THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1933. PART 11. Issued uiider the super\-ision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar ntld Secretavy-30, RL-SELL SQUARE,LONDOX,1V.C.r. Apd, 1933. Publications Committee, 1933134. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chnzr??zaiz), JOCELYN F. THORPE (Pvesidzut), C. 0 BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, c. DORI~E, A. E. EVEREST, P. F. GORDON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HOII.'~'/Y//.Y//w/), A. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDEN, W. WARDLAW, H. B. WATSON, A. W. M. WINTLE.Officers and Members of Council, 1933-34. PRESIDENT : JOCELYS FIELD THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : WILLIAM JOHS ATKINSON BUTTERFIELD, M.A. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. ALBERT ERNEST DUNSTAN, D.Sc. FRANK GEORGE EDMED, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, XSc. HONORARY TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: CHARLES OLDES BAXNISTER, A.E.S.M., M.Eis(2. : LIVERPOOL. OSCAR LISLE BRADY, B.A., D.Sc.: LONDON. JESSE CARL ALBERT BRIERLEY, XSc. : NORTHERNIRELAXD. ROBERT BRUCE, If.(?.: EDINBL~RGHAND EASTOF SCOTLSND. ROBERT MARTIN- CX\-EN, D.Sc. : GLASGOW. NORMAN MEDERSON COMBER, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LEEDS. HENRY EDWARD COX, M.Sc., PH.D.: LONDON.CECIL HENRY DESCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.R.S.: LONDON. CHARLES DORGE, M.A., D.SC.: LOXDOK. HAROLD DOUGLAS ELKINGTON, pul.Sc.: LONDOS. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON, B.Sc. : MANCHESTER. ARTHUR ERNEST EVEREST, PH.D., D.Sc. : NORTH-EASTCOAST AND YORKSHIRE. ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, B.Sc. : LOSDON. PETER FERGUSON GORDON, PH.D.: GLASGOW-AND WESTOF SCOT-RICHARD HENRY GREAVES, D.Sc. : LONDON. [LAND. WILLIAM ROSCOE HARDWICK, B.Sc. : LIVERPOOLAND KORTH-WESTCOAST. "ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LIVERPOOL. HENLEY, THE RT. HON. FRANCIS ROBERT, LORD, N.A. : RUGBY. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., B.Sc., PH.D.: HUDDERSFIELD. GEORGE EDWARD HOLDEN, M.B.E., M.SC.TECH. : MANCHESTRR. REGINALD HAYDN HOPKIKS, D.Sc.: BIRMINGHA4M. EDWARD BURSHOPE HUGHES, M.Sc. : LONDONAND SOUTH-EASTERNCOVNTIES. JOSEPH ROBERT JOHNSON : BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS. GEORGE KING, M.Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. JAMES GRIEVE KING, PH.D., A.R.T.C. : LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., PH.D., B.R.C.Sc.1. : IRISHFREESTATE. JOSEPH HENRY LESTER, M.Sc. : MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT. WILLIAM JOHNSON SMITH NAUNTON, M.A., PH.D. : MANCHEGTER. GEORGE HENRY PERRY, O.B.E., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. : LONDON. ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.: CAMBRIDGE. WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E. : .4RDROSSAlv. EDWARD RUSSELL, B.SC. : BRISTOL &~NDSOUTH-TVESTERKCOTJNTIES. SAMUEL SMILES, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. : LONDON. FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc. : EXETER. WILLIAM WARDLAW, I).Sc. : BIRMINGHAM. HERBERT BEN WATSON, D.Sc.: TITALES ,4ND THE COL~KTYOF MONMOUTH.B:D'IVARD JOHK \I'AY : THE OVERSEsS DoMrzrIo_vs AND XLSEWHERE ABROAD. JOHN WEIR, X.A., B.Sc., PH.D. : ARDROSSAK, ALBERT WATKINS LMAGGS WINTLE : BRISTOL. * Retires in May, 1933. 82 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS: 1933: APRIL 28~~. 1933: NOVEMBER 17~~. MAY 19~~. DECEMBER 15~~. JUNE 16~~. 1934: JANUARY 19~~& 26~~. JULY 21ST. FEBRUARY 16~~. OCTOBER 20~~. CENSORS: 1933-1934. THE PRESIDENT, EX-OFFICIO. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P., GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.R.E., F.R.S., ARTHUR SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S. Committees for 1933-34. Chairman” FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0.L. BRADY, A. E. DUNSTAX, A. E, EVEREST, A. G. FRANCIS, H. H. HODGSOX, E. B. HUGHES, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY*, G. H. PERRY, IT‘. TVARDLATV, AN]) A4.W.M. WINTLE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, WITH 0.L. BRADY, G. C. CLAYTON*, CHARLES DORGE, A. E. DUNSTAN, F. G. EDMED, H. D. ELKINGTON, LORD HENLEY, G. E. HOLDEN, J. G. KIKG, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS, AND E. RUSSELL. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMANPATRICK H. KIRKALDY.): PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE : THEPRESlDENT, WITH C. 0.BANNISTER, 0. L. BRSDY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD*, R. M. CAVEN,C.DORI~E,A. E. EVEREST, P. F.GORDON,H. H. HODGSON, J. R.JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDT, -4. G. G. LEONARD, J. H. LESTER, E. RUSSELL, F. SOUTHERDES, W.TqTARDLAM’,H. B. M’ATSOP\’, AND A. IfT.&I.T\’INTJ,E. 83 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. BENEVOLENT FUND COMNiITTEE : THE PRESIDENT, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (HoN. TREASURER)*, THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE, WITH T. COCKBURN (GLASGOW),H. G. COLMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER), W. H. GIBSON (N. IRELAND), E. M. HAWKINS, W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS),C. PROCTOR, G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES). (In the case of Section representatives, the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. ARNAUD, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, CHARLES DORBE, B. DYER, F. G. EDMED, A. V. ELSDEN, G.D. ELSDON, A. G. FRANCIS, R. H. GREAVES, W. R. HARDWICK, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HINKS, H. . HODGSON, E. B. HUGHES, L. H. LAMPITT, S. E. MELLINC, A. MORE, W. PARTRIDGE, G. H. PERRY, W. H. ROBERTS*, EDWARD RUSSELL, G. STUBBS, J. F. TOCHER, J. A. VOELCKER, AND E. J. WAY. PEDLER FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESIDENT*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (VICE-CHAIRMAN), WITH E. R. BOLTON, 0. L. BRADY, H. IT.A. BRISCOE, H. 0. COLMAN, CHARLES DORgE, G. D. ELSDON, J. J. FOX, C. S. GIBSON, G. G. HENDERSON, E. HINKS, R. H. HOPKINS, L. H. LAMPITT, MISS D. JORDAN LLOYD, T. SLATER PRICE, F. L. PYMAN, E. K. RIDEAL, R. ROBINSON, AND S. SMILES. APPOINTMENTS REGISTER COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH C. 0. BANNISTER, 0. L. BRADY, F. 6. EDMED*, L. EYNON, P. F. GORDON, H.H. HODGSON, B. F. HOWARD, G. KIXG, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, AND D. JORDAN LLOYD. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT*, WITH 0. L. BR.ADY, H. V. A. BRISCOE, J. F!. COATES, A. E. EVEREST, L. EYNON, J. HAWTHORNE, G. G. HENDERSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, T. SLATER PRICE, AND A. SMITHELLS. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT : THEPRESIDENT, WITH R. BRUCE, R. M. CAVEN, P. F. GORDON, F. W. HARRIS, G. G. HENDERSON*, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, N. PICTON, T. SLATER PRICE, AND J. WEIR. JOINT COMMITTEE WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND: THEPRESIDENT, WITH J. C. A. BRIERLEY, W. H. GIBSON, H. GRAHAM, J. HAWTHORNE, G. T. MORGAN, AND T. SLATER €%ICE. 84 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1933-1934.Chairman :THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nonzinations, Examinatiom and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship : HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Scy. (LoND.), A.R.C.S. *ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., D.Sc. (GLAs.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship : Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE, D.Sc. (LoKD.), A.R.C.S. Branch C,-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: FRANK LEE PYNAN, PH.D. (BASLE),D.Sc. (VICT.), F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY : JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water: *S.E. MELLING. THERAPEUTICS, PHARMACOLOGY,AND MICROSCOPY:GERALD ROCHE LYNCH, O.B.E., M.B., B.S. (LoND.), D.P.H. (Em.). Branch F.-AGRICULTCRAL CHEMISTRY: HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NF:VILLE, M.A. (CANTAB.),B.Sc. (LOND.). Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL (General Chemical Technology) :CHEMISTRY THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH, D.Sc. (LoND.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required.* To take office after the April-May Examinations, 1933. HON. AUDITORS, 1933-34 : JOSEPH HENRY LANE AND JOHK CHR,ISTISON WHITE, O.B.E. AUDITOR, 1933-34 : DAT'ID HENDERSON, Chartered Accourttarht. SOLICITORS : BlmsRs. MARKBY, STEWART 8: TVADESONS, 5, Bishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS : THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, TV.C.1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY : RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E., Chartered Secretrcry. ASSISTANT SECRETARY : RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (CASTAH.), F.I.C. Fif ty-fif th Annual General Meeting. WEDNESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1933. THE Fifty-Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.I., on Wednesday, 1st March, 1g33,-Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., the retiring President, in the chair. PRESENTATION MEDAL.OF THE RIELDOLA The President, in opening the proceedings, said that his first duty was to present the Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans), to Dr. Leslie Ernest Sutton. Dr. Sutton had been working at Oxford for the last seven years, except for a visit to Germany, where he had worked with Prof.Debye at the Physikalische Institut, Leipzig, acquiring, not only a knowledge of the technique of di-pole measurements, but also a grasp of the sometimes rather abstruse underlying physical ideas. He had applied these powers to a series of problems with remark- able success, and had cleared up a large number of difficulties in organic chemistry. His work had practically settled the consti- tution of the divalent carbon compounds, of the oximes, of the organic azides, and of nickel carbonyl, and had thrown much light on the reactivity of the benzene derivatives, where he had obtained some physical evidence of electron drift and correlated its direction with the reactivity. The President then presented the Medal to Dr.Sutton amid applause. PRESENTATIONTHE SIR EDWARD MEDALOF FRANKLAND AND PRIZE. The President said that it was his next duty to present the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize to Mr. Leslie Young, registered student, for his essay on “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.’’ It was well that they should be reminded of the first President of the Institute-Sir Edward Frankland, and he would like to suggest, on the present occasion, that the Fellows and Associates should send a telegram of greeting to his son, Professor Percy Faraday Frankland, who was President of the 86 Institute from 1906 to 1909 (Applause.) He would also re-mind them of the senior Past-President, Professor John Millar Thomson, whose eighty-fourth birthday it would be on March 7th, to whom he was sure they would also like to send a message to show that they still thought of him.(Messages were immediately sent to Professor Frankland and Professor Millar Thomson. ) .The President then presented the Medal and Prize to Mr. Leslie Young amid applause. THEANNUALLi~~~~~~~. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer), in presenting the Annual Accounts, with the Report of the Auditors, said that as usual he had to protest that the Report of the Council, with the Accounts, both those of the Institute and of the Benevolent Fund, had been considered by the Council and passed for publication by the Publications Committee, with so much information that he found difficulty in finding anything to say The Financial Statements had been circulated with the Annual Report, and he had pleasure in moving that they be received and adopted.In doing so, there were one or two points to which he would call attention. Referring to the General Account, it would be seen that, deducting the balance of E566 14s. IId. brought forward from 1931, the available income was fl12,220 5s. 4d., while the normal expenditure was jG11,g5o 18s. 8d., leaving a surplus of E269 6s. 8d. The final payment had been made on the cost of the hall, which had been equipped with a lantern and screen, these accounts amounting to E3oo 17s. IId. Investments had been made to an amount of E79 7s. ~od.more than the sum definitely reserved for that pur- pose. At the end of the year the cash balance was k453 5s.zd.-which was E113 9s. gd. less than that brought forward at the beginning of the year. The increase in subscriptions had been largely due to pay- ments of arrears; so that it should not be assumed that there would always be a substantial balance on the year’s work; but on the whole, he (the Hon. Treasurer) thought they might look forward to the future with confidence. Another matter to which he would like to refer was the appeal that had been made to the Special Commissioners for Income Tax. The Council held that the Institute, by reason of its educational purposes, its encouragement of science, and its public work- 87 the whole expense of which was borne by the members-had a good case for the consideration of the Special Commissioners.Indeed, the presiding Commissioner had allowed that, in view of the decision in the case of the Chartered Civil Engineers, in 1931, the appeal was one that should have been brought. Further, the representatives of the Institute felt that the Special Com- missioners gave the case a patient and sympathetic hearing, although at the end of about three hours they had decided that the weight of evidence was against the claim. In order to succeed, it would have been necessary to contend that the Institute did nothing for its members, as individuals, and nothing for the profession. This was impossible, but he still thought that the Institute had a good case. An appeal to the Courts was, how- ever, always a costly and uncertain thing.The Institute would have benefited financially had the appeal been allowed, but its freedom to develop its work might have been restricted. He felt, therefore, that the Council had been wise in deciding to proceed no further with the matter. (Hear, hear.) He would like to take this opportunity of bearing witness to their indebtedness to Mr. Pilcher for the way in which he pre- pared and presented the case to the Special Commissioners. He displayed a readiness to take up new points and a grip of the whole question which compelled the admiration of the Solicitor of the Inland Revenue Department. The Fellows and Associates would be glad to know that in addition to the legacy of f1500 from Professor Meldola, a legacy of LIOO had lately been received from the executors of Mr.Legg. Further, the Registrar hzd just handed him a note to the effect that an intimation had been received from the trustees of the late Joseph Gordon Gordon, that he had bequeathed f1500 to the general funds of the Institute. In addition to those benefactions, he (the Hon. Treasurer) reminded the meeting that Mr. Cribb had left the Institute an interesting double-tube barometer and a valuable collection of prints. The framed specimens of the prints could be inspected in the room and vestibule adjoining the hall, and a selection of the remainder of the prints was on view in the Council Room. With regard to the Benevolent Fund, he wished to express the gratitude of the Committee to all who had helped them to help others.The Committee hoped that the members would continue their assistance, and that other Fellows and Associates who had not subscribed would follow their good example. He desired 88 also to express the appreciation and thanks of the Institute to Major J. C. White and Mr. J. H. Lane, who had acted as Hon. Auditors. He moved “That the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Hon. Auditors for their services, and that the Financial Statement for 1932-33 be received and adopted.” Mr. Northall-Laurie said that he had much pleasure m seconding the motion for the adoption of the Accounts. He noticed in the General Account that about 6193 had been re- ceived for advertisements compared with f156 the year before.He understood that the prosperity of a Journal was largely measured by its “draw” in advertising money; so that it looked as if the Journal was appreciated outside. In these days of un- favourable balance sheets it was gratifying to find the Institute in such a strong position, and they ought to thank the members who looked after the business of the Institute, especially for the care they had taken of the funds. The resolution was carried unanimously. THE REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The Report of the Council having been taken as read, the President (Dr. Clayton) delivered his address (p. 94) and moved the reception and adoption of the Report. Dr. McGowan said that after the comprehensive address of the President there was little left for him to say in seconding the reception and adoption of the Report of the Council for the year 1932-33.The past year had been a very depressing one for many societies and for people generally, and therefore they might the more congratulate themselves on the steady way in which the Institute had carried through, without losing ground; in fact, it had gained ground. Enough had been already said to show how well deserved was the appreciation which had been expressed of the great efforts of Mr. Kirkaldy and of others concerned with the management of the funds, including the Benevolent Fund. One of the most interesting activities of the Institute was iliustrated by the papers read at meetings of the Local Sections, and the lectures which were published separately were of permanent value for reference purposes.He had had occasion lately to look through the Journals of the Institute from the begin- ning until now, and what had struck him more than any- thing else was the simplicity of the examination in the old days: very different from the examination now. He could not 89 help wondering whether the average talent and intelligence of the present-day student had increased in the same ratio: he would leave the students to answer that for themselves. There was, however, one thing against which they ought to set their minds, and that was, too early specialisation. The result was to develop a one-sided man. He had been told by Professor Donnan that lads came to the Colleges, straight from school, having passed, not only the matriculation examination, but the intermediate.He felt that that sort of ’thing should be discouraged. Of course, he was referring to the average man, not to the genius. Many members must have seen the Faraday Exhibition. One thing that struck him very much was the exhibit of the open pages of some of Faraday’s notebooks. There was hardly an erasure, addition, or correction in any of them. Faraday was, of course, a genius; but one found the same thing, for example, in old family letters of the time. Did it mean that in those days people were not in such a desperate hurry as they were to-day? When they wrote anything now, they had to go back and block out and interpolate, whereas, in the old days, people were thoughtful and deliberate and went forward without the necessity for corrections.It was rather sad work looking through the old Journals of the Institute, because it meant coming upon the names of so many friends who had gone. Only last year, Mr. Chaston Chapman, our Past-President, had sat beside him (Dr. McGowan). In some respects Mr. Chapman was a unique man, and it was difficult to think of anyone who could take his place. With regard to the proposed examination in industrial chemistry, when he read it, it rather took his breath away. The Admirable Crichton would not have been in it ! As he (Dr. McGowan) wits leaving London soon to live in Somerset, that would probably be the last occasion on which he would be able to attend the Annual Meeting, and he could not conclude without expressing again his great appreciation of the services which Mr.Pilcher and the other members of the staff had rendered the Institute. So long as they were in charge he felt that the Institute would not go far wrong. Some of those who were present had also attended a dinner which was given eight years ago, when the toast of Mr. Pilcher’s health was pro- posed by Professor Millar Thomson, who said that Mr. Pilcher had completed 33 years service with the Institute, including 25 years’ hard labour as Registrar and Secretary. They could not do better than condemn him to another 25 years. (Laughter.) 90 He had much pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report.(Applause.) The President invited questions on the Report, but none being forthcoming, the resolution to receive and adopt it was carried unanimously. REPORTOF THE SCRUTINEERS. The President called upon the Registrar to read the Report of the Scrutineers (Messrs. T. W. Glass and J. R. Nicholls) on the election of Officers, General Members of Council, and Censors, for the ensuing year. The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers WM 909. The following were elected:- President: J. F. Thorpe (905). Vice-Presidents: G. C. Clayton (goo), A. E. Dunstan (898), G. G. Henderson (897), W. J. A. Butterfield (893), F. G. Edmed (892), W. H. Roberts (892). Hon. Treasurer: Patrick H.Kirkaldy (908). The number of votes cast for General Members of Council was 909. The following were elected:- C. H. Desch (682), I. M. Heilbron (649), William Rintoul (648), R. M. Caven (639), E. K. Rideal(623), A. G. Francis (610), H. H. Hodgson (586), George King (575), 0. L. Brady (570), John Weir (570), Rt. Hon. Lord Henley (569), S. Smiles (566), C. 0. Bannister (550),N. M. Comber (550),G.D. Elsdon (548), C. Dor6e (537), R. H. Greaves (523), W. J. S. Naunton (621),A. W. M. Wintle (515), R. H. Hopkins (498), J. G. King (496), G. H. Perry (495), H. E. Cox (478), W. WEtrdlaw (478), F. Southerden (465), H. D. Elkington (461), G. E. Holden (445). The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 810. The following were e1ePted:- G.C. Clayton (608), A. Smithells (584), G. G. Henderson (559), Sir H. Jackson (487). The President proposed a vote of thanks to the scrutineers, Mr. Glass and Mr. Nicholls, for the work they had done. It was really a very serious undertaking to count and scrutinise the votes, and took a great deal of time. The Institute was much indebted to them. Mr. Grinling seconded the vote of thanks, which was carried unanimously. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS The President stated that, in the election of Hon. Auditors, one had to be named from the chair and one elected by the meet- ing. He proposed the re-election of Major J. C. White, and invited somebody in the hall to propose the re-election of Mr. J. H. Lane. 4 91 Mr.Claremont thereupon proposed the re-election of Mr. J. H. Lane, and the motion was seconded by Mr. Barrs. No other names having been put forward, it was unanimously agreed that Major White and Mr. Lane be requested to continue to serve as Auditors. Mr. Lane consented. The Hon. Treasurer moved that Mr. David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be reappointed Auditor at a fee of 30 guineas. He added that Mr. Henderson had been the profes- sional auditor of the Accounts for a number of years, and his association with the Institute had always been extremely pleasant. He (the Hon. Treasurer) had much pleasure in moving his re-election. He asked, at the same time, the indulgence of the President and of the meeting, to remedy an omission from his previous remarks, when he had moved the adoption of the Annual Accounts.He had forgotten, what he ought to have remembered, seeing how much he appreciated their services, to thank Mr. Pilcher, Mr. Collett and Miss Cawston for all that they had done to ease the work, both of the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee. (Applause.) Dr. Dancaster seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. VOTEOF THANKS Mr. J. R. Johnson said that he had the great honour of moving that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the retiring President, the retiring Vice-presidents and the retiring Members of Council for their valuable services. The motion needed no words of his to recommend it, for everyone present, and indeed every member of the Institute, appreciated the services which the Council rendered to the Institute.He hoped that he might be allowed to mention, particularly, thk retiring President, because as a Member of Council himself it had been his great pleasure to serve under him, as well as to sit at the same table with those who were now retiring from office. The friend- liness and dignity of the Council meetings, to which the President had referred, were very largely due to the President himself, and every member of the Institute owed a very great debt of gratitude to him, as well as to the retiring Vice-presidents and Members of Council. Mr. McHugo said that he had great pleasure, as an ordinary member of the Institute, in associating himself with the motion.92 He had followed the progress of the Institute with very keen interest, and he was sure that they, the Fellows and Associates, were all grateful for the untiring efforts of the President, Vice- Presidents, and Members of their Council, who grudged no sacrifice of time and labour in the Institute’s behalf. The resolution was put to the meeting by Mr. Johnson, and carried unanimously, with applause. The President thanked the meeting for the kind expression of satisfaction with his efforts. It had been a very interesting time to him, and he had learned a great deal about the activities of the Institute. The more hehad learned, the more devoted to the work of the Institute he had become. He added that the Institute was extraordinarily lucky, as he had said before, in the officers and staff, and the present state of the Institute generally was something of which they might all feel very proud.The Institute stood very high in the estimation of the world of chemistry, and he was very proud indeed to have been privileged for three years to be its President. (Applause.) INDUCTIONOF NEW PRESIDENT. Dr. Clayton, before vacating the chair, welcomed his suc-cessor, Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., and wished him a happy and successful term of office. Professor Thorpe, who took the chair amid applause, said that he greatly appreciated the honour of being elected to the very important position of President of the Institute. He assured the Fellows and Associates that he would do all that was in his power to enhance the importance of the Institute and to serve the objects for which it had been founded.His predecessor had set a high standard which he must endeavour to follow. The services which Dr. Clayton had given to the Institute had been signal intleed, and they were very grateful to him not only for what he had done, but also for the statesmanlike address which he had given them on that afternoon. He then declared the meeting closed. PERCYF. FRANKLAND,MESSAGE FROM PROFESSOR C.B.E., LL.D., D .Sc., F.R.S., Past President. In acknowledging the message of greeting sent to him on the occasion of the Annual General Meeting, Professor Percy Frankland expressed his appreciation of being still remembered, 93 notwithstanding the years that had elapsed since he participated actively in the work of the Institute. He added: “To me it is a constant source of satisfaction that I have been able to assist, to however limited an extent, in the building of the imposing edifice, of which my father and some of my revered seniors laid the foundation stones now more than half-a-century ago.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSis a perennial source of interest to me, affording as it does the most convincing evidence of the constantly growing importance and extending scope of our organisation. I have been most particularly interested in the departure which has led to the foundation of the numerous Local Sections, the activities of which must be of very great utility not only in consolidating the ranks of our profession, but also in disseminating knowledge of the most recent advances in chemical science by means of lectures, papers and discussions. As one who has spent so many years of his life away from London, I may perhaps be permitted to point out that organisations which have their headquarters in town should always seek to provide as much scope as possible for local enterprise, if the vitality and effective- ness of the whole body are to be maintained.” In conclusion, Professor Frankland conveyed his warmest thanks to the President, and to the Fellows and Associates for their most welcome and gratifying message of remembrance.JOHN MILLAR THOMSON,MESSAGE FROM PROFESSOR LL.D., F.R.S., Past President.Professor J. Millar Thomson, who was then nearing his 84th birthday and has since died, in expressing his thanks to the President for the greetings sent to him, said that it had always been a great interest to him to watch the progress of the Institute during the 55 years of its work, and he hoped that the future would bring continued success. 94 The Address of the Retiring President DR. G. C. CLAYTON, c.B.E., M.P. LADIESAND GENTLEMEN: This is the third occasion on which it has been my pleasure to submit for your consideration the Annual Report of Council, which, I presume, will be taken as read. Following the example of my predecessors on relinquishing the Chair, I trust that I may be permitted not only to review the work of the past year, but to refer briefly to the past three years during which I have held office, and then to add some remarks on other matters which I believe will not be without interest to you at the present time.Taking first the Annual Report,-you will find that the membership of the Institute has increased by 54-the lowest record since the war. The gross increase, however, was 242, which was only 43 below the average gross increase for the past nine years. Unusually heavy losses, owing to death and other causes, have contributed to this set-back, which we hope will prove to be only temporary, and I think that we may regard the position of the Institute as fairly fortunate, in the prevailing circumstances, because many professional and scientific bodies have had to record actual reductions in membership annually for some time past.We have to deplore the loss of 52members by death, including well-known representatives of all branches. To mention only a few, I would remind you that among teachers, we find the names of Thomas Gray, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow; Henry Chapman Jones, formerly of the Royal College of Science; Richard Haliburton Adie, of the University of Cambridge; and Charles Maddock Stuart, of St. Dunstan’s College, Catford. In addition to these, we have lost, since the Report, the veteran Dr. John Watts, of the University of Oxford. Among Government chemists,-William Mogford Hamlet, formerly Government Analyst for New South Wales ; Robert Law, of the Royal Mint, Melbourne; and John Lawrence van Geyzel, formerly Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras.95 Among consultants,-Thomas Bolas, an early London practitioner and a versatile writer on scientific subjects ;Alfred Chaston Chapman, our esteemed Past President, to whose services to the Institute one could hardly pay too high a tribute; Cecil Howard Cribb, a past Member of Council and past Examiner, who has very kindly bequeathed to us a valuable collection of prints and engravings of scientific interest ; Alfred Bostock Hill, Sir William Robert Smith, James Sorley, and John Clough Thresh. Those with whom I came in personal contact were:-Alfred Chaston Chapman, for whom I had a very high regard, both as a Past President, to whom I could turn for guidance, and as a genial good-natured friend ; John Gray-for many years a Director of Messrs.Levers, whom I knew perhaps more inti- mately, and esteemed as a friend for very many years; and John Thomas, whose death at the early age of 46 is a sad loss to Imperial Chemical Industries. During his short life he did valuable service, both during the war and since, towards putting dyestuff manufacture in this country on a firm foundation; and, to those who knew him, his death means a great personal loss. We have just recently heard also of the death of Dr. Alfred R6e. I knew him intimately, and worked with him very closely on the committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. Reverting to the Roll of membership,-the following figures indicate the numbers given in the Annual Reports since 1930 :-1930.1931. 1932. 1933. Fellows .. 1886 1932 1984 1986 Associates ., 3828 3915 4016 4068 5714 5847 6000 6054 __--- Increase for the year . . 156 I33 I53 54 The numbers of R gistered Students for the same ye rs were :- 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. Students .. 717 701 765 783 The following figures show the gross increase in the number of Fellows and Associates during the three triennial periods since 96 1924, when the influx to the chemical profession which followed the war was subsiding :-1924-27. 1927-30.1930-33. Gross increase .. ggo 777 800 The net increases, however, during the same periods show a decline:-1924-27. 1927-30. 1930-33. Net increase *' 787 528 340 chiefly due to the losses in members during the same years. 1924-27. 1927-30. 1930-33. Losses .. .. 203 249 460 The losses by death since 1924 numbered 303 and from other causes 609. Many of those who have resigned have turned to other callings, wherein I do not doubt but that they will find their scientific knowledge still useful; others have, unfortunately, been obliged to relinquish their membership owing to economic pressure. Passing to the second section of the Report, you will observe the list of representatives who have so kindly acted on our behalf in connection with the activities of other Societies and Institu- tions ; and particularly, perhaps, the increasing association of the Institute with the British Standards Institution.You will be glad to know also that the Council has lately arranged to provide accommodation at the Institute, as often as may be convenient, for meetings of the Committees of the Chemical Council of that Institution, as it does for other Bodies. These records, I think, bear evidence to the willingness of the Council to co-operate with other Societies in matters in which the Institute is invited to participate. We hear much to-day of Rationalisation, Industrial Manage- ment, Industrial Psychology, and Technocracy. The Institute has received suggestions in which we detect a measure of kindly criticism intended for chemists and technical men. Clearly, the hint has been expressed that the chemists in industry must look to their self-development, and the Council is of opinion that the syllabus put forward by the Institute of Industrial Administra- tion, which has been published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, should be commended for consideration by those who aspire to positions of responsibility in industrial undertakings. 97 Not only national competition, but discovery and invention of all kinds and in all spheres of industry, together with modern methods in administration and management, have contributed to the existence of conditions which are bewildering to the economists and financiers.We have to remember, however, that none of these difficulties is new; they are only presented to us in a more acute form than even when the mechanisation of industry first started.In those days this country was almost without a rival, and the increased production due to mechanisation was more rapidly absorbed than can be the case in a world of active competitors, and after a war more exhausting to the world generally than any previous one. It is for us as chemists, not only to help to put our old industries in the most favourable position to meet world competi- tion, but even more to branch out into new lines, establishing new industries, which by giving employment will absorb some of those displaced by world competition in many of the heavy industries. A serious responsibility is imposed on us, but I am satisfied that the members of the Institute will justify the confidence placed in them.It is the business of the Institute and its main duty to encourage the education of the chemist; but, although we include in the syllabus for the examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Industrial Chemistry a useful part of the syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Administration, we feel that it is inadvisable to overburden the already very compre- hensive curriculum required for our Associateship qualification. For positions of control, science alone does not suffice; the chemist, like anybody else, must not only acquire much know- ledge and experience on the lines suggested, but must also become endowed with those no less important qualities of character, judgment and tact , which responsibility entails.On the subject of the finances of the Institute, we have heard our esteemed Honorary Treasurer. There are times when his position, though honorary, carries exceptional responsibility. Mr. Kirkaldy devotes so much time and care to our interests that I am sure I am expressing the sentiments of all Fellows and Associates in conveying to him again our grateful thanks. (Applause.) Comparing again our position with that of three years ago, 98 it is gratifying to note that with the investment of Life Composi- tions, Entrance Fees and legacies, and especially the rise in values consequent on the War Loan Conversion Scheme, our capital shows a marked improvement in value.1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. f17,686. 2s. 2d. $20,358. 16s. Id. €18,170. 2s. 8d. $23,162. 15s. The Benevolent Fund Committee, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Kirkaldy, continues its kindly labours, and, I am confident, distributes wisely and as generously as possible the funds placed at its disposal for the benefit of those who have suffered reverses of fortune and are in need of help, including the widows and orphans of deceased members. No more deserving cause than our own Fund could commend itself to those Fellows and Associates of the Institute who find themselves, in these times, still able to respond to such appeals. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee was mainly con- cerned, during the last session, with the Patents and Designs Bill, which after considerable amendment passed into law in November last.With the valuable help of Mr. Elkington, the Committee was able to send many useful suggestions to the Joint Committee convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and, with the help of the Joint Committee and Mr. Hollins, I was glad to be of some service when the measure was before the House of Commons. (Applause.) The Local Sections, both independently and jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and other Bodies, have again been fortunate in securing many well-known authorities to address them at their meetings. The Report includes particulars of papers and other fixtures which I am sure have been appreciated, and will, I trust, afford further encouragement to the members to maintain, in their respective districts, a keen interest in their profession and in the work of the Institute and of the co-operating Societies.The work of the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, which also has continued to enjoy the advantage of Mr. Kirkaldy’s able guidance, shows again a good record of work, all of which tends to the main object of the Institute in the consolidation of the profession. We are grateful to the Com- 99 past nine years has fluctuated, but, as shown below, reveals an interesting improvement in the percentage of successes:-Entries. Passed. 1924-27 ..308 137 = 44.4 per cent. 1927-30 1930-33 ..'. 258 338 I37 I99 = = 53.1 58'8 I8 ID I think these figures point to the fact that candidates who enter for these examinations are determined to get through. They have studied and worked hard in order to qualify. These figures do not include, however, numerous oral and special examinations which have shown a tendency to increase in recent years. It is also of interest to note that, since 1930, we have added seven Institutions to those recognised for the training of candi-dates for our Examinations. To Mr. Lewis Eynon, the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee and his colleagues, I think we should offer not only our thanks, but our hearty congratulations in having secured for the Institute the very valuable series of lectures which have been given by Professor Robert Robinson, and by Professor Allmand, the Gluckstein Lecture by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, and the Streatfeild Lecture by the late Mr.William Arthur Williams. Our thanks are also due to Mr. Edward Hinks for his services as Chairman of the Public Appointments Committee, to Mr. Bernard Howard, for his keen interest and help as Chairman of the Appointments Register Committee, and to the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries-perhaps, I should say, especially Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler, in India-for their help in many ways during the year. I have thus referred very briefly to the Report, and to the progress of the Institute during my period of office, which I trust will provide yet another satisfactory chapter in the History of the Institute, and I would take this opportunity to say a few words on a question which I am sure is of general concern to all who are in any way connected with chemistry.Many will sympathise with the proposal that steps should be taken to bring about closer co-operation among the Societies and Institutions which are devoted to our science and profession, and many, no doubt, will remember that, in August last, Sir William Pope proposed that a Committee should be appointed to consider 100 how the resources of the various bodies concerned with the pro-fessional and scientific welfare of chemists could be most economically and efficiently utilised.The question has been pressed for some time, largely owing to the desire for more substantial funds for chemical publications. Co-operation has been sought in order to secure more general support from the chemical community generally, for those societies which bear the burden of the cost of publishing new contributions to our literature. Among the members of what is in the main an employed, rather than an employer, profession, comparatively few can give their support to more than one or two Societies or Institutions. At the present time many have been obliged to discontinue member- ship of various Societies, and the Societies have thus suffered from reduction in revenue, while the output of papers submitted for publication is as great as, if not greater than, ever.In a previous address, in 1931,I referred to a Joint Committee of representatives of the three main bodies, which Committee was formed four years ago, but did not find a solution to the problem. Since then we have had Sir William Pope’s suggestion for the appointment of the Committee to which I have referred. Whatever may be done in the direction of co-operation or federation, there is always the possibility that the ever-widening interests of our science will lead to more and more specialisation, with the consequent creation of new bodies and groups of devotees to particular branches of work; but there is much to be said for attempting to bring into operation a scheme, if such can be devised, which would promote economy with increase of efficiency in administration, without reduction, but possibly with increase of benefits for all concerned.It must be obvious that, in any scheme, proper regard must be paid to the position of the Institute as the professional qualifying body, because, while we admit the absolute necessity of the publication of new work, we also regard the work of the Institute as essential to the progress of the science and the calling of a chemist. In any event, the Council will.take no step to commit the Institute to any course which may affect the interests of the members without the consent of a general meeting. We must do our best for chemistry, for chemists and for the community, but, at the same time, be careful not to sacrifice the substance for the shadow.101 As a member of over forty years’ standing, I am one of those who watched the development of the Institute in the pre-war period. I am aware of the service which it rendered in the the of crisis, which proved conclusively its importance to the country. Since then, it has developed, and has had perhaps more oppor- tunities, than in the earlier days, of taking part in public affairs. Let me remind you of a little of our recent history. You will recollect that during the presidency of Sir James Dobbie, and again under that of Sir Herbert Jackson, the condi- tions of membership were modified in order to consolidate and bring together, so far as possible, all who are qualified for the practice of chemistry as a profession.That work has steadily progressed under successive Presidents until we are now able to say that the roll of members exceeds 6,000. We have extended the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute; we have extended the facilities for the Appointments Register, and have provided useful information regarding contracts of service, income tax, etc., and have established a Benevolent Fund. Provision has been made for the election of District Members of Council, with certain travelling facilities, and Local Sections have been formed. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGShave been improved, and the lecture scheme has been amplified, so that we have been able to publish many useful monographs on subjects of general interest to chemists, and other publications, without unduly entrenching on the work of other societies.So much for what I might call our own domestic affairs. When we come to consider collaboration with Government departments on matters of public importance, I would remind you of the following:- With the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, we have been concerned with the work of the Advisory Committee on Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs; with the Board of Education and with the Scottish Education Department we have established a scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry. We have been concerned with the Home Office in matters connected with Dangerous Drugs, the Poisons and Pharmacy Bill,and Therapeutic Substances; with the Board of Trade in matters concerning dyestuffs, gas, and the Patents and Designs Act; with the Board of Customs and Excise, on the regulations regardingmethylated spirits ;with the Department of Scientific 102 and Industrial Research,--on glass, and laboratory supplies, the work of the Research Associations, and many other matters; with the Ministry of Health, in connection with the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, and Methods of Analysis of Sewage and Effluents; with the Ministry of Labour, on the importation of aliens, and on the question of employment of chemists, and of boys from secondary schools in the London area; and with reference to appointments, we are, of course, in touch with nearly every department. These examples, I think, show sufficiently that the Institute has matters to deal with which do not fall essentially within the purview of other Societies, and I know that the Ministries always give careful consideration to the views expressed by the Institute, and to the qualifications of its members. My experience, during the time that I have been intimately connected with the work of the Council has impressed me more and more with the keenness and determination for good work on the part of the Officers and Council, and I trust that they will forgive me when I say that although matters sometimes require lengthy discussion, I am acquainted with no body of men who conduct their business with greater harmony.Even when we disagree, we do it in a friendly manner.I cannot conclude without making my acknowledgments, as I do very sincerely, to the Vice-presidents, to the Hon. Treasurer, to all members of the Council, and Members of Committees, for the consideration which they have shown to me throughout my period of office. No one could wish for more congenial, willing and helpful colleagues, and I shall always remember with pleasure and gratitude my happy association with them while I have had the honour to occupy this Chair. Holding the office of President of the Institute gives one a full insight into its manifold activities, and impresses one with the ability and sympathetic consideration with which Mr. Pilcher and Mr. Collett and their able assistants carry out the business of the Institute.(Applause.) The good feeling existing between the members of the Institute and their Officers testifies to the success of their efforts. Finally, I would like to add that I anticipate that, when we have finished our business to-day, it will be my duty and pleasure to welcome as my successor, Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe. (Applause.) My first association with Professor Thorpe was at 103 Heidelberg University, he entering the University shortly before I took my Ph.D. in 1894. In recent years we have been very closely connected, and I know no one who gives such self-sacrific- ing devotion to every duty he undertakes. I feel that he has already rendered such service to the Institute, and is so much concerned for its advancement, that you may rely upon him to do all in his power to bring it to still greater influence and achieve- ment.In that endeavour I wish him every success. (Applause.) I now have the pleasure to move- That the Report of Council for the year 1932-33 be received and adopted. 104 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1933. Death of Professor John Millar Thomson, LL.D., F.R.S.,Past-President (1900-03).-The President and Council deeply regret to record the death of Professor John Millar Thomson, which occurred on 22nd March in his eighty-fifth year. Professor Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, sewed as a Member of Council for four periods aggregating twelve years, as a Vice-president for three periods aggregating nine years, as an Examiner for five years, as Honorary Secretary for one year, as Honorary Registrar for six years, as President for three years and as a Censor for twelve years.He was associated with (Sir) Walter Noel Hartley, the first Organising Secretary of the Institute, at its inception, both being at that time on the staff of the Chemistry Department in King’s College, London, and from its foundation maintained a lively interest in its affairs and progress, but especially during the period 1894-1903,when he held office, first as Honorary Registrar and then as President. He was an able and lucid teacher, especially of the funda- mental principles of his science, and throughout his tenure of the Chair of Chemistry in King’s College, London, numerous students were prepared for the Examinations for the Associate- ship of the Institute.He was a member of the Committee concerned with the plans for the present premises of the Institute, and it will be remembered that, although advanced in years, on the occasion of the Jubilee Celebration in 1927, he replied to the toast of the Founders and Past-Presidents of the Institute, when he recalled some of the incidents and difficulties of its early years. He will ever be remembered with gratitude for his loyal, devoted and valuable services, by a very wide circle of British chemists, among whom he was held in affectionate esteem. 105 At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 17th March, the President welcomed the new members who were in attendance for the first time and others who had served on the Council previously and had been re-elected.These included-Professor Bannister, Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Liverpool; Dr. H. E. Cox, Public Analyst; Mr. H. D. Elkington, Consulting Chemist and Chartered Patent Agent; Dr. A. E. Everest, District Member for the North-East Coast and Yorkshire ; Mr. W. Roscoe Hardwick, District Member for the Liverpool and North-West Coast; Mr. E. B. Hughes, District Member for London and the South-Eastern Counties; Dr. J. G. King, Chief Chemist, H.M. Fuel Research Station; Mr. J. H. Lester, District Member for Manchester and District, and Mr. Frank Southerden, Managing Director of Messrs.Evans, Gadd & Co., Ltd., Exeter. The Honorary Treasurer reported that Mr. Joseph Gordon Gordon, in addition to the legacy of L500 which he had bequeathed to the Institute, had also bequeathed the like amount to the Benevolent Fund. The South Wales Section of the Institute transmitted a resolution regarding the administration costs of the Institute, and the matter was referred to the Finance and House Committee for consideration and report. A report, with a statement of accounts, was received from the Federal Council for Chemistry. The Registrar reported that the Institute of Metals proposed to make arrangements with a Steamship Company to take members of scientific societies and their friends for a cruise, during the summer of 1934.In this, the Institute of Chemistry will be invited to co-operate, and further particulars will be announced in due course. A letter was submitted from the American Chemical Society inviting Fellows and Associates of the Institute to attend the 86th Annual General Meeting of the Society, to be held at Chicago, Illinois, from 11th to 13th September next. In response to an invitation from the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Council appointed Mr. H. Douglas Elkington to represent the Institute on a Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Lord Henley for his kindness in watching the Pharmacy and Poisons Bill in the House of Lords.The clauses of special interest to the Institute, which were introduced as a result of the representations made before the Inter-Departmental Committee which had this legislation under consideration in 1927, have been retained. Council and Committees, 1933-1934.-The names of the Officers and Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting, on 1st March, are given on pages 81-82. At the first meeting of the new Council, held on 17th March, the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing years were appointed (see pages 82-83). Joseph Priest1ey.-The bi-centenary of the birth of Joseph Priestley was celebrated at the Institute on 13th March, when Professor R. M. Caven, of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow,’ Member of Council, delivered a lecture on (( Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804.” The President, Professor Jocelyn F.Thorpe, who presided, said that the work of Priestley had exercised a marked effect on the chemistry of his own time and would do so for all time. He reminded the members that the figure of Priestley had been incorporated in the Seal of the Institute; it was right that the Institute should honour his memory, and the Council had been fortunate in obtaining the consent of Professor Caven to give them a lecture on that occasion. Professor Caven’s lecture will be published as a separate monograph and issued to thc Fellows, Associates and Registered Students. At the conclusion of the lecture, the President said that it was a scholarly and human address.Professor Caven had shown that Priestley was a man of genius, though at times he appeared to be unable to interpret correctly his own results; but that, no doubt, was largely due to the state of knowledge in his time. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor Caven, who, in the course of his reply, made his acknowledgments to those who had helped him in the provision of lantern slides for the lecture. An exhibit of prints and other objects of interest relating to Priestley was arranged, for the inspection of the members, in the Council Room and Library. On the same day,-the actual date of Priestley’s birth,- Professor Irvine Masson, of the University of Durham, gave a 107 lecture in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, before the Priestley Club, on “ The Discovery of Gases and its Significance.” On 15th March, at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, the Royal Society devoted an evening to the Tercentenary of Pepys and the Bicentenary of Priestley, when Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S., delivered a lecture on the scientific work of the latter.Celebrations and religious services were also held in honour of Priestley at Birmingham, Warrington (Lancs.), and in other parts of the country. Lectures in the Press.-Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins’ lecture on “Chemistry and Life”-the 4th Gluckstein Memorial Lecture-is in preparation for publication shortly. “Science and the Community, ” read by Professor Alexander Findlay, before the Manchester Section on 10th November, 1932,and “The Chemist in the Far East,” read by Mr.Alexander Marcan, before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section, on 15th February, 1933, will be issued to the Fellows and Associates and Registered Students in due course. Forthcoming Lectures.-In continuat ion of the scheme of lectures designed specially for chemists who, having been engaged for some years in active practice, find difficulty in keeping touch with the trend of modern developments, the Council is glad to announce that Professor G. T. Morgan, F.R.S., will deliver three lectures embodying ‘‘ A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry.” at the Institute on Tuesday, 9th, Monday, I$h, and Wednesday, 17th May, at 8 p.m., on each occasion.Professional Interests.-The Institute continues to receive complaints of attempts made by certain rate-aided institutions, as well as by members of other professions, to undertake pro- fessional chemical consulting and analytical practice. The pre- vailing economic condition is pleaded in justification of this pro- cedure, which is almost invariably accompanied by advertising, by soliciting for practice by means of circulars and lists of fees, and by other practices which are not countenanced among members of the Institute. While the Council cannot deal with 108 the persons whose practices are the subject of these complaints, it wishes to impress upon Fellows and Associates that they should refrain from giving any kind of assistance to persons who, not being qualified chemists, seek to exploit the services of those who are so qualified, by the adoption of procedure which is contrary to the accepted traditions of professional life in this country.Portrait.-This Part of THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS contains a copy of a photograph (by Bassarto Ltd., 38, Dover Street, W.I.) of Dr. George Christopher Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President, 1930-1933,of which an enlarged copy has been added to the collection of portraits of Past Presidents in the Council Room of the Institute. 109 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 17th February, Dr. F.C. Kelly, of the Imperial Bureau of Animal Nutrition, Rowett Research Institute, delivered a lecture entitled “Leaves from the Diary of a Chemist.” Professor Findlay presided, in the unavoidable absence of Prof. Hendrick, Chairman of the Section. Dr. Kelly described the problems which he had encountered in the three different spheres of activity, in which it had been his lot to work, namely, as a research worker in an Institute devoted to the study of Animal Nutrition, as a biochemist in the service of a Colonial Government, and as technical adviser to a com-mercial firm. He described certain biochemical researches into the rale of iodine in nutrition and stressed that, in this type of work, the estimation of iodine in foodstuffs and biological material always constituted a difficult problem because of the very minute amounts of iodine which are usually present in these substances. Dr.Kelly gave an account of an investigation into the nutritional conditions of the East African native. The result of this work was to show the inadequacy of the ordinary diets of the natives and to determine how best they might be improved. Finally, Dr. Kelly spoke of his connection with the Chilean Iodine Producers Association and of the endeavours that are being made, in this country, in Germany and in America, to stimulate interest in the medical, agricultural and industrial aspects of iodine, to find new uses for that element. Dr. Kelly’s experiences were not ’without humorous situations, especially in East Africa: for example, a scare that post-cards were suspected of bearing communistic propaganda in invisible ink, but which laboratory tests proved to be less damaging to politics than to morals; and the incident of the native laboratory boy who acquired a local fame by vending, at con- siderable profit, an “elixir” compounded of cold tea and absolute alcohol appropriated from the laboratory.On being discovered, he made an offer of half profits on his sales as the price of his forgiveness. 110 Professor Findlay and Mr. Godden expressed the appreciation of those present to Dr. Kelly for his paper. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section held on 14th February, Dr. T. E. Ellison read a paper on *( Viscose and Acetate Artificial Silk.” In describing briefly the chemical and physical nature of cellulose, from which all artificial silks are made, Dr.Ellison dealt with derivatives of cellulose which form the starting materials for the various methods of artificial silk spinning. He reviewed briefly the historical development of the industry and described in detail the viscose and cellulose acetate processes, concluding with reference to the weaving and dyeing of the silk. On 14th March, Mr. E. Mayne Reid read a paper before the Section on ‘‘ Sulphuric Acid and Fertilisers,” in which he traced the gradual development of the sulphuric acid industry from its inception, in the middle of the eighteenth century, to the present day, and discussed the raw materials of the industry, the principal components of modern plant, and the conflicting theories of the Chamber Process.The second part of his paper was devoted to artificial fertilisers, the functions and types of the three chief classes,-phosphatic, nitrogenous, and potassic-being outlined, and their manufacture described. Mr. Reid showed a collection of lantern slides illustrating different phases of the manufacture and of the application of the products of the two industries. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The Twelfth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 15th March, in Bristol University,-Mr. R. H. Ellis (Chairman of the Section) presiding. The Hon. Secretary’s report and the financial statement were received and approved. Vacancies on the Committee, caused by the retirement, by rotation, of Mr.R. H. Ellis and Mr. R. D. Littlefield, were filled by the election of Professor W. E. Garner and Mr. Osman Jones. The Hon. Auditors, Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones, were thanked for their past services, and were re-elected. On the proposition of Dr. E. Vanstone, seconded by Mr. Edward Russell, votes of thanks were accorded the retiring 111 Chairman, Mr. R. H. Ellis, for his assiduous services during the past year, to Mr. R. D. Littlefield for his valued work on the Committee, and to the University Authorities for the facilities granted for the meetings of the Section. The meeting was followed by a discussion on professional matters, in which the Chairman, Dr.E. Vanstone, and Mews. E. Russell, E. Lewis, F. P. Hornby, W. E. Cooper, A. W. M. Wintle and G. H. Moore participated. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 16th February, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, Edinburgh,-Mr. W. R. Guy in the Chair. The Secretary’s report and financial statement having been read and approved, the office-bearers and members of Committee for the ensuing session were elected. Mr. Adam Tait and Mr. S. H. Hastie were unanimously elected Chairman and Vice-chairman respectively; Mr. W. R. Guy, Dr. B. Wylam, Dr. I. A. Preece and Mr. J. J. Crombie were elected to fill vacancies on the Committee. Mr. Walter Smith was re-elected Honorary Secretary, and Mr.J. W. Romanes, Honorary Auditor. A vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members of Committee for their services to the Section. A short discussion then took place on the subject of the unification of chemical societies, but, owing to the time available being limited, Dr. W. McCartney proposed, and Mr. G: E. Dodds seconded, a motion-(‘That a meeting of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry be held in the near future to discuss union with other Chemical Societies.” The motion was approved by those present, and it was referred to the Secretary to make the necessary arrangements. Following the Annual General Meeting, the fifth ordinary meeting of the session was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr.J. Rutherford Hill, Ph.C., gave a talk on b4 Incompatibilities in Medical Prescriptions.” He said that the causes of incompatibility, or the inability of the constituents of a prescription to exist in harmony, could be grouped under three main headings,-Physical, Chemical, and Therapeutic Incompatibility. 112 Under the first heading, there were solids insoluble in liquids, immiscible liquids, and the precipitation of a liquid or solid from solution on the introduction of a third constituent. Chemical Incompatibility was mainly due to chemical reaction taking place between the constituents of the prescription ; while Therapeutic Incompatibility was caused by the therapeutic action of one constituent being neutralised by that of another, or the combined action producing unexpected results.The lecturer gave many examples,-some humorous, some tragic,- illustrative of each class of incompatibility, and, by means of experiments, demonstrated what might conceivably happen if the pharmacist were not always on the lookout for such eventu- ali t ies. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hill, on the motion of Mr. Sandilands. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held in Field’s Cafk, Huddersfield, on the 14th February, at which Mr. H. W. Moss presided, when Dr. A. C. Cumming (Macfie & Sons, Ltd., Liverpool) gave a lecture on- ‘‘Cane Sugar Refining.” Dr. Cumming restricted his remarks to the refining of raw sugar from the sugar cane.He said that the chemical and scientific problems connected with sugar refining were now so well under- stood that the success or otherwise of a refinery was now mainly dependent on situation, transport charges, internal organisation, management and, above all, the adoption of every possible labour-saving device that could be shown to pay for its installa- tion, Any proposed alteration, either chemical or mechanical, had to be judged entirely by whether or not it was likely to improve the financial results. This criterion had to be applied to every stage in the process, and the actual procedure adopted was, in all cases, a compromise. A sugar refiner was at all times knowingly making compromises.It could, for example, pay him at the present low price of sugar and molasses, to carry recovery processes so far as to recover, say, 99.9 per cent. of the possible maximum. Seasonal fluctuations in demand for syrup, treacle and brown sugars had to be con- sidered. It was impossible therefore to describe a completely cut and dried programme which would be correct throughout the year. 113 The lecturer traced the history of sugar from the earliest times to the present day, making reference to the immense amount of work which had been done to perfect the culture of the beet and the process of refining from it, during which time the sugar cane planters were doing almost nothing towards finding im- provements. However, in the present century, the cultivation of the cane had been increased enormously, particularly in Cuba, mainly because of the beet sugar shortage resulting from the Great War.By the end of the war all our requirements were met by cane sugar. The continental beet sugar industry was now getting well on its feet again, and the great struggle between beet and cane was about to be renewed. Continuing, Dr. Cumming said that raw cane sugar consisted of the following substances in various proportions :-(I) Sugar. (2) Impurities insoluble in water. (3) Colouring matters. (4) Impurities soluble in water, mainly invert sugar and inorganic salts. (5) Traces of oil and starch. The object of refining was-(a) to remove the insoluble impurities; (b) to separate as much as possible of the pure sucrose in an attractive and saleable form; and (c) to make the remainder of the sugar, mixed with the soluble impurities, into syrup and treacle.Referring to the history of refining, he said that the early Egyptians worked out methods involving the use of lime, chalk and blood, followed by boiling in open fire-heated pans. This was in all essentials the process used until about 1800, when Howard introduced the vacuum pan heated with steam. Bone char as a decolourising medium also came into favour. Crystal-lisation in motion was then introduced, together with centrifuges and presses instead of bag filters, and the latest improvements involved large units, triple and quadruple effect evaporators, and decolourising carbons.114 The process of refining might, for convenience, be divided into the following operations :-(I) Washing off the sugar impurities. (2) Melting the washed sugar. (3) Filtration to remove insoluble impurities. (4) Bleaching the liquor. (5) Crystallising out the sugar. (6) Treatment of the residual liquors. The raw sugar was mixed with sufficient molasses to make a thick mass, just sufficiently liquid to flow, which was run into centrifuges. A limited and measured quantity of hot water was used for washing, the wash liquor going back to mix with more raw sugar. The washed sugar was made into a 60 per cent. solution with hot water. Some refiners carried out a defecation process, by precipitating calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate which carried down with it many impurities and rendered subse- quent operations easier.Other refiners added either kieselguhr or a decolourising carbon and pumped the hot liquor through filter presses. The liquor after filtration passed through bone char cisterns for bleaching purposes. In modern practice it was then evapor- ated in triple or quadruple effect evaporators to about 70 per cent., and fed to the crystallising pans. The crystallising process called for more skill from the operator than any other operation in the refinery. Whatever the class of sugar, it was essential to start with an even “grain” and grow it evenly. The lecturer described the difficulties associated with the growing of sugar crystals and the precautions necessary to prevent “false ” grain growth.At the end of the boiling the liquid was run into a receiver and kept in motion until centrifuged. In the centrifuges the crystals were washed with a little water and dropped to a con- veyor which took the sugar to a drier. Dr. Cumming referred, in some detail, to the types of filters which had been used, and the attempts which had been made to control the crystallisations by physical tests rather than by relying on the judgment of the operator. He also dealt with the relative merits of decolourising carbons and bone char from economic and other standpoints. These latter points in particular gave rise to an active dis- cussion.115 A vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Cumming, on the motion of Dr. R. J. Connor. Irish Free State.-A general meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Department, Trinity College, Dublin, on 8th February,-Mr. J. W. Parkes in the Chair. Mr. H. D. Thornton demonstrated Methods for the Estimation of Copper and Lead in Water by means of Kastle-Meyer’s reagent and sulphuretted hydrogen, respectively. In testing for copper 40 C.C. of the sample are treated with I C.C. of K.M. reagent and 0.25 C.C. of 5 per cent. hydrogen peroxide solution. With I part copper in 106 a pink colour develops immediately. ,J,, I part ,, 10’ ,) in I5 to 20 kseconds. 1s,, I part ,, IO* ,, in8minutes. In testing for lead IOO C.C.of the sample are treated with 3C.C. of an acetic acid gelatin solution and 5 C.C. of freshly prepared sulphuretted hydrogen solution. The colour, which is produced immediately, varies from light yellow to dark brown according to the quantity of lead present. Details of the methods are given in Thresh and Beale’s book on The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. Replying to certain questions, Mr. Thornton said he did not know whether organic copper compounds would respond to the test ; nitrites would also produce a pink colour with the reagent, but with the amount of nitrite normally present in water the test for copper was not interfered with; it was possible that the copper behaved as a catalyst, the colour being produced by oxidation.Mr. P. Whelan exhibited A New Zeiss Refractometer for the Sugar and Oil Industries. The instrument consists of a circular casing with an upright support and has rigidly attached to it the double prism which receives the sample to be tested. The telescope is almost wholly enclosed within the casing, the ocular only protruding. It is carried by a stout radial arm. The instrument is equipped with a revolving compensating prism to enable a completely colourless 116 boundary line to be obtained when using white light (say, a filament lamp with frosted bulb). A thin film of the liquid is enclosed between the two halves of the prism. The light passes through the liquid to be tested, thence through the prism, compensator and lens, to be focussed on an inclined mirror, which reflects it horizontally through the telescope.The reading is taken in the field of view as refractive index or percentage of dry matter as required. The instrument may be used for sugar juices of all kinds, oils, petrol, benzol, turpentine, spirit, salt solutions and other liquids. It has been found useful in the State Laboratory for determining rapidly the percentage impurities in beet juice. Dr. W. R. Fearon demonstrated A Reaction for Primary and Secondary A Zcohols, which he had published previously (AnaZyst,p. 372, 1932). If concentrated nitric acid andrpotassium chromate solution are added to a compound containing a primary or secondary alcohol group, a blue colour develops, the time of development depending on the concentrations of the nitric acid and the alcohol.The reaction is not given by tertiary alcohols, ketones, and the higher aldehydes. It is given by all the sugars, but not by the polysaccharides until they have undergone hydrolysis. Mr. W. J. Stringer demonstrated Methods for the Rapid Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium by means of picrolonic acid and 8-oxyquinoline respectively. Picrolonic acid is dissolved in hot water, cooled and frltered, when the resulting saturated solution is .orN. The calcium solution is adjusted so as to contain not more than IOO mg. of calcium in IOO C.C. When the picrolonic acid solution is added, the calcium salt separates as a heavy crystalline precipitate, which filters well.After a few washings, the precipitate is dried in a current of filtered air, and weighed at once. Magnesium may be present up to ten times the quantity of calcium to be estimated without affecting the estimation. Calcium picro- lonate contains 5-64 per cent. of calcium, and the method is one suited for micro-analysis. (Dworzak and Reich-Rohnvig, Zed. Anal. Chem., 86, 98, 1931.) Replying to Mr. Andrews, Mr. Stringer said he had not, so 117 far, used the method in presence of colloidal matter, and could not say whether the colloid would be co-precipitated. Estimation of Magnesium. A reagent consisting of a 5 per cent. solution of 8-hydroxy- quinoline in alcohol precipitates copper, zinc, cadmium, and iron from am acetic acid solution.These metals may thus be separated, and magnesium subsequently precipitated by render- ing the filtrate alkaline. The alkali and alkaline earth metals and ammonium salts do not affect the estimation. The magnesium solution is treated with ammonium acetate, concentrated ammonia, and the 5 per cent. solution of hydroxy-quinoline, excess of the reagent being indicated by an orange- yellow colour due to the formation of an ammonium salt. The precipitate filters well; it is washed with dilute ammonia and alcohol, dried at 105' C, and weighed. In this condition the salt contains two molecules of water and 6.98 per cent. of magnesium. Calcium and magnesium may be estimated in the same solution, using picrolonic acid followed by hydroxyquinoline.(Berg, Zed. Anal. Chem., 70, 341,1927; 71,23, 1927. Hahn, Zeit. Anal. Chem., 71, 122,225, 1927.) Leeds Area.-On 20th February, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, Mr. Norman Strafford, head of the Research Department (Analytical Section) of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Dyestuffs Group), gave a lecture on ''The Detection and Determination of Small Amounts of Substances by Colorimetric Methods. After a brief historical survey of colour reactions, the lecturer mentioned the recent introduction of organic reagents which had the following advantages: (i) great sensitivity, (ii) saving of time, (iii) simplicity of technique, and (iv) the avoidance (in many cases) of the necessity of preliminary separation.When separation could not be avoided, the use of a solvent often simplified the procedure, as, for example, Allport and Skrimshire's separation of lead from other metals by diphenylthiocarbazone and chloroform. Organic reagents are used chiefly for determining metallic radicals; the most useful form coloured complexes with a limited number of metals, and are, in some cases, specific. Specific action can sometimes be attained by various artifices such as suppressing an interfering reaction by the formation of an un-ionised inorganic 118 complex or, alternatively, of a complex ion which does not react with the reagent. In some cases, a preliminary separation of the ion to be determined is necessary; the various methods were discussed.The recently developed solvent interface method was described, and the decomposition of certain organo-metallic complexes by an organic solvent illustrated. The colour reactions of organic substances are generally due to a particular grouping; truly specific reactions are, therefore, rare. Preliminary separation of a substance to be determined may be very important. Interfering compounds can also be destroyed, as in the case of the method (suggested by the lecturer and R. T. P. Jones) for determining traces of pyridine in nicotine, where the latter is destroyed by oxidation. The lecturer discussed and showed the technique of colori- metric determinations, drawing attention to the advantages of photo-electric colorimeters.The coloured solutions obtained in the determination of copper, mercury, tin, bismuth, silver, traces of carbon disulphide in benzene, and pyridine in nicotine, were exhibited. A vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. C. H. Manley, seconded by Mr. W. Lowson, was carried with acclama- tion. On 27th March, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Leeds, a lecture was given by Dr. D. F. Twiss on “The Industrial Uses of Rubber Latex,” before the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, to which the members of the Local Section of the Institute were kindly invited. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Constitutional Club on 10th February,- Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, Chairman, presiding,-Mr.John Rae, M.P.S., read a paper on (( The Relationship of the Pharmaceutical Society to the Institute of Chemistry.” Mr. Rae outlined the course of study required for the qualify- ing examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society and indicated the policy of the Society in raising the standard of its examina- tions. He claimed that Pharmacy was a profession and that the attitude of those members of the Institute who looked down on the pharmacist as a mere shop-keepef was not justified. The Pharmaceutical Society, founded in 1843,embraced practically 119 all those who conducted analyses at that time,-those not included in its membership being professors of chemistry in the Universities. The Act of 1868 gave them the legal title to the sole use of the names Chemist and Druggist, Pharmaceutical Chemist, and Chemist, and he held that members of his Society were justly entitled to be called Chemists. He recognised that members of the Institute might have a grievance in being confused with pharmacists, in the eyes of the public, but disliked the proposed title of “Chartered Chemist” as sounding “cheap” and undignified; also, he said that it would not be exclusive as, unless his reading of the law was wrong, a member of the Pharmaceutical Society, which possessed a Charter, had also a perfect right to call himself a “Chartered Chemist.” He pleaded for a greater fraternity between the two sections of those who called themselves Chemists, and expressed his appreciation of the opportunity afforded to him to explain the views of the younger pharmacists-not necessarily the views of the Pharmaceutical Society-to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute.The Chairman, before opening the discussion, read a letter from Mr. A. C. Abraham, the senior Fellow in Liverpool, who was eighty years old a few days before the meeting, expressing his regret that he could not be present and his sympathy with the members, with whom fate had dealt hardly in the matter of their title. He suggested that, since the Institute’s examinations were the most comprehensive tests of knowledge in chemistry, another attempt should be made to designate its members Doctors and Bachelors of Chemistry, and that no Associate should be allowed to proceed to the Fellowship without presenting a thesis showing original research.The Chairman said that he felt that he must disagree with much that Mr. Rae had said. The Chemical Society had been founded before the Pharmaceutical Society, and contained REAL Chemists. Those who were first known by a title had the prior right to its exclusive use, and that, despite the fact that chemists, such as Lord Playfair, were recognised as chemists, the ignorance of Members of Parliament who passed the 1868 Bill was responsible for the trouble whereby Pharmacists could call themselves chemists and men engaged in analytical chemistry had no specific legal right to so style themselves. He wanted 120 the title Chemist-not Organic Chemist, Agricultural Chemist, or any other adjectival Chemist.Mr. E. Gabriel Jones remarked on the altered conditions in the business world of to-day, and deplored the snobbishness which made some members of the Institute regard shop-keeping as incompatible with professional standing. He agreed with Mr. Rae that Public Analysts required to have a knowledge of pharmacology and toxicology ;that the certificate of the Institute in Branch E, which was accepted by the Ministry of Health, was proof that the Institute was alive to the need for such qualifica- tion. He referred to the fact that a former lecturer at Liverpool University had styled himself Doctor of Chemistry, but doubted whether such a title could be conferred by any body other than a University.Mr. H. J. Evans said that he was both a pharmacist and a public analyst. He agreed that a closer acquaintance between pharmacists and chemists would lead to a better understanding, though, in view of the long continued use among the laity, of the word Chemist to denote Pharmacist, he did not think that members of the Institute would ever acquire the sole right to the title. Prof. Bannister did not think that it would take long to educate the public to the use of the title, and remarked that ,as pharmacists had so many names by which to describe themselves-Pharma- cist, Druggist, Apothecary, etc.-while chemists had only the one, they might be expected in courtesy to resign the use of the word Chemist to those to whom it really belonged.For himself it did not matter, since he called himself a Metallurgist. Prof. Hilditch read a quotation from the Pharmaceutical Journal in respect of the new Pharmacopoeia, and remarked on the fact that the methods of analysis there set forth were those which had been devised by chemists. The Hon. Secretary of the Section asked Mr. Rae to suggest a title for men who had studied and had a thorough knowledge of theoretical chemistry, and suggested that the research papers in the Qzk-arterly Journal of Pharmacy were largely the work of chemists and medical men. Mr. N. Glass, speaking as “half a pharmacist,” mentioned the changed conditions of to-day. Whereas in former times a pharmacist conducted analyses and experiments, the growth of multiple drug-stores and the work required of each of the zz,ooo members of the Pharmaceutical Society rendered such work no 121 longer possible.The big manufacturing houses had their staffs of chemists, who, in nearly all cases, were members of the Institute, and the pharmacist had to leave analyses and research work to them. Mr. Rae, in reply, said that it must not be forgotten that the Pharmacopoeia was not published by the Pharmaceutical Society, but by the General Medical Council; that the Pharmacist was licensed by the Government as a protection against the in- discriminate sale of poisons by grocers and others, and that he had to be ever on the alert to obviate mistakes in prescriptions of medical men.At each examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, a representative of the Privy Council was present and his report was handed to the Government. It was the Government which was responsible for some of the irritation occasionally encountered when Fellows of the Institute thought that their training entitled them to admission to the examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. The papers published in the QzGarterZy Journal of Pharmacy were seldom from medical men. Practically all were from Pharmacists, some of whom were also members of the Institute of Chemistry. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Rae for his interesting paper. Mr. P. H. Jones, in seconding, contrasted the use of the word chemist in this country and on the continent, where Pharmaeien or other designation denoted the difference. He thought that the Institute had not done all that it might have done to educate the public, for he had looked in a number of encyclo-paedias for the meaning of F.I.C.and A.I.C., but had been unable to find it in any but a little shilling one of recent years. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section was held at the Empire Restau- rant, Westminster, on 10th February. Professor J. C. Drummond presided at a meeting held at the Institute on 15th February, when Mr. A. Marcan, late Director, Government Laboratory, Bangkok, Siam, read a paper on “The Chemist in the Far East,” which is considered of such importance and interest that the Council has decided that it be published and issued as a separate monograph.122 On 15th March, Mr. J. R. Nicholls presided at a meeting held at the Institute, when Mr. Thomas Crook, Principal of the Mineral Resources Department of the Imperial Institute, gave a lecture on 6L The Geochemistry of Mineral Resources,” of which he has kindly supplied the following summary:- The lecturer explained that for practical and legal purposes the term “mineral” was used with a wider meaning than it had in scientific mineralogy, and that “mineral resources” included rocks such as granite, limestone and diatomite. He pointed out that, in a broad sense, the most important of all mineral resources was the soil, which was not only the raw- material basis of agriculture, but had also been responsible for the production of coal, the most important of all economic minerals.Building stones were also mentioned as deserving a prominent place in mineral statistics. The surface of the earth, both geographically and geologically, showed a bilateral arrangement, the land masses being largely huddled together in one hemisphere. The continental hemisphere had an outer crust which was highly silicated and characterised by granitic and allied rocks and their derivatives, whereas the oceanic side was more basic. In intimate relation with this condition of things, large continental tracts were comparatively stable, as also were large oceanic tracts. Between these stably emergent and stably depressed areas were tracts that had been less stable and had been subjected in a relatively large measure to the ups and downs involved in the geodynamic cycle of earth changes, by virtue of which the surface rocks in continental areas had been disintegrated and distributed as mechanical and solution deposits in and around the land masses.The lecturer explained that processes involved in the geo- dynamical cycle of earth changes were best regarded as belonging to two groups, namely (I) Endogene processes usually involving thermodynamic and hydrothermal effects and often characterised by chemical integration. These processes operated on the inner side of the earth’s crust and worked their way outwards. They were responsible for the formation of igneous and deep-seated metamorphic products.(2) Exogene processes involving as a rule, low-temperature, solution, and oxidation effects. These 123 operated on the outer surface of the earth’s crust and worked their way downwards. They were responsible for the formation of the rock-products of weathering, mechanical sediments, surface-solution deposits and various kinds of superficial meta- morphism. This gave a definite geochemical cycle whereby we could trace igneous rocks through weathering and disintegrative changes to a state in which they formed mechanical sediments or solution deposits. These by deep burial in the earth’s crust came under the integrative influence of deep-seated (thermo-dynamic) meta- morphism and ultimately in some cases, completed the cycle by passing again into the condition of igneous rock.All mineral deposits were formed in some way or other, at one or another stage of this geochemical cycle, a knowledge of which, and of its bearing on the composition of mineral samples, was often of practical use to the chemist in indicating to him the probable nature of the samples with which he had to deal. In the study of rocks and metalliferous veins, insufficient allowance had been made in the past for the important fact that this geochemical cycle showed definite completion in some cases. The lecturer then gave an account of the composition of the outer earth’s crust, taking the mean between the average analyses of granites and the average of basalts as the best approximation that could be given to the average composition of the outer earth’s crust.This average understated the silica percentage for the outer crust of the continental hemisphere and overstated the iron and magnesia. To what depth the average held true, was uncertain, but not to more than to a few miles. The earth’s crust as a whole was basic, the outer highly silicated skin of the con- tinental areas being comparatively quite thin. He then gave an account of the behaviour of the various common oxides of the earth’s crust when subjected to various processes, and traced them through the geochemical cycle. In this way he demonstrated the large significance of exogene pro- cesses in the production of all mineral resources represented by these commoner oxides, including SiO,, Al,O,, FeO, F%03,CaO, MgO, N+O, K,O, H,O, TiO,, P205,and MnO, which together made up about 99.5 per cent. of the earth’s crust, although the mineral production represented by them accounted for only about 20 per cent.of the total annual value of the output. The remaining 80 per cent. of the output value was due to minerals representing 0.5 per cent. of the outer crust. 124 Of this remaining 0.5 per cent. 0.4 per cent. or so was repre- sented by minerals containing the less common elements S, Ba, C1, Cr, C, F, Zr, Ni, Sr, V, Ce and Yt, Cu, U, W, Li, Zn, Cb and Ta, Ha, Th, Pb, Co, B and G1. The residue of still scarcer elements constituting not more than 0.1per cent.of the earth’s crust included Mo, As, Sn, Sb, Cd, Hg, Bi, Ag, Se, Pt, Te, Au and Ra. It was true of the minerals representing these less common and scarcer elements, as it was true of the minerals representing the more common elements, that their concentration, to form exploitable deposits, was largely due to exogene processes. In-deed an overall estimate of the proportion of mineral resources owing their state of concentration to exogene processes showed that it amounted to at least 85 per cent., and probably to not less than go per cent. of the total value of the production. Only about I per cent. could be attributed to igneous segregation. There had been a rapid increase in mineral output in recent decades.The 1929 output of coal amounted to over 1,500 million tons, and was a hundred-fold that of the average annual output for the first two decades of the nineteenth century. Petroleum output had grown from 20,000tons in 1860 to over 20 million tons in 1900,and over zoo million tons in 1929. Pig-iron output, which was only about I million tons in 1820,was 97 millions in 1929. Manganese output had increased in sym- pathy with iron. Chrome ore was a remarkable case, in that its output, which was only 20,ooo tons or so in 1890,was 600,000 tons in 1929, as compared with a war-time maximum in 19x6 of 254,000 tons. Copper had increased from 10,000tons in 1800 to 1.9 million tons in 1929. The output of this metal for the whole of the nineteenth century was IOQ million tons, whereas the output for the first 30 years of the present century was 31 million tons, or over three times as much as the output for the whole of the preceding century.Other minerals showed correspondingly large increases in output. In conclusion, the lecturer pointed out that North America and Europe were responsible for by far the larger share of mineral production, and for an even larger share of the consumption of raw minerals. Indeed, although these countries together repre- sented only about a third of the world’s population, they con- sumed about go per cent. of the world’s output of mineral raw material in their industries. He also pointed out the shallow depth limitation of mineral resources, and the sporadic character 126 of their lateral distribution; and suggested that, in view of the large demand on mineral raw materials for industrial require- ments, efforts should be made to obtain a fuller knowledge of the world’s mineral reserves, more especially for minerals other than coal and iron ore.Manchester and District.-Mr. J. H. Lester presided at a meeting of the Section held on 9th February, when Dr. W. R. Ormandy gave an address. The members present were greatly entertained by Dr. Ormandy’s remarks, of which he has kindly supplied the following r6sum6 :-The title originally chosen for to-night’s address was “On Getting Experience.” As the whole of life is devoted, consciously or unconsciously, to the getting of experience, it becomes clear that, to deal in any way adequately with the titular subject, would require a work on philosophy in the widest sense.Speaking to a technically educated audience it might be assumed that the experience referred to was confined to matters more directly related to the subjects in which all chemists were interested. Even this, however, would make the subject very broad and, to have dealt with it on balanced lines, would have involved time for consideration, which was not available. It has been thought advisable to deal with some early experiences and the lessons which they convey, choosing those which relate to subjects which even now are technically of importance. Some Problems Comected with Sand.--In the production of plate glass the cast sheets were ground with wet sand under cast- iron runners.The sand washed off from the grinding tables was sorted into various sizes, the coarser materials being re-used for fine grinding. Large quantities of finely divided sand, containing small amounts of glass, iron from the runners and calcium sulphate, used in setting the glass on the tables, gradually collected. This so-called waste sand was extremely fine, giving a residue of about I per cent. on a zoo-mesh sieve. It contained quite appreciable quantities of metallic iron, torn off from the runners, and an examination of the oldest sand deposits showed that, even after many years’ standing, this iron remained in the metallic state. Obviously, treatment with dilute acid sufficed for the removal of this impurity, but even long-continued boiling with strong hydrochloric acid still left a residue which contained 126 far too much iron to allow of it being used as a constituent of a plate or sheet glass making frit.It was found, however, that at a very dull red heat a current of ammonium chloride vapour succeeded in removing the iron from a product which had been treated by boiling hydrochloric acid, leaving a waste sand which was practically white. Before undertaking any really quantitative investigations on the economics of the process, it was decided to make a few hundred pounds of this colourless waste sand, in order to make glass from it. For this purpose, the purified waste sand was mixed with calcium carbonate and sodium sulphate, the waste sand merely taking the place of the Belgian granular sand generally employed.In the usual way, the quantity of the “frit” or mixture was ladled out on to the top of some molten glass in the glass melting furnace. The experiences of the next few hours put an effective stop to further investigations. Hour after hour, the conical mass of frit glazed on the outside, floated about on the molten glass beneath, it being evident that the finely divided product was too good a non-conductor. Whereas the conical heap of frit made with Belgian sand melted on the surface, and the fluid glass ran down the sides of the cone, in the case of the finely divided purified waste sand, the surface melted and, after hours, the interior of the cone was not hot enough to char the outside of a potato which was pushed into it on the end of an iron rod.Some useful knowledge, however, was derived from this work. When it was discovered that ammonium chloride vapour would remove iron from finely ground impure silica, the question arose as to whether any alumina which might be present would be removed at the same time. Experiments, however, made with synthetic mixtures of alumina and iron oxide showed that the iron alone was rendered volatile and that, indeed, the method was a quick and accurate one for the quantitative separation of iron and alumina. It was necessary at all times to carry out a considerable number of determinations of the iron contents of Belgian and other sands and, during the work with ammonium chloride, it was observed that finely ground silica, when heated to dull redness and allowed to cool, was coloured by the iron in it.Eventually standard samples of the various types of sand employed in the work were ignited and used as comparison samples against which fresh sands were tested. A new sand was ground in an agate mortar, heated for a few minutes in a muffle to a red heat, then moistened with water on a white porcelain plate, before a comparison was made with a standard sample. Differences of less than 0.01 per cent. of iron were readily distinguishable. "Making Bricks from Sand."-Attempts to make the waste sand suitable for glass-making having failed, attention was directed to the possibility of making firebricks from the materials available in the works,-these consisting of the waste sand, very pure Belgian sand, as used for plate glass-making, and less pure local sand used for making glass, where colour was not of the first importance, and from silicious material of coarser structure. It was soon found in laboratory experiments that the waste sand, if compressed in the mould and then burnt, could be made to give a firm and sound product. If heated to about 800' C.a friable brick resulted, similar in character to what were then known as Bath Bricks, largely used by housewives as a general cleaning and scouring material. If burnt to 1200' C., a sound brick resulted of an even buff colour; whereas at 1300' C.the brick became much lighter in colour, but was permeated with a number of black spots at an average distance of about half-an- inch apart. These black spots turned out to be silicate of iron, and each spot seemed to rob the surrounding material of its iron, thus accounting for the whiteness of the product. This peculiar behaviour of the iron was very mysterious, and experiments were made with mixtures of iron free flint, obtained from the Potteries, mixed with rouge, made into blocks and then burnt in a muffle which was supplied with a current of oxygen. Even here, at a critical temperature of about 1250' C., these segregations of the iron were found to take place. It was easy enough, by using high pressures and making small cylinders, to get bodies which were strong enough to stand the handling and setting in a small muffle, but such bricks in the green state were far too tender to stand piling 5 ft.or 6 ft. high, as would be necessary in a com- mercial kiln. After further experimental work, it was found that if dried waste sand were moistened with dilute silicate of soda solution until the mixture resembled garden soil, in con- sistency such that it would just ball together in the hand, the resultant brick, when dried fairly rapidly, acquired a thin skin of stone-like character which enabled the bricks to be handled and stacked. The method of drying to be employed was entirely different from that used in drying clay. With clay, the object is to dry 128 evenly throughout the mass and not to dry the surface much more rapidly than the interior; whereas the object with the waste sand brick was to bring the silicate of soda solution to the surface where it was rapidly dried, forming, in fact, a silicate of soda box, full of dry powder.Some details were given of the mixtures employed and of the reason for their employment, and of the difficulties met with in working on a large scale. The object of the work was to produce a silica brick which could be employed in the works in the con- struction of glass tanks and the like. Two reasons led to the abandonment of the work. The con- tinuous kiln employed would not attain a sufficiently high temperature to give a brick mechanically strong enough for the required purposes, but, most important of all, the melting or softening point of the waste sand was just too low for the temperatures necessary in the processes employed.Waste Sand and Pitch.-For a number of purposes, there was a demand in the works for a bituminous product which could be used for flooring, for setting wood blocks, and the like. Mixtures of gas works pitch with sand of various degrees of fineness were made, and it was discovered that the rate of flow (penetration) was influenced much more by the fineness of the sand than by the quantity. The conditions at the works were excellent for carrying out experimental work of this type, for sand of wide degrees of fineness could be obtained from the various settling pits.On plotting the rate of flow of the pitch mixtures against the fineness of the material employed, it soon became evident that even the waste sand itself was not the most vital factor, but the flour-fine particles contained in the waste sand. An experi- mental arrangement was made whereby the flour from the waste sand could be separated by blowing, and actual experiments confirmed that this flour had the greatest effect in stopping the flow of the viscous material with which it was mixed. Many tons of bituminous mixtures embodying these principles were made and supplied to the electrical industry for joint box com- pounds and for filling in round high tension cables. A certain number of bricks for special purposes were made by grading silicious materials from the finest dust up to an Q in.mesh. Oporto quartz gravel, arranged to give the minimum of voids, was added to hot medium-soft gas-works pitch, and the mass, after being well stirred, was cast into moulds. Some 129 25 years later, the lecturer found (in Switzerland) that this work was being repeated and improved. Dr. Levy, the inventor of Prodorite, had gone the one step further, which was necessary for many purposes, and made use of a pitch left on the vacuum distillation of tar, which behaved as an elastic solid and not as a viscous fluid. The product so made is used extensively for acid-proof flooring, tanks, pipes and the like. At the time of the earlier experiments, the attention of a number of borough engineers was drawn to the peculiar property of fine powders in stopping the flow of viscous mixtures and its possible application to road construction. Dr.Ormandy said that it was interesting to note how much attention was being paid to this subject to-day, and referred his hearers to the papers of Norman H. Taylor (Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 30th December, 1932) and E. Evans, on the physical properties of mixtures of bitumen and finely divided mineral matter (Journal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists, December, 1932). A great deal of knowledge could be obtained by the con- tinuation of the work begun so many years ago on the flow of mixtures of graded mineral matter with bituminous materials, which bituminous products, at ordinary temperatures, might be either very viscous fluids or elastic solids.As the viscosity changed very rapidly with the temperature the experiments would be comparatively simple, but they might throw light on the “creep” problem of metals at high temperatures and on the behaviour of refractory materials under pressure or torsion. Work on these lines had been commenced by Professor Cobb at Leeds University. Mr. E. N. Marchant, Mr. P. Chorley, Dr. W. J. S. Naunton, Mr. E. L. Rhead, and Dr. F. C. Wood participated in the discus- sion which followed. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Rhead, seconded by Mr. G. D. Elsdon, was accorded to Dr. Ormandy. Students’ Section.-On 4th March, members of the Manchester and District Students’ Section visited the Bradford Road Gas Works, and were cordially received and entertained.Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 2nd February, Professor G. R. Clemo presided over a meeting of the Local Section of the Institute, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with members 130 of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Metals, and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, when Professor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S., gave an address entitled “The Buried Past and Hidden Future of Coal.” Professor Armstrong dealt with the origin of coal in the light of recent research, discussed the trend of modern developments in the coal industry, and indicated what he thought should be the direction of future work on coal, advocating the setting up of a competent Royal Commission and ,generally, the more scientific control of coal affairs, especially as regards domestic utilisation.Professor Hickling having contributed some remarks on the geological formation of coal, a cordial vote of thanks was passed to Professor Armstrong, on the motion of Professor Henry Louis, seconded by Mr. H. D. Smith. On 13th February, members of the Local Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry were invited to a meeting of the Bedson Club, when Professor F. G. Donnan, F.R.S., delivered a lecture on “Osmotic Actions and Equilibria,” in which he dealt especially with the theoretical aspects of his subject and showed how data from recent work accorded with modern conceptions of osmotic phenomena.On 3rd March, members of the Section were again invited to attend a meeting of the Bedson Club, when Professor R. Whytlaw-Gray, F.R.S., gave a lecture on “The Accurate Determination of Atomic Weights by the Method of Limiting Densities.” Professor Gray described the methods employed at Leeds University for atomic weights determination , and discussed the accuracy of the results thereby obtained as compared with those of other methods employed by various workers. On 9th March, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, a meeting of the Local Section of the Institute was held to receive an address from Dr. A. E. Dunstan on ‘*Recent Developments in the Refining of Petroleum.” Dr.Dunstan outlined the history of the winning and utilisa- tion of petroleum, tracing developments which were mainly in the direction of the production of increased proportions of fuel (instead of illuminants) from crudes, to meet present day 131 internal-combustion engine requirements ; and describing recent advances in the distillation, cracking and chemical treatment of petroleum products. He emphasised the importance of the large units now employed, the efficiency and easy “one-man” control of which were of outstanding interest. The address, which was illustrated by lantern slides, was followed by an interesting discussion. The thanks of the meeting were accorded to Dr.Dunstan. Many members of the Section attended the Annual Dinner of the North-East Coast Chemical and Allied Industries, on 10th March, at the Royal Station Hotel,-Dr. J. T. Dunn in the Chair. The principal guests were Dr. H. T. Tizard, F.R.S., and Dr. A. E. Dunstan, who responded, respectively, to the toasts of “The Profession of Chemistry,” proposed by Professor Clemo, and “Chemistry and Industry,” proposed by Mr. S. G. Homfray. New Zealand.-The fifth Annual Conference was held at Palmerston North on 26th and 27th January. On the evening of the 26th January the Sixth Annual General Meeting was held, at which Mr. W. Donovan presided, and the Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected, as follows:-Mr. W. Donovan (Chairman); Mr.G. A. Lawrence (Hon. Secretary-Treasurer) ; Mr. T. A. Glendinning (Hon. Auditor); Dr. J. K. H. Inglis, Dr. I. J. Cunningham, Messrs. A. D. Monro, F. H. Fielder, E. W. Hullett and W. R. Mummery (Committee). A resolution was passed expressing regret at the resignation of Mr. Mummery from the position of Hon. Secretary-Treasurer, which he had held since the formation of the Section, and a vote of thanks was accorded him for his excellent services. The Chairman, Mr. W. Donovan, delivered an address on ‘(Chemistry as applied to Mining Industry in New Zealand.” Mining in New Zealand is confined practically to two branches, -Gold and Coal. 2,500,000 tons of coal are mined each year, but the chemist plays little part in coal-winning operations.He examines the mine air occasionally for the presence of explosive and other dangerous gases. He determines the percentage of fine inert matter in the dust on the roadways, which must not exceed a definite figure so that minor explosions of gas at a working face will not be transmitted by the dust throughout the whole mine. He analyses coal from the various seams for fixed carbon, volatile hydrocarbons, water and ash, and determines calorific value. In the past, work has been done on the relative inflammabilities of New Zealand coals, which proved of assistance when safe- working measures were framed. Various investigations have dealt with the suitability of single coals and of blends for gas making, resulting in a large market being opened up for bitu- minous coal in the gas industry.The possibility of the use of sub-bituminous coals for the manufacture of producer gas was demonstrated by workers at Canterbury College, but this field proved limited in scope. A study of the low-temperature carbonisation of sub-bitu- minous coal laid the foundation for the establishment of the Carbonisation Works at Rotowaro, near Huntly. It is hoped that a recently-completed investigation on briquetting of slack coal will result in the establishment of suitable plants in more than one centre. Gold mining at the present time has an output of onlyone-quarter the value of the coal, being l51g,ooo for year 1930. It was four times this amount in 1906. The chemist in this industry has to assay samples from working faces in the mine and determine the value of the ore in situ, in order that worth- less ore may be left in the mine, and only profitable ore broken out for treatment.He also exercises control over extraction processes, and may be required to modify any specific method of treatment, or even to devise and try out new methods in special cases. Gold in sand and gravel may be separated by simple washing, as in alluvial mining, when little scientific aid is required from chemistry. Gold, disseminated in quartz reefs or masses of rock, frequently in association with other metallic minerals, requires scientific methods of extraction, and presents problems that have always appealed to the chemical worker.Amalgamation.-The property which gold possesses of amalgamating with mercury made possible the recovery of finely divided gold that would be lost in any process of washing, and amalgamation is still largely used in the recovery of gold. The crushed ore passes in a stream of water over copper plates surfaced with mercury, gold being caught and retained by the 133 mercury as gold amalgam. Another method is the use of rotating pans in which the crushed ore is still more finely ground in the presence of mercury and water, the fine gold being freed from entangling mineral or rock and amalgamating with the mercury. By “retorting,” i.e. distilling off the mercury and melting the residue, the gold with some silver, if present, is rendered fit for use. In many cases amalgamation failed to recover gold in an ore, for example, when lead, antimony, and other minerals were present, which also amalgamated with the mercury and spoiled it for gold recovery.SmeZti.lzg.-A “La Monte ” furnace was erected at Thames in 1885 for the treatment of ore not amenable to amalgamation processes. This was a shaft furnace, water-cooled, in which ore was smelted with coke as fuel, and with iron oxide and limestone as fluxes. Metallic lead or lead ore was also mixed with the charge to alloy with the gold and silver present. The lead was tapped off at the bottom and cupelled on a bone ash hearth to recover the precious metals. The process required efficient chemical control: it was effective, but the costs were excessive. The Parkes Process, developed in London, was tried at Karan-gahake,-ore being roughly crushed, mixed with fluxes of lime, iron ore, salt cake, fluorspar and coal, and smelted for three to four hours until molten.The slag was skimmed off, and the regulus, consisting of fused sulphides of the baser metals, and containing all the gold and silver in the original ore was tapped and cooled. It was then partly calcined, mixed with oxide of lead and smelted. The metallic lead formed collected the gold and silver, and yielded it again on cupellation. This required strict chemical supervision; but the process failed for a curious reason after the furnace had been operated for less than a month. The regulus was small in amount and contained hard lumps. Working was, therefore, discontinued.Two years later, the furnace was dismantled, when it was found that the bricks used for the hearth were highly porous and had absorbed all the regulus. Had operations been continued until the limit of absorption had been reached, the furnace would have operated successfully. The cost of the operation was very high. Chlorination.-Chemical solvents for gold were also investi- gated. Gold is readily attacked by chlorine, forming gold chloride, which is soluble in water. The ore was roasted, crushed in the dry state, and filled into vats about seven feet 134 in diameter, provided with a false bottom of inert material, usually pebbles and sand. It was moistened with water, and chlorine gas, generated in air-tight lead vessels, was introduced through the false bottom until it had permeated the whole mass.After 24 to 48 hours’ contact to dissolve the gold, water led in at the top washed the gold chloride out at the bottom. Gold was precipitated usually by ferrous sulphate or sulphur dioxide. A chlorination plant was operated for many years at the Progress Mine, Reefton. In a variation of the process, a solution of chlorine in water was used instead of gaseous chlorine. Professor J. G. Black, of Otago University, patented the use of a solution of IZ lbs. common salt, 14 lbs. sulphuric acid and 6 to 7 oz. permanganate of potash, per IOO gallons of water. The solution smelled only slightly of chlorine, and though dissolving gold at less than one- tenth the rate of a saturated solution of chlorine, was much less unpleasant in use, and was effective with ores containing fine gold only.The process might have had extended use, but for the fact that the use of another solvent, cyanide of potassium, was being developed at the time. Cyanide Process.-Chlorination had the following dis-advantages :-(I) it was necessary to roast prior to treatment; (2) soluble sulphates required to be leached out; (3) chlorine was a very unpleasant substance with which to work. In 1886, J. S. Macarthur, in attempting to improve the chlorination process, was engaged in investigating a method of generating the chlorine electrolytically in a solution in contact with the ore.As it was not satisfactory, he turned his attention to other solvents, and discovered that cyanide of potassium, which had been known for many years as a solvent for gold, would, in dilute solution, extract gold from many of its ores. The process eventually worked out consisted of the following stages:-(I) contact of ore and solution for several days; (2) separation of the solution by decantation or filtering; (3) precipitation of the gold, usually on zinc filaments, but occasionally by electrolysis ; (4) smelting the precipitated gold. The process soon secured world-wide adoption, and probably at the present time at least three-fourths of the gold won each year in the world is extracted from ore by cyanide. Mechanical improvements in grinding appliances, agitation tanks, filtration systems followed rapidly, and on the chemical side New Zealand 135 played an important part in these developments.The $first working plant in the world was established at Karafigahake, New Zealand, in 1889. In 1892, Dr. Maclaurin investigated the chemistry of the solution of gold in potassium cyanide. His results, published in 1893, confirmed the fact that the rate of solubility is greatest in a solution of 0.25 per cent. strength. They proved that the solubility of oxygen is also a maximum in a solution of this strength, and that oxygen is necessary for the solution of gold in potassium cyanide, according to Ellsner’s equation, ~Au+~KCN+O+H,O =zAuCNSKCN+2KOH. This work was the basis of several improvements in the process.(I) The effect of oxidising agents was tried, and one of these, bromine, proved particularly successful in the treatment of telluride ores. (2)In leaching crushed ore in vats, withdrawal of the solution and exposure of the ore to air, by transferring to a second vat for further treatment, had a beneficial effect on the extraction. (3) When agitation was employed, to increase the rate of solution, a stream of compressed air was used in preference to agitation by mechanical means. (4) In precipita- tion of the gold on zinc de-aeration of the solution lessened the consumption of the zin and increased the efficiency of precipita-tion. Mr. William Skey, Analyst to the Mines Department, con-ducted many experiments with cyanide solution.He showed, in 1895, that the so-called selective action of potassium cyanide for gold was not as great as had been supposed, and that potassium cyanide readily attacked native sulphides of copper and antimony. The metallurgists at Waihi and Karangahake, where the largest cyanide plants were in operation, effected many modifi- cations and minor improvements of which there are no records available. One outstanding achievement of Mr. E. G. Banks, metallurgist to the Waihi Company, not claimed as original, was the purification of the bullion. The presence of small amounts of selenium and lead made it brittle. This was over- come by electrolysing in nitric acid solution with the gold-silver bullion as the anode, and a thin silver sheet as cathode.Practically pure silver over ggo fine, was deposited on the cathode. The gold sludge, unaffected by nitric acid, was boiled with strong 136 sulphuric acid from 2 to 3 hours in an iron kettle. This removed selenium and most of the lead. The gold was then melted, and any remaining traces of lead, which made the gold brittle when alloyed with copper, was removed by passing a stream of chlorine through the molten metal. The gold then assayed 99.6 per cent. to 99.8 per cent. fine. Assayers and chemists attached to each plant controlled the operation by daily assays of ore, before and after treatment, regular tests of cyanide solutions for strength and alkalinity, also for gold content before and after precipitation, and cor- rected occasional minor troubles such as acidity of ore, undue consumption of cyanide, and falling off in efficiency of the zinc precipitation boxes.That chemistry has played an important part in the develop- ment of the mining industry in New Zealand is due mainly to two things:-(I) The recognition by the older generation of mining men that the processes they employed were often inefficient and were capable of improvement, and their eagerness to try other processes, even though unproved on a working scale. (2) The establishment in 1886 of Schools of Mines in mining centres to give even the rank and file of the workers mining and metallurgical knowledge, for which credit must be given to the Hon.W. J. M. Lamach, then Minister of Mines. The enthusiasm with which a preliminary series of lectures,- given by Professor J. G. Black and a staff of itinerant instructors, -was received in the gold fields, can scarcely be described. The training in practical chemistry given at some of the schools thirty years ago was in some respects up to, and beyond the then university standard. The schools provided men trained to control, adapt and modify, if necessary, recognised metallurgical processes. Gold mining steadily progressed, until in 1906 the export of gold exceeded ~2,000,000in value, but after that year, as already stated, it declined. With lower costs now prevalent, and with a premium on gold, the industry has received fresh stimulus.The future may lie in the treatment of low-grade ores, and the trained chemist will be called on again to assist in the industry. Metals other than gold and silver are not mined extensively in New Zealand. A solvent process for the recovery of mercury in cinnabar was investigated at the Dominion Laboratory in 1920,and the application of oil flotation to cinnabar ores was demonstrated. 137 Mr. Donovan suggested that the possibilities of flocculation, followed by oil flotation, would be worth considering in connection with the treatment of the mercury deposits at Kaikahe, which are in very wet clay and which have not proved amenable to the usual furnace treatment. In conclusion, he said that he could but wish that other primary industries in New Zealand, of greater importance and value than gold mining, would adopt the same favourable attitude as the mining industry had done to technical progress and scientifically- guided research.On the 27th January, at Massey Agricultural College, several short papers were read:- (I) Determination of Particle Size of Lead Arsenate Sprays, by P. J. Clark; (2) The Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism of Sheep, by I. J. Cunningham; (3) Chlorination of Wool for Control of Shrinkage, by G. A. Lawrence ; (4) Gases in Cheese, by F. €3. McDowall; (5) The Biochemistry of Discolouration in Cheese, by G. M. Moir. A brief discussion followed on each paper, and the speakers received the thanks of the Section for their contributions. A tour of inspection of the College was then made, and the vaSious investigational work explained.The visitors were entertained to luncheon in the College Refectory; and in the afternoon an inspection was made of the Model Dairy Factory, situated on the College property, where many interesting experi- ments are being carried out in connection with the manufacture of cheese and butter. The delegates were then conducted through the Plant Research Station of the Department of Agriculture. The Conference concluded with a vote of thanks to the Conference Secretary, Dr. R. M. Dolby, and Drs. F. H. McDowall, H. R. Whitehead, Mr. L. A. Whelan, and to the College Authori- ties for their hospitality.138 Notes. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.-The Seventeenth Report of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (for the year 1931-1932) has recently been published (H.M. Stationery Office, 3s. net). The Advisory Council states at the outset its “firm conviction that unless industry persistently applies scientific method and scientific knowledge to its problems, it cannot escape from the difficulties with which it is surrounded.” The Council, therefore, could not recommend economies which might result in sacrificing the essential efficiency of industrial research organisations which have been built up, over a long period of study and patient endeavour, with the assistance of public funds. On the other hand, the Council has endeavoured to apply the available funds to work of the most immediate practical value to industry, while preserving, so far as possible, the organisations for the pursuit of more fundamental enquiries.It was foreseen that the grant-in-aid of ~GI,OOO,OOO, voted by Parliament, in 1917,for the establishment of research associations, would become exhausted during the now current financial year, and it thus became necessary to include, for the first time, provi- sion for the assistance of these associations in the Parliamentary Estimates. Another difficulty arose from the circumstance that the contributions from industry and the receipts for tests and special investigations, carried out at the National Physical Laboratory, showed a considerable falling off during the year.There has been, in fact, a slowing down of certain work of a more fundamental character, and vacancies which have occurred have, in some cases, not been filled. Plans had been made for the expansion of certain work at the Fuel Research Station, directed mainly to the examination of methods for treating products of low-temperature carbonisa- tion. This scheme has been developed as originally planned, except for certain modifications made with a view to economy. The present financial situation has made it desirable to stimu-late the research associations to obtain as much support as possible from industry, and in this connection the Advisory Council has 139 given consideration to the suggestion that an Enabling Act of Parliament should be passed giving statutory authority for raising funds from industry for the purpose of industrial research by means of a compulsory levy on raw material, output, or some other convenient basis of assessment.The majority of the Research Associations were, however, unfavourable to the com- pulsory principle, and the Advisory Council are not, therefore, prepared to make any representation with a view to introducing such a measure into Parliament. Should any individual Associa- tion succeed in procuring the introduction of a Bill to make a levy compulsory, the Advisory Council hopes that this measure would receive full support from the industry concerned. The summary of scientific investigation, undertaken under the auspices of the Department, gives, as usual, an impression of the immense quantity of work undertaken over a very wide range.The Fuel Research Board reports the issue of a comprehensive physical and chemical survey of the national coal resources and of work done on carbonisation and gas production. Reference is also made to work in progress and in contemplation on the hydrogenation of tars to produce motor spirit. The Food Investigation Board refers to work on the part played by vapours such as acetaldehyde which are given off by apples, and also to preserving the fruit from attack by fungi. It is noted that acetaldehyde vapour or ammonia in the air will prevent fungal rotting of certain fruits, provided the concentra- tions are carefully controlled.Carbon dioxide has been shown to inhibit the growth of moulds and bacteria on meat and fish. A study has been made of the effect of the treatment of tinplate, during its manufacture, on its rate of corrosion by citric acid. The Water Pollution Research Board has continued to issue summaries of current literature relating to water supplies, sewage, etc., and investigations have been made of methods for avoiding pollution by the effluents from beet sugar factories. Further experiments have been made on the base-exchange process of water softening, and a comprehensive summary has been prepared of the literature on the action of different waters on lead pipes. The Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, under the Directorship of Professor G.T. Morgan, is appreciated as an institution where useful chemical information may be obtained. The Laboratory has conducted experiments which have led to the 140 manufacture of colour intermediates hitherto imported from abroad. The high-pressure plant has been in constant request by workers in various research groups, and high-pressure research has been continued. Attention has been directed to various corrosion problems, including aerial corrosion of zinc, steel and iron immersed in sea water. The protection of industrially important magnesium alloys by selenium coating has been examined systematically. An investigation has been made into the effectiveness of higher phenols as wetting-out agents in the textile industry.The programme has also included research on road tars, chemotherapy, synthetic resins and many subjects of fundamental importance. The work of the Adhesives Research Committee has now been formally completed by the publication of the third and final Report, and the Committee has been dissolved. RESEARCHASSOCIATIONS. Certain Research Associations have been able to record a marked increase of industrial support, while others are hopeful of attaining similar success in the near future. The Report of the Department contains detailed accounts of the work of the Research Associations, of which a few extracts may be quoted as of interest to chemists. The Report, however, is so compre-hensive that those who are directly concerned should refer to the original.The British Cast-Iron Research Association has embarked upon a study of the influences of silicon, manganese, sulphur, phosphorus, and free and combined carbon, and of the structural properties of the product. The manufacture of certain new heat- resisting irons is now undertaken regularly by members of this Association. During the year, analytical tolerances were issued by the Association in agreement between makers and users of pig iron. The Research Association of British Paint, Colour and Varnish Manufacturers has undertaken X-ray investigation into the crystal structure of iron oxide, whereby it is hoped to correlate crystal structure and surface corrosion with pigmentary value.Work has been done on the “hiding power” of paints. The British Cotton IndMstry Research Association reports that an important part of the work of the Shirley Institute is the testing of machines which may prove of value to the industry. 141 The fundamental study of dyestuff solutions, of the dyeing and bleaching process, and of the stability of the so-called fast dyes, has been the subject of continuous work. Many hundreds of firms in all sections of the industry now seek the assistance of the Association on various complex problems. The Wool Industries Research Association, in collaboration with the Society of Dyers and Colourists, has worked on the standardisation of tests for fastness. Suggestions have been made for the protection of fabrics against the ravages of moths.This Association also has undertaken researches on the fastness of dyes. The British. Launderers’ Research Association has devoted attention to the need for detergents which will be satisfactory as to the cleanliness produced, while also diminishing attrition of the fabrics. The problem of preventing felting during the washing of woollens has also been attacked. The British Leather Manufactwers’ Research Association has been successful in some experiments carried out in connection with a hide-curing establishment in the Argentine, to test the effect of the addition of sodium fluoride to the curing salt as a means of preventing the development of “red heat.” The fundamental study of the vegetable-tanning process has been continued and, in collaboration with a Government Department, attention has been paid to the problem of corrosion of metals in contact with leather. Work on the deterioration of vegetable- tanning leather used as book bindings has been continued, and long-period exposure tests are in progress in co-operation with the authorities of the British Museum.Attention has been paid to the question of possible causes of dermatitis arising from the application of dyes to fur and to leather. It has been found that compounds such as diamines and aminophenols when not com- pletely converted into harmless dyestuffs were liable to cause this complaint. The Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers has continued systematic study of ebonite and of the ageing of rubber used in the inner tubes for motor tyres.The British Association for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar Con-fectionery and Jam Trades has issued a report on the “Solubility” of cocoa, and has investigated the preservation of the jelly-forming properties of oranges. An account has also been published of an 142 enquiry into factors concerned in securing satisfactory coatings of sugar crystal. The Report, which gives full particulars of the constitution of Research Boards and of Committees of the Department, and statistics with regard to the Research Associations, concludes with a list of publications by individuals in receipt of grants. The Lancastrian Frankland Society, to which reference was made in JOUFXAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, has now been inaugurated, under the modified title given above, to perpetuate the memory of Sir Edward Frankland, first President of the Institute. Its objects are the advancement of natural science, the promotion of the use o€ scientific method in the community, and to afford opportunities for scientific and social intercourse between scientific workers in the Lancaster district.The first lecture given before the Society was recently delivered by Mr. M. FitzGibbon on “The Chemical Control of Agriculture.” Glue.-The International Association for the Study and Improvement of the Bone Glue Industry has announced a Glue Competition, which is open to inventors, chemists and others who discover new uses or new outlets for Bone Glue.Full information can be obtained from the Managing Director’s Secretary, Refer- ence Department r/S, British Glues and Chemicals, Ltd., Imperial House, 15-19, Kingsway, London, W.C.2. The late Dr. John Thomas.-Information has been received that, contrary to the statement made in the obituary notice published in THE JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I, the degree of D.Sc. (Wales) was awarded to Dr. John Thomas for work conducted by him for Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ltd., during the years 1913-1917,on the stability of explosives outside the accepted range of stability. Mr. Leonard Balmforth, Fellow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department at Hull Municipal Technical College. 143 Dr.John Thomas Dunn, Fellow, has been nominated for election as President of the Society of Chemical Industry for the year 1933-34, in succession to Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., Fellow. Professor Arthur Lapworth, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow, has been appointed a Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester for a term of two years. Mr. David Lever, Associate, has been appointed Lecturer, in charge of the School of Sugar Manufacture, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in succession to Mr. T. H. P. Heriot, Fellow. Dr. Robert Robinson, M.Sc., Associate, of University College, Exeter, has been appointed Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at University College, Auckland, N.Z. 144 Obituary. WILLIAMERNEST died on 12th January, at Ratcliffe-on- BRAZIER Trent, in his 36th year.Educated at Huntingdon Street Higher Grade School, Nottingham, he became, in 1912, junior chemist in Messrs. Gerard’s Soap Works, Nottingham, and in the following year joined the staff of Messrs. Boots, Ltd. From 1915 to 1919 he was attached to the 7th Territorial Force, Notts. and Derby Regt. (Sherwood Foresters). On demobilisation he was admitted to University College, Nottingham, where he continued until 1921, and in January of the following year passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute. He subsequently held appointment as chemist to Messrs. F. Dare Mordle & Go., Ltd., Starch Manufacturers, Nottingham, and from 1929 to 1931 was engaged with Messrs.Quibell Bros. at Newark. In September of the latter year he obtained an appointment with the River Chemical Go. of Nottingham. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. ALFREDR$E died at Withington, Manchester, on 26th February, in his 70th year. Educated at Bedford Grammar School he studied chemistry under Remigius Fresenius, to whom he was private assistant for a year before he proceeded to Munich, where he worked with A. von Baeyer and Groth for about eighteen months. Next he worked for a similar period with Graebe at Geneva, the results of his researches on /3-sulphophthalic-, /?-oxyphthalic- and p-chlorophthalic acid being published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in 1886, and in the Annwlen 233. This work formed the subject of the thesis which he presented at Berne in the same year, for the degree of Ph.D., which he obtained rnagna cum Zaude.On his return, having worked for a few months in the private laboratory of Roscoe, he accepted a post as research chemist with Messrs. Thompson, of Middleton, where he introduced processes for the manufacture of various aniline colours, and had complete charge of the production of these dyes for a period of about five years. He then started, in conjunction with Claus, a works at Clayton, Manchester, for aniline colour manu- facture, and after about sixteen years, retired from business to devote himself to work of a more public character. He was for many years Vice- Chairman of the Chemical and Allied Trades Section of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, where he took special interest in Patent Law reform in its relation to chemical industry.He was Chairman for about nine years of the Testing House of the Chamber, dealing with the chemical and physical examination of every variety of textile fabrics. He was for many years a Director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, and for some time, Honorary Treasurer; he was also Chairman of the College of Technology Chemistry Committee, and a member of the Education Committee of the City of Manchester. He was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (1916-18), served as a Member of the Council of 145 the Society of Chemical Industry, and took an active part in the formation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, of which he was a co-opted Member of Council from its inception. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918, and served as a Member of the Council from 1927-30.HENRYLLOYDSNAPE died at Torquay, on the 2nd March, in his 72nd year. The son of Alderman Thomas Snape, M.P., he was educated at the Liverpool Institute, and studied chemistry under Campbell Brown in the Liverpool School of Medicine from 1876 until 1879, when he was employed as a chemist in the Alkali Works of Messrs. John Hutchinson & Co., of Widnes. Having matriculated in the University of London, in 1878, and passed the Intermediate Examination in science, in 1880, he shortly after became a demonstrator in University College, Liverpool, where he remained until 1884. He proceeded to Germany, and worked under Hofmann, in Berlin, and Victor Meyer, in GBttingen.He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.) in 1883, subsequently proceeding to D.Xc. and, in 1886, obtained the Degree of Ph.D. (GBttingen). He was then, for two years, lecturer in chemical technology at the Manchester Technical School, and, from 1888 to 1901, professor of chemistry at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. During that period, he took an active part in the affairs of the University of Wales as a member of the Court and Senate. He was Chairman of the Association of Directors and Secretaries of Educa- tion and of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes, and a member of the Educational Committee on Salaries of Teachers in Higher Educa- tional Institutions.He was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his work in organising training for disabled sailors and soldiers. He prepared the third edition of Humpidge-Kolbe’s Inorganic Chemis- try, and contributed several original papers to the Journal oj the Chemical Society and other scientific journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. IVIILLAR THOMSONJOHN died at Douro Place, Kensington, on 22nd March, aged 84 years. The son of Dr. Allen Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Glasgow, and grandson of Dr. John Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Military Surgery and Pathology in the University of Edinburgh, he was born in the Old College, Glasgow, and educated at the High School and University of Glasgow.In 1871, he was appointed an assistant demonstrator of Chemistry in King’s College, London, where he subsequently became senior demonstrator in 1879, and Daniel1 Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry in 1887. From 1880 to 1887, he also held the appointment of Professor of Chemistry at Queen’s College, London. From 1905, he was Vice-Principal of King’s College until his retirement in 1914, when he was appointed Emeritus Professor. He was an Honorary Fellow of King’s and Queen’s Colleges, and, in recognition of his services to chemical education, a medal was instituted in his honour to be awarded to the student of King’s College who most distinguished himself in the final year of the special honours course in the Department of Chemistry.He was Secretary of the Chemical Section of the (Royal) Society of Arts from 1879 to 1886, a Member of Council of the Society for four periods, Honorary Treasurer for five years, and Vice-president in 1913. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society for four periods, as Honorary Secretary of the Society from 1883 to 1897, and Vice-President for two periods. 146 Re was author of many contributions to scientific and technical journals-on the Composition and Properties of Ancient Glasses, the Chemistry of Pigments, Putrefaction and Antisepsis, the Chemistry of Building Materials, the Composition and Optical Properties of double Salts of Nickel and Cobalt, the Action of Nuclei on the Crystallisation of Supersaturated Solutions, and on Photography, etc.He edited, jointly with Mr. A. G. Bloxam, several editions of BEoxa?n’sChemistry, Inorganic and Organic, of which the original, published in 1867, was produced by C. L.Bloxam, Professor Thomson’s predecessor in the Chair of Chemistry at King’s College. He was elected F.R.S. in 1897, and received the degree of LL-D. from the University of Glasgow in 1898. Professor Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878, served as a Member of Council for four periods, as a Vice-president for three periods, as an Examiner for five years, as Honorary Secretary for one year, as Honorary Registrar for six years, as a Censor for twelve years, and as President for three years (1900-1903).At the funeral at Hampstead Cemetery, Fortune Green, the Institute was represented by the President, the Honorary Treasurer, the Registrar, and the Assistant Secretary. THOMASWATSONdied on 12th January, at Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., in his 48th year. Educated at the Higher Grade School and at the Technical College, Liverpool, he was a teacher of chemistry and physics in the Liverpool Collegiate School from 1904 to 1906, and was then for six years chemist to Messrs. Simmonda, Hunt and Montgomery. In 1912 he was appointed chemist and assayer to Messrs. S. Eldridge & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1915, while occupying a teachingappointment in the Oakland Evening High School, California, he emtered the University of California as a student for a higher degree, and in 1918 obtained the degree of M.A.His research “On the Influence of Varying Concentration of Hydrogen Ion on the Optical Rotation of the Isomeric Alkaloids, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, and Cinchotoxin ” was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, in May, 1917. He was also the author of two other papers-“A Method for the Preparation of Taurin in large Quantities,” and “On the elimination of Taurin administered to Man,” which were published in the Journal of the Biochemical Society in 1918. In the following year he was appointed Assistant Professor of Bio- chemistry in the University of Southern California Medical School ; from 1920 to 1922 he was Assistant Profcssor of Organic Chemistry in Oregon Agricultural College; from 1922 to 1926 he was Assistant in Chemistry and Physiology in the North Pacific College of Dentistry and Pharmacy; from 1926 to 1929 he was Professor of Physics in the University of Southern California, Dental College; from 1929 to 1930 he was Professor of Physics and Assistant in Nutrition Research in the same College; from 1930 to 1932 he was again Professor of Physics, and in 1932 was appointedProfessor of Chemistry and Physics in the same College.He W&S elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. JOHNWATTSdied on the 9th February, at the age of 89 years, at Oxford, where he was for many years a successful lecturer in organic chemistry and a tutor.He matricdated in the University of London in 1865, and obtained the degree of D.Sc. in 1870. From 1869 to 1872 he was assistant to Odling at the Royal Institution, London, and in 1872 worked for a few months with Crum Brown at Edinburgh, before he 147 re-joined Odling, who had, in the same year, been appointed Wa-ete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford. Later he entered Balliol College, and in 1876 graduated with first-class honours in chemistry, proceeding sub- sequently to M.A. He then became attached to Alerton College, where he was science tutor for more than thirty years, and resided until the time of his death. Among his pupils at Mert,on he had many who subsequently became distinguished. He was interested in the tannins and read several papers on them at meetings of the British Association.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. 148 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I, 1933,the following books-have been presented by the publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. Moissan, Henri.-Hommage A: 4 Octobre, 1931. Pp. 92. (Paris: Chimie et Industrie, 1932.) La vie et les travaux de Henri Moissan (Paul Lebeau); liste chronologi- que des publications scientifiques (6874-1907) ; l’inauguration du monument Henri Moissan; discours de M. A. Papillard; discours de M. Louis Marlio; discours de M. P. Prunet; discours de M. L. Lugol;discours de M. P. Lebeau; discours de M. 0.Honigschmid; discours de M. A.BBhal. “Organic Reagents for Metals.” The Staff of the Research Laboratory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd. Pp. 60. (London: Hopkin & Williams, Ltd.) IS. Containing a list of seventeen organic reagents used in testing for metals and particulars as to the tests. “Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism, The Significance of.” R. Robison. Pp. ix.+ 104. (New York: N.Y. University Press; London : Humphrey Milford-Oxford University Press.) 11s. 6d. A course of three lectures under the Herter Lecture Foundation, de- livered by the author, in 1931, in the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Lecture I : The Occurrence of Phosphoric Esters in Nature; Lecture 11: Calcification of Cartilage and Bone; Lecture 111: Calcification in Bitro ; Bibliography.“Soils, Their Origin, Constitution, and Classification.’’ An Introduction to Pedology. G. W. Robinson. Pp. xv + 390. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 20s. General view of the constitution of the soil; mechanical composition as a function of particle size; significance of mechanical analysis; the pedogenic processes ;physical and chemical weathering ;hydration and oxidation ; soil profile development ; drainage eluviation ; soil erosion ; vegetation as a pedogenic factor; the clay complex; base exchange and other reactions of the colloidal complex ;organic matter ;water relation- ships;soils of the podsolic group ;tshernosems and their related groups ; black cotton soils; ground-water soils; peats; saline, alkaline, and Soloti soils; soils of the humid tropics; soils associated with calcareous parent materials ; classification; geography ; soil surveys and analysis ; plantgrowth and agriculture ;appendix; methods of analysis.149 The Sdety in Mines Research Board has published Paper No. 78: Measurements of the Kinetic Loads on Colliery Winding Ropes, by S. M. Dixon and M. A. Hogan. (H.M. Stationery Office, IS. net.) Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.-Professor T. H. Easterfield, Fellow, Hon. Corresponding Secretary of the Institute, has forwarded a copy of a pamphlet entitled “A Conspectus of Recent Agricultural Research,” being the Cawthron Lecture (1932)delivered by His Excellency Lord Bledisloe, Governor-General of New Zealand, together with a number of pamphlets on the Apple Leaf-Roller, a Flax Infesting Weevil, the Codling Moth, the Spruce Aphis and papers on the Sulphur-Content of Pastures and Soil Contamination of Pasture Samples.Sands, Clays and Minerals.-The third number of Mr. A. L. Curtis’s magazine includes articles on The Examination of Minergls in Ultra-violet Light, by Dr. Julius Grant; Sands for Asphalt, by Dr. P. E. Spielmann; English Building Stones, by Mr. A. R. Warnes; Tantalum and Niobium, by Dr. W. R. Schoeller; in addition to several articles by Mr. Curtis himself on China Clay, Industrial Sands, British Coals, etc. British Pharmacopoeia, 1932.-The D. H. A. Guide, published by the British Drug Houses of Australia, Melbourne, contains a review embodying lists of the additions to, and omis- sions and alterations from, the previous issue, together with notes and comments on all new and altered products and preparations. Prepared from information published by the Pharmacopceia Commission, London : Melbourne.The Library :1932133. SINCEthe issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part 11,1932, the Council has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts:-AUSTRALASIAN Co., LTD.:MEDICAL PUBLISHING Physics. Fundamental Laws and Principles. With problems and worked Solutions. E. Booth and Phyllis M. Nicol. Qlebe, N.S.W., 1932. MESS=. BAILLI~RX,TINDALL& Cox: Chemical Encyclopaedia. Fifth edition. C. T. Kingzett. London : 1932.MXSSRS.G. BELL& SONS,LTD.: The Anatomy of Modern Science. B. Bavink. London, 1932. Volumetric Analysis. G. Fowles. London, 1932. MESSRS. BLACKIE& SON, LTD.: The Structure of Molecules. Edited by P. Debye. Authorised translation by Winifred M. Deans. London, 1932. THE BRITISH DRUG HOUSES, LTD.: The British Drug Houses Guide to the British Pharmacopeia, 1932. London, 1932. CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS: Chemical Wave Transmission in Nerve. A. V. Hill. Cambridge, 1932. A Course of Practical Work in Agricultural Chemistry for Senior Students. T. B. Wood. New Edition Revised by H. H. Nicholson. Cambridge, 1932. MESSRS. CHAPMAN& HALL,LTD.: Liesegang Rings and other Periodic Structures. E. S. Hedges.London, 1932.Micro Chemical Laboratory Manual. F. Emich. London, 1932. Organic Syntheses. Vol. XII. I?. C. Whitmore, Editor-in-Chief. London, 1932. Protective Films on Metals. E. S. Hedges. London, 1932. The Scientific Principles of Petroleum Technology. L. Gurwitsch and H. Moore. New Edition. London, 1932. C. L. CLAREMONT,EsQ., B.Sc., F.I.C. : Some Common Domestic Pests: their life, history and how to control them. C. L. Claremont and I. M. Burnet. London, 1932. MESSRS. CONSTABLE& Co., LTD. : Physical Chemistry. J. Eggert. London, 1932. MESSRS. ERLANGERS,LTD.: The Manufacturing Industries of the British Empire Overseas. Part VI. Africa, West, East and Central. H. N. Carvalho. London, 1932. JOHNEVANS,EsQ., F.I.C. : Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Washington, D.C’., 1930.MESSRS. CHARLESGRIFFIN& Co., LTL).: A Text Book of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 1. General Properties of Elements and Compounds. J. Sewton Friend. London, 1932. MESSRS. ADAMHILGIER,LTD.: Tables of Cubic Crystal Structure of Elements and Compounds. I. E. Knaggs and B. Karlik. Londou, 1932. MESSRS. LEONARDHILL, LTD.: Rubber Information. Edited by H. R. Cronshaw. London, 1932. &IESSRS.HOPKIXdz. lrTILLIAILfS, LTD.: Organic Reagents for Metals. By the Staff of the Reaearch Labora- tory of Messrs. Hopkin & Williams, Ltd., London, 1933. NESSRS. GREEN& Co.:LONGMANS, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry.J. W.Nellor. London, 1932. Nodern Methods in Quantitative Chemical Analysis. A. D. Mitchell and A. 31. Ward. London, 1932. DR. W. MCCARTNEY,A.I.C. : Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry. L. Gattermann. Corn-pletely revised by H. Wieland. Translated from German edition by W. McCartney. Lo~oT~,1932. DR. C4. MCGOWAN,F.I.C.: The Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry. TV. Ostwald. Translated by G. McGowan. Third English edition. London, 1908. MERS~~Y JOINTc1: IRWELL COMMITTEE: Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Preston, 1932. DR.A. D. MITCHELL,F.I.C.,and DR. A. M.WAHD,A.I.C. : Modern Methods in Quantitative Chemical Analysis. A. 1).Mitchell and A. M. Ward. London, 1932.MESSRS. THOM.4S MURBY & CO.: Soils. Their Origin, Constitution and Classification. An IntrodnctioBa to Pedology. G. W. Robinson. London, 1932. MESSRS.J. NISBET& Co., LTD.: Talents and Temperaments. A. iMacrae. London, 1933. SIR ISAAC & SONS, LTD.: PITMAN Radio Activity and Radio Active Substances. J. Chadwick. Lo?duo,i, 1932. RIBBLEJOINTCOMMITTEE: Proceedings for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Prestoti, 1932. DR. ROBERT ROBISON, F.R.S. : The Significance of Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism. H. Robixon. New York and London, 1932. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: Recent Researches on the Nature and Function of Vitamins. J. c'. Drurnmond. London, 1932. RUBBER GROWERS' INC.ASSOCIATION, : Rubber Latex. H. P. and W.H.Stevens. London, 1933. 152 SAFETI-18-\iIsE:sNESEARCH :BOARD Publications of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. VII, 1931. London, 1932. Mmsxs. SAMPSONLow, MAXSTON Co., LTD.:C% Modern Chemistry. P. Prescott. London, 1932. SOCI~T~ :DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLE Hommage li Henri Moissan. YariS, 1932. OF PLJBLIC :SOCIETY ANALYSTS Some reminiscences of its first fifty years. B. Dyer. A review of its Activities by C. A. Mitchell. Cmzbridge, 1932. OLIVER TRIGGER, EsQ., M.B.E., F.I.C.: Accidents in Mines. Sir F. A. Abel, C.B. London, 1888. The Chemist. Vol. I. London, 1824. A Concise History of Chemistry. T. P. Hilditch. Second edition revised. London, 1922. A Dictionary of Chemistry. H. Watts. c’ols. l-VIII. London, 1883.A Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art. Edited by IT. T. Brande and the Rev. G. W. Cox. New Edition revised. T’ols. I, I1 and 111. London, 1876. Die li7ichtigsten Vegetabilischen Nahrungs-und-Genusmit tel. A. E. Vogl. Berlin, 1899. Familiar Letters of Chemistry. J. Yon Liehig. Pourth Edition revised and enlarged. Edited by J. Blyth. London, 1859. A History of Chemistry. E. Von Meyer. Translated with the Author’s Sanction by G. McGowan. London, 1898. Organic Chemistry. New and revised edition. W.H. Perkin, tJunr., and F. S. Kipping. London and Edinbwgh, 1907. The Scientific Foundations of Analytical Chemistry. TV. Ostwald. Translated with the Author’s Sanction by G. McGowan. Third English edition. London, 1908. & NORGATE,MrcssRs.WILLIAMS LTD.: Atomic Reactions. M. Polanyi. London, 1932. Books Purchased. The Analysis of Drugs and Chemicals. N. Evers and G. D. Elsdon. LO)IdOll, 1929. 13ell’s Sale of Food and Drugs. Eighth edition. P. A. Robinson. London, 193 1. The Mineral Industry. Its Statistics, Technology and Trade during 1931. Edited by G. A. Roush. Vol. XL. London, 1932. Tlzeatruin Chemicum Britannicum : containing Several1 Poet itall Pieces of our Famous English Philosophers, who have written the Hermetique Mysteries in their owne Ancient Language. FaithfullyCollected into one Volume, with Annotations thereon. By Elias Ashmole, Esq. London, 1662. ‘I’he Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared byIT.Little, H. IT. Fowler, J.Coulson, revised and edited by C. T. Onions. 2 1’01s. Oxford, 1933. 153 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 17th February, 1933,z Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 23 new Associates were elected, I Associate was re-elected, and 25 Students were admitted. On 17th March, I Associate was re-elected. The Council regrets to record the deaths of f4!Fellows and 4 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Marks, Sydney, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), Municipal Technical School, Suffolk Street, Birmingham. 3Ioelwyn-Hughes, Emyr Alun, Ph.D. (Liv.), D.Phil. (Oxon.), Trinity College, Oxford. New Associates. Adams, Hugh Furnival, R1.Sc. (Lond.), Coal Survey Laboratory, School of Mines, Treforest. Barber, Edward Gordon, B.Sc.(Lond.), 40, Butler Avenue, Harrow, Middlesex. Bourhill, Peter, Dykeneuk, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Burnet, William Deas, B.Sc. (Edin.), The Laboratory, The Distillers Co., Ltd., Glenochil, Menstrie, By Alloa. Clark, William Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Argyle Street, London, W.C.1. Cooper, Charles Alan, B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Reuben Street, Carlton Hill, Leeds, 7. Downes, Aubrey Douglas Tl’heldal, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 7 1, Aylwarcl Road, London, S.W.20. Dykes, Edward MacKenzie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 29, Calside, Paisley, Renfrew- shire. Evans, David Joshua, S.Sc. (Lond.), Pantycoedcae Farm, Morriston, Swansea. Evans, Miss Sarah Beatrice, B.Sc. (Wales), 61, Crown Street, Morriston, Swansea. Henley, Vernon Frederick Frank, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Gainsborough Road, London, N.12.Hicks, Donald, M.Sc. (Lond.), Coal Sun-ey Laboratory, The School of Mines, Treforest. Hose, Cyril Gustav Bidwell, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 36, Vartry Road, London, N.15. Johnson, Edward Harold, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 47, Gallows Hill, Kings Langley, Herts. Johnson, Robert Ian, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Rectory Cottage, Frating, Colchester, Essex. Kingman, Frank Edwin Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.), 154, Clockhouse Road, Beckenham, Kent. Lord, Harry Dennis, B.Se., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Elms, Loughborough, Leics. Mitchell, Miss Isabella -’inifred, B.Sc. (Glas.), 7, Edgemont Gardens, Langside, Glasgow. Palmer, Richard Bunn, Bradestone Cottage, Brundall, nr. Sorwich. 154 Smith, Miss Edna Clark, B.Sc.(Lolid.), 9, Gilston Road, London, S.W.10. Thomson, John Kirk, A.R.T.C. (Glas.), Wyngate, Major’s Place, Falkirk. Turner, Francis John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 131, dmyand Park Road, Twickenham. Walters, Thomas Henry, R.Sc. (Wales),48, Carmarthen Road, Waun Wen, Swansea. Associates Re-elected. Dunn, John Stanley, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Lond.), Old Road, Billing- ham-on-Tees, Co. Durham. Richards, Charles Hetlloy, B.Sc., (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Copara, Penzanco, Cornwall. New Students. Baker, John Garrad, Leigham, South Drive, Cheam, Surrey. Barraclough, Edward, 4, Penistone Road, New Mill, nr. Huddersfield. Bird, Ronald Frederick, 74,Victoria Parade, Redfield, Bristol, 5. Bishop, George Edward, 38, Mauldeth Road, Withington, Manchester.Brewin, Arthur William, 24, Southwick Street, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, London, W.2. Broughton, Harry John, 34,Furzefield Road, London, S.E.3. Cookson, Bryan Robert, Brook Hill, Crowhurst, Sussex. Cox, Arthur Thomas, 38, Whellock Road, London, W.4. Elliston-Erwood, Francis William, 6, Foxcroft Road, London, S.E. 18. Fidler, Geoffrey Dolton, 47,Queen’s Road, Beeston, Nottingham. Fisher, Sydney John Mortimer, Netherneuk, Linford, Stanford-lc-Hope, Essex. Hopkins, John Francis, 15, Downs Court Road, Purley. Lawton, John Huntly Tarring, 31, Hampstead Lane, London, K.6. Leckie, Alan Harvey, 20, Bradmore vCTay,Brookmans Park, Herts. Matthews, James Grahame, Hillsboro’, Garndiffaith, Pontypool. Mills, Winton Gordon Boyce, Winton, Meadway, Epsom, Surrey.Parkinson, Theodore Lawrence, Halstead Cottage, Oxturn Road, Wye, Kent. Pross, August William, 81, St. Mary‘s Grove, Chiswick, London, W.4. Read, Malcolm George, 18, Stoner Road, London, W.14. Rusby, George Leger, 33, Litherland Park, Litherland, nr. Liverpool. Saint, Harold Charles John, Royal Marine Infirmary, Chatham, Kent. Scholefield, John Arthur, 26, Neil1 Street, Lower Broughton, Salforcl. Taylor, Donald Bryce, 40, Heywood Road, JVavertree, Liverpool. Turnbull, Alexander King, 21, Irongray Street, Glasgow, E.l. Wallwork, Douglas Goodson, 32, Wilmount Street, London, S.E. 18. DEATHS. Fellows. Alfred Re6, Ph.D. (Berne).Henry Lloyd Snape, O.B.E., D.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Gottingon).John Millar Thomson, LL.D. (Gla~.), F.R.S., Past President.John Watts, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Sc. (Lond.). Associates. Thomas Patrick Ballingall, B.Sc. (Edin.). William Ernest Brazier. Thomas Watson. Henry Marshall Webb, B.Sc. (London.). CHANGE OF NAME. Lionel Victor Bentley, _4ssociate, to Lionel Victor Block. General Notices. Lectures.---Professor Gilbert Thomas Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, will deliver three lectures entitled : ‘‘A Survey of Modern Inorganic Chemistry,” at the Institute on Tuesday, gth, Monday, xsth, and Wednesday, 17th May, 1g33,-at 8 p.m., on each occasion,-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.Cards for these lectures are enclosed with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September, commencing on the 18th of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the 10th July. Entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, must, however, be received before 1st June. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1934. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1933, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records 156 sf distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pat ing Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable. vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m.and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Science Museum, South.Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-Fellows and Associates who desire to continue to take advantage of the special arrangements made with Boots Booklovers’ Library are reminded that it is necessary to complete, before the 1st March, a fresh application form for a further year’s service. Forms can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Members who have had the service during the past year and wish to discontinue it, must return the last volume and the membership token to the branch of issue. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested 158 to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.