilfred Arthur, 11, Field Street, Shepshed, nr. Loughborough.Wells, Harry, 18, Mitchell Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Williams, Rodney James Binham, 56, Trafalgar Avenue, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.15.Zatman, Joseph, 6, Castlefield Avenue, Higher Broughton, Salford, 7. DEATHS. Fellows. Hugh Gilmour, A.R.T.C. James Hembrough, A.R.C.S. (Lond.). Angus Smith. Associates. Eric William Austin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Percy Gwynn Jenkins. George Leger Rusby, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.). 157 General Notices. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible, as to their rank, unit, etc. Register.-In the present circumstances, the Council, in accordance with advice received from the Press and Censorship Bureau, has decided to publish the new edition of the Register without addresses or particulars of the occupations of the Fellows and Associates.The Register will contain the full names, qualifications and dates of admission to Associateship and Fellowship. The work is now in preparation, so that members who wish changes to be noted in initials representing membership of other qualifying institutions, etc. , should notify the Registrar without delay. In accordance with the By-Laws, Fellows and Associates who are in arrear with their subscriptions for more than 12months are liable to have their names removed from the Register. Examinations.-Arrangements have been made to hold examinations for the Fellowship and Associateship in April. It is hoped that examinations will also be held in September, Full information will be given at a later date.Lectures.-Dr. J. H. Quastel, F.R.S. , Director of Research, Cardiff City Mental Hospital and Honorary Lecturer in Bio- chemistry in University College, Cardiff, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on “The Chemistry of Enzyme Action,” in October next. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Registrar’s lecture-A Century of Chemistry: “From Boyle to Priestley ”-is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 158 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are ordinarily required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. FOYthe time being the Payment of 6s. 6d. is suspended. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. .and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935,the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books. Owing to the war, the Library cannot now be available during the usual hours.It will be open from 10a.m. to I p.m. and from z p.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 169 10a.m. to I p.m.). Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library.All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expired on 1st March. The subscriptions rates are 6s. 6d., for Class B, and 16s. 6d. for Class A. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Further information is obtainable from the Head Librarian, Boot’s Booklovers Library, Stamford Street, London, S.E.I. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.160 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registratiout. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Copies of The Professionof Chemistry”(Fourth Edition, 1938) will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Regis-tered Student who has not yet received one, on application to the Registrar.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND,INSTITUTECHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C.I. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER Fellows and Associates are reminded to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. All communications to be addressed to the Registrar.