Esophageal lesions occurring in the human immunodeficiency virus-related complex remains an important problem in recent literature. The pathogenic role of new infectious agents was recognized. A trial clearly showed that foscarnet is very effective in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with cytomegalovirus-related ulcers. Direct comparison with ganciclovir should be encouraged. Three studies showed that fluconazole is safe and effective in human immunodeficiency virus-related candidiasis. Because of its long half-life and good tolerance, fluconazole is probably a good candidate for prophylaxis of relapse but preliminary results should be confirmed on larger groups of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Primary esophageal tuberculosis is a rare disease, which may be the presenting manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In the postpolio syndrome a slow, progressive deterioration seems to affect the bulbar neurons and may be responsible for difficulties in swallowing that appear many years after acute poliomyelitis.