THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CRARTER 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1929. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar and Secretary. 30 RUSSELL SQWARE LONDON W.C. I October 1929. Publications Committee 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES H. B. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S. GIBSON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD w. -HALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MO= D. F. TWISS WILLIAM WARDLAW J. A. WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 227 Proceedings of the Council.SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1929. The British Patent System.-The Report of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee on the Patents and Designs Acts 1907-28 published in Part IV of the Journal and Pro- ceedings (pp. 184-88) has been under the consideration of the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers jointly with representatives of other Bodies including the Institute. A report-embodying with a few exceptions and modifications the view of the Legal and Par- liamentary Committee-has been prepared and a copy of the draft will be sent to the Institute in due course through the Federal Council for Chemistry before the final version is for- warded to the Board of Trade Committee. Only one Fellow commented on the report of the Institute’s Committee as published in the Journal.Referring to the first note on the Report of the British Science Guild on the Reform of the British Patent System under Novelty he expressed surprise that the Committee agreed that a patent should not be invalidated by prior publication occurring in any document more than fifty years older than itself since such an invention could hardly be considered novel and thus patentable. Clearly in such circumstances the applicant could not claim to be the first and true inventor and the matter has been reviewed by the Joint Committee accordingly. In the meantime the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in expressing its appreciation of the helpful co-operation of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute has acknowledged its indebtedness to Mr.H. Douglas Elkington the representative of the Institute for his advice and assistance in the matter. Membership of the Institute.-Arising from the discussion on a paper read by Dr. W. H. Gibson before the Belfast Section on membership of the Institute the Council subsequently received a resolution suggesting the consideration of the JOURNAL. 228 of further means of making the registration of students of the Institute more attractive. The resolution has been under the consideration of the Nom- inations Examinations and Institutions Committee on whose report the Council has decided that it is desirable that the In- stitute should obtain lists of students who intend to adopt chemistry as a career and send to them individually copies of the Regulations and of The Profession of Chemistry.The Council also suggests that lectures should be arranged for chemical students at the universities and colleges dealing with the pro- fessional aspects of their chosen career. The Council appreciates that professors and teachers in universities and colleges recog- nised by the Institute do a great deal in the direction indicated and looks to the Local Sections to co-operate so far as possible in carrying out these suggestions. The Council is glad to note that registered students are almost invariably invited to meetings held by the Local Sections when papers and matters of professional interest are under discussion.The Local Sections have also been asked to encourage students who attend their meetings to consider the desirability of competing for the Frankland Medal and Prize particulars of which will be found under General Notices at the end of this Part li The Register ” and l 1 Official Chemical Appoint- ments.”-In order to ensure the accuracy and increase the usefulness of the Register of the Institute a new edition of which will be published in 1930 Fellows and Associates have been asked to complete a form recently circulated and to return it to the Registrar unless the entry in the 1928 edition remains correct and no change is required. The publication of the Register constitutes an important function of the Institute in the organisation of the profession of chemistry and provides not only a useful directory but a means whereby members may be identified as qualified chemists and communication may be facilitated between them in their professional relationships.The seventh edition of O@cial Chemical Appointments is in preparation for publication next year. Fellows and Associates who hold official chemical appointments under government departments county and borough councils and other authorities 229 or appointments in universities colleges public institutions hospitals or in public and secondary schools have been asked to supply information thereon in order that this publication also may be made as complete and accurate as possible. India.-The Council is receiving an increasing number of applications for admission to the Associateship from candidates educated in India.In general the Council has the help of an Advisory Committee consisting of Fellows of the Institute representing practically all the important centres in that Empire. Advantage has recently been taken of the presence in London of several members of this Committee to invite them to meet the President and other officers for an informal conference at the Institute. It is felt that the results of this meeting will prove of great value in dealing with future applications. Appointments Register.-The Institute continues to receive a fairly satisfactory number of enquiries for the services of chemists. The majority of vacancies are suitable for junior members but many firms and institutions require the services of those with specialised experience for positions of greater responsibility.At present about 260 members are using the Appointments Register mainly with a view to the possibility of improving their prospects; of these less than 60 or about I per cent. of the total membership have notified the Institute that they are definitely out of employment. I t should be under- stood however that even this figure does not represent per- manently unemployed,-the actual personnel changing quite frequently. It is estimated that not more than half the number have been unemployed for any considerable time. Some difficulty has been experienced by the Appointments Department of the Colonial Office in obtaining applications for certain positions abroad although the conditions of such appoint- ments would appear to be satisfactory.It has been suggested that young chemists are sometimes lacking in enterprise and that they should give serious consideration to the value of such appointments as there are many advantages connected with them which do not always appear in the actual statement of conditions. Fellows and Associates can assist in increasing the usefulness of the Appointments Register by suggesting to directors or employers that they should communicate with the Registrar 230 with regard to their requirements when additions to their chemical staffs are contemplated. The attention of the Institute has been called to cases where chemists have been employed in a junior capacity before quali- fying and on obtaining their diplomas have been disappointed to find that they have not immediately been placed on a higher grade.Associates finding themselves in this position should realise that it is sometimes difficult to promote them in the same employment and should make use of the Appointments Register in order to obtain new positions as qualified chemists. 231 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Eighth Annual General Meeting was held on October rgth rgzg,-Dr. Wardlaw occupy- ing the chair. The ballot for election of Officers and Committee resulted as follows chairman Dr. D. F. Twiss; vice-chairman Dr. W. Wardlaw; hon. treasurer Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; hon. secre- tary Dr.F. W. Norris. Committee Fellows-Professor A. R. Ling Mr. F. H. Alcock Mr. A. W. Knapp Mr. F. C. Bullock Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Associates-Dr. W. M. Hampton Mr. F. W. Pinkard Mr. A. Churchman Mr. G. C. Green. The Report of the Secretary indicated there had been a decrease in the number of members attending the meetings of the Section the Committee was anxious to ascertain the cause and to apply all possible remedies. The most successful functions were those arranged jointly with other Chemical Societies and this was especially to be noted in the popular annual events,- the Chemists’ Dinner and Dance and the Ladies’ Concert. There appeared to be a strong case for co-operation with the Local Sections of other Societies without prejudice to the existence of the Section as an independent body.The Treasurer presented a favourable financial statement and after some discussion on the position of the Section with reference to money available for social purposes the Reports of Secretary and Treasurer were adopted. A resolution that the date of the Annual General Meeting be altered to the month of March was carried. The meeting concluded with a discussion of the programme for the ensuing Session. Cape.-A number of Fellows of the Institute who attended the recent meeting of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science in South Africa were hospitably entertained by the Cape Local Section of the Institute and the Cape Chemical Society to luncheon at the Mount Nelson Hotel Cape Town on 24th July.Among those who were able to be present were Professors C. S. Gibson F. J. Wilson E. C. C. Baly A. Harden A. Findlay and H. Bassett. Professor G. Barger President of Section B of the British Association was also among the guests. Professor E. Newbery who presided expressed his own pleasure and that of his colleagues in being able to welcome the visitors. Professor Gibson presented greetings from the President who had also recently visited the Section and from the Council of the Institute and other visitors expressed their appreciation of the kindness extended to them by the chemists in Cape Town and of their thought in arranging such an enjoyable informal meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-On 21st October at a meeting held a t the North British Station Hotel jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry the chairman of the Section Mr.A. M. Cameron opened the session with a paper on:- “The Sea as a Source of Raw Materials.” Mr. Cameron said that it was not always realised how much in the way of raw material could be obtained from the sea. It had been suggested that every known element could be found in sea-water. Materials could be obtained from three sources :- (I) The sea-water itself and substances dissolved therein. (2) Marine vegetable growth. (3) Marine animal life. In addition to sodium chloride sea-water contained some 6 grms. per litre of magnesium salts and 0.76 grms. per litre of KC1 as well as lime salts and small quantities of bromides.Common salt was by far the most important constituent and for a long time the sea was almost the only source of this compound. In this country its use had been for the most part superseded by that from the rock salt industry. In tropical and sub-tropical regions such as the Mediterranean littoral and the coasts of Japan and California its production was still a major industry. Though sodium chloride was the most impor- tant constituent other substances were perhaps of more interest to the chemist. Thus gold was present to the extent of 2.5 to 4 milligrams per cubic metre and many patents had been taken out for its extraction. It was interesting to reflect on the possible effects on economic life should it ever become possible to extract gold cheaply from the sea.The less exciting substances such as potash salts and bromides were however of more importance industrially. Potash salts were present to the extent of 1/30 to 1/35th of the sodium salts. The ratio of bromine to chlorine was something like I to 288. Iodine was present to the extent of only some 0.038 mgs. per litre. Mr. Cameron described the rather complex process of working up the mother liquor from salt pans for potash and bromine. Bromine he said was now the more important owing to the enormous growth of the photographic and allied industries. The output of potash and bromine was of course governed by the demand for salt and as the demand for bromine was now greater than the supply from these sources it was being produced in factory ships directly from sea-water by electrolysis and then by extraction with solvents.It was interesting to learn that chlorine was being prepared on ship-board by small electrolytic plants for sanitary purposes. Seaweed had for long been regarded by man as of value. It could be used as food for human beings or animals and as a source of cellulose and alcohol. A great number of substances could be obtained from it by destructive distillation and the ash was a source of potash and iodine. An enormous number of uses had been suggested for seaweed and the patent literature teemed with references to it. This was largely due to its being cast up by the sea as a gift of nature. Owing to its high moisture content however it could stand little in the way of transport charges till it had been air-dried.It had been used as food but the high percentage of ash (22-35 per cent. on the dry weed) -largely soluble salts-precluded its use in any way as a staple. I t had been used as an ingredient of cattle foods in time of shortage and processes for removing a proportion of the soluble salts had been patented. As a manure it had long been used air-dry weed contained 0.5 to 2-7 per cent. nitrogen and 2.5 to 8.9 per cent. potash. The use of seaweed for paper making could be mentioned and for the production of alcohol processes resembling that of the treatment of sawdust had been used; while if a sulphiteprocess of cellulose production could be made use of the waste liquor would be a source of alcohol in a similar manner to that from the wood-pulp industry.Seaweed as a source of alcohol seemed certainly worthy of attention. Stanford who had erected a plant a t Loch Eport in the island of N. Uist (Outer Hebrides) in the sixties of last century 234 was the pioneer in the destructive distillation of sea-weed. The process was[ hot dissimilar to that of wood distillation and from the char potash salts and iodides could be obtained in greater yield than from the ash of naturally burnt weed. At the present time the process was in operation on the Pacific coast of North America particularly in California and in Alaska where the works were combined with plant for treating fish waste. These works appeared to be carried on successfully but the weeds used by them contained a much higher percentage of potash-from 12 per cent.to as much as 32 per cent. of the dry weed-than did those found on our own coasts. A fair proportion of the salts also could be obtained by simply shaking the dry weed. The weed was ashed a t a low temperature in producers and the gas was used as fuel. Besides the potash and iodine such products as vegetable creosote methyl alcohol and acetone were obtained. King had recently carried out some very important work on the problem for the Fuel Research Board. He subjected the weed to destructive low temperature distillation and obtained from one ton of dry weed:- Solid residue (charcoal) . . . 8.18 cwts. Tar . . 22.4 galls. Liquor (from which could be obtained 33 lbs.of ammonium sulphate) . . 48.4 , And gas 3857 cu. ft. . . . . 14-7 thenns. (Fuel Research Board Tech. Pafier No. 9.) The gas represented about two-thirds of the total yield; that evolved during the early stages of the carbonisation and con- taining 73.5 per cent. CO, being run to waste. The charcoal consisted of 35.74 per cent. carbon and 64.26 per cent. ash and from the ash potash salts and iodine were obtained. The iodine amounted to about 0.5 per cent. of NaI of the dry weed. It was doubtful if the combustible gases evolved could be made to supply the whole of the thermal requirements of the process unless a fairly dry weed could be obtained and it was difficult to air-dry weed to less than 15 per cent.moisture. It was to be hoped that more work would be done on the process as even if such an industry could be made to pay its way and no more than that it would afford employment in J J 236 some districts of the West of Scotland and Ireland that were backward economically. The production of kelp (which term in Scotland was confined to the ash of the naturally burnt weed) had long been carried on and it was satisfactory to know that this ancient Scottish in- dustry was still alive. About 20 tons of wet weed were required to produce one ton of kelp. A ton of kelp would yield:- 5 cwts. potassium chloride. sulphate. 34 , kelp salt (sodium salts). , g& , kelp waste (insoluble matter from lixiviation). Some 20 lb. of sodium iodide were obtained.The laboratory yield of iodide was much higher and Hendrick who had carried out a good deal of work on the matter had shown that the loss was due to the formation of a glass from the sand which clung to the weed. This rendered some potash insoluble and volatilised some iodine. It was important that cut or drift weed be protected from rain as soluble salts were washed out of dead weed. It was hardly necessary to refer to the utilisation of the animal life of the ocean fishing had been one of the principal occupations of mankind from before the dawn of history. A discussion of that would be outside the scope of the paper. Mr. G. F. Merson in opening the discussion and proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Cameron said that he welcomed the paper because although dealing with relatively simple chemical problems it stimulated the imagination and encouraged a general interest in the applied chemistry of the life of the world.Mr. J. Sandilands in seconding mentioned the difficulty of extracting gold from graphitic or carbonaceous residues. Dr. Lauder discussed the practicability of schemes for the utilisation of the resources of Scottish sea-waters. He considered that compared with more southerly waters the conditions were unfavourable for the profitable harvesting and treatment of sea-weed on a large scale and that the best that could be done would be to provide with Government assistance occasional occupation for the straitened inhabitants of remote districts during times of acute depression.He further referred to a paper which Professor Hendrick had read to the Society some years ago upon kelp burning in Scotland. 236 Mr. J. A. Watson recalled his experience as a student under Professor Armstrong when in the early stages of his training he boiled down huge quantities of sea-water for the examination of the products. He produced for exhibit a specimen of a rubber sheeting material largely composed of sea-weed. Dr. Kermack referred to the work of Northrup upon inorganic models of membranes designed to adsorb specific ions as for example iodine and discussed the possibility of effecting the extraction of gold from the sea in this manner. In humorous vein he indicated the possible results upon the gold standard and the economics of the world.The potentialities of the energy at present latent in the sea also interested him. Mr. G. E. Dodds asked if Mr. Cameron could say anything about the absorption of arsenic by Irish Moss which was of importance in connection with food supplies but had unfortu- nately the power of picking up from the sea the one element to be avoided. Principal J. C. Smail in expressing his pleasure at attending the meeting asked for an explanation of the idea that the absorption of iodine by the body during bathing in the sea varied according to the time of day. He also asked for information regarding the action of hot sea-water upon rubber having in mind the use of non-corrosive materials in turbine generators employing sea-water cooling.Major Bruce discussed the use of sea-weeds as raw material for adhesives the results obtained were less satisfactory than might have been expected. Mr. McCartney asked for details of the state of combination of iodine in sea-weed referring also to known compounds con- taining iodine such as coral. Mr. Cameron in reply concurred with several of the speakers in the opinion that many of the processes which had been dis- cussed were at present relatively unprofitable but suggested that there was room for further investigation and development. With regard to the energy question he had information con- cerning low pressure turbines designed to work by utilising the heat differences between the surface and the depth of the ocean especially in warmer latitudes.The arsenic absorbed by Irish Moss he thought must be essential to the life of the plant. The suggested explanation of varying iodine absorption by the body in bathing was that surface oxidation might result by the action of strong sunlight so that the iodide normally present 237 became partly changed to iodate. The iodine in sea-weed was undoubtedly in organic combination but this appeared to be of a loose nature since iodide was readily formed in the cut weed on standing. Hence it was essential to guard against the loss of the iodine after harvesting the weed. The programme for the Section for 1929-30 includes six meetings for the winter months to be held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and a special summer meeting at which Professor James Kendall will address a representative gathering from the whole of Scotland.The Honorary Secretary will be pleased to hear from any member or registered student of the Section who has not received a copy of the programme. The subjects chosen by the various speakers show promise of a very successful and interesting session. On 14th November Mr. D. Stuart will speak on “Modern Develop- ments in the Petroleum Industry”; on 11th December Mr. J. Adam Watson on “The Industrial Minerals of Scotland”; on 16th January 1930 an “Open Meeting will be held for short papers on recent advances; new apparatus etc.”; on 17th February Professor H. A. Clark will read a paper on “Drugs Manufactured by the Body” ; on 18th March Professor Sydney A.Smith will read a paper on “ Poisoning and Disease in Industry ” ; and on 24th May Professor Kendall will discuss “ Chemistry in Naval Warfare.’’ The annual general meeting of the Local Section of the Institute will be held on 17th February. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Ramsay Chemical dinner will be held in the Grosvenor Restaurant Glasgow on Tuesday 10th December. Information and tickets will be obtainable in due course from Mr. A. R. Jamieson Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Section City Analyst’s Laboratories 20 Trongate Glasgow. Leeds Area.-The Leeds Area Section has arranged a joint programme with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. On 21st October Professor R. W. Whytlaw Gray will give a paper on “Phenomena associated with finely divided particles in air.” On 11th November the annual general meeting of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute will be held followed by a discussion on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act to be opened by Mr.H. Trefor Jones and Mr. J. S. Willcox. The Chemists’ Dinner will be held on 5th December. Professor 238 M. J. Stewart will read a paper on “Asbestosis and Silicosis” at a joint meeting to be held on 16th December and Dr. F. A. Mason a paper entitled ‘ I Decay of Material by Bacterial Growth” on 27th January 1930. Jointly with the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society the Section will arrange a further meeting on the 4th February and other meetings will be held on 24th February and 24th March the latter being the annual general meeting of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which will be followed by a discussion on “The Fundamentals of Lubrication ” to be opened by Dr.N. K. Adam. Liverpool and North-Western.-The nintieth ordinary meeting was held on 10th October,-Dr. Richard Thomas in the chair. The chairman read a paper entitled b b The Soap Industry-an Historical Review.” He said that the origin of soap as a commercial product was wrapt in much obscurity doubtless due to the facts-firstly that it has been known for at least 25 centuries; secondly the word soap or “sope,” was used rather loosely for cleansing agents generally; and finally soap as a commercial product declined temporarily after the fall of Rome as a world power.The barbarians who vanquished Rome had no use for the niceties of life and consequently the baths of Rome fell into disuse. Dr. Thomas hazarded a guess that possibly the barbarians used the baths to store coal! From this period until the fifteenth century soap disappeared from general use. Dr. Thomas read some interesting extracts from two books published in the early part of last century to which he thus directed attention :- A Treatise on Soap Making author unnamed published in Edinburgh in 1807 and The Most Recent Discoveries in the Art of Manufacturing Soap by Phillip Kurten (proprietor of a Soap Candle and Perfumery Works at Cologne) published in 1852. The word “sope” is mentioned twice in the Old Testament,- (a) Jer.ii. 22:-(‘For though thou wash thee with nitre and take thee much sope yet thine iniquity is marked before me.” (Biblical authorities date Jeremiah about 629 B.c.) (b) Mal. iii. 2 239 “Who shall stand when He appeareth for He is like a refiner’s fire and like fuller’s sope?” “Nitre” is a corruption of natron and not an ingredient of gunpowder and the Hebrew word which has been translated as “sope” is a generic term for cleansing agents. The material referred to was probably the alkaline lye of a plant or the juice of soap nuts-saponin used by woollen dyers. The first authentic mention of true soap i.e. a product of the reaction of fat and alkali is made by Pliny the elder who describes a remedy for tumors made from ash and oil and a soap made from goats’ tallow and beech ash.He also mentions a hard and soft soap and ascribes the invention to the Gauls. This latter statement is contested by later authorities who suggest that the Gauls obtained it from the Phoenicians who first made it in 600 B.C. As Pliny died in the year 97 A.D. we may infer that soap was used by the Romans a t least two or three centuries before Christ and that its use was introduced to them by the Gauls. To the Romans we owe our first real knowledge of soap. During the excavations of Pompeii there was discovered a completely equipped soap factory; furnaces implements kettles and moulds and also bars of soap made on the day that Pompeii was buried in lava! The Germans were acquainted with a process of soap-making in the seventh century.Not however until the tenth ckntury was the manufacture re-established on a commercial scale a t Marseilles. This city had abundant sea-weed supplies and stood in the centre of the olive region. As the alkali obtained from burning sea-weed is mainly potash the Marseilles soap was a soft olive oil-soap. Later other oils such as pea-nut and poppy oil were used in conjunction with olive oil particularly for making soda soap. In England little progress was made until the end of the sixteenth century although a factory existed in Ireland in 1488- Rathborne-now an associated company of Messrs. Lever Bros. In the Tudor period the dyer was more in demand than the washerwoman. Nightdresses for example when worn at all were of velvet or coloured silk and were never washed.Under Charles 11 a soapmakers’ guild was formed in London to compete with the French soap-makers who had practically a world monopoly although soap had been made at Bristol since the beginning of the sixteenth century. 240 Fuller in his “Worthies of England 1662,” says “ I behold Bristol as the staple place thereof (i.e. gray sope) where alone it was anciently made. It is not above 150 years by the confession of the Chronicler of that City since the first sope was boyled in London. Before which time the land was generally supplied with Castile from Spain and ‘gray sope’ from Bristol. Yea after that London meddled with the market thereof; Bristol sope notwithstanding the portage was found much cheaper.” In 1624 Charles I granted a Monopoly to the London Soap- Makers thus giving Bristol a serious setback.A few years later Bristol was granted the privilege of making 12 tons a week- a small proportion of their normal output. This had to be sold at 3Qd. per pound and A4 per ton paid to the Crown. Soap regulations again appeared in the Excise Acts of Queen Anne’s reign between 1701 and 1710. These remained in force up to the middle of last century the duty being 3d. per lb. until 1831 when it was reduced to IBd. per lb. and finally in 1853 the duty was abolished by Gladstone. The revenue from soap- duty was then EI,OOO,OOO per annum. The life of a soap-maker in the early eighteenth century was anything but a happy one nevertheless two firms were established -Christopher Thomas & Bros.Bristol 1745 and T. B. Rowe & Co. Brentford 1785. Merseyside soap industry dates from 1814-5 when Crosfield at Warrington and Gossage at Widnes commenced manufacture. The whole industry received a great impetus from Leblanc’s Soda Process 1790 and Chevreul’s work on fat hydrolysis 1823. Muspratt in 1814 established the Leblanc process on a com- mercial basis in England and Chevreul’s researches transformed soap-making from empirical guess-work into a scientific process. Britain is to-day the premier soap-exporting country of the world a position she still retains having exported 82,000 tons in 1928-a figure which is three times that of her nearest rival the United States of America.Although discovered in 1813 little was done for 70 years with the glycerine from soap. The small demand for glycerine was met by the candle makers and this demand was not increased until in the seventies of the last century a demand for it arose in connection with the manufacture of nitroglycerine. Port Sunlight established in 1889 has always had a glycerine recovery process and Crosfields had one in operation prior to this date Lewkowitsch states that it dates from the middle City Laboratories Liverpool. 241 eighties. The most probable date of commencement of recovery is 1886 associated with Domayer who installed several works in England. In France it was first recovered from soap lye in 1890 and in Germany still later. Dr. Thomas proceeded to give a brief outline of modern methods touching upon the important stimulus afforded the industry by the hydrogenation of fats.In according a vote of thanks to Dr. Thomas the Section expressed a desire that he should on a future occasion deal fully with the modern aspect of soap manufacture. The Section accepted the resignation of Mr. H. E. Monk the hon. secretary with great regret. A vote of thanks for his services was passed on the motion of Professor C. 0. Bannister and seconded by Mr. E. Gabriel Jones. Mr. W. Ferguson Buist was elected hon. secretary in his place. Mr. E. H. Rideout will read a paper on “Smoke Damage and Agriculture ” at the next meeting,-on 14th November. The Section propose holding “a Hot-Pot Supper” in Decem- ber; details will be announced later.Members of the Section are reminded that a Soirde under the auspices of the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District will be held at the Central Technical School on Saturday 23rd November 6 to 10 p.m. (Tickets 2s.) Members who can contribute to the exhibits are requested to communicate with the Honorary Secretary or with Mr. E. Gabriel Jones London and South-Eastern Counties.-The annual general meeting of the Section will be held a t the Institute on Wednesday 20th November at 8 p.m. The programme for the present session will be announced shortly. Manchester and District.-The Section will hold its first meeting of the session on 1st November jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society when Major F.A. Freeth will give an address on “ Industrial Research.” The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section will be held on 5th December and will be preceded by an address by the Chairman Mr. W. D. Rogers. 242 South Wales.-On 8th November at a joint meeting of the South Wales Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at Thomas’ Caf6 Swansea Mr. H. J. Hodsman Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section will read a paper on “Smokeless Fuels and How they Burn.” The eleventh annual general meeting of the Section will be held on Friday the 29th November and will be followed by a dinner to which guests may be invited.243 0 - 1 September Examinations 1929. No. No. Examined. Passed. 21st September . . 23* 12 6 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- For the Associateship- At the Institute General Chemistry 16th- For the Fellowship- At the Institute Branch E. The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water 23rd-28th September At the University Reading Branch F. Agri- cultural Chemistry 30th September-4th 1 1 1 1 October . . . . Artificial Silk At the Institute Branch G. Industrial Chemistry 23rd-27th September Textiles with special reference to Coal Tar Technology .. 1 1 Low Temperature Carbonisation At the Institute and in the Laboratory of Mr. William Bacon Branch G. In- to the Technology of Paper Making . . dustrial Chemistry with special reference . . . . In the Laboratories of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company 12th-15th August Special Examination in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Pro- ducts . . 15 1 1 1 - 1 - 44 examination and is not included in the above return. - 23 * One candidate failed only in the translation of French technical One candidate passed in French and German translation literature. thereby completing his examination. One candidate withdrew from the EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the written quesfjms were in m y CZPS somewhi matidaciory 244 Many of the candidates avoided the question dealing with cata- lysis and the questions involving physico-chemical problems were attempted in a superficial manner. With one or two exceptions candidates did not understand the meaning of the term “additive properties” and answered the question as if it related to addition compounds. Where descriptive answers were called for these were given fairly well but the underlying principles did not seem to be sufficiently understood. It is again necessary to point out that much of the effectiveness of an answer is lost by diffuseness. In the practical work the qualitative portion was generally performed adequately.Many candidates did not detect titanium and only a few ascertained that an acid phosphate was present in the mixture. On the whole the quantitative work was well done having regard to examination conditions. Many of the candidates however experienced some difficulty in directly determining the proportion of acid phosphate present. This was unexpected seeing that most of the candidates showed knowledge in dealing with the quantitative work. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY .-The compulsory question which was a calculation proved to be a stumbling block to the majority of the candidates but answers to the remainder of the questions reached a satisfactory standard. It was remarkable to note the great similarity of answers from candidates from different centres,-probably as a result of the study of the same text- books.On the whole the answers in Organic Chemistry were of a higher standard than that attained in the Inorganic section of the examination. This applies even more to the practical work which on the whole was well done. The accuracy of the candidates’ volumetric and gravimetric work was gratifying but the identification exercise disclosed a less satisfactory state of affairs. Very few of the candidates had an adequate know- ledge of the methods available for the preparation of derivatives of aromatic amines acids or phenols. TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL FRENCH AND GERMAN.-The language tests seemed to have presented little difficulty although the composition of the resulting English translations left some- thing to be desired.245 EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCH E.-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY) OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER.-The answers to the written papers were on the whole fairly good although some of the candidates do not seem to keep themselves in touch with matters recently reported in the scientific journals. In the first day’s practical work many of the candidates failed to recognise the fact that potassium bicarbonate had been substituted for sodium bicarbonate. In the examination of the baking powder on the third day several of the candidates failed to recognise the presence of magnesium carbonate in the sample. On the fourth day several candidates failed to detect the presence of iso-propyl alcohol instead of ethyl alcohol.The above results show that candidates should be more careful in making a preliminary qualitative examination of the samples submitted to them. I t is necessary to emphasise again that candidates presenting themselves for this examination should be well prepared in interpreting their results and in drawing up correct Certificates for use under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; several candidates were sadly lacking in this respect. THERAPEUTICS PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-h general there was an improvement in this part of the work compared with the last examination especially with regard to the knowledge of drugs and their action. BRANCH G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.-A~~ the candidates showed a satisfactory knowledge of general chemical technology and the successful candidates showed that they possessed con- siderable knowledge and experience of their own special subjects.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry f or the Associateship. Bell James Alfred Royal Technical College Salford. Chirnside Ralph Clark Rutherford Technical College; and Chelsea Polytechnic. Ellenberg William Chelsea Polytechnic. Elwes Eric Vincent Central Technical School Liverpool; and the Tech- nical College Leeds. Jones John Mather Birkbeck College London. Nutter Arnold A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Rattray Edwin John Thomas Royal Technical College Salford; and Central Technical School Liverpool. Robinson Edmund Brodie B.Sc.(Lond.) University College Nottingham. 246 Savidge Leslie Noel College of Technology Manchester. Schofield Harry Fryer A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Weston Bernard Allan West Ham Municipal College; and Birkbeck College London. Winstanley Arthur A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Bunce Edwin Herbert. Elvidge Wilfred Farrand B.Sc. (Lond.). Stern Isaac B.Sc. (Lond.). Warren William B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Hugh Amphlett A.C.G.F.C. Wood Robinson Pearson M.Sc. (Dun.). In Branch G Industrial Chemistry. Charap Myer Martin B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor Henry Frankland. Wilshere Lawrence Arthur A.C.G.F.C. Special Examination in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Products.Maung Maung B.Sc. (Calcutta) A.R.C.S. The following Fellow passed an Examination in Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Jones Daniel Evans M.Sc. (Wales). Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 16th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the constitution and properties of a t least two complex compounds employed in analytical chcmistry and furnish details of their preparation and use in analysis. 2. What do you understand by additive properties of a compound? How are such properties related to the chemical constitution of compounds ? 3. Write an essay on one of the two following subjects ( a ) hetero- geneous catalysis illustrating your answer by two examples of catalytic action; ( b ) periodic classification of the elements.4. Which oxygen compounds of the halogens are known? What constitution may be assigned to them and to what extent is this connected with the valencies of the halogens? 5. Give an account of the preparation and properties of pure hydrogen peroxide. What means are adopted to stabilise pure solutions of hydrogen peroxide and to obtain hydrogen peroxide in a concentrated form for industrial use ? 6. Describe the methods you would use for the determination of the halogens C1 Br I when each is present in a mixture of the three (1) in substantial proportion and (2) when any two are present in very small proportion compared with the third.(SIX questions only to be attempted.) 247 2 to 5 p.m. 1. The inert gases are stated to possess zero valency. Discuss this with reference to their electronic configurations in relation to the alkali- metals and halogens. Is there any evidence for the existence of com- pounds of inert gases and metals? 2. Describe the preparation and properties of silane and siloxanes and compare them with the analogous compounds of carbon particularly as regards stability. 3. What is the physical basis of the principle of liquefaction of air ? How are oxygen nitrogen argon and neon prepared on the industrial scale from air and what impurities would you expect in each of the in- dustrial gases ? How would you proceed to obtain pure oxygen nitrogen and argon from these gases as supplied industrially ? Give a description of the methods available for the preparation and stabilisation of solutions of colloids.Discuss briefly the action of TUESDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer question 6 and FOUR other questions.) 1. Give an account of the use of catalytic methods in the prepara- tion of organic compounds. 2. What are the synthetic methods associated with the names of Wurtz Friedel and Crafts Reformatzky and Perkin? Give a detailed account of an application of one of them. 3. Describe the chemistry of the derivatives of carbonic acid. What relations exist between formic and oxalic acids ? 4. Construct a scheme illustrating the formation of the more im- portant derivatives of naphthalene obtainable in one or two stages from the hydrocarbon.Give two methods by which naphthalene or one of its derivatives has been synthesised. 5. Compare and contrast the properties of pyrrole with those of phenol of thiophene with those of benzene and of furfuraldehyde with those of benzaldehyde. 6. An acid derived from p-xylene (CH,.C,H,.CH,) gave the following results on analysis 3.240 mg. gave 8.030 mg. CO and 2.860 mg. H,O. When treated with bromine it was converted into a bromo-derivative containing 36.2 per cent. of bromine and this when digested with alcoholic potash yielded an acid which gave the following results on analysis 3.400 mg. gave 8.552 mg. CO and 2.618 mg. H,O. What can you deduce from these results? 4. ‘protective ” colloids.5. How does platinum occur in nature ? What are the methods for separating it in a pure state from the other rare metals with which it is found? State the equation expressing the potential between a metal and a solution of its ions in water. Explain either ( a ) how it is derived or ( b ) how it is used in practice. 7. Enunciate the first law of thermodynamics. Given the latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid a t a certain temperature show how to apply the law to calculate the change in the energy of a system on evapora- tion of a definite quantity of liquid a t that temperature and a t any pressure. (For the purpose of calculation you may assume that the density of the liquid is nearly unity.) 248 WEDNESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Examine the organic acid (A) and describe its physical properties. Determine the equivalent ( a ) by titration and ( b ) by the preparation and decomposition of the silver salt. (A=succinic acid.) THURSDAY 19th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Separate and identify the two components of the mixture (B). Submit specimens of any pure derivatives obtained in the course of your work. (B = o-toluidine+p-cresol ; or p-toluidine+ o-cresol; or aniline+ /3-naphthol; or diphenylaminef benzoic acid.) 1. Report on (C). (Potassium titanium-fluoride + sodium fluoride; FRIDAY and SATURDAY 20th and 21st SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. or potassium titanium-fluoride + ammonium fluoride.) 2 . (D) is a mixture of two closely related salts which are to be iden- tified (D =microcosmic salt+ sodium dihydrogen phosphate.) (These exercises must be finished by 2 p.m.on Friday.) 3. Determine all the acids and basic radicals in (D). From the results calculate the proportions of the two salts present. (Water need not be determined.) (This exercise may be completed on Saturday.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What are the provisions of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928 dealing with ( a ) the taking division and disposal of samples. ( b ) the certificate of the Public Analyst? 2. What are meant by the refractive index and the critical angle of a liquid? How are these related to one another? Describe briefly one form of refractometer with which you are acquainted.3. What structures would you search for microscopically to ascertain whether a given vegetable powder is derived from a leaf a seed or a bark? Illustrate your answer with rough sketches. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe the methods available for the enumeration and measure- ment of minute bodies by means of the microscope. 5. Enumerate the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain opium. Give dose composition and strength. 6. Give an account of the symptoms displayed in a case of poisoning by potassium cyanide. What tests would you rely on to identify hydrogen cyanide in distillates from viscera? 2 to 5 p.m.1. Give a brief account of the sterols. What recent work has revealed their importance as constituents of food ? 249 2. Give a short account of the manufacture of vinegar. What constituents would you determine in order to ascertain the nature of the sample? Show how you would interpret the figures obtained. 3. How would you determine one of the following:- (i) A small amount of KI in iodised table salt. (ii) Saccharin in beer. (iii) Alcohol in the urine from an intoxicated person? 4. What is meant by the biochemical oxygen equivalent of a sewage effluent? Describe in detail how you would determine this equivalent. 5. What special legal enactments deal with the following grape juice dried milk Grade A milk a carbolic disinfectant and margarine? TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. The medicine (A) is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :- Sodii salicylas . . 160grs. Xodii bicarb. Aq. ad. . . . . 8 fluid ounces. Ext. glycyrrh. liq. prescription.) . . 160 , . . 48 m. Analyse the medicine and report on the form provided. (Potassium substituted for sodium bicarbonate ; quantities not in accordance with WEDNESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse as fully as possible and report on the sample of malt vinegar (B). Draw up a certificate under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928. (Malt vinegar with addition of dilute acetic acid and con- taining either lead or copper.) FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. The sample (D) was purchased as “Tincture of Iodine”. AnaPyse and report on the same. (Contained ;so-propyl instead of ethyl alcohol; the I and KI were not in correct proportion.) From a microscopic examination report on the genuineness of the following samples :- (a) Powdered cinnamon bark (genuine). ( b ) Pepper ( + rice flour and cayenne). (c) Whole meal flour (containing coflee parchment and mites). ( d ) Ground ginger (exhausted). THURSDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the sample of baking powder (C) and write an official certi- ficate on the form provided. (A deteriorated sample.) 2. Make rough sketches and comment on any abnormalities. SATURDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1.The following prescription was handed to a pharmacist to dispense :- Aqua chlorof. ad 3viii. . Re Syrupus Eastonii 3; 3 i t.d.s. p.c. (3 i of Syrupus Eastonii contains 8 grains of anhydrous ferrous phosphate 6.66 grains of quinine sulphate and 0.25 grains of strychnine + syrup). Examine the medicine in order to ascertain whether it has been correctly dispensed. (Strychnine absent.) 250 2. Examine microscopically the urinary deposit and report on its nature. 3. Examine the sample of sodium bicarbonate in order to ascertain whether it passes the standard laid down by the British Pharmacopoeia for purity. (The arsenic limit test may be omitted.) (Contained Na,CO,). Branch F . Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 30th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe and discuss any modern system of soil classification. Describe (a) a chemical method and ( b ) a biological method for the determination of the availability of the phosphorus and potash of the soil. Criticise the methods. 2. 3. A case of crop failure has been reported to you. Assuming that this failure cannot be accounted for by climatic conditions describe how you would proceed to diagnose the cause or causes of the failure on the soil area in question. 4. What insolubIe phosphates are used as fertilisers? What deter- minations would you carry out in the laboratory before deciding on the value of a sample? On what soils and under what climatic conditions would you expect these substances to be most effective ? 5.Discuss the secondary changes which are liable to occur in soils as a result of the application of some of the more common artificial ferti- lisers. 6. What evidence is there for the idea that plants may excrete sub- stances which are toxic to other plants? Describe any work you know which bears on this point. 7. Write short notes on the use of the following substances as fertilisers-(a) sewage sludges ( b ) leather waste (c) soot ( d ) common salt and ( e ) shoddy. 4. MONDAY 30th September 1929 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss and criticise the conventional methods for the estima- tion of protein oil and carbohydrates in feeding stuffs. Experimental details need not be given.2. write a short essay on the significance of the mineral ingredients of rations in animal nutrition. 3. What is the relationship between the gross metabolisable and net available energy of a feeding stuff ? Give a general description of the methods by which any two of these are determined. What connection has been established between the irradiation of animals by ultra-violet light and the vitamins? Under what circum- stances do you consider that the question of vitamin supply becomes of practical importance in ordinary farm practice ? 5. Write short notes on the following feeding stuffs indicating what special value is attributed to each and what precautions may in some cwes be necessary :-cod liver oil cane molasses beet molasses whey fish meal brewers’ grains and dried yeast.25 1 6. The digestibility of a new concentrated feeding stuff is to be determined. Describe how you would carry this out. 7. Write short notes on the preparation composition and use of the following insecticides or fungicides :-Bordeaux mixture lead arsenate tar distillate washes and lime sulphur. TUESDAY 1st OCTOBER to FRIDAY 4th OCTOBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Of the questions 1 and 2 one must be completed by noon on Wednesday and the other by noon on Thursday). 1. The fertiliser A is stated to contain nitrate as well as nitrogen in other forms. Determine the percentage of nitrogen present in each form. 2. Carry out a complete analysis of the feeding stuff B. 3. Determine the lime requirement and exchangeable calcium of 4.Examine the substance D qualitatively and determine its most 5. Examine microscopically the feeding stuff E and report on its the soil C. important constituent. constituents. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. The following paper was given to all Candidates taking Branch Q.- Industrial Chemistry. (Answer any FOUR but not more than FOUR questions.) 1. What substances can be used as fuel for power production or for carrying out processes in chemical works? Discuss the conditions or requirements that would lead you to choose one or other of these forms of fuel for use in any particular case. Illustrate your answer by reference to some process known to you. 2. What advantages do continuous processes of chemical manu- facture offer over intermittent processes ? Indicate by reference to particular processes the characters or conditions which may make it possible or impracticable to conduct a process continuously.3. In what ways are liquids and gases conveyed from one place to another in a process? What general conditions have to be taken into account in designing plant for such a purpose and how is the flow of gas or liquid usually measured ? 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using fireclay or silica materials as compared with metal for retorts or similar high- temperature apparatus. Or Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using lead in a chemical works as compared with other acid-resisting materials. 5. Describe in outline the plant required for either (a) the separation of liquids from one another by fractional distillation or ( b ) the extraction of a pure substance from a mixture by means of ti solvent explaining in either case the rationale of the process.252 Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Technology of Paper Making. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on p. 251. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 2 to 5 p.m. 1. In the preparation of coated papers casein or gelatine may be used as an adhesive for the pigment colour. Describe the essential requirements in such types of adhesive and give details of how you would carry out a complete chemical analysis of each. 2. Define the iso-electric point of gelatine and give the value. What effect has .a varying value of pH adjusted by the addition of alum upon gelatine more especially with regard to its viscosity and melting point in the sizing of papers by the tub-sizing process? 3.Describe the various methods which can be used for the isolation of (a) cellulose from ligno-celluloses ( b ) lignin from ligno-celluloses. What reactions are involved in each case and which of them are of technical importance ? 4. Define “Breaking Length” and give what you consider an ideal “furnish” for a tub-sized paper suitable for permanent records. State your reason for adopting such a type of furnish. 5. Given a dry pulp state what you would consider the important points to determine in the evaluation of such a basic product in the manufacture of a high grade paper.6. Write a short account of recent work in the application of micro- biological reactions t o the manufacture of industrial compounds from hemi -celluloses and cellulose. 7 . Outline the modern conception of the mechanism of rosin sizing. Discuss the methods that have been proposed for determining the degree of sizing of a paper stating which you prefer and why. TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are given a raw material. Determine its suitability or otherwise for paper making and the class of paper for which the product is most suitable. 2. Analyse the given sample of water and state if in your opinion it is suitable for the manufacture of “writings.” Determine the amount ,of chemicals required for 1000 gallons in softening for boiler feed purposes.3. Examine the sample of paper used for wrapping foods and state if in your opinion it would pass the desired requirements for purity. 4. Identify the fibres in the given mixture and determine the relative proportions of each. 5. Given a sample of newsprint determine the percentage of mechan- ical wood in the sample. (1) by a chemical method and (2) microscopically. 253 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry ; Textiles with special reference to Artificial Silk. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251). MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions to be selected.) 1. Why can the process of mercerising be regarded as involving chemical action? How has mercerising been utilised in (1) treating cotton fabrics and ( 2 ) in the manufacture of rayon? 2.Given the main raw materials coal common salt sulphur and wood-pulp explain how you would produce a rayon yarn from the same. Give greater details of manufacture where the necessary operations are specific to rayon manufacture. 3. Give an account of different methods of producing rayon filaments with decreased density and indicate the effect of such methods on the physical properties of the yarns produced from these filaments. 4. How would you treat an effluent from ( a ) a viscose spinning room and ( b ) from a cuprammonium rayon works? 5 . Describe the production and advantages of “ cuprammoniwn ” rayon yarns consisting of h e filaments (about 2 deniers).6 . Discuss the relative advantages of ordinary rayon yarn and staple fibre. Explain how staple fibre is made and used and explain the different effects you would expect when making and utilising staple fibre yarns made from viscose and cellulose acetate solutions respectively. 7 . Discuss the respective advantages of high tenacity (breaking strain) and high elasticity (elongation before breaking). Discuss the connection between these factors and the wearing properties of fabrics made from such yarns. Also discuss the relative effects of “dry” and “wet” strengths in practice on the use of different kinds of rayon yarns. 8. Discuss the practical utility of one of the enclosed patent specifi- cations and give reasons for your conclusions or else suggest methods which might be utilised to test out its value in practice.9. Why is a sulphite wood-pulp of high quality more useful in the manufacture of viscose rayon than in the case of nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate yarns ? TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the three samples of cellulose pulp and establish their respective values for the production of artificial silk utilising standard methods of analysis for this purpose. 2 . Obtain cross-sections of the samples of artificial silks and discuss their “covering power.” 3. Examine the sample of carbon disulphide and report on its suitability for the production of viscose solution for artificial silk manu- facture.254 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251) 2 to 5 p.m. (More than SIX questions need not be attempted.) 1. Explain what you understand by low temperature carbonisation. 2. The various processes of low temperature carbonisation may be classified under two or more headings; state clearly upon what con- sideration such classification is based and give examples of processes which you would include in each class. 3. What are the properties of the liquid products from low tempera- ture carbonisation of ordinary bituminous coal and how do they differ from the liquid products from gas works and coke ovens? 4.Describe fully with sketches any one process of low temperature carbonisation which has been worked on a commercial scale. 5. How would you examine a sample of coal to determine its suit- ability for low temperature carbonisation and the yield of semi-coke motor spirit tar and gas t o be expected? 6. Assuming the present annual consumption of motor spirit in the United Kingdom to be 800,000,000 gallons how much coal would have to be treated by the low temperature carbonisation process to produce this quantity of motor spirit? What uses other than as domestic fuel have been suggested for semi-coke? 7. Give some account of the present state of our knowledge of cracking and hydrogenating low temperature primary tar. 8. One of the chief difficulties in carrying out the process of low temperature carbonisation has been the.extraction of the coke from the retorts. What steps would you take to overcome the trouble? TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of coal and report upon its suitability for low temperature carbonisation and the probable yields of products t o be got from it. 2. Make a proximate analysis of the sample of low temperature tar. Separate the tar acids (phenols) and make as complete an analysis as possible of them. 3. Examine the sample of low temperature coke and report on its quality. 9 4. Test the sample of low temperature motor spirit and determine as accurately as possible the percentage of:- Paraffin hydrocarbons.Unsaturated 9 9 Naphthene Aromatic Describe fully the experiments you make and say what degree of accuracy may be expected 255 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBERy 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251). 2 lo 5 p.m. (More than SIX questions need not be attempted.) 1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intermittent and continuous systems of distilling coal tar. 2. Make approximately dimensioned sketches of a battery of three 15-ton tar stills with all necessary accessories. 3. What effect has the change from horizontal to vertical retorts at the gas works had upon the quality of the gas works tar and the products obtained from it ? 4.Describe fully with sketches a modern fractionating column suitable for producing pure benzene orland pure toluene. 5. Give a concise but complete account of the processes employed to extract the phenols (tar acids) from coal tar distillates. 6. What are the uses to which coal tar creosote is put? Give speci- fications for the creosote for the various purposes you mention. 7 . To what special dangers are men employed in a tar works exposed and what precautions should be taken to reduce the risks to a minimum ? 8. Describe in full the process of producing pyridine (suitable for denaturing) from coal tar. TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDA Y 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1 .Examine the sample of pitch provided and report on its suit- ability for briquetting purposes. 2. Test the sample of crude benzole and report on the yields of pure benzene pure toluene and solvent naphtha to be expected on the large scale. 3. Estimate the naphthalene tar acids and tar bases in the sample of creosote given you. 4. Report on the quality of the sample of cresylic acid provided and say if you consider it suitable for the manufacture of formaldehyde con- densation products and if not why not. 5. Examine the sample of tar provided and state from the results of your tests by which process of carbonisation it has been obtained. Special Examination for the Fellowship in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Products. MONDAY 12th to FRIDAY 15th AUQUST 1929.First Paper, 2 hours allowed. (Select any THREE of the following questions.) 1. Write a brief account of recent work on the thermal decom- position of the normal parafhs. Give a sketch of the apparatus used in these investigations. 256 2. Write an essay (about 500 words) on the methods adopted for the removal of sulphur from motor spirit. What limit of sulphur is permitted in the American Federal Specification ? 3. “The method associated with the name of Edeleanu has become increasingly important in recent years.” Criticise this statement and give a brief description of the process. 4. What are the criteria demanded of the fuel for ( a ) Heavy Diesel Engines. (4 Light Diesel Engines? Write specifications for these two classes.Second Paper 2 hours allowed. (Select THREE of the following questions.) 1. Describe carefully the application of an absorbent clay in the refining of a lubricating oil. What laboratory tests would you apply to enable you to select a suitable clay for this purpose? 2. Give a diagram to illustrate the combination of a bubble tower with a pipe-still for the distillation and fractionation of a given crude. Compare the efficiency of this assembly with that of a system of shell 3. Describe the preparation and application of an emulsified bitumen 4. Give a brief account of methods proposed for the estimation of 5. Why has vapour phase cracking assumed importance in recent stills. for road surfacing. unsaturated hydrocarbons in a motor spirit.years? Describe any one system with which you are familiar. same material. Practical Examination. 1. Examine the given sample of petroleum bitumen and determine its chief physical constants. Estimate the content of solid paraffins. 2. Make an assay of the given crude oil. Determine the propor- tion of marketable commodities that can be obtained therefrom. To what group of crude oils would you assign this material? 3. Determine the aromatic hydrocarbons in the given sample of gasoline by any approved method. Find also the sulphur content of the 4. Report on the two samples of lubricating oils X and Y comparing them more particularly in terms of their resistance to oxidation. 257 Notes. Public Analysts.-In a case heard recently a discussion arose as to whether the certificate of a public analyst on which a prosecution is based is acceptable in court when the public analyst’s assistant has performed the actual analysis and the public analyst himself has interpreted the results and signed the certificate.The certificate related to a sample of milk and the assistant who did not possess the qualifications required by the Ministry of Health for the position of public analyst gave evidence that he had performed the analysis. For the defence it was contended that the analysis should be made by the public analyst himself. For the prosecution it was held that the assistant was qualified by experience to do the work and that the public analyst was satisfied that it was in order.The defendant admitted that the deficiency in the milk was accounted for by the fact that during the week in question the cows had been without cake; the milk returned to normal quality when the cows were again supplied with cake. The Magistrates dismissed the case. On this it may be noted that in Bell’s Sale of Food and Drugs Act (seventh edition 1gz3) a statement is made that the analyst need not make the analysis personally but may do so through his assistants. (BakewelZ v. Davis 1894 Q.V. 296.) Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware.-The Sub-Committees have held a number of meetings at the Institute during the year. No formal reports have been published lately but the recommendations of the sub-committees have been of assistance to the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation of its Test Pamphlets and generally to manufacturers of glass apparatus.The Committee is co- operating with the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee with the Analytical Chemists’ Committee of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and with the Standardisation of Analytical Methods Committees of the Society of Public Analysts. 258 The Physical Society and the Optical Society.- The twentieth Annual Exhibition of Electrical Optical and other Physical Apparatus is to be held by the Physical Society and the Optical Society on 7th 8th and gth January 1930 at the Imperial College of Science and Technology South Ken- sington London. The Exhibition will include a Trade Section a Research and Experimental Section and a section for the work of Appren- tices and Learners.The Research and Experimental Section will be arranged in three groups :-(a) Exhibits illustrating the results of recent physical research ; (b) Lecture experiments in Physics ; and (c) Historical exhibits in Physics. The Exhibition Committee invites offers from Research Laboratories and Institutions and from individual research workers of exhibits suitable for inclusion in any of the above three groups. No charge will be made for space or catalogue entries in the Research and Experimental Section. Offers of exhibits giving particulars of space and other facilities required should be communicated immediately-in any case not later than 30th October,-to the Secretary Exhibition Committee I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7.Australia.-On the 14th September a “ Centenary Conver- sazione ” was held by the Chemical Society of Western Australia a t the University of Perth. The programme included lectures on “A Hundred Years of Organic Chemistry,” “The Black Art of Egypt,” “ Middle Age Chemistry,” with exhibits illustrating the development of chemical apparatus ancient and modern pharmaceutical equipment the evolution of agricultural chemis- try the development of illumination and other subjects. The Institute participated by lending a selection of lantern slides illustrating alchemists chemists and early apparatus. Lecture.-On 8th October a t the College of Technology Leicester the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “Alchemy in Art and Literature” before an open meeting of the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society.Miss C. H. Spencer presided and many Fellows and Associates of the Institute in the district were present. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the motion of Mr. F. C. Bullock seconded by Dr. L. Hunter supported by Mr. S. F. Burford. 25 9 Scholarships. “THE Year Book of the Universities of the Empire,” pub- lished by the Universities Bureau of the British Empire (50 Russell Square London W.C.I) is under revision for the 1930 edition. The publication which first appeared in 1914 condenses a great deal of the useful information which is to be found in University and College calendars into a book of reference of about 850 pages dealing with the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland of the Overseas Dominions and of India.It contains in addition to information regarding the scholarships attached to each University and College lists of University Scholarships and Fellowships and particulars of grants for research lists of professional schools of the Univerisites in which provision is made for specialised study and a list of centres of research outside the Universities with Appendices dealing with professions and careers for which university studies are a fitting preparation. Enquiries are fairly frequently received a t the Institute regarding the provision of scholarships and grants for advanced study and research.The Year Book referred to above affords a ready source of information for students and post-graduate workers who need such assistance. Particulars are given of Scholarships which however are in many cases open only to candidates who are studying or who have studied in certain Universities and Colleges but reference will also be found to the following :- Science Scholarships from funds administered by the Board of Education tenable a t the Imperial College of Science and Technology London. (Syllabus of Examination obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office Kingsway London W.C.Z. 3d.) Science Research Scholarships-value &oo to E250 p.a.- offered to Overseas Universities by the Royal Commission f o r the Exhibition of 1851 for British subjects under 26 years of age who have completed a full university course.Also five senior 260 Studentships each of 75400 per annum open to British subjects of not more than 40 years of age on recommendation receivable up to 1st May by professors and heads of departments through the executive authorities of such institutions as may be invited by the Commissioners to nominate candidates. (Offices I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7.) Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research of f1250 per annum for two years tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London open to candidates under 25 years of age of European descent by both parents who have taken a degree in any university in the British Empire or any diploma or scholar- ship of any college approved by the Trustees.Elections adver- tised three months in advance are made annually in July. (En- quiries to be addressed to the Rector of the Imperial College.) The Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust administers a fund to assist necessitous students. (Particulars may be obtained from the Bursar of the Trust Percy Alden Esq. M.A. 32 Gordon Square London W.C.I.) Funds are administered by The Royal Society (Burlington House Piccadilly London W. I) including-The Moseley Research Studentship-&oo p.a.-for the furtherance of Experi- mental Research in Pathology Physics and Chemistry or other branches of science but not in Pure Mathematics Astronomy or any branch which aims merely at describing cataloguing and systematising ; The Mackinnon Research Studentship-+oo p.a.-is for furthering natural and physical science including geology and astronomy and for original research and investiga- tion in pathology; and the Sorby Research Fellowship-~600 p.a.-tenable ordinarily in the University of Sheffield. These are advertised from time to time. The Royal Society also awards Government grants for scientific investigations the conditions of which are notified annually in time for applications (from British subjects only) to be received by 31st March. The Trustees of the Ramsay Memorial Fellowships award from time to time Fellowships of the value normally of L300 a year for two years for chemical research which can be held in any university or other place in the United Kingdom possessing the requisite facilities or in exceptional circumstances in any other part of the British Empire.(Secretary C. 0. G. Douie Esq. University College Gower Street London W.C.1.) 261 The Johnston Chemical Scholarship and Prize of the value of E150 for one year tenable at Armstrong College Newcastle- upon-Tyne is awarded on results of an examination in chemistry with crystallography or mineralogy and is open to Bachelors of Science of any University of not more than three years’ standing from graduation who produce satisfactory evidence of previous training and ability to conduct original chemical investigation. The Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry offers Fellowships normally ~Z~O-.&JOO to chemists of graduate standing to enable them to undergo further special training for careers in chemical industry.(Particulars may be had from the Director of the Institute Salters’ Hall St. Swithin’s Lane London E.C.4.) Scholarships for the Fellowship of the British Empire Exhibition are provided to help research scholars from the Overseas Dominions to continue their investigations in the mother country. American University and College Scholarships for British Students include 20 Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (about E6oo each p.a.) tenable in one of the Institutions belonging to the Association of American Universities. Candidates must be unmarried and not over 30 years of age nominated by Universities in Great Britain and Ireland the final selections being made by a Committee of Award.(Offices of the Associa- tion 50 Russell Square London W.C.I.) The Department of Scientijc and Industrial Research awards grants to individual research workers on recommendations by individual professors and allowances to students for training in research in universities and colleges. (Particulars can be obtained from “Notes on the Grants to Research Workers and Students,” published by H.M. Stationery Office zd.) The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Development Commission awards Research Scholarships (Lzoo p.a.) to assist promising students usually honours graduates in science to qualify as research workers. About 20 scholarships usually tenable for two years of the value of Ez50 per annum are offered for ( a ) agricultural research and (b) general agriculture the first being available to candidates with honours degrees in pure science.Part of the course is 262 taken at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad or other similar institution. (Particulars are obtainable from the Private Secretary Appointments Department Colonial Office 2 Richmond Terrace Whitehall S.W.I.) To the above may be added- The PedZer Research SchoZarship derived from the income of a legacy bequeathed to the Institute by the late Sir Alexander Pedler; value l300 a year. The Scholar is required to work on a problem or problems suggested by the Council of the Institute having regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The present scholar will continue to receive the award until June 1930 when the appointment of his successor will be under consideration.(Particulars obtainable from the Registrar 30 Russell Square London W.C.1.) 263 Obituary. JOHN ALFRED HARTLEY died at Snaith Yorks. on the 26th August in his 38th year. He studied chemistry at the University of Leeds from 1910 to 1914 graduating with first class honours. At the outbreak of war having been trained in the Officers’ Training Corps he volunteered for active service but being rejected on medical grounds became engaged in his father’s business Hartley’s Brewery Co. a t Cowick in the place of his brother who had immediately joined up. He devoted himself to brewing chemistry and biology and also worked for a time on antiseptics with Professor J.B. Cohen. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN junior died at Oxford on 17th September in his 70th year. The son of Sir William Henry Perkin the discoverer of mauve and founder of the coal-tar colour industry he was born at Sudbury Middlesex and educated at the City of London School. He studied chemistry a t the Royal College of Science London a t the Universities of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. and of Munich where he worked under Adolf von Baeyer. He continued a t Munich as Privat- Docent from 1883 to 1886 and then joined Professor Dixon at Owens College-now the University-Manchester for a year before he was ap- pointed Professor of Chemistry a t Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh.In 1892 he returned to Manchester and succeeded Schorlemmer as Professor of Organic Chemistry which position he held for twenty years In 1912 he succeeded Odling as Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. From 1916 he assisted British Dyes Ltd. as Chairman of the Ad- visory Council on Research and in 1924 was appointed Director of Re- search and a Member of the Board of Directors of the Company. His main work however was continued at Oxford until the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1890; was awarded the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1900 the Davy Medal and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1904 and 1926 respectively and was President of the Chemical Society from 1913 to 1915.He served on the Council of the Royal Society in 1904-1905 and again in 1908-1910. He received the degrees of M.A. (Oxon); D.Sc. (Vict.) Sc.D. (Cantab.) and LL.D. (Edin. and St. Andrew’s) and was an honorary member of several foreign societies. His numerous papers chiefly published in the Journal of the Chemical Society dealt with organic compounds containing saturated ring systems alkaloids natural colouring matters and the structure of the terpenes. He was joint author with Professor F. Stanley Kipping and with Dr. Lean of well-known text-books. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 served as a Member of Council from 1901 to 1904 and as an Examiner from 1908 to 1912. At the memorial service held a t Magdalen College on 19th September the Institute was represented by Dr.F. D. Chattaway Member of Council and by the Registrar. 264 JOHN CHARLES PLATTS died at Hathersage Sheffield on 20th September in his 63rd year. He studied chemistry a t Firth College Sheffield under Professor W. Carleton Williams obtaining a Firth Ex- hibition in 1886. He continued a t the College as assistant to Professor Williams until 1899 when he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. John Brown & Co. Ltd. Atlas Steel and Iron Works Sheffield working with Mr. G. S. Packer. He was also for some years lecturer on chemistry and physics a t the Sheffield School of Pharmacy and teacher of chemistry a t the Rotherham School of Science and Art. In 1900 he was appointed Chief Chemist a t the Openshaw Works of Armstrong Whitworth & C o .Ltd. which position he held until 1915. In the following year he was ap- pointed Chief Chemist a t their Canadian Works at Longuenil Quebec ; but returned from Canada in 1921 after the Canadian plant closed down and again worked in the ,Openshaw Laboratory for a little over a year. From that time he was engaged with Messrs. Jonas and Colver and with Messrs. T. Firth & Sons Ltd. respectively until 1927 when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. 265 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV 1929 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute.“ Atoms At Home among the.” James Kendall. A First Book of Congenial Chemistry. Pp. xv+270. (London G. Bell & Sons Ltd.). 7s. 6d. A book for the lay reader dealing with the structure of matter in general and with the structure of the atom. ‘‘ Elementary Analytical Chemistry ” Qualitative and Quanti- tative. Frank Clowes and J . Bernard Coleman. Eleventh edition. Pp. xiii+z46. (London J. & A. Churchill.) 6s. Introduction to the principles and practice of qualitative and quant,ita- tive analysis ; first principles of analytical operations; dry tests etc. ; reactions for metals ; reactions for acid-radicles ; analytical course and tables ; volumetric analysis ; gravimetric analysis ; inorganic pre - parations ; organic compounds.“ Hydrogen Ions Their Determination and Importance in Pure and Industrial Chemistry.” H. T. S. Britton. Vol. I11 of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Pp. xiv +515. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 25s. Theory of electrometric methods and determinations ; hydrogen quinhydrone oxygen and air metal-metallic oxide and glass electrodes ; colorimetric methods ; fundamental importance of hydrogen ion con- centration in inorganic chemistry ; precipitation of hydroxides basic chromates borates carbonates and silicates; dependence on pA of reactions; importance of pB in the electrodeposition of metals and in leather sugar pulp and paper manufacture; in brewing baking water purification corrosion and sewage disposal; the significance of pH in milk; bearing of pa on fertility of soils; pH and ceramics; textile dye and miscellaneous industries.“Metallurgical Analysis Select Methods of.” W. A. Naish and J. E. Clennell. Pp. xii+4g5. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 30s. Qualitative analysis; commercial metals including aluminium copper lead nickel tin zinc; non-ferrous alloys; iron and steel; ores slags; metallurgical products ; refractory materials ; proximate analysis of coal ; electrometric titrations ; mineral analysis ; spectrographic methods ; tables the Examiners. Office 1929.) 5s. net. IS. 6d. net. 266 “ Photo-Processes in Gaseous and Liquid Systems.” R. A. Griffith and A. McKeown. 52 diagrams. Pp. viii+691. Text-books of Physical Chemistry Series. (London Longmans Green & Co.Ltd.). 25s. Introductory ; quantum theory and atomic structure ; excitation potentials absorption spectra of atoms life of the excited state; molecular spectra ; fluorescence ; chemiluminescence ; photochemical reactions; Einstein’s law and photochemical reaction mechanisms ; photosensitization ; photochemical catalysis and inhibition tempera- ture coefficients after-effects ; chemical effects of X-rays a-particles and electrons. The following books are missing from the Library of the Institute :- “ Catalytic Processes in Applied Chemistry.” T. P. Hilditch. “ British Pharmacopoeia 1g14,”-the property of one of Recent Government Publications include :- “Technical and Art Education and other forms of further Education (England and Wales) List of the more important Institutions recognised by the Board of Education 1927-28.(H.M. Stationery Office 1929). 4s net. Part I deals with University and Non-University Institutions for further Education; Part 11 with Art Schools; Part 111 with Technical Day Schools and Part IV with Junior Technical Schools giving particulars of the types of the courses and of the branches of study for which provision is made and other information. “Return relating to all Authorised Gas Undertakings in Great Britain for the year 1928. Part I Particulars relating to the Manufacture and Supply of Gas. (H.M. Stationery This return provides statistics regarding the materials of manufacture quantities of gas made and sold quantities of residuals number of consumers and lengths of gas mains for the years 1920 to 1928 and details relating to the manufacture and supply of gas by individual undertakings in Great Britain during 1928.“Report of the Government Chemist upon the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March 1929 with Appendices. (H.M. Stationery Office 1929.) The Report contains details of the work performed in the Laboratories a t Clement’s Inn Passage and at the Customs House. Work has been done for nearly all the Departments of the Home Government for the 267 High Commissioner for India the Crown Agents for the Colonies and for Overseas Dominions on a repayment basis. Laboratories are also maintained in the Geological Survey Museum and at the Supply Reserve Depdt at Deptford.Members of the staff are at present seconded for work in connection with the Ethyl Petrol Committee the Atmospheric Pollution Research Committee and for River Surveys carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The total number of samples examined in the year was 499,289,-an increase of 8,250 over the number for the previous year. Additional work has been given to the Laboratories in connection with the duties on betting hydrocarbon oils silk etc. and in connection with the recent preservatives regulations. Members of the staff have served on a large number of Committees of such bodies as the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts the British Engineering Standards Association the National Physical Laboratory and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and have published many original papers in scientific journals.Sewage and Sewage Effluents-Methods of Chemical Analysis.-In 1924 the Council was invited by the Ministry of Health to appoint representatives of the Institute to serve on a Committee appointed to consider methods of chemical analysis as applied to sewage and sewage effluents. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. Ernest Melling were nominated accordingly and attended a conference on the subject held at the Ministry of Health on 10th December in tHe same year. The actual preparation of the report of this Committee which has now been published (H.M. Stationery Office rgzg,2s. 6d. net) is principally the work of Dr. McGowan and in the prefatory note a statement appears that “it is doubtful whether it would have been possible to produce this document without his invaluable assistance for which the Minister is indebted to him.” The contents may be briefly summarised as follows:- Report ; general recommendations; expression of results of analysis ; sampling of sewages and effluents; preliminary notes on samples in the laboratory; methods of chemical analysis; analysis of sludges.Appendices. The Committee was composed of Dr. H. T. Calvert (Chairman) Dr. S. W. Wheaton Dr. J. A. Glover Mr. W. T. Burgess Mr. J. H. Garner Mr. E. Halliwell Sir Alexander Houston Dr. R. A. Lyster Dr. G. McGowan Mr. S. E. Melling Mr. J. A. Reddie Sir Robert Robertson Mr. F. Scudder and Mr. H. F. Stephenson. It will be noted that the Chairman and many members of the Committee are Fellows of the Institute and the work of several other Fellows is mentioned in the report.The Committee took as the groundwork of their report Part V of the Report of the Royal Commission on Sewage 268 Disposal 1904 and also had regard to a report of a Committee of the Association of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works relating to this subject. Many changes have been made in the old report and the Minister thinks that the present document will prove of signal service to those who are engaged in testing the purity of water and of effluents that it will contribute materially to more uni- formity and will in this way help to reduce the difficulty of the many problems which are involved in this matter.The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Dr. McGowan and Mr. Melling for their services in representing the Institute and it is very gratifying to the Council to know that the assistance rendered by them has been duly acknowledged. Canadian Journal of Research.-The National Research Council Canada is publishing a bi-monthly journal under the authority of the Privy Council on Scientific and Industrial Research 0 ttawa. No. z of Volume I was issued in July and contains articles on agricultural subjects portland cement etc. The annual sub- scription is 3 dollars p.a. single copies 60 cents. each. 269 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th October 1929 one new Fellow was elected 12 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 55 new Associates were elected and 29 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost one Fellow one Associate and one Student by death. New Fellow. MacMahon Professor Patrick Sarsfield M.Sc. (Manc.) Lucknow Univer- sity United Provinces India. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Charap Myer Martin B.Sc. (Lond.) 75 Grove Street Derby. Elvidge Wilfred Farrand B.Sc. (Lond.) 171 Harrington Drive Lenton No tt ingham . Frankenburg William Eric B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. c/o Sarawak Oilfields Ltd. Miri Sarawak. Hill John Whitelaw Naraguta (N) Tin Mines Ltd. P.O. Jos N. Nigeria via Lagos. Howes Herbert Stanley B.Sc. (Bris.) 61 Goldsmith Avenue Acton London W.3. Maung Maung B.Sc. (Calcutta) A.R.C.S. 4 Clyde Street Redcliffe Gardens London S.W.10.Muddiman Ernest Walter B.Sc. (Lond.) 45 Grantham Road Jesmond Newcastle -on-Tyne. Stern Isaac B.Sc. (Lond.) 120 Sidney Street Mile End London E.l. Taylor Henry Frankland 299 Eccles New Road Salford Lancs. Warren William B.Sc. (Lond.) 39 Poplar Road Sutton Surrey. Wilshere Lawrence Arthur A.C.G.F.C. 69 Maury Road London N. 16. Wood Robinson Pearson M.Sc. (Dun.) 71 Longford Road Chorlton-cum- Hardy Manchester. New Associates. Ahmad Bashir M.Sc. (Punjab) c/o Barclays Bank Ltd. 161 Euston Road London N.W.l. Allen Douglas Geoffrey Glenn B.A. (Cantab.) 40 Fortune Green Road West Hampstead London N.W. Balloch Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) 64 Earlham Road Forest Gate London Bell James Alfred 10 Melville Road Stretford Manchester.E.7. Brooks John Joseph Ablett B.Sc. (Lond.) 47 Pendle Road Streatham London S.W.16. Brown Miss Annie Maude B.Sc. (Lond.) la Paynes Lane Coventry. Chalmers James Gowans B.Sc. (Glas.) Gowanlea High Inverkip Road Greenock. 270 Cheeseworth Henry Douglas M.Sc. (Birm.) 8 Chesterfield Road Lich- field Staffs. Chirnside Ralph Clark 26 Linden Avenue Wembley Hill Middlesex. Cole Reginald Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.) 55 The Quay Ely Cambs. Coles Harold Grange B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 41 St. Margaret’s Road Oxford. Dennis George Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) 49 St. Matthew Street Anlaby Road Hull. Dirnmick John B.Sc. (Lond.) 9 Thirsk Road Clapham Common London S.W.ll. Elwes Eric Vincent 28 Conville Boulevard Bebington Cheshire. Farmer Philip Arnold B.Sc.(Lond.) 7 Upper Park Fields Putney London S.W.15. Fore Thomas Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) 44 Rocklands Avenue Woodhey Rock Ferry Cheshire. Gane Richard M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds) c/o 19 Hillcrest View Shepherds Lane Leeds. Garrett Donald Clarence B.Sc. (Lond.) 6 Bavent Road Camberwell London S.E.5. Hamence Jack Hubert B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Cranfield Road Brockley London S.E.4. Hargreaves Miss Louisa Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 23 Greenholm Road Eltham London S.E.9. Houghton Gilbert Underwood B.Sc. (Lond.) 59 Beechhill Road Eltham London S.E.9. Housley Stanley B.Sc. (Birm.) 198 Thimblemill Road Smethwick Staffs. Howieson Miss Anne Robinson B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. 27 King Edward’s Road North Heaton Newcastle-on-Tyne. Jones John Mather 24 St. Loy’s Road Tottenham London N.17.Kane Noel Lindsay Ross B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 77 Glebe Road Crookes Sheffield . Kruger Rudolf John B.A. (Cape of Good Hope) c/o H. G. Walters Esq. “ Wallevere,” Lower Dorp Street Stellenbosch C.P. S. Africa. Lewis Kenneth Glyn M.Sc. (Wales) Metallurgical Department College of Technology Manchester. Lindsey Arthur James B.Sc. (Lond.) 34 Nightingale Avenue Highams Park London E.4. MacPhail John Campbell B.Sc. (Glas.) 35 Woodlands Drive Glasgow c.4. Martin John Thomas B.Sc. (Birm.) 17 Beaumont Road Bournville Birmingham. McLean John B.Sc. (Glas.) 3 Aigas Cottages Anniesland Glasgow. Norman Peter James B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 10 Edith Road London W.14. Nutter Arnold A.M.C.T. 10. Union Street W. Oldham Lancs. Parker Hugh Edmund B.Sc.(Lond.) Briarwood Gordon Road S. Woodford London E.18. Parton Hugh Noble M.Sc. (N.Z.) 69 Hackthorne Road Cashmere Christchurch N.Z. Rao Keshaviah Aswath Navain B.Sc. (Mysore) c/o Messrs. Coutts & Co. 440 Strand London W.C.2. Rattray Edwin John Thomas 98 Park Road St. Helens. Reid Richard Bennity B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Mrs. Otter 1. Walter Street Nottingham. Roberts Emrys Haddon M.Sc. (Wales) Tal-y-Don Llanberis N. Wales. Robinson Edmund Brodie B.Sc. (Lond.) Van Ryn Glencroft Terrace Darlington. m a . Sen Ashutosh M.Sc. (Dacca) 14 Larmini Street P.O. Wari Dacca Bengal India. Shilling William Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 48 Byne Road Sydenham London S.E.26. Smee Frederick Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 10 Tower Terrace Wood Green London N.22. Steane Enoch B.Sc.(Birm.) 60 Marroway Street Birmingham. Stewart Miss Jessie M.Sc. (Dun.) Ph.D. (Lond.) 11 Elm Crescent Ealing London W.5. Stockdale Leonard Moore M.Sc. (Leech) Lynn Royd West Riddlesden Keighley Yorks. Varadaraja Iyengar Adachani Vanumamalachary B.A. (Madras) Depart- ment of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Hebbal P.O. Bangalore India. West Henry William A.C.G.F.C. 8 Rue Rouen Bode St. Josse Brussels Belgium. Weston Bernard Allan 98 Eton Road Ilford Essex. Williams John Ingli B.Sc. (Wales) East Street Newport Pem. Winstanley Arthur A.M.C.T. 93 Cheetham Road Swinton Manchester. 271 Rymill Frederick Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) 58 Fanshawe Avenue Barking. Sands,ReginaldRobert B.Sc. (Lond.) 16 MonmouthRoad Watford Herts. Savidge Leslie Noel 612 New Chester Road New Ferry nr.Birkenhead. Schofield Harry Fryer A.M.C.T. Lyndale Wythens Road Handforth New Students. Austin Edward Taylor 40 Frederick Road Wylde Green Birmingham. Bailey Ronald 46 Seventh Avenue Heworth York. Banford John Alfred 106 Altmore Avenue London E.6. Barnes Thomas Edward 2 Edna Street Battersea London S.W.ll. Bayliss Jack 97 Dudley Road Tipton. Bulcock James Rowland 12 Cockerill Terrace Barrow nr. Whalley Blackburn. Butler Ernest 127 Old Fallings Lane Low Hill Wolverhampton. Downing John 46 Waterfall Lane Old Hill Staffs. Evans Miss Susan 19 Hodges Mount Princes Park Liverpool. Gibbs Reginald Walter 37 Crosbie Road Harborne Birmingham. Hayes Thomas 28 Pontefract Terrace Farnley Leeds. Howie Francis 17 Mountjoy Street Belfast.Jackson Henry Maurice 165 New Park Road London S.W.2. Johnson Eric Ian Hillside Fordham Cambs. Keith Arthur Miles 6 Kelvin Grove Cheetham Manchester. Manning Raymond Norgrove General Cemetery Kaye Hill Hockley Birmingham. Marrison Frank Carlisle 16 Larbert Road Streatham London S.W. 16. Mills Maurice Robert Wickstreet Cottage Pitchcombe Stroud. Mitchell Sidney Charles 66 Bruce Road Bow London E.3. Rees Stanley Field 28 Whateley Road Handsworth Birmingham. Roberts-Brown Miss Marjorie Amy 82 King Edward Road Northampton. Scott John Peutherer 4 Royston Terrace Goldenacre Edinburgh. Shanks Samuel 28 Green Lane Bolton. Shore Harris 188 Jubilee Street London E.l. Smith Vincent Harold 33 Barnfield Road Ealing London W.5.Sykes John Hodgson 64 Holly Bank Road Lindley Huddersfield. Thacker Guy Overton 134 Fillebrook Road Leytonstone London E. 11. Turner Hubert Lawrence 188 Grove Lane Handsworth Birmingham. Woodhead Hilton 19 Town End Golcar nr. Huddersfield. 272 Fellow. Change of Name. Jacob Isaacs Registered Student to John Poley by Deed Poll. Nettie Isaacs Associate to (Mrs.) Nettie Nmchen on her marriage. (Miss) Olga Naomi Rosen Associate to (Mrs.) Olga Naomi Jmobs on her marriage. Frederick William James Cosh Registered Student to Frederick DEATHS. William James McCosh by Deed Poll. John Charles Platts. Associate. John Alfred Hartley M.Sc. (Leeds). Student. Ernest Hartshorne B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). 273 General Notices. Annual Chemical Dinner 8th November 1929.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the annual chemical dinner to be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 8th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m.the Rt. Hon. Lord Dewar in the chair. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (in- cluding gratuities but not wines) are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Twelfth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Mr. Lewis Eynon at the Institute on Friday the 22nd November 1929 at 8 p.m. Subject L c The World’s Sugar Industry.” The President Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G.DSc. F.R.S. will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students and former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission gratzs may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W .C. I. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt will deliver the First Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday the 13th December 1929 at 8 p.m. Subject ‘&The Chemist and Commerce.” The President will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and to interested members of the public.Tickets of admission gratis may be obtained on 274 application to the Registrar the Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday 11th December 1929. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I) the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March 1921 and amended on 1st March 1923:- Birmingham and Midlands including the Counties of Hereford Salop Stafford Worcester Warwick Derby Nottingham Leicester Lincoln Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties including the Counties of Gloucester Wilts Dorset Somerset Devon and Cornwall.Liverpool and North-West Coast including the Counties of Flint Westmorland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties including the Counties of Middlesex Kent Sussex Surrey Berks Oxford Bucking- ham Hertford Essex Bedford Cambridge Suffolk Norfolk Huntingdon Hants with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.North-East Coast and Yorkshire including the Counties of Northumberland Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland including the Counties of Nairn Elgin Banff Aberdeen Kincardine Forfar Perth Fife Kinross Clackmannan Stirling Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Bemick Peebles Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland including the Counties of Caithness Sutherland Ross and Cromarty Inverness Argyll Dumbarton Renfrew Lanark Ayr Wigtown Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint see (iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto.Irish Free State as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia the Dominion of Canada the Dominion of New Zealand the Union of South Africa the Empire of India the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. 275 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 Z ( a ) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form:- “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered a Fellow of this Institute is in address) our estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 3 1st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for ccJanuary.’y (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.( b ) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary a t the office of the Institute 80 that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers neither Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) .The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him t o the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. 276 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council a t a meeting on the third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. ( 5 ) I f a t any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council a t the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.If there be no Local Section within a District a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii) such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who have completed the period of three years service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are marked with an asterisk (*). Birmingham and Midlands Douglas Frank Twiss,* D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle.Liverpool and North-West Coast Harold Edward Monk B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties Lewis Eynon,* B.Sc. Manchester and District William Marshall. * North-East Coast and Yorkshire Percy Ewart Bowles,* Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland John Adam Watson,* A.C.G.I. Glasgow and West of Scotland Frederick William Harris. Wales and the County of Monmouth Christopher Maurice Walter Grieb,* B.Sc. Northern Ireland Johh Hawthorne B.A. Ph.D. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard,* B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. B,Sc Dates of Examination. 6th to 11th January. or 13th to 18th January. 31st March to 5th April. or 7th to n t h April.15th to 20th September. 22nd to 27th September. 277 Examinations in 1930.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1930 are as follows :- Entries close. } Monday 11th November 1929. } Monday 10th February 1930. } Monday 14th July 1930. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. IMPORTANT TO REGISTERED STUDENTS. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on ‘‘ The Cultural Value of Science ” will be awarded in January 1930 and presented a t the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the comDetitor resides on or before the 31st December 1929 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. A list of Local Sections will be found at the end of this part of the JOURNAL. The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. pating Institutions. 278 Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essay should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabseans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.In awarding the Medal for 1929 the adjudicators will unless exceptional circumstances arise give special consideration to work in organic chemistry or bio-chemistry. The next award will be made in January 1930. The Council will be glad to have attention directed before 31st December 1929 to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 279 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part 280 of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s.gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. (A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV.) Register 1930.-Fellows and Associates are requested to return the Register forms issued with this Part in order that their entries in the issue for 1930 may be checked and corrected where necessary. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments 7th Edition 1930.- The preparation of the 7th Edition of a List of Official Chemical Appointments will shortly be taken in hand. Corrections and suggestions for increasing the usefulness of this publication will be welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday 3rd March 1930. DOULTON Co. Ltd. METALS Manufacturers of Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. ROYAL DOULTON POTTERIES LAMBETH LONDON S.E. 1. All pieces bear this mark. To be obtained from Wholesale Laboratory Furnishers at home and abroad. HILGER Spectroscopically S tandardised Substances (HS Brand) for Chemical Physical and other Research Purposes The purest obtainable on inquiry in various research and industrial laboratories throughout the world and frequently specially prepared. Each batch is numbered and a full chemical and spectroscopic report accompanies each supply so that it is rarely necessary for a user to investigate the com- position even for critical researches. Rare and exceptionally pure Ag Au Pt Cu Fe Ni Mo W Zr In Ga Ge Bi Tl. RARE EARTHS 99.9 per cent. as used for Atomic Weight and similar researches of Ce Dy Gd La Nd Pr Sm Y; also of Hf. Scandium salts; Caesium chloride; Carbons (solid and cored). Write for Descriptive Catalogue and Price List to ADAM HILGER LTD. mgz$E pz$F