THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART IV: 1938. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON, August, 1938, Publications Commit tee, 1938-39. W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD (Chairman), Sir ROBERT H. PICKARD (President), W. M. AMES, A. L. BACHARACH, JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, ALBERT COULTHARD, H. E. COX, B. S. EVANS, A. E.EVEREST, A. E. FINDLEY, 3. B. FIRTH, A. A. HALL, 3.W. HAWLEY, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, EDGAR LEWIS, P. LEWIS-DALE, C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, G.S. ROBERTSON, E. A. TYLER. Editorial. The Presentation of Scientific Papers.-A story may be spoiled in the telling and this applies to the account of scientific work as well as to fiction. A scientific research may be excellent in theory but presented in such a way as to repel those who hear it or read it. Gelett Burgess of The Pzwple Cow* fame once classified people into “oxides ” or “bromides ” in accordance with the way in which they reacted on their fellows. Those who used threadbare clich& at every turn he classed among the bromides, whilst those whose speech arrested attention and kept one awake were the oxides. But one may become too sensitive as to the use of the clichb. A well-known writer, who died some years ago, had such a fear of using one that he wrote in one of his letters to a young journalist, “Avoid the clichk as you would the Evil One”-which was itself a clich6 in thought, if not in word.In the main, however, his advice was sound, for it is surprising how unconsciously one adopts the familiar phrase even when it is not altogether applicable to the sense. The scientific writer is also prone to make use of unneces-sarily long words and sentences when simpler ones would be much better. This is largely owing to the tradition inherited from Dr. Johnson, from which even now our language is only slowly recovering. Dr. Johnson could not resist the use of the long and sonorous word, and if by chance he happened to speak in simple terms he would translate them into his own language.On one occasion, criticising a new play, he remarked, “It has not life enough to keep it sweet,” and then, after a pause, he paraphrased this into, “It has not sufficient vitality to preserve it from putrescence.” This tradition dies hard. The writers in medical journals are great offenders, possibly because unconsciously the doctors do not wish the laymen to understand them. The classic example of this is that of the doctor who in the witness box described an injury as a contusion beneath the lower integument of the eye, accompanied by tumefaction and much extravasation of blood into the surrounding tissue. “I suppose,’’ said the judge, “you mean a black eye?” “Yes, my lord.” “Then why not say so? ” said the judge. * “I never saw a purple COW, Nor do I wish to see one; But this I’ll tell you anyhow;: I’d sooner see than be one.316 The tendency to use weighted language, however, is by no means a monopoly of the medical profession, for it is fairly common among scientific writers. Some four or five years ago a physical paper was read before the British Association and subsequently published. The subject matter was very involved and the language was difficult to follow, largely because un-necessarily abstruse words had been used. Afterwards a writer in a scientific journal criticised the mode of presentation of this paper, and to give point to his criticism translated a whole paragraph into simpler language that conveyed the same meaning and could be readily followed without mental acrobatics.Chemical papers are often disfigured by the same fault and one meets with sentences which leave one in doubt as to what the writer really means. An author may be familiar with his subject and think that he knows what he wants to say, and yet succeed in conveying the impression that he does not; sometimes the impression may be correct, for muddled writing often means muddled thinking. There is no better exercise for a young author than to go systematically through his paper as first written, picking out the sentences containing the longest words, and to rewrite them in simple English. In this way he will often succeed in turning a poor paper into a good one. There is, however, a great difference between the form in which a paper should finally be published and the way in which it should be read at a scientific meeting.Some authors construe the term “read” in a strictly literal sense and inflict upon their audience every minute detail of an analysis, with the result that they often cause protracted weariness and fail to convey a clear idea of the subject matter of the paper. What is wanted is not a mumbled reading with the head bent over the desk, but a broad outline given in the author’s colloquial language, with eyes on the audience and not always on the paper. The prin- ciples of the method should be described and comments made upon the results, which should preferably be shown in the form of lantern slides.As a rule those who hear a paper thus pre- sented will be quite content to wait until it is published to study the significance of the figures, In any event they will learn much more about the paper if the author succeeds in making it live than if his monotonous reading evokes a sigh of relief when he has finished, leaving the impression that he is not sufficiently master of his subject to talk about it naturally. It might not be amiss if the presentation of a paper were made a subject in which chemists had to qualify.-C.A.M. 317 Proceedings of the Council. CouncilMeeting, 24thJune,1938.-The President reported the gift, by Miss J. H. Purser, of two Bronze Medals awarded to her grandfather as the representative of the London Manure Company for artificial fertilizers, exhibited at Antwerp in 1885 and in Paris in 1889; also the gift, by Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, Past President, of two Medals struck in honour of E.M. Chevreul, -for which, in each case, the Council recorded its grateful thanks. A report was received from Dr. D. F. Twiss on the success of the Conference of Rubber Technology, which he attended, as representative of the Institue, from 23rd to 25th May. A letter was received from Professor Wardlaw accepting appointment as Examiner for the Fellowship in Branch A, Inorganic Chemistry. On the suggestion of Professor Forsyth J. Wilson, that the Council should consider the question of the safety of students and workers in the chemistry laboratories of academic institutions, the matter was referred to the Nominations, Examinations and Inst it utions Committee.The Finance and House Committee reported on the progress made with the consideration of the proposed Staff Superannua- tion Scheme, which will be submitted in due course to a general meeting of the Institute. The Committee also recommended that when the By-laws were next under revision, regard should be had to the circumstance that, although the Charter of the Institute provided for the payment of life compositions by both Fellows and Associates, the By-laws made provision only for Fellows to compound for their subscriptions. Also arising from the Report of the Finance and House Com- mittee, the Council ordered the removal of the names of a number of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, subject to notice being sent to them that such action would take effect if they did not pay their arrears within fourteen days.315 In the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee, it was emphasised that further contributions would be required to meet the commitments of the Fund for the remainder of the year. The Publications Committee reported that arrangements had been made, by the courtesy of the Council of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, for the issue (with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111)of copies of “Safety Rules for use in Chemical Works ” to all Fellows and Associates of the Institute. The Committee reported that the 4th edition of “The Profession of Chemistry” had gone to press, and that the new edition of the “Register” was well in hand.The Committee also reported that Mr. J. R. Nicholls had kindly undertaken to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture on the 18th November. The President mentioned, and the Council received the intimation with gratifica- tion, that Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., had kindly consented to give the next Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on 7th December. The Report of the Appointments Committee dealt with matters concerning the appointment of public analysts in Northern Ireland, and of chemists in the Colonial Civil Service, as well as a complaint regarding the public advertisement of a vacancy for a qualified woman chemist at very inadequate remuneration.Representation was received from over seventy members to the effect that the policy of the Institute in dealing with such matters should be reviewed. In the instance referred to, the Officers had already taken prompt and effective steps to prevent the advertisement being repeated. The Council gave further consideration to the revision of the proposed Supplemental Charter with a view to meeting objections which had been raised. It was agreed that the Local Sections should be given ample opportunity to discuss the document with any amendments that might be recommended by the Council. Council Meeting, 22nd July, 1938.-The correspondence submitted at the meeting included an invitation to appoint delegates to the Eighteenth Congress of Industrial Chemistry to be held at Nancy, from zznd to 30th September; also a letter from Dr.A. G. G. Leonard, Honorary Secretary of the Dublin Section, suggesting that the Council should co-operate with the proposed Scientific Film Society which is being promoted with the co-operation of the Association of Scientific Workers. The 319 appointment of delegates to the Congress of Industrial Chemistry was postponed pending enquiries, and Dr. Leonard’s letter was referred to the Publications Committee. Dr. F. D. Miles was nominated for appointment as Assessor for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) in succession to Dr. Norman Picton, who has held the appointment for several years and desires to resign. Mr. F.G. Edmed, Member of Council, reported on the Health Congress held at Portsmouth from 11th to 16th July, under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute, at which, at the request of the Council, he represented the Institute. The Institute also received an invitation, from the Chairman of the Organising Committee of the Fourteenth International Conference of the International Federation for Documentation, to appoint delegates to attend the Conference to be held at Oxford from zIst to 26th September. The Council decided to ask Mr. F. W. Clifford, Librarian of the Chemical Society, to act as representative of the Institute on that occasion. The Finance and House Committee submitted further particulars regarding the proposed scheme for staff pensions ; also, a recommendation to the effect that the Institute should co-operate with the Holborn Borough Council in providing shelter in the event of an air raid, the Borough Council being responsible for sandbagging the premises and any extemporary arrangements which might be necessary.The Benevolent Fund Committee directed attention to the fact that the balance on current account was -@89 IS. od., but the Committee anticipated that over E7oo would be required for regular allowances and grants before the end of the year. It would be necessary, therefore, to make a special appeal for further contributions. A Report was received from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee. The names of candidates recom- mended for election are recorded at the end of this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS.The Report of the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (p. 337) was received. The resolution regarding fees for transference from Associateship to Fellowship was referred to the Finance and House Committee for report, and the question of the difficulty of teachers of chemistry in secondary schools proceeding to the Fellowship, was referred to the Nomina- tions, Examinations and Institutions Committee. 320 A Report was received from the Joint Committee of the Scottish Education Department and the Institute re National Certificates in Chemistry. Three candidates gained the Higher Certificate and seven the Ordinary Certificate. Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee will be glad if Fellows and Associates who have not yet contributed to the fund for the present year, will send their subscriptions and donations to the Honorary Treasurer, in order that the Committee may be in a position to meet immediate require- ments for regular allowances, and to deal adequately with other appeals.Publications.-In July, the Institute published and issued to the Fellows and Associates of the Institute, a new edition of the “Register,” and also Dr. R. Alan Morton’s two lectures on “The Practical Aspects of Absorption Spectrophotometry,” of which the first was delivered at the Institute on 18th March last, -Sir Robert H. Pickard, President, in the Chair,-and the second, on 25th March,-Dr.J. J. Fox, C.B., O.B.E., Vice-President, in the Chair. 321 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered dzlring disczlssion.] Cape.-Col. J. G. Rose presided at a meeting of the Section held on 20th May, in the Cape Technical College, Cape Town, when Dr. P. C. Carman delivered an address on “Modern Views on the Nature of Clays,” of which he has himself furnished the following synopsis:- The lecture dealt with some of the more recent advances in separating the clay minerals and determining their nature and constitution. It has long been realised that clays are essentially hydrated aluminium silicates, but, as with so many of the mineral silicates, little or nothing could be deduced as to the structure of the corresponding “silicic acids.” With the introduction of X-ray methods by W.L. Bragg and his co-workers, however, the structure of the silicates has at last been made clear, and the clay minerals have been found to form a sub-group in the mica type of silicates. The lecturer gave a brief description of the modern methods of classifying silicates, according to their structure as revealed by X-ray analysis, following the lines of W. L. Bragg’s recent book on The Atomic Structure of Minerals. The true micas and the clay minerals were then shown both to consist of sheet structures of very similar nature, the main difference being that the clay minerals consisted essentially of unchanged sheets, and conse- quently had no cations present to hold the sheets together by electrovalent process.As a result, the sheets were easily separated, so that such minerals, instead of building up large crystals, were invariably foufid as thin lamellae of microscopic and ultramicroscopic dimensions. Talc and pyrophyllite, both of which had been regarded as micaceous minerals, were by this criterion seen to belong to the group of clay minerals, both in structure and in physical properties. As Marshall had made clear, clay minerals, like nearly all other natural silicates, did not occur in proportions corresponding to their ‘I ideal ” formulae. Extensive isomorphous replacements were the rule, of which two were particularly important.First, ferric iron played exactly the same r81e as aluminium. Conse-quently, when iron oxide was present in clay, it did not exist as adventitious matter, but was combined in the clay minerals. Secondly, alumina could replace silica, and, as a result, not a great deal of importance could be attached to the A120,/Si02 and R20,/Si0, ratios which were often used to classify soils. When one turned to the typical properties of clays, it was clear that many of these depended essentially upon their small particle size, i.e., they were colloidal in nature. Certain of the properties, however, were clearly related to their crystalline structure. The small size and lamellar shape of the typical clay particle followed inevitably upon its structure.Further, many of the phenomena of plasticity and thixotropy exhibited by clays appeared to be explicable in terms of the lamellar shape, without assuming the presence of thick adsorbed films of water, as had sometimes been done in the past. Again, from the X-ray evidence, those clay minerals which showed the phenomenon of base exchange prob- ably exchanged cations inside the crystal lattice, as did the zeolites, Base exchange viewed as exchanges of adsorbed cations on the surface of a colloidal particle seemed to play a relatively minor part. Professor Newbery presided at a joint meeting of the Section with the Cape Chemical and Technological Society, held at the University of Cape Town, on 1st July, when Professor Pugh gave a lecture and demonstration on “Mercurous Perchlorate as a Volumetric Reagent.” The following is a brief summary:- The use of mercurous nitrate in conjunction with bromophenol blue adsorption indicator for the estimation of chlorides and bromides is already well known; it is equally well known that mercurous nitrate solutions undergo auto-oxidation to mercuric nitrate and metallic mercury.It has been established, however, that mercurous perchlorate solution is much less subject to change, particularly if it is protected from light. Over a period of a year in the dark the titration value of a tenth-normal solution changes only by a fraction of one per cent, 323 Mercurous perchlorate is exceedingly soluble in water and a concentrated solution is readily prepared by shaking mercuric oxide and an excess of mercury with diluted perchloric acid.Suitable dilutions of this stock solution give a very convenient volumetric reagent. A standard solution may be prepared by taking a known weight of pure mercuric oxide for the preparation; alternatively, the solutions may be standardised against pure sodium chloride or potassium bromide. The advantages of this reagent for titrating chlorides and bromides are that it can be applied to acid or neutral liquors and, unlike silver nitrate, it does not seem to be affected by adsorption errors. The results obtained for a wide variety of materials are accurate. In the presence of acids, the only thing that interferes is sulphate ion, but this can be completely countered by adding lead nitrate to the boiling liquid before titrating.The lecturer demonstrated the method of titration and then compared the results obtained by this method with those ob- tained by Mohr’s method and Volhard’s method for the same materials. Detailed results have been published in the J.C.S. (1937, P. 1824). On 5th August members were privileged, through the kindness of Dr. Stoy, to visit the Royal Observatory, where they spent a very interesting and instructive afternoon. Cardiff and District.-Dr. W. Cule Davies, having been awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship, has proceeded to Cambridge, and has resigned from the Honorary Secretaryship of the Section. Mr. S. B. Watkins, Chairman of the Section, has kindly consented to act as Honorary Secretary pro tern.East Midlands.-On 26th May, members of the Section and their friends, by permission of the Principal, visited Lough- borough College. Dr. Dyson gave a brief description of the aims of the College, illustrated by lantern slides, and the party then inspected the power house, handicraft room, hosiery laboratory, physiology laboratory, the wind tunnel, erecting shop, aero-rigging shop, pattern shop, foundry, tool room, high tension laboratory, automatic shop, heavy lathe shop and stores, the grinding, melting and general machines, and the physics laboratory. Demonstrations were staged in the wind tunnel, 324 hosiery, physics and high tension laboratories, and students were seen at work in the handicraft room.At the conclusion of the tour, the party returned to the College cafk, where refreshments were provided, and a very enjoyable and instructive evening terminated with a vote of thanks to the College authorities and all who had helped to make the visit a success. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 9th June, members of the Section visited the South-Eastern Agricultural College of London University at Wye, Kent. After lunch at the King’s H.ead Hotel, the party met in the Library of the College where they were received by Mr. S. D. F. Harwood, Head of the Chemical Department, and Mr. Vicars, Vice-Principal. The College is housed in picturesque scholastic buildings dating from 1445, still in a good state of preservation, situated in a pleasant part of the Kentish downland.The programme was planned as an open-air survey of the major activities of the College. Mr. Miskin, in charge of horticulture, explained the cul- ture of carnations and of tomatoes as hothouse crops, the latter yielding 40 to 50 tons per acre, and the experiments which are being made upon orchard fruits. Dr. Bryant took over the story upon the farm of 400 acres, divided between arable and grassland, and explained the rotation of crops em- ployed over a +year period; a typical rotation being potatoes, corn, barley, corn and then grass. Peas are cultivated for canning, and the growing of white wild clover for seed is attempted as a Kentish speciality, the yield being 60 to 70 lbs.per acre if weather permits, as rain during a harvest causes immediate germination of the seed. The cowsheds were visited in order to see the automatic milking plant in operation. Sheep are reared from Border Leicester and Cheviots crossed with South- down rams. Major Rhodes showed the party his poultry-rearing Section and explained the modern incubatory system. The hop gardens were then visited, and the varieties grown and their susceptibilities to pests and disease were explained by Mr. Ashby. The farm is worked profitably by paid labour and not by student-labour. Tea was provided in the College Refectory and thereafter a visit was paid to the laboratories used for tutorial and research activities. Malaya.-The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Sepoy Lines, Singa- pore, on 27th April, when it was reported that the Section had held five meetings during the year, in addition to the ordinary Annual Meeting in February, 1937. A brief report of each meet- ing is here recorded.At a meeting held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 1st September, 1937,Dr. S. G. Willimott gave a lecture on ‘‘ Some Investigations into the Biochemistry of Sponge Tissue.” The sponge of commerce, for which there is still no really satisfactory substitute, is the natural skeleton of a living animal. The lecturer dealt with the life-history, structure and species of the principal Mediterranean sponges, to the point of the minimum necessary for a proper understanding of their nature.Methods of isolating the sponge protein (spongin), time of hydrolysis, and the distribution of the nitrogen of the resulting amino-acids into seven groups by the method of Van Slyke, were then described. Data from the analyses of about a dozen pro- teins of different species revealed considerable differences in the amino-acid distribution, though not apparently sufficiently striking to assist in the differentiation of the species. The general similarity of sponge proteins to those of silk and other sclero- proteins was indicated. The proximate constituents of a number of commercial sponges from Mediterranean and Malayan waters, as determined by analysis, showed marked uniformity.Halogen salts were present in the ash, the iodine of which appeared to be combined with the sponge protein molecule. The chemical composition of the living sponge, as taken from the sea-bottom, was explained. The lecture was illustrated by many interesting pictures and a collection of different sponges from all parts of the world was exhibited, including a specimen of a living sponge. After a lively discussion the Chairman congratulated the lecturer on the originality of the paper. At an ordinary meeting at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 27th September, Professor B. A. Gator gave a lecture on bb Mites and Medicine.” After humorously disclaiming any facetious interpretation of his subject, Professor Gator proceeded to show the importance of mites and ticks in animal and human life.Examples were cited and particular reference was made to the mode of dissemination of the so-called Japanese River Fever. This disease has a high mortality rate and is an im- portant problem in the rural areas of Malaya. The reservoir host has been shown to be different sub-species of Rattus rattus, which are attacked-as is man-by the two carriers Trombicula akamushi and Trombicula deliensis. The lecturer explained that in addition to species of Rattus rattus, many other animals have been shown to be infected with the carrier mites. Some of these animals may turn out to be reservoir hosts as well, but all of them are disseminators of the mites and are therefore of importance to public health.The lecture was followed by a demonstration, in the Bio- logical Laboratory, of specimens of the carriers and other closely allied Trombidiid mites. Skins of various species of R. rattus, which had been incriminated as reservoirs, as also skins of other mammals from which carriers had been obtained, were on exhibition. .c A method of collecting mites in numbers from different materials by means of the Berlese Funnel, was also demonstrated. The construction of the apparatus is based on the principle that mites are generally positively thermotactic and negatively phototactic. A vote of thanks was passed to Professor Gator for his most interesting lecture and for the trouble which he had taken in arranging a comprehensive demonstration.At a meeting held in the College of Medicine on 26th October, Mr. H. C. Butcher read a paper on “The Chemist and the Laundry.” The lecturer sketched the rapid growth of the laundry industry of Great Britain from its origin as a backyard affair employing empirical methods and crude plant, to its present position as one of the most modern of British industries. Such developments were due in large measure to the enterprise of laundry chemists. The lecturer showed how years of patient experiment and re- search on detergents, bleaching, abrasion, and water-conditioning ing, together with the study of textiles and dyestuffs, had enabled the modern laundry to treat successfully the varied textiles of everyday life. “The Joys of Research.” At the same meeting, Dr.A. Jackson treated members to some sidelights on his personal experiences of research under this somewhat ironic title. He referred in particular to the discouragement and delay frequently experienced by young research workers in their endeavours to repeat the unsound work which is sometimes recorded in the literature. The contention was illustrated by reference to an investigation into rates of ester formation. On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. F. H. Geake, a vote of thanks to the lecturers was recorded. At a meeting held on 25th November, Mr. T. A. McCullagh of the Straits Trading Company, gave an interesting account of the rise of tin to its present position as one of the indispensable metals of civilisation.The importance of tin in the production of weapons, house- hold implements, and articles of personal adornment in pre-historic times, was dealt with by the lecturer. Here, apparently Malaya did not come prominently into the story nor were the Malayan deposits the earliest worked. But it seems likely that tin was being exported from Malaya well before the Christian era. The State of Perak, then as now, appears to have been the richest tin-producing area. Before the arrival of the Portuguese at Malacca in 1509,tin had long been a valuable source of revenue to the native sultans. The Portuguese conquest, however, did not increase the produc- tion and trade in tin, as was the case immediately the Dutch consolidated their hold on the country about 1600.The British, under the aegis of the enterprising East India Company, arrived on the scene towards the close of the 18th century. From then onwards, under British stimulus, the industry rapidly developed in the peninsula to its present-day proportions. At the conclusion, the lecturer displayed specimens of cassi- terite from different tin-producing areas of the world and some ingots of Singapore-smelted tin of remarkable purity. A vote of thanks concluded a most enjoyable meeting. Also on 27th April, members of the Malaya Section visited the Ho Hong Oil Mills, on the kind invitation of the management. 328 Manchester and District.-The following is an abstract of a paper read by Mr.F. R. Cooper, A.C.A. (Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.) before the Section on zIst October, 1937, on Aspects of Personal Finance.” . Mr. Cooper said that the question of Personal Finance was one which was common to all, but in view of the diversity of human nature and differences of income inherent in the social order, general principles could not in practice be formulated without risk of misinterpretation. Probably every member in his audience was in a better position to handle his own finances than an external party could ever be, but Mr.-now Dr.-Cronshaw, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. Coulthard, the Honorary Secretary, had pressed him to undertake the task of indicating certain methods which had been proved useful towards a solution of the problems of personal finance, to which few members of society gave the attention it deserved. There was little literature dealing with personal economics, as opposed to political or industrial economics, although there was literature dealing with the cost of living and how money spent on food might be related to rent and so on.Such an enquiry in regard to wage earners and certain black-coated workers was shortly to be undertaken by the Ministry of Labour. He had not seen any real attempt to deal with the laying out of a professional man’s income, where wisdom or lack of wisdom might make all the difference between a happy and a miserable state of mind. It was difficult to give advice. Advice was only acceptable if it corroborated the opinion personally held by the individual to whom it was offered; but it was unwelcome and frequently disregarded if it were contrary to that opinion.He did not suggest that chemists were susceptible to any particular form of financial imprudence: the nature of the individual differentiated the problem and not the nature of his calling. Most people had a natural desire to preserve secrecy in regard to the amount of their earned incomes, but he had never, tc his own satisfaction, been able to account for that desire. A person might disclose directly or indirectly his unearned income (his “private money”) but far less frequently the amount of his salary; i:i the latter case, if disclosed, it would probably be in complaining terms.The balancing of a five-figure income often seemed to present more difficulties to the possessor then the problem of living on it13 a week did to the working man. It 329 sometimes looked as though income was inversely proportional to our ability to live within it. He recalled the inevitable reference to Mr. Micawber, who was prepared to work to a margin of expenditure of less than I per cent. on either side of his declared annual income. Then, there was the example of Mr. Pepys who, from time to time, recorded carefully reckonings of his fortune, but had a habit of changing his accounting periods. So far as Mr. Cooper had been able to trace, Pepys actually increased his capital from k40 to near jCJ7,ooo in seven years! As Treasurer for Tangier and Surveyor of the Victuals for the Navy, he had sources of income which were denied to most of us.His reckonings, however, were made after the event; whereas control of personal finance could best be secured if some attempt were made to budget in advance. Turning to Holy Writ, he felt that if anyone told him to “take no thought for the morrow,” he would like to suggest that the revised version had it “be not anxious for the morrow,” and that budgeting and accounting for expenditure was the one way in which anxiety could be removed. Next, he referred to Bacon’s essay,-“ Of Expense.” Bacon said that “ordinary expense ought to be limited by man’s estate, and governed with such regard, as it be within his compass; and not subject to deceit and abuse of servants; and ordered to the best show, that the bills may be less than the estimation abroad .. . ” and more to the same effect. A friend, whom he thought he knew very well, kept a fairly detailed record of his income and expenditure, and these records provided a percentage analysis which was largely corroborated by the experience of others, including chemists. He thought it was desirable that they should realise within normal limits, how they spent their money, and he chose for the purpose of illustration an income of f1600 a year. There were two important considerations, namely, the constitution of the family to be provided for, and the nature of its desires. A single man, with only himself to provide for, could easily live within an income on which it was difficult to provide for a married man with a wife and two children.Then, there was the material nature of their desires : a combination of what was necessary and useful, with what he termed “conceit,” in its broadest and most excusable form, for which, however, there was little room in the case of small incomes. 330 He would assume, for present purposes, that the income was mainly derived from salary, and was definitely known for the year in question. He had spent a lot of time wondering why it was so difficult to save. Statistically, it should always be possible to save the amount of any increase in one's income from one year to the other, if the prevailing conditions were the same.There seemed to be some subconscious force, however, which operated so as to change our ideas as to what we could afford so soon as we saw the prospect of having some extra cash at our disposal. Mr. Keynes had suggested eight motives which led individuals to refrain from spending, which might be briefly summarised as follows:-building up a reserve fund against unforeseen con-tingencies; providing for an anticipated future change in the relation between income and the needs of the individual, his family or dependents; enjoying the receipt of interest; enjoying an improved standard of life; a sense of independence; putting oneself in a position to speculate; bequeathing a fortune; satisfying pure miserliness. The individual should know whether he was saving or not, and the disposition of his income should be conscious and not hazardous.This disposition would be dealt with under three main headings, with special emphasis, by request, on life assurance. Under "Appropriations of Income," Mr. Cooper included Income Tax ; Pension Fund or Superannuation contributions, and Life Assurance or Endowment Premiums. Under ''Expenditure on Necessaries " he included rent, rates, food, clothes, lighting, and everything spent on the home; domestic assistance; professional services (doctors, dentists, etc.) ; personal expenditure and children's education. House purchase might take the place of rent; domestic assistance might be a luxury. Under a third heading,--" Optional Expenditure ',-he in-cluded semi-necessaries (holidays, hobbies, amusements and entertaining) ; motor car; subscriptions; presents and charity; allowances to relatives.These would only too frequently be found to add up to IOO per cent. of the income in question. Expenditure under the first main heading was a prior charge on one's income. He gave the following figures in respect of 331 a married man with two children as showing how Income Tax became of much greater importance at higher income levels. Income. Income Tax. E P.". Per cent. 500 .. .. .. 14 600 .. .. .. 3ii .. .. .. 7750 1,000 .. .. .. 10) 'J250 .. .. .. I2 1,500 .. .. *. 13Q 2,000 .. .. .. IS$ In considering how much money to spend on Life Assurance, it was usual to take into account benefits accruing under a pension scheme, and one should understand what such a scheme provided and what risks it left uncovered. One scheme with which he was acquainted, to which both the employer and the employee contributed ,was designed primarily to provide pensions upon retirement at the age of 62.It provided supplementary benefits in certain cases, such as an early retirement on the grounds of ill-health; but it did not secure in the small years of one's service the protection of a life assurance. It was highly desirable, therefore, for the individual to obtain life assurance protection while pension rights were accruing. No pension scheme could provide, in practice, an income which approximated to that which a member had received prior to retirement.In other cases, the benefit took the form of a lump sum which could be converted into an annuity. There was an alternative kind of scheme under which the contributions of the employer and frequently the employee, were utilised to maintain specific life assurance policies on the life of the employee; but normally, it would be found that for adequate protection some additional independent assurance was desirable. By adequate protection he meant the assurance (in the event of a calamity) of a fund sufficient to enable the dependents to carry on, or to provide a suitable annuity to the dependents. Even a small assurance would provide cash for immediate requirements. Where the individual was a member of a pension scheme it was easy to think that, provided he survived until retirement age, there was no need to insure, but it was an actuarial inevit- ability that not all would attain the retirement age.In the 332 aggregate, of three men aged 30, two only will live to 62, and only one will attain 75; although, according to a standard mortality table, more people died at age 73 than at any other age after childhood. Where professional men are working under conditions where no superannuation scheme is in existence, life assurance is in most cases essential. Policies can be mainly divided into whole life, providing benefits only upon death ;or endowment assurances, providing benefits accruing on death or upon attaining a specified age, whichever occurs earlier.Whole life policies were the purest form of insurance, because the element of investment was comparatively small, especially with non-participating policies. For the man who had only a limited amount to spend, this kind of policy or some variation thereof provided the greatest possible cover in the event of his untimely demise. If the policies provided for participation in profits, the investment or saving element was more prominent, since the additional benefits obtained under the policy had to be paid for in the form of an addition to the annual premium. The endowment assurance might be regarded as a com-promise between life assurance and investment and, if the individual has provided adequately for his dependents in the event of an early death, he may well devote any additional money available from year to year to the extra premium required for endowment assurance as compared with whole life assurance.He might obtain such a policy without or with profits: in the latter case the premium was higher and the element of saving still greater. An important point to be borne in mind was that subject to certain qualifications and limitations, a rebate of Income Tax is allowed in respect of life assurance premiums, and this so increased the attractiveness of the endowment form of assurance that, on the maturity of a 25 or 30 year policy the cash received might show a return equivalent even to 5 per cent. or 6 per cent. (gross) on the total of the premiums paid and thus providing a highly remunerative and sound investment.A form of policy at present offered commonly styled the "Protector " or "Family Income " policy, provided an assurance, with or without profits, maturing on the death of the individual with certain added benefits if death occurred within the period of, say, twenty years. The added benefit consisted of an annuity for the remainder of the period of twenty years and/or a lump sum payable at the end of that period. It provided especially for that period in a man’s life when his death would probably be most disastrous. It must be recognised, however, that the benefits decreased with the age of the policy, and the holder of such should review from time to time the contingencies which might arise. A young man on obtaining his first appointment was well advised to insure his life, even if only for a small sum, and to take out a whole life policy, with or without profits, or an endow- ment assurance, maturing at the age at which he might expect to retire.The interest from the investment of the proceeds of the endowment assurance coming at the time of his retirement would help him to bridge the transition from earned income to investment income or pension. At 25 a sum of fs500 with added profits could be assured at an annual premium of LIO to EII; without profits, fs7 to fs8. If he married he should increase his life assurance. The profits commonly known as “bonuses” of good companies were usually substantial, especially on assurances taken out at the younger ages; but if there were any doubt as to the adequacy of the life cover it would be wiser to take out non- profit policies.Mr. Cooper hazarded that at least 7 per cent. of the income of a young “family” man should be devoted to life assurance or, alternatively, that provision should be made to assure an amount at least equivalent to two years’ salary. If the individual is not a member of a superannuation scheme, the percentage should perhaps be 10per cent. or more. Another form of policy was to provide for the education of children combined with the assurance on the life of the bread- winner. -4ll matters of assurance, however, must be subject to the consideration of particular circumstances,-the possession of independent capital; the ability of a wife to earn her own living, etc.Mr. Cooper proceeding to deal with the second heading of expenditure for a family consisting of a man with a salary of L600 a year and a wife and two young children, suggested that the heading with which he had dealt (including pension fund, life assurance and income tax) would easily absorb 15 per cent., of which 3 per cent. comprised income tax and the balance up to 12 per cent. for life assurance and superannuation. Expendi-ture on “necessaries” might absorb as much as 65 per cent., depending on the kind of house occupied, the amount devoted to dress and so forth. 334 Out of this 65 per cent., 44 per cent.might be spent on the house, including rent, and rates, lighting, heating, telephone, food and domestic assistance. All considerations must depend upon the size of the family, especially with regard to the 21 per cent. remaining for personal items which include the husband’s lunches out. An analysis of the 44per cent. could be somewhat as follows:- Equivalent on Per cent. E6oo p.a. Rent and rates .. .. 14 .. 84 Lighting, heating, telephone .. 4 .. 24 Food .. .. .. .. 18 .. 108 Domestic assistance, cleaning, renewals, and sundries .. 8 .. 48 A balance of 20 per cent. would then be available for the third main heading :-Holidays, amusements, entertaining, presents, charities, etc. Methods of drawing up personal accounts will not present much difficulty if husband and wife both keep a running record of actual cash and balance up weekly.At the end of the period due allowance is made for debts owing and items paid in advance. When such notes had been kept for some time it was possible to prepare a budget for the future and to be guided by it. The expense of a motor car required careful consideration: it was, perhaps, too often regarded as an essential part of our equipment. Allowance must be made for the initial cost (or depreciation) as well as the running expenses. A married man was rarely justified in spending more than 10 per cent. of his income on a car. Hobbies could be profitable: to become a skilled motor mechanic was to effect a saving of many pounds a year. Mr.Cooper also dealt with the advantages and disadvantages of fixed allowances for financing a household; hire purchase contracts for the acquisition of house, furniture, motor cars, etc., and the importance of assurance as a means of covering liabilities incurred under house purchase contracts. Finally, there should be an endeavour to secure that a margin of at least 5 per cent. was unspent. There should be some available cash for unforeseen contingencies, such as illness. 335 Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-Members of the Section attended the forty-second Bedson Lecture which was delivered in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre, King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, on 19th May, by Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., F.R.S., who spoke on ‘(The Impact of Chemistry on Biological Science.” Sir Henry showed how the two sciences of biology and chemistry were developed during the nineteenth century inde- pendently of each other and described the advances which had been made in more recent times as the two subjects became closely interwoven in the science of biochemistry.Since the end of last century, organic chemistry had developed along two main lines-(I) the synthesis of new substances of little direct relation to biological science and (2) the isolation and identification of substances from “vital ” chemistry. Progress had been slow in the chemistry of the animal body, and the lag between chemical recognition and the assignment of a definite biological function to compounds isolated was well exemplified by the fact that although creatine was isolated from muscle in 1832,it was not until 1927 that a definite r6le in muscle metabolism was assigned to this substance.The comparatively new science of bacteriology had its origin in the work of Louis Pasteur, a chemist whose interests developed along “biochemical” lines until he eventually became a com-plete biologist. The investigation of protein chemistry by Sir F. Gowland Hopkins and his attempt to make a perfect diet, by mixing the correct amounts of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, gave rise to one of the‘ most sensational discoveries in recent years,-the vitamins. In a very short time, many of these compounds had not only been isolated, but in some cases have been assigned a definite formula which has been proved by synthesis.Several enzyme actions have recently been investigated from a chemical standpoint and it seems extremely probable that enzyme and coenzyme phenomena will shortly be explained as chemical actions closely connected in some cases with the vitamins. The discovery of the natural stimulants-the hormones-formed by the animal body, has opened up an important new field of biochemical research in which great advances have already been made. Several of these substances have been 336 isolated and synthesised, such as, for example, thyroxin and adrenaline, and the sex hormones have been shown by synthesis to be closely related to inert sterols present in animal tissues.Finally, even the transmission of nerve “messages” has been shown to involve reversible physico-chemical changes in which simple organic compounds play a part. South Wales (Swansea).-Mr. P. F. Ellis has resigned the office of Honorary Secretary of the South Wales Section, and, in his stead, Mr. E. E. Ayling of the University College of Swansea, has kindly consented to act, pro tern. South Yorkshire.-The Third Annual General Meeting was held at Doncaster Technical College on and June,-Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. Gregory; Vice-chairman, Mr. B. W. Methley; Committee, Mr. A. H. Churchouse, Dr. W. F. Andrews, Mr. A. H. Dodd, Mr.J. Picken, Mr. G. W. Moore, Dr. G. Lawton, Mr. S. D. Carson, Mr. E. J. Vaughan; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. R. Bowen; Hon. Auditor, Dr. A. W. Chapman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. W. Stevenson. The report of the Committee and the Financial Statement were adopted. Votes of thanks were recorded for the work done on behalf of the Section by the retiring Chairman, Dr. Lawton, the retiring Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. Wall, and the Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. R. Bowen. 337 Report of the Sixth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. The sixth conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Saturday, the 25th of June, 1938, -Sir Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President, in the chair. The following attended : Dr.J. W. Corran, East Anglia. Dr. A. Coulthard, Manchesfer and District. Mr. R. Craven, Aberdeen and North of Scotland. Mr. J. G. Duncan, Glasgow and West of Scotland. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds, Edinburgh and East of Scotland. Dr. E. H. Goodyear, Huddersfield. Mr. F. P. Hornby, Bristol and South-Western Counties. Mr. R. F. Innes, London and South-Eastern Counties. Mr. J. R. Johnson, Birmingham and Midlands. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, Dublin. Mr. C. S. McDowell, Belfast. Mr. C. W. North, East Midlands. Dr. F. J. Smith, Liverpool and North Western. Mr. W. W. Stevenson, South Yorkshire. Mr. E. Thornton, South Wales, wice Mr. P. F. Ellis. Mr. S. B. Watkins, Cardiff and District, wice Dr. W. Cule Davies. Mr. W. A. Wightman, Leeds Area. Mr.Bernard F. Howard, Hon. Treasurer, was also present, and the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary were in attendance. (1)On the proposition of the President, the Conference proceeded, in the first place, to consider the proposed Supple- mental Charter, which had been submitted to a Special General Meeting in 1937,but had received an adverse postal vote from the general body of members. The President said that, taking the long view, in the interests of the State as well as the Institute, something should be done to promote the further voluntary registration of chemists. The Council had appointed a Special Committee to consider the objections which had been raised to the proposal. That Committee had reported to the Council recommending modifi- cations to meet those objections-particularly the inclusion in the proposed new category of members, of all those who possessed qualifications recognised as exempting candidates from examination (by the Institute) for the Associateship, including holders of diplomas, such as the Associateships of the Heriot- Watt College, Edinburgh, and of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow.The Committee had also recommended that the proposed nomination and election of representatives of the Universities on the Council should be eliminated, but that the By-laws, when revised, should include a provision for ensuring that the Officers and Council of the Institute as elected by the Fellows and Associates, should always include at least six Professors of Chemistry.It was proposed to redraft the document, incorporating the above and possibly other, alterations, to send it to the Sections for discussion, and not to proceed further with the matter until the Sections had had ample time to discuss it. The Hon. Secretaries gave their impressions as to the views of members in their respective districts. In general, they felt that the members had not been sufficiently informed and did not grasp the full significance of the proposal; also, that much of the opposition came from younger Associates, who objected to members in the proposed new category acquiring status comparable with their own, without supporting the work of the Institute. The President emphasised that the applications from candidates for such registration under the proposed new category of members would be submitted to the same rigorous investigation as that given to the applications of candidates for the Associate- ship, and that such members would not be entitled to anything more than registration, although they would be required to comply with the conditions of the Institute regarding professional discipline.The discussion was summed up by Mr. E. Thornton, who said that he concluded the occasion might arise when the State desired to have one body which provided a Register of reliable and qualified chemists, over whom it exercised disciplinary control. The Supplemental Charter was intended to enable the Institute to co-operate with the State by becoming that one body, and, without lowering its standard of qualification, to divide its Register into those who now enjoyed all the privileges of membership, and those who were merely registered and had agreed to accept the Institute’s code of professional conduct.The President expressed the hope that the Hon. Secretaries would endeavour to introduce the matter to their members early in the next session so that, if possible, the proposed Charter could be submitted again at the Annual General Meeting in March, 1939. (2) Mr. North urged that the Section Secretaries should receive as early information as possible upon any matter which might arouse the interest of the members; for example, they should have prior notice of the award of the Frankland Medal and Prize for Students.In this connexion it was suggested that the dates of Council Meetings should be included under ‘‘Coming Events ’’ in the Journal and Proceedings. (3)Mr.Watkins openeda discussion on the desirability of closer contact between members of Council and the average Institute member. It was usual, in his Section, to invite visiting lecturers to the business meetings which preceded the lectures. When such lecturers were members of Council their contributions to discussions were most helpful. He felt that, if the Council had come to the Sections with full information regarding the Supplemental Charter, there would have been less opposition. Attendance at the Conference of Hon. Secretaries enabled them to clear up many points of difficulty.He felt that District Members of Council should be allowed to disclose to a greater extent the intentions and proposals of the Council. or that Officers or members of Council should visit the Sections when any important proposal was under discussion, in order to explain the matter in detail. The Council should be representative of all parts of the country, so that members, when elected, could act as liaison officers in their districts. Other members supported Mr. Watkins’ views, and a dis-cussion ensued as to the possibility of sending the Hon. Secretaries of Sections more details of the business of the Council and advance proofs of the Journal and Proceedings. The President said that District Members of Council who were ex-uficiu members of Section Committees were in a position to obtain information and to advise the Council as to the wishes of their local members, and they could use their discretion in keeping their Committees informed regarding the proceedings of the Council.340 The Treasurer remarked that it was necessary to bear in mind that the Council was elected to manage the affairs of the Institute: matters should ordinarily be discussed by the Council in the first place. The President said that it was difficult for the Officers and Council to cover the whole area geographically other than through the District Members of Council; but he would note the desire of the Hon. Secretaries for more information. When the reports of the meetings of the Council in the Journal were meagre, it did not signify that the Council was less active :some of the formal proceedings did not call for special comment; other business was not sufficiently advanced for publication.(4)The Conference then proceeded to discuss the position of chemists in relation to service in the territorial army, and gas defence. The Conference was informed as to what was being done, and was assured that the Institute would be ready at any time to give further assistance to the authorities; the authorities were well aware of that fact. The Treasurer said that it was a matter for the conscience of each individual to do the best he could as a citizen. Chemists had to attend to their business during the day, but many of them could give spare time to undertake the duties of air-wardens and instructors, although they should warn the local authorities that they might not be available for such duties during war.Reference was also made to the question of chemists obtaining commissions, and to the difficulty of securing officer status for technical men engaged in “companies” and not as individuals. Emphasis was laid on the importance of an officer being capable of command-apart from his technical qualifications. The question being asked whether the Proposed Supple- mental Charter had a bearing on the matter, the President replied that it had not been hinted at, but that it was possible that the existence of such a register would make it easier for the Institute to help the State. (5) A proposal was advanced that in view of the state of the investment account of the Institute, the Council should consider the reduction of entrance fees for Associates applying for the Fellowship.It was foreshadowed that possibly the time would come when the Associates would so far outnumber the Fellows that 341 the Local Sections would have difficulty in securing suitable Fellows for election as District Members of Council. The Council managed so to control the business of the Institute that it lived within its income, and was putting to reserve considerable sums in entrance fees every year. It was advanced that if anything could be done to induce more Associates to proceed to the Fellowship, the income of the Institute would benefit from the increased subscription of such Fellows.The President said that it was not only a matter of fees: the Associate was required to comply with the regulations. Whether the Institute would benefit by a reduction in the entrance fees was rather difficult to estimate. The margin of income over expenditure was not very great, and the Council had other matters involving expense to submit to the members, -in particular, a scheme for the provision of pensions for the staff. *** After discussion, it wasresolved to recommend the Council to reduce the entrance fees and fees for assessment, payable by Associates on admission to the Fellowship, with a view to facilita- ting the transference of members from one grade to the other- not only on financial grounds, but in the general interests of the Institute.(6) The question was then considered as to whether Sections should be allowed to “fund” any money balance of their grants remaining after a session’s working. It was suggested that a Section might want to hold a reserve to which it could turn for some special occasion. It was generally held, however, that the Sections were expected to spend the grants which they received in advancing the interests of the members, and not to save such funds. If any Section required extra funds for a particular pur- pose, it could apply to headquarters and ask for consideration of the proposal in view. (7) A short discussion took place on the nature of Sectional meetings, the means of obtaining good lecturers and securing good attendances.The Honorary Secretaries agreed to continue the practice of informing one another of any particularly successful events. (8) The views of the Conference were sought on the advisa- bility of Sections canvassing one another to secure the election of candidates for the Council. The majority disliked the practice. Although there was no By-law to prevent it, it often 342 defeated its own object, because it caused resentment. It was resolved : “This Conference is of the opinion that canvassing as between Sections for the election of Members of Council is undesirable.” (12voted for the motion, 2 against ;2 refrained from voting.) (9) Reference was made to the number of Associates who were teachers, not only in Universities and technical colleges, but in schools, and to their difficulty in qualifying for the Fellow- ship.They were important to the Institute in that they laid the foundation for the future training of chemists.* Such teachers had practically no facilities for research, and their work did not fit them for taking special examinations for the Fellowship. There was, therefore, little chance of their pro- ceeding to the higher grade. What could the Council do to facilitate the advancement, to the Fellowship, of teachers in public and secondary schools ? The President said that it would depend upon what the teachers could show to warrant such promotion. If they had received, from the “pool” of the Local Authorities, a special responsibility allowance, he would feel that their claims warranted consideration. The mere automatic holding of a position was not sufficient. They could not be exempt from fulfilling the requirements of the regulations. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the President for presiding at the Conference, and also to the Honorary Treasurer for his attendance. The Honorary Secretaries were subsequently entertained to luncheon at the Hotel Russell.* Notwithstanding the large number engaged in teaching chemistry, less than 300 teachers in public and secondary schools mentioned in “Official Chemical Appointments” (9th edition) are Fellows or Associates of the Institute, i.e.not more than 10 per cent. of such teachers. 343 Notes. Scientific Films.-The Association of Scientific Workers has announced a proposal to form a Scientific Film Society, of which the primary object will be to give exhibitions in London of approved films covering-(a) films produced in the course of specific researches, (b) films intended for instructional purposes, (c) films illustrating the impact of Science upon Society (power distribution, transport, engineering works, nutrition, etc.). A Scientific Films Committee of the Association maintains files of information on scientific films of all classes, of available projector equipment, and of panels of film experts. The Com- mittee is maintaining close contact with the British Film Institute, and hopes to become a “clearing house” on all matters relating to scientific films.The Honorary Chairman of the Scientific Films Committee of the Association of Scientific Workers is Mr. L. V. Chilton, 28, Hogarth Road, South Kensington, S.W.5. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT. Medical Research (Su++Zy of Drugs).-In the House of Com- mons, on 11th May, the following questions were addressed to the Lord President of the Council:- (I) Whether he was aware that the Medical Research Council are allocating ;E30,000, provided by Parliament, for research in chemotherapy; and whether he would satisfy himself that the Medical Research Council, in this scheme, is securing every possible co-operation from industrial concerns; (2)whether steps are being considered to ensure that scientists, medical men and manufacturing chemists shall all be brought into a scheme whereby research into chemical compounds for medical and other purposes, essential particularly to the tropical parts of the British Empire, and to the whole Empire in case of war, may proceed upon lines similar to those followed with such success in Germany, whereby that country has secured a virtual monopoly of drugs particularly necessary in the British Empire? 344 The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster replied on behalf of the Lord President of the Council, stating that he was assured that, in applying this additional grant to the promotion of research in chemotherapy, the Medical Research Council will obtain the co-operation of industry as far as may be found possible.The general objects of the scheme now being developed are as indicated in the second question, and steps are being taken to ensure that scientists, medical men and manufacturing chemists shall all be brought within its scope. Chemical Research.-On 24th May, in reply to a question enquiring whether the attention of the Lord President had been drawn to the fact that in case of war the British Empire would be without access to important chemical compounds of which Germany has a virtual monopoly; whether he is aware that Gennan firms producing these chemical agents do not, as a rule, grant licences for manufacture in this country; and whether any Government action is contemplated in view, not only of possible war-time contingencies, but also of the continuous and urgent needs of the British tropical Empire.The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster stated that the Lord President is well aware of the fact that the discovery of new compounds of certain kinds, particularly those which can be used in the treatment of some tropical and other diseases, at present depends largely on research work undertaken by industrial concerns in Germany, with the consequence that supplies of these new substances can for a longer or shorter period be obtained only from abroad. It is for this reason that the Government have approved the proposal of the Medical Research Council for expenditure at the rate of &30,000 per annum on research in chemotherapy, to enable this country to play a greater part in future in making new discoveries in this field.The object and nature of the new scheme were explained in the “Report of the Medical Research Council for the year, 1936-37,” which was laid before Parliament in February of this year. In the House of Commons, on 7th July, Mr. R. Dobbie (Lab., Rotherham) asked the Home Secretary on what basis experts employed to advise the Home Office or the police authorities in poison cases were paid for their services; and whether any independent check was applied to their reports before a prosecution was instituted? 345 The Home Secretary replied that the services of two analysts, appointed by and receiving retaining fees from the Home Office, were available to the police and coroners, if they had occasion to consult them.In such cases, they were remunerated in accordance with a scale of fees approved by the Treasury. In addition, forensic science laboratories had been established in London and certain other centres, with whole-time scientific staff remunerated by salary. In other cases, the police might seek the assistance of other experts who would be remunerated by fee. In every case, the function of the expert was to give an opinion, as a scientist, on the material submitted to him, and he did so on his own responsibility. The responsibility for the prosecution rested with the Director of Public Prosecutions or with the police, as the case might be.OiZ producedfrom CoaZ.-On 15th June, in reply to a question raised in the House of Commons, the Secretary for Mines stated that 117,000 tons of petrol were produced in this country in 1937 by the hydrogenation process. Air Raid Precautions : Water Supplies.-On 16th June, in reply to a question regarding water supplies, the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office said that, in a memorandum dealing with Air Raid Precautions which had been issued to all water undertakings, special emphasis was laid upon the desirability of preparing plans for alternative methods of maintaining normal supplies, such as connexion to the mains of other authorities, or the utilisation of sources not ordinarily available.Measures for supplementing existing supplies for fire-fighting purposes formed an important part of the emergency fire pre- caution schemes which were being submitted by local authorities. Food and Drugs BilZ.-In the House of Lords, on the 23rd June, the Food and Drugs Bill was read the third time, and passed. Honours.-Among the King’s Birthday Honours :-Dr. John Jacob Fox, O.B.E., Vice-president, Government Chemist,- Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.); Professor Thomas Hill Easterfield, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Wurzburg), FelZow,-Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. 346 Sir Thomas Easterfield has taken a prominent part in scientific affairs in New Zealand. From 1920 to 1933 he was Director at the Cawthron Institute, Nelson.He has been President of the Wellington Philosophical Society and of the New Zealand Institute, and was the first Chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Institute of Chemistry, formed in 1927. Sir Martin Onslow Forster, F.R.S., Fellow, has been elected a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute (F.C.G.I.). Professor James Charles Philip, O.B.E., F.R.S., Fellow, has been accorded the title of Professor Emeritus of Physical Chem- istry in the University of London, on his retirement from the Professorship of Physical Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, has been accorded the title of Professor Emeritus of Organic Chemistry in the University of London, on his retirement from the Professorship of Organic Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology.Professor James Irvine Orme Masson, M.B.E., Fellow, Professor of Chemistry and Head of the Department of Science in the University of Durham, has been appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield. Principal Bernard Mouat Jones, D.S.O., of the College of Technology, Manchester, has been appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds. Dr. James Eckersley Myers, O.B.E., Associate, has been appointed Principal of the College of Technology, Manchester, in succession to Principal Mouat Jones. The Council of the Institute of Fuel has decided to award the Melchett Medal for the year 1938 to Professor Richard Vernon Wheeler, DSc., Fellow of the Institute.Professor Wheeler will give the Melchett Lecture at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, on Thursday, 13th October, at 3.30 p.m. Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry will be cordially welcome. 347 Mr. Roy F. Hayman, Associate, has been elected Honorary Secretary of the Graduates Section of the Institution of Chemical Engineers for the coming session. Cancer.-L’ Union Internationale contre le Cancer has notified that an International Rbunion will be held in Paris from 23rd to 30th November to commemorate the discovery of radium, electrons, X-rays and Hertzian waves. The meetings will be held at the Palais de la Dkouverte, under the Patronage of the President of the French Republic, the Minister of Public Health and the Minister of Education. The President of the Rbunion will be Mons.Justin Godart. The General Secretary is Mons. L. W. Tomarkin, 18 Rue Soufflot, Paris (5e). Achema 1X.-A Chemical Engineering Exhibition will be held in June, 1940, at Frankfurt a.M. The and International Congress of Chemical Engineering, which was held for the first time in London, in 1936, will also be held in Germany in 1g4o-at the invitation of DECHEMA,-as a partial session of the World Power Conference, and in association with ACHEMAIX. Other conferences which will be held in Germany at about the same time include the International Congress for Testing Materials, the Universal Petroleum Congress, and the Inter- national Gas Congress.The Eighteenth Session of the International Geological Congresswill be held in Great Britain in 1940, on the invitation of the Geological Society of London. Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., P.R.S., is the Honorary President of the General Organ- king Committee. Communications should be addressed to the General Secretaries, Eighteenth Session ,International Geological Congress, Geological Survey and Museum, Exhibition Road , South Kensington, London, S.W.7. 348 Obituary. JAMES AUDLEY$died at Stoke-on-Trent on 15th July, in hisALOYSIWS 80th year. He received his braining at the Normal School of Science, South Kensington, under Professor (Sir) Edward Frankland and Dr.1%'.R. E. Hodgkinson, and also attended classes at Hanley, then under the direction of Professor Thomas Carnelley. He was awarded the Associateship of the Normal School of Science, and the Silver Medal in Inorganic Chemistry, 1875, of the Science and Art Department; he gained the Bronze Medal for Honours in Inorganic Chemistry, 1881, and later a Bronze Medal of the City and Guilds of London Institute for Honours in pottery and porcelain manufacture. He established a practice at Hanley, paying particular attention to ceramics and the materials used by potters, to which he devoted himself throughout his professional career. He taught theoretical and practical chemistry at the classes provided at that time by the Free Library Committee in the town.He was the author of Silica and Silicates (1921), in the Series of Volumes on Industrial Chemistry, edited by Dr. Samuel Rideal, and of a number of contributions to the Ceramic Society's Transactions, and other technical publications. Eventually, he was Director of the New Hall Pottery Co.,Ltd., Hanley. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. THOMASBAKERTdied at Rotherham on 28th May in his 62nd year. He was educated at the Grammar School, Wolsingham, where he passed the preliminary examination inarts for graduating in science and medicine, and proceeded to the University of Durham, where he graduated B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1899, and was subsequently engaged in re- search for five years with Professor P. Phillips Bedson.He was awarded the M.Sc. degree in 1903, and in the following year was appointed works manager and chemist to the New Vanadium Alloys, Ltd., of London, where he had complete control of the analytical work. He later became director of research and chief metallurgist, to Steel, Peech and Tozer, Ltd., -now amalgamated with the United Steel Companies, Ltd.,-which position he held at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1904, and a Fellow in 1908. The Institute was represented at his funeral by Mr. B. W. Methley. EDWARDCHARLESEDGARmied on 20th August, in his 58th year. He was educated at the Victoria University, Manchester, graduating B.Sc., with first class honours in chemistry, in 1901.He held a UniversityFellowship in 1902-03, and two years later was awarded the M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees. In 1905, he was appointed assistant lecturer and demon- strator in chemistry at the same university, becoming senior lecturer in 1911. During the period of the Great War, he was engaged at the T.N.T. Factory at Litherland and later in the Explosives Contracts Section of the Department of Explosives Supplies, as senior inspector, and afterwards aa chemical advisor, to the Safety of Factories branch. In 1922, he 349 accepted the post of chief research assistant to the Director of Research, British Launderers’ Research Association. He later joined the staff of the Polytechnic, Regent Street, and in 1926, succeeded Mr.C. L. Eclair-Heath, as principal of the Rutherford Technical College, which post he held until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Dr. P. L. Robinson. HAROLD ELKINGTONDOUGLAS died on 1st July, in his 49th year. The son of Mr. George Elkington, J.P., he received his training in chemistry at King’s College, London, graduating as B.Sc. with first class honours in chemistry, later proceeding to M.Sc. During 1911, he acted as student- demonstrator in the college, and after six months’ experience as assistant to Dr. John Muter, obtained an appointment as demonstrator in agriculture and agricultural chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, working under the direction of Professor Edward Kinch. For some time before the war, his career was interrupted by illness, which prevented his serving with the forces, but in 1919, he became associated with Messrs.Dicker and Pollak, Chartered Patent Agents. Later, having qualified for that profession, he established a practice independently, paying particular attention to patents dealing with chemical and technical matters, in which he was later joined by Mr. J. G. Fife, who will continue his practice. He read several papers on chemical patents and patent law before various societies, and frequently gave valuable advice and assistance to the Institute on matters referred to him by the Officers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1911 and a Fellow in 1914.Before he was elected to the Council, he was a Member of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. He served for three years as a Member of Council and two years as a Vice-President. From 1929 he served as the representative of the Institute on the Patents Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, in which capacity he was especially helpful in connexion with the amendment of Patents and Designs Legisla- tion, in October. He was also a representative of the Institute on the Joint Chemical Trade Marks Committee of the Association. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. J. G. Fife and Mr. 0. J. W. Napier. ARTHUR JOSIAH GAUGE died on 4th August, in his HOFFMEISTER 59th year. Trained at the Royal College of Science, London, he obtained a first class certificate in theoretical and practical chemistry in 1904, and in the same year was appointed to the position of chemical assistant at the Government Laboratory, where he was engaged in general analytical work, and, in 1911, became analyst on the permanent staff.His work involved the chemical and the microscopical examination, for fraudulent uses, of postal and fiscal stamps, and in this connection he was frequentlycalled to give evidence in Crown prosecutions and trials. His chief work, however, was connected with water analyses. He was in control of the Waters Department at the Government Laboratory from 1913 to 1920, and had charge of the chemical investigations, in connexion with a Joint Committee of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Transport (Road Departments), on the pollution of rivers by tarred roads.At the time of his death he held the position of Superintending Chemist. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1920. GREENAWAYALFRED JOHN died at Mill Hill, London, N.W., on the 25th August in his 87th year. He was the son of John Greenaway, draughtsman and engraver 011 wood, and brother of Kate Greenaway, the distinguished artist and book-illustrator who died in 1901. He studied under Frankland at the Royal College of Chemistry from 1871 to 1873 and continued on the staff of the Chemical Department of the Royal School of Mines until 1881. He was also for a time assistant to Dr.F. W. Pavy in the Pathological Laboratory of Guy’s Hospital, before he became associated, in 1884, with the editorial work of the Chemical Society, to which he was devoted for over 40 years. He was a Vice-president of the Chemical Society from 1924 to 1927. He was an Original Fellow of the Institute, having been elected in 1877. He served on the Council for two periods,-1892 to 1895, and 1902 to 1905. GEORGE died at Putney, on 2nd August, in his 72nd NEVILL HUNTLY year. He was educated at Richmond (Surrey) Grammar School, and obtained his training in chemistry at the Royal College of Science, and King’s College, London, graduating B.Sc. (Lond.) and obtaining the diploma of A.RC.S. with honours in chemistry. He was for 39 yearsdemonstrator and assistant to Professor R.V. Tuson at the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, and subsequently demonstrator in chemistry in the State Medicine Laboratories at King’s College, London, before he established an independent practice, in which, for many years past, he specialised in inorganic chemistry, metallurgy, gas and fuel analysis, holding several appointments as gas examiner under the Gas Undertakings Acts. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894, served as an Examiner for two periods, aggregating nearly 10 years, and as a Member of Council for two periods,-6 years in all. ALFREDCOURTENAYLUCK died at Buenos Aires on the 21st June, in his 72nd year. He was educated at Sir Walter St. John’s School, Clapham, and proceeded to King’s College, London, in 1882, where he gained first class certificates in practical chemistry, practical mineralogy and agriculture.In 1885, he became pupil and assistant to the late W. E. Halse, F.I.C., and three years later was appointed chemist, later becoming chief chemist to Messrs. Pigou Wilks and Laurence, explosives manufacturers, of Dartford, Kent. He resigned this position in 1898 and joined a company to develop various explosives which he had invented. In 1904 he accepted an offer from the Argentine Government to become Director of the Explosives Laboratory in the Ministry of Marine, and, ten years later, was appointed chief chemist to the Pacific Railway Co., Ltd. In addition, he held the post of chemist to the Sansinena Freezing Co., and consulting chemist to other railways in the Argentine.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. WILLIAMBERNARDMACCABEdied on 6th May, at the age of 74. He was the son of the late Sir Francis MacCabe, of Dublin, and was educated at Stoneyhurst College, Lancs., and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied chemistry under the late Professor Emerson Reynolds. After leaving college, he was demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal College of Surgeons for Ireland, where he worked with Sir Charles A. Cameron, before he joined the staff of the late Thomas I. Dixon, a well-known contractor for railways, harbours, drainage and waterworks. He next joined George Chatterton, consulting engineer, Westminster, was engaged in the preparation of plans for the Dublin main drainage scheme, and was 351 then appointed hydraulic engineer to the Dublin Water Works.Later he became chief engineer to the Corporation at Calcutta, where he re-organised the water and drainage schemes. In 1917, he went to Tasmania as consultant to the Government, and since 1933 had been consultant to the Australian Wood Pipe Co., at Perth. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. FREDERIC TOMSdied in the Island of Jersey on 20thWOODLAND July, in his 82nd year. After some early experience in the research laboratory of the Royal School of Mines, during which he was also engaged on investigations in water analysis under Edward Frankland, he was research assistant for several years to W.H. Perkh, Senior, until 1881, and then became Chief Assistant in Dr. F. W. Pavy’s laboratory of Pathological Research at Guy’s Hospital. In 1884, he was appointed tho fist official analyst and, later, gas examiner, for the Island of Jersey, which positions he held unt,il his retirement in 1931. He was elected an Associate in 1878 and a Fellow in 1883. THOMAS WATSONANDERSON died at Glasgow on 21st June, in his 23rd year. Born in Glasgow, he was educated at the North Kelvinside Secondary School, where he passed the Higher Leaving Certificate in 1932. The following year he proceeded to the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, graduating B.Sc., with second class honours in 1937. He continued at the Royal Technical College as a junior demonstrator until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in February, 1938.HENRYHUDSONMr. GEORGE LYALL,of the firm of Messrs. Markby, Stewart and Wadesons, Solicitors of the Institute, died at Queen’s Gate Gardens, London, S.W., in his 67th year. He was the son of Mr. A. J. Pile of Barbados, and assumed his mother’s family name in 1914. Educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, he was admitted a solicitor in 1897. In 1899, he married Miss Beatrix Rostron-now Dame Beatrix Hudson Lyall, who was elected the first woman vice-chairman of the London County Council in 1932. Mr.Lyallwas for many years the legal adviser to the Institute. JAMESSir JOHN BURNET,R.A., the architect of the premises of the Institute, died at Colinton on 2nd July, in his 82nd year. As a young man he had joined his father in partnership in Glasgow and had served a pupilage with J.L. Pascal in Paris. His best-known work includes the extension on the north side of the British Museum, including the King Edward VII Galleries, the Glasgow Royal Institute of Fine Arts, and Adelaide House, London Bridge. He received the honour of knighthood in 1914. 352 Books and their Contents. The following books have been kindly presented by the authors and publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-id Brewing, Science and Practice of .” H. Lloyd Hind. Vol. I: Brewing Materials. Pp. xiv + 506. (London: Chap- man & Hall, Ltd.) 50s. net.Historical; the structure and classification of barley ; malting barleys; physiological characters of barley ; composition and quality of barley ; colloids and hydrogen ions; the carbohydrates and proteins of barley and malt ;enzymes; from barley to malt ;commercial analysis of malt; brewing quality of malt and interpretation of malt analyses; typical malt analyses and their interpretation ; special malts and unmalted cereals; brewing sugars; cultivation and treatment of hops; useful constituents of hops; types of hops and their brewing value; brewing waters; liquor composition and beer character; liquor treatment; indexes. “Chemistry, An Introduction to.” J. A. Timm. Pp. xiv + 568. (London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd.) Introduction; nature of matter; nature of gases; nature of liquids and solids; changes of state; molecules; atoms; shorthand of chemistry;nature of chemical reactions ; rate of chemical reactions ; atmosphere;nature of combustion; our fuel resources; metals; iron and steel; periodic law; struct,ure of atoms; planetary electrons ; radio-activity ; nucleus; nature of energy; radiation; emission and absorption of radiant energy; water ; solutions; properties of solutions; electrolytic dissociation ; salts; acids and bases; reactions of electrolytes ; acid heavy chemicals ; basic heavy chemicals ; electrolysis and the electrochemical industries ; electrochemical cells ;colloids ;ceramics and allied industries ;plant food; organic chemistry; carbohydrates, fats and proteins; coal tar; appendix, index, 353 ‘‘Colloid Chemistry (Inorganic).” H.B. Weiser. Vol. 111: The Colloidal Salts. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 30s. net. Introduction ; colloidal sulphates and related compounds; colloidal halides; colloidal sulphides ; colIoidal ferrocyanides and ferricyanides ; colloidal silicates. “Elementary General Science.” J. M. Harrison. Book I. Pp. xvi + 256. (London, New York and Toronto : Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. Elementary physics ; density, upthrust and flotation; fire, heat and expansion; thermometers and temperature measurement; expansionand contraction ; separation of substances from natural mixtures ; identification and classification of substances ; living things ; parts of a flowering plant; animal groups ; development of the frog; skeleton; muscles and movement; atoms; acids and alkalies ;air; oxygen; nitrogen; blood ; respiration ; simple heat measurements; transmission of heat.Appendix A : calculation of areas, volumes ; appendix B : experimentaldata; appendix C: biological notes. Questions; Index. “Fats, Utilisation of.” H. K. Dean. Foreword by Professor T. P. Hilditch. Pp. 292 + xiv. (London: A. Harvey.) 15s. net. Constituents and properties of fats; analytical methods ; classification, composition and analysis of fats ; artificial fats; extraction and refining of fats; edible fats; paint and varnish oils; soaps and fatty acids; mis- cellaneous applications. “Industrial Gas Heating, Theory of .” Peter Lloyd.The foreword by Stephen Lacey. Second Edition. Pp. x + 172. (London: Walter King, Ltd.). 7s. 6d. Choice of fuels for industrial heating; combustion of town’s gas; flame; burner design; control of combustion and the removal of flue gases; general principles of design; measurement and control of temperature;bibliography ;conversion factors; index. ‘‘Leather: Official Methods of Analysis of the International Society of Leather Trades’ Chemists.” Pp. 164. (London: A. Harvey.) Official methods for-sampling tanning materials ; tannin analysis; testing hide powder; determination of pH of tanning extracts and liquors, copper content of tanning extracts, and total sulphur dioxide set free by acid from bleaching extracts (provisional); analysis of vegetable tanned leather; determination of the acidity of vegetabletanned leather ; analysis of chrome leather, one-bath chrome liquors and solid chrome tanning compounds, oils and fats, sulphated oils, used lime liquors, sodium sulphide, and lactic acid.354 “Light, A Treatise On.” R. A. Houstoun. Pp. xii + 528. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans Green & Co., 7th edition). 14s. net. Part I: Geometrical Optics : fundamental ideas ; elementary theory of spherical mirrors and lenses; thick lenses and systems of lenses; the defects of the image; on determining the constants of mirrors and lenses; optical instruments ;the spectromster and the determination of indices of refraction.Part I1: Physical Optics : the velocity of light; interference; diffraction; polarisation and double refraction ; propagation of light in crystals ; optical rotation and the analysis of polarised light. Part I11: Spectroscopy and Photometry : spectroscopy: earlier work; the ultra-violet and the infra-red; spectroscopy: later work; X-rays and photo-electricity; quantum theory; photometry and illumination; the eye and colour vision. Part IV : Mathematical Theory: the nature of light ;the electromagnetic theory of light; reflection and refraction; the theory of dispersion;theory of radiation; the ether and relativity. Plates. “Pharmaceutical Pocket Book.” Pp. x + 370. (London: Pharmaceutical Press). 5s. The pocket book, an official publication of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, deals with the aims and objects, statutory obligations and other activities of the Society; the science and art of dispensing, equivalent B.P.formulae, doses of official medicaments ;brief chapters relating to milk and milk products, water analysis, urine, blood, gastric contents and urinary calculi ; hydrogen ion concentration ; notes on bacteriology, vitamins ;hydrometers ; materia medica ;tables of weightsand measures, poisons law; antidotes; dictionary of synonyms. Index. “Physical Chemistry, The Elements of.” F. W. Goddard and E. J. F. James. Pp. viii + 246. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 5s. net. The atomic and molecular theory; valency and ths structure of atoms; gaseous and liquid states; solution; osmotic pressure and allied pheno- mena ;law of mass action ;thermochemistry;electrolysis and electrolytic dissociation;catalysis ; colloids ; miscellaneous examples ;bibliography; answersto numerical questions; index; table of atomic weights; logarithm tables.Physics, A Complete Revision.” Notes and Questions- Hydrostatics, Heat, Light, Sound, Magnetism and Electricity. S. R. Humby and F. W. Goddard. Pp. viii + 304. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 3s. gd. net. Qualitative Analysis : A Laboratory Manual of.” John H. Yoe. Pp. x + 220. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.; New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 12s. 6d. ner. Outline of laboratory exercises; analysis of the cations; analysis of the anions: organic reagents in inorganic analysis ; qualitative analysis by dry methods; tables.355 Safety in Mines Research Board. Vol. XII. 1937. Reports and Papers relating to research into Coal Dust, Firedamp, Falls of Ground, Haulage and other Sources of Danger in Coal Mines. Pp. 266. (London: H.M. Stationery Office). The Fifteenth Annual Report: the effect of fibre cores on internal corrosion in colliery winding ropes ; classification, nomenclature and relative strengths of coal measure rocks; high speed cameras for measur-ing the rate of detonation in solid explosives; the metallurgical exami- nation of colliery haulage drawgear. “The Soils of Palestine.” Studies in Soil Formation and Land Utilisation in the Mediterranean. A. Reifenberg, translated by C.L. Whittles. Pp. viii + 132. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 14s. net. Introduction; soil formation in Palestine; soil formation under the Mediterranean climate as compared with that under other climates; soils and agriculture; Zionist colonisation; author and subject indexes ; plates. Volumetric Chemical Analysis, Newer methods of. Erna Brennecke, N. Howell Furman, Hellmuth Stamm, Rudolf Lang and Kasimir Fajans. Editor: Wilhelm Bottger. Translated by Ralph E. Oesper. Pp. xiv + 268. (London : Chapman and Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. net. Elimination of the titration error in acidimetric and alkalimetric titra- tions ;ceric sulphate as a volumetric oxidising agent ;alkaline permangan- ate solution as volumetric oxidising agent; iodate and bromate methods, including Manchot’s bromometric method ; chromous solutions as volumetric reducing agents ; oxidation-reduction indicators; adsorption indicators for precipitation titrations. Union Internationale de Chimie.-The Institute has received from the Union Internationale de Chimie a copy of Table Internationale des Isotopes Stables, Troisi6me Rapport de la Commission des Atomes, 1938, and a copy of Table Inter- nationale des Poids Atomiques, Huiti8me Rapport de la Com- mission des Poids Atomiques, 1938, Paris.British Standards Institution.-The following British Standards have recently been received (2s. each, 2s. 2d. post free):- No.801-1938. Lead and Lead Alloys for Cable Sheathing. No. 802-1938. Tarmacadam.No. 803-1938. Solid Bituminous Filling Compounds for Cable Boxes on Systems up to and including 11,000 volts. 356 No. 804. 1938. Method for the Crucible Swelling Test for Coal. The following revisions have also been received :-Slip C.E. (CH) 7715. “High Carbon” Steel Cylinders for “Permanent ” Gases (B.S. No. 399-1930), “Low Carbon ” Steel Cylinders for “Permanent” Gases (B.S. No. 400-I931), and Steel Cylinders for “Liquefiable” Gases (B.S. NO. 401-1931). Handbook : containing the Annual Report, 1937-38, and Indexed Lists of British Standards and B.S. Methods of Test. Price IS. 6d. Obtainable from the British Standards Institution, Publications Dept., 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. Part I1 (Volume6) of the Medico-Legal and Criminolog- ical Review, published in April, contains Editorial comments on the Croydon Typhoid Outbreak, the Quack in History, the Evidence of Finger Prints, and other subjects; articles on Medico- Legal work in Indiq, the legal position of the unqualified prac- titioner, Orfila (medico-legal pioneer), recent toxicology, medico- legal literature, reviews of books, abstracts, new publications, pro- ceedings of societies, etc. The Review, in this new form, contains much that should be of interest to public analysts.Messrs. Constable & Co. have forwarded a novel, “Death Walks Softly,” by Neal Shepherd, 7s. 6d. net. The publishers state that it is a new type of detective story by a new writer, and the author himself affirms that its people and its happenings are not taken from real life nor intended to be so; but the story, which begins in a Bloomsbury research laboratory, will appeal to chemists who are interested in the bearings of science on crime.An announcement has been received regarding the forth- coming publication of a Journal to be entitled “Chemical Products and the Chemical News,” which will be devoted, inter alia, to new uses for chemical products, with special reference to what are termed the light industries-such as pharmaceuticals, vitamins, antiseptics, therapeutic and cosmetic substances. A special subscription rate of 7s. 6d. per annum is offered to Fellows and Associates of the Institute-ordinary rates being 10s. for twelve issues.357 The Congress Book of the London Congress of the Inter-national Association for Testing Materials is now ready, price EI IOS., obtainable from the International Association for Testing Materials, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. The papers cover the following subjects :-Group A-metals : behaviour of metals (mechanical and chemical) as dependent upon temperature, particularly in regard to high temperatures ; progress of metallography ; light metals and their alloys; work- ability and wear; Group B-inorganic materials : concrete and reinforced concrete; natural stone; ceramic materials; Group C-organic material : textiles; wood cellulose ; timber preservation ; ageing of organic materials; colours and varnishes; Group D-subjects of general importance : relation between the results of laboratory tests and behaviour in use and service; the bearing of recent advances in physics and chemistry on the knowledge of materials; the properties of materials for the thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings.The Institution of the Rubber Industry (12, Whitehall, London, S.W.1.) announces the publication of the Annual Report on the Progress of Rubber Technology, Vol. I, 1937,-5s. net, to members of the Institution of the Rubber Industry; 10s. 6d. net to non-members. 358 Medals. Professor Jocelyn Field Thorpe, C.B.E. ,F.R.S., Past President, has presented the Institute with a medal struck in honour of Michel Eug$ne Chevreul on the occasion of his 86th birthday, and another, struck in 1886 to commemorate his 100th birthday.Professor Thorpe has also presented the Institute with the Bronze Replica of the Davy Medal awarded to him by the Royal Society in 1922. The Institute now possesses the following medals. The names of the Donors are given in italics. Exposition Universelle, Anvers : awarded to Edward Purser, for artificial manure. (Bronze-gilt Medal by Charles Weiner.) 1885. Presented by Miss J. H. Purser. Amedeo Avogadro :Centenary of the Molecular Theory. (Bronzeby G.Tua and C. Fait.) 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Auguste Behal :Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine, Paris. (Bronze Memorial Medal by Aronson.) 1935.Presented byProfessor J. P. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. August Bernthsen : Badischen Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen. (Bronze by A. Hartig.) 25th Anniversary. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Rend Bohn. (Bronze by Hans Frei.) 1909. Presented by G. H. Lunge.Matthew Boulton, F.R.S. Plaster Plaque. Presented by the Registrar. Horace Tabberer Brown, LL.D., F.R.S. (Replica of the Gold Medal of the Institute of Brewing, by Frank Bowcher.) Presented by the Registrar.William Thomas Burgess, F.I.C. (Bronze by F. Bowcher.) 1924. Pre-sented by the Registrar. Michel Eugene Chevreul: Struck in honour of his 86th birthday. (Bronzeby Alph6e Dubok.) 1872. Ditto: To commemorate his 100th birthday. (Bronze by 0. Roty.) 1886. Presented by Professor J.B. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. Edward Frankland, K.C.B., F.R.S., First President of the Institute of Chemistry: 1877-80. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) First awarded in 1928 to commemorate the Jubilee of the Institute. Albin Haller: Professor of Organic Chemistry, Sorbonne. (Bronze byRBn6 Baudichon.) Presented by B. H.hnge. Albin Haller: Professor of Organic Chemistry, Sorbonne. (Silver byR6n6 Baudichon.) 1910. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Edward Frank Harrison, C.M.G. : Lectureship Medal in Bronze. 1869-1918. Presented by the Pharmaceutical Society. Guilelmo Koerner : Congratulatory Medal to celebrate the completion of 40 years’ teaching at Milan. (Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) 1910. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Georg Lunge: 70th Birthday Celebration.(Bronze by Hans Frei.) 1909. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Raphael Meldola, F.R.S. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) Presented by the Society of Maccabaeans. Henri Moissan: Souvenir Plaque to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the isolation of Fluorine. (Bronze by J. C. Chaplain.) 1906. Bequeathedby MTS.Meldola, 359 Henri Moissan: Plaster Cast. Presented by Dr. A. E. Dunatan. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S. (BronzeMemorial Plaque.) 1839-1909. Presented by the Registrar. Isaac Newton: Halfpenny tokens, one with foliated edge, and the other cut “payable in London, Bristol and Lancaster.” 1793. Presented by the Registrar. Exposition Universelle, Paiis : awarded to Edward Purser, for artificial manure. (Bronze medal by Louis BotBe.) 1889.Presented byMiss J. H. Purser. Exposition Universelle Ihternatiohale de Paris. (Bronze, silver plated.) 1900. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Frederick Belding Power. (Uilt Memorial Medal: Presented by Sir Henry S. Wellcome, 1914.) Replica presented by the Wellcome Research Laboratories. Joseph Priestley, F.R.S.: Memorial Medal. (White Metal by Halliday.) Published by the Order of the Unitarian Chapel, Birmingham. 1733-1804. Presented by the Registrar. Ditto : Memorial Medal. (WhiteMetal by Phipson.) Presented by the Registrar. Joseph Priestley, F.R.S. (Token by J. G. Rancock.) 1783. Presented by William Partridge. The Royal Society: The Davy Medal. (*Silver Replica by A. B. Joy after N. MacPhail.) Awarded to Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S.1913. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. The Royal Society: Davy Medal. (Bronze Replica by A. B. Joy after N. MacPhail.) Awarded to Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, F.R.S. 1922. Presented by Professor J. P. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S. The (Royal) Society of Arts: Awarded to Professor Meldola, for his Papez on “The Scientific Development of the Coal Tar Colour Industry. (Silver by Wyon.) Session 1885-1886. Awarded to Professor R. Meldola, for his Paper on “The Synthesis of Indigo.” (Silver byFuchs.) Session 1900-1901. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Jubilee Celebration, Head of Lavoisier by P. Tasset. (Silver by Johnson, Milan.) Awarded to Professor R. Meldola. 1907. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 Chimique de France: Medal of Honorary Membership, Head of Lavoisier.(Silver by Caqu6.) Presented to Professor R. Meldola. 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Soci6t6 de Chimie Industrielle : Plaque, bearing the profiles of Jean G6rard et Paul Kestner. To commemorate the Twentieth Anniversary of the Soci6t6, Paris. 1937. Presented by the SociPte’. Society of Chemical Industry : Foundation and Jubilee Celebration Medal. 1931. John Millar Thomson, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, London, President of the Institute of Chemistry : 1900-1903. (Bronze Medal by A. G. Wyon.) Presented by Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S. and Professor Samuel Smiles, F.R.S. Turin-Esposizione Internazionale delle Industrie e del Lavoro : “For ScientSc Publications.” (Bronze by Johnson, Milan.) Awarded to Professor R.Meldola. 1911. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Queen Victoria : 60th Anniversary Celebration Medal. (Silver by Wyon.)Conferred on Professor R. Meldola. 1897. Bequeathed by Mrs. Meldola. Alfred Werner. (Bronze by J. Vibert.) 1913. Presented by 0.H. Lunge.William Whitaker, F.R.S. (Bronze by Frank Bowcher.) 1928. Pre-sented by the Registrar. Clement Winckler. (Bronze by C. Seffner.) Presented by G’. H. Lunge.Otto N. Witt. (Bronze by H. Arnoldt.) 1853-1913. Presented by a. H. Lunge. * The Gold Medal has been sold to provide prizes to Meldola Medallists. 360 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th June and 22nd July, 1938,21 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, I Fellow was re-elected, 56 new Associates were elected, z Associates were re-elected, and 12 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to record the deaths of g Fellows and I Associate. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Amos, Arthur James, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), The Laboratories, Charlton Green, Dover. Ancrum, Robert William, 1, Coniston Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Bleloch, William, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), Ph.D. (Lond.), 26-28, Unit Security House, Fox Street, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Caws, Alfred, A. H-W. C., Marhowrah P.O., Saran District, Behar, India. Clark, Francis William, B.Sc. (Lond.), M.I.Chem.E., The Corner House, Meadowside Road, Cheam, Surrey. Coates, Arnold Coulson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Argus, Kinlochleven, Argyll. Comrie, Alan Arthur Douglas, B.Sc.(Lond.), Hollydene, Hilltop Road, Latchford Without, Warrington. Davies, Richard Owen, MSc. (Wales), Eithinog, Buarth, Aberystwyth. Dhanbhoora, Darasha Rustomji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., D.I.C., c/o Messrs. Tata, Ltd., Thames House, Millbank, London, S.W. 1. Edwards, Harold, Glen-Moor, Queensway, Shotton, Chester. Emlyn, James Alan, 15, Farmway, Middleton, Manchester. Ferguson, George William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 9, Arnos Parade, New Southgate, London, N. 11. Harris, Leslie Julius, Ph.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Vict.), Dunn Nutritional Laboratory, Milton Road (Field Laboratories), Cambridge. Haywood, Frederick Wardle, Ph.D. (Lond.), Grosmont, Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees. Hinchy, Victor Matthew, M.Sc. (Q.U.B.), 19, Charleville Court, West Kensington, London, W.14.Perkins, George, 18, Stirling Road, Hayes, Middx. Turner, Hubert Laurence, 63, Weoley Park Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. Wstkins, Sidney Bevan, M.Sc. (Wales), 12, Bishops Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff. Webb, John Ivor, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Birm.), 17, Barn Way, Wembley Park, Middx. 361 West, Trustham Frederick, M.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Stafford Allen & Sons, Research Department, Wharf Road, City Road, London, N.1. White, Leonard John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, St. George’s Avenue, High Lane, Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Re-elected Fellow. Lembourne, Christopher, M.A. (Oxon.), 32, Claremont Road, London, W.13. New Associates. Anderson, Houston Adam, 74, Stortford Road, Rye Park, Hoddesdon, Herts.Anwar Ullah, Saiyed, B.Sc. (Aligarh), Ph.D. (Lond.), Rothamsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Banks, Raymond, B.A. (Oxon.), 17, Graham Avenue, Hessle High Road, Hull. Betrabet, Mangesh Venkatrao, M.Sc. (Bombay), Associated Cement Companies, Ltd., P.O. Katni Cement Factory, C.P., India. Blakeley, Thomas Hedley, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 56, Grange Road, Rother- ham. Booton, Joseph, A.M.C.T., 8, Hector Avenue, Rochdale. Callow, Henry John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Station Road, Westhay, Bridgwater. Clayton, Herbert Roy, B.Sc. (Manc. ), Northcote, Kinlochleven, Argyll- shire. Cohen, John Cunningham, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Kildare, Rectory Road, Rickmansworth. Coleby, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Vanbrugh Hill, London, S.E.3.Cooke, George William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Kirby Holt, Milton, Derby. Douglas, Roderick Langton, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 14, Lancaster Court, Newman Street, London, W.l. Eduljee, Homi Eduljee, B.Sc. (Rangoon), D.I.C., 7, Manson Place, London, S.W.7. Fisher, Ernest Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 384, St. Albans Road, Bulwell, Nottingham.Foxton, Richard Norman, B.Sc. (Leeds), Oak House, Dringhouses, York. Garderen, Jacob van, M.Sc. (Stell.), Private Bag, Division of Chemical Services, Pretoria, S. Africa. Garwood, Robert Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, Holyrood Road, New Barnet. Gasson, Edward James, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lucknow House, Northbridge Street, Robertsbridge, Sussex. George, Charles Mathieson, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), Landheads, Auchlewan House, Annan, Dumfriesshire.Glen, William Lawrence, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Alverton, Gowoek, Scotland. Hainsworth, Percy, B.Sc. (Leeds), c/oAnglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, S. Iran. Hammond, George Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 120, George Street, Croydon. Hanby, William Edward, B.Sc. (Dun.), 9, Love Lane, Castleford, Yorks. Henderson, George Mann, B.Sc. (Edin.), 11, Shandon Place, Edinburgh, 11. Higgins, John Charles, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), D.I.C., Biological Field Station, Slough, Bucks. Hodges, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), 28, Harries Street, Tenby, S. Wales. Job, Leonard Austin, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), c/o The Resident Engineer, Government Areas, P.O. State Mines, Transvaal, S. Africa. 362 Jones, Edward Henry, Pendine, Glen Drive, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.Jones, Leslie Raymond, B.Sc. (Wales), 20, Cobwell Road, Retford, Notts. Krishnamurti, B. Gopala, B.A. (Madras), Distillery, Nagercoil, Travancore, India. Large, Ernest Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 8, Thornton Road, London, S.W.19. McKinlay, Thomas Stephenson, B.Sc. (Glas.), Dunfanaghy, Blairmore, Dunoon, Argyll. McMahon, Patrick Reginald, M.Sc.Agr. (N.Z.), Ph.D. (Leeds), Textile Chemistry Research Department "S," The University, Lee&, 2. Meadows, Arthur Judd, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o Miss Wilkie, Bhor-Mor, Fort William, Inverness-shire. Metcalfe, Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), 42, Stag Lane, Edgware, Middx. Montgomerie, Andrew Kirkwood, B.Sc. (Glas.), c/o The Burmah Oil Co., Ltd., Khodaung, Upper Burma. Morse, Gilbert Owen, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S., 17a, Marden Road, London, N.17. Mosden, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Glas.), C/O Mrs. Hunter, 689, Great Western Road, Glasgow, W.2. Nash, Herbert William James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28, Wilton Crescent, Shirley, Southamp ton. Neelakantam, Kalla, B.A. (Andhra), M.A. (Madras),c/o I.S.U., 112, Gower Street, London, W.C.l. Orlek, Abraham, B.Sc. (Cape), 678, Pretorius Street, Pretoria, S. Africa. Pankhurst, Kenneth George Alfred, B.Sc. (Lond.), 27, Hill Lane, South- ampton. Pritchard, Miss Cecilia Frances, B.Sc. (Lond.), 248, Warrington Crescent, London, 747.9. Raine, Thomas, B.Met., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 7, Mayfair Drive, Sale, Cheshire. Raman, Gubbi Anantha, B.Sc. (Mysore), No. 4, Laxmi Nivas, Parsi Colony, Dadar, Bombay, India.Satyanarayana, Potarazu, M.Sc. (Madras), Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Chemistry Department, Lawley Road, Coimbatore, S. India. Shearing, Edwin Albert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 23, Recreation Road, Andover, Hants. Siddall, Walter, B.Sc. (Lond.), College of Technology, Northampton. Smith, Robert Lewis, B.Sc. (Edin.), 26, Queens Crescent, Edinburgh, 9. Srinivasan, Tirucherai Krishnaswami, B.A., M.Sc. (Madras), 14, Subramania Mudali Street, Purasawalkam, Vepery P.O., Madras, India. Subramanian, Vettakorumakankao Krishna Iyer, M.Sc. (Benares), The Mysore Paper Mills, Ltd., Badravathi, Mysore State, India. Umanath Rao, Mannigay, M.Sc. (Allahabad), Shanti Nivas, Sardarpura, Jodhpur, Rajputana, India. Waters, Roy Basil, M.Sc, Ph.D.(Lond.), 12, Sinclair Avenue, Crumpsall, Manchester, 8. Wild, Frank, B.A. (Cantab.), 14, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Wilkins, Frederick John, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Hazeldene, East Street, Rambledon, Portsmouth. Young, George Harold Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 61, Campden Hill Road, London, W.8. Re-elected Associates. Birkitt, Cyril Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, South Park Hill Road, Croydon. Kelly, Francis Charles, Ph.D. (Aberd. ), 62, Fountainhall Road, Aberdeen. 363 New Students. Armstrong, William James, 123, Singleton Avenue, Prenton, Birkenhead. Campbell, William Alec, 270, Buddle Road, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. French, Edwin, Hospital for Sick Children, Biochemical Department, Grertt Ormond Street, London, W.C.l.Giles, Donald George, 10, Badgeworth Lane, Cheltenham. Hardie, William Goodbrand, 6, Marlborough Road, Bournemouth. Harper, Clifford Stuchbery, 91, Fosse Way, Syston, Leics. H0ddl0, Robert Shearer, 67, Albert Street, Kirkwall, Orkney. Hoskins, Leonard James, Manor Farm, Hemington, nr.Bath. Seyfang, Amyot Paul, 24, Athlone Road, London, S.mT.2. Thom, Charles Bell, 43,Dalry Road, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Watson, Charles Andrew, 352, Victoria Road, Ruislip, Middx. Yates, Christopher Cavill, 16, Ashford Road, Maidstone. DEATHS. Fellows. James Aloysius Audley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S . Edward Charles Edgar, D.Sc. (Vict.).Harold Douglaa Elkington, M.Sc. (Lond.). Arthur Josiah Hoffmeister Gauge. Alfred John Greenaway. George Nevill Huntly, B.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. Alfred Courtenay Luck. William Bernard MacCabe. Frederic Woodland Toms. Associate. Thomas Anderson Watson. CHANGE OF NA1VLE. Miss Moireen Immaculhe O’Mahony, M.S. (N.U.I.), Associate, to Mrs. Robinson-on her marriage. Coming Events. 1938. Sept.19-23 SEVENTHINTERNATIONALMANAGEMENTCONGRESS: Washington,D.C., U.S.A. 21-26 INTERNATIONAL FOR at Oxford. FEDERATIONDOCUMENTATION, 22 to IRON and INSTITUTEAND STEELINSTITUTE OF METALS: Joint OCT. 2 Autumn Meeting: 22 Sept. (Quebec); 2 Oct. (New York, U.S.A.). 23-26 ASSOCIATION AND INFORMATIONOF SPECIAL LIBRARIES BUREAUX, at Oxford. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (East Anglia Section): “Water Supply, -With Special Reference to East Anglia.” Mr.W. Lincolne Sutton, at the Norwich Technical College, at 7.30 p.m. 29 to 39~~ CONFERENCE, at St. Hugh’s college. OXFORD MANAGEMENT OCT. 3 Oct. 3-4 IRON Autumn Meeting in New York and AND STEELINSTITUTE: Joint Visit of the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals to the United States of America and Canada. OF6 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Joint Meeting with Institution of Petroleum. “Chemical Research on Petroleum Products.” Dr. F. B. Thole, at the Engineers’ Club, Albert Square, at 7 p.m. 10 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Leeds Area Section): “From Boyle to Priestley.” The Registrar, at the University, at 7 p.m. 13 INSTITUTEOF FUEL: Professor R. V. Wheeler, Melchett Lecture, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, London, at 3.30 p.m.14& 21 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs.” Professor F. M. Rowe, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. OF20 INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Discussion on the Proposed Supplemental Charter, at the Constitutional Club, at 7 p.m. 26 CARDIFF TECHNICALCOLLEGE CHEMICAL SOCIETY and Local Fellows of the CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Optical Activity as a Guide to Reaction Mechanism.” Professor J. Kenyon, F.R.S., at the Technical College, Cardiff, at 6 p.m. 28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Sec- tion): “Some Recent Aspects of Vitamin A Research.” Dr. J. A. Lovern, at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 5.15 p.m.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Dance, Prince’s Galleries, Piccylilly, London, W. 1, from 8 p.m. to 12 midnight. INSTITUTEOF CKEMISTRY (Manchester and District Section): Invited to Meeting of the Microchemical Club of Great Britain, at the Manchester University. 365 Nov. 4 8 16 18 22 28 Dec. 7 1939. Jan. 17 18 20 Feb. 3 14 15 17 OF CHEMICALINDUSTRYSOCIETY (South Wales Section) : “The Examination of Questionable Documents.” Dr. W. R. Harri- son, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEof CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) : “War Time Chem- ical Problems.” Mr. H. B. Brown, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties OF Seetion): Annual General Meeting and Smoking Concert, at the Palace Hotel, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.1. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:“Opium.” Mr. J. R. Nicholls, Twenty- first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, at 30, Russell Square,London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) (jointly with OF MICRO-CHIRURGICALSOCIETY)NORWICH : “Food and Medicine.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Some Topics in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Battersea Power Station.INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY: Dr. W. H. Hatfield, F.R.S., Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l, at 8 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section) : “Tasting Tests.” Mr. H. M. Mason, at the Technical College, Norwich. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties OF Section): “Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Plants.” Professor E. J. Salisbury, F.R.S. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:Jubilee Memorial Lecture “The Chemistry of Solid Carbon,.” Professor H. L. Riley, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : “Methyla-tion-A Widespread Biochemical Phenomenon.” Professor F.Challenger, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(East Anglia Section): “A Survey of the Plastics Industry.” Mr. E. G. Couzens, at the Central Public Library, Ipswich. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): “The Viscosity of Liquids.” Professor E. N. da C. Andrade. INSTITUTECHEMISTRY (Aberdeen and North of ScotlandOF Section) and the CHEMICAL SOCIETY: “Ions and Isotopes.” Professor James Kendall, F.R.S., at the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, at 6 p.m. 366 Feb. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY17 SOCIETY (South Wales Section): “The Chemistry of Soils.” Mr. L. T. Lowe, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m.28 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (Cardiff and District Section): “The Organisation of a Laboratory in a Commercial Firm.’’ Dr. L. H. Lampitt, at the University College, Cathays Park, Cardiff, at 7 p.m. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to The Times. To he arranged later. March 1 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY:Annual General Meeting, at 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, at 8 p.m. 8 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to the British Launderers’ Research Association, Hendon. April12 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY (London and South-Eastern Counties Section): Visit to Forest Products Research Laboratory, at Princes Risborough, Bucks. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Cardiff and District Section) : Annual General Meeting.Details will be announced at a later date. 367 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor F. M. Rowe, FeZZow, of the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds, has kindly consented to give two lectures before the Institute on 14th and 21st October next, on “The Development of the Chemistry of Dyestuffs,”-dealing particularly with the life and work of Sir William H. Perkin, F.R.S. (1838-1907). Professor Rowe will review, under their respective chemical classes, the progress that has been made in the production of synthetic dyes of improved properties, limiting the whole to the chemistry of dyes that have proved to be of commercial value.Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-Mr. John Ralph Nicholls, Fellow, of the Government Laboratory, has kindly consented to give the Twenty-first Memorial Lecture, at the Institute, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, on Friday, 18th November, 1938, at 8 p.m. Mr. Nicholls has selected for his subject, “Opium.’ ’ Gluckstein Memorial Lecture.-Dr. William Herbert Hatfield, F.R.S., a Director of Thos. Firth & John Brown, Ltd., who is also Honorary Research Director of the Committees of the British Iron and Steel Federation on Heterogeneity of Ingots and Corrosion, has kindly consented to give the Tenth Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, in the Hall of the Institute, on Wednesday, 7th December next, at 8 p.m. Examinations, 1939.-Examinations for the Associat eship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.Last date for notebooks. 9th to 14th Jan., 1939. 7th Nov., 1938. 30th Dee., 1938. 17th to 22nd April, 6th Feb., 1939. 24th Mar., 1939. 1939. 11th to 16th Sept,.,1939. 10th July, 1939. 1st Sept., 1939. Examinations for the Fellowship will be held as follows:- Period of Examination. Last date for entries.* 24th to 29th April, 1939. 6th February, 1939. 18th to 23rd Sept., 1939. 10th July, 1939. When the number of candidates renders it necessary, Examina- tions may also be held during the succeeding week. Forms of application and further particulars can be obtained from the Registrar. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzeans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1939. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1938, to work of the character indicated. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize €or Registered Students.-A medal and prize (LIO 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1939, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.Entries are limited to Registered Students of the Institute who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or *For candidates wishing to be examined in Branch G Industrial Chemistry, or desiring to take special examinations, the list will close on the 6th January and 9th June respectively.369 chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (seelist of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1938,and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award.The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether, and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, and awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of excep- tional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents, Honorary Treasurers, and Secretaries of the three participating institutions,-who will meet in October next, will be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated, not later than 30th September, 1938. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convenor, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, W.C.I.370 Notices to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar . Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege are endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the ' Institute's practical examinations. 37 1 Under the Deed of Agreement between the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry, dated July, 1935, the comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, for the use of Fellows and Associates and Registered Students of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10a.m. to 5 p.m. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute.In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, subscriptions to Boots’ Booklovers Library expire on 1st March. Application forms can be obtained from the Registrar of the Institute. Lewis’s Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute.A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute. A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. 372 Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS.2d.; binding, 2s. 9d.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registrntiout. All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar, and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.“The Profession of Chemistry ” (Fourth Edition, 1938) is now available. Copies will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to. the Registrar.