Summary1. Data on microgeographic population structure on four neighbouring villages of Sardinia island (Italy) are presented and discussed.2. Two villages are located in the lowlands where malaria fromPlasmodium falciparumwas endemic until the eradication of paludism. The other two villages are located in the highlands and they were malaria‐free because of the altitude.3. Census data, inbreeding, migration matrices and surname distributions have been collected. The genetic differentiation of the four villages, tested for 31 genetic polymorphisms (106 alleles), is only in part compatible with migration rates inferred from demographic data.4. The possible adaptive nature of some genetic markers with respect to malarial resistance is discussed. Ambiguous results from population genetics quantitative methods do not support definite answer