THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 ~NCORPORATEDBY ROYAL CHARTER, im5 Patron H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART VI: 1943 Publications Committee, 1943-44 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach, H. Baines, F.Challenger, J. W. Cook, L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President), J. J. Fox, D. Jordan-Lloyd,H. Moore and Garfield Thomas Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secrefavy 30. R~JSSELL LONDON,SQUARE, W.C.1 December, 1943 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting, 19thNovember, 1943.-On the recommendation of the Chemical Council, it was resolved that, pending agreement on conditions possible for the extension of the scope of the Chemical Council and any modification of its constitution, the Council of the Institute approve the co-option of two representatives of the British Association of Chemists as Members of the Chemical Council.The Chemical Council reported that the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had agreed to commend to its members the appeal which the Chemical Council wished to make for funds for publications, and that a Standing Committee on the Development of Co-operation was considering (a) a Central House, (b) a Joint Secretariat, (c) suggested steps regarding publications, j oin8t congresses and delimitation of the areas of Local Sections, and (d) suggestions with reference to the letter of February, 1943,signedby 150 chemists.The Council appointed Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. E. V. Suckling representa- tives of the Institute to attend a conference to be convened by the British Standards Institution to determine whether a Committee should be set up to provide methods of analysis of water from excavations for foundations. A letter from the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists intimated that the Society in General Meeting had approved the suggestion to form Groups dealing with special subjects or branches of analytical chemistry. The Council concurred in the reappointment of Mr. L. Arndell as Examiner for the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry (Northern Ireland).The President reported on an interview at the Ministry of Health on 26th October, when he, with Dr.Carr and the Registrar were received by Mr. T. Lindsay, a Principal Assistant Secretary, and Sir Weldon Dalrymple- Champneys, Deputy Chief Medical Officer. The President had pressed for a meeting in the hope that the representations made by the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts regarding the Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service would be more expeditiously and satisfactorily met. Since the previous conference with Officers of the Ministry, on aand April, the Councils of the Institute and the Society had hoped that arrangements would have been made to restore, to professional chemists, practice which had been diverted to the Emergency Public Health Laboratories, and that the Ministry would accept the offer of co-operation made by the Institute and the Society.Correspondence had been deferred and action delayed. Further complaints had been received, and the President felt that he would have to resort to other means unless the promises given by the Ministry were fulfilled. He reviewed the relations with the Ministry and the Institute and the Society since their foundation. The Institute had supplied the Local Government Board and the Ministry with qualified Public Analysts and the Society had contributed to the furtherance of the science underlying the duties entrusted to Public Analysts. It was grossly unfair and showed a lack of appreciation and gratitude for the services thus rendered that no steps should be taken to protect qualified professional men against inter- vention in their affairs by another profession.He pressed the point that chemists should not be subordinate to medical officers. If, in future Health [ 2021 Services, the appointments of Public Analysts were made subordinate to the Medical Officers, they would be unattractive. Chemists were ready and willing to co-operate with Medical Officers and to interpret the results of analyses, (Further steps are being taken.) The Petition for the Supplemental Charter, approved at the Special General Meeting held on 20th October, was sealed, and signed by the Officers of the Institute. The Council gave general approval to the proposal that the Institute should become a Corporate Member of the Scientific 'Film Association.Reports were received from the Standing Committees. The Publications Committee reported that suggestions had been received that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSshould be open to correspondence, but the Committee held that, apart from the question of paper restriction, a Journal published every other month was not appropriate for the purpose. Suggestions for the enlargement of the JOURNAL, received from another member, were judged to be not possible, on the present rates of membershipsubscriptions, unless the publication be made open to advertisements. On considering the Report of the Policy Committee, the Council dis- cussed a motion to provide that District or Regional Members of Council might be either Fellows or Associates of the Institute.Some members demurred that the motion restricted the eligibility of Associates for service on the Council to District or Regional Members. The proposal was debated at some length, and eventually an amendment-"That Associates be not eligible for membership of the Council"-was carried by a large majority, and subsequently adopted as a substantive resolution. A letter urging the re-introduction by the Institute of an Intermediate Examination was referred to the Chemistry Education Advisory Board and . to the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. A Report was received from the Publicity Committee giving particulars of the action proposed to be taken by the Chemical Council to encourage joint membership and joint student membership and of the advice given to Local Sections with a view to making more widely known to students and graduates the part played by the Institute in the chemical community and in the country.Council Meeting, 17th December, 1943.-The Council received further information regarding the conference called by the British Standards Institution in connexion with water analysis. It was felt that the scope of the enquiry had been extended and instead of being concerned with the underground corrosion of concrete, it was proposed to cover standardisation of analyses, both chemical and bacteriological, of water supplies as a whcle. The representatives of the Institute felt that they would be unable to devote time to meetings and discussions on those lines and that the majority of chemists competent to sit on the Committee would be in a similar position.Dr. Cox reported, however, that it had been decided to abandon the consideration of water in its sanitary, including bacteriological, aspects, and the Council agreed that the matter be left to Dr. Suckling and Dr. Cox for further report if necessary. The Chairman of the Chemical Council reported that the British Associa- tion of Chemists had been informed that that Council regretted, in the present circumstances, it had n6t been found possible to co-opt representa- tives of the Association on the Chemical Council; also that the Chemical Council had resolved to call a conference of all chemical societies and kindred :303 ] organisations to discuss matters relating to the finance of publications, the provision of premises and other matters of collaboration.The Chemical Council also suggested that, as every new Associate of the Royal Institute was urged in a letter signed by the President to support the publishing societies, so the members of the publishing societies, in so far as they are qualified, should be urged to join the professional body. The Chemical Council also expressed the hope that the Royal Institute would give more attention to questions affecting social security and economic interests of chemists. Dr. A. E. Dunstan, having reported that his term of office as representa- tive of the Institute on the Chemical Council was about to expire, it was resolved that the thanks of the Council be accorded to Dr.Dunstan for his services, and Sir Robert Pickard be asked to act as representative of the Institute in his place. Dr. William Cullen, as representative of the Institute on the Anglo- Soviet Scientific Collaboration Committee, reported that the matters with which that Committee dealt now seemed to be on a more satisfactory basis. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, Dr. H. D. K. Drew and Dr. Janet H. Matthews were appointed representatives to serve on a Sub-committee of the British Standards Institution to prepare Specifications for scientific glassware and laboratory ware and the standardisation of microchemical apparatus. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee included reference to assistance given to two widows,-one with six children (five girls and a boy, ages 14 to 11 years).The Committee reported that in appropriate cases regular allowances would be increased by 20 per cent., at a cost in all of probably E125 a year. The Publications Committee reported that Professor Cook’s lecture on “Chemistry and Cancer” would be issued with Part VI, and that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Dr. P. A. Houseman had been received. (The subject Dr. Houseman has chosen is “Licorice: Putting a Weed to Work.’’ As he is in America, it is proposed to ask a past-student of FinsburyTechnical College to read the paper on his behalf.) The Council considered preliminary arrangements for the election of the new Council, In accordance with the By-laws, the following will be in- eligible for re-election as District Members :-Mr.Garfield Thomas, Dr. J. A. Lovern, Professor J. W. Cook. The €ouncil received nomination for election to fill vacancies thus caused in favour of Mr. T. H. Gant, Mr. J. E. Bowen and Mr. J. W. Kerr. The following Members of Council are also due to retire, in accordance with the By-laws:-Messrs. E. E. Ayling, H. Baines, S. R. Carter, F. Challenger, L. A. Jordan, J. G. King and F. J. Wilson. Lecture.-On Friday, 12th November, the President presided at a meeting held at the Institute, when Profezsor J. W. Cook, F.R.S., Member of Council, gave a lecture on “Chemistry and Cancer. At the conclusion, Professor Cook having answered many questions, Mr. Bernard Howard, in moving a vote of thanks, expressed not only appreciation of the lecture, but of “the remarkable way in which Professor Cook had passed his oral examination.” The lecture is being issued with this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.Local Sections (The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read or in speecAds delivered during discussions.) Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in Aberdeen on 19th November, Mr. James Emrys Bowen was elected Member of Council for District xii, Aberdeen and North of Scotland, in place of Dr. J. A. Lovern, who is at present abroad. Dr. Roy Brown Strathdee was elected Chairman of the Section, and Dr. F. L. Hudson was appointed Honorary Secretary, on the retirement of Dr.W. M. Todd, who had held that office since September, 1939. Belfast and District.-A meeting was held in the Royal Academical Institution on 4th November, when Mr. David Kennedy read an interesting paper entitled “Teaching Science at L4,OOO per year,” being a note of the work of Dr. D. B. Reid. Dr. W. Honneyman presided in the unavoidable absence of the Chairman. A joint meeting with the local members of the Chemical Society was held in the Chemical Dept., Queen’s University, on 25th November, Dr. M. H. Hall in the chair. Professor T. J. Nolan, of University College, Dublin, read a paper entitled “Some Recent Contributions of the Chemist to the Study and Treatment of Disease,” which was much appreciated. Birmingham and Midlands.-Provided that sufficient support is forthcoming, an intensive course of lectures in Chemical Engineering will be given in Birmingham, by Mr.E. Woollatt, BSc., A.M.1.Chem.E. It is proposed that the lectures be given on Saturday (morning and afternoon) and Sunday (morning) during three week-ends in April, May, and June. Each meeting of the class will be for three hours and two lectures, with a short break between, will be given at each meeting. The fee for the course will be three guineas, of which one guinea will be payable on acceptance and two guineas on, or before, the first meeting of the class. A detailed syllabus will be supplied to intending applicants. Applications from Fellows and Associates will be given priority. Others applying to join the class should be of graduate standing in chemistry.All applications should be made, in writing, not later than 31st January, 1944, to E. M. Joiner, 15, Halton Road, Sutton Coldfield. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society on 4th November, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse, Chairman of the Bristol and South-Western Counties Section of the Royal Institute, presided, and a discussion was opened by Professor Alexander Findlay, President, on “Reconstruction in the Chemical Profession after the War.’’ The President’s remarks followed the same lines as those given in the report of the meeting held at Birmingham on 8th October (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part V, pp.172-173). Dr. D. W. Adamson gave his suggestions on the functions that might be allotted to various chemical organisations as well as on the subscriptions payable by members and proposals for the enlargement of the library of the Chemical Society. He thought that money might be saved for the building of a Chemistry House and improving library facilities. He would like to see the Institute do something more to promote the better economic conditions of many of its members. He suggested that the British Association of Chemists should care for students and junior chemists until they became qualified for the Associateship of the Institute. The President said that some chemists seemed to think that the Institute was doing too much.It was the duty of the Institute, however, to interest itself in students because they were aiming at becoming Associates; that was why it registered students; their training was the Institute’s speciarconcern, and it was its duty to look after the qualifications of chemists. The aims and objects of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists were different. If chemists felt that they could derive benefit from membership of the Association, by all means let them join it. It was largely a benefit society, and among other things provided a scheme for unemployment insurance. He was in favour of a joint chemical publication for the members of the various societies, but he could not see how sufficient money could be raised from the incomes of the societies to build Chemistry House.There was not a great deal of overlapping between [2051 the activities of the various bodies and it was difficult to estimate exactly whether anything could be saved by having a central secretariat. It would be exceedingly difficult unless and until the organisations were housed together. The work was much too complicated to be separated from the main office dealing with registration and qualifications. The Institute was probably the only body which had published statistics with regard to the remuneration of its members, which was not greatly, if at all, inferior to the remuneration of other professions. The Council was always ready to listen to practical suggestions.Mr. T. B. Gyles said he had come to the opinion that the difficulties of organisation were greater than they had imagined. There was a desire for economy among the older members, and many hesitated to advocate changes. Hitherto he had felt that there was no real wish for independent societies among the younger members, but if there was a way, in spite of difficulties, of getting chemists together in one society, he felt the present time gave an opportunity of closer unity. The President, replying, said that the interests of a chemist might vary: for a discussion on the science of chemistry he went to the Chemical Society; on the appli- cation of science, he went to the Society of Chemical Industry. Chemists were not divided, but apportioned their activities to suit existing conditions.They had be- come organised in the particular way in which they found themselves to-day, in order to secure certain aims and objects. If you told the Societies to dissolve and set up a new Society, a large number of members would regret having to dissociate themselves from a particular Society and become merged in a new one. A man was not divided against himself because he had more than one interest. Dr. Maxted said that they enjoyed joint meetings and they went very smoothly and well. Dr. Monkhouse said that so many people were interested in chemistry in different ways. He asked whether they wanted to put all chemists under one hat? ProfeSsor Hirst referred to the tendency for ancillary societies to increase in number rather than diminish.The Society of Chemical Industry had its various groups claiming to become almost separate societies. He doubted whether strong bodies, such as the ChemicaI Society, the Faraday Society, the Society of-Dyers and Colourists, the Institute of Brewing and many others, would want to be brought into the unification scheme. He did not see how that could be done. Mr. Floren said that Mr. Adamson appeared to suggest that a member of the B.A.C. was a lower member. The B.A.C. demanded certain standards for its grades of members, but it differed from the Institute in that it admitted members on the basis of evidence of practical ability in chemical industry. He referred to the history of the formation of the Institute and that of the B.A.C., and on the question of remuneration, said that he, tbo, was concerned about the salaries of the less-paid members of the profession.The appointments notified by the Institute five or six years ago were often on a low scale. Chemists wanted recognition and publicity. They were doing a job which the great majority of people could not do. Because they were not usually in the public eye, they were not recognised in the same way as the medical man. Professor H. T. S. Britton was concerned about chemists outside the Institute. He found that students, when they started on an honours course, almost automatically joined the Chemical Society. If the Institute wanted to get hold of the younger people more should be done to get them to understand the registration scheme. His impression was that if students paid so many shillings a year and were registered, they got nothingout of it.* The President pointed out that Registered Students of the Institute could come under the joint junior co-operation scheme which would come into force in 1944.The meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the President. On 2nd December a meeting of the Local Section was held in the Chemical Depart- ment of Bristol University, jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society together with the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Mr.Tungay, Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group, presided, and a paper on “Caustic Embrittlement in Boilers” was given jointly by Messrs. P. Hamer and E. W. Colbeck. Mr. Colbeck dealt with the metallurgical aspect of the problem, and Mr. Hamer dealt with feed-water treatment. * A Registered Student pays 10s. a year. He receives the publications, including JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,lectures, etc., and on applying for Associateship is excused L1 1s. of the Entrance Fee if he has been registered for two years, thus getting literature and service for two years and saving a shilling. Moreover, Sections invite students to meetings, except meetings for the discussion of professional subjects. [ 2061 Cardiff and District.-On 9th October the members of the Cardiff and District Section were invited to attend the Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff.The Lord Mayor, Coun- cillor J. Griffiths, J.P., presided, and Principal J. F. Rees welcomed the visitors to the University College. Sir R. Robertson, F.R.S.,delivered a lecture entitled “Diamond” to a large audience. On 20th November a meeting was held jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at University College, Cardiff. Mr. P. V. Lloyd occupied the chair and a lecture was delivered by Mr. R. G. Minor, entitled ‘Adulteration of Food.” Before introducing the lecturer, Mr. Lloyd paid tribute to the excellent work carried out on behalf of the Section by the retiring chairman, Mr.S. Dixon. Mr. Dixon, in his reply, expressed the hope that the Section would continue to expand and be of even greater service to the chemists in the district in the years to come. The lecturer was then introduced by the Chairman, and the audience listened to an interesting and topical address. (See p. 216.) Dublin.-On the occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Dublin Section held on 24th November, at the conclusion of the formal business, a presentation was made to the Honorary Secretary, Dr. A. G. G. Leonard. The Chairman (Mr. J. W. Parkes) in making the presentation, outlined the aims of the Institute, and traced its development to the formation of Local Sections. An Irish Local Section was formed and held its first meeting in November, 1918, at which Dr.Leonard was appointed Honorary Secretary. Twenty-five years later, the Local Section was holding its Annual General Meeting with the same Honorary Secretary and the members felt that this was an appropriate occasion upon which to express their appreciation of Dr. Leonard’s services to them. For twenty-five years he had been the mainstay of the Section; he had carried out his duties faithfully and well, and under his wise guidance the affairs of the Section were in excellent order. Many of those associated with the presentation were past students of Dr. Leonard, who had sent their felicitations, and in addition, a telegram had been received conveying the good wishes of the President, Council and Officers of the Institute.Mr. B. G. Fagan, Public Analyst for the City of Dublin, speaking as one who had been a member of the Committee since its inception, also paid tribute to the efficiency of Dr. Leonard’s work. The Chairman then presented a silver tea set, suitably engraved, and a fishing rod to Dr. Leonard, and a hand-bag to Mrs. Leonard, in token of the appreciation of the members of her contribution to the social occasions of the Section. Dr. Leonard, in reply, referred to the formation of the Irish Section, and likened himself to a catalyst assisting the individual chemical groups in Ireland to combine, with happy results. They had planned to meet four times each year, and, in fact, this was their 98th meeting, so that they had a “yield ” of 98 per cent., with which, he thought, no chemist would quarrel ! Unlike the best catalysts, however, he could not claim that he had emergedunaltered from the process. On behalf of Mrs.Leonard and himself, he returned thanks to the members for their “sterling, sporting and graceful ” tokens of appreciation. East Midlands.-Mr. G. E. Wilson having moved to Glasgow, has been obliged to relinquish the office of almoner for the Benevolent Fund in the East Midlands Section. Mr. A. W. Fairgrieve has undertaken to act in his place. A well attended meeting of the Section was held in Derby on 28th October, when Professor R. D. Haworth dealt with “Natural Resins.” In November, the members of the Institute were invited to a neeting organised by the Leicester Society of Chemists, when Mr.R. Maitland gave an address on “Plastics,” and on 17th November, at Nottingham, Dr. J. B. Firth read a paper on “Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation. ’’ Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-A joint meeting with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Edinburgh, on, 29th October, Dr. W. M. Ames presiding.Dr. H. B. Nisbet, vice-chairman of the Section, a member of the Chemistry Educa- tion Advisory Board, lectured on “The Rationalisation of Technical Training.” There was a large attendance and a lengthy discussion followed the lecture. On 16th November, a joint meeting with the Chemical Society, the Edinburgh University Chemical Society and the Local Section of the:Society of Chemical Industry, was held in the University, Edinburgh, Mr.A. C. Docherty in the chair. Dr. E. B. Ludlam gave an appreciation of the late Dr. Alexander Lauder, one of the founders of the Local Section and its Chairman in 1924 and 1925. Prof. M. Polanyi lectured on “The Strength of Carbon Bonds.” [ 2073 Glasgow and West of Scotland. --‘the A~iiiuiblGeneral Meeting of the Section took place in Glasgow on 29th October, Professor W. M. Cumming presiding. Dr. J. McLean, Hon. Treasurer, submitted the Accounts, and the Report was accepted on the motion of Dr. P. F. Gordon, seconded by Professor J. W. Cook. Dr. McLean was thanked for his services, and Dr. G. D. Muir for acting as Hon. Auditor. Dr. Muir was re-elected for the Session 1943-44.The Hon. Secretary’s Report was read by the Hon. Assistant Secretary, in the absence, owing to illness, of Mr. J. G. Duncan. Reference was made to the joint meetings held during the session, and to the discussion on Institute policy held after the previous Annual General Meeting. Thanks were accorded to Professor Cook, District Member of Council, and to Mr. A. R. Jamieson, Representative on the Benevo- lent Fund Committee. At the Section Secretaries’ Conference held in June, the Section was represented by Mr. H. G. A. Anderson, Hon. Assistant Secretary. The adoption of the Report was moved by Dr. I. V. Hopper, seconded by Mr. Hugh C. Moir. Reference was made to the illness of Mr. Duncan, the Hon. Secretary, and the Chairman voiced the feelings of the meeting in hoping that he would soon be restored to health.The members sent him their best wishes and sincere thanks. The Hon. Assistant Secretary was thanked for his services. A brief report on the work of the Benevolent Fund was submitted by Mr. A. R. Jamieson. The Committee’s recommendation to revert to the pre-war practice of election of Office-Bearers and Committee was submitted from the Chair and accepted by the meeting. Professor Cumming referred to the work of Professor Cook, District Member of Council, whose term of office will terminate in March, 1944. He had been most diligent in his attendance, and in his work as their Representative, and was warmly thanked for his services. Mr. J. W. Kerr was nominated as his successor and the nomination warmly received.This concluded the business, and thereafter the members were joined by members of other chemical societies and enjoyed an exhibit of scientific films. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section was held on 9th November in Field’s Cafi., Mr. D. Hanson in the Chair, when Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt gave a talk entitled “Collaboration in Publication.” Members who participated in the discussion expressed their appreciation of the amount of information given by Dr. Lampitt, and suggested the necessity for full discussion of matters of policy by the Local Sections before any proposals were put into effect. At a meeting of the Section held on 23rd November, also under the Chairmanship of Mr.Hanson, Professor Challenger gave an address entitled “The Personal Background of Some Fundamental Investigations.” This was followed by an informal discussion, during which members contributed personal reminiscences of great chemists. (See p. 217.) Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University on 1st November, Professor F. Challenger presiding. By courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.. a number of films of scientific and general interest were shown. After a social interval, a very large audience assembled for a lecture-demonstration by Dr. A. D. Mitchell, on “Improved Methods in Volumetric Analysis,” followed by a discussion on points of interest in many branches of analysis.At the Annual General Meeting, held in the University of Leeds on 29th November, the Section welcomed the President, Professor Alexander Findlay. Professor F. Challenger, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Report and Financial Statement were received and adopted. Dr. H. Phillips and Messrs. Trefor Davies, W. R. Middlebrook and A. Taylor were elected ’to vacancies on the Committee, and Mr. T. G. J. Clinton was elected to serve for two years in place of Mr. H. Hollis. Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected Hon. Auditors. Mr. Thompson received the congratulations of the Section on his election to the presidency of the Institute of Sewage Purification. The President opened a discussion on “The Organisation of Chemists.” He said that the better organisation of chemists would enable them to give their service more efficiently to the community.In all branches of industrial effort, and in promoting and protecting the health of the people by safeguarding the purity of food supplies and by the production of essential vitamins and drugs which have saved many thousands of lives, the achievements of chemists, although not always realised by the public, had been of outstanding importance. [ 208 1 The unification of chemists and the unification of chemical societies were two very different problems. The unification of chemists was in a fair way to realisation, thanks largely to the efforts and initiative of the Institute. The number of chemists enrolled as members of the three Chartered Bodies was about 12,000 and if all those who were qualified were to become members of the Institute unification of chemists would in fact be complete. It should be the responsibility of the other two.federated societies to encourage their members to join the Institute in the same way that the Institute urged its members to belong to the publishing societies under the joint scheme which was to be extended to junior membership.The growth and development of the Institute had kept pace with the changes in the profession. Originally founded to provide a recognised standard of qualification and code of ethics for public analysts and consultants, the necessity for qualification and registration was no less urgent now that 75 per cent.of its members were engaged in industry. It had secured de fact0 recognition by Government Departments as the body entitled to speak on matters concerning chemists and chemistry, and the question of de jure recognition must shortly be considered. As the problems of social security became more insistent, the Institute would seek fresh methods of promoting the economic welfare of its members, aided by their own sense of responsibility to further their mutual interests through the medium of its organisation. When we came to consider chemical societies the desirability of unification was much less clear. The individual societies were founded to perform distinct and definite functions and services; each had developed a personality of its own and could not be expected to relinquish its autonomy.In this country, moreover, there were advantages in having relatively small societies looking after the interests of the various sections of the profession rather than one large society as in America. The rapid growth of chemistry and the expansion of research during the last twenty- five years, however, brought special financial problems to the two publishing societies, and it was to help in the solution of these that the Chemical Council was founded in 1935. This body had taken over the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s Library and the control of the Bureau of Chemical Abstracts; it made grants to the publishing societies and administered a scheme of joint membership. It thus constituted a federation which achieved most of the advantages of unification without loss of autonomy to the participants, and the success of this was reflected in the striking increase in the member- ship of the Chemical Society which had occurred since the joint membership scheme was instituted.There was no doubt, however, that the functions of the Chemical Council would have to be altered and enlarged in the near future. These would probably embrace the publi- cation of a news journal, the organisation of an annual congress of chemists, and especi- ally the establishment of a “Chemistry House,” to house the Library, and adequate secretariat, and to provide meeting rooms and a centre where chemists could foregather for all purposes of mutual interest and concern.If our industrial prosperity and the material welfare of our people were to be ensured, a determined and persistent effort must be made by the Government, by industry, and by the universities and technical colleges to pull level with our chief rivals in industry who, in the promotion and encouragement given to chemical research, had considerably outstripped us. In no country was there higher scientific ability than here, but we had too often failed to make use of it. In the ensuing discussion Mr. J. H. Bendle emphasised those questions of economic security to which more recently founded societies were directing their special endGavours. Dr. H. Burton enquired why a chemist earned more money when he ceased to work at a bench.The President said that, in his opinim, the Institute would have to pay particular attention to economic security. Mr. Phillipson raised the question of the restrictions which industrial firms had been known to place on publication by chemists in their employ. The Chairman pointed out that this was a diminishing difficulty and was nowadays confined to a relatively small number of firms. Mr. D. H. Hill proposed that the Institute should include among the subjects for the Fellowship examination the Industrial Management of Chemical Works and Allied Trades. He pointed out that the Institute, unlike the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and some other similar bodies, made no provision to enable the chemist to qualify for managerial posts in industry.In consequence there was a tendency in cer- tain types of factories to confine the chemist to technical work and to appoint to admin- istrative posts non-technical men who had not got a full appreciation of the nature and possibilities of the chemist’s work, and whose caution when dealing with research which did not show an immediate return might act as a brake on development. [ZWj After discussion it was agreed that the matter should be further considered by the Section, possibly in conjunction with the Institution of Chemical Engineers. The thanks of the Section were accorded to the President for his welconie visit. London and South-Eastern Counties .-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Royal Institute on 17th November.There was a good attend- ance and the meeting was notable for the interest shown by members in the Section activities. The question of a third grade of membership of the Institute provoked a verylively debate and resulted in a demand by the members for a special meeting to discuss the matter rather than it should be discussed at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The business meeting was followed by debates on the motions:- (i) “That this meeting considers that Associates should be eligible for service on the Council of the Institute,” which was carried by 35 votes to 23; and (ii) “That this meeting is in favour of the closure of the chemical profession,” which was lost by 16 votes to 18. The Committee for 1943-44 was elected:-Chairman, Dr.G. L. Riddell; Vice-Chairmen, Mr. s. J. Johnstone and Dr. H. Baines; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. s. Cook; Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. Q. Laws; District Member of Council, Mr. D. M. Freeland; and the following: Messrs. A. L. Bacharach, A. Batley, L. C. Chadwick, C. W. Davies, J. G. Fife, C. W. Herd, F. C. Hymas, A. J. Jinkings, C. A. Kerr, T. McLachlan, D. D. Moir, W. C. Peck, J. L. Pinder, J. W. Price, S. G. E. Stevens, and S. G. Stevenson, Mrs. S. M. Tritton, and Mr. H. C. S. de Whalley. Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Local Sections of the Chemical Society, the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Associatian, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the British Association of Chemists, at King’s College, on 11th November.Mr. B. P. Hill (Chairman of the Newcastle Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) presided, and there was an attendance of more than a hundred. . Dr. P. D. Ritchie and Mr. I. W. A. Kirkwood lectured on “Plastics,” Dr. Ritchie dealing with the chemical aspects and Mr. Kirkwood with the engineering and electro- technical aspects of the subject. Numerous products of the plastics industry were exhibited. The lecture was an amplification of a well attended talk given by Dr. Ritchie on the same subject at a joint meeting with the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on the 27th May. South Wales.-A meeting was held jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society on 13th November, at University College, Swansea, Mr.R. H. Jones presiding.Mr. S. B. Watkins delivered a lecture entitled “The Greeks started it.” The meeting served as an informal celebration of the 25th anniversary of the in- auguration of the Section, which fell on 16th November. On 4th December a meeting was held, jointly with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at University College, Swansea, Mr. J . Christie presiding. Dr. W. D. Jones delivered a lecture on “Powder Metallurgy.” South Yorkshire.-The Institute has received with much regret the intimation that, for reasons of health, Mr. George Parkin bas felt obliged to relinquish the office of Hon. Secretary of the South Yorkshire Section, in which he has rendered excellent service since 1940.Tees-Side .-An interesting paper entitled “Modern Methods in MetallurgicalAnalysis” was read by Mr. E. J. Vaughan at Sparks’ Cafe, High Street, Stockton-on- Tees, on 21st October. Dr. G. I. Higson presided, and a keen discussion followed the paper (see p. 214.) On 25th November, at a joint meeting with the Stockton Branch of the Association of Scientific Workers the subject was “Titanium Dioxide,” and the speaker was Mr. S. G. Tinsley, of British Titan Products, Billingham. A second paper on “The Analysis of Titanium Dioxide” was read by Dr. F. R. Williams. The lectures were illustrated with slides and specimens. Mr. A. Scholes was in the Chair. [ 21.0; SUMMARIES OF LECTURES The Industry of Polymers or Macromolecules BY F.J. BRISLEE, DSc., F.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section, 7th October, 1943.1 A survey of the plastics industry, or “the industry of polymers or macromolecules ” is of particular importance in view of the loss of rubber-producing areas after the entry of the Japanese into the war. Before the war, plastics could be classified as follows : phenol-formaldehyde condensation products, polymers and co- polymers of hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, vinyl esters and acrylic esters, and cellulose derivatives. Rubber-like properties were only apparent in certain of these classes and considerable attention has since been paid to bodies in this category. The earlier products were inferior to rubber, but had some useful properties. Later ones were much improved, particularly those obtained by the co-polymerisation of a mixture of two of the following : styrene, ethylene, butadiene, vinyl chloride, acrylic nitrile, isobutylene.A polymer of vinyl chloride from the U.S.A. and a co-polymer of vinyl chloride and acrylic nitrile from Germany were introduced for low voltage work and were more resistant to oil, petrol, etc., than rubber. Polystyrene proved to have outstanding electrical properties. Greatest progress towards rubber-like products has been made by the co-polymerisation of a mixture of butadiene and styrene. The molecular weights of polymers and co-polymers can be varied within wide limits, but desirable properties may occur only over a certain range. A number of catalysts are employed for bringing about or accelerating polymerisation whilst inhibitors were used in operating with unstable monomers. In the commercial co-polymerisation of buta- diene and styrene the operation is carried out in soapy water, and the product is a latex which requires to be salted out to yield a solid body.In synthetic rubber pro- duction, U.S.A. and Canada have made much progress, mainly owing to the availability of raw materials, alcohol from petroleum or by fermentation, which gives butadiene, benzene from coal and ethylene from petroleum, which together give ethylbenzene and then styrene by dehydrogenation. When normal conditions are restored it is likely that the two forms of rubber will have to be considered on their respective merits.This is not a case parallel with indigo, for rubber is a major constituent of large articles of widespread utility, mainly tyres. Immense strides have been made in rubber growing as well as in rubber technique. The grown rubber had many advan- tages, and for certain purposes set a very high standard of excellence. Fields for the use of plastics in general should be reviewed with due regard to the possible exhaustion of petroleum, natural gas and coal, the raw materials for plastics. Food Canning By J. P. ALLCHIN,B.Sc., A.I.C. [Birmingham and Midlands Section, 20th OctobF, 1943.1 Early in the nineteenth century, provisions for Arctic Expeditions were packed in tinned cannisters; in 1939, 15s. per capitum throughout the United Kingdom was expended on the purchase of canned foods.In this growth, scientific control has had a large responsibility. Raw materials of the finest quality are utilised in the modern canning industry. They are handled in the most expeditious manner, subjected to a minimum of manipula- tions before being sealed into a suitable container, then given a final “processing” or heat treatment, which both cooks the pack and prevents subsequent spoilage. The nutritional chemist has recently given close attention to the conservation of the nutritive factors in canned goods and the avoidance of losses in the preparation stages. An example is the investigation of the “blanching” or scalding of vegetables which is essential from many aspects, particularly for the destruction of enzymes capable of producing unwanted chemical changes in the vegetable cells.An instance is the change-over of sugar to starch in the garden pea, with the consequent loss of the “new pea” flavour. By suitable control of pH, time of application, treatment of the scalding liquor, etc., much of the undesirable losses due to the leaching effects can be overcome. The prevention of significant reduction in ascorbic acid during the canning process has received close study, for it is well to remember that in some theatres of war the bulk of the vitamin C intake is via canned foods. [2111 The use of synthetic resin lacquer coatings has done much to increase the storage life for packs of meat, fish, and fruit products-the latter often of appreciable acidity- compared with the storage life in the commercially-tinned mild steel alone.In the latter case rapid electrolytic attack may occur, giving rise to hydrogen sulphide ‘‘ swells ” or hydrogen “ swells.” Research by the plastic chemist and the electrodepositor will, no doubt, remove these corrosion troubles still further. At the present time, shortage of tin has brought about the wide use of lacquered “bonderised ” plate with attendant difficulties for the canning technologist. Bacteriological control of food canning exists to ensure a resultant pack that will neither spoil, due to subsequent growth of organisms, nor will be capable of givingrise to symptoms of food poisoning caused by ingestion of either bacterial exo- or endo- toxins.Bacteriological examination of all raw materials is carried out during the stages of preparation. The heat process received by the can is controlled by heat penetration tests in which thermocouples are placed at the centre of the particular canned pack and, using the thermal resistant spores of CZ. botulinum as reference organism, the heat treat- ment required may be fixed. In this country no reputable canner has been involved with such food poisoning. An industry of food canning well alive and eager to avail itself of scientific control has grown up; it has played an important r61e in the nutrition of our armed forces and may well contribute even further to the world nutritional policy. Some Recent Advances in Inorganic .Analysis By R. C.CHIRNSIDE,F.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section, 20th October, 1943.1 The foundations of classical analytical chemistry were laid early in the nineteenth century and many of our methods and much of our apparatus date from that period. Although analysis has made essential contributions to all branches of chemistry there has been a long period of neglect of this branch of the science. The outstanding development along classical lines has been in the analytical chemistry of tantalum, niobium and their mineral associates, the work of Schoeller and his collaborators. Some improvements in the methods of silicate analysis have been introduced but, in general, the discovery of useful quantitative reactions has not kept pace with the development of new tools.Most of the newer organic reagents lack specificity; among the most useful are benzoinoxime for the determination of molybdenum, and 8-hydroxyquinoline for the determination of aluminium, magnesium and zinc. The Institute has published in monograph form lectures on recent developments in volumetric analysis and indicators, electrometric methods, micro-chemical methods, absorption spectrophotometry,chromatography and the use of the Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer. In the metallurgical world, thousands of determinations are made in a year by electrolytic methods, and the spectrograph and the absorptiometer have been used to replace classical methods of steel analysis. In view of the publication of all these developments it has been thought useful to describe some other tools and to show, generally by the iise of specific examples, how the application of these new techniques may supplement or complement, and sometimes replace, existing chemical methods.Foremost among recent advances is a new and higher conception of analysis and of what the analyst can do. Hughes’s definition-“the examination of a material to ascertain its composition, its properties and its qualities ”-aptly expresses this wider conception of analysis. Now that we may count among the potential methods of addingto our knowledge about a material the use of the spectrograph, the X-ray diffraction camera, electron diffraction and the electron niicroscope, the polarograph and ampero- metric titration, new or revived developments in electrolytic analysis such as electro- graphic technique, internal electrolysis and the use of the mercury cathode, physical methods of gas analysis, particularly as applied to the determination of small quantities of gases in metals, fluorescence analysis and some other minor techniques, the broader possibilities implied in Hughes’s definition become realisable. The use of the spectrograph for routine analytical control in the steel and non- ferrous metal industries has been described by F.G. Barker and by D. M. Smith. Its uses in the general analytical field may be summarised as follows: for rapid qualita- tive analysis as a basis for planning the chemical analysis; for approximate analyses by sight; for investigating the purity of gravimetric precipitates; for the detection of “traces” or of unexpected elements, and for examination of samples of which only a small amount is available. A unique advantage of the spectrograph is that it does not differentiate between that which is looked for and that which is wholly out of mind.c 212 1 )?'or quantitative work niuch attention has been paid recently to methods of excitation of the spectrum so as to give reproducible results. For metals, the sample in the form of filings or small turnings is placed in a shelf or well cut in a specially prepared graphite electrode. The relatively high arcing current raises the temperature of the electrode so that the metal melts, then vaporises, passing slowly and continuously through the arc until the sample is consumed.By this method it has been found possible to extend the detection of phosphorus and arsenic in copper down to 0.001 per cent. and 0-0003percent. respectively. The powdered crystal method of X-ray analysis possibly surpasses in general value any other physical method. The X-ray diffraction pattern by which the structural characteristics of a crystal are revealed is unique and may be used as a means of identi- fication. Resides the determination of the state of combination of the elements, changes of phase such as are produced by dehydration or heat treatment can be detected. Solid solution effects may be observed and in favourable circumstances a fairly close estimate of the ratio of two components of such a sample can be-made. Identification is usually achieved by comparison of the pattern of the specimen with standard X-ray patterns of known pure substances, but the experience and memory of the investigator are invaluable.A combination of spectographic, chemical and X-ray methods of analysis gives very complete information about a substance, particularly in the refractory and metal- lurgical fields. The X-ray examination of chemical precipitates is often revealing and it is probable that the systematic study of many of our classical chemical separations would upset some old beliefs. Electron diffraction is similar in principle to X-ray diffraction but the electron stream cannot get through the outside skin and, therefore, analyses the condition of the surface. The utility of the method has been enhanced by the great importance of surface films in modern applied physics and chemistry.The electron microscope, analogous in principle to the optical microscope, employs an electron beam in place of the usual light rays. It has extended the field of microscopy to cover the range 0.2-0.004 micron (40~). From theoretical considerations it may eventually be possible to get down to 10~. Magnifications of 50,000 are immediately realisable and the great depth of focus and high resolving power at low magnifications show the great possibilities of the instrument. In the U.S.A. this instrument is already being applied to analytical problems and a small beginning has been made here.The polarograph is a simple electrolytic cell, a solution of the sample is the electro- lyte, the anode is a pool of mercury and fine droplets of mercury from a capillary form the cathode. On applying a gradually increasing voltage to the cell the current increases in a series of steps, each corresponding to a particular ion. The heieht of the step or magnitude of the current is a measure of the concentration of the ion in solution. The effect depends on the substance being reducible at the cathode but an interval of at least 0.2 volt is desirable in the reduction potentials of the ions in solution. Otherwise a preliminary chemical separation may be necessary. A useful application is in the determination of "trace " elements in "pure" metals.In amperometric titration, using a mercury cell, similar to the polarograph, the current passing through the titration cell is measured as a function of the volume of a suitable titrating solution. In electrographic analysis, a variation of the older method of contact printing, paper impregnated with a suitable electrolyte is placed between the surface of the metal specimen and a platinum surface. The specimen is connected to the positive of a low voltage battery and under suitable conditions metal ions may be made to pass from the specimen into the paper where they react with the impregnating solution, the product being sometimes a coloured compound. Chromatography has been applied in the main to organic compounds, but the resolution of water soluble inorganic compounds has been facilitated by the application of an electrical potential to the ends of the column.The combination of electrophoresis and adsorption enhances the value of both methods. Technical advances in other fields have stimulated improvements in analytical technique. The development of better laboratory furnaces, combustion tubes and boats has resulted in the adoption of rapid and precise combustion methods for the determina- tion of small amounts of sulphur and carbon in metals and alloys. Although some of the instruments and techniques described are beyond the reach of all but the best equipped laboratories, the results of their pioneer work cannot but influence knowledge and activity in other branches of science, and not least in analytical chemistry.It is no longer possible for analysis, in the fullest sense of the word, to be anything but a co-operative effort of a number of experts, each having some considerable knowledge of the work of the other members of the team. [ 213 1 Modern Methods in Metallurgical Analysis By E. J. VAUGHAN,M.Sc., F.I.C. (Tees-Side Section, 21st October, 1943.1 In the Bragg Laboratory application of the spectrograph, the absorptiometer and the polarograph has not only reduced the cost of analysis, but has also led to rapid increase in the speed and accuracy of the methods used. Since the publication of papers by Barker (J. Iron G. Steel Inst., 1939), Barker, Convey and Oldfield (J.Iron G.Steel Inst., 1941) and Vaughan (Institute of Chemistry Monographs, 1941 and 1942) further work has led to a largely increased use of physical-chemical methods both for routine analysis and research work. Of the published absorptiometric methods, difficulty had been met in the determina- tion of molybdenum owing to fading. This had been overcome by a slight modification of the method involving the use of a small amount of perchloric acid. Fading was eliminated and at the same time the range of concentration of acids and salts over which stability of absorption was obtained was considerably increased. A comprehensive study of the application of the methods to a very wide range of steels had produced some new and interesting facts and had shown that the methods as given were generally suitable employing direct or difference readings as necessary. Only in the case of steels containing vanadium and tungsten and steels containing molybdenum with more than 0.5% copper were any of the methods found to fail.In the former case, owing to the formation of complex vanado-tungstates, the determina- tions of vanadium and chromium were unsatisfactory, and a new method for the deter- mination of vanadium by the formation of a plum-coloured solution resulting from the stannous chloride reduction of vanado-tungstate shows promise. In the latter case, the determination of molybdenum is unsatisfactory owing to the precipitation of copper-thiocyanate. Work on the possibility that increased use of perchloric acid may overcome this is in hand.The most outstanding advance in the application of absorptiometric methods has been in the micro-chemical field. In addition to those published, methods have been formulated for copper, titanium, carbon and sulphur. By the use of the mercury lamp the very small weights necessary have been further reduced and the determination of manganese, chromium, nickel and molybdenum is now possible on a 4 mg. sample. Further evidence is available to suggest that vanadium and copper may be added to the composite scheme without increasing the weight of sample. Work is being carried on with the object of obtaining an accurate analysis of an alloy steel for carbon, phos- phorus, sulphur, silicon, manganese and all alloy elements on a sample weight of some 25 mg.In addition to the preparation of standardised techniques for the analysis of alloy brasses by spectro-chemical methods and the extension of present spectrographictechniques to a wider range of composition, considerable attention has been given to the spectro-chemical analysis of segregates. The latest technique in use employs an upper silver nipple pointed electrode and a traversing system by which the sample, the lower electrode, is guided under the upper while the photographic plate on which the spectrogram is recorded, moves downward across the camera aperture of the spectro- graph. The carbon, silicon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium contents of actual segregates in steel are obtained by this method, and it has been shown that element content variations exist within a single segregate.In the case of large segregates, micro-chemical methods have been employed and confirmed the spectrographic results. A number of elements occurring in steels and non-ferrous alloys present difficulties when determinations are attempted by spectrographic and absorptiometric methods. For such elements a study of the application of polarography is being made. For leaded steels, a very rapid method for the determination of lead is available by taking a polarogram with the steel in hydrochloric acid solution using the ferrous chloride produced as electrolyte. War-time conditions have brought about an increase in the concentration of minor impurities in steel, and copper is generally, and tin often, an impurity met.Using suitable modifications, it has been found possible to determine copper and lead taking one polarogram only and by taking two polarograms the determination of tin shows promise. Bricks without Straw By Dr. T. S. WHEELER,F.I.C. [Dublin Section, 27th October, 1943.1 The Emergency Scientific Research Bureau was set up by the Government of Eire in February, 1941, to assist in the production of materials in short supply owing to the emergency or, alternatively, to advise in regard to possible substitutes for these materials. The Bureau consists of two chemists, two physicists and an engineer, and its work involves the experimental production of materials under its own supervision, and assistance to manufacturers in the solution of technical difficulties arising from the emergency.The main activity relates to the supply of fuel for mobile producers which have come into increasing use in Eire owing to shortage of petrol supplies. In this connexion the Bureau has erected an experimental plant for the carbonisation of turf, producing per week 17 tons of charcoal suitable for use in producers. It has assisted in the manufacture of turf charcoal in hand-operated pits and kilns. Attention has been devoted to research on the design and production of suitable types of mobile producers. One of the most urgent problems presented to the Bureau related to the provision of compressed carbon dioxide for use in refrigeration plants in creameries.The emer- gency plant which it erected tided the creameries over a difficult period until arrange- ments, in the making of which the Bureau participated, had been completed for the utilisation of brewery supplies of the gas. The Bureau also designed and worked experimentally a plant for the production of formalin from methyl alcohol on a scale of two tons per week, an electric furnace for the manufacture of phosphorus, and a subsidiary plant for phosphorus sulphide. As at one time it appeared doubtful if materials for the erection of the phosphorus furnace would be available, a “thermite” process for the production of this element from sodium metaphosphate by the action of aluminium powder in presence of silica was developed on a semi-technical scale, using laboratory results already available in the literature.The production of aluminium powder from scrap aluminium and of sodium metaphosphate from phosphate rock was also established. To meet a shortage of glycerol, the Bureau succeeded in adapting an oil still to the distillation of crude glycerol from soap lyes, and produced a high quality material satisfying B.P. requirements. Semi-technical work has also been carried out on the production of sulphur from spent oxide, of compressed ammonia from ammonium sulphate, of paste for accumulators, and of metallic iron by electrolysis. This work was in the nature of insurance against possible shortages, but so far the supply position has not sufficiently deteriorated to render it necessary to put the various processes into operation.Advice to manufacturers covers a wide field.Help has been given in establishing the manufacture of flypapers, of adhesives of various types, of photo-engraving glue, of emulsifiers for disinfectants, of digitalis preparations, of insulating tape, and of a variety of other products. Government Departments have also been assisted in a number of matters requiring scientific knowledge for their proper consideration. The Bureau has co-operated with the Geological Survey in the establishment of electrical and magnetic methods of mineral prospecting, and has helped in the utilisation of indigenous deposits of pyrites and phosphate rock. The range and volume of work accomplished would not have been possible if the Bureau had not had the continuous help and advice of Mr.de Valera, the sympathetic interest of the Government, Dail and public, the enthusiastic assistance of its staff of chemists, physicists and engineers, and the willing co-operation of the University science staffs, and of members of the technical professions in Eire. Radiant Heat and Metal Finishing By A. H. SILMAN,B.Sc., A.I.C. [Birmingham and Xdlands Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics, 12th November, 1943.1 The method of drying finishes by the so-called “infra-red” process was introduced by the Ford Motor Company in the U.S.A. chiefly to enable enamels based on oil-modified synthetic resins to be stoved at about 250”-300” F.in the repainting of motor vehicles. In this way renovations could be carried out without dismantling the parts concerned to put them through the usual convection ovens. The plant used consisted of electric lighting bulbs mounted in suitable reflectors so that the radiation could be directed on to the surfaces to be baked, It was found that [ 215 1 not only was the method convenient for repairing defects, but that the rate of drying was from five to ten times as rapid as in convection ovens. Plants were then installed for using the method on conveyorised production lines for accelerating the drying of painted and lacquered articles. It was at first thought that the radiation from the bulbs (which were originally of the carbon filament type) had some special property of facilitating the hardening of the paint film.For this reason the plants employed made no attempt to maintain a high air temperature and consisted simply of banks of electric bulbs in gold plated reflectors mounted on a steel framework. This type of construction has been followed even in plants of very recent design. Modern plants in this country make use of 250 watt tungsten filament bulbs, similar to the usual lighting type which are slightly under-run to increase the filament life. The reflectors are of gold-plated or rhodium-platedbrass, and are either of the trough type, all the bulbs being mounted in a series of troughs, or, in the form of banks of individual reflectors. Anodised aluminium reflectors are highly satisfactory, but the aluminium supply position has precluded the extensive use of these.As a source of radiant energy the tungsten filament lamp is extremely efficient owing to the relatively low convection losses from the radiating source. The cost of the electrical gear required and the power consumption for large units is, however, con- siderable; it must also be remembered that with the low air temperature prevailing in the type of plant described the heat lost by the articles being stoved to the air is also high.Recent investigations have shown that the rapid drying obtained by the “infra-red” method is due to the fact that heat transfer is by radiation which is a far more rapid and efficient process than the method of transfer by. convection.Any means of heating by radiation is therefore applicable. As a result of work carried out by the Gas Light and Coke Company, in particular, it has been found possible to obtain rapid paint drying in tunnels consisting of curved steel sheets which are heated by gas burners from behind and act as the radiating sur- faces. These surfaces are maintained at a temperature of 550”-600” F. and the plants are cheaply and readily constructed and are also relatively inexpensive to run. Radiant heat drying is especially suited to painted parts of thin sheet metal con- struction and the process is playing an active part in the war effort by speeding up the drying of paint on such articles as petrol containers and ammunition boxes.Adulteration of Food By R. G. MINOR, Ph.C., F.I.C. [Cardiff and District Section, 20th November, 19431 Control of the adulteration of food is exercised by the Local Authority through the Food and Drugs Act, 1938, the Regulations made under the Public Health Acts and many war-time Statutory Rules and Orders. An article may be said to be adulterated if its nature, substance or quality is not what is usually expected from the description of the article. There are roughly five types of adulteration : 1. deterioration in quality; 2. accidental contamination; 3. contravention of a standard, provided by Regulation or accepted custom ;4.deliberate and fraudulent adulteration; 5. the type of adulteration provided by a false label, calculated to mislead as to the nature, substance or quality of the article.The most consistently recurring example of deliberate adulteration is provided by the adulteration of milk. The Sale of Milk Regulations, 1939, provide presumptive standards for milk, viz., 3% fat, and 8.5% non-fatty-solids (S.N.F.). Additions to milk are prohibited by Sect. 24 of the Food and Drugs Act. While the average solids- not-fat content of cow’s milk is about 8.85%, significant variations occur. The breed of cows and the number of cows in the herd, have the greatest influence on the com- position of mixed milk. With mixed milk, the solids-not-fat rarely falls below the figure of 8.5% of the Regulations, except in the case of abnormal milk. Such milks, which, while normal in appearance, are low in solids-not-fat, have been shown by S.J. Rowlands (Chewt. and Id.,1943, 61, 252) to come, in most of the cases examined, from cows suffering from mild mastitis. The Vieth Ratio (lactose : protein : ash = 13 : 9 : 2) is constant within reasonable limits, for normal milk. With abnormal milk, a decrease in lactose is associated with an increase in the ash. Related to this alteration is the fact that abnormal milk has a low solids-not-fat content, but a freezing point which does not differ significantly from that of normal milk. In view of the variation in the composition of milk, the amount of any added water can only be determined with accuracy by comparison with the original, unadulterated [ 2161 milk, The “Appeal-to-Cow” sample affords this information in most cases, and also reveals any abnormality in the cow’s supply.Where the original milk is available, the determinations of fat, total solids, ash and freezing point (Hortvet) afford sufficient information for a prosecution based on the amount of added water. The “Appeal-to-Cow” sample plays an essential part in completing the case for the prosecution, at the same time being a safeguard for the honest mi€kman. The conveying, by a misleading label, of a false impression as to the quality and value of an article of food, is a form of adulteration which has developed rapidly under war- time conditions of shortage. So-called egg powders and egg substitute powders flooded the market until curbed by the vigorous action of public analysts and, finally, controlled by the Food Substitutes (Control) Order, 1941.Some of these preparations have been blatant frauds consisting of dyed wheat flour with a trace of sodium bicarbonate and common salt. In others, a small proportion of soya bean flour has been used to lend some fragment of truth to claims to be egg substitutes. Of these latter, one con- sisted of + oz. of dried egg (= 1 egg) and 34 02s. of a mixture of wheat flour and soya bean four. It was claimed on the label that the contents were equivalent in use to twelve eggs in quality and quantity. A shortage of onions resulted in the sale of many fraudulent articles. A product labelled “Genuine Onion Powder” and in small letters “with added ingredients to prevent lumping,” consisted of 15% powdered onion mixed with wheat and oat flour and cost 6d.per 8 oz. packet. Another product, labelled “Genuine Onion Juice-guaranteed made from fresh onions,” was described in court as “dirty tap water.” It had contained 5% of onion juice, although the sugars of the onion juice had long since fermented and the product had a stale fetid smell. The large demand for custard powders has been met by the marketing of wheat flour, with a trace of colouring and favouring, selling at the price of best quality custard powder, i.e., about 1s. 6d. a pound compared with wheat flour at 2$d. a pound.Genuine custard powder should consist normally of a prepared starch, usually maize, and it makes a smooth palatable custard, in contrast with the thin sauce or lumpy, glutinous paste, of a characteristic wheaty flavour, which is made from many of these wheat flour preparations.The introduction of the Starch Food Powders (Control) Order has effectively countered the unrestricted sale of these preparations. Industrial glue or size is being sold extensively as pure edible gelatin by unscrupulous manufacturers, despite many successful prosecutions. These products have a fraction of the setting power of pure gelatin and many have contained as much as 1600 parts of zinc per million. War time conditions have resulted in a fraudulent exploitation of the shortages of certain foodstuffs. While the provision of substitutes is a legitimate practice, the buyer of such articles should be fully aware of their limitations.Thus, they should be truthfully labelled, should make no unjustifiable claim, either literally or by suggestion, and they should be sold at prices consistent with their composition. As a result of the activity of public analysts many Orders in Council have been made, which are now proving valuable in checking the adulteration of food. The Personal Background of some Fundamental Gvestigations By Professor FREDERICKCHALLENGER,Ph.D., D.Sc. (Member of Council) [Huddersfield Section, 23rd November, 1943.1 The Memorial Lectures on the lives of Honorary Fellows which have been delivered before the Chemical Society are all published in the Society’s Journal, and the earlier lectures have been reprinted in two volumes.In these monographs the research work of distinguished chemists is strikingly correlated with their personality and environment, and the relation of their work to that of their contemporaries is clearly brought out. Its origin and the reason why a particular investigation was sometimes abandoned for other lines of work is made clear and the lectures present an excellent picture of the free, untrammelled working of the spirit of research and frequently reveal a happy and blessed ignorance of “planning.” The same considerations are well brought out by a study of some aspects of the work of more recent investigators such as Perkin, jun., Kippiog, P. F. Frankland, Harden and Robison. Perkin once stated that the idea of attempting the synthesis of rings containing less than six carbon atoms occurred to him after translating for practice in German, a paper by Victor Meyer in the -4nnnlen in which the possibility of their existence was [ 217 J discounted. Perkin’s successful use of ethylmalonate and ethylacetoacetate in their synthesis may have owed much to the experience gained while he was working in the laboratory of J.Wislicenus in Wiirzburg. It is not always remembered how much the theoretical conceptions embodied in Baeyer’s “Spannungs Theorie” owed to the synthetic work of Perkin in the Munich laboratory. Perkin’s interest in ring systems was communicated to F. S. Kipping, his collaborator in Munich and afterwards in Edinburgh. Perkin’s hydrindene synthesis led Kipping to prepare hydrindone and hydrindamine and their methyl derivatives, and also benzo- cycloheptanone.Kipping’s resolution of dl-methylhydrindamine gave him the tool- and the only tool-which enabled him to resolve the disulphonic acid of dl-benzyl- ethyl propylsilicyl oxide into its optically active components. Had it not been for Kipping’s early interest in ring systems this very striking work on asymmetric silicon compounds would have been impossible. Much of the early research published by P. F. Frankland dealt with the action of certain bacteria on glucose, mannitol, dulcitol, glycerol and similar compounds.Products such as alcohol, formic, a’cetic and succinic acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen were determined quantitatively as far as possible, and a strict bacteriological control was maintained throughout.When Bacillus ethaceticus, isolated from sheep’s dung, was grown on aqueous dl-calcium glycerate, d-glyceric acid was unattacked and could readily be isolated. Henceforward, while maintaining his interest in biologicalproblems, Frankland’s main researches consisted of a study of the optical properties of salts and acyl or other derivatives of optically active acids such as glyceric, tartaric, malic, etc. His Presidential Addresses to the Chemical Society in 1912 and 1913 contained valuable summaries of his own and other work in this and similar fields. The school which Frankland founded continued this study, his most distinguishedcollaborators being Patterson, Pickard and Price.Pickard, and later Kenyon, directed the flourishing school of stereo-chemistry associated for so long with the Battersea laboratories, and all this work can be traced to the discovery of B. ethaceticus. Arthur Harden carried out his first research which was on the interaction of silicon tetrachloride with amines, at Owens College, the subject being suggested by J. B. Cohen. After studying in Germany he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Manchester, obtaining in the next 9 years wide experience in general chemistry. After his removal to the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine (later the Lister Institute) he began a study of the fermentation of sugars by bacteria, much as Frankland had done ten years earlier.These two men may be regarded as having laid the founda- tion stones of British biochemistry. Harden used B. coZi and B. Zactis aerogenes and kept a careful carbon balance sheet. During work with the second organisms he isolated acetoin CH,COCHOHCH, and butyleneglycol CH,(CHOH),CH, as fermentation products. This discovery was later shown to be of considerable importance in yeast fermentation, the intermediate compound acetaldehyde then giving acetoin by a reaction of the “benzoin” type. In a recent obituary notice of Harden it is stated: “Harden’s work on bacterial chemistry did not attract as much attention at the time as its merit justified. The bacteriologists did not appreciate what it was about, and it was too far removed from the interests of all but a few chemists.It was, indeed, pioneer work.” The warning contained in these words needs no further emphasis. Harden’s two most important discoveries were made with Buchner’s cell-free yeast juice. By dialysis he separated this into two portions (the apo- and the co-enzyme), neither of which was separately capable of fermenting sugar, but readily did so when mixed. His observation that addition of inorganic phosphate stimulated the fermenta- tion of sugar by yeast juice, and that the phosphate ion disappeared due to formation of a hexoslphosphate (fructofuranose-1 :6-diphosphate) was, in its effect on the subse- quent development of biochemistry, comparable with the influence exerted on general chemistry by Moseley’s conception of atomic numbers.Phosphoric esters of carbo- hydrates have since been shown to be concerned not only with alcoholic fermentation but with the breakdown of glycogen in muscle, with bone formation and with the structure of the nucleic acids. Sir Arthur Harden was succeeded at the Lister Institute by his colleague Robert Robison. A student of Kipping’s and later a member of his staff, Robison’s first research (like that of Harden’s) was concerned with silicon compounds-the hydrolysisproducts of the diphenyl and dibenzyl silicon dichlorides. Kobison, like Harden, had received no special training in biochemistry prior to his joining the staff of the Lister Institute, but the sound experience gained by both men in inorganic, analytical and organic chemistry enabled them to achieve results of the first importance. Within about a year of his appointment, Kobison isolated a second sugar phosphate, later shown to be a mixture of glucose and fructose monophosphates and to be a precursor of the original Harden-Young diphosphate.1-21s ILJ Robison’s greatest achievement arose out of a discussion with a colleague on the chemistry of rickets. He demonstrated that (stated simply) the calcification of cartilage in the growing animal is effected by the decomposition of a hexose phosphate by the enzyme phosphatase in presence of calcium ions. This important discovery, so funda-mentally related to Harden’s and his own earlier work, brought him widespread recognition. Notes Science in Parliament .-The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has given much consideration to the question of encouraging research, and has published a pamphlet to which reference is made under “Books and their Contents” on page 224.In the House of Lords on 15th and 20th July, a debate on this subject took place on the initiative of Viscount Samuel, President of the Committee, who urged the im- portance of an increased provision for scientific research. The effort made in the United States was far greater than ours, and the pre-war provision of Germany and Russia considerably larger. The subjects covered agricultural production, nutrition, medicine and building, as well as town and country planning and the social sciences, and there were research activities applicable to the Colonies.The utilisation of coal had received intensive attention from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Lord Samuel referred to the remuneration of research workers and of scientists in Government employ, and asked Lord Cherwell whether there was any plan for the proper allocation of research between the State, the Universities and Industry, any prospect of a State Scientific Service being established, and what the Government was prepared to con- tribute towards the necessary expenditure. No expenditure was more remunerative than that on research, if wisely directed. Lord Samuel’s views were supported by the Earl of Listowel, Lord McGowan, Lord Brabazon, Lord Geddes, Viscount Dawson of Penn, Viscount Maugham, Lord Bledisloe, Lord Pentland, Viscount Bennett, Lord Winster, Viscount Falmouth and Lord Sempill.Several speakers commented especially on the Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on coal utilisation. Lord Cherwell, in reply, said he found it a refreshing experience to have to answer his own arguments, because he had devoted a considerable part of his adult life in trying to persuade people of the importance of scientific research. They had had a valuable and interesting discussion, and the speakers had shown a very welcome attitude, to which he was by no means accustomed. England’s pre-eminence in the past had been largely due to her being first in the field in applying scientific knowledge of the day and in exploiting the latent chemical energies of her coal fields for industrial purposes; but to live upon coal was to live upon capital.We had been using up our inherited capital, and industry was banking on scientists to find alternative sources of power. Research was being carried out by the Government Fuel Research Station at Greenwich, the British Coal Utilisation Research Association and the Gas Research Board. The Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association was working on the efficient use of fuel for the generation of electricity, and the Iron and Steel Industrial Research Council was studying the metallurgical use of coke and other fuels. The question of Government intervention into research was a difficult one. The Government acted through the Depart- ment of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Agricultural and Medical Research Councils and was fostered by the formation of Industrial Research Associations. There was always a lag in getting results of research adopted, and every argument in favour of trying to accelerate the process.The straightforward clear-cut development research could only be entrusted to those actually engaged on works operations, and Government did not usually intervene in research directed towards the production of new industrial products. Finally, there was fundamental scientific research, of which he found it most difficult to make people realise the importance. The Government recognised that pure research must be in a large measure its responsibility, and that it should be carried out at the universities.However, they should beware of comparisons which were so frequently made between what was done in the United Kingdom and in the United States of America, in Russia, and in Germany. The bias in assessing what is pure research and what is development was apt to lead to wrong conclusions. It was the policy and intention of His Majesty’s Government to increase the assistance to pure research, and he (Lord Cherwell) would welcome any developments in industry in a similar direction. c 219 1 After the publication of the Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on Scientific Research and the Universities in post-war Britain, Mr. E. W. Salt, M.P., Chairman of the Committee, with the support of 200 members of all parties, tabled a House of Commons motion urging the Government to assure the Universities that, in planning developments for research, teaching and higher learning as a whole, they would receive support from the State on increased scale; to arrange that education and training in schools, technical colleges and universities should be directed at the earliest date to provide a far greater number of persons highly trained in science and technology; to set in motion schemes to ensure a substantial and co-ordinated expansion of research activity by private firms, co-operative industrial research associations, State and other research establishments ; and to provide assistance, by adjusting taxation, by more generous financial grants and through adequate priorities both in demobilisation and materials required for building and equipment.The Report of the Industrial Research Committee of the Federation of British Industries recommends every manufacturing firm to ensure that it is devoting to re- search and development the maximum effort and funds commensurate with the nature of its problems; that firms comprising industries which have their own research associa- tions should consider whether they are making contributions to such associations com- mensurate with the importance of their work; that industries which have not created collective research associations should set up co-operative research committees to determine whether the scale and nature of the research needs are such as to require the establishment of research associations ;that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research should make the maximum use of its wide powers and that financial provision should be made from public funds to enable the Department to increase financial support to research associations; and if the Department is to undertake the tasks which are considered necessary, the Government should allocate an annual sum of at least a million pounds for its maintenance and the expansion of its activities.In support of the Report of the Federation, Sir Harold Hartley, F.R.S., has produced a pamphlet entitled “Are you Research-minded ?”, embodying his ideas on what in- dustrial research means to British Industry.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., in his presidential address to the Royal Society of Arts, dealing with the subject of research, said that it should always be a burningquestion to a progressive nation, and was never more necessary to this country than at the present moment. Industry must build, must progress even to survive. It must have ideas. Research had evolved new and improved old products; it had found new uses and broader markets; it had eliminated waste and cut costs. The most profitable research was that which was carried on with the least restraint. What was not always understood was the kind of men required to carry out research efficiently. The head should be a scientist, who could get along with men, properly trained but not over trained ; he must have the spirit of adventure and be encouraged to-use his imagination.A research department should be changing all the time, bringing in young men with ideas. A new power of viewing, evolving and perhaps understanding human nature had appeared. There was a growing wish to apply scientific knowledge, aiming at greater efficiency, at better means to obtain the old ends; a growing wish to understand better and to understand the effect of change on our surroundings and on ourselves. Probably the biggest fight before us would be for individuality. Science needed tolerance, freedom from restraint and recognition of the value of individuality. On 15th December, Mr. Atlee, accompanied by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State for Scotland, Sir William Jowitt and Lord Cherwell, received a deputation from the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, led by Lord Samuel. The deputation urged the Government to give more direct encouragement to scientific and technical training and to research as an essential part of the plans for promoting in- dustrial reconstruction.Mr. Salt, the Chairman of the Committee, asked that the universities should be given a token grant of Ll,OOO,OOO for the extension of research and training facilities and that the Government should allot a day for a debate on science and the future of industry. Among those who spoke in support of the representations, Professor Alexander Findlay, President of the Royal Institute, dealt with conditions in Scotland.Mr. Attlee, in reply, said that he believed the Treasury was sympathetically inclined. After the war there would be great competition for materials and equipment, but plans for science held a high place in the minds of all the members of the Government. Sir John Anderson said that he would welcome concrete recommendations. Arrange- ments had already been made to reconstitute and enlarge the University Grants Com- mittee. It was in the interests of the Treasury that research should be encouraged in so far as it would increase the wealth and efficiency of industry. [ 2201 American Library.-’l’he Dircclor of the IAibrary at the Aillericdn Embassy, 1, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.l, has kindly extended an invitation to Fellows and Associates of the Institute to use the Library established by the United States Office of War Information as a special war-reference library.The collection contains data explanatory of all phases of American life, and a wide range of periodicals, books and documents. The library is open on weekdays from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. A Centre for Science.-In his recent Presidential address to the Royal Society, Sir Henry Dale suggested that, in recognition of the debt owed by the nation to Science, the Government should provide a centre for Science. Dr. W. H. Mills, President of the Chemical Society, subsequently addressed a letter to The Times directing attention to the inadequacy of the apartments in Burlington House granted to the Society in 1874, especially for its library, one of the most important chemical libraries in the world.Dr. Mills emphasised that the science of chemistry and the services of the chemist were of vital importance not only in waging war but in maintaining the national food supply and in developing industry. If our industries were to hold their rightful place with those of other nations, it was essential that the Government should recognise the vital functions performe’d by the learned and scientific societies and provide a suitable centre to house them. Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, President of the Physical Society, later addressed a letter to The Times on behalf of physics. Canadian Chemists.-In pursuance of the action mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I11 (p.124) and Part IV (p.150), the Canadian Institute of Chemistry is reported to have asked the Ontario College of Pharmacy, in view of the impending revision of the Pharmacy Act of Ontario, to support the use of “pharmaceutical chemist” instead of “chemist” wherever the latter title occurs in that Act, and the Canadian Institute is taking similar measures in other Provinces. G.G.Henderson Memorial.-An appeal has been issued to former students and friends of the late Professor Henderson, President of the Institute 1924-1927, with a view to raising a fund to establish some lasting tribute to his memory both at the University, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Professor Henderson occupied the “Freeland” Chair of Chemistry at the Technical College from 1892 until 1919 and the Regius Chair of Chemistry in the University from 1919 until 1937, when he retired to the Island of Harris.He died in 1942 at the age of 80 years.The form of the memorial, whether a Prize, a Scholarship or a Special Laboratory, will depend upon the amount received. Contributions may be sent to either Dr. J. Bell, Chemistry Department, The University, Glasgow, or Mr. J. G. Duncan, Chemistry Department, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Professor Ian Morris Heilbron, D.S.O., F.R.S., Vice-President, has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society for his notable contributions to Organic Chemistry. Dr. Frederick Measham Lea, Member of Council, has been awarded a Telford Premium by the Institution of Civil Engineers for a paper on “Modern Developments in Cements in relation to Concrete Practice.” Obituary GEORGESYDNEYALFREDCAINESdied at Holloway on 10th December, in his 71st year.Educated at Camden High Schools and at the North London Collegiate School, Camden Town, he continued his studies at the Polytechnic, Regent Street, where he secured the Scholarship of the Professional Division in open competition. He obtained an appointment in the chemical department of the London County Council, and subse- quently joined the permanent staff, serving under Dibdin, Clowes and Mr. J. H. Coste, until his retirement in 1927. However, he continued his interest in modern develop- ments of applied chemistry until almost complete blindness debarred him from much reading.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and a Fellow in 1919.ERNESTEUGENECHALKdied at the age of 22 years, as the result of an accident while engaged on air operations in India. He was educated at Kingsbury County School, and was registered as a Student of the Institute at the Regent Street Polytechnic in 1940, while engaged as an assistant 1.221I in the laboratory of Messrs. A. Boake, Roberts h Co., Ltd. He joined the R A.F. in July, 1940, and, at the time of his death, was Flight-Sergeant and Navigator. FREDERICKHAROLD CROWdied at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., on 4th July, in his 42nd year. Educated at Bradford Grammar School and the University of Leeds, he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry, and having devoted special attention to colour chemistry and dyeing, subsequently proceeded to M.Sc.From 1924-26, he was on the staff of the Bradford Dyers Association, Ltd., and in the latter year was appointed chemist and viscose manager to Breda Visada, Ltd., at Littleborough. From 1928 he acted as part-time lecturer in the Applied Chemistry Department at the College of Technology, Manchester. In 1938, however, he proceeded to the United States and later became chief chemist and works manager of the Viscose Rayon Mill, Barranquilla, Colombia, South America. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932. ’WILLIAMDOUGLASdied at Berkhamsted on 29th October, in his 78th year. From 1885-1912 he was engaged as control chemist and agricultural adviser in sugar growing manufacture and distilling with the Demerara Company, British Guiana, and from 1912 until his retirement in 1937 he continued with the company as director and technical adviser.He was a Justice of the Peace in British Guiana. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1886 and a Fellow in 1892. ALEXANDERLAUDERdied at Greenock, at the age of 73 years. Educated at the Highlanders’ Academy, Greenock, he received his early training in chemistry under Dittmar at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now The Royal-Technical College,under Crum Brown at Edinburgh University, and at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, where he was for some years assistant to Professor-later Sir James- Dobbie, and devoted much study to agricultural chemistry and field experiments. He continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh, from which University he obtained the degree of D.Sc.in 1905. From 1899-1904 he was a demonstrator and assistant lecturer in chemistry in the University College of North Wales, and in the latter year was appointed lecturer in chemistry in the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, from which position he retired in 1936. He was joint author with Sir Walter Hartley, Sir James Dobbie and Dr. C. K. Tinkler, of a series of papers on Absorp- tion Spectra and the Alkaloids, published in the Transactions of the Chemical Society between 1892 and 1911. We conducted many experiments on variation in the composi- tion of milk, the results of which were published in the Annual Reports of the College of Agriculture, and was the author of many papers on soils, fertilizers and footstuffs.He acted as Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and, in the course of time, was President of the Agricultural Section of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science (Leicester, 1933), a Member of the Council of Management of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, with which he had been associated since its foundation, and Chairman of the Local Sections of the Royal Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was a member of the Reid Orchestral Committee for many years and an active member of the Bach Society and other musical societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1912 and was a Member of Council from 1916-19.ROWLAND OLDROYDERNEST died at Rochdale on 22nd June, in his 78th year. He studied under Isaac Patchett, at the Commercial and Science School, Birstall. Yorks., and, in 1882, having passed and gained medals in many examinations of the Science and Art Department and of the City and Guilds of London Institute, he attended the Teachers’ Course at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and was awarded a Studentship at Yorkshire College, Leeds, where he continued his training until 1886, winning the Senior Scholarship of the Clothworkers Company. He obtained an appointment as colour chemist to a firm of carpet manufacturers at Halifax, and worked in the evenings with W.H. Wood, Felloui, Borough Analyst. About 1888, and for nine years thereafter, he was lecturer in applied chemistry at the Halifax Technical College, and in 1897 became head chemist and manager in the Dyeing and Finishing Department of John Bright and Bros., Ltd., Rochdale. Later, he was works manager and chemist to Messrs. Critchley Bros., Ltd. He was the inventor of a process for colouring yarns used in carpet manufacture, and another for the treatment of cotton to reduce its inflammability. He was a member of the Indigo Standards Committee of the Textile Institute and a Past President of the Dyers Guild of Bradford. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. FRANK died at Exeter on 13th November, at the age of 70 years.SOUTHERDEN He was trained at Finsbury Technical College from 1890-93, and after spending a year [ 222 1 as research assistant to Rleldola, was engaged for 2 years as a chemist at the Shoreham Portland Cement Works and, during 1896-97, at the Steel Brand Cement Factories at Dartford. In the latter year he graduated BSc. (Lond.). From 1899 to 1904 he was demonstrator at Finsbuly Technical College. Subsequently he became Managing Director of Evans Gadd & Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists at Exeter. He was a member of the Court of Governors of the University College of the South West of England, Exeter. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1897. He served as a Member of Council from 1925-28 and again from 1933-36.Information has only lately been received that JOHN LEWISTETLEYwas killed during the invasion of Malaya by the Japanese. Born at Scarborough on 27th June, 1904, he was educated at Bootham School, York, and was a junior assistant analyst with Rowntree & Co., Ltd., for a year before proceeding to St. John’s College, Cambridge. He graduated with honours in Part I1 of the Natural Science Tripos in 1927, proceeding in 1937 to M.A. On leaving Cambridge he returned to York and remained with Rowntree & Co., Ltd., until the end of 1930, when he was appointed Assistant Govern- ment Analyst at Hong Kong. In 1937 he joined the staff of the lnstitute for Medical Research at Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1929.WILLIAMWOODHOUSEdied at Beeston, Nottingham, on Friday, 10th December, in his 61st year. Educated at Dudley Grammar School, he acted as laboratory assistant at the Dudley Technical School, Walsall Technical School and Smethwick Technical School between 1900 and 1903, and having gained a Staffordshire County Scholarship, continued his studies at the University of Birmingham from 1903-1906, specialking in metallurgy. He became chemist to the Stanton Iron Works Co., Ltd., near h-ottingham, in 1906, and continued with the Company until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1929. Books and their Contents The following books have kindly been presented to the Institute by the authors and publishers :-Amateur Photomicrography with simple apparatus. Alan Jackson.Second Edition. Yp. 160. (London and New York: The Focal Press.) Photography of small objects ; low power photo-micrography ; improvised appara- tus; optical bench; negative and the print; filter makes the picture; working with a miniature ; photomicrography in colour ; special fields ; micro-preparations ; hints on the use of the microscope; glossary of terms; conclusion; index. Inorganic Chemistry: A Text Book of. Fritz Ephraim. Fourth EnglishEdition. Revised and Enlarged. P. C. L. Thorne and E. R. Roberts, Pp. xii + 922. Atomic weights and atomic numbers (1941) and the periodic classification on end papers. (London and Edinburgh: Gurney and Jackson.) 28s. Elements ; halogen compounds ; oxides of hydrogen and of the metals ; compoundsof sulphur, selenium and tellurium ; nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic group ; elements of the fourth group (and boron); appendix: literature of inorganic chemistry; crystal structure; index.Iron and Steel Institute.-Review of the work of the Joint Research Committees 1924-43 of the Iron and Steel Institute and the British Iron and Steel Federation. Pp. 176. (London: The Iron and Steel Institute). Contains 29 special reports, including the work of the Committee on the Hetero- geneity of Steel Ingots, the Alloy Steels Research Committee, the Steel Castings Research Committee and the Corrosion Committee. Post-Graduate Lectures. Inorganic Chemistry : H. J . Emelbus ; OrganicChemistry: H. B. Watson. Pp.84. (London: Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association.) 10s.. post free. The structure of inorganic compounds; the technique of inorganic chemistry; modern views of some reactions of organic compounds. [ 2231 Mr. J. Bruce Miller, Associate, Aberdeen, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of a photograph of the Complimentary Banquet to Sir William Henry Perkin, F.R.S., on the occasion of the celebration of the Jubilee of the discovery of Mauve, 26th July, 1906, with a key giving the names of nearly all present, Dr. Arthur Slator has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of: The Life and Work of Cornelius O’Sullivan, F.R.S.,1841-1907. H. D. O’Sullivan. Pp.236. (Guernsey Star and Gazette Co., Ltd.) Part I-The Life of Cornelius O’Sullivan and service with Messrs.Bass, Ratcliffe & Gretton, Burton-on-Trent, 1866-1906. Part II-Published work, 1872-1901. Part III-Unpublished work, 1897-1906. Chemistry of brewing, malt, starch, yeast, carbohydrates. The gums. The cereals. Cornelius O’Sullivan, Fellow, was awarded the Longstaff Medal in 1884, and elected F.R.S. in 1885. The fourth edition of A.R.P.Handbook,No. 2 (H.M. Stationary Office, 4d. net)contains an addition to chapter IV, on “ Other Poisonous Substances ” including, inter alia, a section on arsine. Instructions are also given on the treatment of contaminated hair. Copper Alloy Resistance Materials. Pp. 44. (London: Copper Development Association.)Characteristics of resistance materials ; resistance materials ; copper-nickelalloys ; low temperature coefficient alloys containing manganese ; nickel-silver ; copper-manganese alloys ; copper-manganese-nickel-all0ys ; copper-silicon alloys ; miscellaneous plloys containing copper; manufacture of iesistance materials; construction of rheostats and resistances.The British Standards Institution has issued B.S. 945-1943 : Rubber and Insertion Jointing for Flange and similar Joints; and B.S. 410-1943: Test Sieves (superseding B.S. 410-1931). The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee has published a pamphlet entitled “ Scientific Research and the Universities in Postwar Britain” including : Part I, The need for Increased Research, and Part 11, The Supply and Training of Research Personnel, together with a Summary of Proposals.(Pp. 20.) Obtainable from The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, Courtfield House, Courtfield Road, London, S.W.l. 1s. Od. The Committee calls for the promotion of research and the application of scientific knowledge on a better and more imaginative scale than in 1919-39. The Federation of British Industries has published ‘‘ Industry and Research ”-the Report of the F.R.I. Industrial Research Committee. (Pp. 24.) Obtainable from 21, Tothill Street, London, S.W.l. Importance and achievements of industrial research ; present position and organisa- tion of industrial research; comments and suggestions for improvement; desira- bility or otherwise of new machinery ; recornpiendations and conclusions. The British Gas Federation has published a report on the planning of the Gas Industry, dealing with Gas and the Fuel Position, Legislation and Integration, Organization and Development,-and a Digest.52 pp. Obtainable from the Federa- tion, l, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.l. ls. Od. The chief recommendations of the Report include:-The formation of a British Gas Association to supercede various other national gas bodies now in existence and to assume their functions ; methods of integration of undertakings throughout the country to provide a better service to the community after the war and to hasten the extension of gas into rural areas; and a suggestion that the Ministry of Fuel and Power should appoint a National Fuel Advisory Council to facilitate the elimination of wasteful competition between the fuel industries, and to reinforce the spirit of constructive co-operation both in the interest of the national economy.and of service to the individual fuel user. Endeavour. Number 8 of Volume I1 of Endeavour, dated October, includes articles on: “The Electron hlicroscope” by Sir George Thomson, F.R.S.; “The Electro- metric Determination of pH and some of its Applications,” by H. T. S.Britton; and “The Chinese Beginnings of Alchemy,” by Tenney L. Davis. Mr. J. M. Wishart, Fellow, General Manager of the City of Manchester Rivers Department, has forwarded a copy of the Report of his Department for the two years ended 3lst March, 194’3. 1 221j The Register New Fellows Anderson, Valentine George. Brock, Ramond Barrington, B.Sc.(Lond.). Associates elected Banfield, Thomas Arthur, Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Barclay, Alexander, A.R.C.S. Bennett, William Frank, A.R.C.S. Blench, Ronald Oliver. Bolland, Clifford Beaumont, M.Sc. (Leeds). Branch, Leslie Ernest Thomas, BSc. (Lond.).Campbell, George Reid. Carter, Eric George Hemphill, B.Sc., Ph.D. Lond.). Carter, Gordon, B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark, Malcolm Turner, BSc. (Lond.). Cook, Arthur Herbert, DSc. (Lond.),D.I.C. Couzens, Leslie John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crossley, Eric Lomax. B.Sc. (Lond.). Dalvi, Prabhakar Dattaram, M.Sc. (Bom- bay).Dent, Charles Enrique, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C. Dolton, Robert Hugh, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.C.G.F.C., A.M.1.Chem.E.Doyle, Ralph John, M.Sc. (N.U.I.),D.Sc.Tech. (Munich).Figg, Eric Francis. Fisher, James Wotherspoon, BSc. (Lond.) Forstner, George Eric, M.Sc. (Birm.). Francis, Arthur Clarence, A.H.-W.C. Fuller, Albert Henry.Fuller, Charles Hubert Francis, B.Sc. (Bkm.). A.C.G. F.C. Garlick, Reginald Stanley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gaythwaite, Wilson Robinson, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). Goodman, George Reginald. Green, Henry Frank, M.A. (Cantab.). Grimwade, Arthur Geoffrey, M.A. (Cantab.).Guy, William Robert. Hegan, Horace James, B.Sc. (Lond.). Higgins, Albert George, M.Sc. (Lond.). Hillary, Hubert Cawood, M.A., B.Sc. (Sheffield).Holloway, Arthur Herbert, M.Sc. (Lond.) . Holmes, Edgar William. Houghton. Albert Aubrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C.Hudleston, Lawson John, M.C., B.Sc. (Lond.),Jack, William, BSc. (Glas.). Jackson, David Leonard Charles. James, Robert Gilbert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.).Jeffery, George Harold, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond..)Jephcott, Leslie George, BSc. (Birm.). Jones, Arthur George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wilson, Otto Bob, M.Sc. (Leeds),A.M.I.Chem.E. to the Fellowship Jones, Frank Raymond, MSc. (Birm.). Joshi, Pandurang Narayan, B.A., B.Sc. (Bombay), M.Sc. (Manc.). Lazell, Harold, BSc. (Lond.). MacLeod, George Torquil, B.Sc. (Glas.). Maddocks, John Robert. Maggs, Francis Thomas, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Bris.).Martin, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Birm.), DSc. (Lond.). Maskell, Laurence Ormes, B.Sc. (Lond.). McConnell, Francis John. McCreadie, David, B.Sc. (Glas.).Middleton, Geoffrey, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mills, Maurice Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mitchell, Patrick, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Mitchell, William Brockie, A.H.-W.C. Moir, Hugh Clouston, BSc. (Glas.). Money, Reginald William, M.Sc. (Lond.). Morris, Ernest Devereux. B.Sc. (Lond.). Morrison, James Alexander Shepherd, M.Sc. (Leeds). Newbury, Norman Frederick, M.A. (Liv.), MSc. (Sheffield):Norman, Peter James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Palmer, Neil, A.C.G.F.C. Parkin, George. Paul, David Speirs, BSc. (Glas.). Pearson, Ernest Leigh, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), A.C.G.I. Phillips, David Luther, M.Sc. (Wales). Pritchard, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Birm.).Pritchard, Harry, M.Sc. (Lond.). Rawson, Arthur Edward, M.Sc. (Birm.). Read, Hugh Norman, M.Sc.(Birm.). Reynolds, John Gerard. Robinson, Rupert Eardley. Runnicles, Dennis Frank, BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Smith, Harold Cecil, MSc., Ph.D. (Dun- elm).Southgate, Bernard Alfred, B.A.(Cantab.), Ph.D., DSc. (Aberd.). Stanton, William Ronald. Storrs, Francis Cecil, B.Sc., Dip.Bact. (Lond.) . Sylvester, Norman Darby, M.Sc. (Birm.). Thompson, James McAllan Cormack, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.). Watson, Robert Sinclair. Willavoys, Herbert James, M.Sc. (Bris.), William, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.).Wilson, Frederick Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Wood, Cyril Christian, M.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S., D.I.C. New Associateg Ahrens, Louis Harman, BSc. (S.A.). Allan, Douglas, BSc. (Glas.). Baker, Leslie Charles, M.Sc. (Lond.). Banerjee, Dasarathi, MSc.(Calcutta) , Ph.D. (Lond.). Barton, James, M.Sc. (Manc.). Bell, Miss Dorothy Shaw Turner, B.Sc. (Edin.).Binks, Samuel Clowes Harold. Birks, Tack, B.Sc. (Leeds). Bishop; Miss Dorothy 'Joan Simpson, B.Sc. (Lond.). Boddey, 'Ronald Frederick, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bond, Miss May Tinney, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bostock, Cyril, B.Sc. (Birm.). Brown, Harold Frederick, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.) . Bryson, Charles Randolph, B.Sc. (Edin.).Buckingham, Rex Angus, B.Sc. (Lond.). Buttrey, Douglas Norton, B.Sc. (Lond.). Bywater, Stanley, B.Sc. (Leeds). Callow, Ronald James, B.Sc. (Liv.). Coles, Romney, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coulson, Laurence Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Crathorn, Stanley Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.). Davies, Roy Albert Lacy, B.Sc. (Glas.). Day, Phanindra Nath.Dick, Terence Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dimmick, Mrs. Gladys Irene, B.Sc. (Lond.). Dodgson, Douglas Peter, B.Sc. (Manc.). Edwards, Harry Derek, B.Sc. (Lond.). Elliott, George, B.Sc. (Lond.). Emerson, Alfred George David. Fox, John Mortimer Charleton, B.A. (Oxon).Gilbert, Peter Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.). Gladstone, James Edward, B.Sc. (Dunelm) Golombok, Ezra, B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C. Goodrich, Roy William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Green, Gerald Herman, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.).Green, James, BSc. (Rlanc.). Hall, Rlrs. Mary Norah Andrews, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hall, Reginald Stanley Baybutt, B.Sc. (Lond.).Hammer, Keith Graham Arthur, B.A. (Cantab.).Hanbury, John Capel, B.A. (Cantab.),B.Pharm (Lond.). Harris, Robert John Cecil, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.K.C.S. Hewitt, Harry Ronald, B.Sc. (Lond.). Holland, David Oliver, B.Sc. (Lond.). Holmes, Leslie Henry Alfred, 13.S~. (Lond.).Hough, Alexander Thomas. Hughes, Edward Graham, B.Sc. (Manc.). Inkster, John Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Ireland, William Ian Halliday, B.Sc. (Edin.).James, Edward Charles Anthony, B.Sc. (Lond.). Jackson, Miss Beatrice Blythe, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Jones, Ian Puleston, BSc. (Wales).Kaplan, Harry, M.A. (Columbia), M.Sc. (S.A.).Lacey, Rolfe Alexander Stennett. Leach, Simon Joshua, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Le Feuvre, Charles William, B.Sc. (Lond.). Legg, Norman, B.Sc. (Dunelm). Lever, Frank Mercer, B.Sc. (Lond.). Levitsky, Boris Nicholas, B.Sc. (Lond.). Libman, Dennis David, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S.Logan, John. Macdonald, Eric, B.Sc. (Wales). Mackenzie, Robert Cameron, B.Sc. (Edin.).McKay-Ohm, Miss Daphne Patricia, B.A. (Cantab.).Melley, Arthur. hleyrick, Thomas James, B.A. (Oxon.). Moss, Donald Ernest, B.Sc. (Lond.). Mumford, Frank Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.). Munro, Alexander Stuart McIntosh, A.H.-W.C. Murray, Roger Christopher, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Myles, James Robertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Narayana, Potuchuki Yagna, B.A., M.Sc. (Andhra).Owen, Arthur Glynne. Pare, Richard, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Pipe, Percy Douglas, M.Sc. (Lond.). Plews, -4lfred Bertram. Reed, Kenneth James, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.R.C.S. Kevill, Frank Edward, B.Sc. (Sheffield). Roberts, Neville Wyn, M.A. (Oxon.). Roberts, Robert Henry, B.Sc.(Lond.). Robinson, Norman, B.Sc. (Glas.). Rohan, Terence Anthony, B.Sc. (Glas.). Seed, Leslie, B.Sc. (Manc.). Sen, Sailesh Chandra, MSc. (Calcutta).Steele, John Richard, BSc. (Lond.). Stone, Derrick George Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.).Sundralingam, Alvapillai, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Thompson, Charles Norman, B.Sc. (Liv.). Vaughan, Leonard Hubert. Wadsworth, Kenneth Duncan, M.A. (Oxon.).Wallwork, James Arthur. Waugh, John Lodovick Thomson, B.Sc. (Glas.).Whiteley, Peter, B.Sc. (Lond.). Whitt, Frank Rowland, B.Sc. (Lond.),A.M.1.Chem.E. Williams, Alan Fowler, B.Sc. (Wales). Williams, David John, B.Sc. (Liv.). Witten, Leslie Benjamin, B.Sc. (Lond.). Worden, Alastair Norman, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), M.R.C.V.S. Wraight, Norman Baldwin, B.Sc.(Lond.). [ 2263 Re-elected Associates Ledwith, Richard John, B.Sc. (Lond.). Phillips, Montague Alexandra, DSc.(Lond.). New Students Addv, Rowland. Akeis, John Michael. Alexander, Henry. Allen, John Harvey. Andrus, Stanley. Archibald, William. Armson, Frank Jesse. Austin, George John. Balmford, Edgar. Brierley, Eric. Broughton, Peter Maxwell Grayson. Chandler, Romily David Thomas Ernest. Chapman, Cyril Norman. Clarke, Douglas William. Cockburn, William Fordyce. Coleman, Russell Neville. Coxon, Elizabeth. Cragg, John. Davies, Howard Thompson. Douglas, George. Farmer, Michael Henry Fletcher, John Walter, M.P.S. Gate, Peter Atholl Jackson. Gooderham. Harold Roy.Grunwell, Derrick. Gurney, Hubert William.Hall, Miss Sybil Margaret. Hargreaves, Gerald Henry.Hartley, Kenneth. Hobson, Derek. Jackson, Clive. Jackson, Leon Norman Bennett. Jenkins, Andrew. Julian, Kenneth Arthur Reeves. Kentish, James Albert Fletcher. Lomax, Rodney. Lush, Denman Philip, B.Sc. (Lond.). MacGiIchrist, William Robertson. Maitland, Ronald James, B.Sc. (Manc.) Malone, James. Menzies, John. Miller, bliss Amy Joyce. Morrison, Peter Johnstone. Nicol, Donald Laurence. Olsen, Norman. Payne, Douglas Sutherland. Payne, Michael, B.Sc. (N.U.I.)Pengilly, Peter John. Polaine, Sidney Alan. Raine, Philip Alexander. Riley, William. Rees, Henry John. Roberts, Roy, B.Sc. (Lond.). Sedley, Walter Thomas. Sing, Kenneth Stafford William.Taylor, Reginald David. Thomas, John David Ronald. Tindall, John Alan. Topham, Arnold. Waton, John Howard. Willing, Ernest George John. Woodhead, Albert Harry. DEATHS Fellows George Sydney Alfred Caines. Rowland Ernest Oldroyd. John Bridgford Coppock, B.Sc. (Lond.). Frank Southerden, B.Sc. (Lond .). William Douglas. William Woodhouse. Alexander Lauder, D.Sc. (Edin.). Associates Harold Frederick Crow. John Lewis Tetley (killed in Malaya). Registered Student Edward Eugene Chalk (accidentally killed in air operations, in India) Erratum.-The Registrar regrets that the name of Ernest Andrew Murray, who was elected to the Associateship on the 22nd October, was inadvertently recorded in the JOURNALas Ernest Arthur Murray.[ 2271 ADDRESSES REQUIRED Fellows Atkinson, Ralph Hall. Naish, William Archibald. Bardsley, Joshua. Paterson, John Hamilton. Boyd, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Crawford Boyd, Preston, Eric. I.M.S. Robinson, Conmar. Critchley, George Norton. Roche, James William. Gray, Archibald. Slack, Harry. Hanley, John. Stevens, Montagu White. Hogben, Walter. Warren, Bertram William John. Associates Angus, George Easley. Jones, Griffith Glyn. Babb, Alfred Thomas Symonds. Jones, Osman John. Barlow, Miss Mary Lysbeth. Jones, Philip Laurence. Berry, Robert Gordon. Kuntzen, Harold Eric. Blench, Ernest Alfred. Lee, David Claude. Brine, John Alfred. Lee, Miss Margaret Helen. Broadbent, Neville Halford. Markham, Peter John. Browne, Thomas Ethelred Wilby McGeorge, Walter.Carson, Samuel Corbett. Meyer, Charles George. Cooper, Arthur Thomas. Middleton, Charles Craib Cooper, James Marchbanks. Moss, Arnold Alec Henry. Cowdrey, Geoffrey Wilson. Nevard, William James. De, Mahendra Kumar. Nixon, Richard Herbert. Ellis, John Clifford Holgate. Podmore, Henry Leveson. Elson, Leslie Alderman. Quin, Denis Cheselden. Fairhead, Edward Cooper. Rollinson, Edgar Tyack. Fox, Cedric Ruthven Rose, Leslie. Ghose, Arabinda Bhushan. Stoyle, John Alexander Robertson. Gibson, Peter Robert Scaife. Terry, Richard Creese. Haddon, Edward Charles. Thomas, Gordon Denis. Hallack, Maurice Hamilton. Underwood, Alfred Ernest. Helsby, Frank Willaim. Wilkie, Francis. Hodson, William Brooke. Woodhouse, Dennis Leyton.Hornby, Arthur John Ward. Woollard, Richard Pargeter. Howes, Edward Arthur. Worsdale. Jack. Jack, John Alexander. Wright, William. Jarman, John Yeats, Howard. Fellows and Associates in Countries occupied by enemies.-Of the list oi Fellows and Associates, whose names were given in JOURNAL Part I,AND PROCEEDINGS, 1943, page 27, the Council is still anxious to obtain information about the following:-- W. E. Abbott, D. G. G. Allen, P. Anderson, H. R. Burjorjee, G. T. Byrne, W. S. Davey,T. L. Evans, L. W. G. Firmin, G. T. Foxlee, Goronwy Griffith, M. A. Khin, M. K. Lay, A. Littlewood, G. McOwan, J. Moffat, F. Nisbet, M. Niyogi, C. T. J. Owen, H. J. Page, F. J. Paton, A. C, Prigge, F. E. Read, R. St. G. Ross, James Shelton, G.A. Staley, P. B. Tayler, H. A. Taylor, Denis Webb, R. E. Willgress and W. A. S. Young. Coming Events 1944 Jan. 10 ROYALINSTITUTE(Leeds Area) : “Recent Advances in Chemistry in Relation to Medicine.” Dr. D. H. Hey. 11 INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL EXGINEERS GROUPAND THE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (S.C.I.) :Joint Meeting. “The Manufacture of Margarine.” Mr. A. J. Anderson, at the Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1, at 2.30 pni. [ 22%J Jan. OF19 INSTITUTEFUEL: Resume of Melchett Lecture by Dr. E. S. Grumell, in the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, Manchester, at 2.30 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF FUEL:“Post-War Coal Processing.” Mr. G. M. Gill and Mr. John Roberts, in the Chemical Department, Bristol University, Woodland Road, Bristol, at 5.30 p.m.14 INSTITUTE FUEL: “The Production of Producer-Gas and Blue Water Gas.” OF Mr. H. R. Forman, at Swansea. 19 INSTITUTEFUEL:“Fuel and Metallurgical Furnaces.” Mr. R. Whitfield, at OF the James Watt Memorial Institute, Great Charles Street, Birmingham, at 2.30 p.m. (Birmingham and Midlands). “Raw Material 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Potential and its Relation to trend of Synthetic Resin Development.” Dr. W. D. Scott, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 5.30 p.m. ROYALINSTITUTE(East Midlands) : “The Theory and Practice of Paper Making.” Dr. Julius Grant, at Loughborough College. ROYALINSTITUTE(Manchester and District) : “Pyrethrum and Pyrethrins.”Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam, at the Engineers’ Club, Manchester, at 6.30 p.m.THECHEMICALSOCIETY. Tilden Lecture. “The Scope and Limitations of Infra- red Measurements in Chemistry.” Dr. H. W. Thompson, at the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. 21 ROYALINSTITUTE OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYand SOCIETY (Edinburgh): “The Fate of Drugs in the Body.” Professor J. H. Gaddum, at the North British Hotel, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 22 CHEMICALSOCIETY (South Wales) : “Chemical Reactivity.” Professor E. D. Hughes, at University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. Feb. 4 ROYALINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) : Ex,pbit of Scientific Films : “The Discovery of a Pigment” and “This is Colour. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY7 INSTITUTION (London): “Industrial Welfare as applied to the Rubber Industry.” Major T.Monk. ROYALINSTITUTE(Leeds Area) : “The Ideas behind the Statistical Treatment of Experimental Errors.” Mr. L. H. C. Tippett. 9 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham): Lecture, at the Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, at 6.0 p.m. 11 CHEMICAL SOCIETY (Sheffield) : “The Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents.’’ Mr. S. Ellingworth, at the University, Western Bank, Sheffield, at 5.30 p.m. and SOCIETY INDUSTRYROYALINSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL (Edinburgh): “Molecular Regimentation in Solids and Liquids.” Professor G. M. Bennett. In the Medical Lecture Theatre, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, at 7.30 p.m. 15 ROYALINSTITUTE(Huddersfield Section) : Visit by the President, at Field’s Cafi.. 17 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL and THE ROYAL INSTITUTEINDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midlands) : “The Rare Earths.” Dr.J. Newton Friend. 19 ROYALINSTITUTE(South Yorkshire). Discussion on the education and training of chemists, at the Sheffield Metallurgical Association, 198, West Street, Sheffield, at 2.30 p.m. March 4 THE ROYAL INSTITUTE(East Midlands): Discussion on “The Policy of the Insti- tute,” opened by the President, at Nottinghani. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY(South Wales Section) : “The Properties and Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Materials, with special reference to Water.” Mr. E. Leighton Holmes, at University College, Swansea, at 3 p.m. 15 THE ROYALINSTITUTE: Annual General Meeting. General Notices The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Wednesday,15th March, 1944.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By- laws relating to the nomination of General Members of Council:- By-law 26.-(1) Any twenty Members, not being Members of the Council, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council, but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office, and if such person is elected as President, Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up, as on a casual vacancy.The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting, on 15th March, 1944, in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election, are as follows:- Ernest Edward Ayling, M.Sc., A.K.C. Harry Baines, D.Sc. Sydney Raymond Carter, DSc. Frederick Challenger, Ph.D., D.Sc. Louis Arnold Jordan, D.Sc., A.R.C.S., D.I.C. James Grieve King, Ph.D., D.Sc. Forsyth James Wilson, Ph.D., D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 2.15 p.m. on 2nd February, 1944. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:-Birmingham and Midland : Thomas Harold Gant, A.R.C.S., M.1.Chem.E. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Osman Jones.East Midlands and South Yorkshire : George Frederick Hall, M.B.E., BSc. Liverpool and North-West Coast : Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties : David Michael Freeland. Manchester and District : Harold Stevenson. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-Easter Coast: Robert William Ancruin. Yorkshire : George James Denbigh, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Gilbert Elliot Dodds, A.H.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: James Emrys Bowen, B.Sc., Ph.C. Glasgow and West of Scotland: John William Ken, B.Sc. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Nicholas Michael Cullinane, DSc. Northern Ireland : Donald Alford Derrett-Smith, B.Sc., -4.C.G.F C. Irish Free State : John Andrews, BSc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : John Chester Cowap, R.Sc.[ 2301 Examinations .-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in April, 1944. Associates who desire to Dresent themselves for examination for the Fellowship in April, 1944, should forward iheir applications without delay, and will be notifiea of future arrangements in due course. Arrangements will be notified to candidates whose applications are accepted. Active Service.-Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy, Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Registrar of the Institute, giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank, unit, etc. Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on weekdays (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.); the Library of the Chemical Society is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (except Saturdays: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.).Books may be borrowed from the Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W. 7, on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of. the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Boots Booklovers’ Library and by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. In order to facilitate identification, Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communicatibns addressed to the Institute. All requestsfor changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Correspondenceshould normally be addressed to 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1 ; but should Members, Registered Students or other correspondents find difficulty in communicating with the Institute, urgent enquiries may be addressed to the Registrar, at 9, WestburyRoad, Woodside Park, Finchley, London, N.12. Telephone number: Hillside 1859. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1944 may be sent to the HonoraryTreasurer, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C. 1. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms of Bequest may be obtained from the Registrar. JOINT MEMBERSHIP SCHEME Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire, for a reduced subscription, joint membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications, can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office, 6, BurlingtonGardens, Piccadilly, London, W. 1.