THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, Atqpst, 1933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), JOCELYN F. THORPE (President), C. 0 BANNISTER, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DOR~, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRgALDY (Hon. Treasurer.) A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE. 221 Proceedings of the Council.Council Meeting, June, 1933.-On 16th June the con-gratulations of the President and Council were accorded to Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., Past President, and to Dr. Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Past Vice-president, on their having been created Knights Bachelor. The Council received reports from the Standing Committees. The Finance and House Committee reported that arrange- ments had been made for a Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (see page 226). The Publications Committee reported that Mr. Norman Strafford’s lecture on “The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods ” was in course of preparation for publication, and that Prof. Gilbert T.Morgan’s three lectures embodying “A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry” were in the hands of the printers. The Committee also reported that, with the co-operation and advice of Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe, it had under consideration arrangements for a scheme of lectures on modern developments in laboratory technique. On the suggestion of Mr. J. R. Johnson, the Publications Committee was asked to consider the possibility of providing that lectures arranged by headquarters should occasionally be given before Local Sections; and the proposal of Dr. P. F. Gordon, that the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections might consider the matter, was approved. The Pedler Fund Committee reported that it had prepared a short list of candidates in connection with the appointment of the Third Pedler Scholar.Sir Christopher Clayton reported that the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill had passed the third reading in the House of Com-mons on 3rd June, and also that the Rubber Industry Bill had been read for the third time in the House of Lords and sent to the Commons. Sir Christopher was subsequently entertained to Dinner, at the Hotel Russell, by Officers and Members who had served with him on the Council of the Institute. 222 Council Meeting, July, 1933.-At the meeting held on 21st July, in addition to reports from the Standing Committees, a report was received on the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The Council also dealt with other matters, which are referred to hereafter in this Part of the PROCEEDINGS.The Finance and House Committee reported that Mr. R. C. Frederick, Fellow, had been consulted with regard to the ventila- tion of the Lecture Hall, and the thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Frederick for his assistance in the matter. On the recommendation of the Pedler Fund Committee, the Council appointed Mrs. Janet W. Matthews, Ph.D., DSc., Associate, to be the Third Pedler Research Scholar. Mrs. Matthews will work at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London , on-The development of inorganic microchemical analysis, with special reference to gravimetric work requiring separations. The first problem being to develop a method for the micro- analysis of samples of lung, sputum, dust from mines, etc., for potassium, aluminium and silica in the presence of iron and phosphate, with reference to the work on silicosis, which claims that the disease is caused by the mineral sericite (a potassium aluminium silicate), A report was received from the Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund (see page 242).Dr. Gerald Roche Lynch, O.B.E., F.I.C., was appointed, and subsequently accepted appointment, as representative of the Institute on the Poisons Board, in accordance with the provisions of the Second Schedule of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. The Royal Assent to the Act was signified in the House of Lords on the 28th June. Appointment of an Examiner.-Dr. Oscar Lisle Brady was appointed an Examiner in General Chemistry for the Associateship, in place of Prof.Robert Robinson, F.R.S. Election of a Member of Council.-Prof. Robert Robinson, F.R.S., was elected a Member of Council to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Dr. Brady on his appointment as an Examiner. Committee on Food Law.-The Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland have directed that the work of the Committee appointed on the 14th May, 1931,under the 223 Chairmanship of Sir Frederick J. Willis, K.B.E., C.B., J.P., to enquire into the working of the law as to the composition and description of articles of food other than milk, which was suspended in September, 1931,shall now be resumed, but that for the terms of reference set out in the minute of appointment of the Committee the following terms of reference shall be substituted :-“To consider whether it is desirable that the law relating to the composition and description of articles of food should be altered so as to enable definitions or standards to be prescribed, or declarations of composition to be required, for articles of food other than liquid milk; and, if so, to recommend what alterations of the law are required.” It will be recalled that in 1931 the Public Appointments Committee prepared a Memorandum which, with the approval of the Council, was forwarded to the Departmental Committee with an intimation that Mr.S. E. Melling and Prof. W. H. Roberts had been appointed to supplement the Memorandum by oral evidence if so desired. The Memorandum was reproduced in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part IV, 1931, PP-232-4.5.A further communication has been received from the Secretary of the Committee on Food Law enquiring whether the Council of the Institute desires to make any modifications in the Memorandum. It has, therefore, been referred to the Public Appointments Committee for further consideration. Butterfat Testing.-Attention has been drawn to the arrangements made under the Milk Recording Regulations of Ministry of Agriculture for butterfat testing, which will come into operation on 1st October under which it is provided that the testing shall be done by the staffs of the recording societies, provided that members of the staffs doing the actual testing possess diplomas or certificates in dairying or certificates of efficiency in butterfat testing.It was also provided that, if a recording society itself did not actually do the work, it might be done at an agricultural college or institute or by a Public Analyst; but it seemed to be implied that a recording society should not, without the authority of the Ministry, employ a private individual or firm of analytical chemists. 224 The arrangements also appeared to convey the impression that tests conducted in the laboratories of manufacturers of foods would be excluded. In these circumstances the Institute addressed a communica- tion to the Ministry of Agriculture suggesting that the Ministry would agree that Agricultural Analysts under the Fertiliser and Feeding Staffs Act and other analysts or firms of analysts competent to undertake the work should be recognised for this purpose.A reply was received from the Ministry agreeing that Agri- cultural Analysts appointed under section 11 of the Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926, should be regarded as suitable authorities for the testing of milk samples under the scheme, and that the Ministry would consider the question of their inclusion in the Regulations relating to the scheme when they are re- printed. The Ministry added, however, that in view of the fact that the Milk Recording Societies were in constant communica- tion with the Ministry, it would not appear that a Society would be deterred from considering the appointment of any qualified chemist by reason of the fact that the Ministry’s prior authority for his appointment would be required.Appointments Register.-The records of the Appointments Register of the Institute indicate that the number of members without employment is decreasing and that there is a steady demand for chemists, especially in junior positions. The Council has been asked, however, to warn members who are in employment and are using the Appointments Register in the hope of improving their positions, that, in making application for vacancies notified under “box numbers,” they should be careful to inform the Registrar that, in the event of the box number referring to their present employers, they do not wish their applications to be forwarded.University of London.-The President and the Registrar were present at the laying of the Foundation Stone of the new building on the site of the University on 26th June by H.M. The King. The premises of the Institute were placed at the disposal of the University for robing accommodation on this occasion. 225 Lectures.-In collaboration with the Leeds Area Section, arrangements have been made for Dr. Samuel Glasstone, Fellow, of the University of Sheffield, to give a Lecture, in the New Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, on Monday, 20th November, at 8 p.m., on b6 Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Mr.H. F. E. Hulton, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Sixteenth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 17th November, at 8 p.m. Subject 6L Beer.” S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1933.-Dr. Herbert Levinstein, Fellow, has kindly consented to give the Fifth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday, 15th December, at 8 p.m. All Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to all former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than members or students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. 226 Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.SATURDAY, JUNE,24~~ 1933, AT 10 A.M. A Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, 24th June, and was attended by the following :-Mr. Mark Bogod . . .. London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. W, F. Buist . . .. Liverpool and North-Western. Dr. H. Burton .. .. Leeds Area. Dr. R. J. Connor .. .. Huddersfield. Dr. A. Coulthard .. .. Manchester and District. Mr. A. R. Jamieson .. Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. R. H. Jones .. .. South Wales. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard .. Irish Free State. Mr. Edgar Lewis .. .. Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. C. S. McDowell .. Belfast and District. Mr. Patrick Mitchell .. Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Dr. F. W.Norris .. Birmingham and Midlands. Mr. Walter Smith .. Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Mr. F. H. Walker .. .. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast (in the unavoidable absence of Mr. M. A. W. Brown). The Registrar and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute were also present. The Honorary Secretaries were welcomed by the President, who expressed his appreciation of their enthusiasm, in that every Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland was represented. He felt sure that the Council would appreciate their keenness in coming to the Institute for the Conference. The President briefly reviewed the agenda, and said that he felt sure that their deliberations would produce useful results. He regretted that other engagements prevented his participating further in the Conference.A cordial vote of thanks for the welcome which he had extended to the Honorary Secretaries was accorded to the President, on the motion of Dr. Leonard, who was then elected to the chair. The subjects for discussion included :-Publicity; co-opera-tion with the secretaries of other Societies in arranging programmes ; provision of lecturers ; arrangements with head- quarters for printing and issuing circulars, notices, etc.; development of uniformity in the conduct of the business of Local Sections, and in reporting their proceedings; promotion of sociability among chemists; cinema films; joint meetings of Sections; and the Appointments Register. Under the heading of Publicity, the Conference first con-sidered means of bringing chemistry more prominently before the public.It was learned with approval that several Sections, often in co-operation with other Societies, made arrangements from time to time for meetings which were open, not only to members and their friends, but also to the public generally, whereat popular-as distinct from purely scientific or technical -lectures were given by selected lecturers. In Glasgow, through the kindness of Sir Robert Bruce, popular articles bearing on the applications of chemistry in everyday life had been published in The Glasgow Herald and The Glasgow Evening Times. It was felt that, although the ordinary individual usually read only those parts of a newspaper which are of special interest to him, such “chemical” articles could be made attractive, and that the example set by Glasgow might well be followed in other centres where editors could be found who had the same sympathy for science as had been shown by Sir Robert Bruce.Good work was done by scientific and literary Societies, which arranged lectures on lines similar to those given at the Royal Institution; for example, by the Royal Dublin Society, and by literary and philosophical Societies in centres such as Manchester and Leeds. In some centres, short addresses had been given to Rotary Clubs, to meetings of unemployed, and by broadcasting. The Local Sections of the Institute were decidedly helpful in promoting publicity for chemistry generally. It was desirable that lecturers and writers should be encouraged to participate in such work.It appeared that more was being done in this direction than had been realised, but the hope was expressed that Fellows and Associates of the Institute would seize every oppor- tunity of making known the services rendered by chemistry to the common weal. 228 It was to be deplored that the press too frequently contained inaccurate accounts of chemical work. The safest method, perhaps, was to supply the press with short reports of meetings in order to ensure that technical matter was accurately expressed. In some Sections, it was the practice to ask lecturers for brief pr6cis of their lectures before they were delivered; but even then there was a danger of such prkis being mutilated by sub- editors who did not understand them.Some newspapers appeared to disregard any matter which was strictly chemical, while they were prepared to publish what might be described as general science. Generally, there appeared to be a feeling that it was difficult to induce the press to take notice of chemical work. In any case, matter had to be prepared in popular form, so that it was easily understood, or it served little purpose. The opinion was expressed that chemists themselves were to blame in this connection, be- cause they found it difficult to produce articles on chemical subjects which could be readily understood by the layman. Attention was directed to the lack of press reports in connection with the proceedings of the Chemical Section of the British Association in recent years.(1)The Conference decided to suggest to the Council that it should investigate the question of creating a liaison with the press, with a view to securing more suitable and adequate publicity in order to make known in an accurate manner important advances in the science and practice of chemistry. Publicity might be given to new discoveries of interest and importance, by means of articles prepared by chemists with special know- ledge, which could be submitted to a central agency for circulation to the general press. On the question of promoting co-operation between Local Secretaries and arranging programmes, the Conference learned that in the majority of important centres where there were large numbers of chemists, joint meetings with the Local Sections of other bodies were very usual. In some of the large centres, for example, in Glasgow, Liver- pool and Manchester, comprehensive programmes were prepared, giving particulars of all the meetings of learned Societies within the district.In a few cases, well-known lecturers had dealt with the same subject before several Sections, and often jointly with Local 229 Sections of other Societies, in which cases the expenses were shared with such Societies. It was suggested, in such circumstances, that Local Sections should arrange, so far as was possible, that the convenience of lecturers should be studied, in order that they might visit two or more Sections on the same tour, if willing to do so. (2) It was decided to recommend the Council to ask the Publications Committee to include in the Journal and Proceedings a schedule of “Coming Events.” The Conference next considered the difficulty of securing the services of lecturers.The problem was not only to secure suitable lecturers with suitable subjects, but to provide for the expenses, and to fix times convenient to all concerned. It was suggested that the Honorary Secretaries might possibly induce exceptionally successful lecturers to repeat their lectures at other Sections, especially when the lectures delivered by them were of such value and importance that they had been recom- mended for publication as monographs. (3)The Conference felt that the Council might assist the Local Sections by preparing a Register of lecturers, or at least might prevail upon the President or other members of Council to visit Sections from time to time, to address them on either professional or technical subjects.(4)Incidentally, the Conference expressed very great appre- ciation of the lectures which had been published separately by the Institute, and desired that the Council should consider the desirability of such lectures being repeated before some of the Local Sections. With reference to the arrangements for carrying out work for the Local Sections at headquarters, the Conference was reminded that, so far as possible, circulars and notices were printed and posted from the Institute for nearly every Section.The Institute possessed the necessary equipment, and certain mem- bers of the staff were specially deputed to look after that work. (5) It was suggested that an endeavour should be made to obtain lists of local members of other chemical Societies in every district, in order that they might be invited to meetings. This had been done in some districts, but might be further extended. 230 Regarding the question of the development of uniformity in the conduct of the business of Local Sections, it appeared to be generally accepted that, although the general rules for Sections were laid down in the By-laws of the Institute, it was unavoidable that the subsidiary rules should vary with the extent of the membership and local conditions in different centres.It appeared to be impossible to formulate model rules suitable for all Sections. With regard to the reporting of the proceedings of Local Sections, there was a consensus of opinion that lectures con- sisting mainly of textbook matter should either not be contri- buted to the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute, or con- fined only to very brief reports; and that lectures of a scientific or technical character given before joint meetings of two or more Societies, should be published in the technical press, although precis, not exceeding a page or two, should be contributed to the Journal and Proceedings where the matter dealt with was of sufficient importance and interest to warrant the space.The official publication of the Institute being "domestic" rather than technical in character should, however, contain a complete record of the proceedings of each Section ; while the attention of the Council should be directed to lectures which were felt to be sufficiently important to be printed as mono- graphs for the benefit of the members generally. In some cases, lectures were filed, and the manuscripts could be borrowed by those who were specially interested. This discussion led to further consideration of the question of reporting meetings and lectures. Some Sections arranged for the honorary secretaries or other members to be responsible for reports. Others secured the assistance of experienced steno- graphers.It appeared to be difficult to obtain reliable accounts of discussions, but this could sometimes be done by asking speakers to supply their remarks in writing. The honorary secretaries had to do the best they could to secure records for the Journal and Proceedings. A member had been asked to raise the question whether it was worth while to print Examination Papers in the Journal and Proceedings. It was unanimously agreed that the papers were useful to teachers and students and interesting to a very large number of Fellows and Associates themselves, while they formed a necessarypart of the Report of the Board of Examiners, which frequently contained references to the questions and exercises which had been set. In considering means to be adopted for promoting further sociability among chemists, reference was made to summer outings, visits to works and other places of interest, dinners, dances, and concerts.In most cases, the Local Sections were able to arrange occasionally for such functions, in order to bring chemists together in friendly intercourse, although it was not desirable that the expense involved should become a burden to the younger members. It was remarked that there had been a very great improve- ment in the attendance at meetings of chemists since the formation of the Local Sections of the Institute. (6) The hope was expressed that the President and other Honorary Officers of the Institute would visit the Local Sections more frequently in order to encourage good attendances. The Chairman raised the question of exhibiting films, and reference was made to the following :-Austin Motor Co., Ltd... .. Motor Car Manufacture. Bakelite, Ltd. .. .. .. Plastics. British Acetylene Association. . Acetylene.British Oil and Cake Mills, Ltd., Selby (Unilever, Ltd.) .. Seed-crushing and Oil extraction. British Tar Association .. Tar Dorman Long & Co., Ltd. . . Bridge construction. Empire Marketing Board .. Various subjects. Federation of British Industries Various Industries. Thomas Firth &John Brown, Ltd. Steel manufacture. Highways Construction, Ltd. .. Road-making.Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. .. .. .. .. Sulphur, Dyestuffs, etc. Mond Nickel Co., Ltd. .. ..Nickel Refining. Morris Motors, Ltd. . . .. Motor Car Manufacture. The opinion was expressed that many so-called ‘I technical ” films included irrelevant matter of no special interest to pro-fessional chemists. (7) The Conference considered it desirable that as much information as possible should be available with regard to the hiring of films dealing with scientific and technical subjects. If members of the Institute would report to the Registrar concerning films of suitable type which they had actually seen, a list of such films might be compiled and enquiries might be made 232 with reference to their availability for exhibition at meetings of Local Sections. Reference was made to joint meetings between Local Sections of the Institute and to meetings away from the more important centres.It was learned that the Birmingham Section occasion- ally met at Derby, and the South Wales Section, at Cardiff; that the three Scottish Sections held a joint annual meeting, and that the London Section had met at Portsmouth. (8) It was desirable that Section meetings should be held occasionally away from the headquarters of the Sections respectively . Finally, some consideration was given to the Appointments Register, and the hope was expressed that the officers of Local Sections would assist headquarters as much as possible in supply-ing information regarding vacancies for chemists. (9) The members of the Conference were of opinion that the meeting had proved of great value in enabling them each to learn something of the work of other Sections; they were grateful to Mr.Lewis for having suggested the holding of the Conference, and unanimously agreed that the Council should be asked to arrange meetings of the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections to be held fairly frequently. On the motion of Dr. Coulthard, a vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Leonard for acting as Chairman of the meeting. The members of the Conference adjourned to the Russell Hotel for luncheon, and several subsequently returned with the Officers for further discussion and in order to see the printing department and other premises of the Institute. The above Report was submitted to the Council at a meeting on 21st July, when the recommendations I to 4 inclusive, dealing with publicity and the arrangements for lectures, were referred to the Publications Committee; 5 and 7, regarding the possibility of obtaining lists of local members of other Societies and to the hiring of films dealing with scientific and technical subjects, were referred to the Registrar; 6, suggesting that the 233 President and other Officers should visit the Local Sections more frequently, was referred to the Honorary Officers; and 8, recommending Local Sections to hold meetings occasionally away from their own respective headquarters, was referred to the Local Sections themselves.The Council further directed that the question of holding a meeting of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections should be raised each year in October, and endorsed the thanks which had already been expressed by the President to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for attending the Conference, and also for their useful report.234 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Marischal College on the 26th June,-Dr. J. F. Tocher presiding in the unavoidable absence of Professor James Hendrick, Chairman of the Section. The Secretary’s Report was received and adopted. Professor Hendrick was re-elected Chairman, and Captain J. S. Allan was elected a Member of the Committee in place of Mr. W. Godden resigned. The remaining Members of the Committee were unanimously re-elected. After the meeting, the members proceeded to Stoneywood Paper Works, They were received and entertained by Captain and Mrs.Allan, at Stoneywood House, before going over the factory: excellent arrangements had been made for showing the various processes of paper-making, from the raw material to the finished article. Dr. Tocher, on behalf of the members, warmly thanked Captain and Mrs. Allan for their hospitality and for the arrange- ments made for ensuring the success of the visit. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-On 10th June, members of the Section and their friends visited Dartington Hall and Buckfast Abbey. Dr. W. K. Slater, FeZZow, Managing Director of Dartington Hall Estate, and Mr. Pearson, the guide demonstrator, accom- panied the visitors, who were shown the old parsonage farm, with its model buildings and the herd of 60 pedigree South Devons, and the method of production of clean milk from tuberculin-tested cows; also the saw mills and methods of handling timber in bulk and of utilising sawdust as fuel.The company were also shown the laboratory and were entertained to tea at the canteen. Dr. Slater explained the ideas and purposes of the Directors in running a large estate on scientific and economic lines, in developing rural industries and thereby creating employment for skilled craftsmen, etc. Dr. Ernest Vanstone, of Seale Hayne College, Chairman of the Section, in expressing the thanks of the Section to Dr. Slater and his colleagues for their kindness and hospitality, wished them every success and happiness in their work, which, he said, chemists would watch with very great interest.After viewing the restoration work in the Hall and making a tour of the estate, the party visited Buckfast Abbey and, in the 236 evening, dined together at the Courtenay Restaurant, Newton Abbot. Future arrangements are mentioned under ‘I Coming Events ’’ -p. 261. Cape.-On 25th June, a meeting of the Cape Section of the Institute was held, jointly with the Cape Chemical and Techno- logical Society, in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University, when Professor E. Newbery read a paper on bb The Purification of Metallic Mercury.” Mr. G. B. Godwin presided. Professor Newbery said that mercury, the only metal liquid at ordinary temperatures, was used for a remarkable variety of purposes-household, academic, and industrial.Although it was classed with the noble metals and would not rust or corrode in the air under ordinary conditions, it was specially liable to pick up all kinds of impurities from various sources, and some of these impurities seriously interfered with its use for certain purposes. To give a single example, pure mercury would not adhere to a clean glass surface; hence its value in thermometers, barometers and other instruments. Very minute traces of grease or of certain other impurities might, however, induce so much stickiness at a mercury-glass surface as to make such instruments useless. Exposure of mercury to the air for a few hours had a marked effect on its surface tension.The thorough purification of mercury was therefore a matter of considerable importance. The processes in use might be divided into four classes- filtration, chemical treatment, distillation and electrolytic treatment. The first process was quick and easy but only removed mechanical impurities such as dust or scum. The second was also rapid and easy with suitable apparatus. Some troublesome chemical impurities such as zinc or copper could be greatlyreducedin amount, though the purification is never perfect. The third process was slow and needed rather complicated apparatus, but gave a very good product if carried out carefully. The distillation was usually carried out in a high vacuum.Volatile metals such as zinc and cadmium were not completely removed. The fourth process was much the slowest and most difficult, but the product was of such high purity that no foreign matter could be detected even by spectroscopic analysis. Two fonns of 236 apparatus had been designed for this process, which worked automatically and might be run for weeks at a time without attention, giving about roo grams of mercury of the highest quality per day. Apparatus suitable for all these processes was shown, and the met hods were demonstrated. On 30th June, at the Martin Melck House, Mr. Horace Weall, Senior Government Chemist at Cape Town, gave an address before the Section on LL Poisons.” Mr. Graham Leslie presided.Mr. Weall showed how difficult it was for cases of poisoning to avoid detection, because of the ease with which most poisons could be traced in the viscera. He said that among metallic poisons arsenic had always been popular. This was scarcely to be wondered at, because arsenic was odourless, tasteless and very much like flour and other harmless substances in appearance. It was, furthermore, productive of symptoms which resembled those of food poisoning and enteric. But, fortunately, it was one of the easiest of all poisons to detect. There were several very delicate tests for arsenic, particularly the Reinsch test and the Marsh test. The Reinsch was a simple test and, from his own experience, he had found that a stomach containing only one-fiftieth of a grain would give a positive result.It was almost impossible to fail to detect arsenic, if arsenic had been the cause of death. That also applied to all other metallic poisons. Mr. Weall recalled a case in which the only material he was supplied with was about an ounce of soil collected from a spot in which the deceased was said to have vomited. There was no difficulty at all in showing conclusively that this soil contained mercury and that the deceased had died from mercurial poisoning. Much controversy, he said, had raged around the question of the toxicity of aluminium, on account of its extensive use in the form of cooking utensils. A great deal of experimental work had been done, and it was now quite definitely established that the use of aluminium involved no danger whatever.Dr. Burn had recently carried out exhaustive feeding experiments on animals and men, and had shown that growth and reproduction were unaffected by the metal. Some years ago a substance-alocol-was widely advocated for dyspepsia. Alocol was a salt of aluminium! As to alkaloids, the difficulties of toxicology were greatly increased in South Africa on account of the many native medicines and various decoctions of plants used by natives, some of which were little known. The native liked his medicine “strong”! Of this class of poison, strychnine seemed to be the favourite, but there was no difficulty in detecting strychnine. Mr. Weal1 gave a brief account of the general methods employed in detecting poisons, and referred to two particularly sensitive tests which had been developed by the late Dr. Moir, of Johannesburg,--one for traces of carbolic acid, and the other for cyanide.Many interesting reminiscences were related, and discussion followed. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The next meeting of the Section will be held at the Institute on 24th October, when the programme will include an Exhibition of apparatus and cinematograph films. Members of the Section will receive further notification in due course. Malaya.-A meeting of the Section was held at the King Edward VII College of Medicine on the 26th May-Mr. Morris Jamieson in the Chair-when Mr. H. J. Benjafield, Chief Sanitary Inspector of the Municipality of Singapore exhibited a cine-matograph film of local anti-malarial methods, illustrating the life history of the mosquito, including emergence of the larvz from the eggs, and of the adult mosquito from the larva.Typical habitats were shown, and the methods of trapping and carrying out mosquito surveys, together with methods of control, such as clearing of undergrowth, oiling, filling in and draining swamps, construction of open and subsoil drains, etc. Various difficulties met with in the work were dealt with, and the methods by which they were overcome were demon- strated. The film concluded with a few pictures of comparative American methods. The thanks of the Section were accorded to Mr. Benjafield, who was warmly congratulated on the production, and especially on the photography involved in it.At a meeting of the Section held on the 30th June, at Kuala Lumpur, Mr. Greenstreet read a paper on L‘ Animal Nutrition.” He said that the history of the scientific investigation of animal nutrition was divisible into three well-defined phases. 238 The chief investigators of the basic principles of animal nutrition were the Germans Thaer, Grovan and Kellner, the American Armsby, and the Englishmen Lawes and Gilbert, of Rothamsted fame. As a result of their researches it was proved that the chief source of fat in the animal body is carbohydrates, and the death blow was given to the theory that animals possess a mysterious vital force which enables them to make heat out of nothing in defiance of the laws of physics.Feeding standards were drawn up which, with slight revision, have since been used. The second phase of the subject arose from the discovery that sometimes animals failed to thrive upon these standard rations. This circumstance led to the investigation of a variety of substances, the presence of which enabled animals to thrive, and the absence of which caused restriction of growth, illness or even death. Mr. Greenstreet proceeded to describe some of these €om- pounds, such as the unsaturated fatty acids, proteins of high biological value, and vitamins. In Malaya, press cake from gingelly seed, and the ubiquitous rubber seed, are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, while gingelly cake and the local odoriferous fish refuse are good sources of high quality proteins.Mr. Greenstreet then referred to pasture research, and stated that the modifications of species to secure more rapid growth and higher milk production were generally unaccompanied by a sufficient increase in the supply of minerals to the cattle. The trouble had been aggravated by the transfer of stock to new habitats of varying geological origin and novel flora, and by the continued export of meat and other animal products without any corresponding manurial return to the soil. He described the effects of mineral deficiencies and the various methods of remedying them. He said that the improve- ment of €he mineral content of pastures went hand in hand with an increase in protein content, with the result that it had been found possible by rotational grazing, or cutting accom- panied by the regular application of artificial phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilisers, to produce a grass which constituted a well-balanced and adequate ration for all classes of cattle. As a result of experiments in the Department of Agriculture, this state of affairs had been found equally and economically possible in Malaya.239 In reply to an enquiry regarding the feeding value of locally growing leguminous crops, Mr. Greenstreet said that the cow pea plant was eagerly relished by cattle and had a feeding value similar to lucerne. As regards the quality of local cattle manure, he said that its deficiency in phosphate was a result of the low phosphate content of local grasses.After referring to his interest in the feeding of race-horses, the Chairman invited the meeting to accord Mr. Greenstreet a hearty vote of thanks for his interesting address. He said that in Malaya they had become so used to the sight of cattle on the border-line of starvation, ekeing out a precarious existence on road sides and rough grazings, that it came as a surprise to some of the audience that, in Malaya, fodder grasses, sufficiently nutritious to provide an adequate ration for stock, could easily be grown. Mr. Shelton considered that research in animal nutrition provided a further example of the importance of chemistry to their daily life.Malaya ought to benefit considerably from the application of chemical research in this direction. He understood that the results of Mr. Greenstreet’s original investigations on animal nutrition were shortly to be published by the Department of Agriculture, and he looked forward with interest to reading them. In conclusion, the Chairman remarked that the lecturer was shortly proceeding to England on retirement, and he felt sure that he was expressing the general feeling of the meeting in wishing Mr. Greenstreet Bon voyage and every success in the future. Manchester and District.-The fifteenth annual general meeting of the Section was held on 16th March in the Reynolds Hall, College of Technology,-Mr. J. H. Lester in the Chair. Dr. C. A.Burkhardt, Dr. H. Hunter, Dr. F. C. Wood, and Mr. K. H. Saunders were elected members of the Committee in the place of four retiring members. The Honorary Auditors, Messrs. L. Thompson and P. Evans, were unanimously re-elected. A vote of thanks was accorded the retiring members of the Committee for their services. On the conclusion of the formal business, Professor T. P. Hilditch read a paper entitled 6b Some Curious Features of the Composition of Fats in Plants and Animals,” of which he has kindly supplied the following abstract :-The kinds and amounts of various fatty acids which are 240 characteristic of several different groups of naturally-occurring fats were described in order to illustrate a few of the quantitative similarities or differences in fatty acid content which are found in natural fats (of which nearly 1,500different kinds have now been recorded from plants and animals).It was pointed out that nearly all fats are built up from a relatively small number of fatty acids, the structure of each of which is fairly simple, and in most cases quite well known; and that, therefore, chemical study and classification of natural fats is chiefly a matter of (i) observing the relative proportions of the fatty acids specific to each fat, and (ii) ascertaining how these acids are linked up with glycerol molecules to form mixtures of mixed triglycerides. Commencing with the growing plant, it appears that oleic, linoleic, palmitic and sometimes linolenic acid are the only members of the series which occur in any quantity as glycerides in the leaf, stem, etc.In the reproductive system, fats may be present in the exterior fruit-coat as well as in the seed (endosperm or embryo); in fruit-coat fats and in very many seed-fats, the main component acids are still only those already mentioned, but many botanical families are characterised by the presence, in the seed-fats, of large amounts of other fatty acids which are frequently quite specific for a particular family. The kernel fats of the palm family, with high contents of lauric and myristic acids in the glycerides, were cited as a specially well-marked instance of this specificity, and also the relatively few cases (all belonging to a few tropical families) in which stearic acid is a prominent component of vegetable fats.Regular but minor variations in composition within the same group of fats were illustrated in the case of the fruit-coat fat of the native West African oil palm (red palm oil). Proceeding eastwards from Sierra Leone, palm oils from different districts show a progressive fall in palmitic acid content and corresponding rise in oleic acid, the oils from Liberia and the Ivory Coast being poorest in palmitic acid; but oils from the Gold Coast, Nigeria or the Congo again have a comparatively high content of palmitic acid and proportionately less oleic acid. The differences are probably due to different varieties of the oil-palm rather than to climatic or other external factors, for plantation oils from the Congo, Malaya, or Sumatra are all very closely alike in composi- tion and very similar to, for example, a Lagos native oil.Turning to land animal body-fats (including those of birds) 241 it was emphasised that at least two different groups of these exist, so far as chemical composition is concerned. In one, which seems to include those of rodents (rats, rabbits) and birds (geese, poultry), there is usually 20-25 per cent. of combined palmitic acid with oleic or linoleic acids in varying proportions , but with little (usually 5 per cent. or less) stearic acid; in the other group (which includes the important body-fats of pigs, sheep and oxen, and with which the corresponding milk-fats seem to have certain close general relationships in chemical constitution) the amount of palmitic acid is much the same, but stearic acid also becomes a major component and may exceed the amount of palmitic acid present.In lards and tallows, moreover, there is a definite, if only approximate, balance between the amounts of stearic and oleic acid present in any given instance, the combined proportion of these acids (with linoleic) approaching a more or less constant figure (65-72 per cent.) in all tallows and lards so far examined. Moreover, the amount of completely-saturated glycerides (palmitostearins) present in these fats is roughly proportional to the total proportion of saturated acids in the whole fat, and frequently reaches a fairly high figure (25-30 per cent.), whereas vegetable seed-fats yhich contain as much as 50-60 per cent.of , stearic (or stearic and palmitic) acids contain only negligible amounts of palmitostearins. The pig, sheep and ox body-fats, in fact, appear to owe their characteristic structure to some kind of hydrogenation process wherein oleo-glycerides have been partially converted into stear o-gl ycerides. Incident ally, the prevalent idea that stearic is the most typical of the natural fatty acids is now seen to rest only upon the relative familiarity and abundance in Europe of such fats as tallow and lard. The particular examples of fats dealt with in the lecture were chosen in order to illustrate some of the interesting chemical and structural problems which invite study in this large group of natural products, and to indicate some of the directions in which investigation is going on at present.Observation and correlation of the many different categories of vegetable and animal fats seems still to be the immediate need; from the accumulated results of work of this kind there may later emerge points of attack on the more fundamental question of how fatty acids and glycerides are elaborated in the living organism. Students’ Section.-On the 24th June, the Students’ Section enjoyed an excursion to Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derhyshire. 242 Notes. Beilby Memorial Awards.-The Administrators of the Beilby Memorial Fund (the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals) reported awards of one hundred guineas each to Dr.Constance F. Tipper (n6e Elam) of the Engineering Department, Cambridge University, and to Dr. Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, Chemical Engineer. Constance F. Elam (Mrs. G. H. Tipper), M.A., D.Sc., was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge. From 1916 to 1917 she was an assistant in the metallurgical department at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington ; and from 1917 to I927 worked at the Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, where she was research assistant to Prof. Sir Harold Carpenter, held the Frecheville Research Fellowship, and received grants from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.During short periods between 1917 and 1928 she also worked in the Cavendish Laboratory, at Cambridge, and at the Davy- Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. In I924 she was elected Armourers’ and Brasiers’ Research Fellow in metallurgy, and held this Fellowship for the maximum period of five years. In 1928 she married Mr. G. H. Tipper, M.A., formerly Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, and since that time has conducted research in the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. She held a Newnham College Research Scholarship for the year 1930-1931. The Royal Society has made grants to her for apparatus required in connection with the work on which she is now engaged. She has published much scientific work-twenty-one papers in all-including six in conjunction with Prof.Sir Harold Car- penter, F.R.S.; three in conjunction with Prof. G. I. Taylor, F.R.S. ; and twelve independent publications. Her work in the first group includes papers read before the Institute of Metals on “An Investigation on Unsound Castings of Admiralty Bronze (88.10.2),its Cause and Remedy,” “Crystal Growth and Recrystallisation in Metals,’’ and “Stages in the Recrystallisation 243 oi Aluminium Sheet on Heating”; before the Royal Society, on “The Production of Single Crystals of Aluminium and their Tensile Properties,” and ‘‘Experiments on the Distortion of Single Crystal Test-Pieces of Aluminium ”; and before the Iron and Steel Institute, on “The Effect of Oxidising Gases at Low Pressures on Heated Iron.” In the second group are papers read before the Royal Society on “The Distortion of an Aluminium Crystal during a Tensile Test ,” “Plastic Extension and Fracture of Aluminium Crystals,” and “The Distortion of Iron Crystals.” The greater proportion of her work, which was done independently and published by the above-mentioned bodies, relates principally to metallic crystals.A bibliography entitled (‘The X-ray Investigation of Alloys-a Summary of published information 1921-28” appeared in the Journal of the Institute of Metals in 1929. More recently she has turned her attention to archaeology, and has read before the Institute of Metals papers on “An Investigation of the Microstructure of Fifteen Silver Greek Coins (500-300 B.c.) and Some Forgeries,” and ‘‘Some Bronze Specimens from the Royal Graves at Ur.” Arthur Joseph Victor Underwood, D.Sc., was educated in the University of Leeds, where he graduated with first-class honours in both mathematics and engineering, and was a Research Scholar from 1918 to 1920.He took a post-graduate chemical engineering course at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, from 1920 to 1921,and qualified as an associate, and later as a full member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, of which body he has since served as a Member of Council and Examiner. Dr. Underwood is a Consulting Chemical Engineer and an Honorary Lecturer in the Ramsay Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, University College, London.His practical ex-perience has been in connection with explosives, poison gas, alkali manufacture from natural deposit, beet sugar, wood distillation, fermentation, and catalytic processes for solvent manufacture. It has been gained in Great Britain, Kenya Colony, Yugoslavia and elsewhere. He has published a large number of papers on chemical engineering subjects, notably filtration, distillation, and flame temperatures. His treatment has been mainly mathematical, and he has developed original quantitative methods for interpreting and applying basic chemical engineering processes. 244 Sir Robert Hadfield, Bart., D.Met., D.Sc., F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed a Commendatore of the Order of the Crown of Italy.The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1928-32 has been awarded by the Royal Society of Edinburgh to Sir James Walker, F.R.S., Fellow. Professor Arthur Avery Read, FeZZow, has retired from his appointment as Professor of Metallurgy and Fuel Technology in the University College of South Wales, Cardiff. Mr. Albert Theodore King, Fellow, has been appointed to the Chair of Textile Chemistry in the University of Leeds. Miss Muriel Roberts, Fellow, has been appointed as an Additional Public Analyst for the County Borough of Barrow-in-Furness. Mr. F. A. Ruddock, Associate, formerly Lecturer, has been appointed Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Mr. Richard William Sutton, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the County of Derbyshire, in the place of Mr.John White, FeUow, who has retired. Mr. Charles Frederick Turner, Fellow, has been appointed as an Additional Public Analyst for the City and County Borough of Liverpool. 245 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1933. THECouncil has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry (England and Wales). Assessors.-Prof. G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Prof. T. Slater Price, O.B.E., F.R.S., and Prof. J. E. Coates, 0.B.E , DSc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introdzcctory.-During the present session one school has submitted candidates for the first time in the Senior grade.The number of entries in the Senior grade was 230,of whom 125 passed. In 1932 there were zoo candidates, of whom 120 passed. In the Advanced grade there were 79 candidates, of whom 55 passed. In 1932, there were 88 candidates, of whom 65 passed. Of the 79 candidates, 57 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate; and of the 55 successful candidates, 40 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. II. Inorganic Chemistry .-Theoretical Examination.-In the Senior Grade the standard reached by the candidates was some- what varied. In some colleges the work of all the candidates was excellent, while in others most of the results were very little above the border line. In some cases the answers were very poor indeed.It is still apparent that many students endeavour to learn chemistry without really understanding the facts; or is it that sufficient explanations are not given, or that the students do not think for themselves? Questions on the Periodic Law were to be found in most papcrs, but in far too many cases was it stated that Mendelejeff used atomic numbers when he drew up his table; also, it was a great exception for Lothar Meyer to be mentioned. This point 246 was referred to in last year’s report, but seems to have escaped at tent ion. In the Advanced Grade the standard of work was much more satisfactory. Generally speaking, the questions set were of a distinctly high standard. This year it was noticeable that the candidates paid more attention to the principles of the subject, and did not endeavour to burden their memories with details, e.g.of numerical values, which should always be looked up in a book of reference. Practical Examination.-As in previous years , the standard reached in the practical work was decidedly higher than that in the theoretical. There were comparatively few failures in this part of the examination. In qualitative analysis, attention must be called to the fact that it is just as bad an error to find a radical present which is not there, as to miss a radical. The work in the Advanced Grade was generally of a high standard, the quantitative work being very good. 111. Physical Chemistry.-In some schools, questions on this subject are still included in the paper in Inorganic Chemistry, and it must again be emphasised that when the two subjects are included in the same paper, candidates must show a sufficient acquaintance with both if they are to be successful.Questions on colloids were general. It was a very common statement that the Brownian movement was discovered by means of the ultramicroscope. Loose statements were also common in connection with the Law of Mass Action and with Osmotic Pressure. Pfeffer’s work was often ascribed to van’t Hoff. Again, Soddy’s name was seldom mentioned in answer to questions on Isotopes. In some schools the practical exercises consisted of purely physical measurements, without any direct reference to chemistry.It should be possible to set satisfactory exercises involving such subjects as @Hdetermination, steam distillation, transition points, etc. IV. Organic Chmistry. Theoretical Examination.--In many instances, answers to questions on general reactions such as sulphonation, nitration, halogenation , diazotisation or condensa- tion, suggested that candidate had neither seen nor performed these chemical operations. 24.7 Questions on the diazo-reaction appeared in many examina- tion papers, but there were numerous candidates whose answers showed a lack of practical acquaintance with this important operation. In several instances it was stated that benzene- diazonium chloride was prepared by adding sodium nitrite to a cooled mixture of benzene and hydrochloric acid.In other cases the treatment proposed would have led not to a benzene-diazonium salt but to diazoaminobenzene. The various synthetic applications of the diazo-reaction were also confused. It was stated that diazonium salts evolved nitrous oxide on warming, and it was frequently suggested that cuprous iodide is required in the Sandmeyer replacement of the amino-group by iodine. The Liebermann reaction for secondary amines was not always clearly described in its three-colour phases. Hinsberg’s method of separating the three classes of amines with an aryl-sulphonic chloride was very seldom mentioned. The Friedel-Craft condensation was frequently misunderstood. For instance, phenol when treated with hydrogen chloride, and cuprous chloride was stated to yield chlorobenzene.Methyl chloride was referred to in the condensations as being a liquid, and acetanilide was stated to be produced by a Friedel-Craft condensation. In answer to a question on the production of certain naph- thalene derivatives, many candidates gave an impracticable preparation of p-naphthylamine based on the reduction of F-nitronaphthalene, which in turn was obtained by direct nitration of naphthalene. Indigo and alizarin were cited as naphthalene derivatives. Methods suggested for the manufacture of mono-and dimethyl- aniline were sometimes impracticable. The latter base was stated to be produced when methyl iodide was bubbled through aniline to which small pieces of sodium were slowly added.In another answer, this procedure was said to result in the con- version of aniline into iodo-benzene. Sulphonation was well described and the common sul-phonating agents were mentioned, but the opposite process of desulphonation, by the Armstrong and Miller method, was almost unknown. Questions involving a reference to alkali fusion were set in both grades, and there was a tendency to 248 regard the alizarin fusion as taking place with anthraquinone- disulphonic acid instead of with the monosulphonate (“ silver ” salt). In answers to questions on organic preparations, compounds were frequently stated to be obtained from less accessible materials. For instance, a candidate who stated that benzal- dehyde was prepared from benzyl alcohol, also gave the prepara- tion of benzyl alcohol from benzaldehyde.In several schools, a compulsory question on the validity of the Kekul6 formula for benzene led to many thoughtful answers, which even in the lower grade showed a sound know- ledge of the constitution of aromatic substances. Among the varied items of evidence adduced either for or against this formulation, the following may be mentioned : hydrogenation and oxidation of benzene and the formation of its halogen additive compounds; the existence of only one ortho-di-substituted benzene, and the formation of benzene triozonide. Kekulk’s formula was compared with those of Armstrong, Baeyer, Ladenburg, and Thiele. Comparisons were also drawn between benzene and the following hydrocarbons : ethylene, dipropargyl and cyclo-octatetrene.In the higher grade, answers on the structure of benzene were not more detailed than those described above; but, in addition, reference was made to the chemical constitution of naphthalene, anthracene, and their more important derivatives. A compulsory question involved an explanation of the isomerism of maleic and fumaric acids and of their oxidation to tartaric acids. These explanations were generally satis-factory, but other examples of cis-and tram-isomerism were less frequently given. Even in the higher grade the laws of substitution in the aromatic series were not always clearly described. It was stated without any qualification that m-toluidine was obtainable from the nitration product of toluene. Salicylaldehyde, produced in the Tiemann-Reimer’s reaction, was described as a meta-compound.Excellent answers were obtained in the higher grade to questions on the production and properties of isoprene and on the occurrence in nature of heterocyclic rings, sometimes of five or six atoms. 249 Interesting comparisons were made between benzaldehyde and furfuraldehyde, although occasionally the chemical nat.ure of the latter aldehyde was misunderstood. Questions on tautomerism presented some difficulty in the lower grade, but were more adequately answered by candidates in the higher grade. Notions on high pressure reactions are still hazy. Methyl alcohol was said to be obtained by sparking carbon monoxide and hydrogen over thoria. Hydrogenations were conducted under reduced pressure with nickel or colloidal palladium at 130~.Practical Examination.-In the tests for elements, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in organic compounds, it was noticed that nitrogen was not infrequently missed by the sodium test, and when a halogen was found, no discriminating test was applied to ascertain which of the halogens was present. For want of this additional test, bromal hydrate WPS returned as chloral hydrate even in the higher grade. Tests for metallic elements were often omitted so that potassium or calcium salts were sometimes returned either as the free acid or as the sodium salt. The carbylamine test for primary amines was given by some specimens of secondary amines, possibly owing to impurity, so that ethylaniline was returned as o-toluidine. With some important exceptions, the practical work was generally satisfactory. In one school, one of five different sugars was set to each candidate, whose identification of these carbo- hydrates was remarkably accurate.V. Chemical Technology. Theoretical Examination .-In their anxiety to acquire the technical details, students are apt to avoid learning the chemical principles underlying their special industry. In a metallurgical paper, candidates who were evidently strong on the technical side obtained only poor marks for their answers to a question on the chemical reactions of the blast furnace. Many important points were missed, such as the smelting of iron ore with excess of carbon monoxide, absorp- tion of carbon and silicon by iron, formation of slags, calcium sulphide and manganese sulphide.In a written paper on paints, pigments and varnishes, satisfactory answers were given to a compulsory question on the 260 classification of white pigments, with a description of the chemical nature of these pigments. In answer to a question on yellow and orange pigments, the chemical characteristics of various lead chromates were correctly indicated. The properties of oleic acid were correctly described, and an outline was given of modern methods of ascertaining the constitution of this technically important acid. Questions on cotton dyeing with azoic dyestuffs occurred in several examination papers on dyeing.The answers showed that candidates in general were acquainted with the practical details of the process, but the weaker answers were hazy on the underlying chemical reactions. In several schools, para-red was given as the only standard example; naphthol A.S. was mentioned only in one instance. Students do not realise quite clearly that, although many different arylamides of z hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid are now employed in the trade, the resulting azo-pigments all have the same general chemical formula based on an aryl-azo-/&naphthol. Many incorrect formulations were attributed to these azoic dyes. In some instances 2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilide and its homologues were correctly indicated, but not the coupled products.The chemical nature of indigosol and soledon dyes was not understood by some candidates who knew the mode of applica- tion of these dyestuffs to wool. It was asserted that indigo could be dissolved in aqueous caustic soda. On the other hand, a hydrosulphite vat was said to be made up with indigo extract. An answer to a question on the application and properties of acid mordant dyes gained a high mark, although nothing was said about the chemical nature of these dyes and their substantive character for wool. Logwood was included in the list. The only type of mordant application mentioned was premordanting with 3 per cent. dichromate. Such answers give the impression that although students are acquainted with certain practical details of dyeing they know but little con-cerning the chemical nature of the materials they employ.In papers on cotton dyeing and bleaching, answers to questions on the production of rayon fibres sometimes included a reference to four different types, but the de-nitration of Chardonnet silk was often omitted. The types generally 251 mentioned were viscose, cuprammonium and acetate rayons. The various stages of the viscose process were particularly well described. Candidates were well acquainted with the widespread use of wetting agents and referred to certain proprietary articles. Mercerol LP and Perminol ME R were stated to be mixtures of cresylic acid and organic solvents.The uses of hydrogen peroxide in the textile industry were well described. Satisfactory answers were given as to distinctive tests on the fibre for various dyeings of the same colour, but produced with different types of colouring matters. The chemical and tinctorial classifications of dyes were appropriately contrasted, and correct constitutional formulae were attributed to such diverse dyes as auramine, dianisidine blue and indant hrene. Practical Examination.-High marks were gained in the practical tests on paints, pigments, and varnishes, when an examination was made of a mixture of two pigments and of a varnish in general use. In practical bleaching and dyeing, excellent patterns were submitted of a full red dyeing on cotton from naphthol A.S.In technical analysis, an estimation of fatty acid and total alkali in a sample of softening material furnished correct data for alkali, although the results for fatty acid were rather low. Commercial samples of m-nitraniline and naphthol A.S. were identified and matched for strength against pure specimens. VI. Physics and Mathematics.-The general standard of the various examinations in these subjects was maintained. It was interesting to note that in one school, an excellent question paper in mathematics contained a considerable number of exercises having some reference to chemistry. This did not in any way diminish their value as tests of pure mathematics. The idea of giving a chemical flavour, however slight, to the subsidiary subject, is much to be commended. Students should acquire the habit of entering all their obser- vations directly into their notebooks and making all their calculations therein. In the actual examination, the examination book takes the place of the notebook. It is necessary to repeat the remarks made last year, that all observations should be entered directly in the examination book at the time they are 252 made, and that all calculations must be shown in the examination book.‘I Scribbling paper’’ should not be used. Candidates generally obtained high marks for their practical work. The Council has been informed that Dr. Jamieson Walker, Fellow, and Mr. C. H. Creasey, who have acted as two of the representatives of the Board of Education since the inauguration of the scheme, will shortly be retiring from their posts as H.M.Inspectors of Technical Schools, and has conveyed to them its appreciation of their helpful co-operation. The Council has invited Dr. Jamieson Walker to remain a member of the Joint Committee as one of the Institute’s representatives, and he has kindly consented to do so. CERTIFICATESIN CHEMISTRY, 1933.NATIONAL SCOTLAND, The Council has also received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessor.-Dr. Norman Picton. Five candidates have been awarded the Ordinary Certificate, and four, the Higher Certificate. 253 Obituary.ARTHUR ADAMS died at Smethwick on 10th July, in his 75th year. He studied chemistry under Tilden, at the Mason College, and under William Russell at the Municipal Technical School, Birmingham, and passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894. During his career he held appointments as a t,eacher of chemistry and other sciences at the Handsworth Grammar School, at Bourne College, Darlaston, at Walsall, and for many years at the Technical School, Smethwick, in which town in recent years he conducted a consultingpractice. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. WALTERCRAVENBALLdied at Idmiston, near Salisbury, on 9th June, in his 56t,h year. Educated at Manchester Grammar School, he obt,ained open scholarships in Natural Sciences, proceeded to Trinity College, Oxford, graduated with first class in chemistry in the final honours school in 1899, and later proceeded to the degree of M.A.He was for a time demonstrator at Balliol College, and afterwards a research student at Owens College, Manchester. In 1901 he was appointed demonstrator in chemistry at Guy’s Hospital Medical School, London, where, in 1906, he was also appointed teacher in chemistry for the Diploma in Public Health. He made several original contributions to the Proceedings and Transactions of the Chemical Society and the Proceedings of the RoyalSociety, and was awarded the degree of Sc.D. (Dublin). During the war, he served with the forces in France, holding a commission as Captain, and was subsequently transferred to the Chemical Defence Experimental Station at Porton, as Superintendent of the Chemical Department, with the rank of Major, R.E.In May, 1932, he was appointedDirector of Experiments. He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1913. HENRYGEORGEGREENISHdied at Willesden Green on 2nd August, in his 79th year. Educated at the Philological-now the Marylebone- School, he gained the Basil Ward Scholarship and matriculated in the University of London. Apprenticed with his father, Thomas Greenish, who was Treasurer of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain from 1878 to 1880, President of the Society from 1880 to 1882, and President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference in 1886, he entered as a student in the School of the Society, where he gained Silver Medals in chemistryand pharmacy, practical chemistry, botany, and materia medica, and was Bell Scholar in 1875.He passed the Major Examination of the Society in 1877 and then acted for a session as Demonstrator in the Chemical Laboratory of the School, before he undertook two years’post-graduate study at Dorpat, under Dragendorff, which was followed by a course at the University of Vienna. In 1890, he was appointed Lecturer, and, in 1893, Professor of Materia Medica in the School of the Pharmaceutical Society,-the title of the 254 Chair being subsequently changed to that of Professor of Pharmaceutics,- and finally he occupied for many years the position of Dean of the School.He was a member of the British Pharmacopoeia Addendum Committee, and Joint Editor with the late Sir Nestor Tirard, of tho 1914 issue of the British Pharmacopoeia. He was a member of the Commission for the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932, and served on the Committees engaged in the revision of successive editions of the British Pharmaceutical Codex. He was the author of A Standard Text-Book of Materia Medica (sixthedition, under the title of A Text-Book of Phrmacognosy, published in London, 1932); The Microscopical Examination of Food and Drugs (third edition, 1923, now reprinting, London); and jointly with Dr. E. Collin, of An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders (London, 1904).He made numerous contributions to the Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society, The Year Book of Pharmacy, and other scientific publications, on the constitution of drugs, and, in collaboration with Upsher Smith, published a series of reports on the solubilities of various official chemicals. Also, jointly with other research workers, he published reports on the drug room beetle and its detection in powdered drugs, on the microscopical investigation of green extracts, on the alleged deficiency of myrosin in black mustard, and on the assay of cantharides. He encouraged the cultivation of medicinal plants in this country and, with the late Sir William Glyn-Jones, made a tour of enquiry in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy into the system and working of State Health Insurance in these countries.He was awarded the Hanbury Gold Medal in 1917, and the degree of Dr. 6s Science, honoris causa, of the University of Paris, in 1920. He was President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1921-22; he was Professor of Pharmaceutics in the University of London and a corresponding member of many foreign learned and scientific Societies. When he retired, in June last, after 43 years’ service with the Pharma- ceutical Society, the Council of the Society placed on record an expression of their high appreciation of his services and of the debt due to him by British pharmacy, and a presentation was made to him by students of the School. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878, and a Fellow in 1883.He served as a Member of Council from 1906 to 1909. At the funeral at Golders Green Crematorium on 4th August, the Institute was represented by Mr. R. R. Bennett. CHARLES STUART STANFORDWEBSTERdied at Redland, Bristol, on the 9th June, in his 72nd year. He studied chemistry at University College, now the University, Bristol, under Letts and Ramsay, and at the Royal College of Chemistry under Frankland. He was subsequently engaged on research at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, and published papers on the “Analysis of certain plant fibres,” on trichloropyrogallol, on tho chlorination of phloroglucinol and on the constitution of mairogallol,contributed to the Journal of the Chemical) Society.Since 1886 he had practised as a consulting and analytical chemist in Bristol. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. 255 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1933, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Combustion et Dktonation des Substances Explosives.” Marcel Patry. (Paris: Hermann et Cie.) 45 fys. Introduction : explosifs utilisk : pr6paration; propri6tes : action de la chaleur sur le fulminate de mercure; la, formation de l’onde explosive clans les explosifs d’amorgage; l’amorgage; la detonation et les ph8- iiomtmes lumineux; l’onde de choc; 6tude experimentale des ondes de choc; la transmission de la detonation B distance; r6sum6 et con-clusions.Index bibliographique. “Gases at High Pressures, The Viscosity of.” R. 0. Gibson. Pp. x + 89. (Amsterdam: H. J. Paris.) TKe definition of the viscosity of a gas; the viscosity of gases under normal conditions; viscosity of compressed gases and of liquids ;generalmethods for the measurement of viscosity; choice of method for adapta-tion to high pressures; apparatus used by previous workers; principle of method; apparatus ;calibration of apparatus ;experimental procedure ; calculation of results; results; discussion. “Photography, Infra-Red.” S. 0. Rawling. Pp. x + 57. (London: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. 6d. Infra-red radiation; infra-red sensitive materials; handling infra-red sensitive materials; infra-red photography and its applications; appendices.“Physics, An Elementary Introduction to.” Descriptive, experi- mental and historical. E. Booth. Pp. xvi + 465. (London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.) 5s. Introductory measurements; hydrostatics, pneumatics, and heat ; mechanics; light and sound; magnetism and electricity. ‘‘Plough Court: The Story of a Notable Pharmacy, 1715-1927.” Compiled by Ernest C. Cripps. Pp. xviii+zz8. The Bevans; William Allen; John Thomas Barry and Daniel Bell Hanbury ; Daniel Hanbury; Expansion; Plough Court; Bethnal Green (Pre-War); Bethnal Green (Post-War) ; The Ware Factory; Overseas Business; West End Branches; Appendixes : Index. 256 “Spices and Condiments.” H.S. Redgrove. Pp. xviii + 361. (London : Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 15s. The philosophy of spice; ground spices, essences and essential oils. Rhizome and root spices : ginger, turmeric, zedoary and galangal, garlic and allied flavouring materials, angelica, miscellaneous root and rhizome spices. Bark spices : cinnamon, cassia and allied spices, miscellaneous bark spices. Flower spices : cloves, saffron, miscellaneous flower spices and allied flavouring materials. Fruit spices : vanilla, black, white and allied peppers, capsicum spices, cummin, dill and carraway, anise and fennel, coriander and celery seeds, allspice or pimento, star-anise, juniper berries. Seed Spices: cardamoms and grains of paradise,nutmegs and mace, white, black and Indian mustards, almonds and pistachio nuts, miscellaneous seed spices.The 69th Annual Report on Alkali, etc. Works by the Chief Inspectors under the Alkali etc. Works Regulation Act, 1906, and Alkali, etc., Works Order, 1928, on proceedings during the year 1932, has been published by H.M. Stationery Office (9d net). The British Standards Institution has issued a Hand-book of Information, including the Annual Report, 1932-33, and Indexed List of British Standard Specifications, to July, 1933, which is obtainable from the British Standards Institution, Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1 (IS. net). Specifications recently published by the Institution include :-No. 481, 1933.-Woven Wire and Perforated Plate Sieves and Screens for Industrial Purposes.No. 496, 1933.-Sampling and Analysis of Coke. No. 497, 1933.-For Cast Iron Manhole Covers and Frames (Light). No. 501,1933.-Report on Metric Units of Volume. No. 502, 1933.-Sampling of Large and Run-of-Mine Coal. The British Standards Institution expresses the hope that Fellows and Associates of the Institute will encourage the adoption of these specifications wherever possible. Slips, for attachment to existing specifications, are also available if required for :-C.D. (C) 817.-Addendum to B.S.S. No. 470, 1932. Manhole Openings (Size and Position only) for Chemical Plant-Fixed and Mobile. 257 Messrs. Adam Hilger Ltd., have published the 6th Edition of l1 The Practice of Spectrum Analysis ” with Hilger Instruments, including a note on the various types of emission spectra, compiled by F.Twyman, F.R.S., 3s. 6d. net. The brochure deals chiefly with the use of the spectrograph and includes-types of problems to which spectrum analysis is applicable; apparatus and literature ; ways and means of exciting emission spectra; taking spectrograms, measuring wavelengths and identifying elements ; quantitative spectrum analysis ; various types of spectrum. Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has published the fourth number of “Sands, Clays and Minerals,” which is devoted to the interests of those who are engaged in the production and use of economic minerals. (IS. 3d.). “The Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,Explained.”--Messrs. Eyre & Spottiswood (Publishers), Ltd., have announced that they have arranged with Mr.Hildreth Glyn- Jones, Barrister- at-Law, to prepare a concise practical guide to the provisions of the new Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933,and that at the request of the Pharmaceutical Society, a special edition of this book is being published at a special price for its members. By the courtesy of the Pharmaceutical Society, Fellows and Associates of the Institute may also obtain copies of this pub- lication on application to the Registrar of the Institute,-Price 6s.; or post free, 6s. 6d. The publication will appear very shortly, and orders should be placed without delay. An ordinary edition, available to the public, will also be published at a substantially higher price.258 The Register, AT the meetings of Council held on 16th June and 21st July, 1933, 6 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 32 Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 19 Students were admitted. Associates elected to the Fellow~hip. Cooke, John Harbourne, M.C., B.A. (Dublin), A.R.C.Sc.T., 17, Selwood Road, Addiscombe, Croydon. Croxford, John William, 66, LicMeld Road, London, E.6. Farmer, Ernest Harold, D.So. (Lond.), D.I.C., Organic Chemical Depart- ment, Royal College of Science, s. Kenaington, London, S.W.7. Moffat, John, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Anglo-Pereian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, Persian Gulf. Murray, Humphrey Desmond, B.A. (Oxon.), Chemical Laboratories, 118, Fulham Road, London, S.W.3. Weston, Stanley Haworth, B.Sc.(Glas.), A.R.T.C., Research Laboratories, British Aluminium Co., Ltd., Kinlochleven, Argyllshire. New Asociates. Anantakrishnan, Sekharipuram Venkateswaraiyer, M.A. (Madras), 34, Midholm, Off Lyttleton Road, London, N.W.11. Ashton, Herbert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Caversham Avenue, London, N.13. Atkins, Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Emanuel Avenue, London, W.3. Banks, Adam, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 105, Roxburgh Street, Liverpool, 4. Brown, Clifford, B.Sc. (Leeds), Heversham School, Milnthorpe, Westmor- land. Butler, Patrick John Rees, M.Sc. (Liv.), c/o I.C.1.-Malaya-Ltd., 1440, Robinson Road, Singapore, S.S. Campbell-Gamble, Derek John, B.A. (Cantab.), 7, Welby Gardens, Grant- ham. Chaplin, Cyril Arthur, B.Sc.(Lond.), Arbores, Lower Road, Fetcham, Leatherhead. Connolly, Joseph Michael, B.Sc. (Lond.), 107, Ratcliffe Road, Lough- borough.Cook, Harry Aaron, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 4, Louisa Street, London, E.l. Ellis, Bertram Stanley, B.Sc. (S.A.), D.I.C., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Files, Joseph Robert, B.Sc. (Manc.), 306, Bolton Road, Kearsley, nr. Bolton, Lancs. Fletcher, George Alexander, B.Sc. (Manc.), 3, Gundulph Road, BromleY, Kent. 259 Gee, Geoffrey, M.Sc. (Mane.), 88, Albion Road, New Mills, nr. Stockport. Glassman, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 108, Goldsmith’s Row, London, E.2. Gupta, Raghunath Sahai, B.Sc. (Lucknow), M.Sc. (Benares), c/oDr. Keen, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.Harrison, Jack Blatchley, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 29, East View, Yeadon, nr. Leeds. Hayne, Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 23, Blenheim Road, Newport, Mon. Hitchcock, Ronald William, M.A., B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Wallasey Crescent, Ickenham, Middlesex. Nanji, Homi Ruttonji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., 55, Kunter Street, London, W.C.l. Raghava-Rao, Bhartipudy Srinivasa Vira, B.Sc. (Madras), College of Science, Andhra University, Waltair, S. India. Rance, Herbert Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 28, Heath Road, St. Albans, Herts. Randall, Robert Bennet, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 226, Brockley Grove, London, S.E.4. Rao, Gandikota Gopala, M.Sc., B.A. (Allahabad), Chemical Laboratories, Andhra University, Waltair, B.N.Rly, India. Sanders, Frederick George, M.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Pleydell Avenue, London, S.E.19. Smith, Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Mellor Road, Prenton, Birkenhead. Thorp, Hubert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 92, Queen’s Road, London, E.8. Tompkins, Dennis Gordon, B.Sc. (Mane.), The Sugar Factory, Allscott, Wellington, Shropshire. Walton, Arthur, B.Sc. (Liv.), 61, Normandale Road, Liverpool, 4. Wilkins, Ralph James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Ambrose Avenue, London, N.W.11. Williams, Frank Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 2, Hafod Cottages, Dowlais, Glam. Wootton, Charles Eric, B.Sc. (Birm.), 7, Crosbie Road, Harborne, Birming- ham. Re-elected Associate. Wood, Cyril Christian, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 94, Park Avenue South, London, N.8. New Students. Aspa, Alfred, 44, Kingsley Road, Swinton, Manchester.Baines, Eric Jeffery, 5, Yew Tree Road, London, W.12. Bromley, Wilfred, 12,Hotspur Street, Liverpool, 20. Dickens, Arthur, 66, Sandy Lane, Weston Point, Runcorn. Freeman, Hugh Cameron, 47, Talbot Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. GSn, Richard Percival, 152, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Halliwell, William Edward, 242, Ivydale Road, London, S.E. 15. Hands, Miss Olga Muriel, 35, Alfriston Road, London, S.W.ll. Harvey, Henry Guy, 13, Orchard Terrace, Bush Hill Park, Enfield. Judge, Miss Bertha Edith, 41, Rathmore Road, Cambridge. King, Frank, 252, Shortheath Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Lyle, William Baillie, 19, Garven Terrace, Stevenston, Ayrshire. McEwen, George, 49, Hurstwood Road, London, N.W.ll.Meyer, Charles Gustave, 49, Linden Avenue, London, N.W.lO. Pollitt, Raymond John Michael, 24, Rothesay Avenue, Richmond, Surrey. Reynolds, Stanley, 62, Arngask Road, London, S.E.6. Rodger, David, 7, Woodburn Cottages, Stevenston, Ayrshire. ROSS,Kenneth John, Brook Villa, Cray Road, St. Paul’s Cray, Kent. Todd, Stanley Minor, 13, Tarporley Avenue, Fallowfield, Manchester. 260 DEA!I'HS. Fellows. Arthur Adams. Walter Craven Ball, O.B.E., M.A. (Oxon.), Sc.D. (T.C.D.).Henry George Greenish, D. 6s Sc. (Paris). Charles Stuart Stanford Webster. CHANCIE OF NAME. Kathleen Margaret Monteagle Barlow, Associate, to Planterose-on her marriage.Bernard Beilenaohn, Associate, to Bernard Beilenson. Janet Warden Brown, Associate, to Matthews-on her marriage.Et*hel Craig Howell, Associate, to Venables-on her marriage. Elsie Wade, Associate, to Shirley-on her marriage. CORRIGENDUM. Register.-In the list of new Associates published in Journal, Part 111,1933,page 212,for Brock, Gerald Clement, B.Sc. (Lond.), read Brock, Gerald Clement, M.Sc. (Dub.). 1933 September 18th-21st 18th-21st 22nd-25th 24th-30th October 11th 12th 14th 18th 24th 28th November 2nd 8th 9th 13th 16th 261 Coming Events. INSTITUTEOF METALS: 25th Autumn Meeting at Birm-ingham. Mr. W. R. BARCLAY(Vice-president) on “Twenty-five Years’ Progress in Metallurgical Plant.” INTERNATIONALSOCIETYOF LEATHERTRADES’CHEM-ISTS : Annual Conference at Amsterdam.OFASSOCIATION SPECIALLIBRARIESAND INFORMATION BUREAUX: 10th Annual Conference at Bristol. SOCIETEDE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLE:13me Congrhs at Lille. INSTITUTEOF FUEL: Presentation of Melchett Medal. Sir JOHN G.C.M.G., will read the Melchett CADMAN, Lecture at the Geological Society, at 8.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION:Mr. RICHARD B. PILCHERon “Alchemists in Art and Literature.’’ OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Section): Social Meeting, on the invitation of Dr. A. C. FRYER. INSTITUTEOF FUEL:Annual Dinner. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London Section) : Exhibition at the Institute : Apparatus, Chemicals, Cinemato- graph Films, etc. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet -ing with the College Chemical Society.Professor J. J. SUDBOROUGH “The Perishing of Paper in on Indian Libraries.” INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet- ing with the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. G. FAWCETTon “The Measurement of Colour.” INSTITUTEFUEL:Drs. J. G. KING, L. HORTON,OF and F. A. WILLIAMS on ‘‘The Progressive Action of Hydrogen on Coal,” at the Chemical Society, at 6 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Joint Meeting with the Chemical Engineering Group, Society of Chemical Industry. “The Function of Paint as a Metal Preservative.” INSTITUTION Dr.OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY:H. P. STEVENSon “Rubber Paints.” INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL ENGINEERSOF : President’s Reception. November 17th 18th 20th 27th December 1st 14th 15th 1934 January26th February16th 19th 22nd March 1st 7th-8th 22nd 23rd May9th JdY16th-20th 262 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Strecatfeild Memorial Lecture.Mr. H. F. E. HTJLTONon “Beer ”-at the Institute. Sir WILLIAM LARKE,K.B.E., will give his Presidential Address at the Geological Society, at 11.30 a.m. Dr. KOPPERS on “Recent Developments in Coking Practice,” at 2.30 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): Dr. S. GLASSTONE,on “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry,” at the University of Leeds. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) :JOht Meet-ing with the University Chemical Society. Lecturer : Mr. C. F. TOMPKINS,B.Sc. On. AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION: Informal Meeting.OIL AND Co~omc CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION:Mr. W. E. WORNUM on “Some Observations on Colloidal Behaviour in Paint and Varnish Systems,” Part 11. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, by Dr. HERBERTLEVINSTEIN. OFINSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Bristol Section): Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. C. N. HINSHELWOOD,of Oxford, on “Reaction Kinetics.” INSTITUTION ENGINEERSOF CHEMICAL : Annual Dinner. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Bristol Section) : Joint Meet- ing with the Bristol University Chemical Society. Dr. J. H. QUASTELL,of Cardiff, on “The Study of Chemical Processes in Animal Tissues.” CHEMICALSOCIETY:Fourth Pedler Lecture. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Annual Meeting. INSTITUTEMETALS: Annual Dinner and AnnualOF Meeting.CHEMICALSOCIETY:Annual Meeting and Anniversary Dinner at Birmingham. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Bristol Section) : Annual Meeting and Chairman’s Address, on “Chemistry and Agriculture.” INSTITUTEOF METALS: Lecture. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY :Annual Meeting. 263 Institute of Metals Autumn Meeting, 1934.-The Institute of Metals proposes to hold its Autumn Meeting in 1934 at sea, and arrangements are being made to secure the use of a commodious cruising vessel, calling at well-known resorts in the Mediterranean Sea, the voyage occupying about fourteen days (during the last week of August and the first week of September). Members of other Institutes are invited to participate in the project, and Fellows and Associates who are likely to be interested are invited to send in their names to the Registrar of the Institute, who will forward them in due course to the Secretary of the Institute of Metals. The minimum steamship fare would be about L22 , exclusive of personal expenses, gratuities and shore excursions.Achema.-The seventh "Achema " Chemical Plant Exhibi- tion will be held in Cologne from 18th-27th May, 1934,during the same period as the Annual Congress of the German Chemical Trades Association. Information concerning the Exhibition may be obtained on application to "Achema," Management Offices, Seelze, near Hanover. 264 Notices. Examinations, 1934.-The arrangements for examinations during 1934 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP.Dates of Examinations. Entries close. Monday, 6th November, 1933. 8th to 13th January. } (Notebooks: 15th December.) Monday, 5th February, 1934. (Notebooks: 16th March.) 9th to 14th April. 17th to zznd September, Monday, 9th July, 1934. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 7th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 16th to zIst April. Monday, 5th February, 1934. 24th to 29th September. Monday, 9th July, 1934. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 4th June, 1934. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933, to work of the character indicated. 265 Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1934,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 3rst December, 1933, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . 266 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, 267 to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to confonn to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd. ; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, member$ are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 268 Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasztrer, BENEVOLENT OFFUND, INSTITUTE CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.I.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE SectionS. Hon. Secreta&a. Aberdeen and North of Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., Scotland: 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91,Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Bristol and South-Western E. Lewis, M.I.Chem.E., F.I.C., 22, Upper Counties: Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of Walter Smith, A.I.C., Castle Mills, Edinburgh. Scotland: Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 415, Wakefield Road, Dalton, Huddersfield.Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. JJ (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, L00dS. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire. London and South-Eastern Mark Bogod, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : J. F. Clark, M.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Analyst’sDepartment, Municipality, Singapore,Straits Settlements. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Mancheater. Newcastle-on-Tyne and M.A. W. Brown, M.Sc., A.I.C., The Bield, North-Eat Coast : The Crescent, Walleend-on-Tyne. New Zdand: G. A. Lawrence, B.Sc., F.I.C., Johnsonville, Wellington, Now Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNALAND hOCEEDINOS.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 7000-chiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific boob and to booksellers.Publications of the Institute LECTURES: “Chemists and the Patent Laws.” Horatio Ballantyne, F.I.C. 2s. net. “Some Aspects of the Law of England affecting Chemists.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-at-Law. 2s. net. “The Influence of Chemical Research on Medicine and Forensic Medicine. Sir William H. Willcox, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Copyright:with special reference to Scientifh Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray, Barrister-&-Law. 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” Alec.M. Cameron, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. 29. net. * “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” 0. F. Bloch, F.I.C. 28. net. 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