摘要:

DOULTON ti3 Go.Ltd. Manufacturers of Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. ROYAL DOULTON POTTERIES, LAMBETH,LONDON, S.E. 1. All pieces bear this mark. To be obtained from Wholesale LaboratoryFurnishers at home and abroad.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG92953BP001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

I. THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Registrar and Secretm-y. 1929. PART 11. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDOK W.C. I. A @il 1929. I' Publications Committee 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (CJi~rJrn~nu) ARTHUR SMITHELLS ( P w s i d e i t t ) P. E. BOWLES. H. 5. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S . GIBSON. W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON J . G. KING. PATRICK H. KIRKALDY ( l ’ w n s i c v e v ~ A. G. G. LEONARD. W. MARSHALL C. A. MITCHELL. H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS. W I LLI AM W A i? D LAW J.A WATSON. A. W. M. WINTLE. Officers and Members of Council 1929-1930. PRESIDENT ARTHUR SMITHELLS C.M.G. D.Sc. F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON C.B.E. PH.D. M.P. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD D.Sc. F.R.S. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. HON. TREASURER PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMqERS OF COUNCIL THOMAS LEWIS BAILEY PH.D. LONDON. EDWARD RICHARDS BOLTON LONDON. ALFRED ARCHIBALD BOON D.Sc. EDINBURGH. PERCY EWART BOWLES PH.D. NORTH-EAST COAST AND YORKSHIRE. HAROLD BUSH BROWN YORK. SIDNEY WATERFIELD BUNKER B.Sc. D.S.O. LONDON. FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. OXFORD. WILLIAM CLAYTON D.Sc. LONDON.REGINALD THOMAS COLGATE D.Sc. REA4DING. FRANK GEORGE EDMED O.B.E. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. PORTSMOUTE. GEORGE DAVIDSON ELSDON B.Sc. MANCHESTER. LEWIS EYNON B.Sc. LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTIES. CHARLES STANLEY GIBSON O.B.E. M.A. M.Sc. LONDON. WILLIAM HOWIESON GIBSON O.B.E. D.Sc. BELFAST. CHRISTOPHER MAURICE WALTER GRIEB B.Sc. WALES AND COUNTY OF MONMOUTH. FREDERICK WILLIAM HARRIS GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND. JOHN HAWTHORNE B.A. PH.D. NORTHERN IRELAND. THOMAS PERCY HILDITCH D.Sc. LIVERPOOL. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M A . D.Sc. PH.D. HUDDERSFIELD. BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD LONDON. GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY B.Sc. A.R.C.S. LONDON. CHRISTOPHER KELK INGOLD D.Sc. F.R.S. LEEDS. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES B.Sc. PH.D. DOVER. JAMES GRIEVE KING PH.D.A.R.T.C. LONDON. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT D.Sc. LONDON. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD B.Sc. PE.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. IRISH FREE STATE. HERBERT LEVINSTEIN M.Sc. PH.D. MANCHESTER. WILLIAM MARSHALL MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT. HAMILTON McCOMBIE M.A. D.Sc. D.S.O. CAMBRIDGE. CHARLES AINSWORTH MITCHELL M.A. LONDON. HAROLD EDWARD MONK B.Sc. LIVERPOOL AND NORTH-WESTERN. ALFRED R RE PH.D. MANCHESTER. PETER WRIGHT TAINSH O.B.E. A.R.T.C. BIRICENHEAD. OLIVER TRIGGER M.B.E. LONDON. DOUGLAS FRANK TWISS D.Sc. BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS. WILLIAM WARDLAW D.Sc. BIRMINGHAM. JAMES ADAM WATSON A.C.G.I. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND. FORSYTH JAMES WILSON PH.D. D.Sc. GLASGOW. ALBERT WATKINS MAGGS WINTLE BRISTOL AND SOUTH WESTERN COUNTIES. 66 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS 1929 NOVEMBER 22ND.DECEMBER 1 3 ~ ~ . 1929 APRIL 2 6 ~ ~ . MAY 3 1 s ~ . JUNE 2 1 s ~ . JULY 1 9 ~ ~ . OCTOBER 1 8 ~ ~ . 1930 JANUARY 2 4 ~ ~ . JANUARY 3 1 s ~ . FEBRUARY 2 1sT. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING MONDAY MARCH 3RD 1930. CENSORS 1929-1 930 THE PRESIDENT ex-oflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN F.R.S. PROFESSOR GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON K.B.E. F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON K.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. Committees for 1929-30. CHAIRMAN FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT WITH E. R. BOLTON P. E. BOWLES H. B. BROWN ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN G. C. CLAYTON L. EYNON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB F. W. HARRIS E. M. HAWKINS H. H. HODGSON B. F. HOWARD D. W. KENT-JONES PATRICK H.KIRKALDY,* L. H. LAMPITT A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK R. H. PICKARD J. F. THORPE 0. TRIGGER D. F. TWISS AND J. A. WATSON. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT WITH T. L. BAILEY E. R. BOLTON I?. E. BOWLES S. W. BUNKER G. C. CLAYTON,* F. G. EDMED C. M. W. GRIEB E. M. HAWKINS T. P. HILDITCH B. F. HOWARD G. PIT. HUNTLY PATRICK H. KIRKALDY A. G. G. LEONARD H. LEVINSTEIN TV. MARSHALL A. R ~ E P W. TAINSH AND W. WARDLAW. NO M I NATIONS EXAM I NATl ON S AN D I N STl TU TlONS COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. (VICE-CHAIRMAN PATRICK H. KIRKALDY .) 67 PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT WITH P. E. BOWLES H. B. BROWN ARTHUR J.CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON L. EYNON C. S. GIBSON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDER- SON H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING PATRICK H. KIRKALDY A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK J. F. THORPE,* D. F. TWISS W. WARDLAW J. A. WATSON AND A. W. M. WINTLE. SPECIAL CO"MMITTEES 1929-30. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT PATRICK H. KIRKALDY ( HON. TREASURER),* THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE WITH H. G. COLMAN A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER) W. M. CUMMING ( GLASQOW) R. D. LITTLEFIELD (BRISTOL) W. McD. MACKEY (LEEDS) G. H. PERRY C. PROCTOR AND G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTH WALES). (In the case of Section representatives the names of their respective towns or districts are inserted.) PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT WITH F.IV. F. ARNAUD T. L. BAILEY E. R. BOLTON A. A. BOON S. W. BUNKER A. CHASTON CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY R. T. COLGATE H. E. COX C. H. CRIBB J. C. DRUMMOND B. DYER F. G. ED lkD A. V. ELSDEN G. D. ELbDON L. EYSON A. G. FRANCIS F. IV. HARRIS ERNEST AT. HAWKINS,* E. HINKS C. K. INGOLD L. H. LAMPITT W. MARSHALL H. McCOMBIE S. E. MELLING C. A. MITCHELL A. MORE G. H. PERRY P. A. ELLIS RICHARDS E. K. RIDEAL W. H. ROBERTS C. A. SEYLER J. F. TOCHER AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOAHD OF EDUCATION THE PRESIDENT,* WITH J. E. COATES H. G. COLMAN L. EYNON E. M. HAWKINS G. G. HENDERSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY G. T. MORGAN R. H. PICKARD AND T. SLATER PRICE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION THE PRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS AND THE HONORARY TREASURER C.H. DESCH J. C. DRUMMOND A. V. ELSDEN G. D. ELSDON H. J. EVANS C. A. F. HASTILOW I. M. HEILBRON A. W. KNAPP H. LEVINSTEIN S. E. MELLING H. E. MONK F. L. PYMAN W. RINTOUL AND F. SCHOLEFIELD. PEDLFR FUND COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT* (VICE-CHAIRMAN PATRICK H. KIRKALDY) T. L. BAILEY E. R. BOLTON H. G. COLMAN G. D. ELSDON C. S. GIBSON G. G. HENDERSON E. HINKS L. H. LAMPITT T. MACARA T. SLATER PRICE E. K. RIDEAL AND J. F. THORPE. 68 BOARD OF ETAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP 1929-30. Chairman THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee. Examiners for the Associateship JOHN JACOB FOX O.B.E. D.Sc. (LoND.).ROBERT ROBINSON D.Sc. (MANc.) F.R.S. Examiners for the Fellowship Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY JOHN JACOB FOX O.B.E. D.Sc. (LoND.). Branch B.-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ARTHUR JOHN ALLMAND D.Sc. Branch C.-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRANK LEE PYMAN PH.D. (BASLE) D.Sc. (VICT.) F.R.S. Branch D.-BIOCHEMISTRY JACK CECIL DRUMMOND D.Sc. Branch E.-CHEMISTRY (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water JOHN EVANS. THERAPEUTICS PHARMACOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. (LoND.) D.P.H. (ENQ.). Branch F.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY HENRY ALLEN DUG- DALE NEVILLE M.A. (CANTAB.) B.Sc. (LoND.). Branch G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (General Chemical Technology) JOHN THOMAS DUNN D.Sc. (DUN.). Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required.HON. AUDITORS 1929-30. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS. AUDITOR 1929-30. DAVID HENDERSON Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS MESSRS. MARKBY STEWART & WADESONS 5 Bishopsgate London E.C.2. BANKERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD. Bloomsbwy Branch 214 High Holborn London W.C. 1. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER O.B.E. Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY RONALD LESLIE COLLETT M.A. (CANTAB.) F.1.C 69 Fifty-first Annual General Meeting. FRIDAY 1st MARCH 1929. THE 5rst Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 on Friday 1st March 1929 at 4.30 p.m. Dr. Harold Govett Colman (Senior Vice-president) occupying the chair in the absence in South Africa of Prof.Arthur Smithells (the President). The Chairman a t the opening of the meeting said he desired to express not only on his own behalf but on behalf of the members of the Council and he was sure of all the members their great regret that the President Prof. Arthur Smithells was unable to be present and take the chair. As many of the members knew the President under very strong “medical compulsion,” as he called it had been obliged to spend a t least two of the most severe of the winter months away from the English climate and he had gone to the Cape. The President had very great difficulty in making up his mind to do so because he was again unable to preside at the Annual Meeting. The members were all glad to think on the present occasion that the President was not absent on account of illness but that he had gone away as a preventive from further illness.In view of the conditions which had been experienced in this country since the President left it towards the end of January he was sure the members heartily congratulated him on having missed a great deal of very bad weather. PRESENTATION OF THE MELDOLA MEDAL TO JOHN ALFRED VALENTINE BUTLER D.Sc. (Birm.). The Chairman said that before proceeding to the more formal business of the meeting it afforded him much pleasure to present the Meldola Medal to Dr. Butler. The Meldola Medal was the gift of the Society of Maccabzans and was awarded annually by them in conjunction with the Institute. I t was founded to keep alive the memory of the great services rendered to chemistry and to both institutions by Prof.Raphael Meldola. On the present occasion as in previous years the meeting was honoured by the presence of Mrs. Meldola a t the presentation of the Medal and the members he was sure desired to express their gratitude for her kindness in attending again this year. 70 The Medal was awarded to the British chemist under thirty years of age whose published work showed in the opinion of the administrators the most promise and this year the work of Dr. Butler had been adjudged by the Board of Examiners of the Institute and the representatives of the Society of MaccabEans as thoroughly worthy of the award. Dr. Butler’s work had been more especially on the mathematical side of physical chemistry.In particular he had made a detailed study of the application of Gibbs’ Phase Rule to the elucidation of various heterogeneous equilibria and he had given consideration to the old problem of the seat of the electromotive force of the galvanic cell showing how far the older and more modern views could be reconciled. In all his work Dr. Butler had shown remarkable insight and had made full use of modern theoretical considera- tions; but in addition to his capacity for soaring to heights where it was difficult for an ordinary chemist to follow he could also express himself in a way intelligible to the ordinary chemical student as was shown by his two books T h e Chemical EZeme.its and their Compounds and T h e FundamedaLs of Chemical 7-hermo- dynamics.In presenting the Medal to Dr. Butler he desired to tender him the hearty congratulations of the Council and of all the members and an expression of their gratitude for the researches he had carried out. Gratitude had been described by the cynic to be a lively expectation of favours to come. I t was to be hoped that Dr. Butler would long be spared to continue the series of researches which he had so auspiciously begun. In that way he would further advance the science which they all served in various ways and so benefit the rest of the world. [The Chairman then presented the Medal to Dr. Butler amid hearty applause.] Dr. J. A. V. Butler in acknowledging the presentation of the Medal said he desired to thank Dr.Colman for the very kind way in which he had referred to his work and also to express his appreciation of the great honour which the Institute and the Society of MaccabEans had done him in awarding the Medal to him. It was an honour he would appreciate all his life and was one which would encourage him to persevere with the researches he had undertaken. He desired to say that the lot of the young chemist at the present day was possibly rather harder than it was a generation ago. The subject matter of chemistry and the amount of literature was so immense at 71 present that it was extremely difficult even to read the papers on the particular subjects in which one was interested. He felt too that any contribution that it was possible to make was only a drop in the ocean of chemical literature so that an honour of the kind which had been bestowed upon him was really a very great encouragement.He also desired to express his apprecia- tion of the fact that the Council had thought fit to award the Medal for work that had been mainly although not entirely of a theoretical nature because he had devoted most of his efforts towards explaining and putting into order some of the immense body of data and facts that already existed a task that was only second in importance to that of winning and gaining new informa- tion. He again thanked the members very much indeed for the great honour that had been done to him. MINUTES. The minutes of the last Annual General Meeting which had been published in the JOURNAL were taken as read and confirmed.ANNUAL ACCOUNTS. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy (Hon. Treasurer) in moving “That the Financial Statement for the year 1928 bereceivedandadopted and that the thanks of the Fellows and Associates be accorded to the Hon. Auditors Messrs. Walter P. Harmsworth and Charles E. Barrs for their valuable services,” said that the Chairman had already referred to the absence of the President. He was sure many of the members were sorry that they were unable to follow the President’s excellent example and escape from the “Spring weather” that had been enjoyed recently ! One thing upon which the members could congratulate them- selves was the excellent substitute who was presiding over the meeting Dr.Colman. The only regret they had in that connec- tion was that Dr. Colman occupied the chair by virtue of his position as Senior Vice-president which indicated that it was his last official appearance at least for the time being. After that afternoon he would have temporarily to disappear from their counsels a fact which he was sure all the members deeply re- gretted. He desired to take the opportunity of thanking Dr. Colman most heartily for his constant help and advice on the two Committees on which they had been most associated namely the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee and the Finance and House Committee. 72 Continuing the Hon. Treasurer said that he could add very little to the remarks on the financial statement which had appeared in the Report of the Council.As the members knew the Jubilee expenses had been considerable but the whole amount had been met without touching the capital in any way. He only hoped that when the Centenary celebrations occurred either he or his successor whoever might be responsible in the year 1977 would be able to make a similar report! I t would be seen that during the past year the Institute had-to use a colloquialism-“ made both ends meet,’’ and that the assets showed a substantial appreciation of j61224 17s. 8d. He desired to call attention to one change which would be made in the accounts. By the direction of the Council the cost of the Register and Official Chemical Appointments had been spread over two years and three years respectively with the object of showing the average annual expenditure.The auditors protested against that form of statement which apart from indicating the average annual expenditure had very little to be said for it. Personally he held that in the case of a body like the Institute the financial state- ment should appear in the simplest possible form. When once a payment was made and the money had gone no method of dividing it up among two or three years could affect the real position which should be shown in the statement. The Council however had given consideration to the matter and had authorised the insertion of the footnote which appeared on pages 18 and 19. The final consideration had not yet taken place possibly a separate account would be opened for Publications.In any case the principle of the footnote would not be departed from namely that the expenditure would be charged to the year in which it was actually incurred. The financial statement for 1928 was he believed in other respects clear and presented no unusual features. The Pedler Fund had been allocated to a scholarship and the account would for the future be kept entirely separate from the general funds of the Institute. A scholarship would be awarded a t the rate of L300 a year as and when the funds allowed. Just as he entered the room Mr. Pilcher had given him the pleasing intelligence that the Income Tax authorities had returned a sum of E142 18s. Id. which had been deducted from dividends and interest.As large a sum as that would not be obtained every year because it included back payments but it was an important amount. As would be seen from page 10 of the Report the first award had been made to Mr. George Morrison Moir an Associate of the Institute and he had been actually a t work since October last. Turning from the General Account to the Benevolent Fund he was glad to say that it showed an improved position. The more generous response on the part of contributors during the year had enabled the Committee to increase the annuities and also to make specific provision for the education of children. Three widows were receiving annuities and it had been possible to commence to make provision for the education of their children. As time went on that provision would have to be increased and he hoped it would be possible.Several members who had been helped while out of work and who were now in employment had repaid the loans which had been made to them. On the whole judging from the Benevolent Fund there appeared to be less unemployment among the members. The appeals for help had been fewer although those which had been received had been of a pressing nature. He desired to take the opportunity of thanking on belialf of the Committee the members who had kept them informed regarding suitable cases. The Committee was very much dependent on other members for sending particulars of cases and for keeping the Committee informed as to their progress and he therefore desired to take the opportunity of thanking those who had helped in that connection.Before concluding he desired to say how much he was in- debted to the members of the Finance Committee and the Bene- volent Fund Committee for their kindness and advice and in many cases for their forbearance. They had worked well together throughout the year and he was very grateful indeed to them. He was not sure that he deserved the kind treatment he had received but that did not affect in any way the gratitude he wished to express. He also wished to express his gratitude to Mr. Pilcher and to Mr. Collett for the help they had given during the past year. In moving the vote of thanks to the Auditors for their services he wished to emphasise the great interest they had taken in their work.The members might rest assured that the Auditors had full regard to the responsibilities of their office and had carried out their duties in such a way as to earn their grateful thanks. Mr. E. B. Hughes in seconding the motion said he also desired 74 to express the thanks of the members to the Hon. Treasurer for the valuable services he had rendered during the past year. As the treasurer of another society which had much less money than the Institute he was lost in admiration in looking through the accounts at the amount of assets and the admirable position occupied by the Institute. He also realised the amount of work that was involved in preparing and setting out in such a clear manner the financial affairs of the Institute. The motion was put and carried.Mr. Walter P. Harmsworth (Hon. Auditor) in thanking the members for their vote of thanks said the auditors took their duties very seriously and felt the responsibility that rested upon them in auditing the accounts on behalf of the members. He also desired to take the opportunity of thanking the staff of the Institute for the excellent manner in which the books were kept for the way in which they always placed their services at the disposal of the auditors and for the ready help they always rendered on any points upon which the auditors desired elucida- tion. He also desired to thank the Hon. Treasurer for the manner in which he helped the auditors in any questions that had arisen his tactful help being always very welcome and very much appreciated Mr.Charles E. Barrs who also returned thanks said he fully endorsed all that Mr. Harmsworth had said in regard to the way in which any questions raised by the Auditors were promptly disposed of every facility being placed in their way and every possible help accorded them. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL AND PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. The Chairman formally moved from the Chair “That the Report of the Council be received and adopted.” The Report he said had been circulated to all the members in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the Institute and it was not proposed that it should be read. I t was now his duty however in the absence of the President to read the President’s address. (See p. 78.) Mr. William Macnab in seconding the motion for the recep- tion and adoption of the Report of the Council said that the members would agree that the Report was an excellent one and that the Chairman had read a very able address from the President to whom he was sure the members would desire to pass a vote of thanks.The activities of the Institute were so 75 varied that the Report made extremely interesting reading especially to those who had been concerned with the Institute in its earlier days when its field of operations was much more limited. As one of the older members he had great pleasure in testifying to the excellence of the work that was being done by the Council and to the clear way in which it was set out in the Report. He also desired to express the hope that the President would soon return to the country very much benefited by his journey to South Africa.The resolution for the reception and adoption of the Report together with a vote of thanks to the President for his address was then put and carried unanimously. REPORT OF THE SCRUTINEERS. Election of the Oficers (Preside& Vice-presidents and Hon. Treasurer) General Members of Council and Censors f o r the year e n d i q 1 s t March 1930. The Secretary read the following Report of the Scrutineers :- The number of valid votes cast for the Officers was 815. President Arthur Smithells (507). Vice-presidents Arthur J. Chapman (805) G. C. Clayton (810) E. M. Hawkins (804) G. G. Henderson (809) R. H. Pickard (809) J. 3’. Thorpe (808). Honorary Treasurer Patrick H.Kirkaldy (810). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 815. The General Members of Council were elected as follows:- H. Levinstein (524) T. Lewis Bailey (512) T. P. Hilditch (510) William Clayton (507) F. G. Edmed (489) F. D. Chattaway (485) G. D. Elsdon (484) C. K. Ingold (483) C. A. Mitchell (480) L. H. Lampitt (478) C. S. Gibson (457) H. H. Illodgson (457) P. W. Tainsh (456) E. R. Bolton (451) H. McCombie (446) A. R6e (446) R. T. Colgate (444) A. A. Boon (433) F. J. Wilson (424) W. H. Gibson (415) B. F. Howard (415) W. Wardlaw (414) J. G. King (406) H. B. Brown (391) Oliver Trigger (382) G. N. Huntly (381) D. IV. Kent-Jones (379). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 772. The following were elected Censors :- A.Chaston Chapman (496) G. G. Henderson (486) Sir ltobert Robertson (467) Sir Herbert Jackson (389). The Scrutineers reminded members that their votes were disallowed unless their subscriptions for the current year had been paid and unless the voting envelopes were signed and not merely initialled. The Chairman declared that the members whose names had been read by the Secretary were duly elected to their respective offices. 76 It was his pleasant task to propose a very hearty vote of thanks to the Scrutineers for their arduous labours which involved a day and a half of very strenuous work. The members were exceedingly grateful to those who undertook a somewhat thankless duty which must nevertheless be done. Dr. Roche Lynch seconded the motion which was carried with acclamation.Mr. T. W. Glass in thanking the members on behalf of the Scrutineers for the vote of thanks said that they had been greatly helped in their work by the officers of the Institute. RE-ELECTION OF AUDITORS. Dr. Percy E. Bowles in moving “That Messrs. Walter P. Harmsworth and Charles E. Barrs be re-elected Honorary Auditors,” said they had so successfully performed their un- selfish duties in the past that he was sure the members could not do better than re-elect them. Miss Micklethwait seconded the motion which was carried unanimously. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy in moving “That Mr. David Henderson Chartered Accountant be re-appointed auditor a t a remuneration of thirty guineas,” said that Mr.Henderson took a very great interest in his work and had the interests of the Institute very much heart. I t was therefore a great pleasure to move his re-appointment. Mr. Charles A. Adams seconded the motion which was carried unanimously. VOTE OF THANKS TO THE RETIRING VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. Mr. E. M. Hawkins in moving “That a hearty vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Vice-president Dr. Colman and to the retiring Members of Council for their services,” said that if there was one thing about which the members always felt certain it was that the members of the Council took their duties seriously. He believed that if the attendances of the Members of Council at Council Meetings were compared with those of Members of Council of similar bodies it would be found that they stood as high or higher than those in connection with other institutions.It was a matter of regret that the Institute would lose the services of some of those who had served it extremely well during the past three years particularly the Senior Vice-president Dr. Colman who had occupied the chair so worthily on the present 77 occasion. Dr. Colman had served as a Member of Council and as Vice-president for six years and during five of those years he (Mr. Hawkins) had served with him and he knew very well that during the whole of that time no one had rendered better service to the Institute than Dr. Colman had done. There were some duties for which he had been eminently fitted-particularly in the help which he had given in framing and revising the Regula- tions from time to time.He had also served as a member of various Interviewing Committees in connection with which his knowledge of chemistry both theoretical and practical had been of the greatest service to the Institute. He did not think he need name all the retiring Members of the Council individually because they had all given good service; but he thought that Mr. Edward Hinks had been of very great help to the Institute particularly by his criticism which was generally constructive. Mr. F. H. Newington seconded the motion which was put to the meeting by Mr. Hawkins and carried with acclamation. The Chairman in acknowledging the vote said that it was always difficult to reply to such a resolution.He had to say something of the same sort at the Council Meeting and he felt that those who were retiring were in a similar position to the gladiators who cried “Those about to die salute you.” He desired to express not only on his own behalf but on behalf of all the retiring Members of Council their gratitude for the very kind words which had been spoken although he thought Mr. Hawkins had placed the services that he (Dr. Colman) had ren- dered on too high a plane. It would be false modesty not to admit that service on the Council meant the expenditure of a considerable amount of time and work more so in connection with the Institute of Chemistry than perhaps with any other Council on which he had served; but in many respects the work was made a pleasure.The Council throughout his six years’ experience had worked together harmoniously ; they had tried as the President had said in his address to avoid unnecessary red tape and had endeavoured to take a broad and common-sense view of any matter that came before them. If they had been successful in that respect and if on the whole their good work had more than balanced their mistakes so that there was a net result to the benefit of the Institute all the Members of Council felt that they had been well repaid for the work they had under- taken. The meeting then terminated 78 The President’s Address. I REGRET most sincerely that I have again to absent myself from the Annual General Meeting. Illness I am thankful to say does not as last year detain me but I am acting on trusted advice to take the opportunity this winter of spending two of our most trying months in a sunnier clime.I know I can rely upon the kindness of our Senior Vice-president to take my place and that I can count upon the members of the Institute for forgiveness. In these circunistances I am at the disadvantage of not being able to survey the work of a completed year but that of course will be done in the Report of Council. The year has not yet been and does not seem likely to be marked by any event of exceptional importance and my remarks must therefore be of a general character. I would just briefly refer to the Fellows whom the Institute has lost by death. Of those who had rendered valuable service to the Government we find the names of Edward George Ballard formerly an Inspector under the Alkali Acts Patrick Carmody for many years in the Colonial Service and Joseph Parry Laws an Inspector under the Board of Education ; among teachers Reginald Arthur Berry and Egerton Charles Grey ; among indus- trial chemists Walter Johnson Cooper William Haywood Dawson Harry Leaton Edwards John Frederick William Hodges John Howard Brown Jenkins Henry Smith James Horatio Watterson and Edmund White; and of those engaged in private practice William Plenderleith Lewellen Hope a young chemist of much promise Benedict Kitto Edward James Midwinter Frederick Mollwo Perkin and Alfred Smetham.In so large a body as the Institute now comprises we have to be prepared for a heavy toll of deaths in each succeeding year and the elders have to see their circle of contemporaries narrowing with ever-increasing rapidity.I am tempted to dwell upon the good work of those who have lived longest or those whom I have known well and there are many such on our list. The loss too of those who have been cut off in early life 79 is a special sorrow. I will only repeat the assurance of our sympathy to those who have been most nearly bereaved. On the occasion of our Jubilee Celebration I attempted to give the assembled guests some account of our genesis our aims and our progress. The chief difficulty in doing so lay in the limitation of time and I am going to use the present occasion for saying something further on the same theme.Instead however of speaking this time for the Institute as a whole I will now speak only for myself. I want to say something about the organisation and admini- stration of professional societies-that is to say bodies like the Institute which are set up by the members of a professional calling. I don’t stop to attempt any demarcation between professions and businesses for I am sure you know what I mean. By a happy coincidence I have chosen a subject on which one of our ablest men Sir Josiah Stamp has recently been expressing his opinions. As I have no shame in using-of course with acknowledgments-what other people have said better than I can say I shall begin by quoting from Sir Josiah. He ap- proaches the subject as you would expect by laying down some fundamental principles with his happy knack of stating them as if they were as self-evident as the axioms of Euclid.Thus he says (I quote from The Times report):-“all progress is accompanied by the hiving off of hitherto undifferentiated fields of knowledge and activity and establishing principles proper to this new science or practice standards of attainment codes of honour common interchange of general knowledge education of new practitioners the focus of public opinion and all the other advantages of specialised bodies of individuals engaged in a common profession or pursuit. This is clear from the develop- ment of accountancy insurance actuarial science medicine costing welfare and a hundred others brought about by proper institutional development and care.’’ Sir Josiah Stamp was speaking to the Institute of Arbitrators Incorporated and went on to extend his remarks appropriately to the special functions of that body.I think you will agree that what I have quoted is an apt and very concise account of the origin of all such institutions as our own. I certainly cannot improve upon it. The profession of chemistry in one sense existed of course long before any of our societies came into being. The situation was exactly that described by Sir Josiah Stamp; the time was 80 ripe for the formal establishment of the profession. In 1877 when the Institute of Chemistry was founded the Chemical Society had been in existence thirty-six years and had been the medium for the communication discussion and publication of original contributions to chemical science.The Society of Public Analysts had begun its career a year or two before the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry came a year or two later. But none of these bodies fulfilled the aims and require- ments of an organisation for the whole chemical profession. I think we may deem it fortunate that it was so-and fortunate too that they were not “rationalised” if I understand that word aright. There was indeed urgent need for the establishment of the Institute. It is my duty in receiving new Associates at our Council Meetings to remindithem of the days when there was no Institute and to call up as vividly as I can the conditions under which the young chemist used to set out upon his career.Re- membering that time I find it difficult on such occasions not to become extravagant. The conditions that existed are so fully and excellently set forth in the History of the Institute” that I need not here make any attempt to describe them. In the same volume are to be found the admirable pleas and proceedings of our chief founders. For my own part as a young man I was so favoured by fortune that I was slow in appreciating the importance of the new Institute and besides that I was helping to establish a school of chemistry in one of the new University institutions whose foundation was due in part to a rebellion against the centralisa- tion of educational affairs in London and against the system of external examinations.I am not ashamed to confess that my opinion on these matters remained so strong that it took me long to reach a state of real enthusiasm for the Institute. I need hardly add that two years in the office of President have greatly confirmed me in that happy state of mind. I think that the Institute acts in a wonderfully satisfactory way as repre- senting and guarding the members of the chemical profession. There still abstain from membership a number of eligible chemists whom we should like to include. A certain number of *I should like to say in passing that I b w the acouracy of the record of events leading up to our foundation has in one or two particulars been questioned. In reference to that I need only say that any ariticism will certainly be most carefully considered when a new edition is being prepared.The same remark applies especially to any neglect which may be found in doing justice to individuals. 81 people seem devoid of the gregarious instinct; others prefer to flock with birds of a different feather; a small number want to see more for their money. But I am sure we may congratulate ourselves upon having among us the great body of well qualified British chemists. Further than that we may congratulate ourselves upon the harmony which prevails within our own ranks. When in 1926 my period of service as a Vice-president of the Institute came to an end and I was taking what I thought was a last farewell of the Council I told them of the wonderful contrast between my first and my latest experience as a member of that body.I am not sure that I spoke as a penitent but I might well have done so; for there can be little doubt but that at an aggressive period of life I did more than justice to the claims of teachers especially university teachers to a share in ruling the roost. In the early days-the eighties and nineties-feeling did occasionally run high on this and other questions and the danger of disruption was not inconsiderable. But time tact and good temper did their work and if I were asked what are now our internal difficulties I should be puzzled to give any reply. Such difficulties as we now have are witho~t. Of these one it is to be feared must always in some measure continue.The standards of attainment set up by the Institute must always cut off from our professional recognition a considerable number of those who aspire to it. As things stand this does not mean that such persons are barred from the calling of chemist. Among them are of course a number who have not fallen very far short of our standard but I am convinced by careful observa- tion that we are happily free-freer than any other external examining body that I have known,-from inflicting injustice by pedantic ways of testing knowledge or by lack of consideration for those whose temperament or habits make them what we all know so well as poor examinees. It is but natural that among those excluded from the Institute there should be many who think our standards are too exacting.These complainants may and usually do carry a marketable and useful quota of chemical attainments. It seems hard to them that they should be entirely without some badge of their calling. They may say truly that they are not like unqualified " medicals " ; they can and are permitted to practise. I arn sure we have common human sympathy for all who are in this position but if I am asked what I have to say of the condition I say for myself 82 simply that it is inevitable; I consider that the notion of making chemistry a closed profession is entirely impracticable. Here I may be expected to say something on the subject of Registration but on the present occasion I would only advise the exercise of patience believing as I do that before very long means will be found for dealing with the special needs of our profession.I commend to your careful study the statement on the subject which was published in the JOURNAL AND PROCEED- INGS (Part VI 1928) and I would only add that whatever may be the final outcome of the discussion I feel that it is mainly the concern of the Institute which has been definitely entrusted with the duty and already affords the means of maintaining a register of chemists on which the Government industry and the public increasingly rely. If those who either do not want or want but cannot secure admission to the Institute think well to unite in any other society they are of course free to do so and I do not propose to discuss the advisability of that course.To prevent confusion in the public mind the Institute may from time to time be called upon to make its position clear. What I am anxious to ensure is that the Institute shall not be suspected of a contemptuous or unsympathetic attitude towards the large number of people outside its own ranks who can usefully follow a chemical calling. I can truly say that I have known nothing in the Councils of the Institute that gives the least ground for any such suspicion. I should not have even mentioned the subject had it not been for quite unwarrantable comments which have occasionally appeared in relation to this matter. I think that few people can have better opportunity than I have had of seeing the mischief that can be wrought by misuse of the title “chemist.” I am not referring to our standing misfortune of being confused with members of the profession of pharmacy.I am thinking of experiences in the heart of a great industrial region. I am thinking especially of industrialists who have got so far as to understand that there is another kind of chemist than the pharmacist but have attained no sort of conception of what that kind of chemist should be. They know that his chemistry has some industrial value; they know that he can analyse and so evaluate what they buy and what they sell; and they know that this analytical craft to the degree that seems sufficient for all practical purposes can be acquired and bought on very reasonable terms. 83 I have thought at times of setting up something like a “Chamber of Horrors” by collecting from real life examples of what has been found in the name of “chemist” among our industries.I am speaking with a long retrospect and I am well and thankfully aware that within recent years there has been a great and rapid improvement in the state of things. But I can still say from direct knowledge that to-day some of our industries are being most seriously handicapped by the name of chemist being taken in vain. I hear voices of great authority saying- ‘‘NOZLS azjons change’ toid cela.” It is true enough of a certain range of industry but there still remains a considerable range of which it is not true. I have said this in order to make plain my appreciation of a state of things which suggests that we as a profession ought to restrict the practice of a chemical calling to those who have a t least some definite standard of qualification.I go no farther because first as already stated I believe it to be entirely im- practicable and secondly I think it unnecessary and undesir- able. Organisers and systematisers are always threatening us and wanting to regiment our nation. They would have us all labelled and graded in our callings from AI to C3. I suppose the war is chiefly responsible for this although in truth nothing in our history has illustrated so vividly the excellence of the free- dom variety and flexibility that characterises our British ways. But there is of course a medium in all things and we in the Institute do in my opinion represent the happy medium of professional organisation for chemistry.If we can improve upon it we shall certainly do so. Notwithstanding the amazing growth of our science in itself and in its applications we have every variety of chemist within our ranks. We are truly repre- sentative of the profession and are safeguarded against the domination of any section. Of our standards of qualification I have already spoken. Our primary purpose is to be of public service and to-day the State looks very frequently to us for information and advice. We watch the legislation affecting the profession and make representation in the interests of the public. The Institute is becoming more and more recognised as the body which can speak authoritatively on all chemical matters within its province.We have of course frequently to act defensively in the interests of our members; we have a great deal of leeway to make up in persuading the community that the chemical labourer 84 is worthy of his hire. I am happy to say that there are clear signs of improvement but it is difficult to superadd any strong factor that will affect what is called the “law” of supply and demand. At the moment supply seems unlikely to fall short but I have been gratified of late by hearing emphatic comments from men of business on the necessity for more adequately remunerating those who follow the profession of science. Concluding this part of my remarks I recur to my text; I go back to Sir Josiah Stamp. In a later verse of his address he spoke as follows :-“ Legal framework and rules are necessary but they should rest as lightly and unobtrusively upon the procedure as possible.” To this I am sure we shall say a devout “Amen”! For my own part I would say that the pride I have in being President of the Institute comes very largely from the spirit in which it does its work.I t is a living and growing thing unconstrained by the rigidity of what is called machinery. Those who have sat at its Council table all know how our work is pervaded by common sense and warmed by human feeling and everybody I am sure knows how much the Institute profits from the manner in which its affairs are administered by its officials. I now pass to comment briefly on the work of the year and will endeavour to indicate our policy in each department of our work.With regard to finances I would only say that under the able guidance of the Honorary Treasurer we do the best we can to give our members the fullest benefit of the funds which they place at our disposal and I feel that the members generally are indebted to the Treasurer and his Committee for the care and attention with which they supervise this department of our business. The Benevolent Fund continues to show an improvement and its Executive Committee has been able to meet in a sym- pathetic spirit all appeals for help which it has received. The Hon. Treasurer as Chairman of the Committee will no doubt indicate the lines on which this useful adjunct to the Institute’s activities will be developed; but I would just remark that a feature which seems to me to be deserving of special atten- tion is the help given to those members who are seeking appoint- ments.On Legal and Parliamentary matters and those referring to public appointments both at home and in the Overseas 85 Dominions in which the Council have taken action the reports which have appeared in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS are sufficiently informative. The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee which has also held its meetings under the chairmanship of Mr. Kirkaldy has been assiduous in the consideration of all applica- tions submitted to it. The meetings of this Committee are invariably well attended and the Fellows and Associates may rest assured that the condi- tions of entrance to the Institute are carefully maintained having due regard to the importance of professional competency.I would add however that sympathetic encouragement is given to candidates whose applications are declined to take steps to qualify in accordance with the Regulations. The Publications Committee under the chairmanship of Professor Thorpe presents as usual a good record of work accomplished. It may not have occurred to many members to consider how far the Institute has endeavoured to meet the needs of the profession in providing useful publications both for students and members themselves. For students we have provided The Regulations indicating the course of education required for the profession and sets of Examination Papers of the Institute also a handbook The Profession of Chemistry which contains much useful information for the prospective chemist.Then we publish in alternate years the Register of Fellows Associates and Students and every third year A List of Ojicial Chemical Appoint- ments a very useful compilation; and beside these and our JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS we have provided a series of separate monographs on-Contracts of Service the Patent Laws Copy- right Fire Risks in Industry Works Costing,-all contributed by authorities on these subjects-and lectures on other subjects of historical general and in some cases special interest to our members and students. Moreover I think that the Council will be glad at any time to consider the provision and publication of special lectures on any matter of sufficiently wide interest to warrant this procedure as for example a lecture by a recognised authority on Industrial Poisons in accordance with a suggestion recently received from the Huddersfield Section.You will find also that the Institute has continued to co-operate with other bodies has been represented at many important gatherings and has taken part in a variety of 86 movements during the year. This activity is in some measure an outward and visible sign of the prestige of the Institute. I have thus briefly summarised the contents of the Report but if I were to deal with our business which does not form part of the Report but constitutes the daily routine of our officers this address would far exceed the usual limits.I can however endorse the remarks of Professor Henderson in 1927 as to the multiplicity and variety of the enquiries which are received both from the members and students and from the public and are dealt with almost without exception on the day on which they are received. This is a very valuable work. I deeply regret that during my term of office the Censors have been obliged on more than one occasion to call upon members to resign from the Institute. I can assure you however that the deliberations of the Censors have been conducted with every desire first to help the offenders to a better realisation of their responsibility to the profession. I feel obliged to mention this matter because it is due to the members of the Institute to know that those who have been entrusted with the anxious duty of censorship do occasionally have to take serious action in the interests of the general body.I am thankful that such cases are very rare and that the majority of the few complaints which we receive are mainly misunderstandings chiefly due to our members having been victimised by other people. In conclusion I desire to express my thanks to the Vice- Presidents the Honorary Treasurer and to the Members of Council generally for their support which they have one and all given me during the past year and especially to my old and valued friend the senior Vice-president Dr. Harold Colman who retires from office on the 1st March having served with characteristic devotion in that capacity for three years.Like every other President I feel at the end of each year liow much my path has been smoothed my burden lightened and my spirit cheered by having by my side Mr. Pilcher and with him the devoted official staff of the Institute. To them in particular I return my warmest thanks. 87 Proceedings of the Council. FEBRUARY-MARCH 1929. The Council and Committees 1929-1 930.-Thenames of the Officers and General Members of Council and of the Censors who were elected at the Annual General Meeting on 1st March and of the District Members of Council are given on pages 65-66. At the first meeting of the new Council held on 8th March the Standing and Special Committees and their Chairmen for the ensuing year were appointed (see pages 66-67).Local Government (Scotland) Bill.-Under the provi- sions of the Local Government (Scotland) Bill small burghs will have no functions which will require the employment of public analysts or official agricultural analysts whose work will come under the direction of the authorities of counties and larger burghs. At the request of the Association of Public Analysts of Scot- land the Council with the kind help of Dr. G. C. Clayton M.P. has been in communication with the Scottish Office regarding the position of analysts who may be affected by the changes involved. I t remains to be seen how the difficulties which will arise can be solved both with regard to the Compensation of those who may be deprived of appointments and the disposition of the appointments under the larger authorities.Australian Chemical Institute.-In January the Council was notified by the Lord President of the Privy Council that a petition for the grant of a Royal Charter of Incorporation had been presented to His Majesty in Council by the Australian Chemical Institute and that it was open to the Institute to make representations on the subject. On 12th February a notice appeared in the London Gazette and the Council shortly afterwards received through the Solicitors of the Institute a copy of the Petition and the Draft Charter which have received careful consideration 88 The Council has accordingly presented to the Privy Council observations to the effect that the Institute believes that the aims and objects of the Australian Chemical Institute are entirely laudable and deserving and for this reason does not wish to present a petition against the grant of a Royal Charter to that Institute.The Council however has expressed the view that where Royal Charters are granted to several bodies concerned with one profession within the Empire special regard should be had to the standard of qualification required for membership of such bodies and where the main objects are educational and pro- fessional the standard of qualification should be approximately the same in all parts of the Empire. The Institute feels that the proposed Charter should ensure that the method of admission and standard of qualification of membership both with regard to education and examination adopted by the Australian Chemical Institute should be compar- able to that laid down and practised by the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.Research Associations.-As the result of correspondence with a Research Association on the subject of its possible encroachment on the practice of private practitioners the Council has been informed that steps have been taken to prevent any recurrence of the incident referred to and that the Institute need have no grounds for further apprehension with regard to the matter . Registration.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part VI 1928 a full statement on Registration was published and it was intimated that the Council would welcome and consider carefully the views which any member might desire to contribute towards the elucidation of the matter.In response to this invita- tion only one letter has been received as follows :- ‘‘I notice that the Council invites opinions on the question of registra- tion. I have eonsistently opposed the registration of chemists and would like to make a short statement in this connection. “On the part of many of its supporters the proposal to set up a register of chemists is avowedly a step towards the making of chemistry into a closed profession. To this I am most firmly opposed. What Science needs above all things a t present is freedom-freedom from all hampering restrictions and government control and freedom from over-organisation internally. There is room for every kind of chemist from the highly specialbed expert in some restricted field to the amateur and from the analyst codbed to the routine laboratory of a works to the engineer or metallurght who finds chemistry essential to some part of his work although his training may have been in other directions.A man may 89 enter a profession comparatively late in life having had an entirely unorthodox training and may be able by his fresh attitude to new pro- blems to do excellent service. A closed profession tends to become standardised to keep out the utterly incompetent but a t the same time to discourage the original and independent minds encouraging rather a dull and respectable mediocrity. Although the case for registration in the medical profession is far stronger than in chemistry and is in fact almost unanswerable it must be admitted that the hampering effect is felt even there so that most though not by any means all of the real advances in medicine come from physiologists who are more or less com- pletely outside the machine.“A voluntary register would be of little or no value. Let the Institute keep up its standard of membership and let chemists educate the public until manufacturers become ashamed to be without proper scientific staffs in their works and leave the rest to public opinion. The arguments for registration leave me entirely unconvinced.” Examiners.-At the meeting of Council held on the 18th February the Board of Examiners was appointed (see page 68). Professor Robert Robinson has been appointed Examiner for the Associateship in the place of Professor Gilbert T.Morgan who has completed his term of four years in that office; similarly Professor A. J. Allmand has been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch B-Physical Chemistry-in the place of Professor J. C. Philip; Professor J. C. Drummond has been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch D-Biological Chemistry-in the place of Professor H. S. Raper; Mr. John Evans has been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch E,-the Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water,-in the place of Professor W. H. Roberts. The retiring Examiners however continue in office until after the April Examinations. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The subject selected for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for rgzg is ‘‘ The Cultural Value of Science ” (see page 125).90 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-A meeting of the Section was held on the 24th January at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution when Dr. J. K. Marsh read a paper on 6 b The Discovery of the Elements.” He remarked how often it had occurred that some new line of thought or discovery or some new instrument hadled to the unearthing of several new elements in quick succession. This had been exemplified in the present decade when the advent of the X-ray spectroscope had led to the discovery of four more elements. He proceeded to outline the published work on each. I t was remarkable to find that an element so abundant as Hafnium had escaped detection for so long and its discovery provided an instance of how modern theories of atomic structure had been successfully vindicated.The existence of a rare earth intermediate between Neodymium and Samarium had been suspected for a t least 30 years. Numerous searches had proved fruitless but at last success had been achieved. The theoretical basis of the fractionation methods of Hopkins and his associates was criticised but that he had obtained valid evidence of Velinium was undoubted though no one claimed as yet to have got better than a I per cent. preparation. The painstaking work of Noddach had been successful in preparing 120 mg. of Rhenium in a high state of purity and the main chemical and physical characteristics had been investi- gated.Beyond evidence of its existence derived from the photographing of one or two of its X-ray spectrum lines little was known of Masurium the other element of the manganese group. Rhenium would appear to be present frequently in manganese preparations and a fuller investigation of such sources was desirable. The discovery of these four elements left only the places for another alkali metal and another halogen unfilled. Discussing the possibility of the existence of these two elements the lecturer concluded that probably further search for new elements would now be futile. Association read a paper on 91 On the 27th February also at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution Mr. G. 0. Searle of the Linen Industry Research L6 Flax.” The study of the flax plant involves the examination of the plant as a fibre producer and of the fibres themselves so that the product can be used commercially to the best advantage.Im- proved fibre production necessitates breeding for those characters which work was shown to be mainly desirable namely tallness percentage content of fibre and earliness of maturity. The fibre content is studied by cutting transverse micro- scopical sections of every plant dealt with. These three characters are now found to be inherited strongly and several greatly improved varieties of flax have been produced. Amongst subsidiary problems that of seed and its reaction to moisture is important. It has been found that seed dried down for four years retained fully its germinating power but a few months’ storage damp killed it.Trouble with mites was overcome by treatment with p-dichlorobenzene. The correct methods of processing flax depend initially on the mutual arrangement of the fibres and this has been studied by making a composite photomicrograph of the fibre bundles of a single stem necessitating the joining up of 700 separate photos. The most important point discovered was the coincidence of fibre bundle endings with the leaf positions. The fibre bundles of the plant are built up of ultimate fibres about 12 ins. long but the treatment with alkali and pressure brings out a finer structure of spirally arranged fibrils. These fibrils are arranged in concentric layers as can be seen by suitable treatment of transverse sections of the single fibres.Transversely to the fibre axis occur planes of weakness which itre attacked on the fibre being tendered by acid or oxidation. From a study of these chemical tendering can be differentiated from micro- biological tendering. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The annual general meeting was held on 19th March at Hort’s Restaurant Bristol Mr. Edward Russell in the chair. The reports of the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer were received and adopted. The Committee for the ensuing year was elected as follows:- Mr. Edward Russell Prof. W. H. Lewis (Exeter) Mr. H. F. Barke Prof. W. E. Gamer Mr. Frank Southerden (Exeter) and 92 Mr. F. O’Brien. Dr. H. F. Dean and Mr. A. E. Jones were appointed Honorary Auhtors.Votes of thanks were accorded to the retiring Auditor Mr. F. H. C. Bull and to the retiring Members of the Committee Mr. R. D. Littlefield and Dr. T. Malkin for their services; and to the authorities of Bristol University for facilities granted for the meetings of the Section. Members and their friends then enjoyed an informal supper followed by a smoking concert Miss R. Johnson Miss G. Andrews Miss J. Princep and Messrs. R. F. Hayes and T. S. Penny contributing to the programme. Cape.-In spite of stormy weather a good gathering of members of the Cape Section of the Institute met in the Physical Chemical laboratories of the University of Cape Town on 13th February to meet Professor Smithells President of the Institute.Prof. E. Newbery Chairman of the Section presided and among others present were Dr. J. Lunt Dr. Watson Smith Dr. C. F. Juritz Dr. W. Pugh Dr. St. C. 0. Sinclair Mr. G. C. Scully and Prof. J. Smeath Thomas. By the President’s wish the proceedings were of an informal character and having been introduced by Prof. Newbery he talked of his experiences of the Institute since he became a Fellow in 1887 and discussed the present position and responsi- bilities of the Institute particularly in relation to the Dominions. In response to an invitation from the Chairman to say some- thing of his personal work the President introduced the subject by reference to the rise of the modern English universities. Having mentioned the work with which he was entrusted during the war he said that so far as research was concerned he was still absorbed in the study of combustion.After the war he had been carried away by Langmuir’s theory of the atom and resumed experimental work still in progress on a combusion topic suggested by that theory. On the motion of Prof. Newbery a vote of thanks was ac- corded the President for his kindness in meeting the Section and for the most interesting remarks to which they had listened. In his acknowledgment the President expressed his high appreciation of the kindly courtesy shown to him during the few days which he had spent in South Africa adding that he had heard a good deal about the charm of Cape Town but the reality far exceeded his expectations the surroundings were as beautiful as anything he had ever seen.93 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-On 14th February members of the Section participated in a visit to the brewery and laboratories of Messrs. Wm. Younger & Co. Ltd. Edinburgh. Under the guidance of Mr. Stevenson the head brewer the party inspected the Holyrood Brewery of the Company and then visited the new laboratories where they were received by members of the chemical staff. A noticeable feature of the equipment was the extensive use of electrical heating and control. Advantage had also been taken of the rebuilding to render the laboratories practically fireproof no woodwork being used in the construction. Mr. W. R. Guy expressed the thanks of the Section to Mr. J. S. Ford for his kindness in permitting the visit and to his staff for their courtesy.The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh on 18th February. The office-bearers and Committee were elected as follows :- Chairman Mr. A. M. Cameron; Vice-chairman Mr. W. R. Guy; Hon. Secretary Mr. J. W. Ingham; Members of Committee (replacing retiring members) Messrs. L. Fletcher J. Sandilands A. Scott Dodd and J. A. Watson. The meeting was followed by an ordinary meeting in co- operation with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry when Mr. S. D. Forrester read a paper on b b Potentiometric Bromination of Beta-Naphthol- Sulphonic Acids.” In connection with an investigation of certain of the beta- naphthol-sulphonic acids a method of analysis of these separately and in presence of one another was necessary.The most suitable methods appeared to be titration with (a) bromine and (b) a diazo solution. The first was regarded as the more convenient. The method used was that of Vaubel (adding a standard bromate- bromide solution to an acid solution of the substance to be brominated) . Owing to difficulties encountered when using starch-iodide paper as external indicator it was decided to try the potentiometric method using a platinum gauze as indicator electrode. The following four acids have been investigated :-Crocein (z 8 naphtholmonosulphonic acid) ; G (2 6 8 naphtholdisul- phonic acid) ; Schaffer (2 6 naphtholmonosulphonic acid) ; R (z 3 6 naphtholdisulphonic acid).After many titrations using 94 hydrochloric acid to liberate the bromine it has been found that Schaffer and R acids separately or together can be titrated at room temperature that G acid can be estimated if a temperature of 50” is used but that neither Schaffer nor R acid can be esti- mated in the presence of G acid although the “total” can be found if a temperature of 50° is maintained. If however such a mixture is titrated with bromate-bromide solution and sulphuric acid is used to liberate the bromine then the Schaffer or R acid content can be accurately estimated provided the concentration of sulphuric acid in the solution is about ION (20 C.C. concen- trated acid added to 50 C.C. of solution). It has been definitely established that of the beta-naphthol-sulphonic acids investi- gated those having a sulphonic acid group in the 8 position (Crocein and G) do not brominate in sulphuric acid solution even at 50”.Further work on these lines is proceeding. Mr. J. G. Mackay then read a paper on ‘*The Estimation of Sulphur in Rubber.” An account was given of an attempt to devise a method of esti- mating total sulphur in samples of vulcanised rubber of greater rapidity than but still comparable in accuracy with the cus- tomary Carius method. It was necessary in the first instance to prepare a series of vulcanised rubber standards containing varying proportions of sulphur and involving the commoner compounding ingredients. These standard mixings were then analysed for total sulphur by the Carius method.The analytical figures obtained in this way were lower than the “theoretical” values by more than the allowable amount in mixings containing carbon black China clay silica French chalk and antimony sulphide and also when compounds of iron and calcium were the “ fillers ” used. Suggested explanations of these discrepancies were given. The method of oxidation recently described by E. Kahane involving the use of fuming nitric and perchloric acids was found to be inaccurate but when several modifications were introduced satisfactory results were obtained. It was shown that the sulphuric acid produced by this method of oxidation could be accurately estimated volumetrically as benzidine sulphate. A procedure for the estimation of total sulphur in rubber was thus developed and when applied to the standardised mixings was found to give results in as good agree- ment as those obtained by the Carius method.The new pro- cedure gave better figures for the mixings containing calcium 95 iron and antimony compounds than did the older method and an analysis in duplicate required less than four hours-a con- siderable saving in time as compared with the Carius method. In discussions following the reading of the papers Messrs. Williams J. Sandilands and H. Nisbet took part. Votes of thanks were accorded to the lecturers and the remainder of the evening was spent in viewing demonstrations and exhibits of apparatus etc. provided by the undermentioned firms :- 1.Messrs. Kelvin Bottomley & Baird Ltd.--The ultra-violet fluores- cence cabinet. 2. Messrs. Barr & Stroud Ltd.-Specimens showing the manufacture of optical glass (exhibit prepared by R. B. Moyes Esq. B.Sc. A.I.C.). 3. Messrs. Carl Zeiss (London) Ltd.- Latest pattern photometer and calorimeter; polariscopes ; refractometers. 4. Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Go. Ltd.-Rare synthetic products; thy- roxine ; research chemicals. 5. Messrs. Ozonair Ltd.-Ozonisers. 6. Messrs. A. H. Baird and Messrs. W. Watson & Sons Ltd.-Micro- scopes ; epidiascope etc. 7 . Messrs. Negretti & Zambra.-Instruments ; pyrometers ; barographs ; recorders etc. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Section with other organisations concerned with chemistry in the West of Scotland was held in the lecture theatre of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow on 15th February when Professor Gilbert T.Morgan gave a lecture on 6‘ Chemical Studies of Low Temperature Tar.” Professor G. G. Henderson presided. The lecturer described investigations carried out at the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington on tars produced by low temperature carbonisation of coal. These tars were derived by standardised operations carried on at H.M. Fuel Research Station Greenwich. The essential features of the work were avoidance of high temperatures and the systematic use of solvents. By this procedure considerable quantities of waxes higher aromatic hydrocarbons tar bases phenols and neutral oils were obtained.The waxes were subjected to fractional distillation in vacuu and the fractions were compared with waxes obtained by synthesis from fatty acids. An interesting outcome of the solvent method was the 96 recognition among the neutral oils bases phenols and car- boxylic acids of groups of four resinous materials :-Neutral resins or “ resinenes ” ; basic resins or ‘‘ resinamines ” ; phenolic resins or “ resinols ” ; and acidic resins or “ resinoic acids.” From the aromatic fractions the following hydrocarbons had been isolated :-naphthalene; p-methylnaphthalene and p-methylanthracene. There were moreover other hydro- carbons yielding on oxidation two dimethylated anthraquinones. Four typical tars were examined by solvent methods oi extraction namely “ Fuel Research ” tar Maclaurin tar vertical retort tar and horizontal retort tar.It was thus shown that the waxes phenols and resinols diminished as the temperature of carbonisation increased. Resinenes disappeared at the highest temperature but on the other hand although it was present even in the commercially available low temperature tars the amount of naphthalene increased with rise of temperature. The aqueous liquors from low temperature tars when suitably extracted yielded considerable amounts of phenol and catechol. The distillation method of separation led to 30 or 60 per cent. of pitch whereas the solvent processes cut down the yield of ill-defined materials to about 6 per cent. Moreover it was shown that methods avoiding high distillation temperatures afford a clearer insight into the original constituents of the low temperature tars.Bailie Brownhill Smith Messrs. Macleod Tucker Chapman Eadie and Hopper participated in the discussion which followed. Prof. Morgan assisted by Dr. Pratt exhibited a great variety of products and the lecture was illustrated by many lantern slides. On 15th March at the Grosvenor Restaurant Glasgow a smoking concert was held by the Local Section of the Institute jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry the members of the Ardeer Chemical Society and the student chemical societies. Mr. Thomas Ramsay presided. An interesting and varied programme was greatly appreciated the evening being regarded as one of the most successfuI social events of the session.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Chairman on the motion of Dr. I. V. Hopper. in the Chair. 97 Huddersf7eld.-The fourth meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s Cafd on 20th February Dr. A. E. Everest Mr. R. L. Collett the Assistant Secretary of the Institute opened a discussion on 4 6 The present position and activities of the Institute.” He defined the Institute as first and foremost an examining qualifying and registering body; and secondly as a professional brotherhood of members all of whom agreed to conform to a definite code of ethics and to work together for the advancement of the status of the profession and the public interest. He laid stress on the view that the Fellowship should be the goal of all Associates; it was a matter of concern to the Council that such a large number remained as Associates and seemed to find diffi- culty in proceeding to the higher grade.He explained that contrary to the view held in some quarters chemists were not admitted to the Associateship without examination merely by possessing a University degree. The Institute insisted on a first or second class honours degree and on evidence of sound training in subsidiary subjects and also on personal recommenda- tions to the effect that the prospective member was likely to carry out the ideals of the Institute. In conjunction with the Board of Education the Institute had co-operated in the scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry. These certificates were intended for those who could not reach the high standard required by the Associateship but who desired to be able to produce evidence of having attained a definite standard which would be more widely accepted than the certificate of a small technical college particularly if they moved to another district.He looked forward to the day when every young chemist could see before him a definite ladder by which he could ascend the stages being preliminary examination Ordinary National Certificate Higher National Certificate Associateship of the Institute and Fellowship of th_e Institute. Those fortunate enough to be able to take University courses would of course proceed direct to the Associateship of the Institute. Reference was made to the policy of the Institute in making representations to various authorities where the interests of members and of the public were at stake and instances were 98 given of the various ways in which the Institute had been of direct service to individual members.In answer to questions Mr. Collett dealt with the constitution of the Council and pointed out that in his view the most impor- tant point was that the Council should be representative of all branches of chemical work ; geographical representation was already ensured by arrangements for election of District Members of Council. With regard to the eligibility of Associates as members of Council he suggested that as one of the most im- portant functions of the Institute was that of an examining body there were obvious difficulties in Associates serving on a body which had to adjudicate upon applications for the Fellowship.Mr. Collett said that in his view the greatest usefulness of a meet- ing such as that was to give members of Local Sections oppor- tunities of expressing their opinions and he hoped that they would avail themselves of this and he would do his best to trans- mit their views to the Council. A general discussion ensued. Dr. H. H. Hodgson the Vice-chairman of the Section said that he considered that Associates should serve on the Council as many of them held responsible positions and were too old for further examinations. He gave a detailed explanation of the resolution which the Huddersfield Section had forwarded on the method of electing the Council in 1927.Dr. James Bruce asked whether the Council would accept recommendations from employers who were not members of the Institute in considering applications for membership. Mr. H. S. Foster raised the question of chemical warfare and asked whether it was possible for the Institute and the profession to do anything to stop this. Mr. Riley regretted that so many eligible chemists were not members of the Institute and stated that he did not consider there was sufficient inducement offered to Associates to proceed to the Fellowship. Dr. Stephens asked what proportion of the members returned balloting papers for the election of Council and said that it appeared to him that on the grounds of attendance at meetings many members of Council did not appear to be entitled to re- election.Mr. Collett in answering the questions mentioned that an Associate of forty-nine years of age had recently taken the examination for the Fellowship; that the Institute was certainly 99 willing to accept recommendations from employers who were not members but great care was taken in these cases. The question of chemical warfare had been considered but it was not thought that anything could be done immediately in the matter; personally he thought that war was a horrible business and the sooner it disappeared the better; he was not however convinced that it was worse to gas a man than to blow him to pieces. The Council did not consider matters which came before it in any sectional spirit.The Council had at heart all questions which affected the profession of chemistry as a whole and complete impartiality was shown by members of the Council. I t often happened that although a member was unable to attend many meetings he had been extremely useful with his advice and suggestions. It was true that less than goo out of a total of 5,600 returned their ballot papers but he thought that this figure compared favourably with other postal ballots of a similar kind. Dr. Paul in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Collett spoke of the time when they served together as members of the Council. He suggested that whatever might be said with regard to chemical warfare it was during the war that the profession of chemistry had made advances.In seconding the vote of thanks Dr. Bruce suggested that the Institute should insist that a proper preliminary examination should be passed before candidates were allowed to enter on courses for National Certificates. A meeting of the Section was held at the Technical College Huddersfield on 20th March-Dr. A. E. Everest in the chair- when Mr. H. J. Hodsman of the Dept. of Fuel Technology Leeds University gave an address on “The Chemist and the Fuel Industries.” The lecturer dealt generally with and cited particular instances of the manner in which the chemist has from time to time advanced the knowledge of fuels and their utilisation. Beginning with the earliest times the use of fire was an important feature of the alchemist’s art but the chemistry of combustion was first grasped by Lavoisier.Owing chiefly to the abundance and cheapness of coal development was mainly empirical until the establishment of the Town’s Gas Industry necessitated refinement. Once stabilised the control of this 100 industry passed into the hands of engineers and practice became stereotyped. For this reason the by-product side came to be exploited by private enterprise; a state of monopoly caused no competition and there was little advance in knowledge. With the advent of the gas firing of furnaces came the gas producer and the recovery of by-products and at the beginning of the present century the by-product recovery producer and the gas engine seemed likely to monopolise the field of power production.The need was then conceived in this country of having university schools for the study of fuel problems. The lecturer here outlined the state of affairs in Germany at that time and mentioned the synthesis of ammonia from its constituent ele- ments achieved in the Fuel Technology School at Karlsruhe by Le Rossignol. This important discovery had very far- reaching effects in that it gave to mankind an added control of the productivity of the soil and was itself an example of how the chemist had adversely affected the fuel industry by making by-product ammonia less valuable. The lecturer next referred to the production of liquid fuel from coal by hydrogenation-this having already received a technical solution. The advent of the war brought about a profound change in carbonisation industries.Urgent need for benzol and toluol led to more by-product coke ovens. Coal gas had to be de- benzolised and standards of illuminating power imposed by law had to be suspended. With the close of the war the question had to be faced as to the re-imposition of these standards. The Fuel Research Board was established to advise on this question and also with the object of providing liquid fuel for the navy and smokeless fuel for the domestic grate both of which problems it was hoped would be solved by low temperature carbonisation. It is now established that liquid fuel amounting to 50 per cent. of the weight of coal used can be obtained. The present conditions in the oil industry are such that low prices prevail and the outlook for hydrogenation of coal is not very good.In Germany however liquid fuel is being made in large quantities from lignites which are so abundant in that country. It is predicted that long before the world’s supply of natural oil is exhausted alternative supplies will be available through the labours of chemists who have anticipated and solved a problem of civilisa- tion before it has arisen. 101 An interesting discussion followed in which the Chairman mentioned the high cost of benzol compared with pre-war conditions and also its increasing content of un-nitratable (aliphatic) bodies. He presumed this was due to the use by tar distillers of quantities of low temperature carbonisation tar. Mr. Hodsman in the course of his replies emphasised the aliphatic nature of these tars and hence their poor market and low value.He knew of one large works in America where such tar was being burned under steam boilers on account of its low value. The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Mr. Hodsman proposed by Mr. P. Calam and seconded by Mr. H. S. Foster. Irish Free State.-A meeting of the Section was held in University College Dublin on 28th February Prof. W. E. Adeney in the chair. Mr. P. O’Callaghan gave a demonstration of b b Significant and Important Experiments in Radio- Activity.” Dealing first with ionization in general he demonstrated the presence of ions in flames using a galvanometer and ordinary electroscope. The Zeleny electroscope was then described and used to demonstrate the presence of ions in air in the neiglibour- hood of a flame.The removal of the ions by means of an electric field or cotton wool filter was next dealt with. Ionization of air due to the presence of a radio-active sub- stance was then demonstrated using polonium ionium and radium emanation. A short account of Becquerel’s views on the radiations and the subsequent division into a 18 and y rays was given. By suitable methods of screening the different penetrating powers of a 8 and y rays were made evident with the aid of the Zeleny electroscope. The deflection of the a particle on approaching the nucleus of an atom in its path was illustrated by a working model pro- jected on the screen. The range and tracks in air of a particles from polonium were shown by means of the spinthariscope and the Wilson expansion apparatus respectively.Thorium emana- tion was selected to illustrate the general phenomenon of decay of a radio-active element and by means of a valve amplifier and sensitive galvanometer the rate of decay and half life period of this element were clearly shown. 102 Prof. F. E. Hackett kindly assisted Mr. O’Callaghan in demonstrating the experiments to members of the audience who expressed in cordial terms their appreciation of the trouble and care taken by Mr. O’Callaghan and Prof. Hackett to provide such an interesting and successful set of experiments. Leeds Area.-At a joint meeting of the Section with the Northern Section of the Society of Public Analysts held in the Great Northern Hotel Leeds on 18th February Mr.C. H. Manley (City Analyst Leeds) read a paper on (‘ The Preservatives Regulations 1925- 1927.” After describing the developments and history of the Kegula- tions he said that the only preservatives permissible in food and drink offered for sale in this country were sulphur dioxide (sul- phites) and benzoates. These were only allowed in certain specific cases and in amounts not exceeding stated maxima and their presence must be declared. Formaldehyde and fluorides had been excluded because they were regarded as toxic; also boric acid on account of its supposed cumulative action in the stomach and as benzoic acid was considered to serve much the same purposes as salicylic acid and to be definitely less toxic the latter had been also excluded.As boric benzoic and salicylic acids occurred naturally in certain fruits the Regulations referred only to “ added pre- servatives. ” The Regulations also included lists of colouring matters which were not allowed to be added to foods and again as some of these substances were contained by certain foods the analytical chemist must decide whether such material had been added or not. Reviewing the effect of the introduction of the Regulations Mr. Manley stated that only in rare cases were they violated. They had (a) caused analysts to revise their methods of the detection and estimation of preservatives and colouring matters (b) caused analysts to investigate the percentages of certain preservatives occurring naturally (c) provided an increased market for ice chests and refrigerators and (d) stimulated the sale of “ Reconstituted ” cream.It was claimed that the life of reconstituted cream which was prepared by the emulsification of water saltless butter and separated dried milk was longer than that of natural cream since the presence of boric acid in the latter had not been per- mitted. Reconstituted cream in appearance taste and chemical 103 composition closely resembled the natural product and might be regarded in some cases as superior. Tests to differentiate between the two creams were very difficult to devise owing to the rapidity with which the properties of both varied on keeping. In the ensuing discussion Mr.James Wood (Manchester) agreed with Mr. Manley that the introduction of the Regulations marked a great advance but he personally would prefer to see the use of preservatives completely abolished together with certain other chemical treatments of food e.g. the bleaching of flour. The majority of samples of dried fruits which he had examined conformed to the Regulations. Dr. J. T. Dunn pointed out that in some processes e.g. in jam manufacture a product conforming to the Regulations could be prepared from substances containing an excess of preservative as some of the latter was eliminated during the process but in such cases the course of the elimination must be carefully followed and small manufacturers were at a disadvan- tage.His own experiments indicated that boric acid existed naturally in some oranges. Mr. Mason disagreed with most of the speakers and said that in the estimation of SO an atmosphere of CO was unnecessary and sometimes disadvantageous. He claimed that oxidation of the SO in the distilling flask could be avoided by rapid heating. Mr. J. Firth thought that the introduction of reconstituted cream offered good opportunities for the deception of the con- sumer as a natural cream containing 56 per cent. of fat might be quite liquid compared with a reconstituted cream containing only 20 per cent.; also in the latter case the quality of the fats present might not be so high. Liver pool and N ort h- W este rn .-The eighty-sixth ordi- nary meeting of the Section was held on 8th January-Professor Bannister in the chair-when Mr.F. Wokes read a paper on 6 6 Some Principles of Bio-Chemical Assay.” He said that nearly a quarter of a century ago Sir (then Dr.) Frederick Gowland Hopkins was appointed examiner in phar- macology and therapeutics to the Institute and shortly after his appointment he made certain suggestions to the Council of the Institute regarding possible future developments in this branch of chemistry. These suggestions aroused so much interest that on the advice of the Registrar they were made 104 public in an address given to the Society of Public Analysts on November 7th 1906. Incidentally this address possessed some historical significance in that it first forecasted the discovery of vitamins on which Hopkins was then working.But what was more important at the present juncture was that in his address Hopkins described some far-reaching ideas from which have since emerged various fundamental principles of biochemical work. Hopkins first discussed the relative parts to be played by the chemical and medical professions in this kind of work and prophesied that biochemistry would more and more depend on the activity of the chemist. If however the latter is to take his due share in the development of this science he must first equip himself for the task both by a study of such subjects as physiology and chemical pathology and by paying attention to certain points not studied in the ordinary courses in chemistry. Such are-doses and their modification under different conditions the cumulative effect of drugs the relation between chemical constitution and physiological action and especially the physio- logy of dietetics.Largely as a result of Hopkins’ suggestions there was estab- lished a new branch of the Institute’s examinations relating to these very subjects which Hopkins had been discussing. The first qualifications in this branch were obtained in October 1908 and since then somewhere about 40 members had passed examinations in biochemistry or roughly two a year. This small number by no means provided sufficient candidates for the increasing number of opportunities and posts which might be taken by properly trained chemists were falling into the hands of medical men who were not always best fitted to under- take the work.If this unfortunate position was to be remedied greater activity would have to be displayed either by the Institute or by some other organisation. In particular attention should be paid to recent developments in the points on which Hopkins laid emphasis. Take for instance the first of these the question of dosage. This was of great importance because many ad- vances on the chemical side depended on the comparison between doses which had been estimated by biochemical methods. There was a serious need for more information regarding the definition of the term “Dose,” and the degree of accuracy with which it could be measured. Putting aside the disturbing factors of the chair and carried.106 cumulative action and tolerance there was a wide variation whenever animals were employed which might amount to several hundred per cent. This question had been very care- fully studied by Trevan in an elaborate series of investigations when- many thousands of experiments were performed and some of the results were communicated to the Royal Society in a paper read on 26th March 1927. Characteristic mortality curves were given for digitalis strophanthus and squill on frogs; cocaine echitamine and dysentry toxin on guinea-pigs; also a convulsive dose curve for insulin on mice. The curves thus obtained were all so similar as to suggest that a general principle was involved. Each curve had the same shape that of the capital letter S lying on its side with the two ends cut short.The steepest part of the curve always came in the region of 50 per cent. mortality. From these results several important conclusions could be drawn in regard to biochemical assay viz. :- (I) In estimating doses the average must be taken of the dose on a sufficiently large number of animals. (2) The most accurate results would be obtained with doses which produced the given effect on 50 per cent. of the animals. (3) The most satisfactory unit for biochemical assay was the one which produced the 50 per cent. effect. (4) Standard preparations would be required against which preparations of unknown strength were to be tested. These standard preparations must preserve their activity for a reason- able time and be renewed before any significant loss of activity has occurred.Preferably they should consist of a preparation of the active principle in as pure condition as possible (e.g. the standard preparation of irradiated ergosterol which was being employed as the standard for vitamin 0). But if this were not possible they should consist of a preparation which possessed the average potency of commercial samples as for example the standards for digitalis strophanthus and squill. Professor Heilbron opened the discussion to which Messrs. Mold Shepherd McLachlan and P. H. Jones contributed. In conclusion a vote of thanks to the lecturer was put from On 14th February Mr. G. E. Knowles read a paper on “ A Short History of the Coal Tar Colour Industry.” The real starting point was the discovery of Mauve in 1856 by 106 the late Sir W.H. Perkin who oxidised aniline and toluidine with potassium bichromate in the hope of producing quinine. The commercial possibilities of the discovery were evident and a company was formed which though it had many and unexpected difficulties to encounter found a rapidly growing demand for its colours especially from France for silk dyeing and calico-printing. In 1859 Magenta was discovered by the oxidation of aniline with stannic chloride. Other oxidants were soon introduced notably arsenic acid. Successive milc- stones in the advance were the discovery of Aldehyde Green Alizarin the Phthaleins Bismarck Brown Congo Red (the first dyestuff dyeing cotton without a mordant) Primuline Patent Blue the Sulphur colours and Indigo whose romantic story was briefly recounted.Similar advances in the dyeing of wool had appeared earlier than for cotton. Following the production of Alizarin a number of derivatives were found to give very fast shades on chrome- mordanted wool and these after a great vogue were now nearly supplanted by a series of colours which could be dyed from an acid bath and afterchromed. A difficulty existed for many years owing to the lack of bright blue and violet dyes for wool which would be fast to light. The production of such Alizarin derivatives as Alizarin Sky Blue had completely removed this objection. Looking back over the results of 70 years work in the pro- duction of dyes from coal-tar it was observed that beginning with a few brilliant colours of a basic character which were pretty fugitive to light and of varied fastness to other agents there had gradually been evolved the colours of all the shades of the spectrum.The fastness to various agencies had been worked out and the modern dyer had at his disposal a large variety of dyes of practically any colour and degree of fastness he required. Some gaps still existed and these the dye makers were constantly trying to fill. Alongside the continued advance in number and quality of dyes there had been healthy competi- tion resulting in cheaper methods of production. Dr. Turnbull Prof. W. H. Roberts Mr. Gabriel Jones Dr. R. Thomas and Mr. T. McLachlan took part in the discussion.The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer moved by Professor Bannister. The Section records with the deepest regret its loss by death 107 of three Fellows G. Watson Gray (first Chairman of the Section) William Kamsay and H. B. Stocks. On the 14th March Professor C. 0. Bannister presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of the University of Liverpool when the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “ Alchemists in Art and Literature,” illustrated by a selection of the Institute’s lantern slides. At the conclusion a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the motion of Professor Bannister seconded by Professor Hilditch. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on April 11th.London and South-Eastern Counties-On the 20th March at the Institute Mr. Robert C. Frederick of the Royal Naval Medical School Greenwich gave a lecture before the Section on Ventilation Conditions Normal and Abnormal and their Investigation.” Mr. Arthur J. Chapman a Vice-president of the Institute and Hon. Treasurer of the Section presided. After an introduction of historical interest Mr. Frederick dealt with-metabolism and respiration ; vitiation of air by human occupation; the effects of the alteration in the composition of the air of a space by the respiration and metabolism of the occupants and other circumstances; the alleged presence of some unidentified poison in air; alteration of the composition of air by certain special circumstances; the physical condition of the air of a space and the effect of this on the occupants; the psychologi- cal factor; and the field of future research.The lecture was illustrated by a collection of apparatus and instruments and was followed by a very interesting dis- cussion in which many members participated. The meeting terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. (The lecture is considered of such general interest that the Publications Committee has decided with the consent of Mr. Frederick to publish it separately.) 108 Malaya.-Mr. F. L. Okell presided at the meeting of the Malaya Section held at Kuala Lumpur on the 21st October when Dr. F. E. Byron delivered a lecture on b 6 Forensic Chemistry.” The lecturer gave an account of the way in which chemistry was applied to the solution of problems arising in the adminis- tration of justice.An important part of the work was in con- nection with cases of poisoning. He recounted the methods used in detecting and estimating volatile organic and inorganic poisons in viscera etc. with special reference to those which had been employed in Malaya. He dealt with the examination of blood-stains and explained the haematin and precipitin tests. The lecturer next gave a very full account of the methods used for the examination of fire arms and bullets of various types and cited cases in which the chemist was called upon to examine coins in order to determine whether they were genuine or counter- feit and to examine articles supposed to be made of precious metals.In conclusion he dealt with the examination of docu- ments and writing in connection with the detection of forgeries. The complete lecture has been published as a separate pamphlet by the Malaya Section. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Kuala Lumpur on the and and 3rd February. On the first day visits were paid to the Laboratories of the Agricultural Department the Institute for Medical Research and the Rubber Research Institute as well as to the Experi- mental Plantations of the Agricultural Department at Serdang . In the evening the Fifth Annual Dinner of the Section was held at the Masonic Hall Venning Road Mr. Robert W. Blair in the chair. The guests included the Hon.Mr. M. D. Daly (Commissioner of Trade and Customs) the Hon. Dr. C. J. Wilson (Principal Medical Officer) and Mrs. Wilson Dr. G. Bryce (Director of the Rubber Research Institute) and Mrs. Bryce Mr. F. W. South (Acting Secretary for Agriculture) and Mrs. South Dr. G. V. Allen (Director of the Institute for Medical Research) and Mrs. Allen and Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Wilkinson. The toast of the Institute was proposed by Dr. Bryce who referred to the growing number of chemists in the Far East and the foundation of the Malaya Section. The need for chemical advice had made itself felt in the opening up of the country and 109 in the development of its industries. When the post of Govern- ment Chemist F.M.S. was created in 1906 there were already two Government analysts in Singapore.Major Eaton was appointed to the post and his duties were to carry out all chemical work in connection with the agricultural forestry medical and other Government departments. In 1909 the agricultural and forestry work was transferred to the newly created post of Government Agricultural Chemist to which Major Eaton was appointed the remainder of the work being carried on in the Government laboratories where Mr. R. W. Blair is in charge of the Division of Chemistry. There were now six chemical appointments in the Agricultural Depart- ment and until recently when Mr. Marsden was transferred to the Customs and Excise to open a new laboratory there for special work there were five chemists in the Institute for Medical Research.Malaya had also a Forest Research Chemist and an Engineer Chemist the latter being concerned with improvements in local distilleries. A Chemistry Professorship had been created in Raffles College and a Chair of Biochemistry in the Medical College in Singapore. The Straits Trading Company for many years employed a staff of chemists and more recently the Dunlop Rubber Company had established laboratories and employed their own chemists in Malaya. With so many chemical posts in the country it became possible and in fact desirable that the officers concerned should be brought together in their professional capacity. The Section membership now numbered thirty and he felt confident that in the further development of the country chemists would play an increasingly useful and important part.Mr. Blair in returning thanks expressed his appreciation of the fact that many members had travelled long distances to attend the meeting. He was gratified by the kind remarks made by Dr. Bryce who he knew heartily sympathised with the profession of chemistry. He wished Dr. Bryce success in his endeavours to solve the difficult scientific industrial and economic problems connected with the rubber industry of Malaya. The toast of the guests was proposed by Major Eaton and acknowledged by the Hon. Mr. Daly who said that industry owed a great debt of gratitude to chemists for their invaluable assistance. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. V. R. Greenstreet for arranging the meeting and the evening concluded with a dance.110 On the following day the Section held its Annual General Meeting at the Institute of Medical Research Mr. Blair presiding. The annual report financial statement and auditors’ report were received and adopted. The Chairman mentioned the various chemical appointments which had been made during the year and referred to papers which had been read before the Section. The following members were elected to the Committee:- Messrs. J. C. Cowap R. G. Fullerton and M. Jamieson and Drs. J. L. Rosedale and I. A. Simpson. Mr. F. H. Geake was elected Hon. Secretary in succession to Mr. Greenstreet the latter accepting appointment as Assistant Hon. Secretary. Messrs. Christie and Willgress were appointed auditors. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chairman and also to the Director of the Medical Research Institute for the use of the meeting room.In the afternoon a visit was paid to the factory and labora- tories of the Wilkinson Process Rubber Company where Mr. Bernard Wilkinson the managing director and Mr. R. 0. Bishop the chief chemist explained the various processes in the pro- duction of Linatex and Solatex demonstrating how the economics of manufacture depended upon chemical research. The visit concluded with a cinematograph display of the different applications of the Company’s products the films including pictures taken by Mr. Wilkinson during a recent visit to the mines of the Burma Corporation. M a n c h e s t e r and District.-Mr. S. E.Melling presided at a meeting of the Section held on 7th February at “The Man- Chester Limited,” when a lecture was given by Prof. C. K. Ingold en tit led ‘‘ Mechanism of Atomic Structure-Significance of the Thiele Hypothesis.” The development of the theory of co-valency and co-ordina- tion from the time of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen molecule was recalled in outline and the internal factors controlling the potential activity of shared and unshared electrons surveyed in the light of electrostatic principles. When reactions are considered from the point of view of the electron-transferences they must involve these transferences are seen to be of a very small number of types of which those which 111 characterise ionisation and tautomerism are the most important.Both types of transference are encountered in triad isomerisation (prototropy and anionotropy) which constitutes the most direct illustration of the way in which the factors controlling the potential activity of the electrons determine the behaviour of the system. Certain factors which cannot at present be deduced from electrostatic principles may be inferred inductively from the phenomena of tautomerism and with the extended system of theoretical principles thus obtained the general problem of organic reactivity may be surveyed. As an illustration I 2n- additions are considered and Thiele’s theory is seen to be in- cluded in a wider generalisation. The theory of the addition of halogens to olefins and polyolefins is a direct application of the theory of anionotropy and includes a diagnostic theory of orientation for conjugative additions.The corresponding theo- ries of the addition of hydrogen (non-catalytic) are similarly related to the theory of prototropy. The other additions involve a combination of both groups of ideas. On the motion of Dr. Challenger seconded by Dr. Mason a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North. East Coast.-The annual dinner of the Section was held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle Chemical Industry Club on 15th March Prof. H. V. A. Briscoe in the chair. Mr. B. P. Hill proposed “The Society of Chemical Industry,” coupled with the name of Mr. H. Dunford Smith who had just completed nine years’ service as Honorary Secretary to the Local Section of the Society.Mr. Smith in replying referred to the efforts which were being made to organise lectures by the highest authorities in various branches of chemistry. It was hoped that a small part of the Messel Fund would be devoted to this object. Dr. P. E. Bowles proposed “The Institute,” and Prof. Briscoe in the course of his reply as Chairman of the Section said that they all regretted very much that Dr. Bowles was leaving the district for London. The toast of the “Chemical Industry Club” was proposed by Mr. W. Diamond coupled with the name of the President Mr. Robert Bowran J.P 112 Mr. Bowran dealing at some length with the functions of the various chemical bodies in the district referred to the large number of subscriptions paid by chemists to those bodies.He estimated that chemists in the district who were members of one or more societies were paying altogether over L3,ooo per annum in subscriptions and he urged that the position should be reconsidered so that such a large sum should be spent to the best advantage. At the same time he mentioned that as a result of a recent questionnaire it was found that only 17 per cent. of the chemists who had replied were members of any organised body at all. A very enjoyable evening ended with a vote of thanks to the organising Sub-commit tee proposed by the Chairman. New Zealand.-The second annual conference of the Section was held in Auckland on 23rd January the date being arranged so that members could participate in the New Zealand Institute Science Congress which was held from the 24th to the 29th.The annual report showed that the present membership of the Section was 31. A Committee which had been appointed to consider the question of registration had prepared a register of chemists in New Zealand formed a deputation to the Pharmacy Board regarding the use of the word “chemist,” and compiled a rough draft of a Registration Bill for future discussion. The Chairman delivered an address on “ The Training of a Chemist.” The officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows:- Chairman Prof. T. H. Easterfield; Hon. Secretary W. R. Mummery; Committee Dr. H. E. Annett and Messrs.W. Donovan A. M. Wright and R. Gaxdner. It was resolved:- (i) That the New Zealand Section take no further action on the question of registration until the Section has received the report of the Committee appointed by the Council of the Institute. (ii) That the New Zealand Section wish to express their thanks to the Council of the Institute and to the Registrar for the keen interest that they are taking in the work of the Section as shown by the recent despatch of individual communications to members on the subject of Registration. 113 The Hon. Secretary received the thanks of the Section for his services during the year. It was decided to hold the third annual conference in Christchurch. On the same day a visit was paid to the Auckland City Water Filtration Plant at Titirangi and an informal dinner was held a t the Hotel Auckland followed by a joint meeting with the members of the Auckland Chemical Society and other local chemists held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of University College.The subjects submitted for discussion were :- “The Present and Future Status of Chemists in New Zealand,” and 6 b The Question of Registration of Chemists.” The Chairman (Prof. T. H. Easterfield) opened the discussion by saying that in his opinion chemists practising in New Zealand need not fear comparison with those in any other country. The public were gradually learning something of the importance of the work of the chemist in the development of agriculture and industry and in the solution of problems of national importance; this was due in great measure to the press who were becoming more and more ready to open their columns to matters of scientific interest.A great effort was required however to ensure that in the future the chemical profession should take its place on an equal footing with the professions of law and medicine. He considered that registration would in the first place be of advantage to the public; and secondly would be beneficial to the profession and called upon the Hon. Secretary of the Section to explain to the meeting what had already been done in that matter. Mr. W. R. Mummery Hon. Secretary gave an account of the work of the Registration Committee since its inception including the compilation of a register of New Zealand chemists; the deputation to the Pharmacy Board which had resulted in the inclusion of a sub-clause in the Pharmacy Bill to the effect that nothing in the Act should apply to or interfere with the business rights or privileges of any legally qualified analytical educational or industrial chemist ; and the preparation of a draft of an Analytical Chemists’ Registration Bill.114 The Hon. Secretary also read part of a letter from the Registrar of the Institute stating that the further consideration of registration at home had been held up pending the report of a Government Committee. Mr. A. M. Wright also referred to the preliminary work in connection with registration and remarked that the choice of a title had been considered including the terms-professional chemist analytical chemist consulting chemist educational chemist industrial chemist technical chemist and chemical practitioner.A ballot of the Section had been taken on the choice of the three most comprehensive titles for chemists other than pharmacists for inclusion in the sub-clause of the Pharmacy Bill and the result had been to indicate a preference for “ana- lytical educational or industrial chemist .” The wording for the sub-clause as had been suggested by the Council of the Institute was “ consulting analytical research educational industrial or government chemist.” Mr. Wright said that there were over IOO persons earning a livelihood mainly by the practice of professional chemistry in New Zealand who had been trained in recognised universities or institutions and held degrees and diplomas in chemistry.There were also about IOO juniors in various recognised laboratories and institutions who earned their livelihood in chemistry and a large proportion of these should within a few years hold a recognised diploma. Each year the University Colleges of New Zealand awarded a Master’s degree with honours in chemistry to at least twelve graduates and in addition about 50 students were taking chemistry as their major subject with a view to graduating with honours in chemistry. There was therefore a large and growing number of chemists in New Zealand who naturally looked forward to a legislative enactment to control registration similar to that for the registration of qualified professional persons practising medicine dentistry and pharmacy.Mr. Wright added that the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research would assist any endeavour to obtain registration. Dr. Worley Professor of Chemistry at University College expressed his opinion on the methods whereby the membership 115 of the Institute could be obtained and said that membership of the Auckland Chemical Society required a certain amount of status on the part of the applicant. He would like to see similar chemical societies formed in Wellington Christchurch and Dunedin and afterwards a New Zealand Chemical Society or New Zealand Chemical Institute. It was highly desirable to have some form of registration or recognition and he considered that the New Zealand Section of the Institute had carried out valuable preliminary work in that connection.The general opinion of the Auckland Chemical Society was that registration was greatly to be desired and would be of advantage to the profession in New Zealand. His own choice of a term to represent the profession was “chemical technologist .,’ Mr. R. Gardner said that speaking as a representative of the two professions chemistry and pharmacy he thought that the sole right to the term “consulting chemist” could possibly be obtained from the pharmacists. He was in favour of registration for consulting chemists. Mr. W. Donovan said that the work of the Institute was acknowledged throughout the Empire. He did not agree with Prof.Worley’s remarks with regard to the diplomas of the Institute because he knew that all applications were subject to rigid enquiry. The compilation of the Register of New Zealand Chemists had been made as a primary step for the classification of chemists for registration. He would like to ask what status was required for membership of the Auckland Chemical Society. Mr. Glendinning said that the New Zealand Section of the Institute had formed a nucleus of the chemical profession in the Dominion. The public did not recognise the difference between the chemist and the pharmacist. Mr. Baker said that registration would tend to secure the confidence of the public. Mr. A. M. Wright then read the principal clauses of the draft Registration Bill.Mr. Short said in reply to Mr. Donovan’s question that requirements for admission to the Auckland Chemical Society were very similar to those required for inclusion on the proposed 116 register of New Zealand chemists which had been read by Mr. Mummery.*$ The public had benefited by the registration of the medical and engineering professions and he thought they would similarly benefit by the registration of the chemical profession. If registration was to be successful it was essential that penal clauses should be inserted. Mr. Pond said that while discussing registration the diffi- culties and expenses of the proposition should not be forgotten such as the cost of the Board. Mr. Mummery said that he had already spoken as Honorary Secretary of the New Zealand Section of the Institute but he would like to say a few words as an ordinary member of the joint meeting.The title “ chemical practitioner ” had been chosen by the British Association of Chemists and it appeared to be the second choice of the Council of the Institute; it had the advantage of embracing the whole chemical profession. He had discussed the title with several pharmacists and they appeared to regard it as an excellent compromise and a suitable description which would easily be understood by the public. He was in favour of the formation of a New Zealand Chemical Institute and had expressed the same view at the preliminary general meeting of the New Zealand Section in 1926. The formation of a New Zealand Chemical Institute necessi- tated as much care and forethought as the subject of registration.He deprecated the hurried formation of an Association which * The basis upon which this Register has been compiled covers the following qualifications :- (a) Professors and lecturers in Chemistry in the University of New Zealand; those who hold the diplomas F.I.C. or A.I.C. of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland; those who are members of the Australian Chemical Institute. ( b ) Those who by their training and experience are qualified to apply for admission as Associates of the Institute of Chemistry (i.e. those who possess a Master’s Degree with first or second class honours in Chemistry) and who earn their livelihood mainly by the practice of Chemistry.( c ) Those over 25 years of age who have been engaged for a t least six years in the acquisition of professional knowledge and in the practice of Chemistry. The register does not include teachers of Chemistry in High Schools or Technical Schools unless the teacher possesses a definite qualification in Chemistry such as the F.I.C. or A.T.C. or is a member of the Australian Chemical Institute or earns a livelihood mainly by the teaching and practice of Chemistry. 117 would imperil the status of the profession which for the present was being safeguarded by the New Zealand Section of the Institute. The following resolutions were unanimously adopted :- (I) That it would be of advantage to the manufacturing industries of New Zealand to chemical science to the status of the chemical profession and would be a protection to the public if some form of registration of professional chemists were effected.(2) That it is desirable as soon as possible to form a New Zealand Chemical Society. The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the Chair- man and also to Prof. Worley for the use of the Chemistry Lecture Theatre. 118 Empire. Notes. Mr. Robert S. Firilow has been appointed a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. Mr. A. J. W. Hornby and Mr. G. E. Holden have been appointed members of the Most Excellent Order of the British British Chemical Standards.-The Institute has received a copy of the “Report on the Fourth Three Years’ Working” of the British Chemical Standards Movement.This Movement which is carried on by the voluntary work of over ninety co- operators in this and other countries has for its object the co- ordination of analytical work thus giving a definite known value of the results of all chemists who control their work by standard samples of metals supplied by the organisers. The advantage of this both technically and commercially is becoming realised more and more by engineers and manufacturers as well as by chemists themselves. Already standards both ferrous and non-ferrous are being used in about 850 laboratories of which nearly 70 are abroad. Copies of the Report may be obtained from the Organisers 3 Wilson Street Middlesbrough. The Fourth International Congress of Scientific Organisation of Work will be held in Paris from Wednesday the 19th to Sunday the 29th June.The Congress is being organised by the French National Committee of Scientific Management. M. Andre Tardieu Minister of Public Works has accepted the office of President. MM. Doumergue Poincarb and other eminent public men in France are members of the Committee of Honour. Visits will be made to various French factories. Papers will be read on Rationalisation Factory Organisation Industrial Accountancy Agriculture Subjects Stabilisation of Labour Scientific Organisation in Stock Breeding Commercial and Administrative Matters Education and Propaganda. Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary Management Research Groups 23 Bloomsbury Square London M7.C.1.119 Obituary. FRANKLAND DENT died a t Wimbledon after a short illness on the 27th January in his 60th year. He obtained his first experience in chemistry with Mr. Thomas Fairley of Leeds before proceeding to the Yorkshire College-now the University-Leeds. He passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1892 and in the following year graduated as B.Sc. (Vict.) with first class honours. He then acted as private assistant to Professor Smithells for a year and published in conjunction with him a paper on the Structure and Chemistry of the Cyanogen Flame (J.C.X. 1894). In 1894 he was elected to an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship and went to Munich where he worked under von Baeyer chiefly on the nitro- and nitroso-urethanes and was awarded the degree of Ph.D.In the same yaar he was also awarded the degree of M.Sc. (Vict.). Prom 1901 to 1904 he held an appointment with the Sierra Co. Ltd. in Spain and in October 1905 he was appointed Government Analyst and Opium Inspector for Singapore and the Straits Settlements where he continued until his retirement in 1924. He proceeded to the Fellowship in 1895. He was for many years Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Straits Settlements and the Far East and was keenly interested in the formation of the Malaya Section in 1923. He served as a Member of Council from 1925 to 1928 representing District XII the Overseas Dominions and Abroad. JOHN ALEXANDER GUTHRIE died a t Glasgow on 13th February a t the age of 58 years.Educated a t the Collegiate School Queen’s Park and a t Anderson’s College-now the Royal Technical College-Glasgow he became Assistant Chemist in 1885 to Messrs. John Bennett and Co. Calico Printms with whom he remained until 1889 when he was appointed chemist to the Ferry!ield Printing Co. Printers Bleachers and Dyers. He held in succession similar appointments with the United Turkey Red Co. from 1901 to 1904 with Messrs. E. and J. Buckley from 1904 to 1908 with Messrs. James Melville and Co. from 1908 to 1911 with Messrs. A. and J. Grimmond Ltd. from 1911 to 1912 and with Morton’s Sundour Fabrics from 1912 to 1914 continuing with Solway Dyes until 1918 From 1918 until 1923 he was with the British Dyestuffs Corporation a t Huddersfiel d and was subsequently engaged with Bell’s Dyeworks a t Paisley and with the John o’Groats Laundry Co.at Wick. He wa3 elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. CHARLES JAMES died of pneumonia following an operation a t the Deaconess Hospital Boston U.S.A. on 10th December 1928 in his 49th year. Born a t Earls Barton near Northampton he studied at University College London from 1899 to 1903 and passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations for the Associateship of the Institute in 1904. He then devoted himself to the study of the rare earths but in 1906 worked for six months with the National Refining Company of Westchester New York where he obtained experience in the analysis and refining of fats and oils. In the same year he was appointed Assistant Professor 120 in the New Hampshire College becoming in 1912 professor of chemistry and head of the chemical department of the University of New Hampshire.He contributed over 60 papers t o the Journal of the American Chemical Society chiefly relating to the rare earths. He received the Ramsay Silver Medal in 1901 and the Nichols Medal in 191 1 and was awarded the honorary degrees of D.Sc. by the University of New Hampshire in 1928. He was elected a Fellow of the Tnstitute in 1907. CHARLES ALFRED PAULS died at Rhuddlan North Wales on 31st December 1928 in his 64th year. In 1883 he entered Owens College Manchester where he worked under Sir Henry Roscoe and in 1886 graduated as B.Sc. (Vict.) with honours in chemistry. In the same year he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute.In 1887 he was Temporary Assistant Master in the Middlesbrough High School and thereafter held appointments a t Claremont College Blackpool (1888) Rivington and Blackrod Grammar School (1889-93) and Devon County School (1893-95). He was then Senior Assistant and Science Master a t Rutlish School Merton Surrey from 1895 to 1909 and finally Science Master a t Epworth College Rhyl from 1909 to 1928. He was twice Chairman of the Association of Assistant Masters (Surrey Branch) during his engagement a t Rutlish School. He proceeded to the Fellowship in 1891. HERBERT BIRTWHISTLE STOCKS died a t Prenton Birkenhead on 7th February in his 64th year. Educated a t St. Mary’s School Halifax he became an articled pupil with Mr.W. H. Wood Borough Analyst for Halifax with whom he worked from 1882-1886 attending during the same period classes at the local Mechanics Institute He then became Assistant to Prof. J. Campbell Brown with whom he worked for over ten years. During this time he taught food and drugs analysis in University College Liverpool. He passed the Examination of the Institute in 1893. He contributed several papers on the analysis of concretionary nodules to the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society and to the British Associa- tion and two papers on Iodide of Starch to the Chemical News. He also devoted considerable attention to the assaying and determination of metals by electro-deposition and to research upon molybdenum compounds.He held an appointment with Messrs. Day & Martin Ltd. in London from 1897 to 1899 and then returned to Liverpool resuming his lecture ship a t the University. In 1902 he became Chief Chemist to the Gum Tragasol Co. Ltd. with whom he was engaged until the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. ADOLF WILSON a Registered Student of the Institute died on 19th February a few days after attaining his majority. He studied a t the Battersea Polytechnic London graduating in the University of London with first class honours in chemistry. After a short experience of teaching in the Leicester University College he entered in January 1928 the Fuel Department of the University of Leeds where he was engaged on an investigation of the factors determining the reactivity of coke.121 The Library. Since the issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 11 1928 the Lectures and Library Committee has had much pleasure in acknowledging the following gifts :- ADENEY W. E. D.Sc. F.I.C. and CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Principles and Practice of the Dilution Method of Sewage Disposal. W. E. Adeney. Cambridge 1928. MESSRS. G. BELL & SONS The Viscosity of Liquids. Emil Hatschek. London 1928. MESSRS. ERNEST BENN LTD. The Chemistry of Chemotherapy. G. M. Dyson. London 1928. Industrial Catalysis. S. J. Green. London 1928. The Industrial Uses of Bauxite with an Account of its Origin Occur- rence Composition and Properties. N. V. s. Knibbs. London 1928. MESSRS. BLACKIE & SON LTD.BOLTON E. RICHARDS F.I.C. Rolton. London 1928. BULLOCK E. R. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.I.C. Bullock. New York 1927. CARLOS ARTHUR S. F.I.C. Symbols and Formulae in Chemistry. An Historical Study. R. M. Caven and J. A. Cranston. London 1928. Oils Fats and Fatty Foods. Their Practical Examination. E. R. Chemical Reactions of the Photographic Latent Image. E. R. Feeding Stuffs. A. S. Carlos. London 1928. MESSRS. CHAPMAN & HALL LTD. Artificial Silk. F. Reinthaler. Enlarged and revised edition translated from the German by F. M. Rowe. London 1928. Catalytic Processes in Applied Chemistry. T. P. Hilditch. Under the Editorship of E. H. Tripp. London 1929. Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen. F. A. Ernst. London 1928. Organic Syntheses.Vol. VIII. Roger Adams Editor-in-Chief. London 1928. The Problem of Fermentation. The Facts and the Hypotheses. M. Schoen translated by H. Lloyd Hind. London 1928. Volumetric Analysis. Vol. I The Theoretical Principles of Volu- metric Analysis. I. M. Kolthoff with the collaboration of H. Menzel translated by N. H. Furman. London 1928. revised. London 1929. 1928. 122 MESSRS. CONSTABLE & Co. LTD. Wave Mechanics and the New Quantum Theory. A. Haas translated from the German by L. W. Codd. London 1928. MESSES. CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON Applied Chemistry. A Practical Handbook for Students of Household Science and Public Health. C. K. Tinkler and Helen Masters. Vol. I Water Detergents Textiles Fuels etc. 2nd edition MESSRS. J.M. DENT & SONS LTD. General Science. E. J. Holmyard. London 1928. EYNON LEWIS B.Sc. F.I.C. and J. HENRY LANE B.Sc. F.I.C. Starch Its Chemistry Technology and Uses. L. Eynon and J. GATEHOUSE F. B. A.I.C. A Handbook for Cement Works Chemists. F. I3. Gatehouse. London MESSRS. GURNEY & JACKSON Technical Methods of Chemical Analysis. 2nd edition. Edited by MESSRS. WILLIAM HEINEMANN (MEDICAL BOOKS) LTD. Scent and All About It. A Popular Account of the Science and MESSES. LONGMANS GREEN & Co. Henry Lane. Cambridge 1928. 1928. C. A. Keane and P. C. L. Thorne. Vol. 11. London 1928. Art of Perfumery. H. S. Redgrove. London 1928. 1928. Alkaline Accumulators. J. T. Crennell and F. M. Lea. London Atomic Structure as Modified by Oxidation and Reduction.W. C. Reynolds. London 192 8. The Chemistry of Crude Drugs. An Elementary Text-book for Students of Pharmacognosy. J. E. Driver and G. E. Trease. London 1928. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Plant Products. Vol. I On the Nature and Significance of the Commoner Organic Compounds of Plants. P. Haas and T. G. Hill. London 1928. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. J. W. Mellor. London 1929. Creatine and Creatinine. A. Hunter. London 1928. The Protamines and Histones. (The late) Albrecht Kossel translated from the original German manuscript by W. V. Thorpe. London MERSEY AND IRWELL JOINT COMMITTEE Mersey and Irwell Joint Committee Proceedings 1927-28. Preston 1928. THE MOND NIUKEL Co.LTD. Nickel and its Alloys. London 1928. T. SLATER PRICE O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. F.I.C. Troisibme Couseil de Chimie tenu A Bruxelles du 12 au 18 Avril 1928. Rapports et Discussions sur des Questions d’Actualit6. Paris 1928. RIBBLE JOINT COMMITTEE Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March 192 8. Preston 192 8. STEVENS H. P. M.A. Ph.D. F.I.C. Latex. H. P. Stevens. London 1928. MESSRS. H. F. & G. WITHERBY Volumetric Glassware. V. Stott. London 1928. London 1928. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. XI Organo-metallic Compounds. Part I Derivatives of the Elements of Groups I-IV. A. E. Goddard and Dorothy Goddard. London 1928. A Text-Book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. J. Glaister.4th edition. Edinburgh 1921. Books Purchased. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry 1922 and 1924-27 inclusive. Issued by the Chemical Society. London. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry edited by J. Newton Friend. Vol. VI. Part I Nitrogen. E.B.R. Prideaux and H. Lambourne. death:- John Alexander Guthrie. 124 The Register. The elections notified in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part I included elections which had taken place on the 15th February as well as on the 18th and 25th January 1929. The Institute has lost 4 Fellows I Associate and I Student by DEATHS. Fellows. Theophilus Vaughan Hughes A.R.S.M. Charles James Hon. D.Sc. (Neg Hampshire). Francis Edward Matthews Ph.D. (Gbttingen). Charles Alfred Pauls M.Sc. (Vict.).Associate. Student. Adolf Wilson B.Sc. (Lond.). 125 General Notices. Exami nations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 16th to zxst or from the 23rd to 28th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday the 15th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students,-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on " The Cultural Value of Science" will be awarded in January 1930 and presented at the next annual general meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1929 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor.Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to 126 the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1929 the adjudicators will unless exceptional circumstances arise give special consideration to work in organic or bio-chemistry. The next award will be made in January 1930.The Council will be glad to have attention directed before 31st December 1929 to work of the character indicated. the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund a t intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records Appointments Register.-A Beilby Memorial Awards.-From of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates,-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to April 1926 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept a t the othfices oi the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 127 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and ,Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Kegis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted a t present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to 12s scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8,000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain S; Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. 2 d . ; binding 2s. 9d.; postage and packing 9d; in all 4s. 8d. L a n t e r n Slides f o r Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300063

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. - INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1929. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Regtstvar and Secretary 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LOXDON W.C. I J u n e 1929. Publications Committee 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Presrdent) P. E. EOWLES H. B. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S. GIBSON. W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING PATRICK H KIRKALDY (Hoic. Treasrtrer) A. G. G. LEONARD. W. MARSHALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS WILLIAM WARDLAW J. A. WATSON A. W. M.WINTLE. 131 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY 1929. The Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee finds it necessary to make a special appeal to members who have not yet subscribed to. the Fund during the present year. Annuities are being paid to an aged Fellow and to three widows of members the grants to the latter including allowances fQr the education of children. Help is also being afforded to two other widows and allowances are being made to members in temporary need of assistance owing to unemployment in addition to loans and other grants in cases requiring immediate help. The accounts for 1928 showed a total of receipts amounting to Lg31 0s. 3d. The Committee reports that although annual subscriptions and donations so far received during 1929 show an increase of in 1928 the ordinary subscriptions show a decrease of over LIZO about k70 over those received during the corresponding period while the grants made so far this year exceed those of 1928 by over L200; so that further funds will certainly be required to meet the needs of the present year.The Committee will be very grateful therefore if members who have not already responded to the appeal issued in the early part of the year will do what they can to assist them in this work. British Patent System.-In the JOURNAL AND PROCEED- INGS Part VI 1928 p. 329 reference was made to the report of the British Science Guild on the reform of the British Patent System a matter which has also received the consideration of a Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.The President of the Board of Trade has recently appointed a Committee " to report whether any and if so what amendments in the Patents and Designs Acts or changes in the practice of the Patent Office are desirable." The Committee includes the Right Hon. Sir Charles H. Sargant (Chairman) Mr. Horatio Ballantyne (Past Vice-president of the Institute) Mr. H. A. Gill Mr. E. H. Hodgson Sir Herbert Jackson (Past President of the Institute) Sir William S. Jarratt Mr. Fearnley Owen Mr. J. G. Methylated Spirits.-A 132 Weir Mr. James Whitehead with Mr. R. W. Luce of the Patent Office as Secretary. The Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry has called the attention of constituent and associated bodies to the matter with a view to the preparation of a joint memorandum.The Federal Council being informed that the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had the matter under considera- tion decided to invite the bodies mentioned to send expressions of opinion and suggestions to the Committee and if desired to appoint a representative or representatives to serve on the Committee. By this means it is hoped that the considered opinion of chemists may be made available to the Committee of the Board of Trade. It is felt that chemical inventions have not in the past received the attention they deserved. Particular attention has been directed to section 38 (a) of the Patents and Designs Acts 1907 and 1919 which is said to be so ambiguous that considerable and unnecessary expense has been incurred by applicants for patents.This section deals with chemical processes and with chemical products and substances in- tended for food or medicine and it has been suggested that it should be divided into two parts-the first to deal with inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical pro- cesses and the second relating to substances intended for food or medicine. In an amending Act the first should be made clear; and the second might provide that patents will not be granted for mere prescriptions formulas or recipes for foods or medicines or that patents will not be granted for any inventions relating to substances intended for food or medicine. The matter has been referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute.Committee appointed by the Commissioners of Customs and Excise consisting of members of H.M. Customs and Excise and of the Government Laboratory has been appointed to revise the Statutory Regulations dealing with Methylated Spirits,-including the Power Methylated Spirits Regulations 1921 (Statutory Rules and Orders 1921 No. 1318) and the Methylated Spirits (other than Power Methy- lated Spirits) Regulations 1925 (Statutory Rules and Orders 1925 No. 1240). 133 The Committee has forwarded a preliminary draft of the new Regulations to the Council of the Institute inviting observations and suggestions thereon ; also inviting the Council to nominate one or two representatives to support if necessary the views of the Council at a subsequent discussion with the Committee.The document is a lengthy one and does not embody any very drastic change but it will certainly be advantageous to have the Regulations in a more comprehensive form for reference. The Council has referred the matter to a Special Committee with power to act and this Committee has addressed representa- tions to the Customs Committee on the matter. It is hoped however that any Fellow or Associate who wishes to express his views regarding the regulations for the supply of methylated spirits will communicate with the Registrar without delay. City and Guilds of London institute.-Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe Vice-president has been nominated as representative of the Institute to serve on an Advisory Committee to deal with subjects connected with Dyeing in the scheme for technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute.Neuvieme CongrAs d e Chimie industrie1le.-The 9th Congress organised by the French Society of Chemical Industry will be opened at Barcelona on the 13th October during the International Exhibition which will be held this year in that city. Any Fellow or Associate of the Institute who intends to be present at the Congress is invited to send in his name to the Registrar who will notify the Executive Committee of the Congress. hole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures.-The Council conveyed greetings and congratulations to the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures Paris on the occasion of the Centenary Celebration of the School held at the end of May and the beginning of June.The Chemical Society Li brary.-A contribution of E250 from the general funds of the Institute has been forwarded to the Chemical Society Library for the present year. The facilities hitherto afforded Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute desiring the use of the Library will be continued. AND PROCEEDINGS. 134 Pu blication.-Mr. R. C. Frederick's lecture on " Ventilation Condit ions-Normal and Abnormal and their Investigation ' ' given before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on the 20th March has now been published and issued to Fellows Associates and Registered Students with this part of the JOURNAL I n s t it u t i o n s.-The Hull Municipal Technical College has been added to the list of Institutions approved for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute.The recognition of the Central Technical College Birmingham is confirmed in respect of both day and evening classes. Examinations.-The Council has received the Report of the Board of Examiners on the examinations held in April. (See p. 157.) 135 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 14th February byinvita- tion of the President and Committee of the University of Birming- ham Biochemical Society a large number of members attended a lecture given by Professor J. C. Drummond entitled b b Problems of Vitamin Research,” The lecturer first dealt with the early work of Hopkins leading to the recognition of the existence of accessory food factors and then considered the claims that had been advanced by various workers in respect of the isolation of specific members of the group known as vitamins.The difficulties involved in this work of isolation which did not tend to decrease with the passage of time were exemplified by reference to the case of the supposed vitamin isolated by Funk in 1914. Recent methods were described in detail and following the work of Windaus and others the chain of events leading to the recognition of ergosterol as the parent substance of vitamin D was then discussed. Prof. Drummond concluded with a brief summary of the present state of research in this most important branch of biochemistry.The lecture was highly appreciated by all present especially so in view of the fact that Prof. Drummond was himself very intimately associated with much of the research which he described. A vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Knapp seconded by Prof. Walton was carried with acclamation. The annual Concert under the joint auspices of the Local Sections of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists took place a t the Midland Hotel Birmingham on 18th February. A large number of members were present and showed their appreciation of the programme provided which in addition to vocal and instrumental items included the performance of Gertrude Jennings’ playlet “Five Birds in a Cage,” by members 136 of the Bournville Dramatic Society.The success of the concert was also largely due to the enthusiastic efforts of Mr. J. R. Johnson. During the interval the Chairman Dr. Wardlaw presented the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize to Mr. Cyril Fryer a Registered Student of the Institute at the Central Technical College Birmingham. Dr. Wardlaw referred to the objects and conditions of the award and to the illustrious chemist whose name is associated with it. It was a matter for congratulation that not only had this award fallen to a student of the Section but that the Meldola Medal this year had been awarded to Dr. Butler a graduate of Birmingham University. The annual Midlands Chemists” Dinner was held on 23rd February Mr. W. A. S. Calder in the Chair. The principal toast-“ Chemistry and Industry ”-was proposed by Mr.W. J. U. Woolcock who emphasised the importance of the spirit of enquiry which was everywhere in evidence; there was a general desire to know the real facts underlying apparently well-estab- lished theories before any particular decision was arrived at. This spirit was pre-eminently animating the chemical industries a t present and the implied co-operation of the research and technical chemist augured well for the future of chemistry and industry. Mr. F. Scholefield also replied endorsing Mr. Woolcock’s remarks. He pleaded for a more adequate recognition of the importance of the work of the chemist to the community and outlined the work and objects of the British Association of Chemists. The dinner was followed by a dance.On 13th March the Section was visited by Mr. T. Macara Director of the Confectionery and Allied Trades Research Asso- ciation who gave a very interesting lecture on ‘‘ Co-operative Research in the Food Industries.” Although somewhat limited in material by the necessity for trade secrecy Mr. Macara gave an interesting account of the formation of the Research Association the early difficulties which were overcome and a broad outline of problems which had been solved. A discussion followed in which the Chairman Dr. Twiss Miss Beeching Mr. Knapp and others took part. 137 Dr. D. F. Twiss presided at a meeting of the Section held at the White Horse Restaurant on 13th May when in response to an invitation from the Section Mr.R. L. Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute opened a discussion on Transference from the Associateship to the Fellowship. Mr. Collett said that the Institute was founded to provide the Government and the public with the means of recognising those who had been properly trained and proved to be competent to practise chemistry as a profession and had received a Royal Charter with definite authority to grant certificates of competency and to register persons qualified to practise. It was the only body with authority to grant such certificates or to maintain such a register. It had Gontinued to function in the public interest and in that of the chemical profession for over 50 years. Before the war the method by which the Institute decided whether any person should be included on this register was by a strict system of examinations held by the Institute itself and only persons of very outstanding position in the chemical world were exempted therefrom.A candidate had first to pass an “ Intermediate Examination ” in general chemistry but he could be exempted from this if he possessed a first or second class honours degree in chemistry or its equivalent. He then had to pass the “Final Examination” in a branch of chemistry chosen by himself from a prescribed list and if he were success- ful in this he was elected to the Associateship which was at that time the real qualification granted by the Institute on examination. Associates could then pass to the higher grade of Fellowship on production of evidence of three years’ satis- factory work without any further test.During the war it was generally realised that the Institute could not hope to include on its register all persons who might be considered as competent to practise the profession of chemistry if it continued to insist on its rigid examinational system. It was therefore decided to admit to the register persons holding other qualifications besides that obtained as the result of the Institute’s own examination. In 1918 the new regulations were adopted on lines approved by the Institute in General Meeting by which candidates could become Associates of the Institute who had obtained a good honours degree or its equivalent provided that they had had a longer period namely four years as against the previous three and that 138 of training had complied with the Institute’s requirements as regards subsidiary subjects and were personally recommended by chemists of repute.This change gave rise to considerable misgivings in the minds of some of the existing members who felt that the diploma of the Institute which had then reached a very high position in the public esteem was in danger of being lowered in prestige. To allay these feelings however a definite understanding was reached that in view of the modification of the requirements for admission to the Associateship there should be a tightening up of the standard necessary for attaining the full qualification of the Institute namely the Fellowship. Sir Herbert Jackson in his Presidential address on 3rd March 1919 speaking of British Chemists as a whole said:- “We need all our energy and all our skill to maintain our claim to the full recognition that we seek.Events of the war have done much to establish that claim but it is by continued good work that we shall succeed in holding our own in the time to come and when we reflect that at the present time we have on our Register nearly 1,000 Associates who have to make good their prospects of attaining the Fellowship by examination or by work of a distinctly high order if they set themselves to the task earnestly as no doubt the great majority will we have good reason to look for steady progress in British Chemistry.” In an article on the Fellowship of the Institute published in the Journal in the same year it was stated that any Associate who wished to become a candidate for the Fellowship would be required to pass an examination or to produce evidence:- (i) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit in the opinion of the Council; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit in the opinion of the Council; or (iii) in special circumstances that he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent in the opinion of the Council to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (i) or (ii) above.” and i t was stated further that “The examination referred to will be on the lines of the examination for the Associateship with such modifications in each individual case as the Council may deem desirable in gauging the value of the experience of the Candidate or of a thesis or published record of original work.” “In the interpretation of (i) the expression ‘original research of sufficient merit ’ is used in a wide sense but the Candidate will be required to show that he has materially contributed to the advancement of chemical knowledge.” 139 These regulations were still in force but he (Mr.CoUett) was betraying no secret when he said that it was a matter of concern to the Council that comparatively few who had been admitted to the Register of the Institute as Associates since the change took place had found a means of proceeding to the full Institute diploma of the Fellowship. In the early part of this year the number of Associates on the register was 3,703 and the number of Fellows 1,855.In other words there were nearly twice as many Associates as Fellows and although this proportion had risen very little since 1924 it had shown no signs of falling and there had always been the feeling that it might rise considerably. In January 1927 the syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship were revised in the hope that by widening the scope of the examination a larger number of Associates would be able to proceed to the Fellowship. It had to be admitted how- ever that this hope did not seem to have been realised. A fairly large number of Associates took the examination in Branch E-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water-because without this special qualification they found it difficult to rise to positions of responsibility in their chosen field of work and indeed the special certificate granted as a result of this examination constituted the only qualification specifically recognised by the Ministry of Health as evidence of competency to hold positions as Public Analysts.Those chemists engaged in academic spheres or in research work in pure chemistry found it easier to continue their researches and to produce sufficient evidence to warrant an application for ad- mission to the Fellowship without examination ; but the greatest difficulty was experienced in the cases of Associates engaged in industrial work. In some cases their work was regarded by their employers as strictly confidential and even the system which the Council had adopted of allowing work of this nature to be assessed confidentially by persons agreed upon with the employers did not always meet these cases.In other cases Associates claimed probably with some truth that their field of work was so specialised that they felt that they knew more about it than anyone else and did not see why they should be asked to submit to an examination upon work other than that which they knew most about. Furthermore it was a common experience that the longer the time elapsed after leaving college the less a man felt the spirit move him to enter for more examinations. By the time he had spent three years in 140 industry and had become thoroughly absorbed in his own immediate work he was more reluctant to undertake the neces- sary study to obtain a higher qualification.These difficulties were constantly exercising the mind of the Council and he was sure that the Council would welcome any suggestions by which they could be overcome. The desire to preserve the Fellowship as a high qualification was a right desire as the Fellowship would soon cease to have its present value if it were open to Associates merely by the passage of time or by reason of their having carried out work of a routine nature for a certain number of years. Various suggestions had been advanced to overcome the difficulty and the Council would welcome the views of any Associates who had thought about these subjects and also those of any Fellows who were elected under the old system.The Council was anxious that every Associate should have a fair chance of proceeding to the Fellowship; but the standard of the Fellowship must be maintained or it would cease to have the extra value which it undoubtedly possessed. A general discussion took place in which many members participated. Dr. Twiss the Chairman pointed out that there might be circumstances in which firms could reasonably be reluctant to allow the disclosure of research. Mr. Alcock enquired whether the candidates were disinclined to submit themselves to the examination itself or whether the fees payable constituted the difficulty. He was of opinion that candidates for the Fellowship should be allowed to submit results of their work as a substitution for examination.In his view too all chemists should know something of the examination of food and drugs. Mr. Hewis agreed that the man engaged in academic work had facilities for submitting research which were denied to the indus- trial man. In his opinion the old method of obtaining the Associateship and Fellowship was preferable to the present one. He lamented that in Birmingham there were few facilities for obtaining classes in the chemistry of food and drugs although there were classes in therapeutics and pharmacology and in oil analysis etc. Dealing with this point another member regretted the lack of facilities for the study of food and drugs in many centres but 141 indicated the existence in Birmingham of complete and satis- factory courses.Mr. W. T. Collis did not see any reason why all Associates should expect to proceed to the Fellowship. There was always a place for the less highly qualified man in industry. He suggested that provision should be made in the Institute for the man with a qualification such as a pass degree etc. Mr. J. R. Dolphin thought that a large number of honours graduates became Associates because they wanted to be able to proceed to the Fellowship. He enquired how the standard required for the F.I.C. compared with that for Ph.D. and D.Sc. and stated that in his opinion the fees for proceeding to the Fellowship were too high. He also thought that the Council consisted too much of academic men.Mr. Cvllett in reply stated that as regards academic research he thought that the standard required for the Fellowship was distinctly beyond that indicated by the degree of Ph.D.; but so far as industrial work was concerned there was no other qualification with which the Fellowship of the Institute could be compared. He pointed out that an inspection of the list of the Council would show that industrial chemists were fully repre- sented. Mr. King thought that it was desirable to arouse in directors and managers of industry a keener interest in the work of the Institute so that they would give greater facilities to Associates to qualify for the Fellowship in industrial chemistry. Mr. Webb thought that the standard required for the Fellow- ship was too variable and that there was a tendency for senior men to support any application of their juniors in their desire to proceed to the Fellowship.Owing to the lateness of the hour the discussion came to a close somewhat abruptly the Chairman proposing a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Collett. The members expressed their gratifica- tion on one of the most successful and well-attended meetings of the session. Edward Russell has been re-elected Chairman of the Section. Members of the Section and their friends have been invited to visit the B ri s t o I and South - Weste r n Co u n t i es.-Mr. works of Messrs. Erinoid Ltd. at Stroud on 19th June where 142 they will inspect the processes for the manufacture of non- inflammable substitutes for ivory amber horn tortoise-shell coral bone jade and ebony.The programme arranged for the next session includes a discussion on the Agricultural Act 1926 in November and a paper on “Soil Analysis,” in January 1930. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held in March. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth meeting for the Session was held conjointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Hall of the Pharma- ceutical Society Edinburgh on 18th March,-Major R. Bruce in the Chair. A lecture was given by Mr. J. Arthur Reavell Chairman and Managing Director of the Kestner Evaporator & Engineering Co. Ltd. on “ Heat Transmission.” Mr. Reavell dealt with the subject in three sections heat transmission from steam to a liquid as ordinarily happened in heaters and evaporators; heat transfer from liquid to liquid of which practical examples were to be found in heat exchangers and heaters using oil as the heating medium; and heat transfer from air and other gases.Mr. Reavell indicated the various factors involved in calculating the required surface of a heater and hence its heat transfer co- efficient. He showed that by basing the design of a heater on the scientific Tpplication of the laws of heat transfer it was possible to reduce its surface and thus secure economy. For example by designing an evaporator so that the incoming feed was heated by a special heater and also in the case of a single effect evaporator by arranging to utilise the vapour evaporated distinct economies could be secured.The amount of heat transmitted by a heater did not depend on the metal of which it was made mild steel functioning quite as well as copper which had a much greater heat conductivity. It depended however to a very large extent on the resistance of the liquor film to heat flow. This in turn was influenced by the viscosity and heat conductivity of the liquor and the size of the evaporator tubes. The heating of linseed oil for the manufacture of varnish provided very interesting data as to the advantage of heating by means of hot oil relative to direct gas firing. Taking average 143 costs for oil and gas and otherwise normal conditions it was found that for a cost of one penny 10 gallons of linseed oil could be treated using-hot oil as against z gallons using gas firing.A combination of oil and electric heating had recently shown an efficiency of 98 per cent. Reference was made to early work dealing with the transfer of heat from gases leading up to the more recent work of Schultz. In the case of gases flowing through tubes the theoretical relation between velocity tub diameter and the coefficient of heat transfer was in close agreement with data obtained from actual experiments. In the case of gases flowing across tubes as in the Kestner Air Heater :Mr. Reavell had found experimentally that there was also a Cefinite relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the velocity of the gas. The use of super-heated steam for heating in order to obtain high temperatures was often advocated but an extremely low rate of heat transfer was obtained by this means and the idea was really a fallacy.The lecture was illustrated with slides one of which showed a complete installatio 1 of evaporating plant heat exchangers etc. laid out on scientific lines. An interesting discussion followed in which Messrs. G. F. Merson W. A. Williams A. M. Cameron and Major Bruce participated. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the motion of Mr. W. E. MacGillivray. Glasgow and b'est of Scotland.-A joint meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry WES held in Glasgow on 24th and 25th May. The members assembled in the Chemistry Department of Glasgow University cn the afternoon of the 24th and inspected the Chemistry Department and also the new University Chapel which is nearing conipletion.Later a lecture was delivered by Professor G. G. Henderson in the Lecture Theatre of the Chemistry Department on " Recent Researches in the Terpene Series." Professor Henderson indicated that during the last few years interest had centred round the more complex con- stituents of the essential oils-the sesquiterpenes (C,,H,) . The earlier classification of these substances into mono- di- and tri-cyclic sesquiterpenes was based on physical constants 144 particularly molecular refractivity. About thirty years ago Wallach suggested that there might be a relationship between the sesquiterpenes and derivatives of naphthalene somewhat similar to that existing between the terpenes proper and derivatives of benzene.Quite recently Ruzicka has proved the accuracy of this speculation for on sulphur dehydrogena- tion a number of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alcohols yield one or other of two derivatives of naphthalene. Most of the substances examined gave “cadalene ” (&HI*) which was proved by synthesis to be 4 :7-dimethyl-1-isopropyl naphthalene. Others gave “eudalene ” (G4H16) which has also been synthesised and proved to be I-methyl-7-isopropyl- naphthalene. Professor Henderson next emphasised the difficulties peculiar to research in this field and pointed out that the methods of attack which had been successful with the simpler terpenes were of little use when applied to sesquiterpenes.He then proceeded to describe the investigations which are being carried out in his laboratories in Glasgow. Caryophyllene a dicyclic sesquiterpene does not respond to Ruzicka’s treatment. The hydrate C,,H,OH was found to be very stable and measurements of the molecular refractivity of the formate and acetate clearly indicated that the stability was due to a tricyclic structure. Moreover dehydration of the alcohol yields two new tricyclic sesquiterpenes clovene and iso-clovene. Successful attempts have been made to prepare hydroxyl derivatives of caryophyllene without bringing about the structural changes already mentioned. The crystalline dihy- drochloride of caryophyllene was treated with silver acetate the resulting mixture was hydrolysed and a crystalline glycol C&.I,(OH) and a dicyclic liquid alcohol q6H,0H were isolated.Similar work with cadinene and clovene was described and in conclusion reference was made to copaene a sesquiterpene closely related to cadinene. Prof Henderson exhibited a number of sesquiterpenes and their derivatives which had been prepared during the course of the w’ork. After the lecture which was much appreciated the com- pany adjourned to the new staff rooms of the University for dinner. 145 In proposing the toast of “The Visitors,” Professor Hender- son in the chair extended a warm welcome to the members who had travelled from the East of Scotland and also to the representatives of the Glasgow Corporation who had been invited to the meeting.Mr. A. M. Cameron replied on behalf of the East of Scotland members and Bailie Alexander Brown for the Glasgow Corpora- tion. Mr. Thomas Ramsay proposed the health of Professor Henderson to whom he conveyed the thanks of the members for presiding and the company then adjourned to the smoke room for conversation. On the 25th May the Sections were the guests of the Glasgow Corporation who provided special conveyances to enable them to visit the Corporation Sewage Purification Works on the banks of the River Clyde at Shieldhall where members were received on Board the Corporation T.S.S. Dalmarnock by which they proceeded on a cruise on the Firth of Clyde to Garroch-head on the south side of the Island of Bute and round the Cumbrae Islands.The Dalmarnock carries about 1500 tons of sludge from the sewage purification works which is dumped off Garroch-head. Members were thus able to watch the method of the disposal of the sludge and having the freedom of the boat were able to study its construction with interest many of them proceeding to the air chambers below the sludge tanks. All were greatly impressed by the perfect cleanliness of the ship and by the entire absence of odour. When the party numbering about 80 assembled in the saloon for luncheon it was agreed that few modern pleasure steamers could bear comparison with the DaZmarnock for the comfort provided for its passengers. Bailie Brown convener of the Sewage Department who presided at the luncheon proposed the toast of the guests.He referred to the part played by the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry in safeguarding the interests of the profession of chemistry and the service the organisations had given to the public. Emphasising the im- portance of inventions and discoveries to the advancement of the race he remarked that in every department of human activity there was such a procession of marvels that a t times they wondered whether man would be able to keep control over the forces that were being developed. 146 Mr. F. W. Harris City Analyst of Glasgow and Chairman of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Institute of Chemistry who replied said that appreciation of the value of chemistry as a means towards the solution of many problems affecting municjpalities was keener to-day than ever.Mr. S. H. B. Langlands manager of the Glasgow Lighting Department and Vice-chairman of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the Society of Chemical Industry also replied. Professor Caven of the Royal Technical College Glasgow proposing The Corporation of Glasgow,” said that the disposal of sewage as performed by the Corporation of Glasgow was an example of the employment of chemical science to promote the health of the community. Bailie Swan replied and said that in the coming years the country would rely more than ever on chemical research and the application of chemistry for the success and progress of industry.At the close of the cruise the company made an inspection of the sewage purification works. The Shieldhall Sewage Works the effluent from which discharges into tidal waters was designed to treat by chemical precipitation a daily sewage flow of 30 million gallons. The works were inspected under the direction of the chemists and much interest was shown in the different stages of sewage purification and sludge disposal. Particular interest was aroused by the inspection of a large experimental plant operated on the compressed air system of the activated sludge process. It was explained that the line of research work at present in progress was directed towards acceleration of this bio-chemical process with the view to its successful adaptation to meet the requirements of the local conditions at Shieldhall.At the conclusion of the visit members returned to the city. Irish Free State.-By kind permission of the Ministry of Agriculture members of the Section visited the Irish Free State Butter Testing Station on 3rd May. The members were entertained to tea and subsequently conducted round the station by Mr. Poole Wilson Mr. Arup Miss McNeill and Mr. Clerkin. The refrigerating rooms and bacteriological and chemical 147 laboratories were visited and the modern equipment explained by the station staff. The members were deeply interested in the various types of apparatus and equipment installed and expressed their apprecia- tion of the high efficiency of control of Irish Free State export butter.Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 11th April when the officers for the forthcoming session were elected as follows :-Chairman Dr. R. Thomas; Vice-Chairman Professor C. 0. Bannister; Members of Committee Messrs. F. Robertson Dodd E. Gabriel Jones George Tate and W. Collingwood Williams (in place of Professor Heilbron and Messrs. Croad Evans and Rogerson retired); Messrs. McLachlan and James Smith being elected to fill casual vacancies. The formal business was followed by a debate on b b Registration ” opened by Professor W. H. Roberts who moved “That some form of Registration is desirable in the best interests of the profession.” He said that it was almost too late to talk of registration the time would have been ripe immediately after the war when the general public realised the value of the chemist to the community which to-day it had forgotten.Registration was needed in the first place to control training. A boy might start routine work in a laboratory and aftcr some years spent in titrating call himself a “chemist.” It was not right that such routine workers should be recognised in the public mind as chemists. It was important for the status of the profession that the men coming into it should be of the right type and it could not be denied that at the present time the status of the chemist was not as high as it should be or that in some cases the young men entering the profession were not of the best type.Until the status was raised due recognition would not come from the public. The question of salaries would be no concern of the General Chemical Council or the registration authority which might be established. Members of the Institute were already registered but there existed outside the Institute a body of chemists which ought to be included Until that had been accomplished no effective 148 disciplinary action was possible in the case of the man who acted contrary to the interests of his professional brethren. University training would not be necessary to secure registra- tion. The present means by which students at evening classes could obtain the qualification of the Institute would still exist for the non-University man to enter the registered body.It was said that the profession did not so generally affect the public welfare as does the medical profession; but there was no doubt that many of the improvements which had raised the standard of public health had been entirely due to the work of the chemist that his contribution to the public welfare would become increasingly important and that if this contribution was to be the best that the profession could make it would be through team- work which he thought could only come through some scheme of registration. Professor C. 0. Bannister opposed the motion. He felt qualified to speak by varied experience having been a works chemist a consulting chemist and a University teacher. The pamphlet prepared for the Liverpool and Manchester sections in 1926 gave an account of the arguments for the proposal; but in his view by very few strokes of the pen it could easily be altered to an excellent statement against registration.The Medical Act of 1858 was strongly opposed by the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons and by the Universities. Their attitude should be ours the Institute being the authorised registration body. Other societies might desire similar functions since it would put them on an equal footing with the Institute; but the work was progressing steadily and chemists showed that they recognised the desirability of becoming registered by the Institute. There was and must always be work for “testers,” but it could only be detrimental to require such men to be registered.If the profession was to be closed chemistry should be regarded strictly as a professional subject. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones said that he had no very strong feelings on the matter. The subject had been discussed for many years and he thought that vested interests among the members were working against the proposal as the matter of remuneration was bound to enter into the question. Something less than compul- sory registration must be practicable. Non-members of the Institute might be invited to submit their names for inclusion in a register when of course the Council would have to decide as 149 to their suitability. The increase in the roll of the Institute proved that a desire existed among chemists to belong to some registering body. Mr.R. B. Croad said that in 1926 he was in favour of registra- tion but since then he had modified his views somewhat. The question of salaries was bound to come in and something like trade unionism might be the result. On the other hand it was obvious that men of the best type could not be attracted at the salaries that were being offered in many instances. Possibly registration might be useful in preventing the names of chemists being associated with undesirable company promotion. Dr. F. J. Brislee spoke in favour of the motion. He received many applications for posts from so-called chemists whose only recommendation was that they knew the control of one process. It was vitally necessary to protect industry and the profession from this type. Testers were necessary.There should be a path-a narrow path-for the best of them to enter the registered body which should include all the best chemists. If chemists were not so obviously responsible for life and limb vast financial enterprises and transactions depended on their work. Advances in the protection of food and health had been due to the chemist and improvements in water and sewage treatment and ventilation had come from his efforts. Such work was going to be in- creasingly important. Registration would not mean that chemistry could not still be taught in schools-first aid and physiology were taken as ordinary subjects. As for the argu- ment that registration implied trade unionism he asked what employers of labour would have said twenty years ago had they been told that L3 10s.a week would be a common trade union wage to-day? Mr. E. R. Rideout opposed the motion. Compulsory registra- tion would interfere with the liberty of the subject and voluntary registration would fail because the inferior people would not come forward. Registration meant that the profession would be burdened with incompetence for twenty years. He asked what could be done with teachers of elementary science or with those who took specialised degrees e.g. in agriculture. Mr. T. McLachlan remarked that the position in the North was somewhat different from that in London. Nearly half the members of the Institute belonged to the London section and he thought that they did not experience there the competition of the part-qualified person to the same extent as the Northern members.150 One thing that had been brought home to him lately was that pro- fessional certificates should be signed by chemists who could be held legally responsible for them. It ought to be impossible for a chemist’s certificate to be issued with or without alteration over another person’s name. Mr. C. E. Mold said that the profession was not concerned directly with the public in the same way as some other professions in his view registration was impossible. Even in the case of accountants anyone could audit a balance sheet. Industry employed many chemists who were not members of the Institute who could get a living without the Institute and without regis- tration. It would never be possible to require industry to employ registered chemists only.Mr. D. Mann thought that although it was difficult to close the profession he did not think it would be impossible. Diffi- culties had been met in closing all professions. Mr. J. Hanley said that the Liverpool section had always been in favour of registration. The profession needed to be put on a more regular basis and something might be gained by dropping the term “ Registration.” The difficulties were not insurmountable. Professor Bannister in reply claimed that registration already existed it was supplied by the Institute. No other form was necessary or practicable. That the membership was increasing was the best answer to criticism. Professor Roberts speaking again in support of the motion said that they heard much about difficulties; but the motion concerned “ desirability.With regard to testers such people would occupy positions analogous to those of nurses in the medical profession. Dental mechanics were not registered because they made teeth. The Institute might not be the only registering body; and there was no need for registration to become trades unionism the General Medical Council was not a trade union. After consultation between the mover and the opposer it was agreed that the motion should be altered to “ That some form of registration (other than that provided by the Institute) is desirable in the best interests of the profession.” The voting on this motion was For 19 Against 3. 151 London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on 17th April Mr.Arthur J. Chapman in the Chair Dr. A. E. Dunstan gave a lecture on 6‘ The Chemist in the Petroleum Industry.” Dr. Dunstan surveyed the field of activity of the petroleum chemist and with the aid of a series of lantern slides demonstrated the important part taken by chemists throughout the petroleum industry indicating at the same time the effect of research work in the enormous development of petroleum technology during the last few years. Starting with the oil fields he outlined modern geophysical methods used in the search for oil and the part played by the chemist on the oil field in connection with geological work in the separation of oil and gas and the elimination of sulphuretted hydrogen.Then followed the research chemists’ work for the utilisation of the gas by stripping and thermal decomposition for the production of liquid aromatic hydrocarbons of use as “anti-pinking ” motor fuel. He emphasised the necessity for developing the natural inclination or ability of petroleum chemists whom he divided into three main groups-analytical chemists development chemists and research chemists. The first class was employed for analysis and routine work the second dealt with the con- version of processes from the laboratory stage into commercial scale units whilst the third class was composed of men with ideas or inventive capacity to produce new processes on the laboratory scale. The second part of the lecture dealt with refinery operations distillation chemical refining and cracking with particular mention of the modern pipe still the hypochlorite of lime treat- ment for removal of sulphur compounds in petrol and kerosene the bauxite filtration process for decolorisation of kerosene and the liquid sulphur dioxide extraction process which by the removal of aromatic coMpounds yields non-smoking kerosene the utilisation of the extract after recovery of the sulphur dioxide and removal of amorphous wax from lubricating oil stock.As examples of cracking processes the high pressure work of Bergius and the Cross and Dubbs plants were briefly described. Finally a few examples of investigations by the research staff working under Dr. Dunstan himself were mentioned.Reference 152 was made to a modified Andrew’s apparatus which has been constructed for the observation of time temperature and pressure effects on oils under cracking or critical conditions. In this apparatus it is possible to see some of the effects of crack- ing taking place while the process is in operation. Reference was also made to an electrically heated tubular cracking plant with controllable velocity of the oil-stream irrespective of the rate of input of oil which has been designed to reduce carbon forma- tion and wherein the effects of various err-cking conditions on the deposition of carbon petrol yield gas yield etc. may be deter- mined. A description of several variable compression engines for the determination of the anti-pinking value of motor fuels concluded the paper.The meeting was exceptionally well attended and an interest- ing discussion followed the lecture for which Dr. Dunstan received the thanks of the Section. Manchester and Distpict.-At a committee meeting held on 12th March Mr. W. D. Rogers was elected Chairman of the Committee of the Section. The Annual General Meeting took place on 20th March in the Engineers Club Mr. W. D. Rogers presided. A report of the activities of the past session together with the annual statement of accounts was read by the Hon. Secretary. Three new members of committee Mr. Scholefield Dr. B. P. Ridge and Mr. E. N. Marchant were declared elected. Mr. L. Thompson and Mr. Page Evans were elected honorary auditors.Dr. A. Coulthard was re-elected hon. secretary. An address entitled b b Some Notes on the Art of Research” was given by Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw and followed with great interest . He remarked that in recent years analytical chemistry which formerly received so much emphasis had to share its importance with other branches of work; and that industry in the search for efficiency and prosperity now regarded the research chemist as being as necessary as the clerk and the process worker. He distinguished between research and mere experimentation showing that it called for skilful practice and quality. When difficulties arose art began to refine and select and the inherent difficulties of problems called for this art. The tendency had 153 been for the science of chemistry to intrude and to destroy the art necessary in pursuit of chemical knowledge.All classification and cataloguing of facts intruded science upon an art. Classifica- tion was necessary to science but was merely a tool and not an end in itself. He quoted Professor Armstrong’s saying “The growth of fact has made us worshippers of fact.” While other arts had a definite literature it would seem that chemists had been so busy in adding to the sum of new knowledge and to the literature of this knowledge that they had omitted to leave behind any substantial guide to the means employed for the acquisition of this knowledge ; so that he contended that means should be found to make chemists realise the fascination and grandeur of their science and its fundamental and infinite value.There should be books to illuminate the path of chemical research for those anxious to profit and learn by the lessons left by great masters in order that the method and art of research might be improved and perfected. He suggested that the Institute should re-publish yearly some great piece of research work not by reason of its contribution to knowledge but as a classic example of the art and method in research He felt that chemistry had paid dearly for the lack of disciples with the literary gift. Industry was seeking and getting better methods of organising equipping and hastening research and it was expecting quality in this art. Research in industry was becoming more frequently entrusted to a team than to a single individual less the service entrusted to the cloistered few less the manipulative skill of the individual less the comprehensive knowledge of the literature less the chance of accident and much more a matter of collective sustained thought and originality of method.In seeking for principles of the art he placed accuracy first,- accuracy in the work itself accuracy of observation accuracy of deduction-because the cardinal principle of all science was the search for truth. All great researchers insisted on accuracy. An outstanding example was Cavendish who in 1785 was left with as he says-“ only a small bubble of air unabsorbed which was certainly not more than I/IZO of the bulk of phlogisticated air let into the tube.’’ Over IOO years afterwards this bubble was proved to be Argon.Again Stas in his Atomic weight determinations set a standard in accuracy that had nothing to fear even to-day. On the other hand inaccuracy had been responsible for the birth and death of many theories. 154 Accuracy was present and necessary in all true art and it was the great beauty of science which we always claimed to be exact. The next principle was $ers@icuity-clarity in thought and mind it was impossible to do research without a clear object in view and a definite plan. The chemist must cultivate the habit of clear thought and he feared that as chemists were reputed to be indifferent writers many might be thought to be in- different thinkers. As another principle of the art he wouldsuggest what he called appropriateness which had to do with the goal.It aimed a t an orderly procession-each experiment building and fitting into the sequence and it aimed at completeness. Appropriateness had also to do with economy there should be neither too many nor too few experiments and this quality only came with much thought and planning; but it was the greatest safeguard against embarking on a mass of ill-conceived experi- ments. Appropriateness might be compared to composition in a picture or a plot in a novel. I t was said of W. H. Perkin that he could carry out a complete synthesis in a test tube. This was economy of effort and the essence of appropriateness of which another example was to be found in Fischer’s work on the sugars.The subject which received attention from Baeyer and others up to Kiliani seemed to be at a standstill until Fischer took it up when the problem changed completely because he employed the only appropriate instrument-phenyl hydrazine. So also with Messel who when alizarin demanded fuming sulphuric acid convinced himself after a few experiments that given pure gases the catalytic action of platinum was the rational solution of the problem. Yet another principle in this art was that of conviction or belief-“For while the ways of art are hard a t the best they will break you if you go unsustained by belief in what you are trying to do.” Hardly any one incapable of feeling deeply or lacking enthusiasm would ever invent or discover anything of importance.Messel was described by H. E. Armstrong as “ a man of astound- ing vigour and full of feeling.” Chemistry had been regarded too much as a grand catalogue of facts whereas the real chemistry the chemistry of the discoverer was alive and vivid. When conviction animated research work there was no lack of art persistence resource and sincerity followed in its train. Finally Mr. Cronshaw advocated persuasiveness the faculty by which accumulated evidence of facts and observations them- selves persuade us of the truth and accuracy of our work. He 155 quoted Peter Griess’ work on the diazo-compounds. Whenever nitrous acid acted on aromatic amines no matter what the solvent and how the nitrous acid was introduced a diazo compound was formed provided the temperature was below decomposition point.No ifs and buts; only one qualification. It all now seemed so simple so general and so rational. For those who were not great masters there was an art which if they carefully studied it and disciplined themselves they could certainly hope for success. “The essence of the whole situation is to have in one’s heart the romance of pilgrimage to accept experience with bitter and sweet to desire the goal rather than the prize and to find the jewels of patience hopefulness and wisdom by the way where one had least expected them.” A lively discussion ensued in which the following members took part:-Mr. G. D. Elsdon Mr. W. A. Silvester Dr. R. H. Pickard Mr. F. Scholefield and Mr. Hailwood.The lecturer having replied to the points raised a vote of thanks proposed by Dr. Pickard seconded by Mr. Scholefield was unanimously accorded to him. South Wales,-At a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Institute and of the Society of Chemical Industry held at Thomas’s Caf6 on 1st February Mr. E. A. Tyler Chair- man of the Local Section of the Institute and Head of the Chemical Department of the Swansea Technical College delivered an address on b b Qualitative analysis of inorganic substances and its place in a scheme of instruction in Chemistry.” Mr. Tyler expressed the opinion that qualitative analysis too frequently occupied a very subordinate position in a course of instruction. Substances were given out for analysis and so long as the end was obtained by naming the constituents little attention was paid to the means employed to attain that end.Often the student was left to his own resources and was com- pelled to look for guidance from a text book which was a mere collection of well-known tests and tables. In such circum- stances the student by applying inductive methods based on a preconceived idea succeeded in deceiving himself that he had obtained results which confirmed that idea. Such so-called 156 qualitative analysis was harmful and led to the not uncommon habit of faking ” results. Qualitative analysis could and should occupy a more worthy position and it was suggested that seldom was a school the proper place to attempt systematic qualitative analysis.At school a boy should acquire habits of observation by carefully noting the action of heat and of common acids on small quantities of substances identifying any gases evolved. He should learn to make the best use of a Bunsen flame and should also make use of the blowpipe. Simple volumetric and gravimetric exercises would follow until the student reached a state of knowledge enabling him to proceed to mass action and the ionic theory as applied to the study of the composition of inorganic substances With the addition of some knowledge of colloids qualitative analysis would become a scientific study-not merely an art. Observa- tions would be truly recorded and the deductive method would become a habit. Mr. Tyler drew attention to the advice given in the intro- duction to Fresenius’ Qualitative Analysis and also gave examples of very persistent and common errors e.g.the belief amongst students that the oxalate test is “ specific ” for calcium. He also wished to know why so many text-books persisted in the exclusive use of potassizlm hydroxide. Finally Mr. Tyler called attention to the work of Noyes and his colleagues and also to various useful books. 157 *18 4 1 12 1 April Examinations 1929. NO. examined. Abstract of tke Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. passed. At the Institute General Chemistry 15th- 20th April For the AssocMeship- At Agra India General Chemistry in January 11 1 2 For the Pellowship- At the Institute Branch E.The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water 22nd-27th April At the Institute Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum 22nd-26th April . . At the Royal School of Mines London Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Metallurgical In- dustries 22nd-26th April . . - 1 34 French translation thereby completing their examinations. 1 - 18 * One candidate failed only in the translation of German technical literature and one candidate in the translation of French and German. One candidate passed the examination in German and one in German and EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY .-The answers to the questions calling for descriptions of the preparation and properties of inorganic substances were on the whole satisfactory but there was some lack of knowledge of arsenic and antimony compounds. The more theoretical questions were not dealt with adequately. The quantitative inorganic work was better done than usual but the qualitative work was not very good and some lack of system was displayed in recording results. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The theoretical paper did not seem to present great difficulty to the candidates but there were some 158 poor essays on organo-metallic compounds and the use in organic chemistry of the convenient reagent thionyl chloride was not generally appreciated.The practical work was on' the whole well done. The notebooks were neater and the general standard of work higher than usual. TRANSLATION OF FRENCH AND GERMAN LITERATURE.-h this paper literary elegance of translation is not insisted on provided that the chemical directions are rendered accurately. Candidates seem to rely too much on the dictionary and should revise their literal translations in the light of their chemical knowledge. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCH E-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY) OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER.-The answers to the papers were satisfactory but some candidates were apparently unaware that a new Food and Drugs Act came into operation on the 1st January 1929.Very few of the candidates could write a satis- factory Food and Drugs Certificate. All candidates presenting themselves for this examination should acquire knowledge and experience of this important matter and it is suggested that Public Analysts whose assistants are presenting themselves for the examination might instruct them in the preparation of these certificates. The work in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy was disappointing. Several of the candidates seemed to have little knowledge of drugs and were not sufficiently adept at identifying simple preparations under the microscope. BRANCH G-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY .-The candidates were familiar with their work and expressed themselves very clearly. PASS LIST. Examination in Beneval Chemistry for the Associateship.Cowpe William Royal Technical College Salford; and Chelsea Polytechnic. Duncan John Ronald Macfarlane Royal Technical College Glasgow. Geary John Stanley Municipal Technical College Hull. Marchant Laurence Herbert George A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester . Metcalf Howard Technical College Birmingham. N e m John Edward A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Ormrod George Wallace A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Pavitt William Frank University College London. Pocock Benjamin Technical College Lee&. Sheherdine Ernest John A.M.C.T. College of Technology Mancheeter and Technical College Derby. Tetley John Lewis B.A. (Cantab.) The University Cambridge. 159 Examination in General Chemistry for the Associatmhip held in India in January 1929.Iyer Venkatrayar Gopalam B.A. (Madras) The University Madras. Examination for the Fellowship In Branch E The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water Howes Herbert Stanley B.Sc. (Bris.). Morris Fred A.M.C.T. Shortt William Methuen M.Sc. (Manc.). Smith Laurence Frederick M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. In Branch Q Industrial Chemistry Hannah James Dickson M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Stewart Daniel B.Sc. (Edin.). The following papers and exercises were set :- Examination for t h e Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 15th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the preparation and properties of thio- carbonates and of carbon oxysulphide. How is the formation of carbon oxysulphide utilised in analytical practice ? 2.State the gas equation for an ideal gas md calculate the value of R. In what manner does van der Waals’ equation of state take account of the departure of a gas from the ideal state? How may the constants of van der Waals’ equation be calculated from the critical data of a substance ? 3. What are the conditions in which ccalloys” of hydrogen with metals may be obtained? How is the pure metal changed when the alloy” is formed? Give the evidence for the existence of definite com- pounds of hydrogen with certain metals. 4. What are the sources of thoria? How is the oxide obtained pure from the mineral and with what by-products is it associated ? 5. How would you proceed to calculate the boiling point of a mixture of water and a liquid immiscible therein? Show how this is applied in practical chemistry and explain why it may be so applied.2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be anaurered.) 1. Explain the terms “Isotopes” and “Packing Fractions” &E applied to the elements. How has the existence of isotopes in the elements been demonstrated ? 2. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following substances :-Potassium perchlorate barium peroxide sodium perborate iodine monochloride phosphorus oxychloride nitrosyl chloride nitrosyl nickel potassium silicofluoride. 3. Give an account of the phase rule illustrating your answer by reference to mono- di- and trivariant systems. Describe a method of ascertaining practically the transition temperature of a solid substance.4. A gas mixture is given to you containing mostly methane hydro gen and carbon monoxide with small proportions of oxygen and nitrogen. Describe in detail how you would examine such a mixture accurately. 160 6. Give the expression connecting change of equilibrium constant with temperature (reaction isochore). If the equilibrium constant at 1000° Abs. for a mixture of water vapour and carbon monoxide is 3.25 calculate the equilibrium constant a t 800" Abs. given the following data:-Heat of combustion of one mole of hydrogen=56,000 cal.; heat of combustion of one mole of carbon monoxide = 68,000 cal. The equilibrium constant a t 800" may be taken as greater than at 1000°. (You may use the table of logarithms supplied.) 6.Write a short essay (about 500 words) on the arsenites arsenates antimonites antimonates. TUESDAY 16th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be answered.) 1. Describe the uses in practical organic chemistry of the following inorganic substances :-(a) aluminium chloride ( b ) cuprous chloride ( c ) ferric chloride ( d ) phosphorus pentachloride ( e ) thionyl chloride. 2. Write a concise essay of about 500 words on organometallic compounds referring to the preparation and properties of these sub- stances to their use as synthetic reagents and to their application in medicine and in the arts. 3. Contrast the physical and chemical properties of the aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Indicate the methods of preparation available for members of each series.4. Describe the isolation from commercially available sources and outline the synthesis of any FOUR of the following heterocyclic compounds ( a ) coumarin (b) furfural ( c ) piperidine (d) pyridine ( e ) pyrrole (f) thiophen. 5. Adduce evidence in support of the chemical constitution of anthracene. How are the following derivatives of this hydrocarbon prepared (a) anthraquinone ( b ) alizarin ( c ) b-aminoanthraquinone ? 6. Describe the artifkial production of urea and indicate the appli- cation of this base in the preparation of veronal (diethylbarbituric acid) and in the synthesis of uric acid. WEDNESDAY 17th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the organic substance A and estimate the percentage of one of its constituent elements or radicals.(Sodium p - aminophenylar sinate.) (These exercises must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY 18th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Separate the two components of the solution B.; classify these two substances and if possible identify them (Catechol in methyl acetate ; or quinol in ethyl formate.) FRIDAY 19th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the mixture C with a view to ascertaining the con- stituents. (Antimony tin lead and iron oxides.) (To be finished by 2 p.m.) 2. Determine the calcium and magnesium in the solution consisting of calcium sulphate and magnesium chloride acidified with hydrochloric (This exercise muat be completed to-day.) acid. 161 SATURDAY 20th APRIL 1929 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Determine the nickel ammonia and sulphate in the specimen of impure nickel ammonium sulphate which contains potassium sulphate and excess of ammonium sulphate. Examination f o r the Fellowship Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 22nd APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give an account of the application of electrometric (potentio- metric) methods to analytical processes. 2. Describe briefly the methods in use for the estimation of ‘‘oxi- disable impurities ” in potable waters. 3. Explain the following terms:- (a) cyclic compounds (b) quaternary base (c) reversible reaction ( d ) ionisation. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Enumerate the preparations of aloes in the British Pharmacopceia.Give their composition and dose. 5. What is a corrosive poison ? Give a list of the common corrosive poisons. Describe the symptoms and post-mortem appearances in a case of poisoning by any one of the corrosives in your list. 6. What is a disinfectant? How would you classify disinfectants? Describe a method of estimating the relative efficiency of any two dis- infectants. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. What are mono-saccharides di-sacchvides and poly-saccharides 1 Give examples of each class. How would you discriminate in the car- bohydrate group between a sugar and a non-sugar? 2. How is pure chloroform prepared? Describe the methods you would adopt for its estimation in mixtures containing it. 3. State the principal provisions of the Food and Drugs (Adultera- tion) Act 1928.4. State briefly the laboratory technique for the bacteriological examination of graded milks. 5. Describe the procedure you would adopt to collect and estimate the gases produced in a tin of preserved fruit which has become “blown.” TUESDAY 23rd APRIL 1929 10 am. to 5 p.m. Examine the Chocolate Powder for deleterious matters and report upon its fitness for human consumption. (Containing powdered glass sawdust Iead and tin.) 162 WEDNESDAY 24th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The Medicine B is supposed to have been dispensed according to the following prescription:- Liq. arsenicalis Pot. bromid. Tinct. gent. co. Aq. chlorof. ad 3 3 11 3iv 3iv Analyse it and make your report using the form supplied.THURSDAY 25th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative examination of the solutions C and D and the solid substance E,-(palmitic acid). 2. Examine the substances F and G microscopically and report upon their composition. FRIDAY 26th April 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the specimen of the fat H and report upon its fitness for edible purposes. SATURDAY 27th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Assume that the specimen of urine J is from a patient who has been unconscious for about 24 hours. Examine the specimen for the presence of an hypnotic drug and if present identify and estimate it. (Veronal.) 2. Identify the powder K. (Compound liquorice powder.) 3. Report on the nature of the stain on the fabric L.(Blood.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference t o Metallurgical Industries. MONDAY 22nd APRIL 1929 10 am. to 1 p.m. 1. What are the different methods of obtaining and applying heat in chemical operations? Which of these methods would you choose and what are the particular advantages you would claim for it if the heat is to be used in (a) a steam boiler furnace ( b ) either a cupola furnace or a petroleum still? 2. What is meant by the term softening aa applied to water and why is water softened? Describe in outline the working of the plant required for softening water by ( a ) the permutit process ( b ) the lime and soda process. What are the essential differences between waters softened by one and by the other of these processes? 3.Discuss the relative advantages of a centrifuge and a filter press for separating a suspended solid from a liquid and say in what circum- stances you would use one or the other. 4. What methods are available for removing from a gas some constituent present in small prbportion such as (1) benzene from coal gas and coke oven gas or (ii) moisture from air to be used in furnace work? Describe generally the kind of plant that would be needed to carry out one of these methods in a particular case. 2 to 5 p.m. ( S I X questions only to be answered.) 1. Discuss the chemical principles involved in the extraction of blister copper by modern smelting operations from a pyritic ore con- taining approximately 2.5 per cent. of copper.163 2. Give an account of the operations and plant necessary for the production of nickel from crude nickel-copper-iron matte which has been made in a blast furnace. 3. Describe with the aid of sketches an acid open-hearth furnace. Give a brief outline of the working of a charge and state the approximate analysis of ( a ) the pig iron used ( b ) the lining material of the hearth and ( c ) the bricks in the roof. 4. What are the effects of nickel and chromium on steel ( a ) when used separately and ( b ) when used together ? Give three examples where the presence of one of these metals produces a steel of special properties. 5. Give a brief description of an optical a thermo-electric and a resistance method for determining the temperature of an annealing furnace.6 . How would you proceed in order t o determine the diagram of thermal equilibrium of a series of two metals? Draw typical diagrams for the following systems:-(a) Two metals forming a continuous series of solid solutions and ( b ) two metals forming a simple eutectiferous series. 7. Describe with the aid of a diagram and where possible with sketches of microstructures the successive changes undergone by a steel containing 0.3 per cent. of carbon and negligible amounts of other con- stituents during cooling from the liquidus downwards. 8. Give a brief outline of three methods which are available for the determination of carbon in steel. What are their respective advantages and disadvantages ? 9. Describe a combined method for the determination of chromium and vanadium in a steel.TUESDAY 23rd APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p m . Make a complete analysis of the sample of basic slag. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) WEDNESDAY 24th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p m . Make a complete analysis of the sample of alloy steel. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow i f necessary.) THURSDAY 25th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the principal constituents and the impurities in the sample of white metal. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) FRIDAY 26th April 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the given specimens of iron and steel under the microscope and identify them as accurately as you are able. Illustrate your answers by means of sketches indicating the various constituents.Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum. MONDAY 22nd APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 1 pm. 1. What are the different methods of obtaining and applying heat in chemical operations? Which of these methods would you choose and what are the particular advantages you would claim for it if the heat is to be used in ( a ) a steam boiler furnace ( b ) either a cupola furnace or a petroleum still? 1 64 2. What is meant by the term softening as applied to water and why is water softened? Describe in outline the working of the plant required for softening water by (a) the permutit process ( b ) the lime and soda process. What are the essential differences between waters softened by one and by the other of these processes ? 3.Discuss the relative advantages of a centrifuge and a filter press for separating a suspended solid from a liquid and say in what circumstances you would use one or the other. 4. What methods are available for removing from a gas some constituent present in small proportion such as (i) benzene from coal gas and coke over gas or (ii) moisture from air to be used in furnace work? Describe generally the kind of plant that would be needed to carry out one of these methods in a particular case. MONDAY 22nd APRIL 1929 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions only to be answered.) 1. Describe fully a modern pipe-still to be used for the distillation of a crude mineral oil. 2. Trace the development of the present-day bubble cap tower fractionating equipment.Sketch a typical lay-out for taking off gasoline kerosene gas oil and wax distillate from a crude petroleum. Give ap- proximate Engler distillation curves of these fractions for any crude oil with whioh you are familiar. 3. Why is vapour phase cracking assuming commercial importance at the moment ? Compare chemically the properties of straight run liquid phase and vapour phase spirit from any given crude oil. 4. How would you determine the unsaturated content of motor spirit? Critically examine the various methods put forward from time to time for this estimation. 5 . What methods have been widely used in refining lamp oils? Taking a cut end point 300” C. and initial boiling point 32’ C . with a sulphur content of 0.4 per cent.describe how you would produce a merchantable kerosene. 6 . Write a short essay (about 500 words) on the we of adsorption methods in the refining of petroleum products. 7. Describe fully a Sharples’ installation for de-waxing an “amor- phous” distillate. 8. A blend is to be made of straight gasoline and benzole. Suggest a method for the analytical control of the blending operation. TUESDAY 23rd to FRIDAY 26th APRIL 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are given a crude shale oil (A). Examine its main fractions and report on their behaviour to the usual refining agents. Give a flow sheet for the refking of this material and prepare specimens of the com- mercial products obtainable. 2. Determine the refractive indices of various mixtures of the two liquids (B and C).Plot a curve showing the relation between refractive index and composition of the mixtures. 3. Determine the viscosity temperature curves of the two oils (D and E). What conclusion can you draw from the two curves? 4. Determine the Conradson number and the emulsification test of the oils (D and E). 165 Notes. Gas Regulation Act 1920.-The General Notification of the Gas Referees,-re-issued on 15th April (H.M. Stationery Office; IS. 6d.) to supersede the issue dated 15th December 1gz6,-shows that this official paper has been extensively rearranged. An article on the revision was published in the Gas Joumal 1st May 1929 directing attention to alterations in matters of detail of interest to Gas Examiners and Gas works Chemists.The document includes a statement of the duties of the Gas Referees and indicates the conditions of testing etc. to which gas undertakings are subject. Only minor alterations have been made in these the innovations being chiefly in respect of special provisions needed where recording calorimeters have been introduced. Among other changes there are new provisions respecting the disposal of note books and reports the distribution of testings over the quarter and the representation of under- takings at the testings. Among the appendices is shown a specimen page of the gas examiner’s record book and of his form of report for use in connection with recording calorimeters and pressure registers. Ministry of Health has published a Report by the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works on an investigation regarding the Emission of Fumes from Artificial Silk Works.(H.M. Stationery Office 3d. net.) Artificial Silk Works.-The The production of artificial silk in Great Britain which was about 7,000 tons in 1922 had risen to 17,000 tons by 1927; and the production in the first half of 1928 was reported to show an increase of fully 50 per cent. on that for the corre- sponding period of 1927. The report mainly concerns the viscose process which is responsible for something like 80 per cent. of the total pro- duction and has given rise to complaints of unpleasant smells outside the works and of prejudicial conditions for workers in the factories. Special attention has been paid to the gases 166 emitted from the works the air that has been drawn through the factories for the purpose of ventilation and the liquid effluent from the works.The air from the works contains a few parts per million (by volume) of sulphuretted hydrogen a t the point of its emission; but the odour in the neighbourhood of the works is not quite that of sulphuretted hydrogen being apparently modified by the presence of small quantities of other compounds. The Inspector reports that no evidence is forthcoming that this air constitutes a danger to the health of the com- munity although it may be distinctly unpleasant. So far no satisfactory method of removing the smell has been evolved -although much time and money have been spent on attempts to solve the problem-owing to the complex nature of the gases.Works in England compare favourably with those in Germany and the waste gas problem is receiving more attention in England. In treating alkali-cellulose with carbon bisulphide small amounts of the gas are emitted during the clearing of the churns; and the decomposition of the viscose during the pro- duction of the thread is accompanied by the production of sulphuretted hydrogen and other gaseous compounds which are dissolved to some extent in the liquid contents of the bath. The sulphuretted hydrogen evolved is removed from the workrooms by means of fan draught the efficiency of which is insisted upon by the Factory Department of the Home Office. The change of air is estimated to be a t least 13 times per hour the volume in the case of the larger works amounting to about half a million cubic feet per minute.The air from the work- rooms is taken through large flues to chimneys-some as high as 350 feet-in order to increase the diffusion of the gases before they can reach the ground level. Liquid effluent has also given rise to atmospheric pollution but this has been ameliorated by improved effluent treatment. In summing up the Inspector reports that the actual amount of emission of sulphur compounds though objection- able is not high and there is no evidence that the health of the community has suffered although in certain places in- convenience has been caused. The Inspector also refers to the statement of Dr. J. C. Bridge Senior Medical Inspector in the 1927 Report of the member on the subject.167 Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops on the manufacture of artificial silk that the health hazard in this manufacture is centred in the churning process which involves risks from the fumes of carbon bisulphide and in spinning where the hazards are injuries to fingers and also conjunctivitis. Royal Commission o n t h e Civil Service.-At a meeting held early in May the Council of the Institution of Professional Civil Servants welcomed the appointment of a Royal Commission on the Civil Service with the wide terms of reference indicated by Mr. Churchill in the House of Commons. The Council con- sidered however that such an inquiry could only satisfactorily discharge the task imposed upon it provided that professional and scientific men of standing and administrative experience were appointed to serve on the Commission.In its view the problem of the structure of Service organisation must be ap- proached afresh in relation to the functions which should be accorded to the “ technical expert ” in the administrative machinery of the modern State. An approach from the traditional Service point of view was considered unlikely to lead to those fundamental changes which are rendered necessary by modern conditions. Registration.-A further debate on the subject of Registra- tion has been held by the Liverpool Section (see page ~q) but no further communication has been received from any individual Register.-Early in April a letter was received from an American Company enquiring for a list of membership of the Institute.A Register of Fellows and Associates was sent with an invoice but it was not anticipated that members would be informed individually “Your name has been handed to us by the Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain.” This explanation is given because several members have directed attention to the matter. Honour.-In the recent Birthday Honours Mr. James Francis Halpin Superintending Chemist Government Labora- tories was awarded the Imperial Service Order (I.S.O.). 168 Section. Obituary. CEARLES BEAVIS died suddenly a t Naishcombe House Wick near Bristol on the 17th April in his 60th year. The son of Charles Beavis a partner in the firm of Messrs.Beavis Laurie & Co. Shipbrokers he was born a t Hampstead and received his general education a t the Collegiate School King Henry’s Road and at Atherstone Grammar School in Warwickshire. At the age of 17 years he went to Germany first to Coblenz and then to Bonn University where he studied for five years proceeding thereafter to Wiirzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. Coming to London he worked with Dr. Quirin Wirtz for seven years and during that time presented himself successfully for the examination of the Institute. In 1899 he started the fine colour department a t the works of the Golden Valley Ochre & Oxide Co. a t Wick near Bristol where he became manager in 1902 and finally took over the business in 1904.He was intimately connected with the National Federation of Associated Paint Colour and Varnish Manu- facturers of the United Kingdom and other bodies concerned with the industry and was a member of the main Sub-Committee of the British Engineering Standards Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. A. W. M. Wintle the Honorary Secretary of the Bristol and South-Western Counties FREDERIC WILLIAM EMERSON died a t Heaton Moor near Stockport on 22nd March in his 37th year. Educated a t Stockport Municipal Secondary School he proceeded to the Manchester College of Technology where he obtained the Associateship (A.M.C.T.) in 1916. He was engaged in research on anthraquinone colours with Dr.F. W. Atack and later with Mr. W. D. Rogers at the works of Messrs. Claus & Co. at Clayton Man- Chester where he was subsequently works chemist in charge of a section for the manufacture of vat dyes until 1928 when he was transferred to the Kromoline Department of the British Dyestuffs Corporation at Blackley. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. THEOLPRILUS VAUGHAN HUGHES died at Old Colwyn in March last in his 68th year. Born a t Greenfield Holywell he entered the Royal School of Mines in 1880 and three years later having obtained the diploma of A.R.S.M. in mining and metallurgy worked for a year with Norman Tate in Liverpool and eighteen months in Germany before he joined the staff of Messrs. Newton Keates & Go.copper smelters and manufacturers. In 1884 he became employed with Messrs. Woodhouse and Rawson electricians in London with whom he remained until 1888 when he established a practice in Birmingham in which he continued for part of the time in partnership with M-r. A. E. Tucker. He was also for some years on the scientific staff of Messrs. Kynoch’s at Birmingham and during the war was an inspector of explosives and steel until he was obliged to retire owing to ill-health when he went to live in Old Colwyn. He wae elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888 169 HAROLD GEORGE LACELL died suddenly at illartigny Switzerland on 10th April in hie 62nd year. The son of the Rev. G. J. Lacell he was educated at King Edward VI School Great Berkhampstead and a t the Royal College of Science London where he obtained the Associate- ship in Chemistry in 1898.He was for four years assistant to Mr. W. A. Shenstone F.R.S. at Clifton College and passed the Final Examination in Mineral Chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute in 1903. He subsequently held appointments as chemist to the Standard Ammonia Co. Ltd. and to the London Phosphate Syndicate; as research chemist to Messrs. Forbes Abbott and Lennard at Shoreham; and as manager of the Silica Syndicate Ltd. In the early days of the war he became technical manager to the Magnesium Company and during the last few years had been engaged on the development of a new process for the manufacture of zinc with a company at Avonmouth. At the time of his death he was engaged on the development of a new process for the manufacture of magnesium at Martigny.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908 and served on the Council from 1917 to 1920. WILLIAM RAMSAY died on the 9th January a t a London nursing home after a very short illness in his 59th year. Born of Scottish parents he received his early education at the Liverpool Institute. He studied chemistry a t University College Liverpool under Professor Campbell Brown and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890. He was then for three years Assistant to Professor H. Lloyd Snape at University College Aberystwyth. From 1893 to 1894 he was assistant manager and chemist at Dolgelly Copper Works and in the following year manager and chemist in a soap and oil refinery.In 1895 he was appointed chief chemist and metallurgist to Messrs. Laird Brothers Shipbuilders and Engineers Birkenhead and continued with their suc- cessors Messrs. Cammell Laird & Co. Ltd. until August 1927. During this period he investigated marine problems with particular reference to the corrosion of propellers and condenser tubes. He was an early exponent of the electrolytic theory of corrosion on which he contributed several papers to scientific journals. In 1923 he contributed a “Note on Petroleum” to the Liverpool Section of the Society of Chemical Industry dealing with the presence of minute quantities of nickel in natural petroleums. The data which he obtained from his investigations supported the theory of Sabatier and Senderens that natural petroleums are formed by catalytic hydrogenation processes.During the last two years he had worked on and patented jointly with Mr. F. Grimshaw Martin the process for producing “Chromar” condenser tubes in which metallic chromium is deposited electrolytically on the inner circulating side of the tubes with the object of avoiding corrosion and increasing the efficiency of such tubes. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1905. Information has lately been received that THOMAS ALEXANDER Smcoa died at Sebring Ohio in 1928. He was educated under Hartley at the Royal College of Science for Ireland and obtained the Associateship of the College in the Faculty of Manufactures. In 1886 having also passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute he continued at the College and devoted himself to the analysis of rocks and minerals chiefly for the Professor of Mineralogy.In the following year he organised the laboratory and held the office of lecturer in chemistry in the city of Dublin Technical Schools and in 1888 was appointed Assistant Chemist in the Royal College of Science Dublin. In 1892 he moved to Newport Mon. 170 where he remained mhil 1901. He then returned to Dublin until 1909 when he settled in Stoke-on-Trent for five years. In 1914 he proceeded to the United States and practised in Newark New Jersey New York and- since 1923-at Sebring Ohio chiefly as a ceramic engineer and chemist. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1891.JAMES THORBURN died after a long illness a t Territet Switzerland on 26th April in his 50th year. Educated at Wallace Hall Academy Dumfriesshire and a t Allan Glen’s School Glasgow he proceeded to the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College obtain- ing the Diploma of the College in 1900. In the same year he passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute and three years later the Final Examination in Mineral Chemistry. He worked for two years with Messrs. Kynoch‘s at Arklow and at their Thames factory and from 1903 was a member of the research staff of Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd. a t Ardeer Ayrshire until the end of last year when he was obliged to relinquish his work owing to ill-health. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1903.171 Books and their Contents Since the publication of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part I 1929 the. following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Benzole Research Committee Sixth Report of the Joint of the National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds presented May rgth 1929.” Pp. 212. (London National Benzole Association.) Part I Resin Formation in Benzoles; Part 11 The Comparative Ab- sorptive Efficiencies of Wash Oils for Benzole Recovery; Part 111 The Reduction of Specific Gravity and Volume to 60” F.; Part IV Notes on Refining Benzok3s by Treatment with Sulphuric Acid; Report of Engine Tests Sub-Committee for 1928. “ Chemical Analysis Qualitative and Quantitative.’’ D.B. Briggs. Pp. viii+ 135. (London Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.) 6s. An elementary textbook for use in schools. “ Gas Referees General Notification of the.” Re-issued 15th April 1929. Pp. 62. (London H.M. Stationery Office.) IS. 6d. net. (See page 165.) “Glue and Gelatine.” Paul I. Smith. Pp. 161. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd.) 8s. 6d. Early history of glue; raw materials for glue; chemistry of proteins; raw materials for gelatine and isinglass; preservation of stock by the glue manufacturer ; filtration ; classification ; evaporation ; cooling and drying; analysis of glue and gelatine; applications of glue ; uses of gelatine in the manufacture of foods; gelatine in photography and photo -lithography.Index. “ The Medical Museum Modern Developments Organisation and Technical Methods based on a New System of Visual Teach- ing.” S. H. Daukes O.B.E. (The Wellcome Foundation Ltd. London.) Co. Ltd.) 4s. 6d. 172 “ Organic Chemistry A Concise Summary of Elementary.” F. H. Constable. Pp. xii+14g. (London Methuen & “ Organic Syntheses.” Vol. IX. Edited by James B. Conant. Pp. vS.108. (London Chapman & Hall.) 8s. 6d. An annual publication of satisfactory methods for the preparation of organic chemicals. “ Photography Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of.” Edited by W. Clark T. Slater Price and B. V. Storr. Pp. xiii+571. (Cambridge W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.) 25s. “ Pocket Book for Chemists Chemical Manufacturers Metal- lurgists Dyers Distillers Brewers Sugar Refiners Photo- graphers Students etc.” T.Bayley edited by R. Ensoll. 9th Edition. Pp. xv+460. (London E. & F. N. Spon Ltd.) 8s. 6d. “ Qualitative Analysis.” D. B. Briggs. Pp. vii+144. (London Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd.) 3s. 6d. An elementary textbook for uo8 in schoola. “ Solvay Institute. Institut International de Chimie Solvay. TroisiCme Conseil de Chimie tenu Bruxelles du 12 au 18 Avril 1928. Rapports et Discussions sur des Questions d’Actualit6.” Publiks par MM. les Secrktaires du Conseil sous les auspices de la Commission scientifique de 1’In- stitut. (Paris Gauthier-Villars et Cie.) Allocution du PrQsident-Sir William Pope. Actione chirniques dans la decharge electrique-E.I(. Rideal. Lea formes actives des BlQments-W. M u d . La sensibilisation photochimique-A. Berthoud. La sensibilite photographique-T. Slater Price. Theorie thermodynamique de quelques Qquilibres au contact de mem- branes semi-permQables-F. G. Donnan. La permdabilite selective des membranes; ses effete physiques e t chimiques-P. Girard. Lea valences chimiques-G. Urbsin. Valence variable-N. V. Sidgwick. Radicaux libres et corps non saturQs-P. Walden. Recherches sur les hydrates de carbone complexes-0. Karrer. 173 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 26th April and 31st May 1929 I new Fellow was elected 15 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 65 new Associates were elected and 48 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows and I Associate by death.New Fellow. Morris Fred A.M.C.T. 40 Lowgate Hull. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ames William Melville M.A. B.Sc. (Edin.) 33 Polwarth Gardens Edinburgh. Babes Harry M.Sc. (Lond.) 38 Risebridge Road Gidea Park Essex. Barash Michael M.Sc.Tch. (Manc.) 13 Goulden Road Withington Manchestsr. Foott Charles Hamilton M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.M.I.Chem.E. D.I.C. 17 1 Ordnance Road Enfield Lock Middlesex. Hamer John Davies 3 Devonahire Road Gravesend. Hannah James Dickson M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 10 Blair Road Alexandra Park Manchester. Langton Harold McKee M.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.) Sentinel HOW Southampton Row London W.C.l. Lomax James Top House Kildare Road Swinton Manchester. Rudge Ernest Albert M.Sc.(Lond.) Fairholme Rhiwbina Road Rhiwbina C&rdifE. Shortt William Mefhuen MSc. (Manc.) Public Health Laboratory York Place Chorlton-on-Medlock Manchester. Slack Harry B.Sc. (Manc.) 12 Newry Park Chester. Smith Laurence Frederick M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 22 Adelaide Road Brockley London S.E.4. Stewart Daniel B.Sc. (Edin.) Young’s Oil Works Uphall West Lothian. Storer George Pahrson Casnewydd Quarry Hill Ilkeston. Tom Harold M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 105 Dalmeny Avenue London New Associates . Adamson Arthur Norman M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Rossend Castle Burntis- land Fife. Aitken Peter Walker M.Sc. (N.Z.) Chemistry Department University of Beavan Alan Meredith Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 38 Shepherds Lane Dartford Kent. Bose Atul Chandra B.Sc.(Cal.) Organic Chemistry Department The S.W.16. Otago Dunedin N.Z. Univereity Liverpool. 174 Bounds Wilfrid Edwin Butler B.Sc. (Glas.) Redland Hill House Bristol. Callaghan George Bolger M.Sc. (N.U.I. ) A.R.C.Sc .I. Ferndene Strad- brook Blackrock Co. Dublin. Close William Woof B.Sc. (Manc.) Melbourne House New Works Road Low Moor Bradford. Clulow Walter Horace 393 Unthank Road Norwich. Cowpe William Rimington Clarendon Road Ashford Middlesex. Duncan John Ronald Macfarlane 9 Norse Road Scotstoun Glasgow. Duxbury Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o The Forestal Land Timber and Railways Co. Ltd. Forestal Central Laboratories Harpenden. Evans John Trevor Ph.D. (Lond.) 26 Beechfield Road Finsbury Park London N.4. Farrar Harry Taylor B.Sc.(Manc.) 12 Walker Street Fishpool Bury. Field Thomas Howard John B.Sc. (Lond.) 20 Elliscombe Road Charlton London S.E.7. Forsyth William Greenwood M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 46 Montana Street Higher Openshaw Manchester. Fox Miss Dorothy Lilian B.Sc. (Lond.) The Laurels Creynolds Lane Monk’s Path nr. Birmingham. Garner Thomas Leslie M.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.I.Chem.E. Spa Road Melksham Wilts. Garrett Frank Sperrink B.Sc. (Birm.) 111 Sandford Road Moseley Birmingham. Geary John Stanley 7 East Park Avenue Hull. Goodyear Edward Hague B.Sc. (Dun.) The Dyehouse College of Tech- nology Whitworth Street Manchester. Haddon Edward Charles Medical Research Laboratories Entebbe Uganda. Haddon Eric Edwin B.Sc. (Lond.) 48 Thorpe Street York. Henderson Alexander M.Sc.(Leeds) 42 Green Road Hall Green Birmingham. Hilton Frank Victor B.Sc. (Lond.) 27 Samoa Road Anerley London Hipperson Albert Stanley BSc. (Lond.) 34 Charlette Street Old Kent Road London S.E.l. Howell Miss Ethel Craig M.Sc. (Liv.) University Hall Holly Road Liverpool. Inglis Andrew Goldie BSc. (Glas.) 16 Kirkstyle Crescent Neilston Renfrewohire. Iyer Venkatrayar Gopalam B.A. (Madras) Department of Mining and Metallurgy Hindu University Benares India. Jenkins Dafydd Islwyn B.Sc. (Wales) 1 Clare Road Ystalyfera Swansea. Jenkinson Thomas Alfred Ph.D. (Lond.) 5 Glebe Street Marsh Hudders- field. Krishnappa Saligram c/o Messrs. Hughes & Davies 31 Murzban Road Fort Bombay India. Lacey Gerald William B.Ss. (Liv.) Birmal Chemical Engineers Dart- mouth Road Smethwick nr.Birmingham. Lewis Henry Herbert B.Sc. (Bris.) Waihi Bolton Grove Seaton Carew Co. Durham. Low Alfred James M.Sc. (Liv.) 128 Park Road N. Birkenhead. S.E.20. Lugg Joseph William Henry BSc. (W.A.) c/o Mrs. Reading 177 Roberts Road Subiaco Australia. Maitra Manan Kumar BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son Ltd. Berkeley Street London W.l. Marchant Laurence Herbert George A.M.C.T. 38 Moss Road Stretford Manchester. Metcalf Howard 117 Lordswood Road Harborne Birmingham. w.5. 175 Miles John Bramwell B.Sc. (Edin.) 9 Lochpark Road Hawick Scotland. Mitchell Miss Helen Greenlees B.Sc. (Glas.) Seafield Campbeltown Argyle. Moffat John B.Sc. (Glas.) 157 Smithycroft Road Riddrie Glasgow E.l.Moir Daniel Donald M.Sc. (Lond.) 116 Orsett Road Grays Essex. Murray Walter George Robertson 20 Montpelier Park Edinburgh. Newns John Edward A.M.C.T. 8 Glen Street Cheetham Hill Manchester. Nisbet Frank Lochbridge North Berwick. Ormrod George Wallace A.M.C.T. 23 Edilom Road Crumpsall Man- Chester. Pavitt William Frank 3 Bowerdean Street Fulham London S.W.6. Pocock Benjamin Tynedale Greylands Norton-on-Tees. Richardson Roland Everitt M.Sc. (Sheff .) The Hollies Bigby Road Brigg Lincs. Roberts Arthur Loten B.Sc. (Leeds) 44 Blenheim Street Princes Avenue Hull. Scholtz Jacobus Hugo B.Sc. (Cape Town) 120 Whitham Road Sheffield. Seal Eli B.Sc. (Wales) 48 St. George's Terrace Swansea. Serlin Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.) 7 Shore Road London E.9.Shearer Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) Crossgates Uplawmoor Renfrewshire. Shelmerdine Ernest John A.M.C.T. 1 Derby Road Borrowash Derby. Skellon Joseph Henry B.Sc. (Bris.) 17 Sunnyside Road Ealing London Soper William Ernest Ph.D. B.Sc. (Lond.) 50 Aislibie Road Lee London S.E.12. Spiers George William B.Sc. (Lond.) Josephine High Road Laindon Essex. Sullivan Miss Norah B.Sc. (Lond.) 111 Lebanon Road Croydon Surrey. Swann William John Nicholls M.Sc.Teoh. (Manc.) 34 St. Heliers Road South Shore Blackpool. Tetley John Lewis B.A. (Cantab.) 30 Haxby Road York. Tresilian George Brogan A.R.C.Sc.I. 14 Pomeroy Street Cardiff. Vanderstichele Miss Paule Laure M.Sc. (Lond.) 5 2 ~ Nightingale Lane London S.W.12. Vogel Johann Christian M.Sc. (S.A.) 227 Beach Road Seapoint Cape Town S.Africa. Woodhead Maurice B.Sc. (Leeds) 47 Sunderland Road Bradford. New Students. Atkins Eric Walter 15 Woodlands Avenue Wanstead London E.ll. Balfe Michael Philip B.A. (Lond.) 14 Berber Road London S.W.ll. Balmforth Norman Onchan House Queensbury nr. Bradford. Boundy Clifford Kenneth Eastabrook Sandforth Road West Derby Liverpool. Bowden Cyril Henry Dunera St. Andrews Road Felixstowe. Briggs Harry 123 Mwor Road Ossett Yorks. Brown Thomas Frederic 93 Eccles Old Road Pendleton Salford. Burgon Miss Ethel Louise Westcliff 24 Clifton Road Newsham Park Liverpool. Challis Harry John Guy 1 Highfield Road Alum Rock Birmingham. Cooper Herbert G'eorge Manchester Arms 15 Lind Street Holt Town Manchester. Davies John Ronald 22 Lleede Crescent Llanelly.Davis Clarence Ewart Nothernay Church Lane Northolt Middleoex. Eaton Edward Foster Maythorn Lodge Melling nr. Liverpool. Fleming William James 95 Charlotte Street London W.1. Gerhold Ernest Alfred 12 Barn Hill Wembley Park Middlesex. 176 Hall Charles Stewart 60 Melody Road Wandsworth London S.W.18. Hall Norman Reginald Sunny Cottage Leach Green Lane Rednal Birmingham. Hall William Cowctn 41 Green Lane Wolverton Bucks. Hembridge Roger Lambert 2 Bellemoor Road Shirley Southampton. Hardman Henry Swan Hotel Woolfold Bury. Harry Ralph Gordon 183 Cathedral Road Cardiff. Hemingway James Maria Winpenny Linwood 62 Clarence Road Teddington. Heron Neil County Laboratory 36 Dansie Street Liverpool. Hopkins Ernest Henry 6 Adelaide Road Brockley London S.E.4.Houlder Clive Beckingham 191 Rushey Green Catford London S.E.6. Hudson Douglas Rennie East London College Mile End Road London E.l. Hume Francis Boughton 118 Grange Road Ramsgate. Jackson Arthur Wilfrid 165 New Park Road London S.W.2. Jeffery Norman Charles Jabez 5 Rebecca Terrace London S.E.16. Jones Stanley Cefn-Y -Mais Ravenhill Fforestfach Swansea. King John Frederick 27 Park Court Clapham Park Road London S.W.4. Lyons Frederick Joseph 79 Holland Park London W.ll. Macdonald George Edward 22 Wavertree Nook Road Wavertree Liverpool. Menfield Ronald Emlyn 51 North Road Ferndale. Marsh Norman 33 Parkside Wallasey. McGuEin John 6 Eccleston Street London S.W.l. Mills Clifford Wellington Road Bebington Wirral.Murray Ernest Andrew c/o Sillars 19 Garvin Terrace Stevenston Ayrshire. Reeve George Eric Newell 142 Prince’s Avenue Acton London W.3. Salter Willoughby de Carle 16 Porchester Square London W.2. Scabs William John 21 Cleverly Estate Wormholt Road London W.12. Sexton George Edward Wolfe B.Sc. (N.U.I.) 69 Adelaide Road Dublin. Stanton William Ronald 144 Crowther Road Wolverhampton. Stopforth John Station House Parbold Lancs. Timmins Arthur Alfred 404 Portland Road Edgbaston Birmingham. Waye Basil Edmund 29 Chillerton Road London S.W.17. Wentworth Victor Harold 173 Clarence Road Lower Clapton London E.5. Young James Hunter 7 Upper Hornsey Rise London N.19. DEATHS. Fellows. Charles Beavis Ph.D. (Wurzburg). Harold George Lacell A.R.C.S.Thomas Alexander Shegog A.R.C.Sc.1. Associate. Frederick WiIliam Emerson A.M.C.T. 177 General Notices. Exami nations,-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September,-from the 16th to mst or from the 23rd to 28th. The list of entries for the September Examinations will close on Monday the 15th July. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on The Cultural Value of Science” will be awarded in January 1930 and presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1929 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the from the Registrar. 178 administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person In awarding the Medal for I929 the adjudicators will unless exceptional circumstances arise give special consideration to work in organic chemistry or bio-chemistry.The next award will be made in January 1930. The Council will be glad to have attention directed before 31st December 1929 to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit being evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar.Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 179 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s.6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held.The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to 180 scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. 2d. ; binding 2s. gd. ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300129

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

- THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1929. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER Rrgislvar and Secretary D RUSSELL SQUARE LONDOT Il’.C. I dzgust 1929. Publications Committee 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Presidenl) P. E. BOWLES €I. B. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S. GIBSON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON €I. H. HODGSON J. G. KING PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Ho?z. Treaswe~) A. G. G. LEONARD W. MARSHALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS WILLIAM WARDLAW J. A. WATSON A. W. M.WINTLE. 183 Proceedings of the Council. JUNE-AUGUST 1929. Regulations.-A new edition of the Regulations of the Institute has been published embodying modifications of an elucidatory character. Copies can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Particular attention may be directed to the re-wording of the Regulations for the admission of Fellows as follows:- I. Every Associate applying for admission to the Fellowship is required to produce evidence :- (a) That he is not less than 24 years of age; (b) That since his admission as an Associate and for a period of three years thereafter he has been engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council. 2. Except as provided hereunder every such Associate will be required to pass an examination.Associates may at the discretion of the Council be admitted to examination for the Fellowship at any time after their election to the Associateship but cannot be elected Fellows until they have complied with the provisions of I (a) and (b) above. Candidates for examination in Branch E or Branch F will be required to produce evidence that they have had three years’ experience in work of the nature required. 3. Any Associate who desires to be exempted from such examination must produce evidence satisfactory to the Council either ( a ) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit ; That he has devised processes or inventions of suffi- cient merit; That having been engaged in important analytical industrial consulting or other work of a general or specialised character he is in the opinion of the Council possessed of sufficient knowledge and cerned.184 ability. The nature and responsibility of the position held by the candidate will be taken into considera- tion as well as any thesis report or other record of practical work on any chemical or technological subject submitted by him. When any such reports are of a confidential nature these will only be seen and assessed by an Assessor whose name will be agreed between the Council and the Principals con- Every such Associate will be required to pay in addition to the entrance fee (see 5 below) a non-returnable fee of five guineas for the assessment of the evidence submitted.4. The application on the prescribed form must be accom- panied by the names of some responsible persons preferably Fellows of the Institute who will confirm the statements made by the candidate. 5. The entrance fee payable by an Associate on election to the Fellowship is five guineas. No name can be transferred to the Register of Fellows until this fee has been paid. 6. Only in exceptional cases will applications for election to the Fellowship be entertained from persons other than Asso- ciates. Every such application must be made on the prescribed form and must be accompanied by evidence of age and of British nationality a certificate of character satisfactory to the Council and full documentary evidence of the applicant’s general and scientific education and professional career together with the entrance fee and first annual subscription both of which will be returned if the application be not accepted by the Council.Candidates applying for election to the Fellowship without examination will also be required to pay a non-returnable fee of five guineas. The Council will decide whether the applicant if accepted as a candidate for the Fellowship may be exempted from passing an examination or shall be required to pass either the ordinary examination for the Fellowship in a specified branch or a special examination or any other test. If any such examination or test be imposed the Fellowship examination fee must be paid. The British Patent System.-The Legal and Parliamentary Committee has reported on changes in the Patents and Designs Acts 1907-1928 which appear to be desirable in respect of method and process patents relating to chemical matters.and recommends that :- 185 The Report of the Committee with very slight amendments has been received and adopted by the Council and has been forwarded to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in accordance with the suggestion made by the Federal Council for Pure and Applied Chemistry that an endeavour should be made to incorporate the opinions of chemists in one report for submission to the Committee of the Board of Trade appointed to consider the amendment of the Acts. The recommendations comments and suggestions of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee are summarised below :- A .Section 2 s%b-section 5 provides that:- ( 5 ) Where the invention in respect of which an application is made is a chemical invention such typical samples and specimens as may be prescribed shall i f in any particular case the comptroller considers it desirable so to tequire be furnished before the acceptance of the complete speci$cation. The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute suggested that this section should be amended so that:- ( a ) The right to leave samples should be extended to applicants; ( b ) The specification should have printed on it the information con- tained on the labels accompanying samples; and (c) The specification should be interpreted in the light of samples if left. Section 7 deals with the investigation of previous specifications in the United Kingdom on applications for patents.The Committee recommended that :- (a) The examiners should be empowered to cite any publicationa other than British specifications of which they are aware; and (b) The comptroller should be empowered to refuse applications for patents which in view of the prior act-cited by the examiner do not disclose a manner of new manufacture within the meaning of Section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies. Section 11 cites the grounds on which the grant of a patent may be opposed. The Committee suggested that a further ground of opposition should be included reading as follows:- “That the specification does not describe or claim a new manufacture within the meaning of Section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies.” Section 26 relates to the power of the comptroller to revoke patents.On this section the Committee comments that :- ( a ) The suggested new ground of opposition under Section 11 would automatically be included. ( b ) The date for bringing proceedings under this section should be two years from the date of sealing. Section 38 (a) dealing with chemical products and substances intended for food or medicine has received particular attention. follows :- 186 The Committee has recommended that the first part of the Section should be divided into three sub-sections reading as (i) In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the actual methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed or by their obvious chemical equivalents provided that in an action for infringement of a patent where the invention relates to the production of a new substance any substance of the same chemical composition and constitution shall in the absence of proof to the contrary be deemed to have been produced by the patented process.(Note.-The word “actual ’’ has been substituted for the word “special ’ 7 ) . (ii) In the case of inventions relating to substances intended for food or medicine the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the actual methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed.(Gi) In the case of Applications for mere prescriptions formulae mixtures or recipes for foods or medicines no patents will be granted thereon. On Section 93 which deals with definitions within the meaning of the Acts the Committee has suggested that:- (a) “Invention” might be re-defined so as to include modern methods or processes such as biological processes. ( b ) “Manufacture” should be defined. B . General.-In its general comments the Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee offered the following remarks :- While still favouring the general principle of freely granting British patents as at present the Committee felt that owing to the extraordinary increase in method and process patents the Patent Office examination should be made more strict when opposition has been entered or Revocation proceedings have been commenced; in order that mere “Paper Patents” so-called “Blocking Patents” or “Repatenting Patents” should not be granted.In other words when opposition is entered or revoca- tion proceedings are commenced against an application the comptroller should be empowered t o adopt any course he may think fit to satisfy himself that the grant should or should not be allowed even referring questions of fact to technical experts; I f the above suggestions concerning Sections 7 and 11 of the Acts are adopted it is thought that the cost of patent litigation should in the long run be reduced; It is agreed that in the interest of inventors the comptroller should be empowered to try any patent actions principally because it is thought that less time would be taken and therefore less costs would be incurred the comptroller and his staff being technically trained men.187 C. Regarding the British. Science Guild Report on the Reform of the British Patent System the Committee did not make any comments on many of the suggestions made therein but-taking the summary on pages 34 and 35 of that report-offered the following opinions for consideration :- ( a ) Under “NoveEty.” The Committee agreed that a patent should not be invalidated by prior publication occurring in any document more than fifty years older than itself. The Committee agreed in principle that it was desirable that the Patent Office search should be extended by gradual stages to documents other than British specification ; but felt that the advantage might not be commensurate with the expense.(See Section 7 paragraph (a) re- ferred to above.) ( b ) Under “ Subject- Matter.” The Committee was inclined to think that the Courts regarded scientific research with sympathy. If biological inventions could be the subject of valid letters patent the Committee held that they should be made patentable. (c) Under “Suflciency of Description.” The Committee felt that too much power might be given to the comptroller under the suggestion that he should be empowered to call in cases of doubt for prima facie evidence as to the sufficiency of the description given in a specification and to endorse the specification with a warning notice if necessary.( d ) Under ‘ Scire Pacias. ” The Committee agreed that the conditions of validity should be enumerated in the Patents Acts. ( e ) Under “Short Term Patents.” The Committee did not regard the suggestion for the introduction of short-term patents with favour. (f) Under “Applications for Patents.” The Committee agreed that steps should be taken to accelerate the despatch of Patent Office business and suggested that if the examiners’ reports could not be issued earlier provision should be made for extending the time for acceptance without fee penalty. ( 9 ) Under “Proceedings before the Comptroller.” The Committee agreed that where there was disconformity between the provisional and complete specifications intervening publication by any person other than the applicant should be a ground of opposition; also that the comptroller should be empowered to grant a short extension of the opposition period in certain cases; and that the period allowed for revocation by the comptroller should be redefined.(See suggestion under Section 26 above.) The Committee agreed that the comptroller should be empowered to try infringement actions. (See paragraph (c) under ‘‘ GeneraE” above.) ( h ) Under “Proceedings in the Courts.” The Committee agreed that the legal remedy for unwarrantable threats in connection with patents should be considerably strengthened. 188 ( i ) Under “Availability to the Public of Information in Possession of the Patent Ofice.” The Committee agreed that the Patent Office should be prepared to make a search at the provisional stage and that the re-printing of speci- fications when out of print and the high price of Patent Office publications were matters deserving the attention of the appropriate authorities.( j ) Under ‘‘ Financial Considerations.” The Committee agreed that a restricted Empire patent applicable to Great Britain the Crown Colonies and Protectorates should be instituted. Mr. H. Douglas Elkington to whom the Legal and Parlia- mentary Committee and the Council have accorded their thanks for valuable help and advice has been appointed to act as the representative of the Institute to confer with the Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers which has the matter under consideration.Methylated Spirits.-On the consideration of a letter received from the Customs House asking for the observations or suggestions of the Institute upon a preliminary draft of new regulations dealing with methylated spirits the Council ap- pointed Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe Vice-president Mr. E. R. Bolton and Mr. Bernard F. Howard representatives of the Institute to communicate and confer with the authorities con- cerned. The matter having been discussed by the Council a letter was forwarded to the Customs Committee showing how the regula- tions affected (I) chemists in practice as consultants or as public analysts; (2) chemists in educational work and (3) chemists engaged in industry.In this letter it was stated:- ( I ) that it seemed to be the general experience that chemists in practice had little difficulty in obtaining any supplies of methylated spirits which they required; ( 2 ) that the present arrangements for supplying universities and larger schools with duty-free spirits were adequate; but it seemed that the regulations were unnecessarily stringent to meet the requirements of secondary schools and similar educational establishments ; (3) that the present regulations moreover presented considerable difficulties to industrial chemists particularly to those who were investi- gating manufacturing processes who were required to estimate their future requirements before a process has been definitely determined.With regard to (3) it was pointed out that the industrial chemist was required to describe his process in detail and if he obtained a permit he might not be allowed under such permit to improve or alter the main points of his process without a fresh application; he was also required to divulge any information desired as to his process. It was felt that such regulations might deter investigations into important technical processes in which the use of industrial met hylated spirits might be involved. 189 If the Commissioners of Customs were satisfied as to the efficiency of wood naphtha as a denaturant it would not appear that such an elaborate system of control of its actual use was necessary. I f the restrictions could be limited to the application for a licence and to submission to visits by Customs and Excise officials without a strict limitation as to quantity and to previously detailed definition of processes many difficulties would be removed.It was understood that the Customs Committee was only concerned with regulations dealing with methylated spirits ; but it was suggested that if the Commissioners of Customs and Excise contemplated any revision of the regulations with regard to absolute alcohol or industrial spirit the Council of the Institute would be glad to have a corresponding op- portunity of expressing its opinion. A reply was received to the effect that the above representa- tions would be considered and that although the Customs Committee was concerned solely with methylated spirit the suggestion regarding absolute alcohol would be borne in mind in the event of the regulations relating thereto being revised.On the 19th June however a further letter was received stating that the Customs Committee was concerned solely with methylated spirits but that if the Council wished to make any representations in regard to duty-free alcohol an interview would gladly be afforded for the purpose. Regarding methylated spirits it was explained that the regulations affecting industrial chemists represented those which were already applicable to the ordinary case of the industrial user including a great variety of traders who employed industrial methylated spirits in the manufacture of goods. It had been felt necessary in the interests of the Revenue that full dis- closure of the processes carried on and a strict observance of them of the authority granted were essential.The degree of impotability of industrial methylated spirits which in view of the industrial disadvantages of a heavily denatured spirit contain as the denaturant only 5 yo of wood naphtha could not be regarded as a sufficient guarantee against abuse. It was not the practice however to impose similar strict limitations in authorities granted to chemists who were con- ducting experiments or trials and the Customs Committee did not think that the practice of the department had been found to hamper chemists; so that there was no intention of altering the administration in that respect. The Customs Committee felt however that it would be proper that the regulations should include some definite 190 recognition of the practice referred to and proposed the inclusion of a proviso to the following effect:- “Where it is intended to use the methylated spirits for purposes of teaching research experiment or trial (including the carrying on of an industrial process for purposes of experiment or trial) it shall be sufficient for the application to give such information as will satisfy the Commissioners that the authority may properly be granted.’’ The wording of the above was tentative but the Committee felt that it indicated the lines on which the views of the Institute might be met.The representatives of the Institute attended by the Regis- trar met the Customs Committee at the Customs House on 5th July when Mr.E. S. Bertenshaw presided and there were also present Mr. George Stubbs and Mr. A. J. H. Gauge (both of the Government Laboratory) together with representatives of legal and other departments and Mr. C. E. C. Applegate the Secretary . (In the meantime the matter having been briefly mentioned in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS letters were received from a few members who were interested in certain relative questions. These were dealt with during the interview.) The Chairman intimated that he was not anxious to place any restrictions on the discussion and would be glad to hear what the representatives had to say about absolute alcohol and industrial spirit as well as methylated spirits.Professor Thorpe dealt with the matter as it affected the universities for which the existing arrangements appeared to be sat is f ac tory. Mr. Howard suggested certain concessions to schools requiring small quantities of industrial methylated spirits for preserving botanical and biological specimens etc. The Chairman said that permission would be given for the receipt by schools of the small quantities (i.e. less than the present minimum of 5 gallons) which they find it convenient to receive at one time. The representatives of the Institute raised the question of the supply of duty-free absolute alcohol for science teaching in schools and urged that this should be allowed. The Chairman said that while the supply of absolute alcohol free of duty was allowed for University teaching this had not so far been extended form.sentatives for their services. 191 to schools it being considered that industrial methylated spirits sufficiently met the needs of the grade of work done in schools. He said however that if a representative body such as the Headmasters’ Conference made representations in the matter while he could not make any definite promise he thought that the Commissioners of Customs and Excise might be disposed to take a favourable view. Mr. Bolton expressed the view that consulting chemists research chemists and public analysts should be assisted so far as possible in their work and be given full facilities for obtaining spirit of different kinds and permission to purify it provided that the spirit was kept under proper control local surveyors being given further discretion accordingly.The Chairman intimated that H.M. Customs and Excise were anxious not to put undue restrictions upon practitioners and public analysts and promised that the Committee would give the matter its particular consideration. Mr. Howard dealt with the position of industrial chemists illustrating the difficulties which they experienced under the present conditions. It was felt that the provision which the Committee had suggested should be incorporated in the regulations would be of great help and that a similar regulation might be made in respect of absolute alcohol provided that in all cases the spirits were kept under proper control and free from abuse and not sold in any The representatives felt that the Commissioners would do their best to deal with all the points raised; they expressed themselves highly gratified with the way in which they had been received and thanked the Chairman and Committee for the hearing accorded them.The Committee intimated that the new regulations would probably be ready towards the end of the year. The thanks of the Council have been accorded the repre- Pedler Scholarship.-The Yedler Research Scholarship Committee has received two Interim Reports from Mr. George Morrison Moir the Pedler Research Scholar who has been working on “Methods for the determination of casein albumin and globulin in milk and the consideration of any points arising 192 therefrom,” under Captain John Golding at the National Institute for Research in Dairying Shinfield.On the recommendation of the Committee the Council has extended the Scholarship to Mr. Moir until June 1930. The thanks of the Council have been accorded Captain Golding for supervising the work and to the authorities of the National Institute for the facilities given to the research scholar. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-It will be re- called that the late Mr. S. M. Gluckstein read a paper before the London and South Eastern Counties Section in October 1927 entitled “ Chemists and Dividends.” This lecture in which the author gave an account of the development of the chemical staff and laboratories of his company was published by the Institute and was so much appreciated that for a long time requests for further copies were received from members and others.A thousand copies were sent to the Australian Chemical Institute. Few more striking illustrations could be found than those given by Mr. Gluckstein to show the bearing of science and particularly chemistry on a large industrial undertaking and his frank expression of opinion based on eight years’ ex- perience of the working of the laboratories and his valuable suggestions have been appreciated alike by chemists and other employers. Unhappily Mr. Gluckstein did not live to see the completion of the laboratories of his firm which were opened this year. He died on the 29th August 1928. The Council has received from Dr. L.H. Lampitt Member of Council and the staff of the Laboratory of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. a proposal for inaugurating under the auspices of the Institute an annual lecture to be known as the S. M. Gluck- stein Lecture and offering on behalf of the members of the Laboratory Staff of that Company the sum of approximately Ezoo on the understanding that the Institute should administer this fund using the interest for the purpose suggested subject to certain conditions. The donors stipulated that the lecture should be of the general type of that given by Mr. Gluckstein that it should seek to marry industry and science particularly in the various fields of chemical activity and that it should be open to members of other societies and to the public.The cordial 193 thanks of the Council were accorded to Dr. Lampitt and his colleagues for their kind offer. The matter was referred to the Publications Committee and it is hoped that the first lecture may be be given in December this year. Particulars will be announced later. Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. Lewis Eynon has kindly consented to give the Twelfth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on Friday the 22nd November. Mr. Eynon will deal with the World’s Sugar Industry. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Industrial Poisons.-Dr. John C. Bridge Senior Medical Inspector of Factories Home Office has kindly promised to give a lecture before the Institute in February 1930 on the subject of ‘‘ Industrial Poisons.” Central Building.-The attention of the Council has been directed by the promoters to a new scheme for acquiring a central building in London for chemical and other technical societies.Mr. William Macnab kindly attended the meeting of Council in July to explain the scheme. After careful consideration the Council expressed their appreciation of the kind thought of the promoters in bringing the matter to its notice and the members expressed themselves keenly interested in this scheme for co-operation among chemical bodies but after very careful consideration of all the circum- stances felt that the Institute could not usefully participate in the present proposal. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee is glad to be able to report that largely as the result of a special appeal to Life Fellows and members who usually pay their annual subscriptions by bankers’ forms a sum of jtT228 has been received which should go far towards enabling the Com- mittee to meet the requirements for the present year.The total receipts during 1929 so far exceed the receipts for 1928 by L133; but the payments made from the Fund exceed those of 1928 by L380. Institution.-The Brighton Technical College has been added to the list of Institutions recognised for the training of candidates for the Associateship of the Institute. 194 National Certificates 1929.-This Part of the JOURNAL contains an abstract of the Report of the Assessors on the Examinations for National Certificates in Chemistry. World Power Conference.-Dr.Harold G. Colman Past Vice-president has kindly consented to continue to represent the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Neuvieme CongrGs de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt Member of Council has been appointed to represent the Institute at the Ninth Congress organised by the French Society of Chemical Industry to be held at Barcelona on 13th October. Mr. E. R. Bolton represented the Institute a t the opening of the New Agricultural Research Station of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at Maidenhead on 28th June. Mr. W. J. A. Butterfield represented the Institute a t a Conference on Gas Cylinders and the regulations governing their use for compressed and liquefied gases held under the auspices of the British Engineering Standards Association on 10th July.195 Local Sections. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The opening meeting of the ninth session took the form*of a visit to the works of Messrs. Erinoid Ltd. Lightpill Mills Stroud on 19th June when the members from Bristol who had journeyed thence by motor coach were met by members from Gloucester Cheltenham Swindon and Melksham. The party was received by Mr. E. Petersen General Manager who with some of the chemical staff as guides described and explained the various processes through which casein passed for the production of “Erinoid,” the non-inflammable substitute for bone ebony horn amber etc. The visit was instructive and interesting and Mr. R. D. Littlefield who was Acting-Chairman in the absence of Mr.Edward Russell voiced the thanks of the visitors for the facilities granted for inspecting the works after which tea was taken at a caf& The members enjoyed the motor run home through Cranham Woods thence to Birdlip Cheltenham Gloucester and Bris tol. The next meeting of the Section will be held in Bristol University on 19th November at 7.30 p.m. when a discussion on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act (1926) will be opened by Mr. Rowland H. Ellis. Liverpool and North-Western.-The first meeting of the new session will be held on 10th October when an address will be given by the Chairman Dr. R. Thomas. A “Chemistry Dinner” will be held in Liverpool towards the end of this year or early in 1930.Details will be announced later. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The first meeting during the new session will take place on the 16th October. Manchester and District.-On 29th June a picnic held at Hope in Derbyshire was attended by about 70 members and friends who made the journey from Manchester via Glossop in private cars. After visiting the beauty spots of the district supper was taken at “The Rising Sun,” which had been adopted as headquarters. The meeting was so successful that the mem- bers generally expressed the hope that it would be the forerunner of many similar summer meetings. 196 Notes. Public Analysts.-The Royal Commission on Local Govern- ment has continued its sittings for over six years during which it has published two Reports dealing with local government authorities and their functions and thirteen Parts of Minutes of Evidence.Up to the present no request has been received by the Institute or the Society of Public Analysts to send representa- tives to give evidence in support of the Memorandum forwarded to the Royal Commission early in 1928 regarding the appointment of public analysts and official agricultural analysts. It is of interest however in view of the conflict of opinion which occasionally arises as to the relative positions of local government officers to note the following abstract from the Minutes of Evidence Part XI11 (page 2410) forming part of a Memorandum submitted on behalf of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. THE RELATIONSHIP EXISTING BETWEEN THE VARIOUS CHIEF OFFICERS.38. The relationship existing between the heads of the several depart- ments of a Local Authority is a matter which depends entirely on the officers concerned and particularly the Town Clerk. If the Town Clerk possess broad vision tact and a good knowledge of men his position as the official mouthpiece and representative of the Council and its committees enables him to secure that co-operation between departments which is essential for good local government. 39. The Society believes that it is impossible to devise regulations or orders which would secure co-operation and they consider that this problem must be left for the chief officers of each Authority to solve by informal understandings arrived a t by conferences between those officers which should be arranged and presided over by the Town Clerk.If chief officers show goodwill and a desire to co-operate the work of a Local Authority under the existing system proceeds very smoothly ; and neither efficiency nor harmony would be promoted by placing the Town Clerk in a position of authority over the other heads of departments. 40. Whilst the Society hold the opinion that the Medical Officer of Health is the most highly trained officer serving a local authority they consider that it is in the best interests of the local government service that all chief officers should be regarded as equal in status; but they desire to express their view that the salary of any one chief officer should be fixed on a basis which his particular qualifications and work merit without reference to the other chief officers serving the same authority.It is to be hoped that such problems as are referred to in clause 39 may always be solved amicably and by informal understandings; but the opinion that the medical officer of health is the most highly trained officer serving a local authority is a 197 generalisation that can hardly be accepted by other qualified professional men of experience although the majority would agree that it is in the best interests of local government that all chief officers should be regarded as equal in status and that their salaries should be fixed according to their qualifications and merits without reference to the salaries of other officers.Science and Government.-A Committee of Members of the House of Commons has been formed to focus attention on science in order that when occasion demands it legislation may be considered from a scientific point of view. It is to be hoped that in future more candidates who are in some way connected with science will stand for election so that science may be more fully represented than it is a t present. Centenaire Paul Schutzenberger.-The Centenary Cele- bration held in honour of Paul Schutzenberger will be held in Paris commencing on 7th November. Any fellow of the Insti- tute who is likely to be in Paris a t that time is invited to send his name to the Registrar who will notify the Secrktaire Gknkrale. The Council has forwarded a message of friendly greetings to French chemists and of good wishes for the success of the Celebration.Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme 1929.- Proprietors of stone quarries and firms dealing with sandstone or any similar material containing more than 50 per cent. of silica (free and combined) are required to insure against liabilities under the Workmen’s Compensation Act with regard to Silicosis. The Acts and Statutory Rules and Orders relating to the matter are :- (8 and 9 Geo. 5) Workmen’s Compensation (Silicosis) Act 1918.- An Act to provide for the payment of compensation in the case of work- men who suffer death or disablement or are suspended from employment owing to the disease known as fibroid phthisis or silicosis of the lungs. (Price Id.net). S. R. & O. 1919 No. 12.-Master and Servant. Workmen’s Com- pensation (Silicosis) Act 191 8.-The Scheme of Compensation dated January 6th 1919 made by the Secretary of State under the Workmen’s Compensation (Silicosis) Act 1918 (8 B 9 Geo.5 c. 14) for the Refractories Industries. (Price 4d. net.) S. R. Ct O. 1924 No. 4l.-Master and Servant. Workmen’s Corn- pensation (Silicosis) Act 1918.-Order of the Secretary of State dated January 18 1924 amending the scheme of Compensation for the Ke- fractories Industries under the Workmen’s Compensation (Silicosis) Act 1918 (8 & 9 Geo. 5 c. 14). (Price Id. net.) S. R. & O. 1925 No. 79.-Master and Servant.-Workmen’s Com- pensation (Silicosis) Acts 191 8 and 1924.-The Refractories Industries 198 (Silicosis) Scheme 1925 dated January 30 1925 made by the Secretary of State under the Workmen’s Compensation (Silicosis) Acts 1918 (8 & 9 Geo.5 c. 14) and 1924 (14 and 15 Geo. 5 c. 40). (Price 4d. net.) S. R. & O. 1928 No. 975.-Master and Servant. Workmen’s Com- pensation Act 1925. The Various Industries (Silicosis) Scheme 1928 dated December 11 1928 made by the Secretary of State under the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1925 (15 S- 16 Geo. 5 c. 84). (Price 3d. net.) S. R. 8r O. 1929 No. 171.-Master and Servant. Workmen’s Com- pensation Act 1925. The Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme 1929 dated March 18 1929 made by the Secretary of State under the Work- men’s Compensation Act 1925 (15 and 16) Geo. 5 c. 84). (Price 5d. net.) Paragraph 2 (3) (ii) of the Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme 1929 provides as follows :- “Where an employer satisfies the Secretary of State by chemical analysis carried out in accordance with such condi- tions as may be prescribed that the sandstone got or manipu- lated a t any mine quarry or other premises does not contain more than 50 per cent.silica (free and combined) the Scheme shall as from such date as may be specified by the Secretary of State cease to apply to any processes carried on a t such mine quarry or other premises on or in connection with the said stone without prejudice however to any rights or liabilities which may have previously accrued under this Scheme.” With regard to the conditions for chemical analysis under the above paragraph the Secretary of State has directed that the analysis for the determination of the percentage of silica (free and combined) in any sandstone shall be carried out in accordance with conditions specified by the Government Chemist and the result shall be certified either by an analyst appointed by a local authority under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928 or by an analyst approved by the Secretary of State.The conditions specified by the Government Chemist are obtainable from the Home Office. Fellows and Associates-other than public analysts-who are formally approved by the Secretary of State under this Scheme are asked to forward their names to the Registrar in order that they may be included in the next edition of “Official Chemical Appointments.” Safety in Mines Research Board,-The Seventh Annual Report of the Safety in Mines Research Board-H.M. Stationery Office price IS. net)-gives an account of the progress during 1928 of researches carried out directly under the Board or by other bodies in collaboration with them or with financial assistance from the Board. 199 The subjects of research include problems relating to coal dust and firedamp explosions the spontaneous combustion of coal the safe use of electricity and explosives safety lamps falls of ground wire ropes mine rescue apparatus and mine temperatures. The report also embodies an account of the progress of the health inquiries carried out under the supervision of the Health Advisory Committee notably those into the effects of dust inhalation.The Ignition of Firedamp.-A paper under this title issued by the Safety in Mines Research Board (S.M.R.B. Paper No. 53 H.M. Stationery Office price 6d. net) summarises present knowledge as to the conditions under which various forms of heat application (compression contact with flames electric discharge friction etc.) reach the combined intensity and duration necessary to cause ignition of the various inflammable mixtures of firedamp and air. Paper 54 on the “Ignition of Firedamp by the Heat of Impact of Metal against Rock,” by M. J. Burgess and R. V. Wheeler-6d.)-shows that with certain kinds of rock firedamp could be readily ignited though it is not certain whether the ignition was by the sparks emitted or by the heating of the rock surfaces caused by the impact of the coal-cut ter picks.Laboratory Assistants.-The Annual Report for 1928 of the Employment Committee of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters of Public Secondary Schools in association with the Ministry of Labour was published in June (H.M. Stationery Office price zd.) This Committee of which the Registrar of the Institute has been a member almost since its inception in 1918 .seeks to find suitable employment for boys on leaving school a t ages ranging from 16 to 19 years and collaborates with the Institute especially in finding posts as laboratory assistants for those who have matriculated but lack the means to pursue a full University day course. The Report shows that the total number of boys placed in various positions during the year 1928 was 1289.Those placed in chemical and scientific laboratories numbered 40 with an average commencing salary of @I. Science in the Printing Industry.-The Institute has received a report of a conference of representatives of the printing and allied trades held at Stationers’ Hall on 8th April 200 last to discuss a proposal to form an organisation for the collec- tion of data and for the prosecution of scientific research into problems affecting those trades. The Master of the Stationers’ Company (Sir Cecil R. Harrison) who opened the proceedings said that the proposal was advanced in a paper on the application of science to printing which had been read earlier in the year by Mr.G. L. Riddell and that Lord Riddell who occupied the chair on that occasion was so much impressed by the suggestion that largely owing to his insistence the meeting of trade representatives was called to consider the matter . Lord Riddell who was then asked to take the chair said that the object in view had been well defined by Mr. Alfred Langley namely,-to establish a central bureau for the collection of information relating to various processes machinery and methods with facilities for research into problems and perplexities common to all printing offices. They had paper troubles ink troubles metal troubles difficulties with all kinds of materials on which each house was striving to work out its own salvation each printer according to his need expending money to solve prob- lems that might be clarified by scientific research.He felt that the printer who was interested in a particular problem was inclined to pursue it himself and to reap any advantage which might accrue from his discoveries but that should not preclude the bringing together of accurate information in a central bureau for the common good. He was not in favour of committing this proposed bureau to the Government but he thought that an organisation was wanted which they could control themselves. There were many sections of the trade and if the organisation was to be a success all sections should be represented in it. He suggested that the bureau might be established at Stationers’ Hall and that the printers including the newspaper proprietors might provide the necessary funds.Lord Riddell then called upon Professor Smithells President of the Institute who had been specially invited to the Confer- ence to give his views on the suggestion. The President said that he had discussed the matter with some friends who were printers had read Mr. Riddell’s paper and had discussed the matter with him. He felt that he had little right to say much about printing but he knew that it abounded with interesting scientific problems. He knew also that scientific investigation was in progress which to many 201 of those who were not scientific might seem very remote from anything practical. Chemists were dealing with numerous questions of fundamental importance in relation to the materials and the processes of printing and these investigations might at any time come into practical fruition.Printing would not escape the impact of the wave of science which in recent times had come into the industrial world and had effected so many changes in old-established ways. He spoke of his experience in Leeds and later in London as Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry and of his knowledge of the Research Associations working in co-operation with the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. He felt that men of science had come to adopt a much more sympathetic attitude towards men of the industrial world and had learnt to appreciate the strong points of the practical man and the difficulties of practical problems.The practical man was now more ready than he had been in the past to believe that he could reap advantages from science more ready to spend money on scientific investigation and experiment and more patient about getting a return for money so spent. All his (the President’s) experience led him to take a favourable view of the proposal before the Conference. There were several ways open to them for attaining their end. At the University of Leeds the plan had been adopted of setting up special departments of applied science and with the aid of the industries concerned this had been done in connection with the textile dyeing colour leather and fuel industries. Similar departments had been established in other Universities as for example at Birmingham for the fermentation industries at Sheffield for glass and at Liverpool for oils and fats.Other industries had formed separate research associations under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. These endeavours had in his judg- ment attained success. He was not in favour of the Government displacing private enterprise where private enterprise was alive and did its duty. He thought it should be recognised throughout all industries that there must be certain pooling of general knowledge about new methods and new things for the good of industry as a whole. A certain amount of sacrifice or apparent sacrifice of individual interests must be made. It would be a boon if some public-spirited and well-endowed member or members of the trade were to come forth and establish a chair at a modern University the occupant of which would have the 202 special duty of fostering research and training recruits for the printing industry.He related what had been done in the case of the gas industry which for a considerable number of years had entered into conferences with the University of Leeds and had begun the investigation of problems with which that industry was faced. A large department of the University had grown up and continued in association with the gas industry and had achieved a great deal for it. Meanwhile he believed that the work might very appropriately make a beginning in the precincts of Stationers’ Hall. He counselled patience-the British industrialist when it came to applying science was inclined to be in too great a hurry.He naturally liked to see what he was going to get ; he liked to know that what was being done was to the point and to get a return as quickly as possible. If they secured the right people to help them which was not always easy to do they would eventually get their return. Representatives of trade interests participated in the dis- cussion which followed and a resolution was passed for the appointment of a Committee of twelve representing the various sections embraced in the printing and kindred trades (with power to co-opt) to consider the desirability and feasibility of instituting a technical bureau for the pooling of technical infor- mation and to conduct scientific investigation of technical problems in connection with existing organisations.American Institute of Chemists Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics.-For the advancement and maintenance of the honour and dignity of the profession of chemistry in the United States the American Institute of Chemists has published a Code to define the rules of professional conduct and ethics which are binding on its members. It will be seen that the code reproduced below is in some respects less stringent than that observed by British chemists and contains reference to actions which might be regarded as too obvious to be mentioned as unprofessional; but it is of interest as indicating the earnest desire of the American Institute to promote a right understanding among its members on this important question.I. Every individual on entering the profession of chemistry and thereby becoming entitled to full professional fellowship incurs an obligation to advance the science and art of chemistry to guard and uphold its high standard of honour and to conform to the principles of professional conduct. 203 2. It is the duty of a chemist to bear his part in sustaining the laws institutions and burdens of his community. 3. The chemist shall not knowingly engage in illegal work or co-operate with those who are so engaged. 4. A chemist shall carry on his professional work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to employers contractors and clients and in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity toward other members of the chemical profession.5. He shall refrain from associating with or allowing the use of his name by any enterprise of questionable character. 6. He shall advertise only in a dignified manner being care- ful to avoid misleading statements. 7 He shall co-operate in upbuilding the profession by exchanging general information and experience with his fellow chemists and by contributing to the work of technical societies and the technical press where such information does not con- flict with the interests of his client or employer. It is very desirable that the first publication regarding inventions or other scientific advances be made through the technical societies and technical publications and not through the public press.Care shall be taken that credit for technical work be attributed as far as possible to the real authors of the work. 8. If in his opinion work requested of him by clients or employers seem to present improbability of successful results he shall so advise before undertaking the work. He shall be conservative in all estimates reports testi- mony etc. and especially so if these are in connection with the promotion of a business enterprise. 9. 10. He shall not accept compensation financial or otherwise from more than one interested party without the consent of all parties concerned and shall not accept commissions from outside parties and sales to his client or employer without their know- ledge. He is however in no way debarred from accepting employment from more than one employer where there is no conflict of interests.XI. He shall not use any unfair improper or questionable methods of securing professional work or advancement and shall decline to pay or to accept commission for securing such work. 12. He may use all honourable means in competition to secure professional employment but shall not by unfair means 204 injure directly or indirectly the professional reputation pros- pects or business of a fellow chemist and shall not attempt to supplant a fellow chemist after definite steps have been taken toward the latter’s employment. 13. He shall not knowingly accept employment by a client or employer while the claim for compensation or damage or both of a fellow chemist previously employed by the same client or employer and whose employment has been terminated re- mains unsatisfied or until such claim has been referred to arbitration or issue has been joined a t law or unless the chemist previously employed has neglected to press his claim legally.14. He shall be diligent in exposing and opposing such errors and frauds as his special knowledge enables him to recog- nise. 15. Any infractions of these principles of professional conduct coming to his attention shall be reported to the Ethics Committee of the American Institute of Chemists. 16. He shall not attempt to compete with a fellow chemist on the basis of professional charges by reducing his usual charges in order to underbid after being informed of the charges named by the competitor.17. He shall not accept any engagement to review the professional work (except journal articles and similar scientific publications and in litigation) of a fellow chemist without the knowledge of such chemist or unless the connection of such chemist with the work has been terminated. 18. When undertaking work for a client or employer he should enter into an agreement regarding the ownership of any and all data plans improvements patents designs or other records which he may develop or discover while in the employ of such a client or employer. In the absence of a written understanding the following principles are held to apply (a) If a chemist uses information obtainable only from this client or employer which is not common knowledge or public property any results in the form of designs plans inventions processes etc.shall be regarded as the property of the employer; (b) if a chemist uses his own knowledge or information or data which by prior publication or otherwise are public property then the results in the form of designs plans inventions processes etc. remain the property of the chemist and the client or employer is entitled to their use only in the case for which the chemist 205 was retained; (c) all work and results accomplished by the chemist outside of the field for which he was employed or retained are the property of the chemist; (d) special data or information obtained by a chemist from his client or employer or which he creates as a result of such information are to be considered and while it is ethical to use such data or information in his practice as forming part of his professional experience its pub- lication without permission is improper.19. He shall as far as possible in consulting work fix fees a t a point high enough to warrant complete and adequate service. Unreasonably low charges for professional work tend toward inferior and unreliable work. In fixing fees it is proper for him to consider (a) The time and labour involved the novelty and difficulty of the matter and the experience and skill necessary; (6) whether the employment precludes other employment on similar lines or will involve the loss of other business while engaging in ‘the particular work; (c) customary charges of chemists for similar services; (d) the magnitude of the matter involved and the benefits resulting to the client from the service; (e) the character of the employment whether casual or for an established and constant client.20. While it is desirable that chemists engaged in teaching and research should be permitted to use their special knowledge and skill in direct service to individual clients it is prejudicial to the welfare of the profession for such services to be rendered a t rates which ignore the ordinary costs of equipment supplies and overhead expenses. 21. Having established a fair fee and billed same to a client he should oppose any effort of a client to have such fee reduced without real and sufficient cause. Wherever compatible with self-respect and right to receive a reasonable recompense for services rendered controversies with clients regarding com- pensation are to be avoided.There should however be no hesitation to apply to the courts for redress to prevent injustice imposition or fraud. Mr. Frederick John Hambly has been elected President of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry. 206 National Certificates in Chemistry 1929. The Council has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute of Chemistry on National Certificates in Chemistry for 1929. Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. Dr. T. Slater Price O.B.E. F.R.S. and Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. D.Sc. I. Introductory.-During the present session two schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the Ordinary Grade and one in the Higher Grade.The number of entries in the Ordinary Grade was 183 compared with 155 in 1928. In the Higher Grade there were 63 candidates compared with 60 in 1928. 11. GeneraZ Remarks.-Candidates are warned not to assume that they can pass as the result of scrappy or incomplete answers to the majority of questions. Answers must show an all-round satisfactory knowledge of the subject. The practical examination is a test of skill and accuracy and success will not be achieved by formal descriptions of methods. Candidates should realise the importance of accuracy in their quantitative work and should give themselves time to check their calculations.111. Inorganic Chemistry-Theory .-In several schools the compulsory question on the Periodic Classification brought forth many satisfactory answers even from candidates who were weak in other respects. The Assessors suggest that in future years it might be of advantage to set fewer questions on such industrial processes as are not practised in the districts from which candidates are drawn. For example the inorganic papers contained questions on the metallurgy of copper tin and zinc. The answers received showed that candidates had little understanding of the underlying chemical principles. IV. Inorganic Chemistry-Practical.-On the whole the inorganic results showed an improvement on previous years. 207 In one group of Schools the Assessors added a dry test to the qualitative exercises.This analysis was usually well per- formed. It must be remembered that the blowpipe has its uses in chemical analysis. V. PhysicaZ Chemistry.-Candidates’ inadequate acquaint- ance with the practical side of this branch of chemistry leads to unsatisfactory answers in the theoretical papers. As an example of this few examinees were able to give a correct description of the polarimeter and its use. No explanation was given of the practical device for obtaining the divided field of vision. In this section the candidates trusted too much to the memorising of formulae and equations. VI. Organic Chemistry-Theory .-Although questions on manufacturing operations are less frequent in this section than in the inorganic division yet answers received were often very unsatisfactory as for instance on the manufacture of glucose and phthalic anhydride.On the other hand questions embodying basic principles were answered more successfully. The laboratory methods of conducting diazotisation were accurately described and the theory of the process well understood. Questions on Grignard reagents and on Friedel-Craft condensations generally received thoughtful answers. Some uncertainty existed as to the differ- ences between aromatic and aliphatic compounds containing hydroxyl and halogen radicals. Candidates should receive more practice in the balancing of chemical equations. When treated with caustic potash and ammonia ethylene dibromide was stated to yield alcohol and ethylamine respectively.Such answers would not be given if the candidates were instructed to account for every atom taking part in the reaction. In the Senior Grade answers on enzymes were lacking in clarity. This topic might with advantage be reserved for the Advanced Grade. In the latter grade the answers to the organic papers were generally of a high standard and in both grades questions involving calculations were usually correctly answered. The criticisms under general remarks apply particularly to this section. In some cases the practical examination consisted chiefly of preparations for the assessment of which the Institute has to rely on the reports of the local examiners. VIII. Technologica,? Subjects.-In the papers connected with the art and practice of dyeing many thoughtful answers 208 were returned to questions which embody scientific principles such as the chemical properties of mordant dyes direct colours and vat dyes; the naphthol-AS series; the detection of colours on textile fibres; and the action of chemical agents on these fibres.The Assessors suggest that the practice might be extended of giving one or more compulsory questions bearing on the chemical principles underlying the industry forming the subject of the examination. IX. Physics and Mathematics.-The remarks under 11. above apply in general to physics and mathematics. The stan- dard in some schools is still rather low and could be improved. On the whole there is some improvement in the neatness of the scripts and in the diagrams but there is room for further improve- ment especially in the latter.NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (SCOTLAND). The Council has received and adopted the report of the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute of Chemistry on National Certificates in Chemistry for 1929. Seven candidates have been awarded the Higher certificate including two with distinction in organic chemistry. Owing to the fact that Mr. William Rintoul will in future be resident chiefly in London he has been obliged to resign his position as assessor. The thanks of the Council have been con- veyed to Mr. Rintoul for his valuable services and Dr. Norman Picton F.I.C. has been appointed his successor.209 Lantern Slides for Lectures. A collection of slides is kept a t the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes slides of a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments a t least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. In response to many enquiries the following list of the slides has been prepared arranged in chronological order ; but it does not include particulars of many illustrations of pictures titles of books apparatus laboratories etc. Mention is made of a few sets illustrative of particular sub- jects.Other sets can be obtained through the Institute on loan from various members. Many portraits are available for the preparation of other slides as required. The names printed in italics are those of artists and engravers. Thoth-Hermes-Vulcan- Pthah. 640 Thales. 2 87-384 Archimedes. 208-322 Aristotle. man Prints). 1490(4)-1555 Qeorgius Agricola or Bauer. 1493-1541 Paracelsus. 1504-1540 Mazzuoli (Parmegiano). 1520-1596 L. Thurneysser. 1521-1565 Sir Thomas Challoner. 1527-1606 John Dee. Hans Weiditz:Alchemist ; Apotheke. 1540-1600 Sir George Baker. 1542-1632 Thomas Allen. 1546-1601 Tycho Brahe. 1535- 1550 Italian Distillation Ap- paratus. 1552-1612 Rudolph 11. 1552-1618 Sir Walter Raleigh.- 1590 Bragadini (Mamugna) . 1555-1595 Edward Kelly. 1561-1636 Francis Lord Bacon. 1564-1 642 Galileo Galilei. 1567-1632 Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland. c . 1568-1622 Michael Meier. B .C. A.D. ( ? ) 8th Cent. Geber. 12th Cent. Averroes. 11 93-1 280 Michael Scotus. 1195( ?)-1280 Albertus Magnus. 1214-1294 Roger Bacon. 1225-1274 St. Thomas Aquinas. 1235-1315 Raymund Lully. 1245-1313 Arnold ds Villanova. 14th Cent. Berthold Schwartz. 1330-1418 Nicolas Flamel. 1394-1450 Basil Valentine. 15th Cent. Distillation (early Ger- 1445-1519 J. B. Porta. 1471-1528 Durer-"Melancholia." 1486-1535 Henry Cornelius Agrippa. 1568-1639 Sir Henry Wotton. 1572-1637 D. Sennertus. 1572-1634 Cornelius Drebbel.1573-1652 Inigo Jones-Costume for Rosicrucians. 1573-1661 William Oughtred. 1573-1665 Sir T. T. de Mayerne. 1574-1637 Robert Fludd. 1575-1624 J. Boehme (Behmen). Nathaniel Nye . 210 1660-1734 G. E. Stahl. 1660-1740 Ambrose Godfrey Hanc kwi tz . Mkrian Hermes; Geber ; 1668-1738( ?) Hermann Boerhaave. ? -1628 J. Lambe. 1576-1646 Banfi Hunjadi. 1577-1644 J. B. van Helmont. 1593-1660 William Davisson. 1594-1666 J. Howell. 1595- Bacon; Lully ; Morien; Paracelsus. ? -1674 N. Le Fevre or Lefebure. 1602-1681 W. Lilly. 1603-1665 Sir Kenelm Digby. 1604- Martin de Voss- “Ignis.” 1605-1682 Sir Thomas Browne. 1606-1681 H. Conring. 1610-1685 Van Ostade-“The Al- chymist l’ (2). 1610-1682 J. Webster.1610-1690 Teniers-13 slides. 1613-1690 Sir James Pettus. 1616-1677 T. andJ. Wyclc-9slides. 161 7-1 692 Elias Ashmole. 1618-1699 F. M. van Helmont. 1619-1685 Prince Rupert. 1620-1 650 Lord Brouncker. 1620-1 670 G. Horneus-Title page of Arca Mosis sine Historia Mundi 1669. 1620-1 672 H. Heerschop. 1620-1706 John Evelyn. 1621-1675 Thomas Willis. 1623-1687 Sir William Petty. 17th Cent. John Evans. 1626- 1679 Jan Steen-‘ ‘ Dutch Chy - mist,” and “The Al- chemist .’ ’ 1624- 1627- L. Colson. 1627-1688 George Villiers Duke of Buckingham. 1627-1691 Hon. Robert Boyle. 1636-1682 J. J. Beccher. 1639-1 684 K. Netsche:; Herbalist.” 1640-1696 Robert Plot. 1641-1712 Nehemiah Grew. 1642-1727 Sir Isaac Newton. 1643-1679 J.Mayow. 1643-1715 Gilbert Burnet (Bishop) 1644(8)-1713 William Salmon. 17th Cent John Tradescant. 1654-1714 T. Britton. 1675-1728 Dr. John Freind. 1677-1761 Stephen Hales. 1692-1768 J. Huxham. 1697-1764 Hogartrhc‘:,In the Fleet” The Rake’s Progress.” 1699- 1779 Chardin-‘ ‘ Le Soufleur .” 17th Cent Cleyn-“The Inspirati.” 17th- 18th Cent .-Ambrose Godfrey . 17th Cent. Dr. Edmund King. 18th Cent. Apparatus. 18th Cent. C%mical Symbols from Motherwell’s Medi- cal Dictionary.” 1706-1770 G. F. Rouelle. 1 70 6- 1 7 90 Ben j amin Franklin. 1709-1784 Samuel Johnson. 1710-1790 W. Cullen. 1715-1771 J. F. Helvetius. 1726-1796 John Anderson. 1728-1 799 Joseph Black. 1728-1804 A. Raum6. 1728-1809 Matthew Boulton.1731-1810 Henry Cavendish. 1731-1821 Adam Walker. 1733-1804 Joseph Priestley. Priestley Apparatus. Priestley (statues). 1733-1810 Johann Z o J a y - Ben Alchem- Jonson’s ist”-Garrick as Abel Drugger. 1734-1797 Joseph Wright of Der- by-“The Alchemist.” 1735-1820 J. Keir. 1736-1819 James Watt. 1737-1816 R. Watson (Bishop). 1742-1786 C. W. Scheele. 1777 Scheele’s Apparatus. 1743-1795 Cagliostro (Balsamo). 1743-1 794 Lavoisier. 1743-1 81 7 Klaproth Nicholas Culpeper. Boyle’s Laboratory. 1629-1653 John Heydon. 1630-1 667 Metzu-“ L’ Alchimiste.” 1630-1685 King Charles 11. 1630( 8)-1702( 3) J. Kunckel. 1631-1691 R. Lower. 1632-1723 A. Van Leeuwenhoek. 1634- from 1747 211 Illustrations of Labora- tories-Universal Magazine ( 3).1748- 822 Berthollet. 1749- 819 Daniel Rutherford. 1750- H. Moyes. 18th Cent. W. Farish. 1751 Laboratory. 1751-1820 I. Milner. 1753-1815 M. Berthelot. 1753-1815 W. Nicholson. 1753-1814 Sir B. Thompson (Rum- [ford). 1759 Laboratory. 1759-1815 Samuel Parkes. Parkes’ Laboratory (1822). 1760-1808 Thomas Beddoes. 1 7 6 1-1 7 97 Pelletier . 1766-1802 Thomas Garnett. 176fj-1828 W. H. Wollaston. 1766-1844 John Dalton. 1769-1838 F. Accum. 1772-1864 Luke Howard. 1773-1852 Thomas Thomson. 1775-1836 W. Henry. 1776-1841 G. Birkbeck. 1 7 7 7-1 857 Thenard. 1778-1829 Humphry Davy. Apparatus. Isolation of Potassium. 1778-1850 Gay-Lussac. 1778-1857 A. Ure. 1779-1 848 Berzelius.1783-1862 Sir Benjamin Brodie. 1786-1889 M. E. Chevreul. 1787-1853 M. J. B. Orfila. 1788-1866 W. T. Brande. 1790-1845 1 M. Faraday and 1791-1867 1 G. Daniell. 1791-1867 M. Faraday. Faraday’s Laboratory. 1794-1863 E. Mitscherlich. 1795-1865 C. G. B. Daubeny. 1799-1864 G. F. Schanbein. -1851 Richard Phillips. Early 19th Cent. “ A Lady Al- chemist ” (“Gentle- woman’s Magazine”). 1800- 1882 Wohler . 1800-1884 J. B. A. Dumas. 1802-1887 J. B. D. Boussingault. 1803-1875 J. von Liebig. 1804-1888 E. L. Isabey-“L’Al- chimiste.” 1806-1889 Thomas Graham. 1808-1890 Nasmyt&-“The Al- chemist in Difficulty and Doubt.” 1809-1880 John Stenhouse. 18 10- 1 87 8 Regnault. 1811-1890 Peligot. 1811-1899 R. W. Bunsen.18 13-1 885 Thomas Andrews. 1813-1891 J. S. Stas. 1813-1898 Sir Henry Bessemer. 1814-1870 Deville. 1814-1894 E. Fr6my. 1814-1900 Sir J. B. Lawes. 1815-1889 Warren de la Rue. 1816-1856 C. F. Gerhardt. 1816-1869 F. Penny. 1817-1884 C. A. WWtz. 1817-1889 John Percy. 4817-1892 H. F. M. Kopp. 1817-1901 Sir J. H. Gilbert. 1817-1902 John Glover. 1818-1884 A. W. H. Kolbe. 1815-1892 A. W. Hofmann. 1818-1897 R. Fresenius. 1818-1898 Lord Playfair. 1820-1893 John Tyndall. 1822-1 d95 L. Pasteur. 1822-1 896 Augustus Voelcker. 1923-1906 Sir Charles Tennant. 1824-1907 Lord Kelvin (W. Thom- son). 1825-1899 Sir Edward Frankland. 1825-1908 James Bell. 1826-1908 G. Gore. 1826-1 9 10 Cannizzaro. 1827-1907 P. E M.Berthelot. 1827-1902 Sir Frederick Abel. 1827-1908 H. C. Sorby. 1827-1902 J. Hall Gladstone. 1829-1896 A. Kdkulh. 1830-1895 Lothar Meyer. 1831-1915 Sir Andrew Noble. 1833-1892 W. Dittmar. 1833-1919 Sir William Crookes. 1834-1892 Carl Schorlemmer. 1834-1907 Mendeldeff. 1835-1911 J. Attfield. 1836-1893 C. W. Heaton. 1836-1907 A. Dupr6. 1837-1906 G. J. Snelus. 1838-1906 Beilstein. 1838-1898 J. A. R. Newlands. 1838-1907 Sir William H. Perkin. 1838-1908 Sir Thomas Stevenson. 1842-1907 Cornelius O’Sullivan. 1842-1912 B. E. R Newlands. 1842-1 9 19 Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt). 1842-1921 Edmund J. Mills. 1842-1923 Sir James Dewar. 1842-1926 Sir William A. Tilden. 212 1843-1902 Sir W. Chandler Roberts-Austen.1843-1878 T. Teschemacher. 1843-1910 Robert Koch. 1844-1920 J. Emerson Reynolds. 1845-1909 Theophilus Redwood. 1846-1913 Sir W. Noel Hartley. Sundry illustrations from pictures titles of books apparatus laboratories etc. Sets Flame Rice Starch Sugar Soils Vitamins etc. 1846-1919 Sir Boverton Redwood. 1848-1897 Victor Meyer. 1849-1915 Raphael Meldola. 1854-1914 C. C. Hutchinson. 1852-1916 Sir William Ramsay. 1859-1927 S. Arrhenius. 1859-1906 M. and Mme. Curie. 213 Obituary. The death of BASIL RADCLIFFE COYSH is reported from Nova Scotia. He was born on the 8th August 1876 and educated a t Charterhouse School Godalming and a t King’s College London. Having passed the Intermediate and Final Examinations for the Associateship of the Insti- tute to which he was elected in 1901 he became Assistant to Mr.William Chattaway a t Apothecaries Hall. In 1904 he joined the firm of Walter Voss & Co. a t Millwall as Managing Director and Chief Chemist but two years later decided to devote himself to agriculture a t first in Kent proceeding later (in 1910) to Nova Scotia in order to pursue scientific fruit culture. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1910. ERNEST BASIL FALKNER who died in December last in his 49th year was educated a t Rossall a t Keble College Oxford and a t Owens College Manchester. After graduating with honours in Natural Science at Oxford in 1903 he proceeded to Manchester where he was a research pupil under Professor W. H. Perkin Jun. and received the degree of R.Sc.(Vict.) with honours in chemistry in 1905 in which year he became Senior Science Master a t Wellington School Somerset. In the following year he pro- ceeded to Tonbridge School and in 1911 became Headmaster of Aske’s School Hatcham. During the war he held commissions as Lieutenant R.N.A.S. and later Captain R.A.F. and Adviser to the Government on dopes varnishes etc. After the war he returned to his position a t Aske’s School. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. JOHN EDWARD MOSS died suddenly in France while returning from leave on the 18th August in his 30th year. Born at Birmingham he was educated a t the George Dixon Secondary School and the Day School for Young Employees a t Cotteridge. He was engaged in the laboratory of Messrs.Cadbury Bros. from 1914-1917 and proceeded in 1918 to the University of Birmingham on a scholarship awarded him by his employers. He graduated as B.Sc. with first class honours in 1921 and subsequently was awarded the M.Sc. degree for research on the chemistry of synthetic colouring matters and their intermediates particularly on the cobaltam- mine and ferric lakes of dinitroso-resorcinol. He continued research a t the University until the end of 1923 when he returned to Messrs. Cadbury Bros. a t Bournville. He published with Mr. A. W. Knapp three papers dealing with the estimation of the strength of ultra-violet radiation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. WILLIAM WALKER JAMES NICOL died in Edinburgh on the 18th March in his 75th year.Educated partly in England and partly a t the Edinburgh Academy he entered the University of Edinburgh in 1872 graduating as M.A. later obtaining the degrees of B.Sc. and D.Sc. He took first place in the University Class in chemistry in 1875 and proceeded to 214 Berlin where he worked for a while under Hofmann. He returned to Edinburgh and held for a short time a demonstratorship in the University before he was appointed lecturer in Chemistry under Professor E. A. Letts at University College Bristol which position he held until 1881. He was then appointed lecturer in Chemistry under Prof.-later Sir- William A. Tilden at Mason College Birmingham where he remained until his retirement in 1894. He contributed many papers to the Royal Society of Edinburgh to the Chemical Society and to the Philosophical Magazine chiefly dealing with solutions of inorganic salts-their satura- tion super-saturation co-efficients of expansion molecular volumes and vapour pressures-and with the subject of water of crystallisation.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 served as an Examiner from 1888 until 1892 and as a Member of Council from 1903 until 1906. THOMAS RILEY died at Streatham on 3rd July in his 27th year. He was born at Liverpool where he was educated in the Catholic Institute. He intended to pursue pharmacy but after two years’ experience took full courses a t the University of Liverpool and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1926.He then pursued research in the Department of Industrial Chemistry for a year before obtaining an appointment as bacteriologist and bio-chemist in the laboratories of Messrs. Crosse & Blackwell in London. Later he was engaged as research chemist with Messrs. Typke & King at the Crown Chemical Works Mitcham Common. Further information has been received from the Ceramic Engineer of the Sebring Pottery Company Ohio regarding the late THOMAS ALEXANDER SHEGOG giving more accurate information regarding the latter part of his life than that supplied forpublication in Part I11 of the JOURNAL. Mr. Shegog entered the employ of the Sebring Pottery Company in 1921 and relinquished his appointment owing to ill-health early in 1926. After a year’s rest he obtained a position in 1927 with the Edwin Bennett Pottery of Baltimore Md.and later in the year joined the Ten- nessee Mineral Products Company of Spruce Pine Tennessee as a chemist at its Feldspar Mine from which position he resigned in November 1928. He died at East Liverpool Ohio in January 1929. ERNEST ARTHUR WAGSTAFFE died a t Manchester in July 1928. He studied a t Owens College from 1887 to 1890 and in due course was awarded the degree of M.Sc. (Manc.). In 1890 he proceeded to Munich University where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. in 1903. In the same year he was appointed Chemist to Messrs. J. Bennett & Sons calico printers of Birch Vale near Stockport. From 1899-1902 he was chemist to the Spring Valley Dyeing Co. Ltd. at Failsworth near Manchester and in 1902 became lecturer on chemistry and dyeing in the Municipal Technical School Rochdale.A few years later he established a practice as consulting chemist which he continued until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1903. 215 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part 111 1929 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Artificial Silk or Rayon. Its Manufacture and Uses.” T. Woodhouse. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix+z45. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Evolution of artificial silk; raw materials; commercial varieties and the constituents; general principles and processes involved in manufacture.“ Blonde or Brunette? The Art of Hair-Dyeing.” H. Stanley Redgrove and Gilbert A. Foan. Pp. xii+182. (London William Heinemann-Medical Books-Ltd.) . 7s. 6d. Structure and Pigments of the Hair; Hair-Dyes Bleaches and Decolorants; Hair-Dyeing ; Causes of Grey Hair etc. “Chemistry in the Home.” J. B. Firth. Pp. 246. (London Constable & Co. Ltd.). 5s. Part I General The atmosphere ; water fuels ; heating and ventilation ; lighting-illuminants ; cleaning-soap and some of the commoner clean- ing materials ; combating disease-the use of disinfectants and anti- septics; textile fibres. Part 11 Food The general composition of foods; function of food; constituents of flour-the baking of bread; vegetables fruits and jellies; milk and milk product; foods of animal origin; beverages; food accessories.“ Organic Chemistry An Introduction to Modern.” L. A. Coles. Pp. xv3-452. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 7s. 6 d . “Physical Chemistry,” J. B. Firth. Pp. 292. (London University Tutorial Press Ltd.). 5s. 6d. Fundamental principles ; laws of chemical combination ; atomic theory ; periodic law; gas laws; kinetic theory; Van der Waals’ equation ; specific heats ; molecular weight of gases ; dissociation of gases ; some properties of liquids; solutions; chemical equilibrium; phase rule ; thermo-chemis- try; rate of chemical change; catalysis; electrolysis; electrical dis- sociation ; electrical conductivity ; properties of electrolyte solutions ; equilibrium of electrolytes ; electro-motive force ; hydrogen ion concen- tration ; theory of indicators ; colloidal state ; radioactive transforma- tions; isotopes; atomic structure ; questions and problems.“ Plant Products An Introduction to the Chemistry of.” Vol. 11 Metabolic Processes. P. Haas and T. G. Hill. 2nd edition. Pp. viii+zzo. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.). 10s. 6d. Introduction; the living plant ; syntheses of carbohydrates fats and proteins ; respiration; growth. 216 “Soils of Buckinghamshire a Survey of the.” M. S. Temple. Pp. 130. (Bulletin XXXVIII of the University of Reading Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture.) General geographical features ; geology ; soils classified geologically ; relation of soils to crops.Appendix Crop distribution maps; notes on soil samples ; tables of analyses. “Volumetric Analysis.” I. M. Kolthoff and I. H. Menzel. An authorised translation based on the German text by N. H. Furman. Revised and enlarged by the author. Vol. 11 Practical Volumetric Analysis. Pp. xiv+55~. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 25s. General considerations Measuring vessels their calibration and testing; practical principles of volumetric analysis. Special considerations acidimetry and alkalimetry; quantitative precipitations and complex- formations ; oxidation and reduction reactions; appendices. Industrial Chemistry.-The attention of Students may be directed to the Handbook of the Science Museum South Kensington illustrating Industrial Chemistry compiled by A.Barclay (H.M. Stationery Office 1929 IS. net by post IS. zd.). This handbook contains an introduction to branches of manufacture in which chemical or physico-chemical processes play an essential part. It deals briefly with the origin and early history of industrial chemistry and with the manufacture of mineral acids alkalies and allied products coal tar products explosives artificial dyes artificial silk fermentation processes mineral oil products and other processes. The book also includes 8 classified Catalogue of the Industrial Chemistry Collections contained in Gallery LXVI of the Museum and many illustrations of plant. Food Investigation.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published an Index to the Literature of Food Investigation No.I March 1929 (H.M. Stationery Office 2s. net by post 2s. ad.) This Index which has been compiled by Agnes Elisabeth Glennie contains an Historical Review a Comprehensive List of over 80 Periodicals and particulars of literature arranged under the following heads :-Meat ; Pig-Flesh; Poultry and Game; Fish ; Eggs Dairy Produce; Fats and Oils; Fruit and Vegetables; Grain Crops and Seeds ; Theory of Canning ; Theory of Freezing and Chilling; Bacteriology ; Mycology ; Engineering ; Miscellaneous. Water Sewage etc.-The Department has also issued a typescript summary of current literature on Water Supplies Sewage Trade Waste Waters River Pollution etc. a copy of which can be seen a t the Institute. 217 The Register.At the meetings of Council held on 21st June and 19th July 1929 one new Fellow was elected 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 33 new Associates were elected and 12 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 3 Fellows 3 Associates and 2 Students by death. New Fellow. Howson Herbert George B.Sc. (Lond.) 10 Oxford Avenue Bootle Liverpool. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Bradley George William James Jesmondene Doncaster Road Scunthorpe Lincolnshire. Carter John Stanley Ph.D. M.Sc. (Leeds) Room 123 Floor V. Cornwall House Stamford Street London S.E.l. Collins John Victor M.A. Sc.M. (T.C.D.) Government Analyst’s Dept. Colombo Ceylon. Hoffert Wilfred Herman M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) Fuel Department The University Leeds.Walker Frederick Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o Messrs. Michael Nairn & Co. Ltd. Kirkcaldy Fife. New Associates. Crystal Solomon B.Sc. (Liv.) 49 Beaconsfield Street Prince’s Park Cunningham Ira James M.Sc. (N.Z.) c/o Rowett Research Institute Davies Robert Edward Leo B.Sc. (Liv.) Sunnyside Mount Road Upton Daw Miss Evelyn Beryl B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Creffield Road Ealing Ellis Ronald Leslie David B.Sc. (Wales) 40 Wern Road Landore Barclay George B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Indo-Burma Petroleum Co. P.O. Box 1059 Rangoon Burma. Bodger Walter Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 129 Sunderland Road Forest Hill London S.E.23. Christian Brian Crossley B.Sc. (Liv.) 42 Victoria Road Douglas Isle of Man. Collin Geoffrey B.Sc. (Liv.) 47 Queensway Wallasey Cheshire. Liverpool.Bucksburn Aberdeen. Nr. Birkenhead. London W.5. Swansea. 218 Fielder Frederic Henry Valentine B.Sc. (N.Z.) 29 Adam Street Green- Franklin Mervin Clarence M.Sc. (N.Z.) Dominion Laboratory Welling- Gaythwaite Wilson Robinson B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Park Quadrant Glasgow land Auckland N.Z. ton N.Z. West C.3. Green Arnold Trevor 1 Avenue Terrace Corbar Road Buxton. Hignett Harold William George B.Sc. (Lond.) 2 Malvern Villas Ches- ham Bury Lancs. Holgate Miss Annie Clapham B.Sc. (Lond.) 30 Edgedale Road Mill- houses Sheffield. Hulme Alfred Cresswell B.Sc. (Birm.) 39 Poplar Avenue Edgbaston Birmingham. Jack James B.Sc. (Glas.) Woodbine Cottage Beith Ayrshire. Jones Miss Grace Irene B.Sc. (Birm.) Cotterstock Howard Road Kings Heath Birmingham.Jones John William Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 112 Gaskarth Road Balham London S.W.12. Kahn Miss Doris Eleanor B.Sc. (Lond.) 26 Fairhazel Gardens London N.W.6. Kay Charles Henry 89 Moresby Parks Nr. Whitehaven Cumberland. Lovern John Arnold B.Sc. (Liv.) 74 Tatton Road Aintree Liverpool. Mabbitt Alan Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Wallwood Road Leytonstone London E. 1 1. Malcolm Ioan Stuart M.A. B.Sc. (Aberd.) Fern Bank Bucksburn Aberdeen. Menzies Duncan William B.Sc. (Edin.) 32 Wemyss Place Peebles. Morrison Joseph Hyslop B.Sc. (Glas.) 4 Hamilton Street Wishaw Lanarkshire. McClelland Norman M.Sc. (N.Z.) 6 Fraser Street New Town Hobart Tasmania. McCullagh Thomas Anthony M.Sc. (N.U.I.) 26 Bishops Street London- derry N.Ireland. Parnaby Cyril B.Sc. (Lond.) 56 Tickton Grove Cottingham Road Hull. Parr-Head Charles James B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 27 Culmington Road Ealing London W.13. Peden William B.Sc. (Glas.) Edgemont Elderslie Lanarkshire. Thorp Dawson B.Sc. (Manc.) 121 Woolley Lane Hollingworth Nr. Manchester. Waller Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.) 53 Patshull Road London N.W.5. New Students. Boizot George Edward 49 Cumberland Street London S.W. 1. Caney Richard John Trewhitt 19 Womersley Road Crouch Hill London N.8. Cranch George Wilson 11 Beech Avenue Sherwood Rise Nottingham. Everett Richard Marven Hall Spring Hall Sawbridgeworth Herts. Holden Arthur Maynard Laureldene Grangethorpe Drive Burnage Manchester . Hole Samuel Bernard Bourne House Franchise Street Wednesbury.Iyer Yelagondahally Venkataswamy Iyer Srikanteswara Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute King’s Circle Matunga Bombay. Nixon Richard Herbert 9 Churchill Road Boscombe Hants. Ramaswamy Thoppai V. 254 Ramnad Road Madura S. India. Root William Charles 77 Evelyn Street Deptford London S.E.8. Walker Frank Arthur 44 Glenny Road Barking Essex. Wallis Norton James Hugh Church House Church Yard Barnstaple. 219 DEATHS. Fellows. Basil Radcliffe Coysh. William Walker James Nicol M.A. D.Sc. (Edin.). Ernest Arthur Wagstaffe M.Sc. (Mane.) Ph.D. (Munich). Thomas Riley. Associates. Ernest Basil Falkner M.A. (Oxon.) M.Sc. (Mane.). John Ewart Moss M.Se. (Birm.). Students . Wilfred Stoughton Griffiths. (Miss) Elsie Caroline Mary Seward-Turner 220 Entries close.14th July 1930. General Notices. Annual Chemical Dinner 8th November 1929.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the arrangements for the annual chemical dinner to be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 8th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (in- cluding gratuities but not wines) will be obtainable in October from Mr. F. A. Greene Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations in 1930.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1930 are as follows:- or 6th 13th to 11th to 18th January.January. 1 Monday 11th November 1929. Monday Dates of Examination. 31st March to 5th April. 1 7 Monday 10th February 1930. or 7th to 12th April. 15th to 20th September. zand to 27th September. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO 10s.) for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for best essay not exceeding 3000 words on b b The Cultural Value of Science ’’ will be awarded in January 1930 and presented at the next of the JOURNAL. 221 Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides on or before the 31st December 1929 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. A list of Local Sections will be found at the end of this part The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. In awarding the Medal for 1929 the adjudicators will unless exceptional circumstances arise give special consideration to work in organic chemistry or bio-chemistry.The next award will be made in January 1930. The Council will be glad to have attention directed before 31st December 1929 to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical from the Registrar. 222 Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s. g d . ; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments 7th Edition 1930.- The preparation of the 7th Edition of a List of Official Chemical Appointments will shortly be in hand. Corrections and sugges- tions which increase the usefulness of this publication will be welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300181

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CRARTER 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1929. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee RICHARD B. PILCHER Registrar and Secretary. 30 RUSSELL SQWARE LONDON W.C. I October 1929. Publications Committee 1929-30 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President) P. E. BOWLES H. B. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S. GIBSON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB G. G. HENDERSON H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD w. -HALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MO= D. F. TWISS WILLIAM WARDLAW J. A. WATSON A. W. M. WINTLE. 227 Proceedings of the Council.SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1929. The British Patent System.-The Report of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee on the Patents and Designs Acts 1907-28 published in Part IV of the Journal and Pro- ceedings (pp. 184-88) has been under the consideration of the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers jointly with representatives of other Bodies including the Institute. A report-embodying with a few exceptions and modifications the view of the Legal and Par- liamentary Committee-has been prepared and a copy of the draft will be sent to the Institute in due course through the Federal Council for Chemistry before the final version is for- warded to the Board of Trade Committee. Only one Fellow commented on the report of the Institute’s Committee as published in the Journal.Referring to the first note on the Report of the British Science Guild on the Reform of the British Patent System under Novelty he expressed surprise that the Committee agreed that a patent should not be invalidated by prior publication occurring in any document more than fifty years older than itself since such an invention could hardly be considered novel and thus patentable. Clearly in such circumstances the applicant could not claim to be the first and true inventor and the matter has been reviewed by the Joint Committee accordingly. In the meantime the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in expressing its appreciation of the helpful co-operation of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute has acknowledged its indebtedness to Mr.H. Douglas Elkington the representative of the Institute for his advice and assistance in the matter. Membership of the Institute.-Arising from the discussion on a paper read by Dr. W. H. Gibson before the Belfast Section on membership of the Institute the Council subsequently received a resolution suggesting the consideration of the JOURNAL. 228 of further means of making the registration of students of the Institute more attractive. The resolution has been under the consideration of the Nom- inations Examinations and Institutions Committee on whose report the Council has decided that it is desirable that the In- stitute should obtain lists of students who intend to adopt chemistry as a career and send to them individually copies of the Regulations and of The Profession of Chemistry.The Council also suggests that lectures should be arranged for chemical students at the universities and colleges dealing with the pro- fessional aspects of their chosen career. The Council appreciates that professors and teachers in universities and colleges recog- nised by the Institute do a great deal in the direction indicated and looks to the Local Sections to co-operate so far as possible in carrying out these suggestions. The Council is glad to note that registered students are almost invariably invited to meetings held by the Local Sections when papers and matters of professional interest are under discussion.The Local Sections have also been asked to encourage students who attend their meetings to consider the desirability of competing for the Frankland Medal and Prize particulars of which will be found under General Notices at the end of this Part li The Register ” and l 1 Official Chemical Appoint- ments.”-In order to ensure the accuracy and increase the usefulness of the Register of the Institute a new edition of which will be published in 1930 Fellows and Associates have been asked to complete a form recently circulated and to return it to the Registrar unless the entry in the 1928 edition remains correct and no change is required. The publication of the Register constitutes an important function of the Institute in the organisation of the profession of chemistry and provides not only a useful directory but a means whereby members may be identified as qualified chemists and communication may be facilitated between them in their professional relationships.The seventh edition of O@cial Chemical Appointments is in preparation for publication next year. Fellows and Associates who hold official chemical appointments under government departments county and borough councils and other authorities 229 or appointments in universities colleges public institutions hospitals or in public and secondary schools have been asked to supply information thereon in order that this publication also may be made as complete and accurate as possible. India.-The Council is receiving an increasing number of applications for admission to the Associateship from candidates educated in India.In general the Council has the help of an Advisory Committee consisting of Fellows of the Institute representing practically all the important centres in that Empire. Advantage has recently been taken of the presence in London of several members of this Committee to invite them to meet the President and other officers for an informal conference at the Institute. It is felt that the results of this meeting will prove of great value in dealing with future applications. Appointments Register.-The Institute continues to receive a fairly satisfactory number of enquiries for the services of chemists. The majority of vacancies are suitable for junior members but many firms and institutions require the services of those with specialised experience for positions of greater responsibility.At present about 260 members are using the Appointments Register mainly with a view to the possibility of improving their prospects; of these less than 60 or about I per cent. of the total membership have notified the Institute that they are definitely out of employment. I t should be under- stood however that even this figure does not represent per- manently unemployed,-the actual personnel changing quite frequently. It is estimated that not more than half the number have been unemployed for any considerable time. Some difficulty has been experienced by the Appointments Department of the Colonial Office in obtaining applications for certain positions abroad although the conditions of such appoint- ments would appear to be satisfactory.It has been suggested that young chemists are sometimes lacking in enterprise and that they should give serious consideration to the value of such appointments as there are many advantages connected with them which do not always appear in the actual statement of conditions. Fellows and Associates can assist in increasing the usefulness of the Appointments Register by suggesting to directors or employers that they should communicate with the Registrar 230 with regard to their requirements when additions to their chemical staffs are contemplated. The attention of the Institute has been called to cases where chemists have been employed in a junior capacity before quali- fying and on obtaining their diplomas have been disappointed to find that they have not immediately been placed on a higher grade.Associates finding themselves in this position should realise that it is sometimes difficult to promote them in the same employment and should make use of the Appointments Register in order to obtain new positions as qualified chemists. 231 Local Sections. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Eighth Annual General Meeting was held on October rgth rgzg,-Dr. Wardlaw occupy- ing the chair. The ballot for election of Officers and Committee resulted as follows chairman Dr. D. F. Twiss; vice-chairman Dr. W. Wardlaw; hon. treasurer Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; hon. secre- tary Dr.F. W. Norris. Committee Fellows-Professor A. R. Ling Mr. F. H. Alcock Mr. A. W. Knapp Mr. F. C. Bullock Dr. W. J. Hickinbottom; Associates-Dr. W. M. Hampton Mr. F. W. Pinkard Mr. A. Churchman Mr. G. C. Green. The Report of the Secretary indicated there had been a decrease in the number of members attending the meetings of the Section the Committee was anxious to ascertain the cause and to apply all possible remedies. The most successful functions were those arranged jointly with other Chemical Societies and this was especially to be noted in the popular annual events,- the Chemists’ Dinner and Dance and the Ladies’ Concert. There appeared to be a strong case for co-operation with the Local Sections of other Societies without prejudice to the existence of the Section as an independent body.The Treasurer presented a favourable financial statement and after some discussion on the position of the Section with reference to money available for social purposes the Reports of Secretary and Treasurer were adopted. A resolution that the date of the Annual General Meeting be altered to the month of March was carried. The meeting concluded with a discussion of the programme for the ensuing Session. Cape.-A number of Fellows of the Institute who attended the recent meeting of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science in South Africa were hospitably entertained by the Cape Local Section of the Institute and the Cape Chemical Society to luncheon at the Mount Nelson Hotel Cape Town on 24th July.Among those who were able to be present were Professors C. S. Gibson F. J. Wilson E. C. C. Baly A. Harden A. Findlay and H. Bassett. Professor G. Barger President of Section B of the British Association was also among the guests. Professor E. Newbery who presided expressed his own pleasure and that of his colleagues in being able to welcome the visitors. Professor Gibson presented greetings from the President who had also recently visited the Section and from the Council of the Institute and other visitors expressed their appreciation of the kindness extended to them by the chemists in Cape Town and of their thought in arranging such an enjoyable informal meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-On 21st October at a meeting held a t the North British Station Hotel jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry the chairman of the Section Mr.A. M. Cameron opened the session with a paper on:- “The Sea as a Source of Raw Materials.” Mr. Cameron said that it was not always realised how much in the way of raw material could be obtained from the sea. It had been suggested that every known element could be found in sea-water. Materials could be obtained from three sources :- (I) The sea-water itself and substances dissolved therein. (2) Marine vegetable growth. (3) Marine animal life. In addition to sodium chloride sea-water contained some 6 grms. per litre of magnesium salts and 0.76 grms. per litre of KC1 as well as lime salts and small quantities of bromides.Common salt was by far the most important constituent and for a long time the sea was almost the only source of this compound. In this country its use had been for the most part superseded by that from the rock salt industry. In tropical and sub-tropical regions such as the Mediterranean littoral and the coasts of Japan and California its production was still a major industry. Though sodium chloride was the most impor- tant constituent other substances were perhaps of more interest to the chemist. Thus gold was present to the extent of 2.5 to 4 milligrams per cubic metre and many patents had been taken out for its extraction. It was interesting to reflect on the possible effects on economic life should it ever become possible to extract gold cheaply from the sea.The less exciting substances such as potash salts and bromides were however of more importance industrially. Potash salts were present to the extent of 1/30 to 1/35th of the sodium salts. The ratio of bromine to chlorine was something like I to 288. Iodine was present to the extent of only some 0.038 mgs. per litre. Mr. Cameron described the rather complex process of working up the mother liquor from salt pans for potash and bromine. Bromine he said was now the more important owing to the enormous growth of the photographic and allied industries. The output of potash and bromine was of course governed by the demand for salt and as the demand for bromine was now greater than the supply from these sources it was being produced in factory ships directly from sea-water by electrolysis and then by extraction with solvents.It was interesting to learn that chlorine was being prepared on ship-board by small electrolytic plants for sanitary purposes. Seaweed had for long been regarded by man as of value. It could be used as food for human beings or animals and as a source of cellulose and alcohol. A great number of substances could be obtained from it by destructive distillation and the ash was a source of potash and iodine. An enormous number of uses had been suggested for seaweed and the patent literature teemed with references to it. This was largely due to its being cast up by the sea as a gift of nature. Owing to its high moisture content however it could stand little in the way of transport charges till it had been air-dried.It had been used as food but the high percentage of ash (22-35 per cent. on the dry weed) -largely soluble salts-precluded its use in any way as a staple. I t had been used as an ingredient of cattle foods in time of shortage and processes for removing a proportion of the soluble salts had been patented. As a manure it had long been used air-dry weed contained 0.5 to 2-7 per cent. nitrogen and 2.5 to 8.9 per cent. potash. The use of seaweed for paper making could be mentioned and for the production of alcohol processes resembling that of the treatment of sawdust had been used; while if a sulphiteprocess of cellulose production could be made use of the waste liquor would be a source of alcohol in a similar manner to that from the wood-pulp industry.Seaweed as a source of alcohol seemed certainly worthy of attention. Stanford who had erected a plant a t Loch Eport in the island of N. Uist (Outer Hebrides) in the sixties of last century 234 was the pioneer in the destructive distillation of sea-weed. The process was[ hot dissimilar to that of wood distillation and from the char potash salts and iodides could be obtained in greater yield than from the ash of naturally burnt weed. At the present time the process was in operation on the Pacific coast of North America particularly in California and in Alaska where the works were combined with plant for treating fish waste. These works appeared to be carried on successfully but the weeds used by them contained a much higher percentage of potash-from 12 per cent.to as much as 32 per cent. of the dry weed-than did those found on our own coasts. A fair proportion of the salts also could be obtained by simply shaking the dry weed. The weed was ashed a t a low temperature in producers and the gas was used as fuel. Besides the potash and iodine such products as vegetable creosote methyl alcohol and acetone were obtained. King had recently carried out some very important work on the problem for the Fuel Research Board. He subjected the weed to destructive low temperature distillation and obtained from one ton of dry weed:- Solid residue (charcoal) . . . 8.18 cwts. Tar . . 22.4 galls. Liquor (from which could be obtained 33 lbs.of ammonium sulphate) . . 48.4 , And gas 3857 cu. ft. . . . . 14-7 thenns. (Fuel Research Board Tech. Pafier No. 9.) The gas represented about two-thirds of the total yield; that evolved during the early stages of the carbonisation and con- taining 73.5 per cent. CO, being run to waste. The charcoal consisted of 35.74 per cent. carbon and 64.26 per cent. ash and from the ash potash salts and iodine were obtained. The iodine amounted to about 0.5 per cent. of NaI of the dry weed. It was doubtful if the combustible gases evolved could be made to supply the whole of the thermal requirements of the process unless a fairly dry weed could be obtained and it was difficult to air-dry weed to less than 15 per cent.moisture. It was to be hoped that more work would be done on the process as even if such an industry could be made to pay its way and no more than that it would afford employment in J J 236 some districts of the West of Scotland and Ireland that were backward economically. The production of kelp (which term in Scotland was confined to the ash of the naturally burnt weed) had long been carried on and it was satisfactory to know that this ancient Scottish in- dustry was still alive. About 20 tons of wet weed were required to produce one ton of kelp. A ton of kelp would yield:- 5 cwts. potassium chloride. sulphate. 34 , kelp salt (sodium salts). , g& , kelp waste (insoluble matter from lixiviation). Some 20 lb. of sodium iodide were obtained.The laboratory yield of iodide was much higher and Hendrick who had carried out a good deal of work on the matter had shown that the loss was due to the formation of a glass from the sand which clung to the weed. This rendered some potash insoluble and volatilised some iodine. It was important that cut or drift weed be protected from rain as soluble salts were washed out of dead weed. It was hardly necessary to refer to the utilisation of the animal life of the ocean fishing had been one of the principal occupations of mankind from before the dawn of history. A discussion of that would be outside the scope of the paper. Mr. G. F. Merson in opening the discussion and proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Cameron said that he welcomed the paper because although dealing with relatively simple chemical problems it stimulated the imagination and encouraged a general interest in the applied chemistry of the life of the world.Mr. J. Sandilands in seconding mentioned the difficulty of extracting gold from graphitic or carbonaceous residues. Dr. Lauder discussed the practicability of schemes for the utilisation of the resources of Scottish sea-waters. He considered that compared with more southerly waters the conditions were unfavourable for the profitable harvesting and treatment of sea-weed on a large scale and that the best that could be done would be to provide with Government assistance occasional occupation for the straitened inhabitants of remote districts during times of acute depression.He further referred to a paper which Professor Hendrick had read to the Society some years ago upon kelp burning in Scotland. 236 Mr. J. A. Watson recalled his experience as a student under Professor Armstrong when in the early stages of his training he boiled down huge quantities of sea-water for the examination of the products. He produced for exhibit a specimen of a rubber sheeting material largely composed of sea-weed. Dr. Kermack referred to the work of Northrup upon inorganic models of membranes designed to adsorb specific ions as for example iodine and discussed the possibility of effecting the extraction of gold from the sea in this manner. In humorous vein he indicated the possible results upon the gold standard and the economics of the world.The potentialities of the energy at present latent in the sea also interested him. Mr. G. E. Dodds asked if Mr. Cameron could say anything about the absorption of arsenic by Irish Moss which was of importance in connection with food supplies but had unfortu- nately the power of picking up from the sea the one element to be avoided. Principal J. C. Smail in expressing his pleasure at attending the meeting asked for an explanation of the idea that the absorption of iodine by the body during bathing in the sea varied according to the time of day. He also asked for information regarding the action of hot sea-water upon rubber having in mind the use of non-corrosive materials in turbine generators employing sea-water cooling.Major Bruce discussed the use of sea-weeds as raw material for adhesives the results obtained were less satisfactory than might have been expected. Mr. McCartney asked for details of the state of combination of iodine in sea-weed referring also to known compounds con- taining iodine such as coral. Mr. Cameron in reply concurred with several of the speakers in the opinion that many of the processes which had been dis- cussed were at present relatively unprofitable but suggested that there was room for further investigation and development. With regard to the energy question he had information con- cerning low pressure turbines designed to work by utilising the heat differences between the surface and the depth of the ocean especially in warmer latitudes.The arsenic absorbed by Irish Moss he thought must be essential to the life of the plant. The suggested explanation of varying iodine absorption by the body in bathing was that surface oxidation might result by the action of strong sunlight so that the iodide normally present 237 became partly changed to iodate. The iodine in sea-weed was undoubtedly in organic combination but this appeared to be of a loose nature since iodide was readily formed in the cut weed on standing. Hence it was essential to guard against the loss of the iodine after harvesting the weed. The programme for the Section for 1929-30 includes six meetings for the winter months to be held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and a special summer meeting at which Professor James Kendall will address a representative gathering from the whole of Scotland.The Honorary Secretary will be pleased to hear from any member or registered student of the Section who has not received a copy of the programme. The subjects chosen by the various speakers show promise of a very successful and interesting session. On 14th November Mr. D. Stuart will speak on “Modern Develop- ments in the Petroleum Industry”; on 11th December Mr. J. Adam Watson on “The Industrial Minerals of Scotland”; on 16th January 1930 an “Open Meeting will be held for short papers on recent advances; new apparatus etc.”; on 17th February Professor H. A. Clark will read a paper on “Drugs Manufactured by the Body” ; on 18th March Professor Sydney A.Smith will read a paper on “ Poisoning and Disease in Industry ” ; and on 24th May Professor Kendall will discuss “ Chemistry in Naval Warfare.’’ The annual general meeting of the Local Section of the Institute will be held on 17th February. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Ramsay Chemical dinner will be held in the Grosvenor Restaurant Glasgow on Tuesday 10th December. Information and tickets will be obtainable in due course from Mr. A. R. Jamieson Honorary Assistant Secretary of the Section City Analyst’s Laboratories 20 Trongate Glasgow. Leeds Area.-The Leeds Area Section has arranged a joint programme with the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. On 21st October Professor R. W. Whytlaw Gray will give a paper on “Phenomena associated with finely divided particles in air.” On 11th November the annual general meeting of the Leeds Area Section of the Institute will be held followed by a discussion on the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act to be opened by Mr.H. Trefor Jones and Mr. J. S. Willcox. The Chemists’ Dinner will be held on 5th December. Professor 238 M. J. Stewart will read a paper on “Asbestosis and Silicosis” at a joint meeting to be held on 16th December and Dr. F. A. Mason a paper entitled ‘ I Decay of Material by Bacterial Growth” on 27th January 1930. Jointly with the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society the Section will arrange a further meeting on the 4th February and other meetings will be held on 24th February and 24th March the latter being the annual general meeting of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which will be followed by a discussion on “The Fundamentals of Lubrication ” to be opened by Dr.N. K. Adam. Liverpool and North-Western.-The nintieth ordinary meeting was held on 10th October,-Dr. Richard Thomas in the chair. The chairman read a paper entitled b b The Soap Industry-an Historical Review.” He said that the origin of soap as a commercial product was wrapt in much obscurity doubtless due to the facts-firstly that it has been known for at least 25 centuries; secondly the word soap or “sope,” was used rather loosely for cleansing agents generally; and finally soap as a commercial product declined temporarily after the fall of Rome as a world power.The barbarians who vanquished Rome had no use for the niceties of life and consequently the baths of Rome fell into disuse. Dr. Thomas hazarded a guess that possibly the barbarians used the baths to store coal! From this period until the fifteenth century soap disappeared from general use. Dr. Thomas read some interesting extracts from two books published in the early part of last century to which he thus directed attention :- A Treatise on Soap Making author unnamed published in Edinburgh in 1807 and The Most Recent Discoveries in the Art of Manufacturing Soap by Phillip Kurten (proprietor of a Soap Candle and Perfumery Works at Cologne) published in 1852. The word “sope” is mentioned twice in the Old Testament,- (a) Jer.ii. 22:-(‘For though thou wash thee with nitre and take thee much sope yet thine iniquity is marked before me.” (Biblical authorities date Jeremiah about 629 B.c.) (b) Mal. iii. 2 239 “Who shall stand when He appeareth for He is like a refiner’s fire and like fuller’s sope?” “Nitre” is a corruption of natron and not an ingredient of gunpowder and the Hebrew word which has been translated as “sope” is a generic term for cleansing agents. The material referred to was probably the alkaline lye of a plant or the juice of soap nuts-saponin used by woollen dyers. The first authentic mention of true soap i.e. a product of the reaction of fat and alkali is made by Pliny the elder who describes a remedy for tumors made from ash and oil and a soap made from goats’ tallow and beech ash.He also mentions a hard and soft soap and ascribes the invention to the Gauls. This latter statement is contested by later authorities who suggest that the Gauls obtained it from the Phoenicians who first made it in 600 B.C. As Pliny died in the year 97 A.D. we may infer that soap was used by the Romans a t least two or three centuries before Christ and that its use was introduced to them by the Gauls. To the Romans we owe our first real knowledge of soap. During the excavations of Pompeii there was discovered a completely equipped soap factory; furnaces implements kettles and moulds and also bars of soap made on the day that Pompeii was buried in lava! The Germans were acquainted with a process of soap-making in the seventh century.Not however until the tenth ckntury was the manufacture re-established on a commercial scale a t Marseilles. This city had abundant sea-weed supplies and stood in the centre of the olive region. As the alkali obtained from burning sea-weed is mainly potash the Marseilles soap was a soft olive oil-soap. Later other oils such as pea-nut and poppy oil were used in conjunction with olive oil particularly for making soda soap. In England little progress was made until the end of the sixteenth century although a factory existed in Ireland in 1488- Rathborne-now an associated company of Messrs. Lever Bros. In the Tudor period the dyer was more in demand than the washerwoman. Nightdresses for example when worn at all were of velvet or coloured silk and were never washed.Under Charles 11 a soapmakers’ guild was formed in London to compete with the French soap-makers who had practically a world monopoly although soap had been made at Bristol since the beginning of the sixteenth century. 240 Fuller in his “Worthies of England 1662,” says “ I behold Bristol as the staple place thereof (i.e. gray sope) where alone it was anciently made. It is not above 150 years by the confession of the Chronicler of that City since the first sope was boyled in London. Before which time the land was generally supplied with Castile from Spain and ‘gray sope’ from Bristol. Yea after that London meddled with the market thereof; Bristol sope notwithstanding the portage was found much cheaper.” In 1624 Charles I granted a Monopoly to the London Soap- Makers thus giving Bristol a serious setback.A few years later Bristol was granted the privilege of making 12 tons a week- a small proportion of their normal output. This had to be sold at 3Qd. per pound and A4 per ton paid to the Crown. Soap regulations again appeared in the Excise Acts of Queen Anne’s reign between 1701 and 1710. These remained in force up to the middle of last century the duty being 3d. per lb. until 1831 when it was reduced to IBd. per lb. and finally in 1853 the duty was abolished by Gladstone. The revenue from soap- duty was then EI,OOO,OOO per annum. The life of a soap-maker in the early eighteenth century was anything but a happy one nevertheless two firms were established -Christopher Thomas & Bros.Bristol 1745 and T. B. Rowe & Co. Brentford 1785. Merseyside soap industry dates from 1814-5 when Crosfield at Warrington and Gossage at Widnes commenced manufacture. The whole industry received a great impetus from Leblanc’s Soda Process 1790 and Chevreul’s work on fat hydrolysis 1823. Muspratt in 1814 established the Leblanc process on a com- mercial basis in England and Chevreul’s researches transformed soap-making from empirical guess-work into a scientific process. Britain is to-day the premier soap-exporting country of the world a position she still retains having exported 82,000 tons in 1928-a figure which is three times that of her nearest rival the United States of America.Although discovered in 1813 little was done for 70 years with the glycerine from soap. The small demand for glycerine was met by the candle makers and this demand was not increased until in the seventies of the last century a demand for it arose in connection with the manufacture of nitroglycerine. Port Sunlight established in 1889 has always had a glycerine recovery process and Crosfields had one in operation prior to this date Lewkowitsch states that it dates from the middle City Laboratories Liverpool. 241 eighties. The most probable date of commencement of recovery is 1886 associated with Domayer who installed several works in England. In France it was first recovered from soap lye in 1890 and in Germany still later. Dr. Thomas proceeded to give a brief outline of modern methods touching upon the important stimulus afforded the industry by the hydrogenation of fats.In according a vote of thanks to Dr. Thomas the Section expressed a desire that he should on a future occasion deal fully with the modern aspect of soap manufacture. The Section accepted the resignation of Mr. H. E. Monk the hon. secretary with great regret. A vote of thanks for his services was passed on the motion of Professor C. 0. Bannister and seconded by Mr. E. Gabriel Jones. Mr. W. Ferguson Buist was elected hon. secretary in his place. Mr. E. H. Rideout will read a paper on “Smoke Damage and Agriculture ” at the next meeting,-on 14th November. The Section propose holding “a Hot-Pot Supper” in Decem- ber; details will be announced later.Members of the Section are reminded that a Soirde under the auspices of the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District will be held at the Central Technical School on Saturday 23rd November 6 to 10 p.m. (Tickets 2s.) Members who can contribute to the exhibits are requested to communicate with the Honorary Secretary or with Mr. E. Gabriel Jones London and South-Eastern Counties.-The annual general meeting of the Section will be held a t the Institute on Wednesday 20th November at 8 p.m. The programme for the present session will be announced shortly. Manchester and District.-The Section will hold its first meeting of the session on 1st November jointly with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society when Major F.A. Freeth will give an address on “ Industrial Research.” The Annual Dinner and Dance of the Section will be held on 5th December and will be preceded by an address by the Chairman Mr. W. D. Rogers. 242 South Wales.-On 8th November at a joint meeting of the South Wales Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at Thomas’ Caf6 Swansea Mr. H. J. Hodsman Honorary Secretary of the Leeds Area Section will read a paper on “Smokeless Fuels and How they Burn.” The eleventh annual general meeting of the Section will be held on Friday the 29th November and will be followed by a dinner to which guests may be invited.243 0 - 1 September Examinations 1929. No. No. Examined. Passed. 21st September . . 23* 12 6 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the number of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- For the Associateship- At the Institute General Chemistry 16th- For the Fellowship- At the Institute Branch E. The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water 23rd-28th September At the University Reading Branch F. Agri- cultural Chemistry 30th September-4th 1 1 1 1 October . . . . Artificial Silk At the Institute Branch G. Industrial Chemistry 23rd-27th September Textiles with special reference to Coal Tar Technology .. 1 1 Low Temperature Carbonisation At the Institute and in the Laboratory of Mr. William Bacon Branch G. In- to the Technology of Paper Making . . dustrial Chemistry with special reference . . . . In the Laboratories of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company 12th-15th August Special Examination in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Pro- ducts . . 15 1 1 1 - 1 - 44 examination and is not included in the above return. - 23 * One candidate failed only in the translation of French technical One candidate passed in French and German translation literature. thereby completing his examination. One candidate withdrew from the EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The answers to the written quesfjms were in m y CZPS somewhi matidaciory 244 Many of the candidates avoided the question dealing with cata- lysis and the questions involving physico-chemical problems were attempted in a superficial manner. With one or two exceptions candidates did not understand the meaning of the term “additive properties” and answered the question as if it related to addition compounds. Where descriptive answers were called for these were given fairly well but the underlying principles did not seem to be sufficiently understood. It is again necessary to point out that much of the effectiveness of an answer is lost by diffuseness. In the practical work the qualitative portion was generally performed adequately.Many candidates did not detect titanium and only a few ascertained that an acid phosphate was present in the mixture. On the whole the quantitative work was well done having regard to examination conditions. Many of the candidates however experienced some difficulty in directly determining the proportion of acid phosphate present. This was unexpected seeing that most of the candidates showed knowledge in dealing with the quantitative work. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY .-The compulsory question which was a calculation proved to be a stumbling block to the majority of the candidates but answers to the remainder of the questions reached a satisfactory standard. It was remarkable to note the great similarity of answers from candidates from different centres,-probably as a result of the study of the same text- books.On the whole the answers in Organic Chemistry were of a higher standard than that attained in the Inorganic section of the examination. This applies even more to the practical work which on the whole was well done. The accuracy of the candidates’ volumetric and gravimetric work was gratifying but the identification exercise disclosed a less satisfactory state of affairs. Very few of the candidates had an adequate know- ledge of the methods available for the preparation of derivatives of aromatic amines acids or phenols. TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL FRENCH AND GERMAN.-The language tests seemed to have presented little difficulty although the composition of the resulting English translations left some- thing to be desired.245 EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. BRANCH E.-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY) OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OF WATER.-The answers to the written papers were on the whole fairly good although some of the candidates do not seem to keep themselves in touch with matters recently reported in the scientific journals. In the first day’s practical work many of the candidates failed to recognise the fact that potassium bicarbonate had been substituted for sodium bicarbonate. In the examination of the baking powder on the third day several of the candidates failed to recognise the presence of magnesium carbonate in the sample. On the fourth day several candidates failed to detect the presence of iso-propyl alcohol instead of ethyl alcohol.The above results show that candidates should be more careful in making a preliminary qualitative examination of the samples submitted to them. I t is necessary to emphasise again that candidates presenting themselves for this examination should be well prepared in interpreting their results and in drawing up correct Certificates for use under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts; several candidates were sadly lacking in this respect. THERAPEUTICS PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-h general there was an improvement in this part of the work compared with the last examination especially with regard to the knowledge of drugs and their action. BRANCH G.-INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.-A~~ the candidates showed a satisfactory knowledge of general chemical technology and the successful candidates showed that they possessed con- siderable knowledge and experience of their own special subjects.PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry f or the Associateship. Bell James Alfred Royal Technical College Salford. Chirnside Ralph Clark Rutherford Technical College; and Chelsea Polytechnic. Ellenberg William Chelsea Polytechnic. Elwes Eric Vincent Central Technical School Liverpool; and the Tech- nical College Leeds. Jones John Mather Birkbeck College London. Nutter Arnold A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Rattray Edwin John Thomas Royal Technical College Salford; and Central Technical School Liverpool. Robinson Edmund Brodie B.Sc.(Lond.) University College Nottingham. 246 Savidge Leslie Noel College of Technology Manchester. Schofield Harry Fryer A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Weston Bernard Allan West Ham Municipal College; and Birkbeck College London. Winstanley Arthur A.M.C.T. College of Technology Manchester. Examination for the Fellowship. In Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Bunce Edwin Herbert. Elvidge Wilfred Farrand B.Sc. (Lond.). Stern Isaac B.Sc. (Lond.). Warren William B.Sc. (Lond.). Williams Hugh Amphlett A.C.G.F.C. Wood Robinson Pearson M.Sc. (Dun.). In Branch G Industrial Chemistry. Charap Myer Martin B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor Henry Frankland. Wilshere Lawrence Arthur A.C.G.F.C. Special Examination in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Products.Maung Maung B.Sc. (Calcutta) A.R.C.S. The following Fellow passed an Examination in Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Jones Daniel Evans M.Sc. (Wales). Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 16th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the constitution and properties of a t least two complex compounds employed in analytical chcmistry and furnish details of their preparation and use in analysis. 2. What do you understand by additive properties of a compound? How are such properties related to the chemical constitution of compounds ? 3. Write an essay on one of the two following subjects ( a ) hetero- geneous catalysis illustrating your answer by two examples of catalytic action; ( b ) periodic classification of the elements.4. Which oxygen compounds of the halogens are known? What constitution may be assigned to them and to what extent is this connected with the valencies of the halogens? 5. Give an account of the preparation and properties of pure hydrogen peroxide. What means are adopted to stabilise pure solutions of hydrogen peroxide and to obtain hydrogen peroxide in a concentrated form for industrial use ? 6. Describe the methods you would use for the determination of the halogens C1 Br I when each is present in a mixture of the three (1) in substantial proportion and (2) when any two are present in very small proportion compared with the third.(SIX questions only to be attempted.) 247 2 to 5 p.m. 1. The inert gases are stated to possess zero valency. Discuss this with reference to their electronic configurations in relation to the alkali- metals and halogens. Is there any evidence for the existence of com- pounds of inert gases and metals? 2. Describe the preparation and properties of silane and siloxanes and compare them with the analogous compounds of carbon particularly as regards stability. 3. What is the physical basis of the principle of liquefaction of air ? How are oxygen nitrogen argon and neon prepared on the industrial scale from air and what impurities would you expect in each of the in- dustrial gases ? How would you proceed to obtain pure oxygen nitrogen and argon from these gases as supplied industrially ? Give a description of the methods available for the preparation and stabilisation of solutions of colloids.Discuss briefly the action of TUESDAY 17th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer question 6 and FOUR other questions.) 1. Give an account of the use of catalytic methods in the prepara- tion of organic compounds. 2. What are the synthetic methods associated with the names of Wurtz Friedel and Crafts Reformatzky and Perkin? Give a detailed account of an application of one of them. 3. Describe the chemistry of the derivatives of carbonic acid. What relations exist between formic and oxalic acids ? 4. Construct a scheme illustrating the formation of the more im- portant derivatives of naphthalene obtainable in one or two stages from the hydrocarbon.Give two methods by which naphthalene or one of its derivatives has been synthesised. 5. Compare and contrast the properties of pyrrole with those of phenol of thiophene with those of benzene and of furfuraldehyde with those of benzaldehyde. 6. An acid derived from p-xylene (CH,.C,H,.CH,) gave the following results on analysis 3.240 mg. gave 8.030 mg. CO and 2.860 mg. H,O. When treated with bromine it was converted into a bromo-derivative containing 36.2 per cent. of bromine and this when digested with alcoholic potash yielded an acid which gave the following results on analysis 3.400 mg. gave 8.552 mg. CO and 2.618 mg. H,O. What can you deduce from these results? 4. ‘protective ” colloids.5. How does platinum occur in nature ? What are the methods for separating it in a pure state from the other rare metals with which it is found? State the equation expressing the potential between a metal and a solution of its ions in water. Explain either ( a ) how it is derived or ( b ) how it is used in practice. 7. Enunciate the first law of thermodynamics. Given the latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid a t a certain temperature show how to apply the law to calculate the change in the energy of a system on evapora- tion of a definite quantity of liquid a t that temperature and a t any pressure. (For the purpose of calculation you may assume that the density of the liquid is nearly unity.) 248 WEDNESDAY 18th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Examine the organic acid (A) and describe its physical properties. Determine the equivalent ( a ) by titration and ( b ) by the preparation and decomposition of the silver salt. (A=succinic acid.) THURSDAY 19th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Separate and identify the two components of the mixture (B). Submit specimens of any pure derivatives obtained in the course of your work. (B = o-toluidine+p-cresol ; or p-toluidine+ o-cresol; or aniline+ /3-naphthol; or diphenylaminef benzoic acid.) 1. Report on (C). (Potassium titanium-fluoride + sodium fluoride; FRIDAY and SATURDAY 20th and 21st SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. each day. or potassium titanium-fluoride + ammonium fluoride.) 2 . (D) is a mixture of two closely related salts which are to be iden- tified (D =microcosmic salt+ sodium dihydrogen phosphate.) (These exercises must be finished by 2 p.m.on Friday.) 3. Determine all the acids and basic radicals in (D). From the results calculate the proportions of the two salts present. (Water need not be determined.) (This exercise may be completed on Saturday.) Examination for the Fellowship. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. What are the provisions of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928 dealing with ( a ) the taking division and disposal of samples. ( b ) the certificate of the Public Analyst? 2. What are meant by the refractive index and the critical angle of a liquid? How are these related to one another? Describe briefly one form of refractometer with which you are acquainted.3. What structures would you search for microscopically to ascertain whether a given vegetable powder is derived from a leaf a seed or a bark? Illustrate your answer with rough sketches. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe the methods available for the enumeration and measure- ment of minute bodies by means of the microscope. 5. Enumerate the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia which contain opium. Give dose composition and strength. 6. Give an account of the symptoms displayed in a case of poisoning by potassium cyanide. What tests would you rely on to identify hydrogen cyanide in distillates from viscera? 2 to 5 p.m.1. Give a brief account of the sterols. What recent work has revealed their importance as constituents of food ? 249 2. Give a short account of the manufacture of vinegar. What constituents would you determine in order to ascertain the nature of the sample? Show how you would interpret the figures obtained. 3. How would you determine one of the following:- (i) A small amount of KI in iodised table salt. (ii) Saccharin in beer. (iii) Alcohol in the urine from an intoxicated person? 4. What is meant by the biochemical oxygen equivalent of a sewage effluent? Describe in detail how you would determine this equivalent. 5. What special legal enactments deal with the following grape juice dried milk Grade A milk a carbolic disinfectant and margarine? TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. The medicine (A) is supposed to have been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :- Sodii salicylas . . 160grs. Xodii bicarb. Aq. ad. . . . . 8 fluid ounces. Ext. glycyrrh. liq. prescription.) . . 160 , . . 48 m. Analyse the medicine and report on the form provided. (Potassium substituted for sodium bicarbonate ; quantities not in accordance with WEDNESDAY 25th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse as fully as possible and report on the sample of malt vinegar (B). Draw up a certificate under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act 1928. (Malt vinegar with addition of dilute acetic acid and con- taining either lead or copper.) FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. The sample (D) was purchased as “Tincture of Iodine”. AnaPyse and report on the same. (Contained ;so-propyl instead of ethyl alcohol; the I and KI were not in correct proportion.) From a microscopic examination report on the genuineness of the following samples :- (a) Powdered cinnamon bark (genuine). ( b ) Pepper ( + rice flour and cayenne). (c) Whole meal flour (containing coflee parchment and mites). ( d ) Ground ginger (exhausted). THURSDAY 26th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse the sample of baking powder (C) and write an official certi- ficate on the form provided. (A deteriorated sample.) 2. Make rough sketches and comment on any abnormalities. SATURDAY 28th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1.The following prescription was handed to a pharmacist to dispense :- Aqua chlorof. ad 3viii. . Re Syrupus Eastonii 3; 3 i t.d.s. p.c. (3 i of Syrupus Eastonii contains 8 grains of anhydrous ferrous phosphate 6.66 grains of quinine sulphate and 0.25 grains of strychnine + syrup). Examine the medicine in order to ascertain whether it has been correctly dispensed. (Strychnine absent.) 250 2. Examine microscopically the urinary deposit and report on its nature. 3. Examine the sample of sodium bicarbonate in order to ascertain whether it passes the standard laid down by the British Pharmacopoeia for purity. (The arsenic limit test may be omitted.) (Contained Na,CO,). Branch F . Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 30th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.(FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe and discuss any modern system of soil classification. Describe (a) a chemical method and ( b ) a biological method for the determination of the availability of the phosphorus and potash of the soil. Criticise the methods. 2. 3. A case of crop failure has been reported to you. Assuming that this failure cannot be accounted for by climatic conditions describe how you would proceed to diagnose the cause or causes of the failure on the soil area in question. 4. What insolubIe phosphates are used as fertilisers? What deter- minations would you carry out in the laboratory before deciding on the value of a sample? On what soils and under what climatic conditions would you expect these substances to be most effective ? 5.Discuss the secondary changes which are liable to occur in soils as a result of the application of some of the more common artificial ferti- lisers. 6. What evidence is there for the idea that plants may excrete sub- stances which are toxic to other plants? Describe any work you know which bears on this point. 7. Write short notes on the use of the following substances as fertilisers-(a) sewage sludges ( b ) leather waste (c) soot ( d ) common salt and ( e ) shoddy. 4. MONDAY 30th September 1929 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss and criticise the conventional methods for the estima- tion of protein oil and carbohydrates in feeding stuffs. Experimental details need not be given.2. write a short essay on the significance of the mineral ingredients of rations in animal nutrition. 3. What is the relationship between the gross metabolisable and net available energy of a feeding stuff ? Give a general description of the methods by which any two of these are determined. What connection has been established between the irradiation of animals by ultra-violet light and the vitamins? Under what circum- stances do you consider that the question of vitamin supply becomes of practical importance in ordinary farm practice ? 5. Write short notes on the following feeding stuffs indicating what special value is attributed to each and what precautions may in some cwes be necessary :-cod liver oil cane molasses beet molasses whey fish meal brewers’ grains and dried yeast.25 1 6. The digestibility of a new concentrated feeding stuff is to be determined. Describe how you would carry this out. 7. Write short notes on the preparation composition and use of the following insecticides or fungicides :-Bordeaux mixture lead arsenate tar distillate washes and lime sulphur. TUESDAY 1st OCTOBER to FRIDAY 4th OCTOBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Of the questions 1 and 2 one must be completed by noon on Wednesday and the other by noon on Thursday). 1. The fertiliser A is stated to contain nitrate as well as nitrogen in other forms. Determine the percentage of nitrogen present in each form. 2. Carry out a complete analysis of the feeding stuff B. 3. Determine the lime requirement and exchangeable calcium of 4.Examine the substance D qualitatively and determine its most 5. Examine microscopically the feeding stuff E and report on its the soil C. important constituent. constituents. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. The following paper was given to all Candidates taking Branch Q.- Industrial Chemistry. (Answer any FOUR but not more than FOUR questions.) 1. What substances can be used as fuel for power production or for carrying out processes in chemical works? Discuss the conditions or requirements that would lead you to choose one or other of these forms of fuel for use in any particular case. Illustrate your answer by reference to some process known to you. 2. What advantages do continuous processes of chemical manu- facture offer over intermittent processes ? Indicate by reference to particular processes the characters or conditions which may make it possible or impracticable to conduct a process continuously.3. In what ways are liquids and gases conveyed from one place to another in a process? What general conditions have to be taken into account in designing plant for such a purpose and how is the flow of gas or liquid usually measured ? 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using fireclay or silica materials as compared with metal for retorts or similar high- temperature apparatus. Or Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using lead in a chemical works as compared with other acid-resisting materials. 5. Describe in outline the plant required for either (a) the separation of liquids from one another by fractional distillation or ( b ) the extraction of a pure substance from a mixture by means of ti solvent explaining in either case the rationale of the process.252 Industrial Chemistry with special reference to the Technology of Paper Making. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on p. 251. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 2 to 5 p.m. 1. In the preparation of coated papers casein or gelatine may be used as an adhesive for the pigment colour. Describe the essential requirements in such types of adhesive and give details of how you would carry out a complete chemical analysis of each. 2. Define the iso-electric point of gelatine and give the value. What effect has .a varying value of pH adjusted by the addition of alum upon gelatine more especially with regard to its viscosity and melting point in the sizing of papers by the tub-sizing process? 3.Describe the various methods which can be used for the isolation of (a) cellulose from ligno-celluloses ( b ) lignin from ligno-celluloses. What reactions are involved in each case and which of them are of technical importance ? 4. Define “Breaking Length” and give what you consider an ideal “furnish” for a tub-sized paper suitable for permanent records. State your reason for adopting such a type of furnish. 5. Given a dry pulp state what you would consider the important points to determine in the evaluation of such a basic product in the manufacture of a high grade paper.6. Write a short account of recent work in the application of micro- biological reactions t o the manufacture of industrial compounds from hemi -celluloses and cellulose. 7 . Outline the modern conception of the mechanism of rosin sizing. Discuss the methods that have been proposed for determining the degree of sizing of a paper stating which you prefer and why. TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. You are given a raw material. Determine its suitability or otherwise for paper making and the class of paper for which the product is most suitable. 2. Analyse the given sample of water and state if in your opinion it is suitable for the manufacture of “writings.” Determine the amount ,of chemicals required for 1000 gallons in softening for boiler feed purposes.3. Examine the sample of paper used for wrapping foods and state if in your opinion it would pass the desired requirements for purity. 4. Identify the fibres in the given mixture and determine the relative proportions of each. 5. Given a sample of newsprint determine the percentage of mechan- ical wood in the sample. (1) by a chemical method and (2) microscopically. 253 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry ; Textiles with special reference to Artificial Silk. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251). MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions to be selected.) 1. Why can the process of mercerising be regarded as involving chemical action? How has mercerising been utilised in (1) treating cotton fabrics and ( 2 ) in the manufacture of rayon? 2.Given the main raw materials coal common salt sulphur and wood-pulp explain how you would produce a rayon yarn from the same. Give greater details of manufacture where the necessary operations are specific to rayon manufacture. 3. Give an account of different methods of producing rayon filaments with decreased density and indicate the effect of such methods on the physical properties of the yarns produced from these filaments. 4. How would you treat an effluent from ( a ) a viscose spinning room and ( b ) from a cuprammonium rayon works? 5 . Describe the production and advantages of “ cuprammoniwn ” rayon yarns consisting of h e filaments (about 2 deniers).6 . Discuss the relative advantages of ordinary rayon yarn and staple fibre. Explain how staple fibre is made and used and explain the different effects you would expect when making and utilising staple fibre yarns made from viscose and cellulose acetate solutions respectively. 7 . Discuss the respective advantages of high tenacity (breaking strain) and high elasticity (elongation before breaking). Discuss the connection between these factors and the wearing properties of fabrics made from such yarns. Also discuss the relative effects of “dry” and “wet” strengths in practice on the use of different kinds of rayon yarns. 8. Discuss the practical utility of one of the enclosed patent specifi- cations and give reasons for your conclusions or else suggest methods which might be utilised to test out its value in practice.9. Why is a sulphite wood-pulp of high quality more useful in the manufacture of viscose rayon than in the case of nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate yarns ? TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the three samples of cellulose pulp and establish their respective values for the production of artificial silk utilising standard methods of analysis for this purpose. 2 . Obtain cross-sections of the samples of artificial silks and discuss their “covering power.” 3. Examine the sample of carbon disulphide and report on its suitability for the production of viscose solution for artificial silk manu- facture.254 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Low Temperature Carbonisation. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251) 2 to 5 p.m. (More than SIX questions need not be attempted.) 1. Explain what you understand by low temperature carbonisation. 2. The various processes of low temperature carbonisation may be classified under two or more headings; state clearly upon what con- sideration such classification is based and give examples of processes which you would include in each class. 3. What are the properties of the liquid products from low tempera- ture carbonisation of ordinary bituminous coal and how do they differ from the liquid products from gas works and coke ovens? 4.Describe fully with sketches any one process of low temperature carbonisation which has been worked on a commercial scale. 5. How would you examine a sample of coal to determine its suit- ability for low temperature carbonisation and the yield of semi-coke motor spirit tar and gas t o be expected? 6. Assuming the present annual consumption of motor spirit in the United Kingdom to be 800,000,000 gallons how much coal would have to be treated by the low temperature carbonisation process to produce this quantity of motor spirit? What uses other than as domestic fuel have been suggested for semi-coke? 7. Give some account of the present state of our knowledge of cracking and hydrogenating low temperature primary tar. 8. One of the chief difficulties in carrying out the process of low temperature carbonisation has been the.extraction of the coke from the retorts. What steps would you take to overcome the trouble? TUESDAY 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDAY 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of coal and report upon its suitability for low temperature carbonisation and the probable yields of products t o be got from it. 2. Make a proximate analysis of the sample of low temperature tar. Separate the tar acids (phenols) and make as complete an analysis as possible of them. 3. Examine the sample of low temperature coke and report on its quality. 9 4. Test the sample of low temperature motor spirit and determine as accurately as possible the percentage of:- Paraffin hydrocarbons.Unsaturated 9 9 Naphthene Aromatic Describe fully the experiments you make and say what degree of accuracy may be expected 255 Branch G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY 23rd SEPTEMBERy 1929 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. See paper on Industrial Chemistry (p. 251). 2 lo 5 p.m. (More than SIX questions need not be attempted.) 1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intermittent and continuous systems of distilling coal tar. 2. Make approximately dimensioned sketches of a battery of three 15-ton tar stills with all necessary accessories. 3. What effect has the change from horizontal to vertical retorts at the gas works had upon the quality of the gas works tar and the products obtained from it ? 4.Describe fully with sketches a modern fractionating column suitable for producing pure benzene orland pure toluene. 5. Give a concise but complete account of the processes employed to extract the phenols (tar acids) from coal tar distillates. 6. What are the uses to which coal tar creosote is put? Give speci- fications for the creosote for the various purposes you mention. 7 . To what special dangers are men employed in a tar works exposed and what precautions should be taken to reduce the risks to a minimum ? 8. Describe in full the process of producing pyridine (suitable for denaturing) from coal tar. TUESDA Y 24th SEPTEMBER to FRIDA Y 27th SEPTEMBER 1929 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1 .Examine the sample of pitch provided and report on its suit- ability for briquetting purposes. 2. Test the sample of crude benzole and report on the yields of pure benzene pure toluene and solvent naphtha to be expected on the large scale. 3. Estimate the naphthalene tar acids and tar bases in the sample of creosote given you. 4. Report on the quality of the sample of cresylic acid provided and say if you consider it suitable for the manufacture of formaldehyde con- densation products and if not why not. 5. Examine the sample of tar provided and state from the results of your tests by which process of carbonisation it has been obtained. Special Examination for the Fellowship in Refining and Testing of Petroleum and its Products. MONDAY 12th to FRIDAY 15th AUQUST 1929.First Paper, 2 hours allowed. (Select any THREE of the following questions.) 1. Write a brief account of recent work on the thermal decom- position of the normal parafhs. Give a sketch of the apparatus used in these investigations. 256 2. Write an essay (about 500 words) on the methods adopted for the removal of sulphur from motor spirit. What limit of sulphur is permitted in the American Federal Specification ? 3. “The method associated with the name of Edeleanu has become increasingly important in recent years.” Criticise this statement and give a brief description of the process. 4. What are the criteria demanded of the fuel for ( a ) Heavy Diesel Engines. (4 Light Diesel Engines? Write specifications for these two classes.Second Paper 2 hours allowed. (Select THREE of the following questions.) 1. Describe carefully the application of an absorbent clay in the refining of a lubricating oil. What laboratory tests would you apply to enable you to select a suitable clay for this purpose? 2. Give a diagram to illustrate the combination of a bubble tower with a pipe-still for the distillation and fractionation of a given crude. Compare the efficiency of this assembly with that of a system of shell 3. Describe the preparation and application of an emulsified bitumen 4. Give a brief account of methods proposed for the estimation of 5. Why has vapour phase cracking assumed importance in recent stills. for road surfacing. unsaturated hydrocarbons in a motor spirit.years? Describe any one system with which you are familiar. same material. Practical Examination. 1. Examine the given sample of petroleum bitumen and determine its chief physical constants. Estimate the content of solid paraffins. 2. Make an assay of the given crude oil. Determine the propor- tion of marketable commodities that can be obtained therefrom. To what group of crude oils would you assign this material? 3. Determine the aromatic hydrocarbons in the given sample of gasoline by any approved method. Find also the sulphur content of the 4. Report on the two samples of lubricating oils X and Y comparing them more particularly in terms of their resistance to oxidation. 257 Notes. Public Analysts.-In a case heard recently a discussion arose as to whether the certificate of a public analyst on which a prosecution is based is acceptable in court when the public analyst’s assistant has performed the actual analysis and the public analyst himself has interpreted the results and signed the certificate.The certificate related to a sample of milk and the assistant who did not possess the qualifications required by the Ministry of Health for the position of public analyst gave evidence that he had performed the analysis. For the defence it was contended that the analysis should be made by the public analyst himself. For the prosecution it was held that the assistant was qualified by experience to do the work and that the public analyst was satisfied that it was in order.The defendant admitted that the deficiency in the milk was accounted for by the fact that during the week in question the cows had been without cake; the milk returned to normal quality when the cows were again supplied with cake. The Magistrates dismissed the case. On this it may be noted that in Bell’s Sale of Food and Drugs Act (seventh edition 1gz3) a statement is made that the analyst need not make the analysis personally but may do so through his assistants. (BakewelZ v. Davis 1894 Q.V. 296.) Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware.-The Sub-Committees have held a number of meetings at the Institute during the year. No formal reports have been published lately but the recommendations of the sub-committees have been of assistance to the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation of its Test Pamphlets and generally to manufacturers of glass apparatus.The Committee is co- operating with the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee with the Analytical Chemists’ Committee of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and with the Standardisation of Analytical Methods Committees of the Society of Public Analysts. 258 The Physical Society and the Optical Society.- The twentieth Annual Exhibition of Electrical Optical and other Physical Apparatus is to be held by the Physical Society and the Optical Society on 7th 8th and gth January 1930 at the Imperial College of Science and Technology South Ken- sington London. The Exhibition will include a Trade Section a Research and Experimental Section and a section for the work of Appren- tices and Learners.The Research and Experimental Section will be arranged in three groups :-(a) Exhibits illustrating the results of recent physical research ; (b) Lecture experiments in Physics ; and (c) Historical exhibits in Physics. The Exhibition Committee invites offers from Research Laboratories and Institutions and from individual research workers of exhibits suitable for inclusion in any of the above three groups. No charge will be made for space or catalogue entries in the Research and Experimental Section. Offers of exhibits giving particulars of space and other facilities required should be communicated immediately-in any case not later than 30th October,-to the Secretary Exhibition Committee I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7.Australia.-On the 14th September a “ Centenary Conver- sazione ” was held by the Chemical Society of Western Australia a t the University of Perth. The programme included lectures on “A Hundred Years of Organic Chemistry,” “The Black Art of Egypt,” “ Middle Age Chemistry,” with exhibits illustrating the development of chemical apparatus ancient and modern pharmaceutical equipment the evolution of agricultural chemis- try the development of illumination and other subjects. The Institute participated by lending a selection of lantern slides illustrating alchemists chemists and early apparatus. Lecture.-On 8th October a t the College of Technology Leicester the Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “Alchemy in Art and Literature” before an open meeting of the Chemistry Section of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society.Miss C. H. Spencer presided and many Fellows and Associates of the Institute in the district were present. A vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the motion of Mr. F. C. Bullock seconded by Dr. L. Hunter supported by Mr. S. F. Burford. 25 9 Scholarships. “THE Year Book of the Universities of the Empire,” pub- lished by the Universities Bureau of the British Empire (50 Russell Square London W.C.I) is under revision for the 1930 edition. The publication which first appeared in 1914 condenses a great deal of the useful information which is to be found in University and College calendars into a book of reference of about 850 pages dealing with the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland of the Overseas Dominions and of India.It contains in addition to information regarding the scholarships attached to each University and College lists of University Scholarships and Fellowships and particulars of grants for research lists of professional schools of the Univerisites in which provision is made for specialised study and a list of centres of research outside the Universities with Appendices dealing with professions and careers for which university studies are a fitting preparation. Enquiries are fairly frequently received a t the Institute regarding the provision of scholarships and grants for advanced study and research.The Year Book referred to above affords a ready source of information for students and post-graduate workers who need such assistance. Particulars are given of Scholarships which however are in many cases open only to candidates who are studying or who have studied in certain Universities and Colleges but reference will also be found to the following :- Science Scholarships from funds administered by the Board of Education tenable a t the Imperial College of Science and Technology London. (Syllabus of Examination obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office Kingsway London W.C.Z. 3d.) Science Research Scholarships-value &oo to E250 p.a.- offered to Overseas Universities by the Royal Commission f o r the Exhibition of 1851 for British subjects under 26 years of age who have completed a full university course.Also five senior 260 Studentships each of 75400 per annum open to British subjects of not more than 40 years of age on recommendation receivable up to 1st May by professors and heads of departments through the executive authorities of such institutions as may be invited by the Commissioners to nominate candidates. (Offices I Lowther Gardens Exhibition Road London S.W.7.) Beit Fellowships for Scientific Research of f1250 per annum for two years tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London open to candidates under 25 years of age of European descent by both parents who have taken a degree in any university in the British Empire or any diploma or scholar- ship of any college approved by the Trustees.Elections adver- tised three months in advance are made annually in July. (En- quiries to be addressed to the Rector of the Imperial College.) The Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust administers a fund to assist necessitous students. (Particulars may be obtained from the Bursar of the Trust Percy Alden Esq. M.A. 32 Gordon Square London W.C.I.) Funds are administered by The Royal Society (Burlington House Piccadilly London W. I) including-The Moseley Research Studentship-&oo p.a.-for the furtherance of Experi- mental Research in Pathology Physics and Chemistry or other branches of science but not in Pure Mathematics Astronomy or any branch which aims merely at describing cataloguing and systematising ; The Mackinnon Research Studentship-+oo p.a.-is for furthering natural and physical science including geology and astronomy and for original research and investiga- tion in pathology; and the Sorby Research Fellowship-~600 p.a.-tenable ordinarily in the University of Sheffield. These are advertised from time to time. The Royal Society also awards Government grants for scientific investigations the conditions of which are notified annually in time for applications (from British subjects only) to be received by 31st March. The Trustees of the Ramsay Memorial Fellowships award from time to time Fellowships of the value normally of L300 a year for two years for chemical research which can be held in any university or other place in the United Kingdom possessing the requisite facilities or in exceptional circumstances in any other part of the British Empire.(Secretary C. 0. G. Douie Esq. University College Gower Street London W.C.1.) 261 The Johnston Chemical Scholarship and Prize of the value of E150 for one year tenable at Armstrong College Newcastle- upon-Tyne is awarded on results of an examination in chemistry with crystallography or mineralogy and is open to Bachelors of Science of any University of not more than three years’ standing from graduation who produce satisfactory evidence of previous training and ability to conduct original chemical investigation. The Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry offers Fellowships normally ~Z~O-.&JOO to chemists of graduate standing to enable them to undergo further special training for careers in chemical industry.(Particulars may be had from the Director of the Institute Salters’ Hall St. Swithin’s Lane London E.C.4.) Scholarships for the Fellowship of the British Empire Exhibition are provided to help research scholars from the Overseas Dominions to continue their investigations in the mother country. American University and College Scholarships for British Students include 20 Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (about E6oo each p.a.) tenable in one of the Institutions belonging to the Association of American Universities. Candidates must be unmarried and not over 30 years of age nominated by Universities in Great Britain and Ireland the final selections being made by a Committee of Award.(Offices of the Associa- tion 50 Russell Square London W.C.I.) The Department of Scientijc and Industrial Research awards grants to individual research workers on recommendations by individual professors and allowances to students for training in research in universities and colleges. (Particulars can be obtained from “Notes on the Grants to Research Workers and Students,” published by H.M. Stationery Office zd.) The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and Development Commission awards Research Scholarships (Lzoo p.a.) to assist promising students usually honours graduates in science to qualify as research workers. About 20 scholarships usually tenable for two years of the value of Ez50 per annum are offered for ( a ) agricultural research and (b) general agriculture the first being available to candidates with honours degrees in pure science.Part of the course is 262 taken at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad or other similar institution. (Particulars are obtainable from the Private Secretary Appointments Department Colonial Office 2 Richmond Terrace Whitehall S.W.I.) To the above may be added- The PedZer Research SchoZarship derived from the income of a legacy bequeathed to the Institute by the late Sir Alexander Pedler; value l300 a year. The Scholar is required to work on a problem or problems suggested by the Council of the Institute having regard to the need for its investigation in the public interest. The present scholar will continue to receive the award until June 1930 when the appointment of his successor will be under consideration.(Particulars obtainable from the Registrar 30 Russell Square London W.C.1.) 263 Obituary. JOHN ALFRED HARTLEY died at Snaith Yorks. on the 26th August in his 38th year. He studied chemistry at the University of Leeds from 1910 to 1914 graduating with first class honours. At the outbreak of war having been trained in the Officers’ Training Corps he volunteered for active service but being rejected on medical grounds became engaged in his father’s business Hartley’s Brewery Co. a t Cowick in the place of his brother who had immediately joined up. He devoted himself to brewing chemistry and biology and also worked for a time on antiseptics with Professor J.B. Cohen. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN junior died at Oxford on 17th September in his 70th year. The son of Sir William Henry Perkin the discoverer of mauve and founder of the coal-tar colour industry he was born at Sudbury Middlesex and educated at the City of London School. He studied chemistry a t the Royal College of Science London a t the Universities of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. and of Munich where he worked under Adolf von Baeyer. He continued a t Munich as Privat- Docent from 1883 to 1886 and then joined Professor Dixon at Owens College-now the University-Manchester for a year before he was ap- pointed Professor of Chemistry a t Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh.In 1892 he returned to Manchester and succeeded Schorlemmer as Professor of Organic Chemistry which position he held for twenty years In 1912 he succeeded Odling as Waynflete Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. From 1916 he assisted British Dyes Ltd. as Chairman of the Ad- visory Council on Research and in 1924 was appointed Director of Re- search and a Member of the Board of Directors of the Company. His main work however was continued at Oxford until the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1890; was awarded the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1900 the Davy Medal and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1904 and 1926 respectively and was President of the Chemical Society from 1913 to 1915.He served on the Council of the Royal Society in 1904-1905 and again in 1908-1910. He received the degrees of M.A. (Oxon); D.Sc. (Vict.) Sc.D. (Cantab.) and LL.D. (Edin. and St. Andrew’s) and was an honorary member of several foreign societies. His numerous papers chiefly published in the Journal of the Chemical Society dealt with organic compounds containing saturated ring systems alkaloids natural colouring matters and the structure of the terpenes. He was joint author with Professor F. Stanley Kipping and with Dr. Lean of well-known text-books. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 served as a Member of Council from 1901 to 1904 and as an Examiner from 1908 to 1912. At the memorial service held a t Magdalen College on 19th September the Institute was represented by Dr.F. D. Chattaway Member of Council and by the Registrar. 264 JOHN CHARLES PLATTS died at Hathersage Sheffield on 20th September in his 63rd year. He studied chemistry a t Firth College Sheffield under Professor W. Carleton Williams obtaining a Firth Ex- hibition in 1886. He continued a t the College as assistant to Professor Williams until 1899 when he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. John Brown & Co. Ltd. Atlas Steel and Iron Works Sheffield working with Mr. G. S. Packer. He was also for some years lecturer on chemistry and physics a t the Sheffield School of Pharmacy and teacher of chemistry a t the Rotherham School of Science and Art. In 1900 he was appointed Chief Chemist a t the Openshaw Works of Armstrong Whitworth & C o .Ltd. which position he held until 1915. In the following year he was ap- pointed Chief Chemist a t their Canadian Works at Longuenil Quebec ; but returned from Canada in 1921 after the Canadian plant closed down and again worked in the ,Openshaw Laboratory for a little over a year. From that time he was engaged with Messrs. Jonas and Colver and with Messrs. T. Firth & Sons Ltd. respectively until 1927 when he retired owing to ill-health. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894. 265 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV 1929 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute.“ Atoms At Home among the.” James Kendall. A First Book of Congenial Chemistry. Pp. xv+270. (London G. Bell & Sons Ltd.). 7s. 6d. A book for the lay reader dealing with the structure of matter in general and with the structure of the atom. ‘‘ Elementary Analytical Chemistry ” Qualitative and Quanti- tative. Frank Clowes and J . Bernard Coleman. Eleventh edition. Pp. xiii+z46. (London J. & A. Churchill.) 6s. Introduction to the principles and practice of qualitative and quant,ita- tive analysis ; first principles of analytical operations; dry tests etc. ; reactions for metals ; reactions for acid-radicles ; analytical course and tables ; volumetric analysis ; gravimetric analysis ; inorganic pre - parations ; organic compounds.“ Hydrogen Ions Their Determination and Importance in Pure and Industrial Chemistry.” H. T. S. Britton. Vol. I11 of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Pp. xiv +515. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 25s. Theory of electrometric methods and determinations ; hydrogen quinhydrone oxygen and air metal-metallic oxide and glass electrodes ; colorimetric methods ; fundamental importance of hydrogen ion con- centration in inorganic chemistry ; precipitation of hydroxides basic chromates borates carbonates and silicates; dependence on pA of reactions; importance of pB in the electrodeposition of metals and in leather sugar pulp and paper manufacture; in brewing baking water purification corrosion and sewage disposal; the significance of pH in milk; bearing of pa on fertility of soils; pH and ceramics; textile dye and miscellaneous industries.“Metallurgical Analysis Select Methods of.” W. A. Naish and J. E. Clennell. Pp. xii+4g5. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.). 30s. Qualitative analysis; commercial metals including aluminium copper lead nickel tin zinc; non-ferrous alloys; iron and steel; ores slags; metallurgical products ; refractory materials ; proximate analysis of coal ; electrometric titrations ; mineral analysis ; spectrographic methods ; tables the Examiners. Office 1929.) 5s. net. IS. 6d. net. 266 “ Photo-Processes in Gaseous and Liquid Systems.” R. A. Griffith and A. McKeown. 52 diagrams. Pp. viii+691. Text-books of Physical Chemistry Series. (London Longmans Green & Co.Ltd.). 25s. Introductory ; quantum theory and atomic structure ; excitation potentials absorption spectra of atoms life of the excited state; molecular spectra ; fluorescence ; chemiluminescence ; photochemical reactions; Einstein’s law and photochemical reaction mechanisms ; photosensitization ; photochemical catalysis and inhibition tempera- ture coefficients after-effects ; chemical effects of X-rays a-particles and electrons. The following books are missing from the Library of the Institute :- “ Catalytic Processes in Applied Chemistry.” T. P. Hilditch. “ British Pharmacopoeia 1g14,”-the property of one of Recent Government Publications include :- “Technical and Art Education and other forms of further Education (England and Wales) List of the more important Institutions recognised by the Board of Education 1927-28.(H.M. Stationery Office 1929). 4s net. Part I deals with University and Non-University Institutions for further Education; Part 11 with Art Schools; Part 111 with Technical Day Schools and Part IV with Junior Technical Schools giving particulars of the types of the courses and of the branches of study for which provision is made and other information. “Return relating to all Authorised Gas Undertakings in Great Britain for the year 1928. Part I Particulars relating to the Manufacture and Supply of Gas. (H.M. Stationery This return provides statistics regarding the materials of manufacture quantities of gas made and sold quantities of residuals number of consumers and lengths of gas mains for the years 1920 to 1928 and details relating to the manufacture and supply of gas by individual undertakings in Great Britain during 1928.“Report of the Government Chemist upon the Work of the Government Laboratory for the year ending 31st March 1929 with Appendices. (H.M. Stationery Office 1929.) The Report contains details of the work performed in the Laboratories a t Clement’s Inn Passage and at the Customs House. Work has been done for nearly all the Departments of the Home Government for the 267 High Commissioner for India the Crown Agents for the Colonies and for Overseas Dominions on a repayment basis. Laboratories are also maintained in the Geological Survey Museum and at the Supply Reserve Depdt at Deptford.Members of the staff are at present seconded for work in connection with the Ethyl Petrol Committee the Atmospheric Pollution Research Committee and for River Surveys carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The total number of samples examined in the year was 499,289,-an increase of 8,250 over the number for the previous year. Additional work has been given to the Laboratories in connection with the duties on betting hydrocarbon oils silk etc. and in connection with the recent preservatives regulations. Members of the staff have served on a large number of Committees of such bodies as the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts the British Engineering Standards Association the National Physical Laboratory and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and have published many original papers in scientific journals.Sewage and Sewage Effluents-Methods of Chemical Analysis.-In 1924 the Council was invited by the Ministry of Health to appoint representatives of the Institute to serve on a Committee appointed to consider methods of chemical analysis as applied to sewage and sewage effluents. Dr. George McGowan and Mr. S. Ernest Melling were nominated accordingly and attended a conference on the subject held at the Ministry of Health on 10th December in tHe same year. The actual preparation of the report of this Committee which has now been published (H.M. Stationery Office rgzg,2s. 6d. net) is principally the work of Dr. McGowan and in the prefatory note a statement appears that “it is doubtful whether it would have been possible to produce this document without his invaluable assistance for which the Minister is indebted to him.” The contents may be briefly summarised as follows:- Report ; general recommendations; expression of results of analysis ; sampling of sewages and effluents; preliminary notes on samples in the laboratory; methods of chemical analysis; analysis of sludges.Appendices. The Committee was composed of Dr. H. T. Calvert (Chairman) Dr. S. W. Wheaton Dr. J. A. Glover Mr. W. T. Burgess Mr. J. H. Garner Mr. E. Halliwell Sir Alexander Houston Dr. R. A. Lyster Dr. G. McGowan Mr. S. E. Melling Mr. J. A. Reddie Sir Robert Robertson Mr. F. Scudder and Mr. H. F. Stephenson. It will be noted that the Chairman and many members of the Committee are Fellows of the Institute and the work of several other Fellows is mentioned in the report.The Committee took as the groundwork of their report Part V of the Report of the Royal Commission on Sewage 268 Disposal 1904 and also had regard to a report of a Committee of the Association of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works relating to this subject. Many changes have been made in the old report and the Minister thinks that the present document will prove of signal service to those who are engaged in testing the purity of water and of effluents that it will contribute materially to more uni- formity and will in this way help to reduce the difficulty of the many problems which are involved in this matter.The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Dr. McGowan and Mr. Melling for their services in representing the Institute and it is very gratifying to the Council to know that the assistance rendered by them has been duly acknowledged. Canadian Journal of Research.-The National Research Council Canada is publishing a bi-monthly journal under the authority of the Privy Council on Scientific and Industrial Research 0 ttawa. No. z of Volume I was issued in July and contains articles on agricultural subjects portland cement etc. The annual sub- scription is 3 dollars p.a. single copies 60 cents. each. 269 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 18th October 1929 one new Fellow was elected 12 Associates were elected to the Fellowship 55 new Associates were elected and 29 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost one Fellow one Associate and one Student by death. New Fellow. MacMahon Professor Patrick Sarsfield M.Sc. (Manc.) Lucknow Univer- sity United Provinces India. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Charap Myer Martin B.Sc. (Lond.) 75 Grove Street Derby. Elvidge Wilfred Farrand B.Sc. (Lond.) 171 Harrington Drive Lenton No tt ingham . Frankenburg William Eric B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. c/o Sarawak Oilfields Ltd. Miri Sarawak. Hill John Whitelaw Naraguta (N) Tin Mines Ltd. P.O. Jos N. Nigeria via Lagos. Howes Herbert Stanley B.Sc. (Bris.) 61 Goldsmith Avenue Acton London W.3. Maung Maung B.Sc. (Calcutta) A.R.C.S. 4 Clyde Street Redcliffe Gardens London S.W.10.Muddiman Ernest Walter B.Sc. (Lond.) 45 Grantham Road Jesmond Newcastle -on-Tyne. Stern Isaac B.Sc. (Lond.) 120 Sidney Street Mile End London E.l. Taylor Henry Frankland 299 Eccles New Road Salford Lancs. Warren William B.Sc. (Lond.) 39 Poplar Road Sutton Surrey. Wilshere Lawrence Arthur A.C.G.F.C. 69 Maury Road London N. 16. Wood Robinson Pearson M.Sc. (Dun.) 71 Longford Road Chorlton-cum- Hardy Manchester. New Associates. Ahmad Bashir M.Sc. (Punjab) c/o Barclays Bank Ltd. 161 Euston Road London N.W.l. Allen Douglas Geoffrey Glenn B.A. (Cantab.) 40 Fortune Green Road West Hampstead London N.W. Balloch Alexander B.Sc. (Glas.) 64 Earlham Road Forest Gate London Bell James Alfred 10 Melville Road Stretford Manchester.E.7. Brooks John Joseph Ablett B.Sc. (Lond.) 47 Pendle Road Streatham London S.W.16. Brown Miss Annie Maude B.Sc. (Lond.) la Paynes Lane Coventry. Chalmers James Gowans B.Sc. (Glas.) Gowanlea High Inverkip Road Greenock. 270 Cheeseworth Henry Douglas M.Sc. (Birm.) 8 Chesterfield Road Lich- field Staffs. Chirnside Ralph Clark 26 Linden Avenue Wembley Hill Middlesex. Cole Reginald Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.) 55 The Quay Ely Cambs. Coles Harold Grange B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 41 St. Margaret’s Road Oxford. Dennis George Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) 49 St. Matthew Street Anlaby Road Hull. Dirnmick John B.Sc. (Lond.) 9 Thirsk Road Clapham Common London S.W.ll. Elwes Eric Vincent 28 Conville Boulevard Bebington Cheshire. Farmer Philip Arnold B.Sc.(Lond.) 7 Upper Park Fields Putney London S.W.15. Fore Thomas Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) 44 Rocklands Avenue Woodhey Rock Ferry Cheshire. Gane Richard M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds) c/o 19 Hillcrest View Shepherds Lane Leeds. Garrett Donald Clarence B.Sc. (Lond.) 6 Bavent Road Camberwell London S.E.5. Hamence Jack Hubert B.Sc. (Lond.) 18 Cranfield Road Brockley London S.E.4. Hargreaves Miss Louisa Mary B.Sc. (Lond.) 23 Greenholm Road Eltham London S.E.9. Houghton Gilbert Underwood B.Sc. (Lond.) 59 Beechhill Road Eltham London S.E.9. Housley Stanley B.Sc. (Birm.) 198 Thimblemill Road Smethwick Staffs. Howieson Miss Anne Robinson B.Sc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. 27 King Edward’s Road North Heaton Newcastle-on-Tyne. Jones John Mather 24 St. Loy’s Road Tottenham London N.17.Kane Noel Lindsay Ross B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) 77 Glebe Road Crookes Sheffield . Kruger Rudolf John B.A. (Cape of Good Hope) c/o H. G. Walters Esq. “ Wallevere,” Lower Dorp Street Stellenbosch C.P. S. Africa. Lewis Kenneth Glyn M.Sc. (Wales) Metallurgical Department College of Technology Manchester. Lindsey Arthur James B.Sc. (Lond.) 34 Nightingale Avenue Highams Park London E.4. MacPhail John Campbell B.Sc. (Glas.) 35 Woodlands Drive Glasgow c.4. Martin John Thomas B.Sc. (Birm.) 17 Beaumont Road Bournville Birmingham. McLean John B.Sc. (Glas.) 3 Aigas Cottages Anniesland Glasgow. Norman Peter James B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 10 Edith Road London W.14. Nutter Arnold A.M.C.T. 10. Union Street W. Oldham Lancs. Parker Hugh Edmund B.Sc.(Lond.) Briarwood Gordon Road S. Woodford London E.18. Parton Hugh Noble M.Sc. (N.Z.) 69 Hackthorne Road Cashmere Christchurch N.Z. Rao Keshaviah Aswath Navain B.Sc. (Mysore) c/o Messrs. Coutts & Co. 440 Strand London W.C.2. Rattray Edwin John Thomas 98 Park Road St. Helens. Reid Richard Bennity B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Mrs. Otter 1. Walter Street Nottingham. Roberts Emrys Haddon M.Sc. (Wales) Tal-y-Don Llanberis N. Wales. Robinson Edmund Brodie B.Sc. (Lond.) Van Ryn Glencroft Terrace Darlington. m a . Sen Ashutosh M.Sc. (Dacca) 14 Larmini Street P.O. Wari Dacca Bengal India. Shilling William Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 48 Byne Road Sydenham London S.E.26. Smee Frederick Henry B.Sc. (Lond.) 10 Tower Terrace Wood Green London N.22. Steane Enoch B.Sc.(Birm.) 60 Marroway Street Birmingham. Stewart Miss Jessie M.Sc. (Dun.) Ph.D. (Lond.) 11 Elm Crescent Ealing London W.5. Stockdale Leonard Moore M.Sc. (Leech) Lynn Royd West Riddlesden Keighley Yorks. Varadaraja Iyengar Adachani Vanumamalachary B.A. (Madras) Depart- ment of Biochemistry Indian Institute of Science Hebbal P.O. Bangalore India. West Henry William A.C.G.F.C. 8 Rue Rouen Bode St. Josse Brussels Belgium. Weston Bernard Allan 98 Eton Road Ilford Essex. Williams John Ingli B.Sc. (Wales) East Street Newport Pem. Winstanley Arthur A.M.C.T. 93 Cheetham Road Swinton Manchester. 271 Rymill Frederick Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) 58 Fanshawe Avenue Barking. Sands,ReginaldRobert B.Sc. (Lond.) 16 MonmouthRoad Watford Herts. Savidge Leslie Noel 612 New Chester Road New Ferry nr.Birkenhead. Schofield Harry Fryer A.M.C.T. Lyndale Wythens Road Handforth New Students. Austin Edward Taylor 40 Frederick Road Wylde Green Birmingham. Bailey Ronald 46 Seventh Avenue Heworth York. Banford John Alfred 106 Altmore Avenue London E.6. Barnes Thomas Edward 2 Edna Street Battersea London S.W.ll. Bayliss Jack 97 Dudley Road Tipton. Bulcock James Rowland 12 Cockerill Terrace Barrow nr. Whalley Blackburn. Butler Ernest 127 Old Fallings Lane Low Hill Wolverhampton. Downing John 46 Waterfall Lane Old Hill Staffs. Evans Miss Susan 19 Hodges Mount Princes Park Liverpool. Gibbs Reginald Walter 37 Crosbie Road Harborne Birmingham. Hayes Thomas 28 Pontefract Terrace Farnley Leeds. Howie Francis 17 Mountjoy Street Belfast.Jackson Henry Maurice 165 New Park Road London S.W.2. Johnson Eric Ian Hillside Fordham Cambs. Keith Arthur Miles 6 Kelvin Grove Cheetham Manchester. Manning Raymond Norgrove General Cemetery Kaye Hill Hockley Birmingham. Marrison Frank Carlisle 16 Larbert Road Streatham London S.W. 16. Mills Maurice Robert Wickstreet Cottage Pitchcombe Stroud. Mitchell Sidney Charles 66 Bruce Road Bow London E.3. Rees Stanley Field 28 Whateley Road Handsworth Birmingham. Roberts-Brown Miss Marjorie Amy 82 King Edward Road Northampton. Scott John Peutherer 4 Royston Terrace Goldenacre Edinburgh. Shanks Samuel 28 Green Lane Bolton. Shore Harris 188 Jubilee Street London E.l. Smith Vincent Harold 33 Barnfield Road Ealing London W.5.Sykes John Hodgson 64 Holly Bank Road Lindley Huddersfield. Thacker Guy Overton 134 Fillebrook Road Leytonstone London E. 11. Turner Hubert Lawrence 188 Grove Lane Handsworth Birmingham. Woodhead Hilton 19 Town End Golcar nr. Huddersfield. 272 Fellow. Change of Name. Jacob Isaacs Registered Student to John Poley by Deed Poll. Nettie Isaacs Associate to (Mrs.) Nettie Nmchen on her marriage. (Miss) Olga Naomi Rosen Associate to (Mrs.) Olga Naomi Jmobs on her marriage. Frederick William James Cosh Registered Student to Frederick DEATHS. William James McCosh by Deed Poll. John Charles Platts. Associate. John Alfred Hartley M.Sc. (Leeds). Student. Ernest Hartshorne B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). 273 General Notices. Annual Chemical Dinner 8th November 1929.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to participate in the annual chemical dinner to be held in London at the Connaught Rooms on Friday the 8th November at 7 for 7.30 p.m.the Rt. Hon. Lord Dewar in the chair. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing. Tickets 12s. 6d. each for both ladies and gentlemen (in- cluding gratuities but not wines) are obtainable from Mr. F. A. Greene Hon. Sec. Annual Chemical Dinner Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. The Twelfth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be delivered by Mr. Lewis Eynon at the Institute on Friday the 22nd November 1929 at 8 p.m. Subject L c The World’s Sugar Industry.” The President Professor Arthur Smithells C.M.G.DSc. F.R.S. will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students and former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission gratzs may be obtained by persons other than members and students of the Institute on application to the Registrar The Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W .C. I. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt will deliver the First Gluckstein Memorial Lecture at the Institute on Friday the 13th December 1929 at 8 p.m. Subject ‘&The Chemist and Commerce.” The President will preside. The lecture will be open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute and to interested members of the public.Tickets of admission gratis may be obtained on 274 application to the Registrar the Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of Council nominations should be received at the office of the Institute on or before Monday 11th December 1929. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I) the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting held on 7th March 1921 and amended on 1st March 1923:- Birmingham and Midlands including the Counties of Hereford Salop Stafford Worcester Warwick Derby Nottingham Leicester Lincoln Rutland and Northampton. Bristol and South-Western Counties including the Counties of Gloucester Wilts Dorset Somerset Devon and Cornwall.Liverpool and North-West Coast including the Counties of Flint Westmorland and Cumberland and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. London and South-Eastern Counties including the Counties of Middlesex Kent Sussex Surrey Berks Oxford Bucking- ham Hertford Essex Bedford Cambridge Suffolk Norfolk Huntingdon Hants with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Manchester and District including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid.North-East Coast and Yorkshire including the Counties of Northumberland Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland including the Counties of Nairn Elgin Banff Aberdeen Kincardine Forfar Perth Fife Kinross Clackmannan Stirling Linlithgow Edinburgh Haddington Bemick Peebles Selkirk and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland including the Counties of Caithness Sutherland Ross and Cromarty Inverness Argyll Dumbarton Renfrew Lanark Ayr Wigtown Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Wales (excluding the County of Flint see (iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto.Irish Free State as defined in the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia the Dominion of Canada the Dominion of New Zealand the Union of South Africa the Empire of India the Crown Colonies and elsewhere abroad. 275 The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 Z ( a ) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form:- “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered a Fellow of this Institute is in address) our estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 3 1st August. 111. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for ccJanuary.’y (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.( b ) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secretary a t the office of the Institute 80 that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held.IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall on the third Thursday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers neither Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose. (2) .The balloting list of any member who on the third Thursday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him t o the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. 276 (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council a t a meeting on the third Friday in January specially convened for that purpose.(4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. ( 5 ) I f a t any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has with- drawn his nominations or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V. (6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council a t the Annual General Meeting.V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election. Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting.If there be no Local Section within a District a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii) such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow. The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of those who have completed the period of three years service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are marked with an asterisk (*). Birmingham and Midlands Douglas Frank Twiss,* D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle.Liverpool and North-West Coast Harold Edward Monk B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties Lewis Eynon,* B.Sc. Manchester and District William Marshall. * North-East Coast and Yorkshire Percy Ewart Bowles,* Ph.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland John Adam Watson,* A.C.G.I. Glasgow and West of Scotland Frederick William Harris. Wales and the County of Monmouth Christopher Maurice Walter Grieb,* B.Sc. Northern Ireland Johh Hawthorne B.A. Ph.D. Irish Free State Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard,* B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. B,Sc Dates of Examination. 6th to 11th January. or 13th to 18th January. 31st March to 5th April. or 7th to n t h April.15th to 20th September. 22nd to 27th September. 277 Examinations in 1930.-The arrangements for examina- tions during 1930 are as follows :- Entries close. } Monday 11th November 1929. } Monday 10th February 1930. } Monday 14th July 1930. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January April and September and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September. IMPORTANT TO REGISTERED STUDENTS. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words on ‘‘ The Cultural Value of Science ” will be awarded in January 1930 and presented a t the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the comDetitor resides on or before the 31st December 1929 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the com- petitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. A list of Local Sections will be found at the end of this part of the JOURNAL. The committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council.On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. pating Institutions. 278 Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essay should be addressed to the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabseans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person.In awarding the Medal for 1929 the adjudicators will unless exceptional circumstances arise give special consideration to work in organic chemistry or bio-chemistry. The next award will be made in January 1930. The Council will be glad to have attention directed before 31st December 1929 to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 279 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part 280 of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other Institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere.Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. zd.; binding 2s.gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. (A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV.) Register 1930.-Fellows and Associates are requested to return the Register forms issued with this Part in order that their entries in the issue for 1930 may be checked and corrected where necessary. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments 7th Edition 1930.- The preparation of the 7th Edition of a List of Official Chemical Appointments will shortly be taken in hand. Corrections and suggestions for increasing the usefulness of this publication will be welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Registrar. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday 3rd March 1930. DOULTON Co. Ltd. METALS Manufacturers of Chemical Laboratory Porcelain. ROYAL DOULTON POTTERIES LAMBETH LONDON S.E. 1. All pieces bear this mark. To be obtained from Wholesale Laboratory Furnishers at home and abroad. HILGER Spectroscopically S tandardised Substances (HS Brand) for Chemical Physical and other Research Purposes The purest obtainable on inquiry in various research and industrial laboratories throughout the world and frequently specially prepared. Each batch is numbered and a full chemical and spectroscopic report accompanies each supply so that it is rarely necessary for a user to investigate the com- position even for critical researches. Rare and exceptionally pure Ag Au Pt Cu Fe Ni Mo W Zr In Ga Ge Bi Tl. RARE EARTHS 99.9 per cent. as used for Atomic Weight and similar researches of Ce Dy Gd La Nd Pr Sm Y; also of Hf. Scandium salts; Caesium chloride; Carbons (solid and cored). Write for Descriptive Catalogue and Price List to ADAM HILGER LTD. mgz$E pz$F

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300225

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1929. Registrar and Secretary. PART VI. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. I Decem6er 19.29. Publications Committee 1929-30 P. E. BOWLES H. B. BROWN A. J. CHAPMAN ' W. CLAYTON LEWIS EYNON C. S. GIBSON W. H. GIBSON C. M. W. GRIEB H. H. HODGSON J. G. KING w. IMBRSHALL C. A. MITCHELL H. E. MONK D. F. TWISS 1 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Chairman) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (President) F. D. CHATTAWAY G. G. HENDERSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Trsasurer) A. G. G. LEONARD WILLIAM WARDLAW J. A. WATSON A. W.M. WINTLE. 285 Proceedings of the Council. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1929. Australian Chemical Institute.-h the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part I1 (p. 87) reference was made to the observa- tions made by the Council on the Petition of the Australian Chemical Institute for the grant of a Royal Charter. An answer to the observations referred to transmitted to the Institute by the Privy Council has been under the consideration of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. On the report of the Committee the Council has presented further observations on the matter which in view of the imporant principles involved are here reproduced :- 1. The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland in- corporated by Royal Charter on the 13th June 1885 (hereinafter called “the Institute ”) would repeat that the Institute believes that the aims and objects of t.he Australian Chemical Institute are entirely laudable and deserving and for this reason is reluctant to present a petition against the grant of a Royal Charter to the Australian Chemical Institute.2. In the answer to the observations of the Institute made by the Australian Chemical Institute (paragraph 2) it is stated that it was early appreciated by the foremost chemists in Australia that the Institute on account of the great distance separating the two countries and also to some extent on account of the different conditions existing in Australia was not in a position to bring about the desired improvements in the status of the profession in that country and that a separate Institute in Australia was therefore a necessity.The Institute confirms that an attempt to form a Section in Australia failed because the Council was unable to depute powers to a Section of the Institute. (Under Bye-law 93 of the Institute a Local Section has no power to grant certificates or to act in the name of the Institute or negotiate or act in any matter of public importance affecting the interests of chemists or of the Institute unless specially authorised by the Council.) The Council was prepared however to give the Australian Section if formed full power to act as a Section in matters of urgency affecting the local interests of the profession provided of course that such action was not necessarily held t o commit the Council of the Institute t o confirm the Section’s views or actions; and provided also that all matters relating to membership and qualifications should remain vested in the Council of the Institute.3. The Institute was informed in 1920 of the desire of the Australian Chemical Institute to petition for a Royal Charter and was also informed that the Australian Institute had decided to accept inter alia two years’ training in chemistry with evidence of matriculation standard in other aubjects as suf€icient qualification for admission to its 286 membership. (The Council of the Institute is aware that certain chemists in Australia disapproved of this decision.) 4. The Council was informed authoritatively that the kind of examination which had been accepted as qualifying for admission to the Australian Chemical Institute was the standard laid down for the second year Examination in Science of the Universities of Melbourne South Australia and Queensland.The Institute felt that a two years’ course was inadequate to qualify for the profession of chemistry. 5. Later the Australian Chemical Institute adopted Regulations to come into force on 1st January 1925 accepting for admission to its Associateship the three years’ Pass Degree course supplemented by two years of unspecified laboratory experience. The Australian Chemical Institute announced that the ultimate aim of the Council was to obtain a Royal Charter and finally to raise the standard of qualification to that of the Institute. 6. The Institute had pressed the Australian Chemical Institute a t the outset to adopt immediately the standard of the Institute because the conditions a t the time of the formation of the Australian Chemical Institute in 1917 were entirely different to the conditions which obtained in this country when the Institute was founded in 1877.Whereas in 1877 no definite course of education for the profession of chemistry had been prescribed and very few institutions were then able to provide the necessary education it must be admitted that in 1917 on the other hand a standard had been long established and satisfactory courses had long been obtainable a t recognised institutions both a t home and in Australia. Degrees in chemistry were granted in 1917 by Australian Universities as the result of courses and examinations to a decidedly higher standard than that demanded by the Australian Chemical Institute.The Institute requires for admission to the Associateship- ( a ) Evidence of a four years’ systematic day training in chemistry physics mathematics and a t least one other subject (or the equivalent in evening classes and experience) ; ( b ) The recommendation of the professors and of employers (if any); and ( c ) The passing of the Examination for the Associateship in General Theoretical and Practical Chemistry (Inorganic Organic and Physical) occupying six days; or Evidence of having taken a first or second-class honours degree in chemistry in an approved University or an approved diploma of equivalent standard.7. It is known that several prominent chemists in Australia were in agreement with the views of the Institute indicated in the first para- graph of 6 (above); but the Australian Chemical Institute also accepted as qualifying for membership “those who had been engaged for three years in a laboratory and are recommended by the head of the laboratory,” and this regulation was in operation a t least until 1st July 1920 a t which time 600 members had already been enrolled. 8. Paragraph 5 of the Answer to the Observations of the Institute after referring to an allegation which is admitted to be true states that at the time of the formation of the Institute “ 142 members were elected but did not pay their subscriptions.” It must not be supposed nor is it a fact that any person who did not eventually pay his dues remained a member; but the Institute submits that that matter has no bearing on the present petition except as illustrating the fact that every newly- formed body has difficulties to surmount.The Institute is able to show that although members of the Institute were admitted in 1877 a t the discretion of the Council a high standard 287 of knowledge and ability was required of all candidates even at that time and in no case was the standard so low as that accepted by the Australian Chemical Institute in 1917 and 1918. The standard of training and qualification required for membership at the time the Institute received its Royal Charter (1885) was as high as that required for any degree or diploma obtainable at that time.9. The Institute observes that the Australian Chemical Institute has modified the terms of certain clauses relating to the qualification for its membership but that in Sub-clause (K) Section 20 the words “whether eligible or not for ordinary membership ’’ are retained.* The additional proviso which has been suggested as an addition to Clause 4 of the proposed Charter-referring t o the admission of Asso- ciates without examination on the recommendation of the Committee of the Branch-appears t o the Council of the Institute to be stultified by the introduction of the words “or otherwise7’ in the phrase “that such person has been trained occupied or engaged in such ways or in such manner or that his qualifications work or achievements in the sciences of chemistry physics or otherwise are such as t o be equivalent to the fulfil- ment by him of the conditions ar-d qualifications by this our Charter required of persons desirous of becoming Associates of the Institute.” In the view of the Institute Clause 4 and its proviso should be definite it is assumed that the Council of the Australian Chemical Institute will ensure that the recommendations of the Committees of Branches throughout the Commonwealth of Australia will be based on an approxi- mately equal standard.10. The Institute observes further that the Australian Chemical Institute looks forward to a “state of reciprocity whereby members of either Institute will be equally recognised in any part of the British Em- pire,” but feels that the Australian Chemical Institute cannot rightly claim that the general standard of its present membership is “comparable to that laid down and practised by the Institute,” and therefore that it has not yet established a claim to look for such reciprocity from the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.In the above circumstances the Institute considers it necessary to express the earnest hope that in the event of His Majesty the King in Council granting the Petition of the Australian Chemical Institute for a Royal Charter adequate safeguards will be provided to ensure that the Australian Chemical Institute shall forthwith require from candidates for its membership a standard of qualification both with regard to education and examination comparable to that required for the Associateship and Fellowship respectively of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The twelfth Streat- feild Memorial Lecture was given at the Institute on the 22nd November by Mr. Lewis Eynon who selected as his subject b b The World’s Sugar Industry.” (The lecture will be published and issued to Fellows Associates and Registered Students as a separate monograph.) * 20. The Institute shall without abridgment of any other powers objects and privileges herein declared have the following powers objects and privileges that is to say:- @) To admit any person (whether eligible or not for ordinary membership) to be a member (honorary or otherwise) of the Institute upon such terms and to confer on him such rights and privileges as may be deemed expedient and to suspend expel or remove from membership any such person.288 At the conclusion of the lecture the President presented Mr. Eynon with the Streatfeild Memorial Medal the gift of the City and Guilds of London Institute together with a portrait of Frederick William Streatfeild. Many old students of Finsbury Technical College pupils of Streatfeild were present. A cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Eynon on the motion of Prof. Gilbert T. Morgan seconded by Mr. E. M. Hawkins and supported by Messrs. Frank Southerden and Edward Hinks. The Journal and Proceedings.-A suggestion has been received that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS should be further developed particularly with a view to informing the profession on the progress of recent work of general interest as distinct from applied chemistry and that the Institute should produce a Journal corresponding to the British Medical Journal or to The Lancet to the Journal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers or to the Journal ot the Royal Geographical Society including articles on recent researches reviews of various branches of chemistry accounts of new discoveries etc.Further it has been suggested that the reports of lectures given before Local Sections of the Institute are often meagre; but it has been decided by the Council that such reports should only be published at length in the Journal when they deal with matters of general professional interest while reports dealing with scientific and technical subjects should be contributed to other suitable journals except when of such general interest as to warrant the Council in publishing them as separate monographs.The Publications Committee having recalled that the chief object of the Journal is to encourage chemists to take an interest in their profession and that the Council has decided that it should not cover the ground covered by journals devoted to science feels that the foregoing proposal is already met by the “Annual Reports” published by the Chemical Society by the Society of Chemical Industry and by other journals devoted to chemistry. The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE will continue to contain the Proceedings of the Council and of the Local Sections reports of Examinations notes and articles on current topics of professional interest reports of meetings and conferences reports of law cases of special interest to chemists 289 comments on Government Orders and Regulations notices of books and their contents obituary notices etc.The Com- mittee however will welcome suggestions for the inclusion of further articles on matters of general professional interest. The British Patent System.-The Report of the Joint Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and of other Chemical Bodies on British Patent Law Reform was considered by the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute on 1st November and approved having previously been accepted by the Federal Council for Chemistry.The delegates of the Joint Committee (including Mr. H. Douglas Elkington the representative of the Institute) were heard before the Board of Trade Committee on 11th December and a further hearing will take place shortly. Fellows and Associates who wish for copies of the Report containing the recommendations of the Joint Committee are advised to communicate with the Registrar of the Institute without delay so that a sufficient number of copies may be ordered. The reports will be supplied at cost price-estimated at about IS. Federal Council for Chemistry.-The President-Prof . Arthur Smithells-has been re-appointed as the representative of the Institute on the Federal Council for Chemistry for the year 1930.British Engineering Standards.-Mr. William Thomason has been appointed as representative of the Institute on the Committee to revise Standard Specification No. 65 for Salt Glazed Ware Pipes. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Council has received an application for the formation of a Local Section of the Institute for Aberdeen and the North of Scotland and after reference to the Edinburgh and East of Scotland and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Sections has approved of the proposal. The new Section includes over 50 members. The Hon. Secretary pro. tern. is Mr. Patrick Mitchell Countesswells Aberdeenshire. Lecturers.-The Huddersfield Section has requested the Council to prepare a comprehensive panel of lecturers to whom local sections can look for assistance in making arrangements 290 for their meetings and has also suggested that the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture and other Lectures arranged by the Council should be given before different Sections.These matters were referred to the Publications Committee on whose report the Council has decided that where difficulty is experienced in selecting lecturers to deal with special subjects the officers of the Institute should so far as is possible assist the Local Sections with information and advice as occasion arises. It is felt that the Register of the Institute provides sufficient information to enable Local Section Committees to select names of likely lecturers and that if the proposal to form a panel of lecturers were undertaken it would be necessary to obtain the consent of those whose names were included in i t ; that many of the most desirable lecturers would prefer not to have their names scheduled in this way; that the schedule would need constant revision and might prove a source of annoyance to those chemists who are likely to be most in demand.On the question regarding the possibility of arranging for the Streatfeild and other official lectures to be held at meetings of different Sections the Council feels that at present the number of lectures given directly under the auspices of the Institute is so few that they should be given at headquarters. S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-The first S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture was given by Dr.Leslie H. Lampitt at the Institute on 13th December,-Prof. Arthur Smithells President in the chair. The President in opening the proceedings referred to the association of the lecturer with the late Mr. Gluckstein in developing the laboratories of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. to the valuable lecture on “Chemists and Dividends,” given by Mr. Gluckstein in October 1927 and to the interest which it had aroused. He was very glad that Dr. Lampitt as Chief of those laboratories had consented to give the first lecture. The subject which he had chosen in accordance with the object which the founders of this scheme of lecturers had in view was The Chemist and Commerce.” Dr. Lampitt’s lecture was followed with interest by a very large gathering and a general hope was expressed that it would be published.A vote of thanks was moved by Mr. Bernard Howard who New Year.) 291 emphasised the importance of the chemist endeavouring to appreciate the point of view of the chemical foremen and workers in industry. Prof. G. T. Morgan in seconding the vote commented on the comprehensive character of the lecturer’s ideals ; the profession generally and especially the coming generation should have the opportunity of studying them at leisure. Prof. G. G. Henderson Past President also spoke in support of the motion and expressed the hope that the lecture would be widely circulated. The President in conveying the thanks of the meeting to Dr. Lampitt said that the lecture would form a very suitable complement to that given by Mr.Gluckstein. Dr. Lampitt in reply said that he felt that not only the younger chemists but those of experience including himself could benefit by reviewing the subjects with which he had dealt. (The lecture is being prepared for publication early in the Benevolent Fund Urgent Appeal.-The attention of Fellows and Associates is called to the fact that the disburse- ments from the Current Account of the Benevolent Fund during the past year have exceeded the contributions other than donations to the Annuities Fund by over @o and that in consequence there is a deficit on the Current Account. Apart from providing help for annuitants and for the education of children of deceased members the Benevolent Fund Committee has found it necessary to make allowances to several members who owing to exceptional circumstances have experienced a long spell of unemployment.Fellows and Associates who can afford to make substantial contributions are therefore earnestly desired to subscribe generously and others are reminded that an annual subscription of 5s. or even 2s. 6d. from every member would ensure a regular income sufficient to enable the Committee to make an adequate response to all appeals as they are received. It is hoped that members may find it convenient to add a contribution when forwarding their annual subscriptions to the Institute; Life Fellows and those members who pay by Bankers’ Permanent Cheques are invited to use the subscription form attached to the Benevolent Fund pamphlet.292 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-On 30th October at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution Mr. J. C. A. Brierley Head- master of the Science Department of the Institution and Chair- man of the Section gave an address on “The Training of a Chemist.” Mr. Brierley expressed the opinion that in the English schools the syllabus in the advanced course in chemistry was of such an extent that if it were really known-which to his mind was impossible-it would be almost worthy of an honours degree. How far that syllabus was the work of the teachers he was unable to say but undoubtedly it was to a considerable extent due to the universities which seemed to require that successful candidates for their scholarships and exhibitions should be fed on facts as geese and turkeys are fattened for Christmas.To be a chemist or indeed anything worth the while one should be something more than a fact collector. The university system of grouping scholarship and exhibition winners with beginners was good neither for the beginners nor the others and often resulted in the youth who had done his work well a t school wasting his time during his first year a t the university. If the school work were properly executed it was something more than unjust that it should not be recognised merely because some undergraduates were not up to the standard. If the school work were not good the universities were still not without blame because the teachers had been through their hands.If the student’s time were to be properly spent teachers in schools and universities must get together. At the end of his degree course the student should be ready to specialise in the direction in which he intended to spend his life and should have received a fundamental training which would enable him to work in any direction he desired the specialised training being carried out under the supervision of experts in the particular domain in which he proposed to work. 293 Under the auspices of the Section a meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of Queen’s University by kind permission of the authorities on 28th November when Mr. R. L. Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute gave an address to the students of the University on “The Professional Aspects of a Career in Chemistry.” The senior pupils of the science department of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution also attended by invitation ; Mr.J. C. A. Brierley Chairman of the Section presided and many members of the Institute were present. A vote of thanks was accorded Mr. Collett on the motion of Dr. John Hawthorne seconded by Mr. C. J. Still. Also on the 28th November in the evening the annual dinner of the Section was held at the Grand Central Hotel where there was a good attendance of members and guests including Dr. Thomson the Superintendent Medical Officer of Health Dr. Henry Wren and Mr. Collett. The toasts of “The Guests” and of “The Institute,” having been honoured the evening concluded with a progressive whist drive.Birmingham and Midlands.-A successful meeting was held in the Theatre of the Midland Institute Birmingham on 13th November when an exhibition of films of chemical interest took place. In addition to members and Registered Students of the Institute a large number of students from Technical Colleges and Schools in Birmingham were present with the result that the audience totalled between 700 and 800. The films which were shown by the courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries Limited were four in number Chemical Fertilisers Heavy Chemicals The Manufacture of Dyestuffs and Quarry Blasting. The Chairman Dr. Twiss gave a short address in which he emphasised the importance of chemical industries in the district and the part played by notable chemists of Birmingham.The films were very well received and at their conclusion a vote of thanks to Imperial Chemical Industries for the loan of the films and to the Chairman was carried with acclamation. Members of the Section have attended lectures given under the auspices of the University of Birmingham Biochemical 294 Society. On 24th October Professor E. C. C. Baly F.R.S. delivered the Inaugural Address entitled “The Chemistry of Life and the Nature of Vitamins.” This proved to be a most interesting and stimulating paper and was much appreciated by the audience. On 14th November Professor Kauffmann M.D. delivered an interesting lecture to the same Society taking as his subject “ Recent Researches on Pernicious Anzmia.” The Committee have been endeavouring to find ways and means of bringing members together at social gatherings of various types. I t is probable that tlie Committee will endeavour to obtain from members some definite expression of the type of meeting which is likely to prove most popular. Bristol and South-Western.-The second meeting of the session was held on 19th November in the Chemical Depart- ment of Bristol University Mr. Edward Russell presiding. A discussion on ‘‘ The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act (1926) ’’ was opened by Mr. Rowland H. Ellis the Official Agricultural Analyst for the City and County of Gloucester who first dealt with the previous Acts of 1893 and 1906 and showed that in the case of the former the Act failed in that the sellers were not required to state definite quantities of the various constituents present in the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs but that the lowest percentages were required to be guaranteed and this was avoided by the sellers stating that at least I per cent.of the various constituents was present in the various commodities sold. The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act (1906) had proved unsatisfactory to farmers manufacturers merchants and officials alike in that the administration depended largely on the co-operation of the farmer which in actual practice was not forthcoming with the result that it was extremely difficult to obtain convictions even where serious cases of fraud had been detected. In dealing with the new Act the speaker first considered the most important changes introduced namely (I) the separation of civil and criminal proceedings and (2) the right of entry given to the Inspector appointed under the Act and showed how these two important provisions should help in the detection and prevention of the various forms of fraud.295 The five schedules which had been introduced into the Act were next dealt with and it was shown where the requirements of the Act had been extended by the inclusion of warranties for other ingredients such as fibre salt and phosphoric acid in certain feeding stuffs and lime and fineness in certain fertilisers. The citric soluble test for basic slag was also considered the opinion being expressed that this test was a most useful guide to the value of a basic slag and it was therefore regretted that this test had been omitted.I t was further shown that diffi- culties had already arisen with reference to feeding meat meal and feeding meat and bone meal as set out in the schedule of definitions. In conclusion the various alterations and improvements in the methods of analysis were dealt with and it was pointed out how necessary it was that standard methods should be employed especially where it was probable that the other portions of a divided sample would be subjected to analysis by the sellers or by the Government Laboratory. In the discussion which followed Mr. E. Lewis Mr. A. W. Ling and Mr. 0. Jones took part and after Mr. Ellis had replied to the points raised a vote of thanks was accorded to him on the proposition of Mr.R. D. Littlefield. The next meeting will be held on 28th January in Bristol University Chemical Department when Mr. T. Wallace will read a paper on “Soil Analysis”-with special reference to its value for advisory purposes. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The second meeting for the Session was held on 14th November 1929 in the Hall of the Pharmaceutical Society Edinburgh in conjunction with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,-Mr. G. F. Merson in the chair. Mr. D. Stewart read a paper on 6 b Modern Developments in the Petroleum Industry.” The lecturer stated that amongst many developments in the petroleum industry during the last 10 or 15 years probably the most striking was the decided improvement in distillation plant both as regards increased size and working capacity and perfection in fractionation obtained in the distillation.The efficient fractionation methods in use in the alcohol industry had been applied to petroleum by the use of pipe stills and 296 properly designed fractionation columns fitted with many bubble cap decks. The crude oil was first heated in residual heat exchangers and then pumped under pressure through the heating coils of the still thence into the feed plate of one of a series of fractionating columns from the top of which the closely fractionated products were drawn off as vapours for condensation. The necessity for preventing thermal decomposition or “ cracking ” in the distillation of the heavier lubricating oil fractions had led to the development of high vacuum distilla- tion.Many types of plant had been produced working under an absolute pressure of about 2 mm. mercury without steam or at about 20 mm. pressure with steam injection into the oil. The Schultze and Steinschneider plants were examples of these. A modern development in high vacuum distillation was the reduction of the hydrostatic pressure on the oil in the still at the heating surfaces. This pressure might be much more than the absolute pressure of the vapours in the still. Steinschneider’s latest two-phase distillation plant achieved this end by heating the oil in a pipe still and allowing partial evaporation to take place in a vertical evaporator under a modern vacuum.The bulk of the oil was then distributed over a shallow tray suspended over the surface of the oil in the still proper evaporation taking place there under full vacuum. The latest form of the high vacuum still was a tube still in which the oil was heated under pressure and from there forced into the feed plate of a fractionating column which was maintained under vacuum. In this way it was possible to produce gas oil several paraffin-bearing fractions and bitumen residue simul- taneously from a heavy oil. Another development in high vacuum distillation had been the use of continuous lead bath stills where the layer of oil in the still was only about half an inch thick thus eliminating the hydrostatic pressure in a different way.Following the production of un-cracked wax-bearing dis- tillates a new method of wax extraction had been developed. The old process of cooling and filtering through cloths suitable for pyro-paraffin crystals is inapplicable to the amorphous- paraffin crystals found in un-cracked distillates. Separation by means of super-centrifugal machines was therefore reverted to. In the process the wax-bearing oil was blended with light benzine and cooled to about zo°C. The crystals were centri- fuged from the lighter oil-benzine blend and each constituent “ topped ” to remove the benzine which was then available 297 for further use. The most widely used machine was the “Sharples,” but other makes were in use notably the “Alfa- Laval.” At the opposite end of the scale from high vacuum distillation was “cracking” or “thermolysis,” which had as its aim the production of motor spirit from gas or fuel oils.Of the many makes of plant used for this work those of Dubbs Cross Holmes- Manley and Carlton-Ellis were perhaps the best known. The older low pressure vapour-phase cracking processes were being revived in an improved form to meet the demand for motor spirit of high anti-knock value. The highly unsaturated spirit so produced could now be satisfactorily refined by improved methods and the rich olefinic gases simultaneously evolved could be worked up into alcohols glycols and esters in ever increasing variety. The ethane and propane from casing- head gas was being “pyrolised” to produce a liquid product consisting almost entirely of aromatic hydrocarbons.Similarly by topping the extract from the treatment of kerosene by the Edeleanu process more light aromatics were obtained for blending purposes. The most notable development of recent years in the refining of crude oil had been the introduction of the hypochlorite process. Motor spirit was washed with a 0.2 N solution of sodium or calcium hypochlorite containing free alkali to the extent of from 0.5 to 1-0 grs. NaOH per litre. The malodorous sulphur compounds were oxidised to others which were either innocuous or soluble in water. Adsorption methods of refining had also received attention and a recent development in this direction was the vapour phase refining of cracked spirit.A very interesting discussion followed in which the following members took part:-Messrs. G. F. Merson J. A. Watson A. M. Cameron J. Rutherford Hill W. A. MacGillivray G. Grant and W. Crombie and Dr. Kermack. A vote of thanks proposed by Mr. J. W. Ingham seconded by Mr. W. M. Ames was enthusiastically supported by the meeting . Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The annual general meeting of the Section was held in the Engineers’ and Ship- builders’ Institute Glasgow on 25th October Mr. F. W. Harris Chairman of the Section presiding. Mr. F. W. Harris Prof. F. J. Wilson and Dr. P. F. Gordon 298 were re-elected to the offices of Chairman Vice-chairman and Hon. Secretary respectively. Dr. Stotherd Mitchell was elected Hon. Treasurer in place of Mr.J. W. Hawley who resigned after seven years’ service first as member of Committee and then as Hon. Treasurer. Drs. G. S. Ferrier Stotherd Mitchell and T. S. Stevens retired from the Committee by rotation and five nominations for election to the vacancies were received. As a result of a postal ballot Mr. R. G. W. Eadie Dr. Robert Hay and Mr. James Sorley were declared elected. The retiring office-bearers and members of Committee were thanked for their services and Mr. Thomas Cockburn was elected Hon. Auditor in place of Mr. James Sorley who had been elected to the Committee. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer for Session 1928-1929 were read and approved and were followed by a brief address by the Chairman on the activities of the Local Section in which appreciation was expressed of the work of the Hon.Secretary. Dr. W. M. Cumming past member of Council made an appeal on behalf of the Benevolent Fund of the Institute and indicated that Glasgow and the West of Scotland had benefited largely by it. He asked permission to have his statement printed in brief and circularised among all members of the Section. This was granted and a donation from members present a t the meeting was forwarded to the Registrar. The Hon. Secretary announced the Syllabus for Session 1929-30 and outlined the policy of the Committee in the arrange- ment of meetings Those meetings which involved the reading of papers of a technical nature were invariably arranged by co- operation with societies which existed primarily for that purpose and an endeavour was made to obtain subjects of interest to members of the Institute.The holding of such joint meetings made it possible to attract lecturers of eminence to the Section and also avoided multiplication of effort and of meetings as well as the coincidence of dates. The Committee had been assisted in this connection by the association of secretaries of local Chemical Societies of which Prof. D. N. McArthur past Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Section remained convener. After a short interval for tea the Chairman called upon Professor F. J. Wilson Vice-chairman of the Section who was 299 Secretary to the Chemistry Section of the British Association this year to give an address on “The recent visit to South Africa of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.” Professor Wilson in giving an account of the recent visit of the British Association to South Africa illustrated with maps and photographs said that meetings were held in Capetown and Johannesburg.During the meetings a visit was paid to the Cape Explosives Works at Somerset West and by the kindness of the Company the visitors were able to see over the whole factory. The members were entertained by De Beers Consoli- dated Mines Ltd. at Kimberley where the process of diamond extraction was shown and a t Johannesburg where an oppor- tunity was afforded to visit a gold mine. In Capetown members of the British Association who were Fellows or Associates of the Institute were kindly invited to a luncheon given by the Cape Section.For the remainder of the stay in South Africa various tours had been arranged. That described by Professor Wilson included a visit to the Victoria Falls Bulawayo and the grave of Cecil Rhodes in the Matoppos (“Worlds View”). Fruit farms and tobacco plantations in the Transvaal were visited and a day and a night were spent in the Kruger National Park one of the game reserves. The tour terminated a t Durban after a number of places in the Transvaal and in Natal had been visited. The whole experience was very much enjoyed and the kindness and hospitality extended to the visitors was greatly appreciated. The Chairman heartily thanked Professor Wilson on behalf of those present for his very interesting address.On 7th November members of the Section were invited by the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry to hear an address on “A central building in London for Scientific and Technical Institutions ,” by Lieut.-Col. Sir Arnold Wilson K.C.I.E. C.M.G. D.S.O. and to participate in a discussion subsequent to it. Prior to the meeting which was held in the Engineers’ and Shipbuiders’ Institute Glasgow Sir Arnold dined with repre- sentatives of the local scientific and technical bodies including the Institute and briefly indicated the purpose of his visit. A 300 report of this meeting was published by the Society of Chemical Industry in Chemistry and Iizdustry. Dr. G. P. Davies and Mr. J. S. Hill have been co-opted members of the local committee in place of Mr.T. J. R. Alexander and Dr. Harold Raistrick resigned. The Ramsay Chemical Dinner was held on 10th December a t “The Grosvenor,” Glasgow under the auspices of the Local Sections of the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists the British Association of Chemists and the Institution of Rubber Industry together with the Ardeer Chemical Club the Glasgow University Alchemists’ Club the Andersonian Chemical Society and the Royal Philoso- phical Society of Glasgow. Professor F. G. Donnan presided and the company included Principal R. S. Rait of the University of Glasgow the Lord Provost (Mr. Thomas Kelly) and his daughter (Mrs. McCready) Dr. A. S. M. MacGregor (Medical Officer of Health of the city of Glasgow) Mr.George A. Mitchell (of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow) and Miss Mitchell Professor G. G. Henderson (Past-President of the Institute) and Mrs. Henderson Mr. F. W. Harris (Chairman of the Section) District Member of Council and Mrs. Harris Mr. Thomas Ramsay (Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry) and Mrs. Ramsay. The following report is chiefly abstracted from The GZasgow Herald Principal Rait proposing the toast of “The Profession of Chemistry,” gave an account of the beginnings of the great chemical school of Glasgow University. In 1727 he said it happened that there was a vacancy in the chair of oriental languages and in the course of that vacancy the large sum of ;630 accrued to the University.The Professor of Medicine the famous Dr. Cullen suggested that this windfall should be expended in forming a department of chemistry in the University. The Faculty of the time not only devoted the Itj30 to that purpose but in its liberality added the sum of Lzz. In the following year Dr. Cullen presented his bill for starting the department and it was not ;65z but 7cT136. That was a kind of parallel of what happened and what was still happening in not a few cases of the kind to-day. (Laughter.) The next step came under Dr. Cullen’s successor Joseph Black who bore a still greater name 301 in chemistry. Black appearing before the Faculty one day complained that his laboratory was in a most disgraceful con- dition.He described it as having an earthen floor and unplaster- ed walls. He persuaded the Faculty to spend the sum of L350 on making a laboratory in which as he put it he could ask a student to do some work. From that period in the middle of the 18th century there grew the chemical department of Glasgow and it was in 1818 that the Regius Chair of Chemistry was founded. The first holder of the chair induced the University to build another laboratory in Shuttle Lane. Principal Rait said that it was significant of the eminence as chemists of the heads of the Glasgow department that of the eight men who occupied the position from 1747 till 1874 seven were enshrined in the Dictionary of National Biography. The unfortunate conditions with regard to the implements for teaching and studying chemistry in 1747 were his colleagues told him recurring to-day.Their chemical department was now ancient. The buildings had been temporary for so long a time that they had become almost venerable in their temporari- ness. (Laughter.) One of the problems that the University would have to face in the near future was the provision of some- thing like proper accommodation for their great chemical depart- ment which had been recently extended by the generosity of Sir Frederick Gardner and Mr. William Gardner. The demands for both teaching and research in chemistry had increased and in order to be duly equipped for the service that was now called for the University would be glad to receive any help that the profession or other benefactors were prepared to give to-day.After an allusion to the provision made by the late Professor Perkin of Oxford for the establishment of scholarships in chemistry Principal Rait said that that was an illustration of the kind of endowment which it seemed to him was necessary not only for the welfare of the University but also for the welfare of the great chemical profession. The Chairman (Professor Donnan) in the course of his reply said that we as a nation had yet to learn to think chemically or scientifically. He was sorry to see that the Labour Party had missed the true line of advance in giving its attention to Unem- ployment Insurance and the like instead of addressing themselves to the encouragement of scientific production that would enable everybody to be employed.The politicians were hundreds of years out of date. Instead of pottering with mere palliatives &yj,ooo to ;G18,500,000. 302 which had been tried for 10 years without success they should be taking every possible step to develop scientific production. Half the population of the country could be employed in working coal if coal were converted into oils and if there were a competitive limit for the oils coming from abroad Why not stop oil coming into the country for the next 20 years? I t was along such lines that he believed the most effective political action lay. Professor Donnan supported Principal Rait in his appeal for the provision of an adequate chemical department in the University.Such a need would only require to be mentioned in New York and the money would be immediately forthcoming. The United States realised the enormous importance of chemical research for securing the health and happiness and the very existence of the modern state. He thought the money could be got in this country-Glasgow and Scotland were surely not so poor as all that. I t was really a disgrace to the Scottish nation that it had not been provided long ago. He hoped there would soon be a t Glasgow University a laboratory worthy of its staff and of its great traditions. The Lord Provost of Glasgow (Mr. Thomas Kelly) replying to the toast of “The City,” proposed from the chair referred to the great progress made by Glasgow in the course of the past century.The area of the city to-day he said was fifteen times greater than it was a hundred years ago and the population was eight times greater. The municipal expenditure was forty times greater than it was a hundred years ago-(laughter)-but the assets were in value two hundred times greater. The liabilities of the city a century ago amounted to LIZZ,OOO and last year they amounted to jf36,420,000. Surplus assets had grown from Defending the Corporation against charges of extravagance the Lord Provost said that they had budgeted for an expenditure this year in public health of ~600,000 which was three times greater than the expenditure incurred in the year before the war. The greatest advances of municipal expenditure had been in child welfare and in the treatment of tuberculosis.He did not think that any ratepayer who knew the true facts of the expenditure would complain of the municipal taxation. He reminded his hearers that rather less than half of the rates collected by the Corporation went to municipal expenditure. Rather 303 more than half of the taxation was required for education and for parish relief. Mr. George A. Mitchell proposed the toast of “The Guests,” to which Dr. A. S. M. MacGregor the Glasgow Medical Officer of Health replied. The services of Mr. A. R. Jamieson the convener who had been very largely responsible for the arrangements of the dinner having been suitably acknowledged the company adjourned for dancing. Huddersfie1d.-The Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in Collinson’s Caf6 on aand October Dr.A. E. Everest in the chair. The statement of accounts for the past session was submitted and approved. Dr. H. H. Hodgson and Mr. W. D. Scouller were elected to the Committee in place of Dr. J. Bruce and Mr. A. 0. Jones who retired under the rules. The resignation of Mr. H. S. Pink from the position of Hon. Secretary was accepted with regret and the members expressed their cordial thanks to Mr. Pink for his services to the Section. The appointment of Dr. H. W. Stephen to the Hon. Secretary- ship was then confirmed. A discussion on the activities of the Section then ensued. The Chairman said that the Committee would welcome any suggestions for increasing the interest of members in their meetings.It was agreed that so far as possible the meetings should be of an informal nature and that the Committee should aim at alternating academic and technical subjects for the lectures. The arrangements for the session were considered and the Secretary intimated that five lectures had been fixed. The first ordinary meeting of the session was held in Collinson’s CafP1 on 19th November Dr. H. H. Hodgson Vice-chairman presiding when Dr. F. L. Pyman gave an address on ** Vitamins and Hormones.” Dr. Pyman explained that while the animal organism depended for health very largely on a suitable intake of carbohydrates fats and proteins together with mineral salts vitamins and hormones were essential in very small quantities.They differed in one respect-animals were quite unable to synthesise vitamins 304 with which they must always bc supplied in the food whereas the hormones or “ chemical messengers,” were produced to an adequate extent by the ductless glands of animals in good health and failed only in various conditions of ill-health. As a result of Hopkins’ classical experiments in 1906-12 the presence of two accessory factors or vitamins was gradually recognised the fat-soluble A and the water-soluble B. A little later it was shown that orange juice and fresh leaves contained an anti-scorbutic vitamin now called vitamin C for it had long been recognised that scurvy was a deficiency disease brought about by abstaining from fresh vegetables. In 1924 it was suspected that the anti-rachitic factor present in fats was different from vitamin A and within the last few years enormous progress had been made leading to the discovery of the anti-rachitic vitamin called vitamin D which was that factor in food of which a deficiency caused results of a kind most strikingly seen in rickets the disease of children in which the bones were improperly formed and hardened.As a result of observations that ultra-violet light or food which had been irradiated were also successful in curing the disease it was natural that attention should be turned to the complex solid alcohol cholesterol which was a common constituent of skin and food and it was quickly found that irradiation of this substance produced vitamin D though not in large or regular quantities.The more carefully cholesterol was purified the lower was the vitamin yield and further research showed that it was the closely related substance ergosterol which gave the vitamin. The lecturer said that the fungus of yeast or rye was the main source of ergosterol; from either of these it could be isolated and by irradiation with ultra-violet light yielded a resin having all the biological qualities of vitamin D. Since the vitamin was itself destroyed by prolonged irradiation the conditions of exposure had to be carefully controlled. Although in the present state of our knowledge we did not know the composition of vitamin D much less its chemical constitution we were able to make it in a chemical works. Dr.Pyman then outlined the methods used in testing vitamins. Both curative and prophylactic methods were employed but the former generally gave the more conclusive results. By observing the effect on animals the activity of any sample could be expressed in terms of the standard. In the case of vitamin D 305 X-rays were used to follow the course of the cure and the result could be confirmed by the Line Test; for this test the animal was killed and after converting the calcium phosphate in the bone to silver phosphate and finally to metallic silver the results were compared microphotographically. Just as the fat-soluble vitamin A had been found to consist of two vitamins A and D it had now been found that vitamin B was complex in character containing two and possibly as many as five different principles.B alone of all the vitamins behaved like an amine and it appeared that it was possibly a simple derivative of glyoxaline. Within recent years the hormones had come into prominence as very potent drugs. The remedial administration of the whole dried-up gland or of an extract had given rise to the name “ organotherapy,” and this treatment had been particularly successful in the case of thyroid gland. The isolation of hormones in a chemically pure state was a matter of extreme difficulty since they were as a rule unstable and were present in very minute quantities. Adrenaline and thyroxine which were both closely related to the amino-acid tyrosine had been synthesised and were now made artificially; a t present however thyroxine could not replace thyroid in medicine owing to its insolubility in water.Apart from the ductless glands extracts of other organs of the body were being increasingly used in medicine and the lecturer instanced the use in diabetes of insulin isolated from the pancreas and that of liver extract in the treatment of pernicious anaemia. The isolation of insulin had to be carried out at a low temperature to prevent the insulin being destroyed by trypsin. Trypsin was also present in the pancreas but in the living animal it was kept apart from the insulin. A very interesting discussion followed in which the Chairman Dr. Bruce Dr. Morley Messrs. Riley Scouller and Spencer took part. Replying to a question by Mr.Riley Dr. Pyman said that an investigation of overdoses of vitamin D on animals had shown that 10,000 times the normal dose had no harmful effect but that IOO,OOO times the normal dose could create symptoms of poisoning. On the motion of Dr. Morley seconded by Mr. Moss a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Pyman. 306 The next meeting of the Section will be held on Tuesday zIst January when Mr. T. B. Philip of the Kestner Evaporator & Engineering Co. Ltd. will give an address on ‘‘ The application of Spray Drying to Industry and its relation to other methods of evaporation and drying.’’ Registered Students of the Institute are cordially invited to attend the lectures of the Huddersfield Section. The Hon. Secretary will be glad to supply a copy of the programme on request.Irish Free State.-The annual general meeting was held in Trinity College Dublin on the 27th November Professor W. E. Adeney in the chair. After the election of the Committee and the acceptance of the Hon. Treasurer’s financial statement Mr. R. L. Collett Assistant Secretary of the Institute delivered an address upon “The Chemist as a Professional Man.” Mr. Collett dealt principally with the personal aspects of the profession and the relationship which existed between members of the Institute engaged in various types of work. The visits of the officers of the Institute to the Local Sections were made chiefly in order that they might have opportunities of learning the special needs of members in different localities.He wished to convey to the Irish Free State Section the thanks of the Institute as a whole for its part in the work of enabling the com- munity to realise the importance of the profession and he assured the Section that the Institute was at all times eager to assist them in every way possible. Mr. J. W. Parkes in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Collett expressed his appreciation of the human touch underlying Mr. Collett’s address. While listening to this he could not help drawing a comparison between the address and the rather stolid Journal which members received periodically. He felt that it was a real advantage for members to meet officers of the Institute personally. Mr. B. G. Fagan seconded the vote of thanks and said that he was glad to hear of the ways in which the Institute could be of such use to individual members.Professor F. E. Hackett speaking as a visitor and as one outside the chemical profession said that a chemist seemed to him to be on a similar footing to the engineer in industry. 307 He felt that a chemist should be something more than a chemist that is a human being with personal interests outside his pro- fession. Barristers and medical men dealt directly with the public the chemist directly with industry. The Chairman conveyed the thanks of the meeting to Mr. Collett and stated that he had listened with the greatest appre- ciation to his remarks and to those of the other speakers. He felt that it was right that the younger members should be able to look for help in their difficulties to the older members of the profession.In reply Mr. Collett thanked the members present for their kindly appreciation of his remarks. He suggested to Mr. Parkes that it was much easier to speak to the members personally in a friendly and unofficial manner than to convey the same ideas in cold print in a Journal. He would like again to assure the members that the Institute could be very helpful to them in providing advice and information on special subjects. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard Hon. Secretary of the Section gave a demonstration on glass-blowing to the Engineering and Scientific Association on 9th December. The demonstration was well attended by members of the Association and of the Local Section of the Institute and included joining tubes in the forms commonly occurring in chemical apparatus blowing bulbs spinning glass tubing and making vacuum vessels.Dr. Leonard emphasised the importance of glass blowing to research students in chemistry and physics. Leeds Area.-At a meeting of the Section held on 11th Nov- ember at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds-Mr. B. G. McLellan in the chair-Mr. H. Trefor Jones opened a discussion on b b The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act.” Mr. H. Trefor Jones traced the development of the Act from its original to its present form. Instances were given of certain cases of fraud the widespread occurrence of which expedited the passing of the first Act in 1893. This Act whilst considerably reducing the occurrence of misrepresentation and adulteration failed in that since the responsibility for instituting legal proceedings lay largely in the hands of the farmer the number of cases brought to court was comparatively small.The Act was also unpopular because the dealer was liable to conviction for erroneous statutory statements which were really the faults of the manufacturer. 308 An attempt to remove these objections was made in the Act of 1906 which empowered Local Authorities to appoint Official Samplers who relieved the farmer of the responsibility of setting the machinery of the Act in motion. “ Warranty Defence ” was included which protected the dealer from being convicted of mis- statements by previous handlers of the goods. A further amendment to the Act was passed in 1926 and its form was the result of the deliberations of a Departmental Com- mittee and of an Advisory Committee appointed by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries in 1923 and 1924.The chief recom- mendations of the Departmental Committee were that the basis of civil and criminal proceedings should be separated and that schedules of articles governed by the Act should be included. Mr. J. S. Willcox discussed the Act of 1926 explained its main provisions and summarised the Regulations which were made pursuant to the Act. The 1926 Act was the same in principle as previous enact- ments but differed considerably in detail and was much less vague and ambiguous. The five schedules included in the Act were described and it was pointed out that their appearance was to be regarded as a distinct advance in that they provided a measure of definition and precision hitherto lacking.The seller’s and manufacturer’s obligation to furnish statutory statements with goods sold and to mark goods exposed or stored for sale and the powers of entry and sampling held by the Local Authority were discussed and the official methods of sampling and analysis were briefly summarised. The administration of the provisions of the Act was in the hands of Local Authorities and the extent to which they exer- cised their powers was controlled by the Ministry. Criminal proceedings with the exception of prosecution for failure to give a statutory statement could only be instituted with the per- mission of the Minister.Civil claims for damages under the Act could however be made without the Minister’s consent. A notable feature of the new Act was the transference of all claims by a buyer against a seller from the criminal to the civil courts. It was no longer possible to institute criminal pro- ceedings against the manufacturer or dealer on the basis of an analysis of an article made after it had left the premises and passed out of his control. 309 In the discussion which followed Mr. H. T. Lea suggested that the Act had failed in one sense in that the number of samples taken by the farmer himself was too small. The requirements of the Act might also lead to certain mixed products-e.g. meat and bone meals-being condemned for a deficiency in one constituent say phosphoric acid when actually the material was of higher value owing to an excess of a more valuable ingredient such as albuminoids.Mr. E. M. Hall criticised the methods prescribed for the deter- mination of sugar. Mr. C. H. Manley described cases of adulterated meals brought to his notice but stated that in the laboratory at Leeds no samples of fertilisers tested had proved defective. Prof. N. M. Comber pointed out that while the Act protected the farmer against fraud and his own ignorance it also protected the honest trader. More is known about the substances which are deleterious as foods than about the materials harmful to plants. He pointed out that the veto on prosecution of the Ministry of Agriculture was designed to protect the trader in the circumstances mentioned by Mr.Lea. He suggested that phosphoric acid might well be returned as the equivalent of phosphorus as is done with the nitrogen. Mr. R. W. Sutton enquired what quantity of sand was in- jurious in cake or meal but no definite information seemed to be available. Prof. R. Seton held that the Act should not be regarded as solely to detect fraud. The intelligent farmer needed to know the composition of the materials purchased in order to feed his stock and fertilise his land in a rational manner. Quoting examples of false description he wondered what was the moral responsibility of the chemists on whose work these descriptions were based. To-day claims were made for radioactive manures mineral pellets for foodstuffs and vitamins which deeply involved the chemist.The Chairman pointed out that in the matter of the ethics the chemist was usually blameless. He almost invariably carried out his work to the best of his ability and conscience. Unfortunately he was not always in a sufficiently strong position in a trading concern to decide what use was to be made of his results and he could not therefore be responsible for their misuse. 3 10 Mr. David McCandlish has been elected Chairman of the Committee and of the Section in succession to Mr. B. G. McLellan and Messrs. H. M. Mason J. A. Reddie J. W. Wood and Pro- fessor F. M. Rowe have been elected to the Committee. The Yorkshire Chemists’ Dinner” was held at the Great Northern Hotel Leeds on 5th December under the joint auspices of the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Leeds Area Section of the Institute,-Mr.W. B. Hill Chairman of the Yorkshire Section of the Society in the chair Mr. Hill in proposing the toast of “Chemistry,” coupled with the names of Dr. Levinstein and Professor Henderson advanced a plea for the welding together of the many chemical societies into one big federation; such a federation was needed in order that chemists as a profession would be able to show a united front to the world. Most chemists belonged to several societies and magazines and journals came pouring in month by month occupying space and costing money to bind a t the end of the year. Dr. Herbert Levinstein President of the Society of Chemical Industry referred to the newly published work of Dr.Bridges the Poet Laureate-A Testament of Beauty. Dr. Bridges he said had lived so long-he was now 85-that he had attained perfect wisdom. In his book he spoke of the “structure of blind atoms to their habits enslaved.” Could a more wonderful phrase to describe the whole of the problems of physics and chemistry be found than that? It had given scientists all the trouble in the world to try to discover what those habits were. When they had mastered them they would no longer be men and life would be intolerable. Professor G. G. Henderson Past President and a present Vice-president of the Institute spoke of its growth both in membership and in influence with Government departments and municipal and other authorities.This influence had grown because little by little people were coming to realise the funda- mental importance of the science of chemistry for the welfare of the people. There was not a single productive industry he could think of which was not ultimately dependent on chemistry and there was no profession anywhere where a standard of professional conduct was higher. Dr. A. E. Everest Chairman of the Huddersfield Section of the Institute in proposing the toast of “ The Guests,’’ also 31 1 spoke in support of the attempt to induce chemical organisations to co-operate and to reduce overlapping of work. He expressed the hope that in the future politicians would allow chemists to work for the benefit of humanity instead of asking them to produce means for the torture and destruction of their fellow men.Mr. H. J. Pooley Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry in replying for the guests gave some indication of the scheme a t present contemplated for the establishment of central headquarters in London which would bring the activities of various societies under one roof. This he thought would go a long way towards co-ordinating the efforts of the societies and lead to economy by the saving of a great deal of over- lapping and a t the same time increase the benefits which members of the societies a t present enjoy. He suggested also the establishment of a benevolent society for the benefit of members of all the various units and that co-ordination would also save expense if a central body prepared one set of abstracts to be accessible to all Sections.The proposal was to erect a building on a central site probably near Westminster,-the plans providing for an engineer- ing group of societies and also for a chemical group with a Club Library and Meeting Rooms for the common use of all the participating societies. The amount required from chemistry and chemical industry for the project was ~130,000. I t would require the combined efforts of both chemists and chemical industrialists all over the country if the scheme was to be carried through. He hoped that chemists in the provinces realising the benefit that it would be to the science of chemistry and the chemical industry as a whole would do their utmost to support it.Liverpool and North-Western.-The ninety-first ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the St. George’s Restaurant Red Cross Street on the 14th November Dr. Thomas in thewhair. A very instructive paper on 6 b Smoke Damage to Agriculture,” was read by Mr. Eric Rideout. Numerous photographs and exhibits of damaged crops were shown by Mr. Rideout who held the keenest interest of his audience throughout the whole of an excellent paper. The paper was followed by a discussion in which Prof. W. H. Roberts and Messrs. Dow and McLachlan took part. 312 London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 16th October members of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had the pleasure of hearing a lecture by Professor Leonard Hill F.R.S.on “Recent Developments in the Scientific Study of Deep Sea Diving.” Professor J. C. Drummond presided. Professor Hill gave a fascinatingly interesting description of the scientific work which has led recently to vast improvements in the conditions of diving and to the attainment of depths far beyond those hitherto reached. He described the method used by Dr. Argyll Campbell of injecting nitrogen into the body spaces of an animal and with- drawing samples for analysis days later and so determining the tension of oxygen and carbonic acid in the tissues. Animals kept in a chamber under low oxygen tension equal to that a t the top of Mount Everest become weak go off their food suffering degeneration of the heart and liver.The tension of oxygen in such cases goes down too low in the tissues and there is no acclimatisation. Thus prolonged life much above 17,000 ft. altitude does not seem possible. Exposure to high oxygen tension puts up the tension of oxygen and of carbonic acid in the tissue spaces. The blood saturated with oxygen is unable to carry carbonic acid to the lungs and the animals become poisoned with excess of carbonic acid. As is well known alterations of atmospheric pressure equally applied all over the body have no mechanical effect. If the percentage of oxygen be suitably reduced then no poisoning results and an animal remains normal for hours at say 10 atmospheres pressure. Effervescence of the body fluids which occurs on too rapid a decompression-due to the setting free of nitrogen-can be avoid‘ed by the breathing of oxygen during decompression.The decompression periods given in the Admiralty table can be very greatly shortened by this means. Record dives of 308 feet have been successfully made with the aid of R. H. Davis’s new submersible decompression chamber and the breathing of oxygen. Mr. E. Hinks proposed and Sir Robert Robertson seconded a vote of thanks which was heartily accorded to the lecturer. The annual general meeting of the Section was held at the Institute on 20th November when the following officers 313 and Committee were elected :-Chairman Professor J. C. Drummond; Vice-Chairmen Sir Robert Robertson and E. B. Hughes; Hon. Treasurer A. J. Chapman; Hon.Secretary J. R. Nicholls; Committee R. G. Atkinson J. J. V. Backes M. Bogod L. K. Boseley A. J. Cosbie Miss K. Culhane N. Evers T. H. Fairbrother F. B. Gatehouse S. H. Greenwood G. N. Grinling C. L. Hinton S. G. Kendrick Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt W. Partridge W. H. Simmons Dr. Martha Whiteley and W. 0. R. Wynn. The business of the meeting was followed by an enjoyable smoking concert the following artists taking part :-Mrs. Frankin Mrs. J. Grant Mrs. Smith Miss D. E. Leech Miss Stone Dr. Ashley H. H. Hudson C. H. Hyde R. D. Mason and W. G. Messenger. Manchester and District.-On 1st November before a joint meeting of the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry The Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Dyers and Colourists and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Dr.F. A. Freeth O.B.E. F.R.S. gave an address on b b Industrial Research.” Dr. R. H. Pickard a Vice-president of the Institute presided. Dr. Freeth said that with certain well-known exceptions industrial research in Britain did not receive much serious attention until the close of the war. The average age of research departments either belonging to the State or to private com- panies was certainly less than twenty-five years. Therefore he was really dealing with a movement that was in its infancy. He desired to lay stress upon the spirit in which research was conducted. The chemical industry during the last ten years had undergone the greatest expansion in its history and one which was by no means yet completed.This expansion had necessitated the prosecution of research upon an enormous scale and it was certain that without such continuous large- scale research no progress would have been possible. Industrial research had not had too good a start as regards the mutual relationships of the parties concerned. (i) Manufacturers in this country had had a most anxious and uneasy time during the past seven or eight years and there had been far too much general condemnation of their attitude to research the word “backward” was constantly used. The 314 approach to the manufacturer had not been correctly made he had been urged to prosecute research merely on a paying basis; but there was a great necessity for an almost paradoxical frame of mind in this connection.(ii) Next the technical staff of an old-established industry were nearly always what are known as “practical men,” and their attitude of mind without being hostile to research or to the scientific worker was apt to be acutely critical often for very good reasons. (iii) The research worker had advanced upon industry in the style of Joshua blowing his trumpet with the negative effect that the walls had not fallen. The imposition of the cost of research upon the cost of manufacture was nearly always one which was to some extent resented by technical men of affairs. A great many of these difficulties could be overcome by a spirit of enthusiasm in intelligent scientific work. If the manager of a works could realise that he had at his call a body of research workers who were actively and energetically investigating the inmost theories of their subject results could often be obtained which would convert him from a sceptic into an enthusiast.The research worker himself in some cases approached the problems of industry in an altogether too light-hearted spirit. One of the most important things in industrial research was the attitude of mind of the research worker. In any industry which up to the present had had very little assistance from research or had been averse from spending money on research on the grounds of financial stringency the lines of investigation must be directed to finding out more about the industry and especially about .the scientific mechanism of its processes rather than an attack on particular difficulties.This conception demanded the utmost open-mindedness sympathy and co-operation between the manufacturer on the one hand and his technical staff and research workers on the other. This could best be appreciated by looking into that most important question the condition of the minds of those actually engaged in research. Nearly every scientist or scientific worker had in his inmost heart a tremendous respect for the purely scientific and academic sides of his profession. I t was also in this sense a regrettable fact that in many cases academic science did not always accord quite that amount of admiration and understanding to industrial science which was necessary for it to maintain its self-respect.315 The statements made by great scientists and the facts of the conditions under which they worked showed that independence of work and thought was the characteristic upon which they would most insist. If research workers were always worried as to the production of what were called results that free play of mind which is so essential for the very difficult task of achieving the further development of an old-established industry would inevitably be destroyed. He (Dr. Freeth) suggested that the key to successful industrial research would be found in the development of the individual scientific enthusiasm of the research worker. There was all the difference in the world between a man who was filled with a kind of glorious obsession in his work and a man who was merely doing work in order to obtain a living.In many cases the conditions of an industry were such that it was nearly im- possible for them to pay their scientific workers really ade- quately even if they cared to do so. A man must have some driving force behind him if he was to do good work. Monetary success was a tremendous incentive but without that there was only one other thing possible and that was the stimulation of enthusiasm. The research worker like everybody else was subject to various cross currents of thought. A new phenomenon was arising; people were taking up industrial research as a means of livelihood. He was constantly asked whether people should make their sons physicists chemists or engineers the answer being supposed to be pre-determined by that profession which offered the best chance of making a large income.This outlook produced a cross current in the mind of the scientific worker which was very apt to lead him towards the executive adminis- trational sides of the business. Claud Bernard the famous French physiologist in a striking passage emphasised the necessity of performing experiments without pre-conceived ideas. Many men whose whole lives and reputations had been connected with pure science had failed in this respect. How much more difficult was it therefore for the industrial research worker. Nearly always such a man had been to a University where in order to obtain a good degree it was necessary for him to be crammed like the proverbial Strasbourg goose.He next settled down for one or two years of research in the University of which he was already a member though there could be nothing more admirable for a man who has 316 gained his degree at a University than to do his research some- where else. During the two years research he was at the mercy of another cross current. Usually the research which he under- took had not been suggested by himself but was part of a general scheme worked out by the professor to whom he was responsible. The latter was under a kind of moral obligation to suggest a theme which would as they say ‘ I come out ” that is to say which would yield some sort of result. This obviously meant that very many of the interesting and more difficult ideas of science were neglected.Another cross current was provided by changes of fashion for science has its changes of fashion. At the moment what might be called the fashionable theoretical trend was not par- ticularly of immediate advantage to industry. He (Dr. Freeth) would not attempt to decry in the slightest the magnificent achievements of modern theoretical science ; nevertheless a great deal of modern chemistry and physics was remote from what might be called practical life. All this might sound a little depressing but in fact it was not so. He had outlined the chief dangers merely to prove that if they were recognised they were the more easily overcome. He offered a few random suggestions. Research workers ought to travel and consult with other people a great deal more than they do at present if only to prevent the almost endemic disease of mental staleness.The travelling accounts of many research associations were ludicrously small. A great deal also could be done by close association of trades which had nothing to fear from each other. Of course there had been in this country a kind of what might be called jealousy in the past for instance of the necessity for secrecy. There were many research depart- ments in different trades which could exchange complete information and mutual visits of staffs to the greatest good of everybody. It was also of the greatest value to stimulate and encourage friendly international relationships between scientific workers. Such exchange and he had had a good deal of experience of it was nearly always mutual and its effect on industrial scientific workers was of the very greatest good.A very interesting discussion followed in which Professor W. Bragg Professor J. Kenner Mr. G. Holden Mr. W. D. Rogers and Dr. D. A. Clibbens participated; and the proceedings con- cluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. 317 The annual dinner and dance of the Local Section of the Institute held on 5th December was attended by more than 250 members and friends and was voted one of the most enjoyable events ever held by the Section. In response to a letter addressed by the Council to the Committees of Local Sections suggesting the desirability of taking steps to encourage students to take an interest in their chosen profession and to register as Students of the Institute the Section Committee called a meeting of Registered Students in the Manchester area who expressed their keenness to form a Students’ Association.A provisional Committee and a Secretary (pro tern.) were appointed and the Committee has since obtained the sanction of the Council to the proposal and a grant for expenses. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Chemical Industry Club Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 6th November Pro- fessor G. R. Clemo presiding in the unavoidable absence of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. The Committee’s report and Treasurer’s financial statement were received and adopted and the Committee for the ensuing session was elected:-Mr.N. Dawson Dr. A. A. Hall Dr. R. D. Haworth Prof. Irvine Masson Mr. F. Nicholls Dr. P. L. Robin- son Mr. L. H. Sensicle and Mr. F. H. Walker (Hon. Secretary). Dr. W. B. Davidson and Dr. J. T.Dunn were appointed Honorary Auditors. Mr. H. C. L. Bloxam Dr. J. T. Dunn and the Honorary Secretary were appointed as Interviewing Committee. The meeting then considered a letter from the Council with reference to the deputation sent by the Section to the Newcastle- upon-Tyne Chamber of Commerce. It was reported however that no further information was forthcoming as to any action which the Chamber of Commerce intended to take in the matter. A letter from the Council on the suggestion that students of chemistry should be encouraged to register with the Institute was also considered and the Honorary Secretary was directed to obtain a supply of literature for distribution among prospective students.South Wales.-The first meeting of the session was held on 18th October at the Royal Metal Exchange Swansea 318 when Principal C. A. Edwards of the University College Swansea delivered an address on b b The Chemistry of Tinplate Manufacture.” After discussing the chemical composition necessary in order to make a steel base which would easily stamp and seam the lecturer dealt with the reactions taking place in the steel-making furnace. The importance of casting conditions was emphasised and the positioning of blowholes was illustrated by a number of ingots produced by adding varying quantities of aluminium.After a brief description of the annealing operation the use of restrainers or inhibitors in pickling was considered and the lecturer also dealt with the question of peppery blisters. In concluding with an account of the tinning operation Dr. Edwards suggested that a closer examination of the flux conditions was desirable. On 8th November before a joint meeting of the South Wales Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Institute held at Thomas’ Cafe Swansea Mr. H. J. Hodsman read a paper on b4Smokeless Fuels and how they burn.” Mr. Hodsman dealt with the co-relation of the behaviour of carbonised fuels in open grates with their properties as ascertainable in the laboratory based on the work of J.H. Dyde of the Plymouth and Stonehouse Gas Company. Open fires heat mainly by direct radiation of heat the rate at which this occurs being jointly dependent on three factors the area radiating A; its emissivity e; and its temperature T i.e. as the product e A T4. The influence of the various properties of a fuel on this product was discussed. The area factor was influenced by grate design shallow fires giving a reduced output. The area factor was greatly affected by the geometrical form of the fuel for it was held that the glowing cavities made the greatest con- tribution. Fuels of a dense compact character or of regular geometrical form which tended to pack closely did not readily develop large cavities. Such fuels were anthracite some bituminous coal briquettes and cokes made by processes in which swelling was prevented during carbonisation.Cokes made of blends of caking and non-caking coals often took this 319 character. On the other hand cokes of a spongy angular form which pack badly,'tended to give high outputs of radiation viz. the cokes made in continuous vertical gas retorts. These properties were however disadvantageous so far as transport and storage were concerned. The emissivity factor was influenced by the presence or absence of flame which had a low radiating power as compared with solid fuel. In so far as the fuel burnt as flame above the fuel bed its output of radiant heat would be diminished. For this reason low temperature cokes and coals containing volatile matter were less effective radiators than high temperature cokes.Highly reactive fuels producing CO by the reduction of CO in the fuel bed which burns as a blue flame above the fire were found to give a reduced output of radiation. The production of CO in the fuel bed also tended to diminish the output of radiation by lowering the temperature of the glowing fuel. Only about one third of the potential heat of combustion of the carbon gasified to CO was developed in the fire which either failed to attain a high temperature or did so a t the cost of a high fuel consumption. Moisture chilled the fuel and lowered its efficiency this was specially open to objection in the early stages of lighting a fire. The presence of much ash had obvious disadvantages.Contrary to anticipation high ash content did not reduce the thermal efficiency of the fire so much as might be expected. The output of heat was reduced but roughly in proportion to the calorific value so that the percentage radiant efficiency was not greatly diminished. The ash had the objectionable effect of reducing the capacity of the appliance. From the point of view of radiant efficiency the gas cokes displayed the best performance. In regard to flexibility in use they were less favourably placed. Here the low temperature cokes with consequently lower " ignition temperatures " showed to advantage which was shared by cokes made from blends of caking and non-caking coals. The work indicated that the radiant efficiency of fuels ranged from below 20 per cent.to about 30 per cent. where the whole output of heat is measured from the combustion of 12 lbs. of fuel from lighting to dying down. The more usual method of testing fuel appliances was to determine the performance only after a steady condition was attained. Under such circumstances the efficiency of the fuel might rise appreciably above 30 per cent. 320 and to figures which should justify a much greater use of such fuels if these facts were generally realised. Taking all the factors into consideration it was concluded that some of the desirable properties of solid fuels were mutually incompatible and that the ideal could not exist. In practice a compromise must be accepted. The annual general meeting of the Section was held at Thomas’ Caf6 Swansea on 29th November.The following officers and committee were elected for the session:-Chairman Mr. E. A. Tyler; Hon. Secretary Dr. P. M. Macnair; Committee Prof. J. E. Coates Dr. A. G. Ramsay Messrs. J. W. Adye E. E. Ayling P. F. Ellis and E. Anderson. The formal business of the meeting was followed by a dinner at which 36 members and guests were present. The chairman Mr. E. A. Tyler outlined the aims of the Institute and spoke of the benefits derived from Section meetings. He encouraged the students to persevere in their work and to make it their aim to become members of the Institute. An excellent musical programme arranged by Mr. P. V. Lloyd was provided during the evening. 321 Notes. Public Analysts.-Under “ Notes ” in Part V of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (p.257) reference was made to the case of BakeweZZ v. Davis 1894 Q.B. 296 and to a statement in the seventh edition of Bell’s Sale of Food and Drugs Act that the public analyst need not make the analysis personally but may do so through his assistants. On further investigation into the circumstances of BakeweZZ v. Davis it has been found that the case related to a sample of milk certified by the public analyst to contain 22 per cent. of fat less than natural. The certificate also contained the following statement “ The abstraction of fat is a fraud and may possibly be injurious to health.’’ The public analyst stated in his evidence that the analysis was carried out under his supervision; that he was not present during the progress of some of the processes but that the weighing of the parts and other material operations had been done by him or in his presence and he gave evidence as to the constituent parts of the sample of milk.It was contended that the analysis required by the Act of 1875 must be made by the public analyst personally and that an analysis so made was a condition precedent to prosecution. The justices found that the public analyst had analysed the sample within the meaning of the Act and on this and other counts convicted. One of the points of law for the opinion of the higher Court was:-“Was the analysis properly and legally made by the public analyst within the meaning of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts 1875?” The judges were of opinion that the conviction in the lower Court was right and therefore they upheld the contention that the analysis was legally made by the public analyst.Dangerous Drugs Acts 1920-1925.-By Order in Council made under section 8(2) of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 Part I11 of that Act which provides for the control of morphine heroin and cocaine has been applied to the esters of morphine their respective salts and to any preparation admixture and extract containing them. 322 The effect of the Order is that these drugs may not be im- ported into or exported from the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland without a licence issued by the Secretary of State under the Dangerous Drugs Act and as regards internal control the consolidated Dangerous Drugs Regulations 1928 apply to them.Nobel Prize Awards.-The President and Council have conveyed their congratulations to Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins and to Dr. Arthur Harden Fellows of the Institute on being awarded Nobel Prizes. The Prize for Medicine and Physiology for 1929 has been divided between Professor Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Dunn Professor in Chemical Physiology and Praelector in Bio- chemistry University of Cambridge and Professor Christian Eij kman Professor of Hygiene and of Micro-Biology University of Utrecht for discoveries relating to Vitamins. The Prize for Chemistry for 1929 has been divided between Dr. Arthur Harden Head of the Biochemical Department of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine and Professor of Biochemistry in the University of London and Professor H.Von Euler Professor of Chemistry in the Stockholm High School. Societb de Chimie 1ndustrielle.-The Ninth Congress of Industrial Chemistry was held at Barcelona during the week commencing 13th October and was attended by about 600 delegates representing 16 different nations. The Institute was represented by Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt Member of Council. The general meetings were well attended especially the first one when Prof. H. E. Armstrong delivered one of the opening addresses. Several of the sectional meetings however were abandoned for lack of support. A number of visits to works and other excursions proved more attractive. The Sociktk de Chimie Industrielle continues to flourish and its influence on the Continent is more and more noticeable.Centenaire Paul Schutzenberger.-The centenary of the birth of Paul Schutzenberger was held in Paris on 7th November. The proceedings included a visit to the cemetery where a wreath was laid on the tomb a luncheon held in the Ecole de Physique et de Chimie Appliquies of which Schutzenberger was the first director and a meeting at the Sorbonne when speeches were made and some excellent music was performed in presence of the President of the Republic. British chemistry was represented by Dr. H. E. Armstrong Mr. A. Chaston Chapman (representing the Royal Society) Professor J. F. Thorpe (representing the Chemical Society) fessor C. s. Gibson. The spokesmen of the foreign guests were Professor T.M. Lowry (representing the Institute) and Pro- Professor Haher (Germany) Mr. A. Chaston Chapman and- in the amphitheatre of the Sorbonne-Professor Swartz (Belgium). A medal or plaque distributed in the first instance to sub- scribers to a fund for the foundation of “Bourses Schutzen- berger,” had been executed by Professor Georges Urbain the General Secretary of the Committee who is a sculptor and a musician as well as a chemist. The reverse side of the plaque summarises the claims of Schutzenberger to the homage of his colleagues and successors in the phrases-“ Chimie Min6rale ; Matiitres Colorantes ; Industries chimiques ; Albuminoides.” The Annual Chemical Dinner held at the Connaught Rooms London on 9th November was attended by 500 members of the participating societies and institutions and their guests.The Right Hon. Lord Dewar presided and the guest of the evening was Field-Marshal Sir George Milne Chief of the Imperial General Staff. After the loyal toasts had been honoured Sir George Milne proposed that of “ Chemistry and Industry,” remarking that if ever the catastrophe of war occurred in the future the country would have to rely more than ever on chemists and other men of science. Lord Dewar in reply referred to recent developments in the distilling indus t ry-part icularly the manufacture of acetic acids acetone methanol and butanol and concluded his subject in his well-known epigrammatic manner. The remainder of the evening was devoted to dancing.Joseph Priest1ey.-The thanks of the Council have been accorded Mr. William Partridge who has kindly presented the Institute with a bronze medal or token bearing the bust of Joseph Priestley by J. G. Hancock and on the obverse a group of apparatus and the date MDCCLXXXIII. This appears to be a replica of the silver medal by the same artist which was ex- hibited at the Institute by Mr. G. H. Gabb on the occasion of the Jubilee Celebration of the Institute. Although it is unfortu- nately damaged the Council is glad to add this gift to the few historical relics possessed by the Institute which already include a specimen of the Phipson Medal of Priestley in White Metal (1794) and also a hard-paste medallion by Tassie of Glasgow which was presented by Mr.Patrick H. Kirkaldy Hon. Treasurer. The exhibits by Mr. Gabb on the same occasion included the valuable Wedgwood plaque; two tokens in bronze and white metal known as “Sedition Pennies,” issued by the Anti-Re- publican Party showing a snake in the grass intended to repre- sent Priestley; a copper token with the legend J. Priestley Citizen of the World,” and on the reverse the Flame of Liberty proceeding from a torch with the words I ‘ Hampden and Sydney ” and “Sacred to Liberty” ; and medals in bronze and white metal by Halliday Consecrated to the memory of Priestley.” Other gifts of medals and tokens of Priestley will be gladly acknowledged in the event of any Fellow or Associate being desirous that such relics should be entrusted to the keeping of the Institute which has adopted the figure of Priestley as the main feature of its Seal.Lectures.-The Registrar of the Institute gave a lecture on “The Profession of Chemistry” at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute on 12th November and another at the request of the Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour on “Science as a Career,” at Dulwich College on zIst November. The Assistant Secretary gave a similar lecture at the Wigan and District Mining and Technical College on 13th November. Technical Optics.-A special course of about fifteen lectures on the Technical Applications of the Spectroscope will be given at the Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington on Mondays Wednesdays and Fridays com- mencing Wednesday the 15th January 1930 at 4 p.m (Fee two guineas).An additional course of the practical work will be held at times to be arranged with intending students who should be prepared to attend for ten or twelve periods of three hours each. (Fee four guineas.) These courses have been specially designed to equip those attending with the knowledge necessary to enable them to apply the spectroscope to problems in chemistry biology and other branches of science and industry. Application to enter the above courses should be made to the Registrar of the College. 325 Obituary. FREDERICK WILLIAM DOOTSON died a t a nursing home a t Cambridge on 12th December in his 67th year. He matriculated a t Cambridge University in 1891 entering Fitzwilliam Hall as a non-collegiate student.He graduated B.A. in 1894 proceeded to M.A. in 1898 and joined Trinity Hall in 1896. Later he was awarded the degree of Sc.D. (Dublin). In 1894 he was appointed Demonstrator to the Professor of Chemistry in the University Chemical Laboratory Cambridge teaching chemistry and metallurgy and in due course became University Lecturer in Chemistry. From 1897 onwards he contributed several papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1901. HARRY KINGSLEY died as the result of a motor accident on 17th October in his thirty-seventh year. Educated a t Manchester Grammar School he was engaged for a year as an Assistant a t the Agecroft Printworks of the Calico Printers’ Association.He matrioulated a t Victoria University gained a University Scholarship and proceeded to the College of Technology where he studied from 1912 to 1915 graduating as B.Sc.Tech. He was then engaged in research on airship fabrics for Messrs. I. Frankenburg & Sons Ltd. a t Salford until 1917 when he was appointed Assistant Chemist to Messrs. Turner Bros. Asbestos Co. a t Rochdale where he remained until 1919. I n that year he rejoined the Calico Printers’ Association with whom he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. SAMUEL RIDEAL died suddenly of heart failure at Hartley Southern Rhodesia on the 13th November in his 67th year. Educated a t Dulwich College he studied science a t the Royal School of Mines and a t University College London where he was University Scholar in Chemistry in 1884 and continued as assistant lecturer.He graduated as B.Sc. in the same year and D.Sc. in 1886 and was elected a Fellow of University College in 1887. In 1889 he was appointed lecturer in Chemistry a t St. George’s Hospital and soon after established a laboratory for consulting and analytical practice in Victoria Street Westminster. I n 1893 he was appointed public analyst for the district of Lewisham which post he held for many years. He contributed numerous papers on chemistry and sanitary science to the Journal of the Chemical Society the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry The Analyst etc. and gave the Cantor Lectures on Water Puri$cation before the Royal Society of Arts.He was the author of Practical Organic Chemistry (2nd edition 1898) ; Disinfection and Dis- infectants (3rd edition 1904) ; Water and its Purification (2nd edition 1901) ; Sewage and Bacterial Puri$cation of Sewage (3rd edition 1906); and- jointly with his son Dr. Eric Rideal-of Public Water Supplies (1914). He was the editor of a series on Industrial Chemistry ( 19 18). He was President of the Society of Public Analysts in 1918. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887 and served as a Member of Council from 1899 to 1902. 326 ARTHUR STEAD died in Pretoria on 13th November in his 51st year. Educated privately by his parents he won a Senior Norfolk County Scholarship in 1895 and proceeded to the University of Liverpool where he graduated in 1899 as B.Sc.(Vict.) in the first class. Later he was awarded M.Sc. (Liv.). From 1902 to 1904 he was an Assistant Master under the Transvaal Education Department and thereafter was an assistant in the Government Laboratory of the Orange . River Colony for nine years. From 1913 to 1917 he was lecturer in chemistry a t the Grootfontein School of Agriculture a t Middleburg Cape Province where he continued as a research chemist until 1921 when he was appointed Senior Chemist in the Division of Chemistry of the Department of Agri- culture. In 1922 he was in charge of the Union Soil Survey. In 1923 he was President of Section B (Chemistry) of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923.HENRY RALPH TUTTON who died a t Pretoria Hospital on 20th June in his fifty-first year was educated a t King Edward VI School Bath and Merchant Venturers’ Technical School Bristol. From 1903 to 1906 he was assistant to Mr. W. J. Read and was then appointed Chief Chemist t o the South Wales Portland Cement Co. Ltd. a t Penarth which position he held for nine years during which he conducted research on slag cements on the hydration of aluminates of calcium and magnesium and on sulpho- aluminates. I n 1915-1916 he was research chemist with the Brimsdown Lead Co. Ltd. and in the latter year joined the staff of British Dyes Ltd. a t Huddersfield. In 1922 he was appointed manager of the Sennar Cement Factory Makwar Works in the Sudan and in 1925 proceeded to Pretoria where he was engaged as a chemical engineer until his death.He was elected an Associate in 1918. THOMAS BARLOW WOOD died a t Saxlingham near Holt Norfolk on 6th November in his sixty-first year. Educated a t the High School Newcastle-under-Lyme he proceeded to Gonville and Caius College Cambridge graduating first class in both Parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos with chemistry as his chief subject and later proceeding to M.A. I n 1891-1892 ho gave lectures in agricultural science in the county of Devon and continued this work in the county of Norfolk while holding a mastership a t the Norfolk County School. In due course he was elected Monro Fellow of his College became Reader in Agricultural Chemistry ( 1907) and subsequently Drapers’ Professor of Agriculture in the Univer- sity in succession to Professor Somerville and Mr.-now Sir-Thomas Middleton.He contributed many papers to the Journal of Agricultural Science and elsewhere and was the author of The Story of a Loaf of Bread (1913); National Food Supply in Peace and War (1917); Food Economy in Wartime-in collaboration with Sir F. Gowland Hopkins-( 191 7 ) ; Com- position and Nutritive Value of Foodstuffs (1918); The Chemistry of Crop Production (1920); Animal Nutrition (1924). At the time of his death he was engaged on a new edition of Fream’s Elements of Agriculture. During the war he acted as British representative on the Commission Scientifique Interallih du Ravitaillement his advice being constantly sought on agricultural matters and especially on the feeding of farm animals ; and during 1917-18 was a member of the Development Commission.He was appointed C.B.E. in January 1918 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. 327 HARRY NORMAN MORRELL a Registered Student died on 26th September in his 26th year. Educated a t Openshaw Junior Technical School and a t the Manchester College of Technology he passed the Joint Matriculation Examination of the Northern Universities obtained the Higher Grade National Certificate in Chemistry and the Diploma of the College-A.M.C.T. He was engaged for eight years in the analytical department of the British Dyestuffs Corporation and for over two years with the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Research Association.In April of this year he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in all parts except in the translation of German technical literature. 328 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part V 1929 the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “ Chemistry Experimental.” A. C. Williams. Pp. xii+ 141. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.) 2s. 6d. An elementary laboratory text-book for use in Schools including laboratory rules general exercises in the laboratory arts and a short course in volumetric analysis etc. “Gaseous Combustion at High Pressures.” W.A. Bone D. M. Newitt and D. T. A. Townend. Pp. xii+3g6. (London Longmans Green & Co.) 42s. Mainly an account of the researches carried out in the High Pressure Gas Research Laboratories of the Imperial College of Science and Technology London together with the equipment and experimental methods employed. “ Inorganic Analysis Applied with special reference to the Analysis of Metals Minerals and Rocks.” W. F. Hillebrand and G. E. F. Lundell. Pp. xix+pg. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.) 42s. 6d. Accuracy balances and weights apparahs and reagents special opera- tions volumetric analysis determination of the elements silicate and carbonate rock analysis miscellaneous methods. “Moisture on Chemical and Physical Changes The Effects of.” J.W. Smith. Pp. xii+z35. (London Longmans Green & Co.) 15s. General historical survey gaseous reactions solid-gas reactions reactions between solids reactions in non-aqueous solvents summary of the theories of the action of water vapour in promoting chemical reaction influence of intensive drying on physical properties oxides of nitrogen hydrocarbons other liquids influences of traces of other catalysts on the physical properties of liquids influence of an electric field. “Parachor and Valency The.” S. Sugden. Pp. vii+zz4. (London George Routledge & Sons Ltd.) 12s. 6d. The liquid state empirical relations between surface tension density and temperature ; paraehors of organic compounds; atoms and spectra ; polar and non-polar linkages ; higher valencies ; applications of the theory of odd electron linkages ; associated liquids ; atomic parachors and atomic number ; quantum theory of shared electrons ; experi- mental methods.329 Industrial Maladies.-The Royal Society of Arts has published a valuable series of lectures given by Sir Thomas Morrison Legge C.B.E. M.D. late H.M. Senior Medical Inspector of Factories on “ Thirty Years’ Experience of Industrial Maladies ” :- I. Notifkation of Industrial Diseases dealing with “phossy jaw,” mercury arsenic and phosphorus poisoning anthrax toxic jaundice skin cancer aniline poisoning carbon bisulphide and the like. 11. Lead Poisoning-in the ceramic and paint industries l d smelting file cutting and in painting and other trades.111. Compensation for Industrial Diseases. Appendix I. Statistics of Lead Poisoning etc. , 11. Analysis of Reports on 10,923 cases of Lead Poisoning. , 111. Twenty years’ experience of cases of industrial disease for which compensation was paid. The booklet contains many other useful statistics and charts. Royal Society of Arts Shaw Lectures February-March 1929. (H.M. Stationery Office Cmd 3436. 3s. Od. net.) 2s. 6d. A.S.L.1.B.-The Association of Special Libraries and In- formation Bureau has published the report of the Proceedings of its Sixth Conference held at Cambridge from 20th to 23rd September. (5s.) The Royal Commission on Local Government.-The Final Report of the Royal Commission on Local Government recently published contains the following recommendations which may affect public analysts viz.that- The administration of the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act (i) 1928 and the appointment of Public Analysts should be assigned to County Councils and County Borough Councils; (ii) Councils of County Districts should retain the right to procure samples and take proaeedings; and (iii) A County Council should be empowered if they think fit to contribute towards the coat incurred by a Council of a County District. This part of the Report will shortly come under the consideration of the Public Appointments Committee. 330 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 22nd November and 13th December 1929 4 new Fellows were elected 9 Associates were elected to the Fellowship I Fellow was re-elected 41 new Associates were elected and 47 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 4 Fellows 2 Associates and I Student by death. New Fellows. Andrew Robert Leslie Dominion Laboratory Sydney Street Wellington Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ambler Henry Reason B.Sc. (Lond.) Puxton Woolwich Road Bostall Heath London S.E.2. Baker Gerrard Wollaston Government Central Laboratory Department of Health Government of Palestine Jerusalem. Carpenter John Arthur M.A. (Oxon) c/o Burma Oil Co. Ltd. P.O. Box 67 Rangoon Burma. Dallas William A.M.I.Chem.E. Burnbank Mount Vernon By Glasgow. Eade Harold Maurice B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 16 Warneford Road Cowley Road Oxford. Grant George Abernyte Mid Calder.Green Albert M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales) 26 Cheyne Avenue Snaresbrook Husband Alfred Dudley Department of Agriculture Salisbury S. Pickering Eric Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Glas.) Borough Polytechnic London E .18. Rhodesia. Institute Borough Road London S.E. 1. Re-elected Fellow. Crabtree John Ickeringill M.Sc. (Vict.) Research Laboratory Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester N.Y. New Associates. Aitken Harry Arthur Ashwell M.Sc. (N.Z.) Chemistry Department University of Otago Dunedin N.Z. Barlow Miss Mary Lysbeth R.Sc. (Lond.) Ellerton Thames Ditton Surrey. Baxter James B.Sc. (Glas.) 5 Lynnburn Avenue Bellshill. Burnett Charles Edwin 51 Grasmere Crescent Westwood Park Eccles N.Z. Christopher John Edward 4 Fleming Place Maryport Cumberland. Maxted Edward Bradford Ph.D.(Berlin) D.Sc. (Lond.) 38 Walliscote Road Weston-super-Mare. Parkes George David M.A. B.Sc. D.Phil. (Oxon) Keble College Oxford. Lanes. 33 1 Calvert John Thornton B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon) 66 Burbage Road Heme Hill London S.E.24. Camps-Campins Francisco Miguel B.S. M.S. (Louisiana) 67 Frederick Street Port of Spain Trinidad B.W.I. Chattin Alan Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) Lavender Cottage Arkwright Road Sanderstead. Costigan Howard Augustus Ph.D. B.Sc. (Liv.) 280 Wellington Road N. Heaton Chapel Stockport. Bod Leonard Thane M.Sc. (Liv.) 19 Canning Street Liverpool. Ellenberg William 236 Mile End Road London E.l. Ewence Joseph Harold B.Sc. (Lond.) Santa Elena Entre Rios Argentina. Hall Cecil Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) 7 Cintra Park Upper Norwood London S .a.19. J&6 Frederick William Moore B.Sc. (Lond.) 8 Leyburn Grove Shipley. Johnson Francis Raban B.Sc. (Lond.) 5 Hallswelle Road Golders Green London N.W.ll. Jones Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.) 22 Kinnaird Street Dingle Liverpool. Kandiah Aruppillai B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 67 Waldemar Avenue Fulham London S.W.6. Kilner Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.) Constantine College Middlesbrough. Kirkwood John B.Sc. (Edin.) Brigend Dechmont Uphall West Lothian. Kirwan John M.Sc. (Liv.) 248 Winchester Road Shirley Southampton. Leslie Graham B.Sc. (S.A.) c/o Chemistry Department Cape Technical College P.O. Box 652 Cape Town S.A. MacConkey Charles Alexander Hamilton Dip. Ing-Chem. (Zurich) Mackenzie William Donald Technical Director Messrs. Lever Bros.Marginson Charles Carr B.Sc. (Manc.) The Homestead Whitestake nr. McFarlane Arthur Sproul M.A. B.Sc. (Glas.) Kerrycroy Bearsden Chemical Industry Club 2 Whitehall Court London S.W.l. Balmain Sydney N.S.W. Preston. Dumbartonshire. Ham London E.6. Woodford Green. Derby. Middleton Arthur William B.Sc. (Lond.) 27 St. Bernard’s Road East Milnsr Francis Highland B.Sc. (Lond.) Moynes Grosvenor Gardens Nightingale Miss Marjorie Annie B.Sc. (Lond.) 202 Kedleston Road Parrish Francis Herbert B.Sc. (Leeds) Sketchley Dyeworks Hinckley. Parsons Leslie George Brett B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 73 Lynton Avenue Ealing London W.13. Pemberton Douglas Gordon B,Sc. (Manc.) Government Laboratory Clement’s Inn Passage London W.C.2. Pizer Norman Henry B.Sc.(Reading) Wantage Hall Reading. Powell Arthur Dudley 5 Corby Road Nottingham. Raw Robert B.Sc. (Lond.) 30 Warren Terrace Spondon Derby. Rawlings Harold William B.Sc. (Lond.) 7 Cardozo Road Holloway London N.7. Robinson Edwin Brew M.Sc. (Mane.) 132 Ashley Lane Moston Man- Chester. Selbie James Chalmers B.Sc. (Aberd.) Kintore Arms Hotel Inverarie Aberdeenshire. Stewart Miss Alice Watson B.Sc. (Aberd.) 246 Rosemount Place Aberdeen. Stoddart James Hastie B.Sc. (Glas.) 30 Ancaster Drive Glasgow W.3. Waddell James A.H.W.C. 30 Broompark Drive Dennistoun Glasgow E.l. 332 Ward Stanley Allen B.Sc. (Lond.) c/o Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Abadan Persian Gulf. Wood Harry Alexander 79 Angel1 Road Brixton London S.W.9. New Students. Astin Stanley Royal College of Science S.Kensington London S.W.7. Austin James Eric 100 Hollyhedge Road West Bromwich. Bayne Charles 4 Viewforth Street Kirkcaldy. Beynon Cyril Ernest 3 West Grove Merthyr Tydfil. Boyce Ernest George 2 Grove Road N. Southsea. Brooks Walter 26 Percy Street N. Kelvinside Glasgow. Bugg6 Erasmus Thomas The Woodlands Shooters Hill Welling Kent. Bastard Francis John Mason 6 Fernleigh Road Winchmore Hill London N.21. Chappell Albert Henry 67 Mount View Road Sheffield. Chayen Israel Harris 1 Lancaster Gardens Southend-on-Sea. Evans David Joshua Pantycoedcae Morriston Swansea. Fry Harry 103 Rowsell Street Bow London E.3. Hall Donald Hugh Fairview Eaglesfield Road London S.E.18. Halton Charles Graham 138 Cowesby Street Moss Side Manchester.Harrison Antony Ashwin Woodfield Oving nr. Chichester. Hindhaugh Reginald Charles 32 Grosvenor Rise East Walthamstow London E.17. Hooper Mervyn John 7 Robertson Road Eastville Bristol. Hudson David Arnold 34 Cobden Road Lower Wortley Leeds. Hughes George Frederick 35 West Terrace N. Ormesby Middlesbrough. Jones Brynmor 6 Kings Street Nantyglo Mon. King Alan Roy 23 Wilmington Gardens Barking. Lawrie James Haston 15 Barclay Place Edinburgh. Lindley Fred Beaumont c/o Hunter Arkleston Cottage Redrew Road Paisley. Longman Frederick Thomas 115 Brown Edge R.oad Buxton. Lowe Arthur Reginald 23 Westgate Terrace London S.W. 10. Macfee Ian Hugh Idris Hampden Club London N.W.l. Miles Edward Jollasse 21 Grosvenor Road London S.W.l. Minifie Bernard Whitley Elliott 91 Chessel Street Bedminster Bristol.Overton Harold 11 Ambrose Road Clifton Bristol. Parnell Norman Arthur James 34 Chalk Hill Road Wembley Park. Peel Patrick Robert Elliott 34 Essex Road Watford. Pickthall Duncan 47 Gordon Road Chadwell Heath Essex. Pickthall Jack 47 Gordon Road Chadwell Heath Essex. Rawlings Ernest Emerson 15 Klondyke Avenue Stoneferry Hull. Read Stanley Walter 17 Seldown Lane Poole. Rutter Evan Guy 22 Brockley Park London S.E.23. Shaffi Mir Mohammad Assistant Chemist N.W. Railway Laboratory and Test House Moghalpura Lahore. Sherriff James Munro 15 Dunearn Street Glasgow C.4. Smith Gerrish 4 Macfarlane Road Shepherds Bush London W.12. Stevenson Miss Marjorie Alice 12 Norman Road Heaton Moor Stockport.Taylor James Alfred 2 Rydal Mount N. Reddish Stockport. Thrasher Eric George 8 Rugby Road St. Thomas Exeter. Tovey Miss Gwendoline Dora 72 Manse1 Terrace Swansea. Wale Walter Graham 7 Robert Street N. Woolwich London E.16. Winslow Harry 45 Clouston Street Glasgow N.W. Woodhall William 2 Rathmore Road London S.E.7. Wright James Matson 381 Spring Bank West Hull. 333 Change of Name. Mordecai Amdur Registered Student to James Martin Anton. DEATHS. Fellows. Frederick William Dootson M.A. (Cantab.) Sc.D. (Dublin). Samuel Rideal D.Sc. (Lond.). Arthur Stead M.Sc. (Liv.). Thomas Barlow Wood C.B.E. M.A. (Cantab.) F.R.S. Associates. Harry Kingsley B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Henry Ralph Tutton. Student. Harry Norman Morrell. 334 of Council:- are as follows:- General Notices.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the By-laws relating to the nomination of Members By-law 26. (1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. ( 2 ) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting and shall be in the following form “We the undersigned Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in o w estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like orm each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24 (2). No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The President Vice-presidents and General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election President. Arthur Smithells C.M.G. D.Sc. F.R.S. Vice- Presidents. Ernest Mostyn Hawkins. George Gerald Henderson D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. Robert Howson Pickard D.Sc. F.R.S. Jocelyn Field Thorpe C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. Members of Council. Thomas Lewis Bailey PhD. Frederick Daniel Chattaway M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. William Clayton D.Sc. Herbert Henry Hodgson M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. Bernard Farmborough Howard. Christopher Kelk Ingold D.Sc. F.R.S. Alfred Rhe Ph.D. 336 Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute before 4.30 p.m.on Monday 20th January. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Monday 3rd March 1930. District Members of Council.-The District Members of Council who will continue in office are as follows:- (ii) Bristol and South-Western Counties Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle. (iii) Liverpool and North-West Coast Harold Edward Monk B.Sc. (viii) Glasgow and West of Scotland Frederick William Harris. (x) Northern Ireland John Hawthorne B.A. Ph.D. (xii) The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Sidney Waterfield Bunker D.S.O. B.Sc. The following have been nominated as District Members of Council in succession to the Members whose retirement was announced in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part V (p. 276) :- (i) Birmingham and Midlands William Wardlaw D.Sc.(Dunelm). (iv) London and South-Eastern Counties George Stubbs C.B.E. (v) Manchester and District William David Rogers B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (vi) *North-East Coast and Yorkshire Cyril Hubert Manley M.A. (Oxon.); and Henry Malkin Mason M.Sc. (Sheffield). (vii) Edinburgh and East of Scotland Alec Munro Cameron B.Sc. (Edin.) (ix) Wales and the County of Monmouth Leonard Eric Hinkel D.Sc. (Lond.). (xi) Irish Free State William Robert Fearon M.A. Sc.D. (T.C.D.). * A baEEot for the election is being held in this District. Examinations in 1930.-The arrangements for examina- tions for A.I.C. and F.I.C. after January 1930 are as follows:- Entries close. Dates of Examination. } Monday 10th February 1930. } Monday' 'qth July 'g30.31st March to 5th April. or 7th to 12th April. 15th to 20th September. aznd to 27th September. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 336 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary.The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assis- tants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I p.m.) except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except during August and the early part 337 of September when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Regis- tered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum South Kensington has notified the Council that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Students and research workers frequently require books on a variety of subjects other than those of their special study so that books which can be obtained easily from other institutions would not ordinarily be lent by the Science Library. The Science Library however contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science and arrangements have now been made (by means of a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these and the remainder of the 8000 periodicals in the Library that may not be available in the Library of the Chemical Society or elsewhere. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (IS.zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2 to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms buckram case IS. 2d.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. As the slides are constantly in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.(A List of Slides appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS Part IV.) 338 Register 1930.-Fellows and Associates are requested to notify the Registrar of any change to be made in their entries in the issue of the Register for 1930. In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registra- tion. Official Chemical Appointments 7th Edition 1930.- The preparation of the 7th Edition of a List of Official Chemical Appointments is in hand. Corrections and suggestions for in- creasing the usefulness of this publication will be welcomed.Communications should be addressed to the Registrar. London 339 ATTENDANCES AT MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES. 1sT MARCH TO 1 3 ~ ~ DECEMBER. 1929 . . . . . . . A . Smithells. * Pres . London .4 . J . Chapman. V.P. London G . C . Clayton. V.P. Chester E . M . Hawkins. V.P. Canterbury G . G . Henderson. V.P.Glasgow . . R . H . Pickard. V.P. Manchester J . F . Thorpe. V.P. London P . H . Kirkaldy,Treas.London T.L.Bailey . . London E.R.Bolton London A . A . Boon . . Edinburgh . . P.E.Bowles . . York . . . . . . . . London . . . . H.B.Brown S . W . Bunker . . London F . D . Chattaway . . Oxford W.Clayton R.T.Colgate . . Reading . . F . G . Edmed . . Portsmouth G . D . Elsdon . . Manchester . . L.Eynon . . London C . S . Gibson . . London W . H . Gibson . . Belfast C . M . W . Grieb . . Swansea . . D . F . Twiss W . Wardlaw . . . . . . Glasgow . . F . W.Harris J . Hawthorne . . Belfast T . P . Hilditch . . Liverpool . . H . H . Hodgson . . Huddersfield B.F.Howard . . London G.N.Huntly London C.K.Ingold . . Leeds D . W . Kent-Jones Dover . . . . . . . . Manchester . . Cambridge . . . . London . . Liverpool . . . . Manchester . . . . Birkenhead . . . . J . G . King London L.H.Lampitt London A . G . G . Leonard . . Dublin H . Levinstein . . Manchester W . Marshall H . McCombie H . E . Monk C.A.Mitchel1 A. RBe P . W . Tainsh 0 . Trigger London . . Birmingham . . Birmingham . . Edinburgh . . Glasgow . . J . A . Watson F . J . Wilson A . W . M . Wintle . . Bristol . . * Ex-oflcio member of all Committees . 4 0 2 8 2 1 0 3 6 1 0 4 2 4 2 w g 0.SS 8 O !!$ g% 4 $3" 4 1 4 3 1 1 6 20 0 0 1 6 5 2 3 6 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 1 3 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 10 4 1 1 0 4 0 3 8 sf Committee a Council Councilin Committees $3 6-a a 2 3 c .ia P al 2 9 26 17 14 20 9 1 13 7 7 0 8 1 0 2 6 8 0 5 5 3 4 6 1 2 3 4 9 6 0 4 1 3 2 1 8 1 7 3 0 2 0 1 8 0 0 0 7 4 8 8 8 3 6 2 2 0 . . 0 . . 7 3 7 6 0 7 23 25 3 15 0 19 17 2 5 5 0 2 1 18 6 17 19 12 0 2 17 14 2 0 12 5 13 19 2 19 0 17 17 2 2 12 17 7 17 0 5 5 7 1 2 6 0 0 1 2 5 0 0 0 6 2 4 0 1 9 8

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300283

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

340 Index: Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section, 289 Accounts (1928), 18 et seq., 71 Agriculture, Smoke Damage to, 311 “Alchemists in Art and Litera-ture,” 107, 258 Alcohol, Standards for Industrial, American Institute of Chemistry,202 Annual General Meeting, 69 Appointments Register, 59, 229 Articled Pupils, 10 Artificial Silk, 29, 165 Arts et Manufact,ures, 6cole Cen- trale des, 133 A.I.C. to P.I.C., Transference from, 137 A.S.L.I.B., 329 Atomic Structure, Mechanism of, 110 Auditors, 17, 68, 76 Australia, 258 Australian Chemical Institute, 87, 285 Bankera, 68 Beet Sugar Industry, Chemists in, 16, 25 Beilby Memorial Awards, 4, 59, 126 Belfast and District Section, 90, 292 Benevolent Fund, 6,17,21,131,193, 291 Biochemical Assay, 33, 133 Birmingham and Midlands Section, 135, 231, 293 Bituminous Coal, 5 Books and their Contents, 53, 171, 215, 265, 328 Bristol and South-Western Counties Section, 27, 91, 141, 195, 294 BritishPatent System, The, 131,184, 227, 289 Bromination, Potentiometric, of @-napthol-sulphonic Acids, 93 Canadian Journal of Research, 268 Cape Section, 92, 231 1929.Censors, 66 Central Building, 193, 299 Chemical Society Library, 4, 133 Chemical Trades Advisory Com-mittee, 5 -_ Examinations Board, S Chemist, Training of a, 112, 292 Chemistry of Life and the Nature of Vitamins, 293 Chemistry Professional Aspects, 293, 306 Chemists and Commerce, The, 290 Chemists, Status of, in U.S.A., 33 __ in N.Z., 113 Chiniie Industrielle, Socidt6 de, 322 Cinema Films, 293 City and Guilds of London Institute, 133 Civil Service, Royal Commission on the, 167 Coal, 37 Coal-Tar Colour Industry, Short History of the, 105 Committees, 66 Consultants, 25 Council, 65 Council Attendances, 339 Council, Committees and Repre-sentatives, 4 Council, District Members of, 5,274, 335 Council, Nominations of the, 24, 334 Council, Report of, 3, 74 Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1920-1926, 321 Deaths, 3, 49, 119, 168, 213, 263, 325 Dinner, Annual Chemical, 220,273, 323 Diving, Deep Sea, 312 Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section, 27, 93, 142, 232, 295 Elements, Discovery of the, 90 Ethics, Professional, 202 341 Examinations, 9, 39, 69: 157, 243 243 Examiners, Board of, 9, 68, 89 Factory and Workshop Act, 43 Federal Council, 24, 289 Fertilisers, 294, 307 Finance and House Committee, 5 Flax, 91 Food Industries, Co-operative Re- search in, 136 Forensic Chemistry, 109 FrankIand, Sir Edward, Medal and Prize, 9, 89, 125 Fuel Conference, 4 Fuel Industries, The Chemist and the, 99 Fuels, Smokeless, 318 Gas Cylinders, Conference on, 194 Gas Regulation Act, 1920, 165 Glasgow and West of Scotland Section, 29, 95, 143, 237, 297 Glass Industry, 32 Glassware, Scientific, 5, 257 Gluckstein, S.M., Memorial Lecture, 192, 273, 290 Government, Science and, 197 Heat Transmission, 142 Honorary Corresponding Secre-taries, 15 Honours, 118, 167 Hormones, 303 Huddersfield Section, 31, 97, 289, 303 Imperial Chemical Industries, 194 India, 229 Industrial Chemistry, Congresses of, 4, 133, 194 Industrial Poisons, 193 Institute Membership, 2 2 7 Institute, Present Position of, 97 Institute, Roll of, 3 Institutions, Recognition of, 9, 134, 193 Irish Free State Section, 101, 146, 306 Journal and Proceedings, 11, 288 Laboratory Assistants, 25, 199 Lantern Slides, 13, 61, 209 Lectures, 13, 268, 290, 324 Leeds Area Section, 102, 237, 307 Legal and Parliamentary Com-mittee, 7, 131, 184, 227 Library, The, 11, 60, 121, 127, 179 Liverpool and North-Western Sec- tion, 32, 103, 147, 195, 238, 311 Local Government, Royal Com-mission on, 329 Local Government (Scotland) Bill, 87 Local Sections, 12, 27,90, 135, 195, 231, 292 London and South-Eastern Coun- ties Section, 33,107,161,195,241, 312 Maladies, Industrial, 329 Malaya Section, 108 Manchester and District Section, 36, 110, 152, 195, 241, 313 Meldola Medal, 9, 69, 125, 177 Methylated Spirits, 132, 188 Micro-analysis, Pregl’s Methods of Quantitative, 35 Mines, Safety in, 54, 198 National Certificates in Chemistry,12, 194, 206 Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast Section, 111, 317 New Zealand Section, 112 Nobel Prize Awards, 322 Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, 7 Notes, 43, 118, 165, 196, 257, 321 Notices, General, 59, 125, 177, 220, 273, 334 Obituary, 49, 119, 168, 213, 263, 325 Officers and Council, List of, 65 Official Chemical Appointments,228 Optical Society, 258 Optics, Teohnical, 324 Organisation of Work, Congress of Scientific, 118 Patents, 131, 184, 227, 289 Pedler Scholarship, 10, 23 191 Petroleum Industry, Modern De- velopments, 296 Photographic Congress, 4 Physical Society, 258 Physico-Chemical Aspects of Malignancy, 31 PQisons, Industrial, 193 342 Power Conference, World, 194 Preservatives Regulations, 1925-27, President, 24, 92, 199 President’s Address, 78 Priestley, Joseph, 323 Printing Industry, Science in, 199 Professional Aspects in Chemistry, 293, 306 Professional Interests, 24 Public Analysts, 196, 257, 321 Public Appointments Committee, 12 Publications and Library Com-mittee, 11 Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Substances, 155 Radio-Activity, Signscant and Im- portant Experiments in, 101 Ramsay Chemical Dinner, 300 Register, 56, 124, 167, 173, 217, 228, 269, 330 Registration, 5, 88, 113, 147, 167 Regulations, 183 Research, Some Notes on the Art of, 152 Research Associations, 16, 88 Research, Industrial, 3 13 Rivers, Pollution of, 37 Roll of the Institute, The, 3 Rubber Industry, 27 Rubber, Estimation of Sulphur in, Sandstone Industry (Silicosis) Scheme, 197 Scholarships, 259 Schutzenberger Centenary, 197,322 Science and Government, 197 Science in the Printing Industry, 199 Scientific and Industrial Research, Report of Dept., 43 Scottish Board of Health, 5 Scrutineers, Report of, 75 Sea, The, as a Source of Raw Materials, 232 Sewage and Sewage Effluents, 267 Silk, Artificial, 29, 165 Smokeless Fuels, 3 18 Soap Industry, 238 Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle, 322 Solicitors, 68 South Africa, British Association Visit to, 299 South Wales Section, 37, 155, 242, 317 Spiropyrans and the Formation of Coloured Ions, 32 Standards, British Chemical, 118 Standards, British Engineering, 5, 194, 289 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 193, 273, 287 Students’ Association (London), 15 Students, Registered, 10 Sugar, 288 Tar, Chemical Studies of Low Temperature, 95 Technical Institutions, 4 Technical Optics, 324 Terpene Series, Recent Researches in, 143 Therapeutic Substances Act, 4 Tinplate Manufacture, 318 Toxicology, 27 Training of a Chemist, 112, 292 University College, Nottingham, 4 Ventilation Conditions, Normal and Abnormal, and their Investiga-tion, 107, 134 Vitamins, 135, 303 World Power Conference, 194 X-rays, 28 Yorkshire Chemists’ Dinner, 310

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JG9295300340

出版商:RSC    

年代:1929

数据来源: RSC