INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1928. Registrar and Secretary. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. October 1928. Publications Committee 1928-29 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairtrran) ARTHUR SMITH ELLS (Presidetit) P. E. BOWLES A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY. W. CLAYTON. J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurev) A. W. KNAPP A. G. 0 . LEONARD W. MARSHALL B. G. McLELLAN C. A.'MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 229 SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1928.Proceedings of the Council. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Prof. A. R. Ling has kindly consented to give the Eleventh Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at King’s College Strand London W.C.2 on Friday the 16th November at 8 p.m. Prof. Ling will deal with “ Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products” (see p. 264). Meldola Medal.-The Board of Examiners with Dr. Percy E. Spielmann representing the Society of the Maccabaeans has given further consideration to the conditions of the award of the Meldola Medal. In the past difficulty has been experienced in adjudicating between the claims of candidates largely owing to the impossibility of comparing the relative values of work in widely differing fields. While continuing to have regard to the existing general conditions of the award the Board considers that its decisions would be facilitated if some division could be made.Acting on the Report of the Board the Council has decided that in future the Medal be awarded in one year to that candidate whose work shows the most promise in Organic and Biochemistry and in the succeeding year in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The Council reserves the right to depart from the above rule in exceptional circumstances. The claims of candidates whose work lies in the field not under consideration in any particular year will be adjudicated upon in the following year even if in the intervening period the candidates have passed the age of thirty years. Universities kindred societies etc.will be asked to bring the work of suitable candidates to the attention of the Institute in order that at the meeting in November each year a short list of possible candidates may be prepared. These candidates will then be asked if they wish further consideration given to their claims and if so to submit the necessary particulars. Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part Iv 1928 mention is made of the passing of the new Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928. The special reports from the Joint Committee on Con- solidation Bills with regard to this measure show that the 230 Committee made in the Bill such amendments as seemed to them to be required to bring it into conformity with the existing law or to be necessary for the improvement of its form and that in particular two suggestions made by the Society of Public Analysts had been adopted.The Committee considered therefore that subject to certain points to which they directed attention the Bill as amended consolidated the existing law on the subject. The Committee called attention to the extreme complexity of the existing law as to whether one offence in relation to other offences under the Act is or is not to be regarded as a second and subsequent offence the complexity being such as to neces- sitate the introduction of rules which are both complicated and not readily intelligible. The Committee strongly recommended that no time should be lost in introducing amending legislation putting this matter on a more simple and rational basis.I t is to be hoped however that any amending measure which may be introduced will not be restricted to any particular clause but that it will cover the whole subject it being quite obvious from the discussions on the Bill that the Joint Committee found that many parts of this legislation were far from clear. In the Reports of the Proceedings of the Joint Committee and Minutes of Evidence it is to be noted that Mr. J. N. Beckett representing the Ministry of Health stated that when public analysts “ are only paid by a rate per sample it generally averages about 15s. nowadays.” This sum however is rather higher than the average for England and Wales according to the returns available in the office of the Institute.On a discussion regarding the fee of 10s. 6d. which is to be paid by the private person who takes a sample for analysis under the Act Mr. Beckett stated that the difference in the amount of the fee was made up by the local authority; and in answer to a question by Mr. Robert Hudson regarding the cost of analysis in 1875 Mr. Beckett replied that in those days the fee of 10s. 6d. did not cover the cost. Sir Henry Slesser then expressed the view that it would lie outside the functions of the Committee to deal with the question of fee on which Lord Blanesburgh agreed that the Committee could not alter the fee even if they wished to do so adding-“Of course it will right itself because the analyst will not accept it (i.e. the work of a public analyst) unless he gets a retaining fee which he considers adequate.” Herein therefore lies the real cure for unsatisfactory fees namely that analysts should not accept them since it is obvious 231 that local authorities will continue to offer them so long as candidates for appointments are willing to receive them.Chemists in t h e Beet Sugar Industry.-In Journal Part IV it was reported that correspondence with one important beet sugar concern was still proceeding with regard to the conditions affecting chemists in its factories. The Council now learns that the chemical staff of this concern consists of two permanent “ superintendent ” chemists who each have several factories under their supervision and that each factory has one permanent chief chemist and two assistant chemists of whom one is permanent and takes the night shift during the campaign and the other takes the day shift during the campaign and is usually only employed during this period.These shifts are of twelve hours duration; it has not yet been found possible to reduce this to a period of eight hours although it is hoped to do so in the future. The assistant chemists are however not continuously engaged at the laboratory bench during the whole of this period; time is allowed for meals although these may have to be taken a t irregular hours. The above are the only individuals considered as “ chemists,” and are paid accordingly. There are also employed for the purposes of the campaign only persons who are termed “ bench-boys ” or “ bench-hands,” but who frequently style themselves “ chemists.” These are often boys of about eighteen years of age and over who show some intelligence and can quickly be taught routine work such as reading polarimeters taking gravities etc.They are paid at a rate of pay per hour depending on their age local conditions etc. and all work an &hour shift. Many of them have asked whether they might work for IZ hours in order to earn more but it has been found that satisfactory work of this nature cannot be done on longer shifts. In every case this concern only employs the rz-hour shift where it is impossible to work an 8-hour shift. In some cases a trained chemist applies for a position as a chemist when no such vacancy exists.If he then asks whether any position is vacant he may be informed that he can only be employed as a “bench-hand” to do routine work and that he can stand his chance of obtaining a better position. If he accepts these conditions he works as a bench-hand and is paid accordingly and consequently has an 8-hour shift. All except two of the chemists now employed temporarily or permanently are British. I t should be noted that during the off season no chemist works for more than eight hours per day or on Saturday after- noon or on Sunday. Articled Pupils.-From time to time the attention of the .Institute is directed to cases wherein students have become articled pupils to chemists in independent practice and at the end of their term through lack of proper advice have found themselves without sufficient knowledge and experience to enable them to continue in chemical work.In such cases they have frequently paid premiums up to an amount which would have been sufficient to pay for at least two years’ systematic training in a recognised university or college or in some cases they have paid premiums which have been returned to them by way of weekly salary. The main objections to the system of articled pupilage in chemistry arise from the fact that the education of a chemist involves something beyond such articled pupilage. Professional education under this system cannot be successful unless it is accompanied by attendance at classes not only in chemistry but in physics mathematics and allied subjects and it is well known that this method of preparation imposes a severe physical and mental strain on youths who are thus required to work both day and evening.In many cases where such youths are engaged as paid laboratory assistants this is the only course open to them but comparatively few are strong enough to bear the strain over a period of years. The sys tem of articled pupilage moreover usually introduces specialisation before any real foundation of scientific knowledge has been laid; whereas it is generally held that specialised experience should come after the student has taken a degree or the Associateship of the Institute. In any event the Council of the Institute holds very strongly that Fellows or Associates should only take pupils who have passed an approved preliminary examination of matriculation standard and should then advise them to become registered as students of the Institute and to take systematic courses in the requisite subjects in a recognised institution .All registered students whose applications are accepted on the nomination of a Fellow in independent practice or in works are warned at the time of their admission that such systematic training is necessary in order that they may eventually become qualified and are further required to submit periodically progress reports signed by the Fellows under whom they are working respectively. It may be noted moreover that the Headmaster's Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour issues from time to time a warning to the Secondary Schools in the Metro- politan area that boys leaving school should not be placed under articles with private practitioners in chemistry without' the Institute being consulted.Students whose parents can afford to pay premiums are better advised to attend a university or college for systematic professional education until they have graduated or obtained the Associateship of the Institute. When a chemist has graduated or has obtained his Associateship however he may often find it worth his while to obtain specialised experience either by continuing at college or by arranging to work under a practitioner on reciprocal terms or for a salary according to circumstances. Soci6t6 d e Chimie Industrielle.-Dr. L. H. Lampitt Member of Council who represented the Institute at the Stras- bourg Conference held in July under the auspices of the Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle has reported that nearly IOO foreign delegates representing about 23 nations attended this meeting The papers and discussion of the Conference mainly related to) the industries of the district.Over forty papers were given dealing with various aspects of the fuel problem and a dewn- stration of various types of motor vehicles using many different kinds of motor fuel was made convenient owing to the Rallye des Carburants Nationaux coinciding with the Conference. The social functions were well organised and gave plenty of opportunity for exchange of ideas. Conference o n Bituminous Coal.-Dr. C.R. Austin has been invited by the Council to represent the Institute at the Second International Conference on Bituminous Coal to be held at the Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh from 19th to 24th November. The purpose of the Congress is to present the results of recent studies of coal distillation d'ealing with improved methods of utilisation and combustion. The programme includes the discussion of low temperature distilla- tion high temperature distillation coal tar products power smokeless fuel complete gasification of coal hydrogenation pulverized fuel and its new applications fixation of nitrogen etc. 234 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The programme of the Section for the winter session has been arranged as follows:-A Lecture by Dr.0. C. M. Davis Head of the Depart- ment of Forensic Medicine University of Bristol on “Some Relationships between Chemical and Pharmacological Action in Elements and Compounds,” on 13th November; a paper by Mr. Edward Russell Chairman of the Section on “Some Toxicological Cases,” on 29th January 1929 ; the Annual General Meeting on 19th March 1929. These meetings will be held at 7.30 p.m. in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol. Cape.-Members of the Cape Section of the Institute and of other bodies in the district enjoyed the hospitality of the Cape Chemical Society on the 31st August when a lecture was given by Mr. G. B. Godwin on “A Commonsense Method of Selecting an Automobile Lubricant,” which was illustrated by lantern slides.Mr. Godwin said that about 36 per cent. of the power de- vefoped was lost in heating up the cooling water and another 38 per cent. in the radiator and ultimately only 124 per cent. was left to exercise useful motor power. Seeing that so small a proportion of the fuel efficiency was available in the form of driving power every care had to be taken to prevent the loss of energy caused by excessive friction due to the use of an un- suitable lubricant. The functions of a lubricating oil were (I) to protect the working parts of an engine against friction by separating all moving surfaces so as to prevent their wear; ( 2 ) to seal the pistons and cylinders by providing a fluid which would occupy all the spaces between the piston rings in the cylinders and thus avoid loss of compression and power ; and (3) to assist in the transmission of heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder walls and the cooling medium.The oil must be of high quality of the right body exactly suited to the requirc- ments of the engine and properly applied. Mr. Godwin discussed in detail the means taken to discover the correct oil for use in any particular engine and referred to the relative mobility of lubricating oils. He explained the dis- tribution system employed in modem engines and emphasised that all the advantages of excellence of design material and workmanship in motor-car engines and of the provision of the best lubricant might be nullified by careless use of the oil on the part of the operator.He sounded a warning against the practice of flushing the engine crank case with paraffin because it was impossible to ensure the complete withdrawal of the paraffin from the crank case. Any residual paraffin remaining would dilute the fresh oil subsequently added and so reduce its efficiency. A cordial vote of thanks to the Cape Chemical Society was expressed on behalf of the visitors by Professor Newbery Chairman of the Cape Section of the Institute for the invitation to the lecture and the hospitality extended to the members. At a subsequent meeting Mr Godwin dealt with Lubrication Difficulties and their Prevention. On the 28th September a party of members of the Cape Section of the Institute and members of the Cape Chemical Society visited the works of Messrs.Lever Brothers (S.A.) Ltd. at Salt River. Messrs. Lever’s South African Soap Works are not concentrated at Salt River some important phases of their work being carried out at Durban. The factory on the Cape Peninsula imports cocoanut oil from Ceylon rosin from America cottonseed oil Soya bean oil and tallow from other localities. All the oils have already been refined before they reach Salt River. Mr. G. Scott Joughin who conducted the party over the works first showed them the oil mixing departments and then the manufacture of Sunlight soap in steam-heated tanks capable of holding over 50 tons each; next to the blue-mottled and cheaper brown soaps. The party inspected the appliances used for glycerine extraction and for the manufacture of sodium carbonate for “washing soda,” the furnace and boiler room the supplies of raw materials and the great oil tanks.The operations of cutting soap by means of a framework of wires and the stamp- ing of products in embossing moulds wrapping and packing were all of interest and the party visited the warehouses in which stocks are kept in bulk for despatch to storekeepers all over the Cape Province before they assembled in the Manager’s Chemical Laboratory. 236 A vote of thanks to Messrs. Lever Bros. coupled with the name of Mr. Joughin was moved by Prof. Newbery who said that he had no conception when he entered the works that they were half so spacious as they found them to be. What appealed to him very strongly in the course of this highly interesting visit was the go-aheadness of the Company.In their Durban factories they were making oxygen and hydrogen electrolytically -the only electrolytic work of that kind which was being carried out in the Union of South Africa. He would like to see Lever Bros. initiate the preparation of chlorine electrolytically in South Africa in anticipation of its being used in the process of platinum production in the Union. Mr. Croghan endorsed the remarks of Prof. Newbery and remarked that the Corporation of the City of Cape Town was also using chlorine gas in increasing quantities for the chlorination of water supplies. The vote was carried by acclamation and Mr. Joughin briefly responded. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Committee of the Section arranged an Exhibition of Apparatus Instru- ments Reagents Chemicals Filter Paper etc.which was held at the Institute on 24th October and was attended by over 300 members and friends. (The Catalogue of Exhibits is given on pages 273-275.) The occasion afforded an excellent opportunity for social intercourse and was in every way successful. The Section Committee has recorded its thanks and appreciation to the exhibitors. The Annual General Meeting and a Smoking Concert will be held on 2Ist November; a Visit will be paid to Messrs. Lyons’ Laboratories and Bakeries on 16th January 1929; and a Lecture by Mr. R. C. Frederick on “Ventilation Conditions Normal and Abnormal and their Investigation,” will be announced in due course.Manchester and Cistrict,-The opening meeting of the session was held on Thursday the 11th October 1928 at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. The chair was taken by Mr. L. Guy Radcliffe Chairman of the Section. A brief report on the past session’s activities was read by the Honorary Secretary. The President of the Institute Professor Smithells after presenting certificates to three new Associates gave an address 237 entitled “ Past and Present in Chemical Teaching-Some Recollections of a Manchester Student.” Professor Smithells began by paying a tribute to his old teacher Henry Enfield Roscoe who had created at Manchester an outstanding school of scientific chemistry thereby also rendering vital service to the Owens College and to the genesis of the modern universities.He had also to pay a tribute to those who in succession had maintained the fame of the Man- Chester school. In the late seventies and early eighties which included the period of his studentship chemistry was in the opinion of the speaker in a relatively dull phase of its history especially on the inorganic side. The old dualism of Berzelius had been superseded by the unitary system and the influence of organic chemistry was leading to much discussion of valency and the use of constitutional formulz for inorganic compounds. He had found the inorganic chemistry of his day very lacking in logic and general principles. The chemistry of the day was organic chemistry and at the time he and his fellow-student Julius Cohen went to Germany one had the choice of Baeyer Bunsen Emil Fischer Fittig Hofmann Kekul6 Kolbe Landolt Liebermann Lothar Meyer Wislicenus.They had elected to go to Baeyer in Munich and there had in the laboratory as fellow students Duisberg Bamberger Cur tius Friedlander W. H. Perkin junr, von Richter and others who became leaders in the science. In compliance with Roscoe’s wishes he (the President) had proceeded from Munich to Heidelberg in order to learn the laboratory methods of Bunsen. Bunsen then 73 but full of vigour and in the laboratory every day‘and most of the day still presented chemistry in the old dualisticTform. He admitted that the Berzelian ideas had been found wanting and had been rightly superseded but he maintained that for expository purposes for rationalising the great majority of chemical reactions of inorganic chemistry the Berzelian theory was still unsurpassed.The speaker said that Bunsen had made good his case and that his lectures as well as his teaching in the laboratory were in the highest degree inspiring and were a revelation of an earlier day when inorganic chemistry had something like a connected philosophy. Professor Smithells then reviewed in a reminiscent way further marked periods in his experience of chemical teaching (5) Electrons. 238 the ionic invasion of 1890 when Van’t Hoff and Ostwald came in person to the meeting of the British Association at Leeds; and lastly the arrival of the electron and the penetration of the atom.In the course of his commentary Professor Smithells took three illustrations namely the action of nitric acid on copper the atmospheric oxidation of a solution of ferrous sulphate and the formulation of meerschaum to make clear the changes that had occurred the formulation being given in terms of (I} Berzelian dualism. (2) Unitary molecular formulz. (3) Constitutional formulae (according to the system of Edward Frankland). (4) Ions. In the course of his remarks Professor Smithells gave an account of the fortunes of chemical analysis in chemical curricula. In his student days at Manchester there was little besides ana- lytical chemistry up to the stage of research. The invasion of the student course first by practical organic chemistry secondly by practical physical chemistry had greatly reduced the analytical teaching which as a rule had been of an uninspiring kind after the Berzelian dualism had gone.The new dualism of the ionic theory did much to rationalise analysis for the student and to a good many people seemed to bring the first evidence of the philosophical content and value of enlightened analytical teaching. Professor Smithells fully believed that the revolutionary dis- coveries of the last few years which had given the electron its sway in chemistry must in the end immensely simplify and rationalise the teaching of chemistry. There would however be a con- siderable period to pass through in which both teacher and student would probably find additional embarrassments.The immense accumulation of facts the great theoretical develop- ments the innumerable new applications of chemistry and the demand that the chemist shall be equipped with much know- ledge outside chemistry including in particular mathematics presented to the teacher a most serious and difficult problem. It was now a common complaint that the university courses were in many cases much too congested and that far too great a burden was put upon the student and especially upon his memory. One result of the congestion was that a type and 239 amount of chemistry teaching was being forced upon the schools which many people thought wrong both for the schools and for the universities. He knew however that there was a wide divergence of opinion on this subject among university teachers.Another complaint frequently heard to-day was that whilst students were found to be wonderfully learned about more recent developments of chemistry they were apt to be lacking in simpler knowledge and especially in relation to that part of the. subject still known as inorganic chemistry. Professor Smithells said he was endeavouring to state facts and to avoid expressing opinions of his own for he knew how prone elders were to complain of the present and how much their opinions were attributed to an inability to live up to the times. But without expressing personal opinions on matters of detail he was satisfied that the present situation was un- satisfactory and he believed that good might come of a serious conference among those charged with the duty of the professional training of chemists.In America the subject of chemical education seemed to be becoming a study in itself. He was well aware of a wide distrust in England of the value of conferences but he did think that good might come of chemical teachers meeting for an exchange of opinion and for determining whether the burden at present put upon students was excessive and if so how it could be reduced. A second question was that of inorganic Chemistry and a third that of the amount of chemical knowledge that should be given in schools. The speaker then pointed out that the Institute of Chemistry was deeply concerned in educational questions. In its examining work it strove to keep abreast of the times to preserve a sense of proportion and to reduce to a minimum the evils of examina- tion.As they knew it had had under consideration the arrange- ment of a conference on chemical teaching in connection with the Jubilee celebration last year. On second thoughts it had been considered impracticable on that occasion but it had not been abandoned and the choice of his subject that evening had been animated chiefly by the desire to elicit additional assurance that the project would be generally welcomed. A discussion followed in which the Chairman Professor H. B. Dixon Prof. A. Lapworth Prof. Kenner and Dr. R. H. Pickard participated. 240 The Chairman proposed a very sincere vote of thanks to Professor Smithells for his extremely interesting lecture.This proposition was carried with enthusiasm. Professor Smithells in expressing his acknowledgment of the vote of thanks said that he had desired to give an impression of what confronted a teacher when he was responsible for the instruction given in a chemical school over a long period. He had endeavoured to outline certain remarkable periods which had occurred in his own life when teachers had been called upon to revise their methods pretty completely and to revise their philosophy. Since for the future it has been arranged to hold the annual general meeting of the Section at the end of the session instead of at the beginning new members of the Committee were not elected at the opening meeting and those members who are due to retire will therefore at the wish of the Section continue in office.This year the Section has arranged for joint meetings with the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Future arrangements include A Lecture by Sir Edward John Russell on “Applications of Chemistry to Modern Farming,” on 2nd November; a Dinner and Dance on 6th December; a Lecture by Dr. H. D. K. Drew on xoth January 1929; a Lecture by Professor C. K Ingold on 7th February; and also a Lecture by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw the date for which will be announced in due course. Mr. S. E. Melling-has been elected a Member of the Committee to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Mr.G. D. Elsdon to the Council of the Institute. N ewc ast I e- u po n - Ty n e and N o rt h - East Coast .-Mr . H. C. L. Bloxam occupied the chair a t a meeting held in the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on the 26th March last when a discussion in which the Chairman Messrs. F. H. Walker F. N. Binks T. Wallace L. H. Sensicle and Dr. W. B. Davidson participated was held on the state of the Tyneside industries. On the motion of Prof. G. R. Clemo seconded by Prof. Henry Louis it was resolved that the Section ask the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce to receive a deputation urging the 241 paramount importance of research as a means of establishing new chemical industries on Tyneside and of reviving existing chemical industries. Members elected to represent the Section on the deputation were Prof.H. V. A. Briscoe Prof. G. R. Clemo Dr. J. T. Dunn and Messrs. L. H. Sensicle and F. H. Walker hon. secretary. Members of the deputation held several meetings and interviews and eventually at tended the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce at Exchange Buildings on 3rd October 1928 when a memorandum was presented on their behalf by Dr. J. T. Dunn. Dr. Dunn said that the North-East Coast Section of the Institute represented over IOO chemists working in various branches of industry. The Section had given serious considera- tion to the depression in trade especially on Tyneside and to some of the possible remedies therefor. They held that intensive and persistent prosecution of scientific research on a much larger scale than had hitherto been practised was one of the most effective and far-reaching remedies for industrial depression.Research carefully directed by means of science and business men in close co-operation was a most potent and effective means of establishing and maintaining efficiency in industry and in founding and developing new industries. The industrial pre- eminence of Great Britain in the past had been directly due to the development of the use of steam-power and our natural resources ; industry to-day was still dependent on the application of scientific principles and we can only hold our own with other nations by scientific discovery and in the practical applica- tion of science. Industries which were in a state of depression were just those which had neglected research in the immediate past while the more prosperous some of which were even flourishing in spite of world trade depression were those which had consistently pursued research.It was almost inconceivable that many collieries were unable to state the composition of coals in their different seams yet such was the case. Many others though they had had analyses made at some time had no recent information of the present composition of the coals produced and very little had been done to ascertain the best ways of utilising the various classes of coal. This was a great hindrance to the opening up of new markets while coals which were useful in various ways were often mixed and sold as ordinary boiler or furnace fuel and their full value was not realised.Industrial research if handled in a bold scientific and business- like way was a highly profitable investment and it was important that it should be initiated without delay. Spectacular increases in profits might not be expected at once but if carried on systematically and persistently industrial research would inevitably result in the accumulation of valuable information and knowledge; it should be regarded as a vital part of industry and an essential form of insurance for the stability of industrial organisations. It could seldom be computed in terms of money but there could not be the slightest doubt of its indispensability. The war illustrated the effectiveness of scientific methods and proved the quality of our scientific talent and it was to science that we owed the development since the war of new industries which were contributing to efface its ravages.Our trade rivals pursue research to a much greater extent than we do in Great Britain. The number of research institutions in Germany and the United States is much larger and the scale on which research is carried on by individual firms is much more extensive. The funds subscribed for this purpose showed a steady increase year by year. Examples were quoted including that of the Mellon Institute of Pittsburgh where funds subscribed for the purpose had risen from 50,000 dollars in 1912 to 700,000 dollars in 1928. The total amount appropriated to the Mellon Institute by companies and associations during the last 17 years was over 15 million dollars and the example was typical of many other institutions conducted in a similar way in different parts of America.American manufacturers find it advantageous to have a large joint institution for a group of firms rather than for each individual firm to carry out its own researches. On the other hand many firms on Tyneside did not even employ a competent works chemist much less a staff of research chemists but they would undoubtedly profit greatly where scientific methods were more fully applied in their works. An illuminating example of post-war application of research to industry had been shown by the growing and prosperous catering company of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. Starting in 19x9 with three chemists the number had grown to 72 before the end of 1927.Could any industry or group of industries in the North-East Coast Area where the need and opportunity was so great show anything remotely approximating such a growth ? The gas mantle industry with its enormous effect on the gas and allied industries was the outcome of pure scientific research being based on the discoveries of Welsbach. In the artificial silk industry the consumption figures of the product in Great 243 Britain had grown from z million lbs. in 1913 to 47 million lbs. in 1927 and the first half of 1928 apparently showed an increase of 60 per cent. over the corresponding period in last year. This enormous and profitable industry owed its whole inception and growth to scientific research.An equally striking case was the cellulose ester varnish industry which rivalled the old paint industries and was largely dependent upon the discovery of Dr. Weizmann in Manchester that a certain fermentation of starch would give acetone and butyl alcohol. The war-time necessity for large quantities of acetone resulted in the process being applied on the large scale to maize in the United States with the consequent accumulation of the then unwanted butyl alcohol. Research however soon found a use for this by showing its value as a source of solvents for cellulose esters and hence the growth of this great new industry. I t was hardly necessary in view of the proximity of Billing- ham to Newcastle to mention the synthetic ammonia industry which was based entirely on the application of principles dis- covered by small scale laboratory experiments and in the course of pure scientific research.The Section expressed the conviction that the proper applica- tion of science to Tyneside industries could effectively and certainly create and maintain progress and prosperity. It was suggested that a Research Institute should be established on the general lines of those which had been mentioned the objects being- I. To classify and render available all existing published knowledge bearing upon local industries. 2. To consider and in approved cases to conduct research upon any problem submitted by manufacturers. 3. To effect economies in existing industries in power raw material and labour.4. To develop utilisation of by-products and waste products. 5. To conduct and assist fundamental research with a view to the inception and development of new industries. 6. To train and equip specialists for industrial positions. It was suggested that the work of the new Research Institute should be under the immediate control of a scientist of high attainments and proved ability as director assisted by a board or committee a small but active body comprising men who 244 are thoroughly conversant with scientific work and men of approved business acumen. Such a board would formulate the conditions under which the work would be conducted and it was suggested that in the first instance this board should be constituted as an informal body charged to enquire into and report upon the possibility of giving effect to the suggestions submitted.Eventually the Research Institute would probably become incorporated like other research associations as a company limited by guarantee without profits. It was con- ceivable that Government support might be secured for such an undertaking. The Section outlined the personnel for such an institute and estimated the probable cost at about L3,ooo for capital outlay and an annual expenditure of d4,500. It was important to ensure a reasonable measure of continuity of work in the new institute and hence to provide that this expenditure should continue over a defined period say in the first instance five years. The necessary funds might be raised in part from any surplus accruing from the forthcoming Newcastle-upon-Tyne exhibition and by subscriptions not necessarily large but widely spread from the industries of Tyneside generally.The Section submitted that their suggestions were necessarily incomplete and lacking in detail but hoped that they would serve as a basis for discussion and action. In conclusion the Section promised that its own members and also scientific colleagues outside the Institute of Chemistry would gladly give every assistance in their power. The annual general meeting was held in the Chemical Industry Club Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 26th October Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe in the chair. The report of the Committee and the Treasurer’s financial statement were received and adopted.A letter was read conveying to the members a cordial invitation to attend the annual general meeting and anniversary dinner of the Chemical Society at Leeds on zIst March 1929 and the Secretary was instructed to convey the thanks of the Section to the Chemical Society and to circularise the invitation to-all members of the Section. The officers and committee were re-elected for the ensuing session. Dr. J. T. Dunn reported on the proceedings of the deputation to the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chamber of Commerce and added 245 that the support given to their proposals had been very en- couraging. A meeting of representatives of smaller firms such as were unlikely to establish research departments of their own was (he said) to be held shortly with a view to their co-operation in support of researches to solve various problems for their mutual advantage.It was proposed to form a provisional Advisory Committee of Technical and Industrial Experts to advise manufacturers as to their immediate difficulties and to suggest ways in which these could be tackled under existing conditions at the Armstrong College or other institution pending the establishment of a Research Institute or of a department of Applied Chemistry at Armstrong College. A vote of thanks was accorded the members of the deputation on the motion of Dr. A. A. Hall seconded by Mr. T. Wallace and the action taken by the deputation was unanimously approved. South W al es.-The programme for the session includes :- A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at University College Swansea on 2nd November when Mr.Morris Jones will read a paper on “X-rays”; the annual general meeting at Thomas’ Caf6 High Street Swansea on 23rd November; a lecture by Professor T. Campbell James on “Pollution of Rivers,” on 7th December; a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry to hear a paper on “The Preparation of Coal for Market,” on the 11th January; a paper by Mr. E. A. Tyler on “Further Notes on Pure Chemicals,” on the 1st February; and a business meeting on 1st March. Visitors will be admitted to all lectures. 246 8 1 1 4 - 1 - 15 September Examinations 1928. were :- At H.M. Dockyard Portsmouth Theory paper in Mineral Chemistry; 17th September For the Fellowship- At the Institute Branch (E) The Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed "21 For the Asaociateship- No.examined. No. passed. At the Institute General chemistry 17th-22nd September At the Institute Branch (a) Chemical Technology with special reference to Soap Manufacture; 19th September . . il 1 7 . . * . Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water; 24th- 29th September - 1 At the City Analyst's Laboratory Liver- pool Branch (@) Industrial Chem- istry with special reference to Food Preservation its Chemistry and Bacteriological Control; 17th-21st September .. Chemistry thereby completing his examination. - 31 * One candidate failed only in the translatam of Frenc, and German technical literature and one in the translation of German technical literature. One candidate passed the examination in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing his examination. t This candidate satisfied the Board in the oral examination in General EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. Theoretical Examination.-Considered as a whole the candi dates were able to give satisfactory answers where the questions dealt with matters to be found in the ordinary text-books. Where however the questions required the practical application of some general physico-chemical rule or were rather outside ordinary text-book methods the answers were not so good.In several cases the answers given dealt cursorily with the ques- tion asked but fully with matters not in the question. Practical Examination.--The constituents of the solutions were generally found correctly. The mixture of chalk silica and titanium dioxide caused some difficulty. Many candidates found titanium dioxide but missed the silica. A number of candidates omitted to return the chalk although the presence of some acid soluble matter must have been clear. The quantita- tive exercise was rather poorly done. Many candidates were hampered by the want of a platinum crucible or dish.Candi- dates should realise clearly that if they are without platinum apparatus of some kind they are likely to be at a serious dis- advantage in a practical inorganic examination. Organic Chemistry. Theoretical Examination.-The candidates gave the impression that they had " crammed " mucK information concerning alkaloids purins terpenes etc. but had forgotten or had no proper grasp of the elementary and fundamental parts of the subject. Little attention appeared to have been given to the study of synthetic colouring matters. Practical Examilzation.-The qualitative examination of an unknown organic compound containing sulphur was in the majority of cases done satisfactorily and a good proportion of the candidates obtained the correct percentage of sulphur in the quantitative determination of this element.The qualitative analysis of a solution of a comparatively common organic substance was less carefully carried out. Candidates trust too much to indications of melting points and boiling points given in text-books and not sufficiently to their own reasoning powers. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. Branch E-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and of Watpr.-In the examination in Branch E much of the work was below the average of recent examinations. The answers to the papers were often weak; too little attention seemed to have been paid to the Acts and Regulations governing the sale of food and drugs and dangerous trades. The practical work was also rather poor especially with regard to the analysis of a sour milk.On the other hand the microscopical work was extremely well done and indicated that much attention had been paid to this branch of the subject. With reference to Therapeutics and Pharmacology some of the candidates showed little merit and were somewhat lacking in enterprise. Examination for the Associateship. technic London. 248 PASS LIST. In General Chemistry. Davis Miss Joan,‘ B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Evans Cyril Harry The Technical College Leeds. Ferguson George William Sir John Cass Technical Institute London and Birkbeck College London. Ford Victor Gerald B.Sc. (Lond.) The West Ham Municipal College. Hartley Sidney A.M.C.T. The College of Technology Manchester.Jones Ronald Henry University College and The Technical College Cardiff. Keightley Walter Maurice University College Nottingham. Lauwerys Joseph Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) Trained under the Head of the Chemistry Department Municipal College Bournemouth. In Branch ( g ) Chemical Technology. Pulsford Arthur Donald Battersea Polytechnic London. I n Branch (a) Mineral Chemistry. Wood Alexander Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and Chelsea Poly- Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of .Water. Firth Herbert. Jones Archibald Orton M.A. (Oxon). Klein Ralph Harry. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.Sc (Lond.). I n Branch G Industrial Chemistry. Munro Reginald James B .Sc. ( Glas.) A.R.T.C.The following papers and exercises were given :- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe the methods of preparation of salts of hydrazine hydrazoic acid and semicarbazide. What are the reactions of these substances leading to a knowledge of their constitution ? 2. What halogen compounds of sulphur selenium and tellurium have been prepared ? Describe their properties particularly with regard to their stability. 3. What do you understand by the pH value of a dilute solution of an acid or base? What is the theoretical basis of the pH scale and how do you explain the “buffer” effect? 4. Write a short essay on one of the following:- (a) The zero group of elements; ( b ) The significance of atomic numbers; or ( c ) Radioactive elements and their disintegration products.5. In the course of an analysis a precipitate is obtained which is suspected to consist of a mixture of oxides of iron aluminium and titanium. quantitatively . Describe in detail how you would proceed to determine the constituents 249 2 to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the modern processes for the manufacture of nitric acid and of its salts and of nitrites. 2. How are the oxides of molybdenum and tungsten prepared from their ores and how are the metals obtained commercially? To what uses 3. What contributions to the advancement of chemistry were made are the metals applied industrially ? by (a) Faraday and ( b ) Ramsay? 4.The equation for the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen at a particular high temperature is given by Taking K a8 3-45 x 1W3 for the temperature in question calculate the yields of NO a t this temperature and a t atmospheric pressure given by mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen where the oxygen forms 20 40 60 and 80 per cent. by volume of the mixture. With what mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is the yield of NO greatest ? (Note.-You may use logarithms and an approximate algebraic equation.) 5. Hydrogen peroxide may act as an oxidising or reducing agent. Give examples of both kinds of reaction and explain fully how such reactions may be accounted for. 6. Give an account of any chemical investigation in which you have taken part. TUESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. What is a diolefine ? Selecting any two of these substances give their preparation and charac teristio properties. Outline any industrial applications of diolefines. 2. How is citric acid prepared and how has its chemical constitution been determined? What is the action of heat on citric acid? 3. What chemical reactions are associated with the names of Gattermann Hofmann and R’. H. Perkin senior? Give two examples in each case. 4. Describe the extraction of phenanthrene from industrial sources. Write a graphic formula for phenanthrene and adduce evidence in support of this constitution. 6 . How is aniline employed in the production of (a) auramine ( b ) dimethylaniline (c) magenta ( d ) safranine ? 6.What is implied by the term “ozonide” ? Outline the preparation of any three ozonides and show how these substances may be employed in the determination of chemical structure. WEDNESDAY 19th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic compound X. 2 . Estimate one of the elements present in the compound XI. (X = Piperidinium piperidinodithioformate.) (These exercises must be completed to-day.) 250 THURSDAY 20th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. 1. Identify the two components of solution Y and estimate the amount of one component expressing the results in grams per litre. (Y = p-Chloroaniline and isopropyl alcohol OT p-bromoaniline and methyl ethyl ketone. ) (These exercises must be completed to-day.) FRIDA Y and SAT URDA Y 2lst and 22nd XEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. each day. 1. Report on the nature of the salts present in the solution. (Ammonium sulphate and molybdate or sodium sulphate and tungstate.) (This exercise is to be completed to-day.) 2. Examine the solid and determine its constituents. (Silica calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) Paper set in connection with a Special Examination under Regulation “C.” MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928. 3 hours allowed. 1. Describe the methods of preparation of orthophosphoric meta- phosphoric and pyrophosphoric acids and their salts. How are these three varieties of phosphoric acid distinguished from each other in practice ? 2.Give an account of the manufacture of ( a ) chromates and di- chromates from the ore and ( b ) chromium salts for use in mordanting and tanning and (c) pure metallic chromium. 3. By what processes would you determine the constituents of a gaseous mixture consisting of carbon monoxide hydrogen and methane with a little nitrogen? How would you determine small quantities of carbon monoxide in air ? 4. What are the principal sources of zinc ores? Describe the methods of manufacture of metallic zinc and zinc white. State in detail what impurities you would expect t o find in commercial zinc and zinc white. 6 . Write a short essay on one of the following:- (a) Moissan’s work on the electric furnace. (a) Production of low temperatures.(c) Modern methods for concentration of ores. Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 . Outline briefly a scheme for the detection of the colours prohibited in food-stuffs. 2. State the meaning attached to each of the following substances in the Acts and Regulations affecting them :-Preservative certified milk food arsenic dried milk. 251 3. What methods would you adopt to determine the suitability of a specimen of nitric acid as an analytical reagent? (Answers in u separate notebook.) 4. Describe the symptoms displayed in poisoning by coal gas. Discuss the methods available for the detection and estimation of carbon monoxide in the blood of a person suffering from poisoning by this gas.5. How would you make an analysis of the viscera in a case of suspected cocaine poisoning? What are the main provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Acts 1920 and 1923 with respect to cocaine ? 6. Enumerate those preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain strychnine giving in each case composition official dose and the percentage of strychnine present. . . 11.35 MONDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1928 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the use of lead compounds in the manufacture of glazed materials. State briefly the main Regulations and Restrictions governing the use of lead compounds in such manufacture. 2. Describe the method you adopt for the determination of nitrates in drinking water.Give details of two other methods and state why you 3. Indicate briefly how you would examine a specimen of milk in 4. How would you determine the amount of pectin in apple pulp? prefer the process you use. order to determine its freedom from B. tuberculosis. What is the importance of pectin in food products? 5. The contents of a tin of “condensed full cream milk sweetened” on analysis yielded the following results :- per cent. * . * . Fat Milk sugar . . Mineral matter Added cane sugar . . . . 42.80 . . 8-06 Proteins . . . . . . 7.85 . . . . 2.54 __ Total solids . . . . 72.60 - Comment upon the sample and calculate the “milk equivalent” of the contents assuming the tin held 450 grammes. FRIDAY 21st SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. 1. Discuss the relative merits of the various indicators used in volumetric analysis. 2. State the meaning attached to each of the following substances in the Acts and Regulations affecting them:- Condensed milk dangerous drugs margarine cream thickening substance. 3. What methods would you adopt to determine the suitability of 8 specimen of sulphuric acid as an analytical reagent ? (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe how you would make an analysis of viscera in a case of suspected poisoning by chloral hydrate. How would you estimate the amount of the drug present in the stomach and contents? 252 5. Enumerate the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain belladonna giving in each case the composition official dose and percentage of the alkaloids present.What are the conditions of sale of these preparations so far as the Poisons and Pharmacy Act 1908 is concerned ? 6. Describe the symptoms associated with chronic ergot poisoning (ergotism). What investigations would you make to confirm the diagnosis and to prevent the occurrence of other cases? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Discuss the various methods employed for ascertaining the amount of “added water” in a sample of milk. 2. State how you would estimate amounts of glycerine (up to 2 per cent.) in (a) wine ( b ) cream. 3. A small town discharges a sewage effluent into a stream the water from which is used for potable purposes 3 miles lower down. What standards of purity would you demand for such effluent? 4.What is meant by the term “Tuberculin Tested” as applied to cattle? Discuss the value of the test in the production of a pure milk SUPPlY. 5. Indicate the procedure you would employ for the detection and estimation of carbon monoxide in the blood from a person who is presumed to have died from poisoning by coal gas. TUEh’DAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse and report upon the sample of edible oil A. (Olive oil with 30 per cent. arachis oil,) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) well water . ) 2. Determine the hardness in the sample of water B. (Hard deep WEDNESDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the oil A. 2. Determine the quantity and nature of the alcohols in the liquid C.(Containing 25 per cent. ethyl and 10 per cent. methyl alcohols.) THURSDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of milk D which is two weeks old. (Contain- ing 10 per cent. added water and a trace of boracic acid.) Report upon it on the form supplied. FRIDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the mixture E which consists of two substances only. (Hexamine and uric acid; or salol and phenazone.) 2. Examine the specimens F G and I€ microscopically. Make rough drawings and name important structures. If possible identify the mixture . ) specimens. (F compound liquorice powder; G Pulv. Jalap. Co.; H cocoa SATURDAY 29th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Examine the specimen A of urine for the presence of abnormal constituents.Estimate the amount of one of the abnormal constituents found. (Containing protein lactose and pus cells.) 253 2. Report on the composition of the pills B. Discuss in your report whether the administration of them would be likely to cause abortion. A quantitative examination is not required. (Pil. Aloes et Ferri B.P.) 3. From the sample of blood provided C make a preparation showing the spectrum of haematoporphyrin in alkaline solution. Leave the specimen on your bench labelled. Branch G . Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Food Preservation its C hem ist ry and Bacteriological Control. MONDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Why is it so frequently found necessary or advisable to raise solids or liquids to a higher level during a set of chemical operations; and what kinds of apparatus are commonly used for this purpose ? 2.What methods of testing and control would you adopt in order to ascertain and to keep at its highest point the efficiency of a steam boiler installation ? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages presented by silica- ware lead glass platinum and the various “incorrodible ” metallic alloys for use in chemical works and what considerations would lead you to choose one or the other of them for a particular operation? 4. What are appropriate forms of plant for effecting t‘he evaporation of liquids or the separation of solids from liquids and for drying when the final product is a dry powder ? How will the chemical nature of this final product influence you in choosing one or other of these forms of plant 1 2 to 5 p.m.1. Describe some one form of plant for refrigeration on an industrial scale. Give a clear explanation of the principles on which its working depends. 2. Discuss the effects on the chemical composition and digestibility of foods preserved by :-(a) Chilling ( b ) freezing (c) pickling ( d ) sterilisa- tion by heat. 3. Outline a scheme for the bacteriological examination of a specimen of food suspected of having caused an outbreak of food poisoning. 4. Discuss the various causes of the “blowing” of tins containing preserved foods. Describe in detail th;‘method you would adopt for the collection and analysis of the gases in a blown” tin. 5. Name two moulds commonly occurring on foodstuffs after ex- posure to air.Make rough drawings of their diagnostic characters. What means would you adopt to prevent the growth of mould on fruit pulp? TUESDAY to .FRIDAY 18th to 21st SEPTEMBER 1928 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the metallic impurities in the specimen of tinned fruit A and report upon your findings. 2. Analyse-the sample of pickling brine B. 3. Make a bacteriological examination of the food C which is supposed to contain food poisoning organisms. 4. Analyse and report upon the food preservative D. 264 0 bi tuary . REGINALD ARTHUR BERRY died at Glasgow suddenly on 12th October in his 52nd year. Educated at the University of Cambridge from 1893 to 1896 he continued as private assistant to Professor Liveing until 1898 being engaged largely on research in connection with rare earths and mineral analysis.Having also studied agricultural chemistry with Professor T. B. Wood he then entered the employment of a firm of agri- cultural merchants in Plymouth as scientific adviser Two years later he returned to Cambridge to work again in the Department of Agriculture and in due course was awarded the agricultural diploma of the University. In 1906 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the West of Scotland Agricultural College and in the Veterinary College Glasgow which positions he held at the time of his death. He passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations for the Associate- ship to which he was elected in 1897 and was elected a Fellow in 1900.HARRY LEATON EDWARDS died suddenly at Great Meols Cheshire on October 12th in his 72nd year. He was a pupil for three years (about 1875-1878) with A. Norman Tate in Liverpool and also studied at the Normal School of Science South Kensington under Frankland before he received an appointment as chemist to Messrs. Hay-Gordon & Go. Chemical Manufacturers of Widnes where he remained for eight years. He was then engaged in teaching until 1889 when he obtained an ap- pointment as assistant chemist with Messrs. Lever Bros. He shortly afterwards became chemist in control of soap manufacture at Port Sunlight and remained in this position until 1911 when he took charge of their raw material laboratory of the Company at Royal Liver Building Liverpool which position he held to the time of his death.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. ALFRED SMETHAM died at Rock Ferry on the 11th October in his 72nd year. The son of James Smetham an artist and poet he was born in London and having matriculated attended lectures at King’s College and became a pupil assistant with Dr. Augustus Voelcker with whom he worked for six years before he established a practice in Liverpool in 1879. In the following year he was appointed consulting chemist to the Royal Manchester Liverpool and North Lancashire Agricultural Society (now the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society) to whose Journal he con- tributed many papers connected with dairying and the results of field experiments on many crops.Later he became chemist to the Cheshire Agricultural Society to the Liverpool Corn Trade Association and official Agricultural Analyst for the County of Westmorland. In 1919 he was joined in partnership by Mr. F. R. Dodd who had previously assisted him for many years. He contributed a number of papers to the early volumes of The Analyst and was President of the Society of Public Analysts (1920- 1922). He had also served on the Council of the Chemical Society and was a Past Chairman of the Liverpool and North-Western Section of the Institute. H e was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878 and a Fellow in 1884 and he served on the Council for three periods. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Professor W. H. Roberts and the Liverpool and North-Western Section was represented by Professor C.0. Bannister. 255 Notes. The British Association at Glasgow.-Sir William Bragg in his presidential address on “ Craftsmanship and Science,” at the opening meeting of the British Association held in Glasgow on the 5th September referred to the difference between production under the craftsmanship of early civilization and that of our own more complicated times emphasising the importance of science in modern life and the fact that the most active of our modern industries are those which are founded on recent scientific research. While he laid particular stress on the influence of research on electrical engineering showing that the electrical industry had not merely been launched by a single discovery but was continually guided strengthened and extended by unremitting research he remarked how much modern progress in electrical engineering generally and in the motor industry particularly depends upon the work of chemists physicists and metallurgists.He referred to the thriving industries many and various and of comparatively recent origin dependent on recent chemical research such as the manufacture of dyes explosives fertilisers rubber and artificial silk. Chemical industries he said are based on scientific discovery and lean on it the whole time. Dealing with the significance of mass production he showed how new applications of scientific knowledge new ideas new processes new machines must always be in preparation.The best protection for our industrial position is the knowledge and skill which can enable us to produce what others must ask us for because they cannot make it so well themselves. Scientific knowledge and experience if they are to be of full service must be in direct practical contact with the problem to be solved because it is only when all the circumstances are clear in their relation to the difficulty that the solution is likely to suggest itself although success may call for much waiting and patient observation. It is the combination of actual experience with scientific knowledge that is essential. As an example Sir William referred to the sound-ranging devices of the British 256 armies which resulted from the observation and suggestion of an officer with scientific training and experience who was actually on the spot.A new class of worker was growing up in the laboratories of the research associations and in industrial laboratories throughout the country. Such workers being in touch with both employer and employed might be to some extent the flux that would make employer and employed pull together. As men trained in university or college they could speak with the employer exchanging thought with ease and accuracy while they were fellow workers with those in the shops and could bring back some of the interest and enthusiasm which spring from the understanding of purpose and methods. Such personal contact thanks to the better qualities in human nature exercised a marvellous effect in smoothing out differences.The growth of this type of worker should be welcomed because it could in personal intercourse with both capital and labour supply to each a new illuminating and suggestive outlook on their enterprise. The present number of industrial research workers is compara- tively small but it should increase in proportion as the province of science is better understood. He (Sir William Bragg) doubted if there were sufficient appreciation of the interests and rewards in the life of a student of industrial research. The pioneers had suffered unnecessary restrictions and discouragements but their followers would be in better case. It did not need much imagina- tion to realise the splendid side of such work. “The succession of fresh difficulties to be overcome and of new and interesting views into the nature of things and ways of the world; the un- foreseen value of results sometimes an immediate prize some- times the clearing of an obstacle in a manufacturing process never less than the discovery of facts which may some day be of use; the personal association with a living enterprise and with the human spirit behind it.” This kind of work is badly wanted and really serviceable to the community.He reflected on the continuous effect of the growth of knowledge upon thought and enterprise and the realisation of the immense part that science is playing in modern life. The proper employment of scientific research is so necessary to our welfare that we cannot afford to allow misconceptions to hinder it it is not setting forth to destroy the soul of the nation but to keep body and soul together.No clear line can be drawn between pure and applied science they are but two stages of 257 development two phases which melt into one another and either loses virtue if dissociated from the other. The student of science should put his whole heart into his work believing that in some way it is worth while; every straining to understand his surrounding is right and good and thus he can learn to be of use to his fellow men. King’s College London.-An appeal for funds is being made on behalf of King’s College London for the extension of buildings including chemical laboratories and for the endow- ments of Chairs in various subjects including that of Physical Chemistry.Before the war the full-time day students of all kinds numbered about 700; at the present time they number more than 1200 besides 300 post-graduate students who are working for higher degrees or are engaged on research. Donations payable to the King’s College Centenary Appeal Account may be addressed to The Treasurers King’s College Strand London W.C.2 or to the College Bankers Messrs. Coutts & Co. 440 Strand W.C.2. Full particulars can be obtained from the Secretary of the College. Exhi bition of Electrical Optical and Physical Apparat us.-The Nineteenth Annual Exhibition of Electrical Optical and other Physical Apparatus will be held by the Physical Society and the Optical Society from 8th to 10th January 1929 at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London.It will include exhibits of manufacturing firms and a research and experimental section. The Exhibition Committee invites offers of exhibits from research laboratories and institutions and from individual research workers illustrating the results of recent physical research experiments in physics and historical exhibits in physics. No charge will be made for space and catalogue entries in the research and experiment section. Offers should be addressed to the Secretary Physical and Optical Societies I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7. before the 14th November. The Report of the Government Chemist on the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March 1928 was published in September.(H.M. Stationery Office zs. 6 d net.) IS. net.) 1928. 258 The Safe of Food and Drugs Acts. A Government paper entitled “Extracts from the Annual Report of the Ministry of Health for 1927-1928 and Abstracts of Reports of Public Analysts for the year 1927” was published in September. (H.M. Stationery Office IS. 6d. net.) The Report of t h e Departmental Committee of t h e Board of Education on Examinations f o r part-time Students was published in August. (H.M. Stationery Office Examination in South Africa,-Mr. William Allan Martin B.Sc. (S.A.) passed an Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship held in South Africa in May Pedler Scholar.-In accordance with the conditions men- tioned in Journal and Proceedings Part IV 1928 the Council has appointed Mr.George Morrison Moir M.Sc. (New Zealand) an Associate of the Institute as the first Pedler Scholar. Mr. Moir will work under the general supervision of Captain John Golding a t the National Institute for Research in Dairying at Shinfield Reading. He has selected for his subject-“ Methods for the determination of casein albumin and globulin in milk and consideration of any points arising therefrom.” Warni ng.-Chemists in Birmingham and district have lately been receiving visits from a man impersonating a pro- fessional chemist resident in the Manchester district. This person who is seeking financial assistance pretends that he has appealed to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute and is awaiting the decision of the Committee.He is an impostor and should be given in charge. 259 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part I v 1928 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Analysis Volumetric.” I. M. Kolthoff with the collaboration of H. Menzel. An authorised translation based upon the Theoretical Principles of Volumetric analysis. Pp. xVii + German edition by N. Howell Furman. Vol. I. The 289. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 15s. Quantitative precipitations and neutralizations ; titration graphs ; combinations of ions ; complex formations ; oxidation and reduction reactions; indicators; the titration error; speed of reaction; catalysis and induced reactions ; adsorption phenomena ; volumetric methods of organic chemistry; stability of solutions; survey of the methods of volumetric analysis ; determinations of the equivalence-point ; appendices.“ Fuel Technical Data on.” Compiled by representatives of the Coal Gas Electrical Oil and Chemical Industries. Edited by H. M. Spiers on behalf of the Technical Com- mittee World Power Conference 1928. (London.) 10s. 6 d . General information; air water and gases ; specific heat; steam and refrigerants; thermal conductivity and heat transfer; metals and alloys ; refractories ; fuel general introduction ; gaseous fuels ; liquid fuels; solid fuels; stack losses; bibliography and index. “Glassware Volumetric.” Verney Stott.Pp. 232. (London H. F. & G. Witherby.) 20s. Units of volume and calibration tables; measuring flasks and graduated cylinders ; pipettes ; burettes ; marking and graduating of volumetric glassware; effect of apparatus errors on the results of volumetric analyses. “Latex.” Henry P. Stevens. Pp. 66. (London The Rubber Growers’ Association Inc.) Source and production ; conversion to rubber ; composition ; stabilisa- tion and concentration ; manipulation and compounding of latex and latex paste ; vulcanisation; application and products ; patents ; biblio- graphy “Liquids The Viscosity of.” E. Hatschek. Pp. xii+ 239. (London G. Bell & Sons.) 15s. Fundamental concepts and historical development; mathematical theory of principal methods of determining the coefficient of viscosity; viscorneters ; constancy of the viscosity coefficient ; variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure ; viscosity and constitution ; viscosity of solutions liquid mixtures pitch-like substances and colloidal solutione ; viscosity and conductivity; technical viscometers.appendices. 260 “ Nitrogen Atmospheric Fixation of.” Frank A. Ernst. Pp. ix+154. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The arc the cyanamide and the direct synthetic ammonia processes;. economic considerations ; ammonia conversion products ; statistics ; “ Oils Fats and Fatty Foods Their Practical Examination.” A handbook for the use of analytical and technical chemists and manufacturers. E. R. Bolton with a chapter on vita- mins by J.C. Drummond. A second edition of “Fatty Foods,” by E. R. Bolton and Cecil Revis. Pp. xv + 416. (London J & A. Churchill.) 30s. General introduction; objects of analysis ; standardisation of apparatus and reagents ; preliminary examination ; general analytical methods physical and chemical ; interpretation of results ; typical cases ; industrial production of vegetable oils and fats; butter and margarine ; animal fats fish and marine animal oils ; vegetable oils and fats; hydrogenation of oils ; rancidity preservatives and colouring matters ; cocoa and chocolate; feeding stuffs; milk; nutritive value of edible oils and fats; botanical and other indices. “Plant Products An Introduction to the Chemistry of.” Vol. I On the Nature and Significance of the Common Organic Compounds of Plants.” P.Haas and T. G. Hill 4th edition. Pp. xvi+530. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) 18s. I. Fats oils and waxes; 11. Aldehydes and alcohols; 111. The carbo- hydrates; IV. Glucosides; V. Tannins; VI Pigments; VII. Nitrogen bases; VIII. The Colloidal state; IX. Proteins; X. Enzymes. Appendix Hydrogen-ion concentration. “ Protamines and Histones The.” The late A. Kossel trans- lated from the original German - manuscript by W. V. Thorpe. Pp. xi+107. (London Longmans Green & Co.) gs. Part I The protamines; separation and quantitative estimation; preparation classification and properties; decomposition and constitu- tion. Part 11 The histones; general charaoteristics; the histone of the erythrocyte nucleus and of the thymus gland; histones from sperm; chemical relation of the protamines and histones to other basic proteins; biological significance and physiological action in mammalian organism ; bibliography.(‘ Symbols and Formulz in Chemistry.” An historical study. R. M. Caven and J. A. Cranston. Pp. ix. + 220. (London Blackie & Son Ltd.) 15s. Beginnings of symbolism; development of modern symbols; theory of structure ; development of stereo-chemistry ; valency ; dualistic theories ; the electron; symbols in physical chemistry. 261 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 19th October I new Fellow was elected 7 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 42 new Associates were elected and 28 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 3 Fellows by death. New Fellow. Christie William Alexander Kynoch B.Sc. (Edin.) Ph.D. (Basel) United Services Club Calcutta. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Cunliffe Percy Walmsley B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 73 Waddington Road Clitheroe Lancs. Firth Herbert 41 Freegrove Road Holloway London N.7. Jones Archibald Orton M.A. (Oxon.) 340 Bluebell Road Shiregreen Munro Reginald James B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. “Easdale,” Abbey Close Probert Maurice Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Lond.) Aysgarth Morning- Stringer William John B.Sc. (Wales) 3 Sydenham Road Dundrum Turner Percival Elisha B.Sc. (Lond.) Imperial College of Tropical Sheffield. Monkseaton Northumberland. ton Avenue Cheadle Cheshire. Co. Dublin. Agriculture Trinidad B.W.I.Edinburgh. Exmouth. London E. 1 1. New Associates. Adam James Brodie Ross B.Sc. (Edin.) 37 Ryehill Gardena Leith Baird James Craig B.Sc. B,Ag. (Q.U.B.) Holestone Doagh Belfast. Bendle John Huxtable B,Sc. (Lond.) Laurieston Phillips Avenue Brasher Miss Dora Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Chobham Road Woking. Bressey Ralph John B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 17 Leicester Road Wanstead Colson Albert Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Dulka Road Clapham Junction London S. W. 11. Davis Miss Joan B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Jenton Avenue Bexley Heath Kent. Denis-Nathan Leslie M.Sc. (Cape Town) c/o. Department of Inorganic Chemistry The University Cape Town S . Africa. Evans Cyril Harry 61 Markham Avenue Potternewton Leeds. Fell Miss Edith Gwendolyne B.Sc.(Lond.) 22 Northdale Road Frizing- hall Bradford. Ferguson George William 12 Hilldrop Road Tufnell Park London N.7. 262 Ferguson William Lofts M.Sc. (Cape Town) Mandala Arthur’s Road Sea Point Cape Town S. Africa. Fletcher Peter Bainbrigge M.Sc. (Lond.) 65 Compton Road Wimbledon London S.W.19. Ford Victor Gerald B.Sc. (Lond.) 30 Crosby Road Forest Gate London E.7. Foxlee George Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 153 Victoria Street St. Albans. Goodway Norman Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) 2 Lovelace Road Dulwich London S.E.21. Hardwick Percy John B.Sc. (Lond.) Pendower Shepton Beauchamp Sheavington S.O. Somerset. Hartley Sidney 9 Bristol Avenue Levenshulme Manchester. Hoare Martin John c/o. Messrs. Tooth & Co. Ltd. Sydney N.S.W. Australia. Jones Ronald Henry Glen View Pontardawe Road Clydach Swaneea.Keightley Walter Maurice 39 St. Ann’s Hill Road Nottingham. Lauwerys Joseph Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) 80 Edgehill Road Winton Bournemouth. Laws Edward Quentin B.Sc. (Lond.) 9 Werter Road Putney London S.W.15. MacPherson Korman Letham M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 13 Caledonian Place Aberdeen. Manchester Leslie George B.Sc. (Lond.) 557 Green Lanes Hornsey London N.8. McIntyre Ronald B.Sc. (Glas.) East Anchorage Helensburgh. Morris Samuel B.Sc. (Glas.) 264 Bath Street Glasgow. Olliver Miss Mamie B.Sc. (Lond.) 4 Northumberland Road Coventry. Pam Miss Edith Marie B.Sc. (Lond.) 75 Langbourne Mansions Holly Lodge Highgate London N.6. Penny Ernest Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 85 Barnfield Road Plumstead London S.E.18.Pitkethly Robert c/o Dr. Dunstan Research Laboratories Meadhurst Sunbury-on-Thames. Prentice James Harris B.Sc. B.Ag. (Q.U.B.) Hillside Comber Belfast. Price John William B.Sc. (Lond.) 100 Severn Grove Cardiff. Pullan John Masters M.Sc. (Lond.) 140 Mount Pleasant Liverpool. Pulsford Arthur Donald 32 Loring Road Isleworth Middx. Robins Cecil Hancorn B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Perry Rise Forest Hill London Smith Reginald Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) 21 Stirling Road Wealdstone Middx. Smith Sydney Kerr B.Sc. (Glas.) The Hollies Larbert Scotland. S.E.23. Southwood Wilfred Wall M.Sc. (Cape Town) 82 Upper Mill Street Cape Town 5. Africa. Stewart Alexander Boyd M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) 108 Bonnymuir Placte Aberdeen. Truss Lionel James The Moorings Harrow Road Carshalton Surrey.Wood Alexander 46 St. Andrew’s Road Southsea Hants. New Students. Adams Harold 20 Edilom Road Higher Cnunpsall Manchester. Chapman John Stocker The Gables Borrowash Derby. Davies John Malcolm 33 Boverton Street Cardiff. Dear Cecil William 12 Daffodil Street London W.12. Doe Cedric Alfred Friend 30 Courtfield Avenue Harrow. Edwards Harold 36 Woodland Road Shotton Chester. Garrett Horace Edward 104 Park Road Hendon London N.W.4. 263 Gaskin Miss Kathleen May B.Sc. (Liv.) 16 South Albert Park Liverpool. Griffiths John 185 Lyons Lane Chorley Lancs. Handley Arthur Norman Lee Green Mirfield Yorks. Hutchinson William 5 Newton Terrace Mickley Square Stocksfleld- on-Tyne. Lugg Joseph William Henry University of Western Australia Perth W.Australia. MacArthur Charles James 172 New Street Stevenston Ayrshire. MacInnes John 122 McAslin Street Glasgow (2.4. Nicholson John 101 Neville Road Forest Gate London E.7. Pearson William Vernon 9 Ryefield Terrace Golcar near Huddersfieid. Poxon Denis William Melton Lane Sutton Bonington near Loughborough. Prentice Harold James 8 Copse Road Cobham Surrey. Prescott George Frederic West House Edge Green Lane Golborne Lancs. Rallison Raymond 7 Montague Street Fulwell Sunderland Co. Durham. Ramsay Robert Frew 9 Westbourne Road Westwood Park Monton Eccles. Rich Albert Charles 6 Forest Street Forest Gate London E.7. Simpson Louis William 77 Sherland Road Twickenham. Thomas Richard Spenser 167 Tettenhall Road Wolverhampton.Welch Raymond Hatfield 33 Earlsfield Road London S.W.18. White Wilfred Arthur Stephen 58 Pretoria Street Stanmillis Belfast. Wilson Bertram B.Sc. (Lond.) 273 Walker’s Lane Rainhill Liverpool. Wood Edward 2 Old Bridge Street Ayr. Change of Name. Monica Mary Ruston B.Sc. (London) Fellow to Stiff-on her marriage. DEATHS. Fellows. Reginald Arthur Berry Dip. Agric. (Cantab) Ph.D. (Glas.). Harry Leaton Edwards. Alfred Smetham. Register 1928. In addition to the Errata given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV the following should be noted:- Page 292. Nobbs H. add “F. 1923.” In the list of Errata the note on p. 220 should have read Burr Mrs. not Miss. 264 General Notices. SipEdward Frankland Medaland Prize for Students.- St reatf ei I d Memorial Lect u re,-The Eleventh Annual Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Professor A.R. Ling at King’s College Strand London W.C.2 on Friday the 16th November 1928 at 8 p.m. Subject “ Contributions to the History of Starch and its Transformation Products.” The President Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G. D.Sc. F. R. S . will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and former students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission gratis may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. Examinations in 1 929.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1929 are as follows:- Entries close.Monday 12th November 1928. Dates of Examinations. 7th to rzth January. OY 14th to 19th January. 8th to 13th April. or 15th to 20th April. 16th to 21st September. Monday 11th February 1929. Monday 15th July 1929. or 23rd to 28th September. Candidates for the Associateshipwill be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. IMPORTANT TO REGISTERED STUDENTS. A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on *‘The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist ” will be awarded in January 1929 265 and presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful com- petitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age a t the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1928 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. Meldoia Medal.-The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabxans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar.The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1929) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1928 will be made in January 1929. Attention is directed to the new Regulations governing this award which will come into operation for the year 1929. (See P- 229.) 266 Beil by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any Competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to October 1925 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Election of District Members of' Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday 10th December 1928. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I) the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March 1921 and amended on 1st March 1923:- (i) Birmingham and Midlands including the Counties of Hereford Salop Staff ord Worcester Warwick Derby Nottingham Leicester Lincoln Rutland and Northampton. (ii) Bristol and SouthWestern Counties including the Counties of Gloucester Wilt.s Dorset Somerset Devon and Cornwall.(iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast including the Counties of Flint Westmorland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the 267 line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties including the Counties of Middlesex Kent Sussex Surrey Berks Oxford Bucking- ham Hertford Essex Bedford Cambridge Suffolk Norfolk Huntingdon €€ants with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.North-East Coast and Yorkshire including the Counties of Northumberland Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland including the Counties of Nairn Elgin Banff Aberdeen Kincardine Forfar Perth Fife Kinross Clackmannan Stirling Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Berwick Peebles Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland including the Counties of Caithness Sutherland Ross and Cromarty Inverness Argyll Dumbarton Renfrew Lanark Ayr. Wigtown Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint see iii). The County bf Monmouth. Northern Ireland as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto.Irish Free State as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia the Dominion of Canada the Dominion of New Zealand the Union of South Africa the Empire of India the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form :- “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of tha Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” purpose.268 (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 3 1st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.( b ) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary at the office of the Institute so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting Lists shall on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers not Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election a t a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council a t a meeting on the Third Friday in January specially convened for that (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(5) If a t any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. ( 6 ) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible 269 Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned a t least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.I f there be no Local Section within a District a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. I f there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii) such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The following Fellows are the present District Members of Council for the Districts indicated and all are eligible for re- election except Mr. Walter Henry Coleman who has completed the period of three years as the representative for the Glasgow and West of Scotland District and retires in accordance with By-Law 23. Birmingham and adlands Douglas Frank Twiss D.Sc.Bristol and South-Western Counties Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. Liverpool and North-West Coast Harold Edward Monk B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties Lewis Eynon B.Sc. Manchester and District William Marshall. North-East Coast and Yorkshire Percy Ewart Bowles Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland John Adam Watson Glasgow and West of Scotland Walter Henry Coleman.* Wales and the County of Monmouth Christopher Maurice Northern Ireland Joseph Harold Totton B.A. B.Sc. A.C.G.I. Walter Grieb B.Sc. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. BSc. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last tern of their months if necessary. with the Registrar. 270 training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors . Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their position are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate The Library,-TheLibrary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.> except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 am. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 271 The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. 2d. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s.g d . ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their fiermanent addresses for registration.272 Annual Chemical Dinner 9th November 1928.- Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the Annual Chemical Dinner which will be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 9th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m. Dr. G. C. Clayton C.B.E. M.P. has kindly consented to take the Chair and will be accompanied by Mrs. Clayton. The Rt. Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby Gore M.P. Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies will be the guest of the evening. The Dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Applications for tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (including gratuities but not wines) should be made at once to Mr. F. A. Greene Hon.Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 1st March 1929. 273 Exhibition 1928. Catalogue of the Exhibition of Apparatus Instruments Reagents Chemicals Filter Paper etc. held under the auspices of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section at the Institute on 24th October. LIST OF EXHIBITS In the Main Laboratory. 1. MESSRS. CHARLES HEARSON & Co. LTD. 68 Willow Walk S.E.l. Laboratory equipment. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES LTD. 16-30 Graham Street City Road N.1. Apparatus for Hydrogen Ion Work; Chemicals. 4. MESSRS. KELVIN BOTTOMLEY & BAIRD LTD. Imperial House Regent Street W. 1. Ultra-Violet Ray Fluorescence Apparatus.July 1928.) Laboratory Apparatus for bringing a Gas into intimate contact with a small quantity of liquid; gas scrubbers. 2-3. 5a. DOUGLAS HENVILLE EsQ. F.I.C. Continuous Extractor. (A description is given in The A d y s t 5b. C. HAMILTON FOOTT EsQ. M.Sc. D.I.C. A.I.C. 6. THE GOVERNMENT LABORATORY. Latest form of Arsenic Determination Apparatus. 7. THE LABORATORIES OF MESSRS. J. LYONS & Co. LTD. 1. Electrometric Titration Apparatus for Determination in atmosphere of Hydrogen with Bovey potentiometer. 2. Apparatus for testing tiles linoleum etc. (Tapping and Wearing tests). 8. G. W. SCOTT-BLAIR EsQ. M.A. A.I.C. Modification of the Bingham Plastometer for measurement o€ 9. Static Rigidity and Plasticity of soil and clay pastes.H. N. RIDYARD EsQ. B.Sc. A.I.C. King’s College Chemical Dept. New types of pipette metal glass joints etc. 10. &SSRS. BAIRD & TATLOCK (London) LTD. 14-16 Hatton Garden E.C.l. Scientific Apparatus. 12. YIESSRS. WOOD BROS. GLASS Co. LTD. Barnsley (exhibited by Messrs. Baird & Tatlock). Chemical Glassware. 274 45 Horseferry Road S.W.1. Laboratory Filters. Kingsway W.C.2. Scientific Apparatus. 96 Victoria Street S.W.1. Alembic Works Wedmore Street Holloway N. 19. 52 Hatton Garden E.C.1. Ozone Apparatus. Laboratory equipment. Scientific Glassware Thermometers and Laboratory equipment. Winsley House Wells Street Oxford Street W.l. Optical Instruments. Slough Bucks. Ultra-Violet Light Apparatus. Lambeth S.E.1. Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. Perth. Monax Laboratory Glassware and similar goods. Worcester. Laboratory Porcelain etc. Chemicals exhibition of Crystals. General Scientific Apparatus. Scientific Glass Apparatus. Exhibition of Glass Blowing. 12. THE STREAMLINE FILTER Co. LTD. 13. MESSRS. JOHN J. GRIFFIN & SONS LTD. 14. MESSRS. OZONAIR LTD. 15. MESSRS. BROWN & SON LTD. 16. THE SCIENTIFIC SUPPLIES Co. LTD. 17. MESSRS. CARL ZEISS (London) 18. THE BRITISH HANOVIA QUARTZ LAMP Co. LTD. 18a. MESSRS. DOULTON & Co. LTD. 19. MESSRS. JOHN MONCRIEFF LTD. 20. THE WORCESTER ROYAL PORCELAIN Co. LTD. 21. MESSRS. HARRINGTON BROS. LTD. 22. MESSRS. A. GALLENRAMP & Co. LTD. 23. THE SCIENTIFIC GLASSBLOWING Co.24a. MESSRS. VANDOME’S LTD. 4 & 7 Oliver’s Yard City Road E.C.l. 19 Sun Street E.C.2. 95 Gray’s Inn Road W.C.l. 106 & 108 Queen Victoria Street E.C.4. “Verity ” Scales Balances. 24b. THE METROPOLITAN FUEL Co. LTD. Millbank House Wood Street Westminster S.W.l. 240. MESSRS. RADFIELD’S LTD. SheEeld. Specimens of Steel ; Corrosion resisting and heat resisting steela 24d. JOHN a. A. RHODLN EsQ. F.I.C. Electric Heater. In the Balance Room. 25. MESSRS. L. OERTLING LTD. 66 Holborn Viaduct E.C. 1. Chemical and Assay Balances. In the Rostrum. 26. MESSRS. H. K. LEWIS & Co. LTD. 136 Glower Street W.C.l. Scientifio and Technical Books. In the Library Annexe 27. ~ S S R S . NEWTON & Go. LTD. 72. Wigmore Street W.1.Epidiascope. In the Council Room. 28. H. D. MURRAY EsQ. B.A. A.I.C. Gas Analysis Apparatus (a description 1s given in the J.C.S. 127 769 1926). 29. MESSRS. R. &. J. BECK LTD. 63 Cornhill E.C.3. Optical Apparatus. 30. MESSRS. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA LTD. 38 Holborn Viaduct. Pyrometers and Mercury-in-steel Thermometers. 31. MESSRS. W. WATSON & SONS LTD. 313 High Holborn W.C.1. Optical Apparatus. 32. MESSRS. H. REEVE ANGEL & Co. LTD. 9 Bridewell Place E.C.4. Filter Papers etc. 33. ~!~&ssRs. EVANS ADLARD & Go. LTD. Postlip Mills Winchcombe Cheltenham. Filterings. 34. MESSRS. DEXINE LTD. Abbey Lane Stratford E.15. Dexine Rubber and Ebonite Products. 35. MESSRS. BOOTS PURE DRUG Co. LTD. Nottingham. Rare Synthetic Organic products. In the Examiners’ Assistant’s Room. 36. MESSRS. SANDS HUNTER & CO. LTD. 37 Bedford Street W.C.2. Epidiascope. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Africa. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Ireland (Belfast) , (Dublin) w.c.1. Dr. C. F. Juritz M.A. F.I.C. Villa Marina Birmingham and Midlande Dr. IF. W. Norris A.R.U.S. A.I.C 91 Witherford Way Selly Oak Birmingham. Brigltol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle F.I.C. 6 Glentworth Counties Road Redland Bristol. Cape of Good Hope Three Anchor’u Bay Cape Town South J. W. Ingham M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. of Chemistry Heriot-Watt College Edin- Dr. P. F. Gordon F.I.C. Royal Technical H. S. Pink M.So. A.I.C. 18 Longley Road C. S. McDowell B.Sc. A.I.C. 33 Wellington Dr. A. G. G. Leonard F.I.C. 18 Belgrave burgh. College Glasgow. Huddersfield. Park Belfast. Road Dublin. of Fuel The University Leeds. H. E. Monk B.Sc. F.I.C. 27 Kenwyn Road Wallasey Cheshire. Lee& Area H. J. Hodsman M.B.E. M.Sc. F.I.C. Dept. Liverpool and North- London and South-Eastern E. B. Hughes M.Sc. F.I.C. c/o The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London V. R. Greenstreet A.C.Q.F.C. A.I.C. Dept. of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur F.M.S. Dr. Albert Coulthard F.I.C. 136 Barlow Moor Road West Didsbury Manchester. F. H. Walker B.Sc. A.I.C. 17 Chester Street Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. Rest Mummery F.I.C. Box 2 Aramoho Wanganui New Zealand. Dr. A. G. Ramsay A.I.C. Lpdale Lon Mafon Sketty Clam. Hon. Secretaries. Western Counties Malaya Manchester and District Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast New Zealand South Wales Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Sccretal-y NORMAN STUART jun, 11 Platts Lane Hampstead N.W. 3.