JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 2. I947 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1946 To be submitted at the Sixty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Friday 18 April 1947 A year ago in expressing thankfulness for deliverance from the most devastating war in history it seemed fitting to review the general situation and to examine the prospects of recovery-to consider how the visions of a better world that had emerged from suffering and destruction might be converted into realities. Reference was made to the important part that bodies such as the Institute should play in the building of a new civilisation and some indication was given of the steps taken and contemplated by the Council to develop the activities of the Institute so as to ensure that advances in the science and practice of chemistry might be applied and the services of chemists utilised in the most effective manner for the benefit of the com- munity.It was recognised then that the break with pre-war ideas and practices had been so great as to demand something more than an attempt to restore what had been lost and that the destruction of human life and of materials had been so extensive as to permit no appreciable relaxation of effort if acceptable conditions of life were to be attained in a reasonable time. It is among the recognised responsibilities of a professional organisation to help to maintain and improve the material welfare of the community within which its members are working; there is also a growing realisation that such institutions can do much through the example of their corporate activities and aspirations to dispel the weariness and disillusionment that are inevitable products of years of war and to guide mankind towards the quest for truth goodness and beauty.Only so can the Royal Institute of Chemistry fulfil its highest purpose in the life of the nation and of the whole world. This twofold nature of the purpose of the Institute was reflected in the speeches by Sir Stafford Cripps and Lord Samuel at the Anniversary Luncheon on 12 March 1946 the former dealing with the part being played by chemistry and chemists in post-war industry and the latter with the bearing of the philosophical and religious outlook on the work of the scientist.The substance and presentation of these statements added greatly to the pleasure of over two hundred members and official guests who were able to attend this first and much appreciated post-war function to be held under the auspices of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,11 84). At the Annual General Meeting held on the same afternoon Mr. G. Roche Lynch was inducted into the Presidential Chair by his predecessor Professor Findlay following the latter’s inspiring Presidential Address entitled “The Royal Institute of Chemistry in Post-War Britain” (JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, 1946 11 79). A tribute was paid in the last Report to the work c411 of Professor Findlay for the Institute and the profession during his three years of office but the Council now desires to express its thanks for the further valuable services which Professor Findlay has since rendered especially in the work of several committees and in negotiations with other organi- sations.Although the general objects of the Institute and the scope of its activities are set forth in the Charter and By-Laws and the manner in which it functions is determined by the Council there remains something which depends on the personality of its President. Each successive President brings to the affairs of the Institute a new stimulus and a fresh inspiration and in welcoming Mr. Roche Lynch as its principal Officer the Council knows that it will not look to him in vain for guidance in the difficult times that lie ahead.A record of the principal events and developments in the affairs of the Institute during the year is given in the appropriate sections of this Report. Reference may be made here however to a few of special importance. A meeting was held in London with representatives of the four Dominion chemical institutes at which matters of common interest were discussed. The first edition of a “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and related Sciences’’ was issued during the year. Highly successful courses in “Oils and Fats” and in “ Spectroscopy,” arranged at the University of Liverpool by the Liverpool and North-Western Section represent the first of the series of scientific courses conferences and symposia to be held under the auspices of the Institute as such.Through the generosity of Dr. Spence a series of Henderson Memorial Lectures has been established as a tribute to the memory of the late Professor G. G. Henderson a past President of the Institute. By agreement between the Ministry of Education and the Institute the scheme for National Certificates has been amended so as to provide separate certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry. A new feature in the work of the Benevolent Fund has been the allocation of holiday grants for children of regular beneficiaries. A new Local Section the Hull and District Section has been inaugurated and it has been agreed that in future two Conferences of Honorary Secre- taries of Local Sections shall be held each year.In order to facilitate administrative procedure certain By-Laws have been changed so as to permit the Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on any date before 30 April. It has been agreed that certain changes should be made in the presentation of the accounts for 1946. Pension and Life Assurance provisions for the staff have been revised and extended under the new Scientific Societies Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme. All of these developments together with the growth in membership of the Institute-which passed the 10,000mark during the year-have placed a heavy load on the staff and the Council desires to take this opportunity of expressing its appreciation of their work. The ranks of the executive officers have been strengthened by the appointment of Miss I.Cawston as Assistant Secretary; other staff changes are referred to below. MEMBERSHIP AND STUDENTSHIP During the year the Council has learned with regret of the death of the following:-Fellows Alfred Milburn Anderson Joseph John Blackie George Henry Appleyard Frank Browne Horace George Battye Alexander Bruce c 4.2 1 Fellows-continued John Loudon Buchanan Benjamin Leech Frederick William Webb Butler John Francis Liverseege Thomas Callan Charles George Matthews Satyendra Nath Chakravarti Robert Selby Morrell Wilfred Shacklock Davey Francis Edwin Needs John Howard Davidson Richard Edwin Pike William Robert Dracass William Pollard Herbert Firth Edmund Brydges Rudhall FYideaux John Alfred Foster Robert Pierce Roberts Percy Faraday Frankland C.B.E.F.R.S. William Henry Roberts Past President Frederick Maurice Rowe John Addyman Gardner John Edward Saul James Hart-Smith Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E. Alfred Douglas Heywood Evan Griffith Thomas Edward Hinks M.B.E. Kapilram Hardevram Vakil Philip Henry Jones Charles Horne Warner Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Wilfrid Ledbury Ernest Alfred Wraight C.I.E. Associates John Gordon Ayers Robert Ashton Hill John Douglas Barrett John Ernest Inkster Leonard Arthur Coles Alfred Ivor Jeffery Clarence Barnes Collis Bertrand Reaveley Johnson Raymond Edwin Crowther Cyril Coldron Smith Gordon Westland Edwards Edgar Francis Smith Thomas Gray William Thomas William Harper Francis Henry Trim Registered Students Frederick Scott Emslie Fred Stevenson Hawkins John Berridge Fraser Roy William George Young Changes in membership and studentship during the year are recorded below together with the corresponding figures for 1945 for comparison.Twelve months ended 31 December 1945 1946 Additions and promotions New Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 26 Fellows re-elected .. .. .. .. .. 3 4 Associates elected to Fellowship .. .. .. 261 188 New Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 453 417 Associates re-elected .. .. .. .. .. 14 23 0. Students elected to Associateship .. .. 116 131 New Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 327 438 Students re-admitted .. .. .. *. .. 6 4 Deaths Fellows . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 41 Associates .... .. *. .. .. 29 16 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 3 Resignations Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 3 Associates .. .. *. .. .. 22 a. Students .. .. .. .. .. *. .. 32 6 68 Twelve months mded 31 December Removals 1945 1946 Fellows . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 19 Students . . .. .. .. .. .. .. Nil 163 The numbers of Fellows Associates and Students on the Register of the Institute at 31 December 1946 and at the same date in 1945 were as follows:-At 31 December 1945 1946 Increase Fellows . . . . 3,248 3,421 173 Associates . . 6,393 6,720 -327 -9,641 10,141 -500 - Students . . . . 1,411 1,488 77 --= -The rate of increase in the membership of the Institute during the wai- years has been maintained and the Council reports with satisfaction that the total number of Fellows and Associates passed the 10,000mark during the year.The following figures indicate the growth of membership over the past thirty years:- *1916 "1921 *1926 "1931 "1936 "1941 t1946 Fellows . . . . 1270 1568 1763 1984 2096 2326 3421 Associates .. . 222 2073 3423 4016 4683 5713 6720 __-_I__--TotalofMembers . . 1492 3641 5186 6000 6770 8039 10141 --__-* At a date towards the end of January in the following year. t At 31 December. The Joint Subscription Arrangements made by the Chemical Council have been extended during the year to include the Faraday Society in addition to the Chemical Society the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry.The following figures indicate the number of "three-body" members-those who pay a joint subscription to the three chartered bodies- at 31 December in the specified years:-1944 2,382; 1945 2,719; 1946,3,086. THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES At the Annual General Meeting 1946 Professor Alexander Findlay completed his term of office as President and was succeeded by Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones who had been Acting Treasurer since the resignation of Mr. J. C. White as Treasurer towards the end of 1945 was then elected to that office. Since the Annual General Meeting the Council has mourned the loss of one of its members Mr. F. E. Needs District Member for Bristol and the South-Western Counties who died on 21 October.Mr. F. Scholefield resigned as a General Member of Council immediately after the Annual General Meeting and Mr. P. N. Williams was elected in his stead. Later in the year Dr. T. F. Dixon resigned as a General Member of Council on being appointed to the Chair of Biochemistry at Baghdad and Mr. J. W. Kerr resigned as District Member of Council for Glasgow and the West of Scotland r 44 1 on leaving the district. Dr. David Trail1 was elected to succeed Mr. Kerr and Professor H. Krall to succeed Mr. J. C. Cowap as District Member for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad on the completion of the latter’s term of service in this capacity. During the year 11meetings of the Council have been held. Committees of the Council and of the Institute that have been active during the period are recorded below with the names of their Chairmen and the numbers of meetings held.Committees of Council Finance and House Committee .. .. .. The Tveasiwer Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittre .. .. .. .. .. .. The Pvesidetit with Prof. H. \-.A. Briscoe Vice-Presidel.zt as Vice- Chairman. 10 l’ublications and Library Coniiiiittec .. . . rice-President. Mr. A. L. Bacharach 9 Special Purposes .. .. .. .. .. T?ie Presidewt 2 Standing Committees of the Institute Appointments and Economic Status Committee . . Prof. A. Findlay I-zce-Pvesn dent. r Uenevolent Fund Conmiittee .. .. .. . . The Treaszrrev 9 Scientific Courses Committec .. .. .. . . I’rof. F.Challenger 1 Ad hoc Committees of the Institute Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws . . Prof. A. Findlay Vice-President. 1 Directory of Consultants Committee .. .. .. Prof. A. Findlay Vice-President. 2 Patents Committee .. .. .. National Certificates Special Committee .. .. . . . Prof. D. H. HeyProf. A. Findlay Vice-President. 1 1 The representatives ofthe institute on Joint Committees that have been active during the year were as follows:-The Chemical Council Mr. A. L. Bacharach Dr. D. Jordan-Lloyd (succeeded later by Professor A. Findlay) Sir Robert Pickard and the Treasurer. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists :Mr. &I.B. Donald Professor A. Findlay, Air. G. Roche Lynch Sir Robert Pickard Dr. J. L. Simonsen and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham.The Joint Library Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe 31r. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public -4nalysts and Other Analytical Chemists on Public Health matters Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr. W. G. Carey, Dr. F. H. Carr Professor A. Findlay Mr. F. E. Keeds and the Secretary. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on economic matters The President Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Professor A. Findlay Dr. L. H. Lampitt Sir Robert Pickard Mr. A. J. Prince Professor W. Wardlaw and the Registrar. Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) The President with Professor H.V. A. Rriscoe Mr. R. C. Chirnside Professor A. Findlay Mr. J. A. Oriel and Mr. A. J. Prince. (b) with the Scottish Education Department The President with Professor J. \Y. Cook Mr. G. E. Dodcls and Dr. J. \Veir. (c) with the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) The President with Dr. M. H. Hall. The representatives ofthe institute on other bodies have been as follows The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor A. Findlay and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Statutory Appoiiztntent Rir. G. Roche Lynch. [45 I The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 Professor D. H. Hey. The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour Mr.R. L. Collett. The British Management Council Professor A. Findlay (in succession to Dr. F. H. Carr). The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society Professor J. W. Cook. British National Committee of the World Power Conference Dr. H. G. Colman. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) :Dr. A. H. Cook. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute Mr. W. H. Simmons. The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes Mr.R. L. Collett. A number of Fellows and Associates have continued to serve on various Technical Committees of the British Standards Institution. Changes in representation have occurred as follows:- Technical Committee C/8 Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware-Mr. B. A. Ellis in place of Dr. A. G. Francis; Technical Sub-committee C/8/5 Laboratory Porcelain-Mr. A. T. Green appointed ; Technical Committee RUC/10 Coordination of Tests for Rubber-Dr. J. R. Scott appointed; Technical Committee OC/8 Quality Control-Mr. A. H. Dodd appointed. The sincere thanks of the Council are accorded to all who have given their time in service on Committees or in acting as representatives of the Institute on other bodies. CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMlN ISTRATIVE MATTERS In the previous Report reference was made to progress towards revision of the By-Laws particularly in relation to the constitution of the Council and it was stated that the principles of proposed changes had received the general approval of the Council.It was recognised however that while many of these changes were of an administrative character and non-con- troversial those affecting the constitution of the Council had been criticised in several respects and a reconciliation of divergent views would be necessary before submission to a General Meeting. In order that the principles might be clearly stated it was held desirable that the proposed amendments should be set forth in legal form and following consultations with the Institute’s solicitors a complete draft was prepared.Before submitting this for further discussion by Local Sections it was thought appropriate to proceed with the drafting of a petition for and the substance of a new Charter for although most of the proposed changes in the By-Laws were permissible under the existing Charter there were certain respects in which modifications of the Charter would be needed. In any event it would be convenient to examine both groups of questions at the same time with a view to presenting a unified programme of constitutional changes. The primary purpose of seeking a new Charter was to secure a restatement of the status and scope of the profession of chemistry and of the privileges and obligations of the Institute in relation to it so as to reflect the great develop- ments in the range and importance of the applications of chemistry and in the duties and responsibilities of the Institute since the granting of the original Charter of 1885 when the profession which the Institute was designed to promote was described as that of Analytical and Consulting Chemistry.At the same time the opportunity would be taken of seeking to remove certain restrictions or implied restrictions in the Charter that might unduly limit i 46 1 possible future developments or extensions of the legitimate functions of the Institute During the year a first draft of the Petition and of the body of a new Charter had been prepared but various points connected with these documents were still under discussion at the end of the year.As soon as these have been resolved progress with the new Charter should be more rapid. In the meantime it had been recognised that the growth in membership and expansion of activities of the Institute had been making it increasingly difficult to deal with essential business leading to the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the time-table prescribed by the By-Laws which restricted the date at which the Annual General Meeting must be held to the period between the first and fifteenth days of March. In particular it had become in recent years very difficult to complete the preparation and auditing of the Annual Accounts and Balance Sheet within the prescribed period and the Auditors had expressed their dissatisfaction with the position.It was agreed therefore to submit to a Special General Meeting a resolution for amending the relevant By-Laws so as to allow the Annual General Meeting to be held on any date before 30 April and to permit of a more convenient programme of events leading thereto. This resolution was passed by a Special General Meeting held on 15 November 1946 and confirmed at a further Special General Meeting on 22 November 1946. The changes in the By-Laws were duly allowed by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council under an Order dated 16 December 1946 and were thereby made effective in respect of the Annual General Meeting to be held in 1947. During the year several important changes have taken place in Local Section affairs. First it was agreed that there should in future be two Conferences of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in order to facilitate discussion of the growing amount of business coming before these Confer- ences.This decision was put into effect immediately and Conferences were held on 22 June and 19 October 1946. It has been agreed that in future years one Conference shall be held immediately before or after the Annual General Meeting and the other during the autumn preferably on the day following the October meeting of Council. By these more frequent Confer- ences with Honorary Secretaries the opinions of Local Section Committees will be brought more rapidly and effectively to the notice of the Council and a further assurance provided that the views of members in various parts of the country will be duly considered.With the growing membership of the Institute and the welcome increase in Local Section activities the work of Honorary Secretaries of Sections has been becoming increasingly complex and following a recommendation of the Fourteenth Conference it has been agreed to prepare a Local Section Officers Handbook in which will be set forth information required by Honorary Secretaries Honorary Treasurers and Honorary Recorders in carrying out their important duties. A first draft of part of this Handbook has been prepared and it is hoped that this will soon be completed with the advice of Section Officers for issue during 1947. It is proposed that the handbook shall be kept up-to-date by the issue from time to time of supplementary sheets having in mind the desirability of preparing a printed version in due course.Some progress has also been made towards co-ordinating the Rules of Local Sections so as to facilitate the conduct of business leaving sufficient elasticity to allow these Rules to meet special local circumstances and requirements. As mentioned in the previous Report there was a move towards bringing L 47 1 the termination of the financial years of Local Sections to 31December so as to coincide with that of the Institute itself. A majority of Local Sections agreed to this and secured appropriate amendments of their Rules where necessary. A few Sections however found that this change would have involved an alteration in the traditional dates of their Annual General Meetings and it was agreed that in such cases the position would be met by their undertaking to provide an interim statement of accounts to 31December in each year without changing the official date of termination of the financial year.This procedure has now been adopted and it has thus become possible to show in the Institute’s own accounts a true statement of the actual expenditure of Institute funds by Local Sections during each calendar year. The Council has also decided that the minimum annual grant available to any Local Section however small the number of members within its area shall be raised from LIOto L15,realising that there are certain basic charges to be met by every Section however small it may be and that these charges have increased substantially in recent years.Finally in order to enable Local Sections to meet expenses during the first month or two of a year before the annual grant for that year has been paid it has been arranged that there shall be deposited with each Section the sum of EIO or 25 per cent. of its normal annual grant whichever is the greater to be carried forward at 31December in each year. In the course of the year the new Hull and District Section was formally constituted and Rules for the conduct of its business were approved. This brings the number of Local Sections in the British Isles to 20 a figure that indicates the important place occupied by local organisations within the structure of the Institute. The rapid recovery in the activities of Local Sections since the war is evidence of the strength of these organisations and of the valuable purpose they serve in the life of the chemical community.Among overseas Sections those in New Zealand and South Africa have continued to develop and there have been welcome signs of renewed interest in Institute affairs in India (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,11 93). It will probably be some time however before conditions in Malaya are sufficiently settled for the Section in that country to be reconstituted. An important event during the year was the issue by the Manchester and District Section of a report on the results of a questionnaire circulated among members of the Section. The questions covered a very wide range of subjects and the results which were very carefully analysed served to indicate the lines on which Fellows and Associates in the area were thinking about a number of matters of importance to the future of the Institute and of the profession.In paying a tribute to the valuable work of the Manchester and District Section in this matter the Council felt obliged however to refer to the difficulties in framing any general questionnaire in such a manner as to elicit true and representative opinions without providing a full and reasoned statement of the factors involved in each subject of enquiry. It was satisfactory to find however that on many questions to which a reasonably clear-cut answer could be given the opinions elicited were generally similar to those arrived at by the Council from a consideration of the views expressed by District Members Local Section Committees and Honorary Secretaries’ Conferences.It was concluded that the value of a questionnaire of this kind was not such as to warrant the issue of a similar one to all members though it was agreed that the instrument of the questionnaire could be used with advantage in obtaining the views of members on matters of policy which had been fully discussed by the Council [ 48 I and could be put before members with a statement of the arguments for and against. This was in fact done in 1944 in connection with the controversial issues of the eligibility of Associates to serve on the Council and of the possible establishment of a third grade of membership.The Council is appreciative of the increasingly important part that Local Sections are playing not only in the management of their own affairs but also in the development of ideas and plans for the general improvement of the work of the Institute and gratefully acknowledges the valuable support that has been given in many directions by the Officers and Committees of Local Sections and especially by the Honorary Secretaries upon whom the heaviest burden has necessarily fallen. FINANCE HOUSE AND STAFF MAlTERS The Financial Statements for the year 1946 are attached to this Report. In accordance with a suggestion mentioned at the Annual General Meeting in 1946 the form of presentation of the accounts has been altered by introducing Special Accounts for certain activities namely Examinations and Assessments Local Sections Publications Appointments Register.To each of these Special Accounts is charged an estimated proportion of staff salaries and wages and other overhead costs (rent rates fuel etc.) as well as the actual expenditure on stationery printing and postage. Each account is balanced by the transfer of an appropriate sum to or from the General Income and Expenditure Account this transfer representing the surplus or deficit on the annual working of the activity concerned. By this means it is believed that members will be able to obtain a more correct picture of how the income of the Institute is expended in relation to the services provided. It should be noted however that this change results in an apparent diminu- tion of the total income of the Institute as shown in the General Income and Expenditure Account because certain sums such as application assessment and examination fees Appointments Register subscriptions and receipts from sales of publications are credited direct to the appropriate Special Accounts.If this had not been done in the accounts for 1946 the total income of the Institute for the year would have been shown as Lzz,5g7 19s. zd. as com- pared with L21,163 13s. zd. in 1945. In order to enable a true comparison to be made between the accounts for 1946 and 1945 the latter have been drawn up again on the new basis and printed alongside those for 1946 in the accompanying Financial Statements. On the income side of the General Income and Expenditure Account subscriptions of Fellows Associates and Registered Students show an increase of L1,346 5s.5d. which reflects the increase in membership during the year after due allowance has been made for those who have paid life composition fees or have had their subscriptions remitted because of service in the Forces. Dividends and Interest show a small increase over the previous year owing to the investment of additional sums during 1946. As reported last year an agreement has been entered into with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association whereby the laboratory at 30 Russell Square has been made available for the use of one of their research groups. The normal rent to be paid by the Association is L450 per annum but it was agreed that for the first year this would be reduced to L300 per annum.The Association took over the laboratory on I January 1946 and the rent for the whole of that year therefore appears as an item of income in the Institute’s accounts. In handing over the laboratory it was decided [ 49 3 to dispose of most of the apparatus and equipment giving first option to purchase to the University of London in whose laboratories the Institute’s examinations in London are now conducted and to the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. The proceeds of the sale of this apparatus and of certain redundant items of furniture amounted to fl206 5s.; this represents of course a non-recurrent item of income.On the expenditure side of the General Income and Expenditure Account the only items under Premises that call for comment are Insurance which has fallen by L66 because of the cessation of premiums in respect of war damage and Light Water Power and Fuel which has increased by nearly LIOO,partly through the occupation of additional rooms by the Institute staff (see below) and partly through provision of hot water heating to the laboratory; charges for gas and electricity consumed in the laboratory are paid by the tenants. The additional accommodation occupied by the Institute staff consists of three new offices provided as stated in the previous Report (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I g) by partitioning the old Meeting Rooni on the first floor. The cost of this conversion and of rendering the resulting rooms usable amounting to f1740 has been met from the War Contingencies Reserve (see Balance Sheet); the item Repairs and Main- tenance in the Income and Expenditure Account refers only to normal charges.On I January 1946 considerable relief was afforded to the seriously overworked office staff by the welcome return of Mr. L. W. Winder from service in the Army overseas. It then became possible to make some re-distribution of duties and responsibilities among the staff. Miss I. Cawston was appointed Assistant Secretary; Mr. L. W. Winder and Mr. D. A. Arnold were designated respectively the Records Officer and the Finance Officer; Miss J. V. Haywood Principal Typist; Mrs. M. E. Morkill Filing and Correspondence Clerk; Miss D.M. Hollis Head of the Printing Room. A system of grading of clerical staff was introduced and as a number of salary increments were involved the opportunity was taken of consolidat- ing war bonuses in the new basic rates. These changes took effect on I April 1946. Nevertheless the salaries item in the accounts shows an increase of only E226 over that for 1945; this is because the latter included a special war gratuity of E3oo distributed among members of the staff and a salary pay- ment to Mr. Pilcher as well as to Dr. Ellingham in the first three months of that year. During 1946 Miss I. Capon was engaged as Addressograph Clerk and there were a number of changes in the junior office personnel. Payments in respect of superannuation premiums were lower than in the previous year owing to certain policies having matured in 1946.On the other hand payments of pensions from Institute funds were higher as this was the first full year since the retirement of Mr. Pilcher; pension payments to Mrs. Gordon retired office cleaner also began during the year. Reference to future arrangements concerning staff pensions is made below. Under Office Expenses a large part of the item Renewals of Equipment relates to the purchase of an electrically driven plate-cutting machine for addressograph purposes. Much of the existing office equipment is outworn and out-dated and its replacement by new and more modern types of machin- ery will become increasingly important in rendering efficient service to the growing number of members.The fall in expenditure on Printing and Stationery is due to the utilisation of certain goods purchased in bulk in the previous year. Stocks of stationery have to be purchased as and when supplies become available and expenditure on them is thus liable to vary notably from year to year without direct relation to consumption over such [ 50 I a short period. Consumption of stationery in 1946 was certainly greater than in 1945. Among the miscellaneous expenditure the increase in Council and Committee travelling expenses reflects the improvement in long-distance travelling facilities and the increased activity in Institute affairs. The higher figure for the Auditor’s Honorarium follows the indication given at the last Annual General Meeting of the inadequacy of the previous payment which had remained unaltered for a number of years.The notable increase in Legal Expenses is due mainly to provision for expenses in connection with the recent changes in certain By-Laws and with the preliminary work on revision of the Charter and of a major portion of the By-Laws. During the year the Council authorised the allocation of an annual sum of Lzoo to the President of the Institute for the time being as a personal and entertainment allowance recognising that there was much that Presidents could do to maintain the prestige of the Institute and further its interests if they had at their disposal a sum that could be spent at their discretion. This item appears in the accounts for thc first time An example of the excellent use to which such an allowance can be put is afforded by the entertainment of representatives of Dominion chemical institutes at the Tallow Chandlers’ Hall in June 1946 (JOURNAL -4ND PROCEEDINGS, 1936 Iv 179).The Special Accounts for particular activities shown on pp. 66-7 are linked as indicated above to the General Income and Expenditure Account and are in fact part of it. The proportions of staff salaries charged to each of these accounts have been estimated from a consideration of the time spent by individual members of the staff in work connected with these activities and he allocation is as follows:-Examinations and Assessments Account 12 per cent. Local Sections Account 12 per cent. Publications Account g per cent .Appointments Register Account j per cent. These apportionments are admittedly only approximate but they do represent fair estimates and will be revised from year to year. Proportions of other overhead expenses (rent rates fuel etc.) have been charged on the same basis as staff salaries whereas printing stationery and postage represent the actual amounts expended in respect of each activity. None of these special activities normally pays for itself and a certain sum has had to be transferrred from the General Income and Expenditure Account in order to balance each of the Special Accounts in 1946. In the Examinations and Assessments Account application assessment and examination fees have been credited and the account shows that this group of activities resulted in a deficit of about Lzoo.It is clear that when relevant overhead expenses are charged the business of examinations and nominations is by no means a source of profit to the Institute although a substantial credit balance was shown in 1945 due to the abnormally large number of transfers from Associateship to Fellowship following the cam- paign inaugurated in the previous year to encourage eligible Associates to apply for election to the Fellowship. In the Local Sections Account a considerable part of the staff salaries charged is in connection with the printing and distribution of notices of meetings; these are services provided by the Institute on behalf of Local Sections which would undoubtedly be more expensive and difficult to arrange otherwise.The Publications Account calls for no comment except with reference to the welcome increase in income from sale of publications. This figure is how- ever st ill small because of restrictions on paper. The Journal and Proceedings [ 51 3 is not offered for sale at present and it has not been possible to print many more copies of lectures and monographs than are needed for distribu- tion to members. There is a growing demand for the Institute’s lectures and monographs so that when the paper position improves the sale of these publications should become a growing source of revenue. The Appointments Register Account shows a substantial deficit although members using this service are asked to contribute towards the cost of it unless they are unemployed.This is partly due to the large increase in the number of vacancies which employers are asking the Institute to notify. On the General Income and Expenditure Account with its subsidiary Special Accounts the gross excess of income over expenditure amounts to L2,085 9s. 5d. as compared with Lz,313 13s. zd. in 1945. In considering the disposal of this balance it has been decided again to place LI,OOO to the Intermittent Publications Reserve Fund thereby bringing that fund to L7,100 17s. 8d. A considerable part of this reserve may be needed in 1947 for publishing the long overdue new issue of the Register of Fellows and Associates for it is intended to make this a complete edition including particulars of members as given in pre-war issues.In addition a further E~,ooohas been placed in the Superannuation Reserve Fund thereby bringing that Fund to -&,ooo. The reason for this larger allocation to the Superannuation Reserve Fund is that during the year the Council agreed to participate in the newly constituted Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme for members of the staffs of several scientific organisations and to take this opportunity of making up considerable deficiencies in pension provision for members of the Institute’s staff. These deficiencies had arisen because the insurance companies concerned with the existing pension scheme had not been prepared during the war to issue additional policies to cover salary increments; some who had joined the staff in recent years had had no provision made for them at all.The new scheme was drawn up by a conference of scientific societies convened by the Chemical Council and is constituted by policies with the Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. beginning on I January 1947. The scheme provides for Life Assurance bene- fits and Pensions based on salary rates in a given year the pension policies in respect of future service being contributory. All regular members of the staff over age 21 are eligible to join the scheme and have agreed to do so. The annual cost to the Institute in respect of Life Assurance and future service pensions will be about Egoo. It has also been decided however to make up through the scheme deficiencies in pensions in respect of past service on a definite and equitable basis.This is necessarily an expensive matter in view of the considerable deficiencies and the cost to the Institute of these past service pensions during the next few years will be just over EI,OOOper annum. A considerable part of this cost however is in respect of two senior members of the staff who are within five years of normal retiring age; in fact annual premiums for past service pensions on their behalf amount to about &20. Thus although the immediate annual expense is considerable it will fall sharply after five years. As the need for providing these past service pensions has arisen essentially through war conditions it has seemed appropriate that the relevant premiums in respect of them should not be charged against current income but should be met from the Superannuation Reserve Fund the War Contingencies Fund and the accumulated balances that have been built up during the war in such proportions as the Council may from time to time decide.If this is done there still remains however the annual cost of about Ego0 in respect of Life Assurance and future service [ 62 1 pensions which is greater than the sum authorised by the Annual General Meeting in 1939 to be appropriated annually from Institute funds. The Council will therefore submit to the Annual General Meeting in 1947 a resolution amending that passed in 1939 so as to increase the maximum annual appropriation from k750 to L2,500. It will be appreciated that annual sums paid as premiums in connection with the Scientific Societies’ Joint Scheme are separate from and additional to the actual pension now being provided out of income for Mr.Pilcher by a special resolution. Indeed it is to avoid future direct charges on current income for pensions that the Council has been particularly concerned to cover such obligations through insurance policies. The Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assur- ance Scheme provides in the opinion of the Council the most satisfactory and equitable means of doing this that is likely to be available at the present time. It was necessary to give assent to the scheme before the end of 1946 as the rates quoted were guaranteed only in respect of those who entered on I January 1947.In carrying over from the old to the new scheme arrangements have been made to safeguard the interests of the staff in existing policies. For those members on whose behalf there were endowment policies with the Sun Life Assurance Society arrangements were made to convert these into fully paid-up policies at 31 December 1946 (except where the member was within five years of normal retiring age) and to give each member the option to be exercised on leaving the service of the Institute at or after normal retiring age of receiving either the capital sum represented by those policies or a specified annual pension in lieu thereof. The Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1946 (see p. 68) calls for no particular comment in that the items are all of a normal character and reference has already been made above to the Reserve Funds including the expenses charged to the War Contingencies Reserve Fund.Separate Accounts are given as usual for the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund the Streatfeild Memorial Fund the Meldola Fund and the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Fund. An Account for the Henderson Memorial Fund recefitly established through the generosity of Dr. David Spence (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 217) appears for the first time. A special point of interest about the first of these Funds is that in accordance with a recent decision of Council the income from the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund may be used to finance publication of lectures or monographs and for other purposes conducive to the progress of chemical science.The cost of publish- ing Dr. G. M. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry” has been charged to the Fund in 1946. A new separate Account is that for the Scientific Courses and Conferences Fund which was instituted during the year for financing scientific courses conferences and symposia to be held at various times and places in the interest of members (see pp. 61 68). BENEVOLENT FUND During the year the Benevolent Fund Committee received reports of three new cases of serious need and arranged regular grants to the persons concerned an elderly member whose previous sources of income had practically disappeared as a result of the war; a middle-aged member who had been unable to work for some years through chronic illness; and the widow of a member who had died suddenly leaving two young children.Also the family of a member to whom occasional grants had been made c 53 1 during his illness has now been given a regular grant following his death. Regular grants previously arranged have been reviewed and increased sums allotted where circumstances warranted having regard to the higher cost of living. The result is that in the accounts (see p. 71) the sum provided in regular grants shows an increase of over J500 as compared with the previous year. Occasional grants show a small decrease however due mainly to the transfer of the above-mentioned family to the regular grant category. The only other item on the expenditure side of the account that calls for comment is Children’s Holiday grants amounting to just over EIOO.In accordance with a proposal made by Professor Findlay during his Presidency it was decided to make available to the children of regular beneficiaries sums up to LIO each to enable them to obtain a summer holiday or a better holiday than would otherwise be possible. Twelve children (representing five families) participated in this scheme. Most of these children (all under 17 years of age) were having their first real holiday since the war; several of the younger ones had never been away from home before and some saw the sea for the first time. Family holidays by the sea were the most popular but one small boy realised his ambition of seeing the sights of London and a girl of school-leaving age was enabled to take advantage of an offer to stay in France to further her study of the language.The gratitude expressed by parents and by children themselves made it clear that the scheme had been highly successful and had served a very worthy purpose. The Committee has been happy to continue its association with Reed’s School which has done and is doing valuable work in the education of orphans of members. The total expenditure of the Fund during the year including sums paid over as loans was E2,136 7s. Id. as compared with EI,~I~ 0s. Id. in 1945. On the other hand receipts from members as subscriptions and donations (but excluding bequests) amounted only to E2,217 9s. rod. against l2,147 12s. nd. in the previous year most of the increase being in donations.Income from dividends and investments was substantially up owing to the investment of part of the surplus available from the previous year and to the lower rate of tax the figures quoted being after deduction of income tax although this is subsequently recovered. During the war period tax recovery was effected at irregular and often lengthy intervals; thus the figure given under this head- ing in 1945 covers three years. A certain sum is therefore due in respect of tax recovery in 1946 and in this respect the accounts for the two years are not comparable. In the capital account the sum of &zoo represents a bequest by the late Sir Martin Forster. During the year special attention has been given to the possibility of providing suitable accommodation in hostels or rest homes for elderly members and their wives or for their widows having particularly in mind those whose resources were adequate before the war to enable them to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort but are no longer sufficient because of the higher cost of living or cannot be applied in the same way owing to loss of their homes.A survey of the factors involved in this problem is given in an article published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946,VI 281 and observations and suggestions on the subject have been invited from members. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee has had another active year although the number of candidates upon which it has 54 3 reported (1471)did not reach the peak recorded last year (1664) largely owing to a decrease in the number of Associates applying for admission to the Fellowship.The Examinations Sub-committee has held 25 meetings. The Committee has also reported on numerous enquiries of a general nature. The Committee and its Sub-committee have continued to review the scope of fields of work covered by examinations for the Fellowship and the question of new branches in which examinations may become desirable. The Regulations for admission of Associates were amended so as to include a degree in Chemical Engineering with first or second class honours among the qualifications acceptable as ground for exemption from the Associateship examination. The Council acknowledges the valuable help of the Advisory Committee in India and of its Honorary Secretary Dr.G. J. Fowler for reports and advice on applications for membership and other matters. By the courtesy of the Universities of London and Manchester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow it has again been possible to hold examinations in their laboratories in January April and September. Theoretical examinations were held at the Institute in the rooms of the University of London at South Kensington and in the laboratories of several Fellows. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the laboratories of these institutions and to the Fellows concerned for the accommodation provided The entries to examinations and the results are summarised below. Exaiiiiwed Pa.ssed A ssociafeslaip: General Chemistry.. .. .. .. .. .. 188 90 Fellowship: Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry .. .. .. .. 13. Physical Chemistry .. .. .. .. C,. Organic Chemistry .. .. .. .. I). Biochemistry .. .. .. .. .. E. Chemistry (including llicroscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water) .. .. .. 1 (i -1;. ilgricultural Chemistry . . .. .. G. Industrial Chemistry .. .. .. 5 4 H. General Analytical Chemistry .. .. 1 1 I. Il'ater Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents .. .. .. In 1945 the number of candidates examined for the Associateship was 198 of whom 114passed; 31 candidates were examined for the Fellowship of whom 19 passed. The total number of candidates was 229 of whom 133 passed. Of 162 candidates examined orally by the Sub-committee under the Chairmanship of Professor H.V. A. Briscoe or Dr. J. R. Nicholls with Members of Council 108 (of whom 6 had previously been referred) satisfied the examiners; the remainder were referred for further study and further examination. The thanks of the Council are accorded to the Board of Examiners and to Sub-Committees and also to Assessors who have reported on records of research submitted by candidates. In the two previous years Students had not been required to submit progress reports but this requirement has now been resumed. As a result [ 55 J the names of 128 Students who did not reply to this request were removed from the Register and a further 35 were removed through being unable to produce satisfactory reasons for not complying with the Regulations.The Wolverhampton and Staff ordshire Technical College has been recognised as an institution for the training of candidates for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. STATUS PRIVILEGES AND EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS In its examination of the functions of various Committees of the Institute the Council felt that it would be advantageous to bring together the fields of work of the Economic Status and Welfare Committee established in 1945 and the Appointments Committee and it was accordingly decided to merge these two Standing Committees under the title of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee with wide terms of reference covering all questions of status remuneration and conditions of service in the whole field of chemical appointments.Since its establishment this Committee has been concerned with a wide variety of questions some involving broad principles and others referring to the problems of individual members. Thus following the issue of the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service consultations have been taking place with the Ministry of Supply especi- ally in connection with regrading of chemists under the new scheme (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,V 173). Representations have been made on this and related subjects and consultations with the appropriate Government departments are still proceeding. The conditions attaching to appointments such as those of Public Analysts under Municipal Authorities have likewise been the subject of consultation with the Association of Municipal Corporations and in this field representatives of the Committee have been working in conjunction with representatives of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.In the latter part of the year the Tnstitute was consulted by a recently established national organisa- tion with reference to the qualifications and conditions of employment of certain grades of staff and advice on these matters has been given through the Committee. It will be appreciated that in matters of this kind it is not possible to present a detailed report or to refer to the conclusions reached in these consultations but members may be assured that no opportunity is being missed of ensuring that their interests are brought prominently to the notice of the appropriate authorities and that there is a growing recognition of the value of the advice which the Institute is able to provide in this field.Reference to individual cases is naturally still more difficult but it may be mentioned that effective work has been done by the Com- mittee in connection with difficulties of individual members arising through the interpretation of contracts of service. Following receipt of criticisms especially from the Liverpool and North- Western Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,IV 177),of the docu- ment entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists,” published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82 it has been agreed to hold a further conference on the subject with representa- tives of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations who were concerned in the preparation of the original document.The statement on “Principles of a suggested Code of Practice in respect of consulting work carried out by academic scientists,” issued by the ,Joint c 66 I Council of Professional Scientists and published in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1945,VI 226 has been widely circulated and generally well received as representing the reasoned opinions of professional bodies. After some delay the “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects’’ was eventually published in September and copies have been distributed among Governmental and industrial organisations as well as to all enquirers for consulting services.The value of the Directory in assisting industrial reconstruction has been widely recognised by the various authorities and by the technical Press and it is hoped that it will be possible to issue a revised and amplified edition next year. Through its representatives on the Joint Chemical Committee on Patents convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers the Institute has kept in touch with proposals being put forward for changes in the Patents and Designs Acts and in the practice of the Patent Office and the Courts in relation to matters arising therefrom. The attention of the Patents Committee of the Institute was drawn to a particular point affecting chemists and specific suggestions were forwarded to the Joint Chemical Committee which took the matter up and included it in their evidence before the Departmental Committee of the Board of Trade.The Institute was represented at a Conference convened by the Associa- tion of Scientific Workers and the British Association of Chemists on the training and status of laboratory technicians and on a Joint Committee which was then set up to examine and report on this subject. The work of this Committee is still proceeding. During the year the business of the Institute’s Appointments Register has continued to be active not because of any appreciable unemployment among members but through the desire of many to be kept informed of new openings under peace-time conditions.About 370 members were receiving the regular lists of vacancies at the end of the year. Consideration has been given to the position of students being retained in the Forces and in war industries. Some hardship has occurred through their date of release being decided in relation to a period of service reckoned from a fixed date but it was concluded that representations in this matter on behalf of students in war industries could not be fairlymade as the conditions of release were the same as those applying to the Forces and had been decided in relation to the general national interest. M EETlNGS During the year the following lectures have been held under the auspices of the Institute “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Applica- tion to Library and Indexing Problems,” by Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson (under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts); “The Chemist as Information Officer,” by Dr. J. C. Withers (29th Streatfeilcl Memorial Lecture). The following records of meetings held by Local Sections have been supplied by the Honorary Secretaries. Many of these meetings have been held jointly with or at the invitation of other bodies. References to Annual and other General Meetings of Sections held only for the transaction of Section business have been omitted :-ABERDEENAND NORTHOF SCOTLAND SECTION “Basic Slag-its Constitution and Utilisation,” by Dr.D. N. McArthur; “Chemotherapy-Old Tactics and New,” by Dr. H. J. Barber; “The Chemistry of the Rare Earths,” by Professor S. Sugden F.R.S.; c 57 1 “Present Trends in Chemical Research,” by Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. ; “Microscopy with Electrons and X-rays,” by Professor G. D. Preston; “Some Develop- ments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by,Professor F. s. Spring; “The Mechanism of Elimination and Substitution Reactions by Dr. F. W,. Peaker; two Christmas Lectures for senior pupils of Secondary Schools-“Crystals by Professor T. C. Phemister; “Photography,” by Mr. Alfred Hill. AND DISTRICTSECTION BELFAST “The Manufacture of Pulp and Paper ” by Mr. P. Faichney ;Visit to the Observatory inArmagh; Jubilee Dinner of the Section; “Isotopes,” by Professor H.C. Urey Nobel Laureate of the University of Chicago (public lecture) ; Visit to Newforge Ltd. Malone Belfast. BIRMINGHAM :Two Christmas Lectures for school children- AND MIDLANDSSECTION “Chemistry and Public Health,” by Dr. S. H. Jenkins; “Nuclear Chemistry,” by Professor M. L. E. Oliphant F.R.S. ;CHEMICAL COURSE,1946; “Recent ENGINEERING Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur,” by Professor F. Challenger; Excursion to Rothamsted Experimental Station ; “Modem Light Alloys with Special Reference to Corrosipn,” by Fofessor L. Aitchison; “The Structure and Elastic Properties of Synthetic Fibres by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. ; “Pencillin,” by Sir Howard Florey F.R.S.; “Physical Characteristics and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Derivatives,” by Dr. Ernil Ott; “The Staff of Life,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. COUNTIES SECTION BRISTOLAND SOUTH-WESTERN “A Bye-way in Chemical Engineering,” by Mr. F. A. Greene; “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker; “Service to Chemistry and Chemists,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; “Recent Advances in Plastics,” by Mr. N. J. L. Megson; “The Work of Forensic Science Laboratories,” by Mr. E. B. Parkes; “Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions,” by Professor M. G. Evans ; “Industrial Applications of Activated Alumina to Adsorption Drying,” by Mr. A. J. Carter. CARDIFF SECTION AND DISTRICT :“Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr.H. J. Emelkus F.R.S.; “New Investigations in Soil Biochemistry,” by Dr. J. ,,H. Quastel F.R.S.; “Some Modem Trends in the Chemical and Allied Industries by Mr. H. W. Cremer; “Production and Application of Plastics in the War Effort,” by Mr. N. J. L. Megson; Visit to the Roath Dock Flour Mills Cardiff; “Determination of Cyanide by the Picrate Method a Water-bath Rack for heating simultaneously many tubes of Reactants,” by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths and Mr. J K. Whitehead “Some Observations on the Kjeldahl Method for the Determination of Nitrogen by Mr. A. E. Beet :pd “iMethods for the Construction of Microchemical Apparatus,” by Mr. R. Belcher; Recent Developments in Apparatus for pH Measure-ments and Electro-titrations,” by Mr. A. D. E. Laughlan “Some -4pplications of Electrqmetric Methods to Analysis,” by Mr.R. J. Carter and “Polarisation End-points by Dr. D. P. Evans Visit to th? Newport Works of the British Aluminium Company; “The Government Laboratory by Dr. G. M. Bennett; “Recent Develop- ments in Combustion,” by Dr. D. T. A. Townend. DUBLINAND DISTRICT SECTION “Biochemical Micro-technique,” by Dr. T. G. Brady; “Detergents,” by Mr. T. W. Breaden; “Recent Contributions to the Chemistry of Vitamins,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. EAST ANGLIA SECTION Sound film exhibition; “Plastics in Recent Years,” by Mr. A. D. Whitehead; “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Professor H. J. Emel6us F.R.S. ; “Organisation of Chemists,” by Professor A. Findlay (at Cambridge). EASTMIDLANDSSECTION “Recent Developments in Endocrinology,” by Professor D.H. Hey; Visit to the Medical School of the University of Birmingham; “Water Supply,” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “The Electrical Double Layer and Colloid Stability,” by Mr. D. C. Henry; “Scientific Aspects of the Bread Supply,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. ; “Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis,’] by Professor R A. Morton. EDINBURGH EASTOF SCOTLAND AND SECTION:“Shale 0ilJJ1 by Dr. G. H. Smith “Science and Food,” by Dr. L. H. Lampitt; “Some Problems of Polysaccharide Chemistry,” by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. ; “Trace Elements in Agriculture,” by Dr. W. G.Ogg; “Heavy Chemicals,” by Dr. J. P. Baxter; “Some Observations on Biological Oxidation and Reduction,” by Dr. D. J. Bell; “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by Professor F.S. Spring. GLASGOW SECTION AND WEST OF SCOTLAND “Penicillin its Preparation and Properties,” by Mr. A. T,. Bacharach; Scientific Film Show; Works Visits to The India Tyre and Rubber Corupany Inchinnan Renfrew the laboratory of Messrs. G. & J. [ 58 1 Weir Ltd. Catlicart and Messi-s. Kelvin Bottomley and Baird Hillington Glasgow ; “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; “Developments in General Methods of Organic Chemistry,” by Professor F. S. Spring; “Atomic Energy,” by Professor P. I. Dea O.B.E. F.R.S.; “Melting and other Phase Changes,” by Professor A. R. Ubbelohde; Ramsay Chemical Dinner. HUDDERSFIELD “The English Oilfields,” by Mr. R. K. Dickie; “Statistics SECTION and the Chemist,” by Dr.A. G. J. Lipscomb; Scientific Film Show; Visit to the Heap Bridge Paper Mills Bury; “The Chemistry of Petroleum,” by Dr. A. E. Dunstan preceded by an exhibition of a film illustrating the development of the oilfields at Barking near Newark; “Chemists in Industry,” by Dr. C. J. T. ,Fronshaw; Annual Dance in Collinson’s Caf6; “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. HULLAND DISTRICT SECTION Inaugural Meeting of the Section followed by a lecture on “Medico-Legal Experiences,” by Mr. G. Roche Lynch President of the Institute. LEEDS AREA SECTION “Research on Building and its Materials,” by Dr. F. ICI. Lea O.B.E.; “Problems of Unnitratable Products in Benzol and Toluol,” by Dr.A. E. Everest; “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements,” by Professor F. A. Paneth (preceded by Film Show); Silver Jubilee Meeting including “The Properties and Manufacture of Penicillin by Mr. A. L. Bacharach. LIVERPOOL SECTION AND NORTH-WESTERN “Molecular Orientation of Fibres ” by Mr. J. M. Preston; “The Chemical Investigation of Some New Therapeutics,” by Dr. F. E. King; “Benzene Hexachloride as an Insecticide,” by Dr. L. J Burrage; “Glass Technology,” by Dr. H. Moore; “X-ray Methods and Applications,” by Mr. D. E. Palin; “Van’t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald-Pioneers of Physical Chemistry,” by Professor ” Alex. Findlay; SCIENTIFIC COURSES ON “OILS AND FATS AND “SPECTOROPY” ; “Mechanism of Oxidation and Hydrogenation of the Unsaturated System in Drying Oils,” by Professor T.P. Hilditch F.R.S. ; Entertainment of newly elected Associates; “Some Aspects of Adsorption by AcGvated Charcoal,” by Dr. L. J. Burrage; “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry by Professor L. Hunter; ,“Some Applications of Infra-red Measurements,” by Dr. H. W. ,Thompson F.R.S. The Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents by Mr. A. V. Billinghame ; Scientific Film Show; “Atomic Energy,” by Dr. J. I?. Baxter O.R.E. ;“Laboratory Fractionation,” by Dr. G. P. Gibson. LONDON COUNTIESSECTION AND SOUTH-EASTERN “The Present and Future Roles of the Technical Press,” by Dr. L. Ivanovszky; “The Organisation of Chemists,” by Professor Alexander Findlay; “Chemical Affinity Data and their Industrial Applica- tions,” by Dr.H. J. T. Ellingham; “Polar Molecules and Dielectric Problems,” discus- sion introduced by Dr. s. Whitehead; Discussion on “Rheology in the Food Industry”; “Recent Advances in Brewing Technology,” by Dr. J. H. Oliver; “Potash and Crop Production,” by Dr. G. A. Cowie; Visits to the John Innes Horticultural Institution at Merton and to the Kodak Factory “Science as a Career,” by Dr. A. M. Ward; “The Publicity of Science by Radio,” by Dr. W. E. van Heyningen; “The Geology of Water Supplies,” by Professor H. L. Hawkins F.R.S. and “The Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects of Water Supplies,” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “Students and the Royal Institute of Chemistry,’’ by Professor Alexander Findlay. Five scientific film shows were also held during the year. MANCHESTER SECTION: AND DISTRICT “Some Aspects‘of the Chemistry of Free Radicals,” by Dr.W. A. Waters; “What Industry Expects from the Chemist,” by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw; “Chemistry and Food,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. (second Dalton Lecture) ;Discussion on “Contracts of Service”; “Service to Chemistry and Chemists,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham ; “Recent Developments in Polynucleotide Chemistry,” by Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. ; “Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of High Polymers,” by Professor H. Mark “The Organisation of the American Chemical Society,” discussion opened by Mr. J. M. Tinkler; “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker F.R.S. “The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Related Sub- stances,” by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.and Dr. J. K. N. Jones. NEWCASTLE AND NORTH-EAST “The Coal Reserves of UPON TYNE COASTSECTION Northumberland and Durham,” by Dr. J. H. Jones; “Problems in Mineral Concentra- tion,” by Lt.-Col. A. Wedgwood O.B.E.; “Metal Spraying by the Wire Process,” by Mr. W. E. Ballard (followed by a sound film) ; Visit to the Britannic Works of British Paints Ltd. ; “Methods and Apparatus in Inorganic Microchemistry,” by Mr. R. Belcher and Dr. C. L. Wilson; “Hydrogen Sulphide Removal by Ammoniacal Iron Ammonium Ferrocyanide Liquors,” by Dr. H. C. Craggs and Mr. H. M. Arnold; “The Chemistry of [ 591 D.D.T.,” by Dr. T. F. West and Mr. C. A. Campbell; “Whither Chemistry?,” by Sir Robert Pickard F.R. S. (Bedson Lecture) ; “Russian Research on Refractories,” by Dr.J. H. Chesters. AND NORTH MIDLANDS “Characteristics SHEFFIELD,SOUTH YORKSHIRE SECTION and Applications of some Non-Ferrous Alloys by Mr. A. J. Murphy; “Principles and Practice of Vegetable Dehydration,” by Mr. W. J. Murphy “Chemistry in Industrial Fuel Control,” by Mr. J. Banks “Applications of Polarography to Metallurgical Analysis,” by Mr. G. W. C. Milner; Visit to the coke-oven plant and large blast furnaces of the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Co. Ltd. followed by a lecture on “Refractories,” by Mr. A. T. Green O.B.E.; “British Anti-Lewisite,” by Dr. L. A. Stocken; “Principles of Polarography” and “Applications of Polarographic Analysis ” by Professor J . Heyrovsky; “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries,” by Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. SOUTH WALES SECTION “Some.Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission,” by Dr. H. J. Emeldus F.R.S. ; “Protection against Industrial Poisons,,’,’ by Mr. S. H. Wilkes M.C.; “The Separation of Isotopes and Thermal Diffusion by Professor J. Kendall F.R.S.; “Technics of Tins,” by Dr. R. T. Colgate; “Some Problems of the Metallic State,” by Professor Sir Lawrence Bragg F.R.S. ; “Microchemical Methods,” by Dr. L. Ellis; “Technology and its Relation to Labour and Management in Modern Industry,” discussion opened by Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E.; “emolytic Reactions,” by Professor D. H. Hey; “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal by Dr. H. E. Crossley; “Research on Building and its Materials,” by Dr. F. Mi Lea O.B.E. ; “Nickel Refining and Subsidiary Operations as Practised at Clydach by Dr.S. C. Townshend and Ah-. De W. H. West. TEES-SIDE SECTION “Liquid Crystals,” by Dr. G. 31. Bennett; “Electron Micro- scopy,” by Mr. 73. s.Cooper; “Science at the Ministry of Food during the War,” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. ; “Some Applications of Partition Coefficients to Analytical Chemistry,’’ by Dr. H. 31. Irving; “Changing Relations of Science and Industry,” by Dr. &I. P. Applebey; “The Chemistry of Alloy Structures,” by Dr. W. Hume-Rothery, F.R.S. CAPEOF GOOD HOPE SECTION “The Concept of Atomic Size,” by Dr. A. H. Spong; “Chemistry applied to Crime Detection,” by Dr. P. E. A. Kamerman; “The Use of Additives in Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants,” by Mr. W. P. Hirst; “The Constitution of Some Molecular Compounds,” by Dr.D. H. Saunders; “Some Recent Advances in Agriculture,” by air. 2. Deenik. INDIA (Indian Science Congress). SECTION NEW ZEALANDSECTION: Annual Conference of the Section and the New ZeaIand Institute of Chemistry “The Application of Scientific Principles to Practical Farming in New Zealand,” by Dr. H. E. Annett; “The Scope of Science in the Dominion,” by Dr. J. C. Andrews. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARIES The Journal and Proceedings was published in six parts during 1946 and the following lectures and monographs have been published separately “Soil Metabolism,” by Dr. J. H. Quastel F.R.S. ; “Microchemistry and its Applications,” by Mr. Ronald Belcher ; “Water and Public Health ” (28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture) by Mr. W. Gordon Carey; “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems,” by Dr.G. Malcolm Dyson. Reference is made above to the publication during the year of the “Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects. ” Permission was given to the Chemical Publishing Co. Inc. for the publication in the United States of a special edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science.” The Benevolent Fund of the Institute will benefit from sales of this American edition as well as from those of the third English edition issued in 1945. The Library of the Institute has been largely reorganised in accordance with the recommendations of the Publications and Library Committee and a list of periodicals to be retained permanently in the Library was published in JOVRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 279.[ 601 Fellows Associates and Registered Students have continued to make use of the facilities afforded under the Chemical Council’s scheme by the Library of the Chemical Society. Facilities provided by tho Science Library of the Science Museum South Kensington ha\-e also been appreciated. OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS Following consultations with the Ministry of Education referred to in the previous Report arrangements were made during the year for an agreed reorganisation of the scheme for National Certificates in Chemistry whereby provision will now be made for two types of certificate one in Chemistry and the other in Applied Chemistry. The rules will be such as to meet the expressed wishes of the Institute and further consideration will be given to the extent to which this new National Certificate in Chemistry may be recognised as a step towards the Associateship of the Institute.The Council records its satisfaction that this important question has thus been settled in a way which meets the wishes of both the Ministry and the Institute. In pursuance of the previously reported decision of the Council to promote the organisation under the auspices of the Institute of various types of Scientific Courses-post-graduate courses refresher courses-at suitable times and places a beginning was made during the year with courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at the University of Liverpool. De-tailed arrangements for these courses were made through the Liverpool and North-Western Section and the Council has expressed its gratitude to the Hon.Secretary of the Section and to Professor Hilditch Professor Morton and members of their staffs in the University of Liverpool who with others were concerned in giving the lectures and accompanying demonstrations. Attendance at these two courses was up to the limit of accommodation; members and visitors came from various parts of the country to participate. The enthusiasm with which the courses were received has confirmed the opinion of the Council as to the desirability of extending such facilities in the future. To this end a special fund has been inaugurated and will be avail- able for helping to finance scientific conferences and symposia as well as post-graduate and refresher courses.Towards the end of the year steps were being taken to arrange in conjunction with the Scottish Sections of the Institute a Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives,” to be held under the auspices of the Institute at St. Andrews in 1947. A programme of other activities was under consideration. During the year the Council expressed its gratitude to Dr. David Spence for his generosity in endowing a new series of memorial lectures as a tribute to the late Professor G. G. Henderson a former President of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 217). Arrangements were made for the First Henderson Memorial Lecture to be given by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron early in 1947.The grateful thanks of the Council were also expressed to the donors of the Gluckstein Memorial Fund for a substantial additional donation to the Fund. It was agreed that the series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures interrupted by the war should be resumed in 1947. Consideration has been given to the application of the Fund derived from the bequest of Sir Alexander Pedler. It was concluded that in present circumstances the Fund might be used in relation to the terms of the bequest more appropriately than by the provision of scholarships. It was decided that the title of the Fund should be altered to the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund and that the income might be used in whole or in part for financing the publication of special lectures and monographs including lectures given as 11 61 1 parts of scientific courses as the Council might from time to time decide.It was agreed that in 1946the publication of Dr. Dyson’s lecture on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems” should be financed from the Fund. This lecture which was the first to be delivered under the joint auspices of the three Chartered Chemical Bodies and the Bureau of Abstracts is regarded as an outstanding contri- bution to the advancement of chemical science. With the help of the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund the Institute was enabled to provide copies of the lecture free of charge to members of the participating bodies as well as to its own members and registered students.Copies have been distributed also in the United States and the British Dominions where great interest is being taken in the use of Dr. Dyson’s System of Notation for indexing and library purposes. It was decided to resume in 19/17 the award of the Meldola Medal which had been in abeyance since 1941 and in consultation with the Society of Maccabaeans the rules governing this award were revised (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 V 245). The 1945 competition for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize resulted in the award being made in 1946 to Miss Freda Burton Registered Stctdent. Towards the end of the year a suggestion was received from the Institution of Water Engineers that a Joint Committee should be set up to secure the standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters.This suggestion was welcomed and a Joint Committee consisting of representatives of the two institutions and of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists was established. EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND PUBLICITY The cordial relations of the Institute with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Faraday Society and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists have been maintained through the Chemical Council and those with the Institute of Physics and the Institution of Metallurgists through the Joint Council of Profes- sional Scientists. The decision of the Chemical Society to hold its deferred Centenary Celebrations in 1947 has been generally welcomed and reference to this important event and to the forthcoming International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry in London has been made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 J71,287 where mention is also made of a number of other important scientific events due to take place in 1947.Representatives of the Institute on the Parliamentary and Scientific Commit tee have continued to take an active part in the work of this body and several matters of importance to the Institute and to its members have been brought to the notice of the appropriate authorities through the Committee. It was with particular satisfaction that the Council adopted a suggestion of the Australian Chemical Institute that a meeting should be arranged in London in the summer of 1946 between thc officers of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and representatives of the four chemical institutesin the Dominions who were attending the Empire Scientific Conference.The interchange of views with these sister institutes in the Dominions has opened up the prospect of closer co-operation on matters of common interest in the future (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 IV 179). [ 62 3 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR 1946 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1946,of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1946 with the books and vouchers. The values of the Lease and Premises of the Institute Furniture Library Apparatus and subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet.Cash balances with Local Sections have been certified by their Honorary Secretaries or Treasurers. Subject to these remarks we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the books. We certify that we have received from the Bank of England and the Westminster Bank Ltd. certificates that they hold on behalf of the Institute the Investments shown on the Statements of Investments. J. Y. FINLAY,PEARSON & Co. Chartered Accountants; C. L. CLAREMONT E. Q. LAWS )Hon. Auditors 1946-47. 17th March 1947. GENERAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1946 1946 EXPENDITURE 1946 1945 INCOME 1946 € P.d. E s. cl. L 5. d. f 5. d. s. d. L s. d. t; s. d. s. d. s. d. f s. d. PREMISES-. SUBSCRIPTIONS-300 0 0 Rent 300 0 IJ 5,238 14 0 Fellows . . .. . . . . . . .. 5,902 0 0 553 15 10 Rates and Schedule “A”T& 533 0 3 9,360 18 3 Associates .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. 9,920 12 8 136 1 8 Insurance 70 0 8 578 15 0 Students . . .. .. .. . . . . .. 702 0 0 307 0 1 Repairs and‘Mainte&m .... 299 1 0 15,178 7 3 -16,624 12 8 AND INTEREST 274 4 0 Light Water Power and Fuel . . 372 1 4 1,755 14 6 D~VIDENDS (Gross) . . .. .. . . 1,904 6 1 453 8 1 EXAMINATIONS ACCOUNT AND ASSESSMENTS (Surplus 1945). . --1,571 1 7 1,574 3 3 MISCELLANEOUS-Less Transfers to Special Accounts- Laboratory Rent .. .. .. .. . . .. 300 0 0 189 0 0 ExaminationsAccount(12%) 189 0 0 Fees Forfeited . . . . . . .. . . . . 440 189 0 0 LocalSectionsAccount(12%) 189 0 0 Sale of Apparatus 206 5 0 142 Publications Account (9%) 142 0 0 value) 209 15 1 0 0 214 0 1 *Australia and New Z&land Accounts (Ste&g 19 7 8 Sundry Receipts ...* Appointments Register Ac-. . . . . . .. . . . . 25 11 5 79 0 0 599 0 0 -count (5%).. .. .. 79 0 0 -599 0 0 972 1 7 -975 3 3 STAFF-7,016 1 2 Salaries .. .. . . 7,241 0 0 398 0 0 Superannuation .. .. 317 16 10 662 10 0 Pensions .. .. . . 782 10 0 7,975 11 2 8,341 6 10 Less Transfers to Special Accounts 957 0 0 Examinations Account (12y ) .. 1,009 00 957 0 0 LocalSectionsAccount (124) . . 1,009 00 718 0 0 Publications Account (go/ ) 756 00 Appointments Register oAccou2 4,944 11 2 3,031 0 0 -399 0 0 (5%) .... .. .. 420 00 3.194 0 0 5,147 6 10 OPPXCE-14 3 0 Renewals of Equipment .. . . 252 16 0 4640 Telephone -52 11 i 581 12 7 printing and’Statio&-y : 412 18 9 40212 7 Postage .. .. .. .. 455 18 10 78 7 7 MismUaneousExpenses .. .. 66 15 5 ~ 1,122 19 9 -1,241 0 1 LIBRARY-734 15 0 Contribution to Chemical Society .. 701 15 6 749 3 0 -SundryExpenses .. .. .. 23 16 6 14 8 0 725 12 0 EXAMINATIONS AND ASSESSMENTS * See page 70. ACCOUNT (Deficit 1946) . . 202 11 7 2,426 7 1 LOCAL ACCOUNT SECTIONS (Deficit) .. 2,982 16 0 ACCOUNT 2,591 13 9 PUBLICATIONS (Deficit) .. 2,714 5 2 APPOINTMENTS REGISTER ACCOUNT 587 2 11 (Deficit) .... . . .. 508 15 7 MISCELLANEOUS-Council and Committee Travelling 873 3 5 Expenses 8 310 Officers’ Tra&lling Expen& 1,009 7 11 36 11 11 29 16 0 Advertising .. .. . . .. 28 5 0 52 10 0 Auditors’ Honorarium .. . . 78 15 0 52 10 0 LegalExpenses . . . .. 324 0 0 64 11 G Donations 93 19 a --PresidentialExpe&s : : 200 0 0 213 17 1 Conjoint ChemicalOffice .. . . 190 15 8 --Frankland Award .. . . . 10 10 0 626 11 6 IncomeTax . . . . . . 619 9 4 ~ 1,921 3 4 -2,591 14 4 APPROPRIATIONS TO RESERVES-500 0 0 Superannuation Reserve . . .. 1,000 0 0 1,m 0 0 Intermittent Publications Reserve 1,000 0 0 BALANCE,Excess of Income over 813 2 0 Expenditure . . .. .. 85 9 5 €17,628 4 7 k19,174 14 3 €17,628 4 7 l19,17J I4 3 t SPECIAL ACCOUNTS for the year ended 31 December 1946 Examinations and Assessments Account.L s. d. ;tl s. d. f s. d. & s. d. 1,621 10 3 Examiners' Honoraria . . .. 1,605 7 10 Examination and Assessment Fees I. Hire of Laboratories and other 3,645 16 6 received . . .. .. 2,970 19 0 372 13 2 expenses . . .. .. .. 266 17 9 37 5 0 Printing and Stationery .. .. 80 10 0 15 0 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 22 15 0 957 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salaries .. 1,009 0 0 189 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 189 0 0 Surplus (1945) transferred to Gen--Deficit (1946) transferred to Gen- eral Income and Expenditure eral Income and Expenditure n 453 8 1 Account . . .. .. .. Account .. .. .. .. 202 11 7 QJ a u fj3,645 16 6 k3,173 10 7 L3,645 16 6 A[3,173 10 7 Local Sections Account.k s. d. & s. d. f s. d. s. d. 520 0 0 Section Grants .. .. 969 10 6 Balances with Local Sections at 9. 94 10 7 Secretaries' Conferences . . .. 193 3 9 31 December 1946 carried to 521 6 6 Printing and Stationery .. .. 663 10 0 --Balance Sheet .. .. .. 207 3 3 144 10 0 Postage .. .. .. .. 265 15 0 Deficit transferred to General 957 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salaries .. 1,009 0 0 2,426 7 1 Income and Expenditure Account 2,982 16 0 189 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses. . 189 0 0 f2,426 7 1 L3,189 19 3 f:2,426 7. 1 ;t3,189 19 3 Publications Account. s. d. & s. d. L s. d. s. d. 854 20 8 Journal and Proceedings .. .. 1,061 10 11 53 13 8 Sale of Publications .. .. 142 14 5 561 5 2 Lectures and Monographs .... 391 4 6 369 11 7 Postage . . .. .. .. 488 3 8 -Miscellaneous .. .. 18 0 6 718 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salarie;' .. 756 0 0 Deficit transferred to General 242 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 142 0 0 2,591 13 9 Income and Expenditure Account 2,714 5 2 ,62,645 7 5 d2,856 19 7 @,645 7 5 n Q) 41 Y Appointments Register Accou n t. s. d. s. d. & s. d. s. a. 153 0 11 Advertising .. .. .. .. 60 15 1 289 6 6 Fees received .. .. .. 309 11 6 73 5 6 Printing and Stationery . . .. 75 2 0 172 3 0 Postage .. 183 10 0 399 0 0 Proportion of Staff Salarie;' .. 420 0 0 Deficit transferred to General 79 0 0 Proportion of Overhead Expenses 79 0 0 587 2 11 Income and Expenditure Account 508 15 7 ,6876 9 5 LSlS 7 1 L876 9 5 LSlS 7 1 BALANCE SHEET as at 31 December 1946 1945 LIABILITIES 1946 1945 ASSETS 1946 L s.d. jt s. d. jt s. d. f[ s. d. 703 17 3 Sundry Creditors . . .. .. 893 7 9 Balances at Bankers- 729 10 0 Income Tax Reserve .. .. 668 18 6 2,783 10 6 London .. .. .. .. 5,839 1 11 181 16 0 Subscriptions paid in advance .. 158 1 0 357 16 7 Australia and New Zealand .. 567 11 8 162 15 0 Examination Fees paid in advance 199 10 0 (Sterling value) Application Fees- --Balances with Local Sections .. 207 3 3 Retained pending further applica- Sundry Debtors-Rates etc. in 25 4 0 tion .. .. .. .. 51 8 6 1,323 12 5 advance .. .. .. .. 571 18 5 1,329 18 0 In abeyance waiting decision .. 1,338 4 6 Investments at Cost (including Scientific Courses and Conferences Accumulated Redemption Fund Fund .... .. .. 157 9 7 65,610 6 6 Premiums) .. .. .. 68,813 17 1 47,006 I 0 Investment Fund .. .. .. 48,904 7 0 --Superannuation Suspense Account 2,346 11 4 Reserve Accounts- 6,100 17 8 Intermittent Publications .. 7,100 17 8 -? 1,000 0 0 Staff Superannuation .. .. 2,000 0 0 5,000 0 0 War Contingencies . . .. 4,260 0 0 Income and Expenditure Account- 7,022 5 1 Balance at Credit 1January 1946 7,835 7 1 Excess of Income over Expendi- 813 2 0 ture for 1946 .. .. .. 85 9 5 fl70,075 6 0 &75,999 12 4 k70,075 6 0 k75,999 12 4 SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES FUND k s. d. s. d. Courses in “Oils and Fats ”and “Spectroscopy” at Courses in “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” at Liverpool-Liverpool-Hire of Rooms and Accommodation .... 245 7 6 Fees received .. .. .. .. .. 574 0 0 Honoraria to Lecturers . . .. .. .. 111 6 0 Printing and Miscellaneous Expenses .. .. 59 16 11 Balance carried forward . . .. .. .. 157 9 7 J574 0 0 L574 0 0 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED 3 I December 1946 Value HoIding. cost. 31 Dec. Interest. Tax deducted. Net. I ,t ;t; s. d. & s. d. & s. d. s. d. s. d. Great Western Railway 2+y0 Debenture Stock. . 500 384 16 3 460 0 0 12 10 0 5 18 9 ti 11 3 L.M.S. Railway 5% Redeemable Preference Stock 1955 .. .. .. .. .. 500 503 0 0 515 0 0 25 0 0 11 17 6 13 2 6 L.M.S. Railway 4% Preference Stock . . .. 2,000 1,843 15 1 1,665 0 0 80 0 0 38 0 0 42 0 0 Southern Railway 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Stock 1957 .... .. 1,000 1,174 6 2 1,127 10 0 50 0 0 23 15 0 26 5 0 Commonwealth of Australia 3$% Stock 1964-74 4,000 3,985 5 7 4,480 0 0 130 0 0 61 15 0 68 5 0 New Zealand 5% Loan 1949 . . .. .. 1,000 1,141 8 0 1,090 0 0 50 0 0 22 10 0 27 10 0 Port of London Authority 34% Registered Stock 1,000 1,033 4 9 1,110 0 0 35 0 0 16 12 6 18 7 6 London County 34% Consols 1954-3.. .. 1,000 1,046 8 0 1,090 0 0 35 0 0 16 12 6 18 7 6 London County 3% Consols 1956-6 .. .. 100 100 5 6 108 10 0 300 --300 -War Loan 34% .. .. .. .. .. 13,000 13,554 16 8 14,055 0 0 455 0 0 --455 0 0 Q Conversion Loan 3+% .. .. .. .. 750 738 19 6 862 10 0 26 5 0 12 9 4 13 15 8 2 Defence Bonds 3% . . .. .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,070 0 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 War Loan 3% 1955-59 .... .. .. 500 500 0 0 542 10 0 15 0 0 6 15 0 550 National War Bonds 24% 1951-53 .. .. 8,300 8,300 0 0 8,673 10 0 207 10 0 98 11 3 108 18 9 National War Bonds 24% 1952-54 .. .. 8,500 8,500 0 0 8,840 0 0 212 10 0 100 18 9 111 11 3 Savings Bonds 374 1955-1965 .. .. 3,000 3,000 0 0 3,255 0 0 90 0 0 42 15 0 47 5 0 Savings Bonds 3y0 1960-70 .. .. 1,000 1,000 0 0 1,095 0 0 30 0 0 14 5 0 15 15 0 Metropolitan Water Board “B,” 3% Stock .. *4,000 4,022 0 3 4,080 0 0 105 0 0 49 10 0 55 10 0 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 . . .. .. t4,OOO 4,026 8 0 4,440 0 0 105 0 0 49 10 0 55 10 0 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 .. .. .. 7,000 7,000 0 0 7,770 0 0 142 7 11 65 18 11 76 9 0 National War Bonds 24% 1954-56 .. .. 2,000 2,000 0 0 2,115 0 0 45 2 8 21 6 4 23 16 4 Defence Bonds 3% .... .. .. :1,000 1,000 0 0 1,070 0 0 10 0 6 --10 0 6 Interest on Deposit .. .. .. .. --10 0 0 -_-10 0 0 i65,854 13 9 L69,514 10 0 l1,904 6 1 L659 0 10,Q,245 5 3 -Redemption Fund Policy (Accumulated Premiums) 2,959 3 4 * il,OOO purchased during 1946. 1-L1,OOO purchased during 1946. L68,813 17 1 Purchased during 1946. Subscriptions and Fees Paid in and Retained in Australia and New Zealand Receipts. Expenditure. Balances-L s. d. s. d. k s. d. On Deposit .. .. .. .. 404 9 8 Current Account .. .. .. .. 30 6 0 434 15 8 Subscriptions-Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 66 2 0 Associates . . .. .. .. .. 146 3 9 211 5 9 Application Fees . . .. .. .. 71 6 0 Deposit Interest .. .. .. 2 17 4 Grant to New Zealand Section .. 20 0 0 Expenses and Bank Charges .... 2 18 5 Balances 31.12.46-On Deposit .. .. .. . . 606 5 ‘3 Current Account . . .. .. 92 0 7 ‘697 6 4 ~-L720 4 9 L720 4 9 -___ y Sterling value k567 11s. 8d. Statement of Subscriptions and Fees Received less Outgoings Subscriptions-L s. d. & s. d. Fellows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 2 0 Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 146 3 0 211 5 ‘3 Application Fees .. .. .. .. .. *. 71 6 0 Deposit Interest. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 17 4 285 0 1 Less Grant .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 0 0 Bank Charges .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 5 22 18 5 ~ 262 10 8 Loss if converted to Sterling . . .. .. .. 52 15 7 Balance in Sterling carried to General Income and Expendi- ture Account .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 15 1 INVESTMENT FUND for the year ended 31 December 1946 & s.d. s. d. Investments at Cost held on 1 January 1946 .. 66,610 6 6 Add Investments made during 1946-k1,OOO 3% Defence Bonds .. .. .. .. 1,000 0 0 ,tl.OOO 3% Savings Bonds 1965-76 .. .. .. 1,026 8 0 L1,OOO 3% Met. Water Board “B” Stock .. .. 1,066 14 3 68,703 8 0 Redemption Fund Preiniuni .. .. .. .. 110 8 4 k68,813 17 1 Balance of Accumulated Fund 1 January 1946 .. 47,006 1 0 Funds received for Investment during year- Entrance Fees ,. .. .. .. .. .. 1,740 16 0 Life Composition Fees .. .. .. .. .. 157 10 0 1,898 6 0 48,904 7 0 Amount invested in excess of Life Composition and Entrance Fees . . .. .. .. .. .. 19,909 10 1 L68,SlS 17 1 -c701 1945 Receipts. 1946 1945 1946 k s.d. Balances- s. d. s. d. Paynients. s. d. 1,373 2 4 For current purposes 1.1.46 .. 1,265 18 7 239 15 0 Grants . . .. .. .. 154 15 0 1,500 0 0 Post Office Savings Rank Reserve 2,500 0 0 1,108 4 6 Regular payments .. .. .. 1,634 9 10 1,005 14 5 Subscriptions .. .. .. 1,111 15 0 40 0 0 Loans granted during 1946 .. 125 0 0 652 11 9 Annual Subscriptions .. .. 568 16 0 100 0 0 Donation to Reed’s School .. 100 0 0 183 17 3 Dividends and Interest .. .. 259 14 1 5 5 0 Audit fee .. .. .. .. 550 484 7 11 Income Tax recovered .. .. --21 15 7 Printing and Postage . . .. 13 17 3 81 5 0 Loans repaid .. .. .. 200 --Children’s Holiday grants .. . . 103 0 0 --Grants repaid .. .. .. 20 0 0 Balances-1,265 18 7 For current purposes 31.12.46 1,091 16 7 2,500 0 0 PostOfficeSavingsBankKeserve 2,500 0 0 ,f;5,280 18 8 i5,728 3 8 L5,ZSO 18 8 ;55,728 3 8 ~ n 1945 Receipts.1946 1945 Payments. 1946 -a c k s. a. & s. d. s. d. Invested-& s. d. U 175 8 5 Balance uninvested capital 1.1.46 552 8 10 1,600 0 0 3% Defence Bonds . . .. 500 0 0 489 6 9 Donations .. .. .. . . 537 14 10 558 8 10 Balance uninvested capital 31.1246 790 3 8 382 6 6 Bequests .. .. .. .. 200 0 0 1,100 0 0 Investments sold .. .. .. -__ 5 7 2 Capital appreciation on Stocks sold -_-,f;2,152 8 10 i1,290 3 8 f;2,152 8 10 L1,290 3 8 ___~ 1945 1946 1945 1946 s. d. A s. d. s. d. Investments at Cost-s. d. Capital account accumulated bal- 11,517 1 4 Capital Account .. .. .. 12,017 14 12,069 10 2 ance .. .. .. .. 12,807 5 0 2,500 0 0 Current Account .... .. 2,500 0 0 2,500 0 0 Current Account Reserve .. .. 2,500 0 0 Balances at Banks- 1,265 18 7 Current Account Balance at 31.15.46 1,091 16 7 85 17 2 PostOfficeSavingsBank(1nterest) 85 17 2 --Sundry Creditors .. .. .. 436 532 10 3 Current Account .. .. .. 544 12 4 1,200 0 0 Deposit Account .. .. .. 1,200 0 0 I-Sundry Debtors .. .. .. 65 13 3 L15,835 8 9 L16,403 41 i15,835 S 9 L16,403 41 -__I- BENEVOLENT FUND Investments held and Dividends Received 3 I December 1946 Holding. cost. Value. Interest. Tax deducted. Net. A L s. d. L s. d. ii s. d. s. d. is. d. Consols 4% . . .. .. .. .. 1,000 1,077 13 0 1,165 0 0 40 00 1900 21 0 0 War Loan 34% .. .. .. .. 1,200 1,296 3 0 1,299 0 0 42 00 --42 0 0 Port of London Authority 34% Registered Stock 500 516 17 11 555 0 0 17 100 863 939 Commonwealth of Australia 3f% 1964-74 .. 400 398 10 7 448 0 0 13 00 636 6 16 6 New Zealand Loan 6% .. .. .. 500 570 14 6 545 0 0 25 00 1150 13 15 0 National War Bonds 24% 1945-47 . . .. 500 *[500 0 01 --6 50 326 326 National War Bonds 24% 1951-53 . . .. 4,250 4,250 0 0 4,441 5 0 106 50 --106 5 0 National War Bonds 24% 1952-54 . . .. 200 200 0 0 209 0 0 5 00 --500 Conversion Stock 34% . . .. .. .. 500 501 19 6 575 0 0 17 100 863 939 Corporation of London Debentures 3% 1957 240 238 1 0 258 0 0 7 40 384 3 15 8 London Electric Transport Finance Corporation 24% Debenture Stock 1950-55 . . .. 275 267 1 10 278 0 0 6178 356 3 12 2 Savings Bonds 3% 1965-75 . . .. .. 1,100 1,100 0 0 1,221 0 0 2276 1073 12 0 3 Post Office Savings Bank (Capital Account) .. 600 600 0 0 600 0 0 --Post Office Savings Bank (Current Account) . . 2,500 2,500 0 0 2,500 0 0 _-_---Defence Bonds 3% . . .. .. .. 1,000 f1,OOO 0 0 1,070 0 0 17196 --17 19 6 Interest on Deposit Account .. .. .. --600 --6 0 0 L14,517 1 4 A15,164 5 0 L332 18 8 A73 4 7 i269 14 1 * Sold “ex div.,” December 1945. t is00 purchased during 1946. d. 4 s. d. L5 so do L2 si d6 ;2L2 SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER FUND Revenue Account for the year ended 31 December 1946 L s. d. & s. d. Balance of Fund 1January 1946 . . .. . . 498 10 7 Publication of Lecture by Dr. Dyson .. .. 270 15 0 Interest on Investments .. .. .. .. 168 3 10 Balance 31 December 1946 . . .. .. 395 19 5 L666 14 5 L666 14 5 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 1946 & s.d. L s. d. Accumulated Balance of Fund .. .. .. 7,055 0 2 Investments at Cost .. .. .. .. 6,659 0 9 Sundry Creditors .. .. .. *. -. 274 3 9 Sundry Debtors .. .. .. .. .. 2 18 9 Cash at Bankers . . .. .. .. .. 667 4 5 L7,329 3 11 L7,329 3 11 t-( -3 w U Statement of Investments held and dividends received 3 I December 1946. Holding Cost Value Interest Tax deducted Net d6 s. Port of London Author-ky 3h% Registered Stock,’ 1965-75 Southern Railway 5% Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Great Western Railway 5% Consolidated Preference Stock 100 64 0 0 153 10 0 War Loan 34% 1710 0 8 6 3 9 3 9 2,600 2,808 6 0 2,881 0 0 9100 --91 0 0 600 516 17 11 555 0 0 Stock 1957 .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 587 4 10 563 15 0 25 0 0 11 17 6 13 2 6 New Zealand Loan 5y0 1949 .. .. .. .. 500 570 14 6 545 0 0 25 0 0 11 5 0 13 15 0 Consols 4% .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 323 1 0 349 10 0 12 0 0 514 0 6 6 0 London Electric Transport Finance Corpora tion 24% Debenture Stock 1950-55 .. .. .. .. 525 508 16 6 530 5 0 1324 646 61710 Nat. War Bonds 2+% 1951-53 .. .. .. .. 500 500 0 0 522 10 0 12100 --12 10 0 Nat. War Bonds 24% 1951-53 . . .. .. .. 500 500 0 0 522 10 0 12 10 0 5 18 9 6 11 3 Nat. War Bonds 24% 1952-54 .. .. .. .. 250 250 0 0 260 10 0 650 --650 &6,659 0 9&6,853 10 0 L219 17 4 k51 13 6 kl68 3 10 STREATFEILD MEMORIAL FUND 31 December 1946 4200 34% War Loan. Value f1216 5s. Od. 4 s. d. s. d. Balance 1 January 1946.. 97 17 8 Balance on Deposit 31 Dividends and Interest ..7 0 0 December 1946 . . .. 104 17 8 A104 17 8 &lo4 17 8 MELDOLA FUND 31 December 1946 f175 Commonwealth of Australia 3)%Stock. VaIue k84. & s. d. k s. d. Balance 1January 1946. . 10 14 3 Balance on Deposit 31 Dividends and Interest . . 1 5 8 December 1946 .. .. 15 4 11 Tax Recovered . . .. 350 jJ5 4 11 f115 4 11 J. M. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31 December 1946 L240 3&% Conversion Loan. Value &276 0s. Od. & s. d. f; s. d. Balance 1 January 1946.. 37 18 8 Balance on Deposit 31 Further Donation from the December 1946 . . .. 342 6 11 Founders .. .. . . 300 0 0 Dividends and Interest . .. 4 8 3 k342 6 11 A342 6 11 I HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 31 December 1946 s.d. & s. d. Endowment by Dr. David Balance on Deposit 31 Spence .. .. .. 1,625 0 0 December 1946 .. 1,625 0 0 1 41,625 0 0 k1,625 0 0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 February 1947.-On a Report of the Anniversary Luncheon Committee the time-table of events on 18 April was approved and it was also agreed that the Annual General Meeting should be held at 5.15 p.m. (see p. 88). A notice of motion forwarded by Mr. C. G. Gray Associate and Mr. J. S. Jackson Fellow for submission to the Annual General Meeting was reported. The Council approved the terms of a resolution to be submitted in its own name for amending the maximum sum that may be appropriated in any one year from Institute funds towards the maintenance of a Superannuation and Pensions Scheme for members of the staff.On a report that all the present officers were eligible for re-election to the new Council it was resolved that the following be re-nominated Mr. G. Roche Lynch as President; Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Dr. William Cullen Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Professor A. Findlay and Mr. A. J. Prince as Vice-presidents; Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones as Honorary Treasurer. Nominations of the following for election as General Members of Council under By-Law 26 were received Mr. J. H. Bennitt Dr. N. Booth Mr. G. J. Denbigh Mr. L. G. S. Hebbs Professor L. Hunter Dr. S. H. Jenkins Mr. H. Silman Dr. H. C. Smith Mr. H. Weatherall and Mr. P. N. Williams. The following were re-nominated for election as General Members of Council Professor F.Challenger Professor J. W. Cook Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw Dr. J. 0. Cutter Mr. M. B. Donald Professor H. J. Emelhus Mr. A. T. Green Dr. H. H. Hodgson Dr. J. G. King Professor G. F. Marrian Mr. J. A. Oriel Mr. E. T. Osborne Dr. G. L. Riddell Dr. E. K. Rideal Dr. F. Roffey Dr. J. L. Simonsen Mr. R. W. Sutton Professor A. R. Todd and Dr. E. Vanstone. Ballot having been taken the following were also nominated for election as General Members of Council Dr. W. Idris Jones Professor W. H. Linnell Dr. R. P. Linstead Miss Mamie Olliver Mrs. S. M. L. Tritton. The following nominations were made in connection with the election of four Censors Mr. Lewis Eynon Professor A. Findlag Professor Sir Ian Heilbron Professor Hans Krall and Dr.Harold Moore. Preliminary consideration was given to the appointment of Scrutineers for the ballot and it was agreed that at least four Scrutineers be appointed at the next meeting of the Council. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 February) which was received and adopted referred infer alia to preliminary consideration of the Accounts and Balance Sheet for 1946; Local Section matters; staff matters; sundry routine business. On the recommendation of the Committee the Council appointed Mr. L. W. Raymond I.S.O. Associate to the temporary post of Deputy Execu- tive Officer to the Institute for the period of twelve months from I March, 1947,in the first instance. His function would be to relieve the Secretary and the Registrar of certain duties and to deputise for them in appropriate matters during their absence or engagement in other business.The Council also adopted the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 February) dealing with current cases and further consideration of questions concerned with the provision of homes for old people. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee (17 January) was received and adopted and the candidates I751 recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. The Council also adopted a further Report of the Committee (21 February) based on the Report of the Board of Examiners and candidates whose names were recorded in the Pass List were duly elected as Associates.On a resolution forwarded by the Committee of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section it was agreed to make representations to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers regarding the present difficulty in the supply of laboratory chemicals so that the matter might be taken up if necessary with the Ministry of Supply. The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers had agreed to participate in a further conference with representatives of the Institute and of the Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations for review- ing the document “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,11 82) in the light of criticisms received from Local Sections (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1946,IV 177). It was agreed that the conference be convened at an early date. The Chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee reported than for some time discussions had been going forward betweenthe Ministry of Supply and the Institute regarding the proposed regrading of a number of chemists employed in that Ministry. The Ministry set up an Appeal Board which included a number of highly competent chemists and the Board had considered appeals submitted to it by staff against their re-grading from the old-style Scientific Officer class to the Experimental Officer class. The result of the Appeal Board’s findings had not yet been announced but where appeals against re-grading were disallowed the Ministry had been pressed to re-examine the possibility of the staff in question being allowed to retain their old-style Scientific Officer grading (cf.p. 56). A suggestion by a member that consideration be given to the authorisa- tion of academic dress for Fellows and Associates was deferred for reference to the new Council. The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (13 February) dealing mainly with the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 Part I,was adopted. The Council received the Report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education (11 February) and agreed to accept the revised “Rules 100” and “Notes for Guidance.” Consideration of the extent to which National Certificates in Chemistry could be further recognised as leading to the A.R.I.C.was referred to the Special Committee of the Institute on National Certificates. Three resolutions were received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section in connection with the promotion of the interests of students. The first advocating the institution of a prize was referred to the Special Purposes Committee; the other two relating to improvement in the value of the Institute’s monographs and to the publica- tion of Examination Papers and Reports were referred to the Publications and Library Committee. The thanks of the Chemical Society had been accorded to the Institute for having made available free of charge copies of Dr. Dyson’s lecture for distribution to their Fellows.On a report that informal discussions were proceeding as to the possible [ 761 establishment of a Chemical-Biological Centre in this country on the lines of that now in operation in the U.S.A. it was agreed that Professor D. H. Hey be asked to represent the Institute in further conversations on the subject. Minutes of a meeting of the Chemical Council held on 13November 1946 and an abstract of Minutes of a meeting held on 15 January 1947 were received (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 I 10). Correspondence with the Chemical Council on the possibilities of a Science Centre being established in London was discussed in relation to the desirability of securing some form of “Chemistry House” for the accommodation of chemical bodies in London.Following preliminary discussion the matter was referred to the Special Puposes Committee. It was reported that at a Conference held under the auspices of the Royal Society of Arts on 6 February general agreement had been expressed as to the desirability of an International Exhibition being held in London as soon as possible but that there were serious doubts as to whether this would be practicable by 1951. Mr. W. F. Bennett had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee CIS- Scientific Glassware and Laboratory Ware. The resignation of Dr. H. G. Colman as representative of the Institute on the British National Committee of the World Power Conference was accepted with regret and the thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to Dr.Colman for his valuable services in this capacity over a number of years. The Council received from Dr. William Cullen a summary of a report on his recent visit to South Africa. Further consideration of matters arising from this report was deferred to the next meeting. Leave of absence was granted to Dr. Kent- Jones in view of his impending journey to Australia and Professor Findlay agreed to act as Treasurer in his absence. Dr. Kent- Jones undertook to convey greetings to members of the Institi11e in Australia and to the Australian Chemical Institute. Journal and Proceedings 1947.-Owing to the fuel crisis it has been necessary to hold over several items that would otherwise have been included in this Part of the JOURNAL including additional Lecture Summaries “The Register,” Obituary Notices “Books and their Contents,” “General Notices” and the list of Publications of the Institute.Also it has been necessary to defer publication of the second article in the series “The Organisation of Other Professions” which will deal with “The Legal Pro- fession.” The Second Dalton Lecture entitled “Counting Calories” by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.,is in proof and will be distributed with Part I11 ofthe JOURNAL in June. r 77 3 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Department University of Bristol on 20 February.Dr. E. B. Maxted Chairman of the Bristol Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided and introduced Dr. C. H. Lander C.B.E. who gave a short address on “Fuel and Industry.” Following this a sound film entitled “Steam” was exhibited. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by the Chairman. Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Physics Theatre Trinity College Dublin on 5 March. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard was in the Chair and the attendance numbered 130. The Chairman introduced Dr. G. Roche Lynch and welcomed him heartily on this the first visit of a President of the Institute to the Dublin Section. The President then gave a most interesting address on his Medico-legal Experiences for which a hearty vote of thanks was moved by Mr.B. G. Fagan City Analyst seconded by Professor T. S. Wheeler and supported by Dr. J. McGrath State Pathologist. The meeting carried the vote with acclamation. On Thursday 6 March the members of the Section entertained the President and Miss Roche Lynch at a dinner held in the Shelbourne Hotel in the course of which toasts of “The President” and “The Guests” were honoured. Miss Beryl Fagan and Mr. T. W. Breaden contributed songs and members of Mr. Brendan Smith’s company presented dramatic sketches which added to the enjoyment of those attending the function. During the course of his visit to Dublin Dr. Koche Lynch accompanied by Dr. II. G. G. Leonard was received by the President of Eire Mr.S. T. O’Kelly and accom- panied by Mr. H. D. Thornton called on An Taoiseach Mr. De Valera. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held in the Institution of Shipbuilders and Engineers Glasgow on 7 February and presided over by Mr. J. W. Hawley (Dumfries) there was delivered the third Tatlock Memorial Lecture by Dr. J. R. Nicholls of the Government Laboratory London. The lecturer confined to an analytical subject chose “Alcohol and its Determina’tion” and gave a most detailed and authoritative discourse on this theme. The address was followed by lively discussion in which Messrs. Thomas Cockburn A. R.Jamieson J. B. Mackean and the chairman took part. An enthusiastic vote of thanks was accorded on the motion of Professor F. S. Spring.Hull and District.-Mr. B. Pawson was elected to the Committee in place of Mr. 14‘. Hartley who has left the district. Mr. N. L. Holmes was nominated to represent the Section on the Yorkshire Council for Further Education. Mr. T. E. H. O’Brien was elected Honorary Auditor of the Section. Dr. A. L. Stubbs of the School of Biochemistry University of Liverpool gave a lecture entitled “Spectrographic Analysis” at the meeting at University College on 10 January. The visitors included Mr. Stott and others from British Cod Liver Oils (Hull and Grimsby) Ltd. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Balmforth and seconded by Mr. McGrath. At the meeting on 12 February Dr. J. W. Baker Senior Lecturer and Honorary Reader in Organic Chemistry in the University of Leeds gave a paper on “The Theory of Resonance and its Importance in the Reactions of Organic Chemistry.” By special arrangement advanced students of the University College and the Technical College attended this lecture Mr.I<. Sacldilt!;ton proposed and Mr. S. Sharp seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 10 February. In the absence of Mr. G. J. Denbigh through indisposition the chair was taken by Professor F. Challenger Dr. G. M. Bennett Government Chemist gave a lecture on “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid Solution” (for summary see p. 84) which was greatly appreciated by those who had braved very bad weather conditions to attend. A keen discussion followed and a vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved by Mr.Trefor Davies. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Exhibitions of the three scientific films “Approach to Science,” “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” and “Distillation,” were held at centres in and near London. The first was at Acton Technical College on 25 November 1946 when an audience of 71 members students and visitors was welcomed by Mr. MciZdam the Principal of the College. The chair was taken by Mr. Freeland who explained the objects of the Section [ 78 1 Committee in arranging these meetings outside the centre of 1,ondon. hlr. W. J. Mansell spoke of the interest of the Institute in its Students and offered to give any further information to those interested. A vote of thanks to Mr.McAdam to Dr. Williams the Head of the Chemistry Department to the College Authorities and to the operators was proposed by Mr. T. McLachlan. The second exhibition was held at the Isleworth County School on 26 November when the audience numbered 83. Mr. D. T. R. Hollis Head of the Chemistry Depart- ment welcomed the gathering in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Brierley the Head- master. Mr. Stanley Stevens then took the chair explained the objects of the meeting and introduced the films -4vote of thanks to the Headmaster to Mr. Hollis to the school authorities and to the operators was proposed by Mr. T. McLachlan. The third of these meetings was held at the South-West Essex Technical College on 28 November 1946. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths was in the chair and 50 members students and visitors were present.Dr. H. Lowery Principal of the College welcomed the audience. A vote of thanks to Dr. Lowery and Mr. Jukes Head of the Chemistry Department was proposed by Dr. E. A. Rudge. On 15 January a meeting was held in the Lecture Hall of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine under the chairmanship of Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse addressed an audience of 84 members and visitors on “Recent Advances in Atmospheric Pollution Research,” at the end of which there was an interesting discussion. Mr. C. J. Regan proposed and Mr. TV A. Damon seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Monkhouse. At a meeting on 19 January in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths occupied the chair and Dr.G. M. Lees M.C. D.F.C. gave a lecture on “British Oilfields and Oil Exploration,” which was followed by an interesting discussion. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. C. W. Herd and the thanks of the Section were accorded by the Chairman to the Managers of the Royal Institution for the loan of the Lecture Theatre. At a meeting held at Norwood Technical Institute on 17 February the chair was taken by Mr. S. G. E. Stevens Vice-chairman of the Section when the following films were shown :“The Origin and Synthesis of Plastics,” “Give us this Day-The Story of Bread,” and “The Division of Cells by Phase-contrast Microscopy.” A vote of thanks to the Section was proposed by Mr. J. T. Stock and acknowledged by the Honorary Secretary who also thanked the Principal staff and students of the Technical Institute the members of the Films Sub-committee and those visitors who had come in spite of the depressing weather and heating and lighting conditions.A meeting of the Section was held at Brighton Technical College on Saturday, 22 February 77 members and visit.ors being present. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman was in the chair. The meeting opened with the showing of the following films :“The Origin and Synthesis of Plastics Materials,’’ ‘The Division of Cells !by Phase-contrast Microscopy,’’ and “Glimpses of Soviet Science. A discussion on the organisation of local chemists followed and many members students and visitors contributed. As a result an interim local committee was appointed consisting of Dr.F. H. Harris Mr. I?. Major and a student to be elected by registered students of the Institute with power to co-opt and to act in conjunction with the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. Dr. G. E. Watts Principal of the College thanked the Chairman and the Committee of the Section for coming to Brighton and for their sympathy and interest and the thanks of the Chairman and other members of the Committee were accorded to Dr. Watts and Dr. F. R. Harris for the trouble they had taken in organising the meeting for the use of the College and for their excellent hospitality before the meeting opened. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12 February at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne under the chairmanship of Dr.W. S. Patterson. The Annual Reports of the Committee and Honorary Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. J. Gibson and Mr. W. Lawson were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The resignation of the Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Madgin, was received with regret Mr. W. Marsden was unanimously elected in his place. Dr. J. 0. Harris was elected Hon. Secretary and Dr. P. L. Robinson Dr. W. Madgin Mr. H. E.Blayden and Mr. C. T.Morley-Smith were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1947-48:-Chairman Dr. W. S. Patterson; Hon. Treasurer Mr. W. Marsden; Hon. Secretary Dr. J. 0. Harris; Members of Committee Dr. J. H. Jones (co-opted for one year) Dr. F. R. Williams (ex-ofiicio,District Member of Council) Professor H.L. Riley Mr. J. Keaton Dr. P. L. Robinson Dr. W. Madgin, Mr. H. E. Blayden Mr. C. T. Morley-Smith. After the meeting a film show including “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” was given. [ 791 MEMBERSHIP OF LOCAL SECTIONS The number of members attached to each Local Section at 1 March 1947 is given below. Section. No. of Members. Aberdeen and North of Scotland . . .. .. .. .. .. 104 Belfast and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 Birmingham and Midlands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 639 Bristol and South-Western Counties .. .. .. .. .. 364 Cardiff and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 Dublin and District . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 85 East Anglia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 East Midlands .. .. .. .. .... .. . . 360 Edinburgh and East of Scotland . . .. .. .. .. .. 251 Glasgow and West of Scotland .. .. .. .. .. . . 477 Huddersfield . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 Hull . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Leeds Area .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 285 Liverpool and North-Western Counties .. .. .. .. .. 778 London and South-Eastern Counties .. .. .. .. .. 3,693 Manchester and District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 842 Newcastle and North-East Coast . . .. .. .. .. .. 153 Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands .. .. .. .. 148 South Wales . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 172 Tees-Side . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 172 Cape of Good Hope .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 India .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. 350 New Zealand ,. .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. 83 Other places abroad .... .. .. ,. .. .. 624 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE PRINCIPLES OF POLAROGRAPHY By J. HEYROVSKY, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Prague Czechoslovakia [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 17 October 1946.; The dropping mercury electrode is a modification of Lippmann’s capillary electro- meter consisting of a polarisable capillary electrode and of a non-polarisable mercury layer. B. Kucers introduced it for the determination of the interfacial tensiori y of polarised mercury from the drop weight w,and showed that 2rry = w = mt where Y = radius of the capillary m = the outflow velocity of mercury t = the drop time. Since m is proportional to the height h of the mercury column m = kh and t = kh-l. At a constant voltage mt is constant and hence also the surface of the dropping electrode is constant and independent of h.The current ic charging the dropping electrode to a potential e is given by the rate of increase of the surface. Thus i = keCmtt-* where C denotes the capacity of the mercury electrode per cm2. At a constant voltage i = k’h. This charging current i, which is known as the capacity- or condenser- or non-faradaic current may be lowered by additions of liquids of a small dielectric constant e.g. alcohol pyridine. The true electrolytic (faradaic) current i is-in excess electrolyte-given by the IlkoviE equation i = 0-627~F(C-C,)Dbm3t6;where n = number of electrons involved per particle F = Faraday’s constant C = molar concentration of the depolariser per ml.of the solution and C = molar concentration at the interface D = diffusion co- efficient. The limiting current is reached when C = 0; this is then the “diffusion current,” id in c.g.s. units. Also substituting for m and t in this equation we have at any constant voltage the relation id = k”hl. These relations are very important for quantitative determinations. RT -For qualitative considerations the thermodynamic relation e = nF loge-[OX]&is [Red],, very useful. Substituting from the IlkoviC formula the following equation for the polarographic current-voltage curve is obtained P = -c 80 1 the half-wave potential at which i = 2,e = a constant. This value is the “standard 2 redox potential,” which is independent of the concentration and of the properties of the capillary.The redox processes involved are of two kinds (1) Deposition of ions and dissolution of the amalgams formed e.g. Pb” + 2e + Pb(Hg); (2) reductions and oxidations of ions e.g. Cr”’ + e + Cr” or of molecules e.g. quinone + 2e -t2H’ = hydroquinone. The polarographic wave is indeed exactly analogous to the Michaelis “potentiometric titration curve,” for instead of the reducing agent required in potentiometry electrons are used in polarography the solution being titrated in the electrode interface only. Thus from the measurement of polarographic waves and their potentials the existence of free radicals semiquinones bimers dismutation constants etc. may be deduced and over a wider range of potentials and even when one or the other redox form is unstable.The wave on the current-voltage curve coincides with the given formula only when the electrode process is perfectly mobile and reversible. There are a number of criteria connected with the formula showing how far the electrode reactions are reversible. Of these the most important is the constancy of the wave form and of the potential if the reduced and oxidised components are mixed in various proportions; the wave only shifts from the cathodic to the anodic current according to the percentage of the reduced component keeping the half-wave potential constant. Recently however a very sensitive test for the reversibility of the electrode process has been made possible through potential-time curves recorded by the cathode- ray oscillograph.In this arrangement the alternating voltage from the ordinary current supply (50 cycles per second) is applied to the dropping electrode cell and the potential- time curve is shown on a screen. Time lags denote the depolarisation potentials and these must be identical on the cathodic and anodic branches of the curve if perfect reversibility is attained. Thus it is shown that a number of electrode reactions (like Pb” + Pb T1’ + T1 quinone + hydroquinone) are reversible whereas the deposi- tion of the “transition elements” (Cr” to Zn”) shows irreversibility. Also many organic depolarisers act irreversibly (e.g. fumaric maleic and ascorbic acids alkaloids). The reversibility of cations is improved by the addition of chloride ions and spoiled by adsorptive dipole molecules such as phenol pyridine and amyl alcohol.Single electron transfers are always reversible; transfers of more than one electron can become irreversible in solutions of sulphate nitrate or chlorate. This is explained by the assumption that electrons are acquired successively e.g. Zn“ + e -+ Zn’ followed by the dismutation 2211’ -+ Zn” + Zn the rate of which is promoted by chloride ions and hindered by molecules which are anchored at the electrode surface through adsorption. Whenever the electrode reaction is slow (irreversible) e.g. in excess of sulphate ions or nitrate ions the polarographic diffusion currents obtained are smaller than those calculated from the Ilkovii formula. Also organic compounds give in some instances very small electrolytic currents.Ketoses show about a third of the calculated wave height and the effect of glucose is only about one hundredth of that expected. Evidently aldose molecules are not all reducible. If there is a mobile equilibrium at the electrode interface between the non-reducible and the reducible molecules with the reaction velocity constant equal to k, the current i (called the “kinetic current”) is given by the rate of reaction and equals k,(c-x)pE~”F,from which k,p can be calculated. p =the distance within which all active molecules of glucose are reduced at the electrode. E = the mean electrode surface and does not depend on the height of the mercury reservoir. As x is here negligible we obtain i = kh” (independent of the height A).This is also true for all “catalytic” currents in which the hydrogen over- potential is lowered e.g. when the polarographic waves are due to sulphydryl groups of cysteine or proteins or to some alkaloids in buffered solutions. An entirely different sort of phenomenon is the maximum on current-voltage curves which is due to a vigorous motion of the electrolyte solution around the dropping mercury electrode. It arises from the unhomogeneous electric field caused by the one-sided screening through the glass capillary. The unhomogeneity of the field attracts dipole molecules and pairs of ions thereby inducing the motion of the elec- trolyte; the field is paralysed by a strong concentration of electrolytes or by adsorbable (polar) molecules of dyes colloids etc.which thus depress the maximum. When the voltage is increased the current becomes finally so large that concentration polarisation sets in; at that stage the current all round the mercury drop is governed by diffusion so that the electric field is homogeneous being given by zap (p denoting the specific resistance of the electrolyte) ; the maximum consequently falls down to the ordinary diffusion current. APPLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY TO METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS By J. HEYROVSKY, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Prague Czechoslovakia [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 17 October 1946.1 Although the principles of polarography were established some 20 years ago it is only in recent years that they have been applied extensively to chemical analysis.The usefulness of the polarographic method is best reflected in the bibliography which from 1922 to 1939 comprises some 600 papers and whichwas increased during the second World War by some 700 papers. As new polarographic work has been carried out chiefly for war purposes a considerable part of it has not been published. Moreover only a few of the researches done in the U.S.S.R. in recent years are available. The widespread application of the polarographic method during the war is certainly due to the simple quick and economical way in which many analyses may be carried out simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively for several components without lengthy preparations of the solutions.The demand for economy of time was such that the original photo- graphic method of recording current-voltage curves has been to some extent substituted by ink-recording effected by means of large amplifications of the electrolytic current. For routine work in metallurgy where there is plenty of material electrolytic vessels of 5 to 15 C.C. capacity are most suitable. They are adapted so as to allow an inert gas such as pure nitrogen to bubble through the solution in order to remove atmospheric oxygen. In ammoniacal and alkaline solutions sulphite removes oxygen readily especially when traces of copper are present but the removal of oxygen by chemical means from neutral or acid solutions has not yet been successful (ascorbic acid or phosphorus act slowly).To make the analysis most accurate and rapid chemical operations should be restricted to dissolution and subsequent additions of reagents using one vessel only. Fusion evaporation or filtration should be avoided. Thus the older method of deter- mining chromium in steel (von Stackelberg) consisted in dissolving 0.2 g. of the sample in hydrochloric acid oxidising with nitric acid evaporating to dryness fusing the residue with 4 g. of sodium peroxide in a crucible washing out the fused mass and diluting the solution in a measuring flask before determining the chromium polaro- graphically. This is simplified in a new method (due to Spklenka) by dissolving the steel in a measuring flask adding hydrogen peroxide making the solution alkaline boiling out excess of the peroxide and after cooling making up to the mark.If the determination cannot be carried out simply and quickly the polarographic method is not of much service especially when the classical analytical methods are more accurate. The error of polarographic methods may reach 1 per cent. of the amount of the com- ponent but by the use of polarographic titrations the error may be lowered to 0.1 per cent. whenever a suitable agent for the titration is found. Quantitative determinations usually entail the use of a calibration curve obtained with a known sample. When unknown samples are investigated all the factors especially the temperature (within 0.1” C.) and the height of the mercury reservoir must be kept identical. These precautions are unnecessary however when the method of “standard addition” is used.In this procedure two exactly equal portions are taken from the solution of the sample and to one of them an exactly known amount of the component (say of chromium) is added. The two solutions are then treated in exactly the same manner and filled up to the same volume. Thus two curves are obtained the ratio of the difference between the two diffusion currents (i’d -id) to the smaller one (id) is that of the known concentration to the unknown one. This “standard addition” is especially valuable when colloids in solution are likely to adsorb a part of the component to be determined; the percentage of the amounts adsorbed in both solutions is practically the same so that the ratio of the waves is not affected.The diffusion currents are however not always well enough defined to permit an accurate and easy evaluation. For such determinations the “derivative curve” method may often be applied successfully. This gives the dependence of the value dilde on the potential of the dropping electrode e. This curve shows a maximum at the half- wave potential and the height of the maximum is proportional to the limiting diffusion current. This innovation also removes the old polarographic difficulty of being unable to determine small amounts of less noble elements in the presence of large quantities of nobler ones for at each diffusion current the galvanometer deflection falls to zero. The arrangement for obtaining the derivative curve consists of two exactly equal capillary electrodes in the same electrolyte a voltage E being applied to one and E + AE on thc other.A sensitive gdvanometer measures the difference Ai between 183 j the currents of the twin electrodes. Good curves result when AE = 0.010 v. If the dropping is slow the drops of the twin electrodes must be synchronised; as this offers difficulties it is better to let the dropping be rapid about 0.8 second per drop. Perfect synchronisation is also the condition for the “differential method,” in which the compositions of two solutions are compared; in each solution one of the twin electrodes is introduced. To make this method more sensitive and to avoid the difficulty of synchronisation two exactly equal streaming mercury electrodes might be used with advantage.The capillaries for the streaming electrodes are drawn out by hand from a tube with 1 to 2 mm. inner diameter so as to have a tip of 0.1 mm. bore. In metallurgy polarography finds its most appropriate applications in micro-analysis where owing to the great dilution of the constituents ordinary analytical methods fail to give satisfactory results. This applies in the determination of the impurities in pure metals; thus polarography is convenient for the determination of traces of baser metals in pure aluminium magnesium zinc or cadmium. Urech and Sulzberger determine sodium in aluminium down to 0.001 per cent. ; in zinc 0.0005 per cent. of lead cadmium or copper may be determined readily. For lead alloys Schaikind and Kalousek dissolve the material in nitric acid precipitate the lead with sulphuric acid and determine bismuth antimony copper nickel cobalt zinc and manganese in the resulting solution.NovAk and Kraus determine traces of antimony in hard lead. In the analysis of tailings flotation residues and ores methods for the deter- mination of zinc copper nickel cobalt and molybdenum have been worked out. Similarly analyses of all kinds of alloys are described in the literature. In all these determinations the dropping electrode is used as cathode; there are however a number of polarographic analyses in which the anodic function of the dropping electrode is of value. In these analyses either a separate unpolarisable electrode of a very positive potential (e. g. mercury mercurous sulphate sodium sulphate) is used as the second (reference) electrode or a side-bridge is coupled to the potentiometer wire (according to Hoekstra) ; by either means we obtain a continuous polarisation of the dropping electrode from anodic to cathodic currents.Anodic diffusion currents have been used to determine manganese in steel with alkaline tartrate solutions (by Verdier) or in oxidations of chromous ferrous or stannous ions. Amal-gams have not yet been utilised although 0.001 per cent. of zinc cadmium lead or thallium in mercury give well-defined anodic waves. A new trend of polarographic investigation likely to be of analytical use in metallurgy has been started in connection with the cathode-ray oscillograph. The alternating voltage of the current supply (50 cycles per second) is applied to the dropping electrode cell through a large resistance 50,000 to 800,000 ohms.In this way the dropping electrode is polarised anodically and cathodically 50 times per second. The change of potential with the time is shown on the screen of the oscillograph as the z,f curve. Traces of depolarisers (e.g. 0.001 N solutions of lead cadmium thallium zinc ferrous man- ganous ions) show distinct kinks on the curve the positions of which (i.e. the depolari- sation potentials) determine the metal qualitatively. If the time-base is brought to a frequency of about 100,000 per second the kink extends to a line which is charac- teristic for the cation like a spectral line. For quantitative determinations an arrange- ment giving the derivative curve (deldt f) on the oscillograph has to be used.To avoid the disturbances of the oscillograms due to the dropping of mercury the streaming electrode is necessary for quantitative work. However the oscillograms obtained with the dropping mercury electrode may also serve for finding the end-point of polarometric titrations. X-RAY WORK ON LONG-CHAIN COMPOUNDS By T. MALKIN,Ph.D. DSc. F.R.I.C. [Bristol and South-Western Counties Section 23 January 1947.1 The X-ray investigation of long chain compounds is simplified by the fact that the crystal spacing related to the length of the molecule (long spacing) is so much larger than the spacings related to the lateral distances between the chains (side spacings) that both types of spacings are easily identified and measured.It has been shown by the pioneer work of Piper and Muller that for any particular homologous series a linear relationship holds between the carbon content and the long spacing and hence the latter is of special value for identification purposes particularly for higher members of a series where differences in melting point are small. Long spacings also give information as to the tilt of the chains between reflecting planes the size of terminal groups and the state of association of the molecules. Molecular association is also indicated by the intensities of the orders of reflection on L 83 1 the X-ray photograph as shown by Shearer. Thus double molecules such as fatty acids and alcohols give rise to strong odd and weak even orders.An explanation of the well known alternation in the melting points of members of homologous series can be found in the fact that members of alternating series crystallise with chains tilted across the reflecting planes whereas the chains in non-alternating series are vertical (Malkin J.C.S. 1931 2796). The X-ray method has been particularly fruitful in the study of the polymorphism of glycerides both long and side spacings being of value in identifying the various solid forms (Malkin et alia J.C.S. 1934 667; 1936 1628; 1937 1409; 1939 103 577 1141 1515; for summary see Ferguson and Lutton Chewz. Reviews 1941 29 355). Latest work shows that all saturated triglycerides exist in four solid forms namely the lowest melting vitreous form obtained by rapid cooling of the molten glyceride two inter- mediate melting monotropic forms a and p’ and the stable highest melting 6 form.A final interesting result arising from work on unsaturated compounds is that those containing a trans olefinic bond crystallise in the same manner as the corresponding saturated compounds giving practically identical X-ray photographs which differ markedly from those of cis compounds. This suggests that the long chains are thrown out of alignment by a cis double bond. NITRATION IN SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION M.A. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. BY G. M. BENNETT [Leeds Area Section 10 February 1947.1 A theory of nitration in sulphuric acid solution has been evolved from studies of mixed acids and of the nitration reaction. The water present in the mixed acid reacts completely with the sulphuric acid thus :-HZO + H,S04 = HsO+ + HS0,-and the nitric acid is converted into a more active nitrating agent by that part of the sulphuric acid which remains in excess over the water the reaction being:- HNO + 2H,SO + NO,+ + H,O+ + 2HS0,-This nitronium ion NO,+ is the specially active species on which the vigorous nitrating action of the mixture depends and it is distinguished by its characteristic frequency of 1400 cm-l observed in the Raman spectra of mixed acids.The nitration of dinitrotoluene is represented thus :-DNT + NO,+ + B -+ TNT + BH+ where l3 is either HS0,-or to a less extent H,S04 and in oleum mixtures the ion HS,O -. This leads to a general equation for the velocity of nitration:- v = [DNT]Q[HNO,] {k[HSO,-] + h’[H,SOJ + K”[HS,O,-]) where Q = [NO,+]/[HNO,] and is calculable from the ionic equilibria.It gives the velocity of nitration for all media at a given temperature. This equation reproduces the results adequately including the point of maximum velocity at 92 per cent. H,S04. The actual concentration of NO,+ in a mixed acid may be calculated from the equation or derived from Chkdin’s Kaman observations and the two are in satisfactory agreement. No maximum velocity point occurs in laboratory two-phase nitrations for any point in the range of water-sulphuric acid mixtures owing to the increased solubility of organic matter in the more concentrated acids and to the fact that in these operations there is a much smaller overall excess of sulphuric acid than in experiments in sulphuric acid solution.Water and bisulphate ions always retard the two-phase nitrations and nitrous acid also has a very large similar effect. This was discovered when complete arrest of nitration occurred before the nitric acid was exhausted and with the H,O/H,SO mol. ratio still far below unity. Nitrous acid reacts thus HNO + 2H,SO -+ NO+ + H,O+ + 2HS04- and the products then have more than twice the retarding effect of one mol. of bisulphate. The complete analysis of the figures for two-phase nitrations is at present impossible for lack of the necessary data as to the distribution of the various components of the system between the two phases in only one of which (the acid phase) the main reaction proceeds.NOTES Personal.-Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Membey of Council has been appointed a member of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy recently set up by the Lord President of the Council under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Tizard. Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Chairman of the Pest Control Advisory Committee that has been set up by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Among the new Fellows of the Koyal Society elected on 20 March 1947 are Dr. G. M. Bennett Fellow and Dr. F. C;. Mann Fellow. Dr. A. E. Dunstan Fellow is retiring from the post of Chief Chemist to the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company this summer. Sir Ernest W.Smith C.B.E. Fellow has been elected to the Board of Directors of the Romford Gas Company.Professor A. Findlay Past President has been elected Honorary Treasurer of the Chemical Council. Dr. A. L. Roberts Fellow has been appointed Livesey Professor of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries at the University of Leeds. Mr. H. V. Potter Fellow hlanaging Director of Bakelite Ltd. has been elected President of the Institute of the Plastics Industry. Dr. Alexander Fleck Fellow who has been responsible for the agricultural activities of I.C.I. since 1944 has been appointed Chairman of Scottish Agricultural Industries following the retirement of Mr. H. D. Rutchart. Dr. Leslie Young Fellow has been appointed to a Readership in Biochemistry at University College London and is returning from Toronto to take up this post.Mr. E. Bailey Fellow has been appointed Deputy Principal and Head of the Engin- eering and Science Departments County Technical College Worksop as from 1January 1947. . Mr. G. W. J. Bradley Fellow Director of the Grassmoor Co. Ltd. has been appointed Carbonisation Officer to the East Midland Division of the National Coal Board. Mr. J. R. Rowland Associate has taken over the headship of the Science Department of Nottingham and District Technical College. Dr. J. A. Lovern Fellow Senior Scientific Officer at the Torry Research Station Aberdeen has been awarded the Medal of the University of I>iverpool Chemical Society the gift of Mrs. H. E. Potts in memory of her late husband. The Chemical Society.-The office of General Secretary has been filled by the appoint- ment of Mr.L. R. Batten 0.B.E . B.Sc. LL.B. Barrister-at-Law following the resigna- tion of Dr. D. C. Martin to become Assistant Secretary to the Royal Society (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 VI 284). The address of the Editor of the Society’s publica- tions (Dr. J. E. Driver) has been changed from Burlington House to “The Chemical Society Huxley Building Imperial College Exhibition Road London S.W.7.” COMING EVENTS (See also “Annoncements” below) April OF PETROLEUM: 9 THEINSTITUTE “ Aromatics from Petroleum.” Dr. H. Steiner at Mansm House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (London Section) “The Application of Microscopy to the Textile Field.” Dr. G. L. Koyer in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6 p.m.9-10 FARADAY General Discussion on “Electrode Processes,” at the University SOCIETY Manchester commencing at 10 a.m. each day. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “The Behaviour of Sulphur Compounds in Seaweed Animals and Moulds.” Professor F. Challenger 11 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section). INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL Twenty-fifth Annual Corporate Meeting INSTITUTION ENGINEERS. at the Connaught Rooms London W.C.2. [ 85 1 April 11 SOCIETY (Scottish Section) ‘‘ The Application of Micro- OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS scopy to the Textile Field.” Dr. G. L. Royer at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 14 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Chemistry and Autarchy.” Profewor R.P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL I‘ Adhesion of Electrodeposited Nickel to Aluminium Alloys prepared by the Zincate Methbd.” Mr. W. Bullough and Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute St. John Street London E.C. 1. 15 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Advisory Chemist INDUSTRY and Problems in Crop Production.” Dr. N. Pizer in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W. 7 at 2.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTION OF MINING AND METALLURGY:The First Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture of the Institution on “The History and Prevention of Silicosis with special reference to the Witwatersrand.” Major-General A.J. Orenstein at the Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l. 16 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Trends in Cereal Chemistry in America and Elsewhere.” Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones at the Wellcome Research Institution 183-193 Euston Road London N.W.l at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne and North- East Coast Section of the Institute. Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 16-17 THEINSTITUTION OF MININGENGINEERS and THE INSTITUTION OF METALLURGY Conference on Silicosis Pneumokoniosis and Dust Suppression in Mines at The Royal Institution 21 Albeniarle Street London W.l.To be opened by the Minister of Fuel and Power at 10.30 a.m. on 16 April. 17 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section); jointly with the Institute of Fuel “Tech- nical Education in America.” Mr. F. H. Cotton at Leicester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Discussion on “Electrolytic Solutions,” at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “Modern INDUSTRY Road Construction in Concrete.’ Mr. W. P. Andrews at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 18 The Institute Anniversary Luncheon at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2.Lecture at 3.15 p.m. on “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry,’ by Professor H. J. Emeleus F.R.S. preceding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute at 5.15 p.m. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. (For further particulars see page 88.) SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys To-day.” Mr. G. W. Lacey at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Plastics Group) jointly with the Birmingham INDUSTRY and Midlands Section of the Institute “Vinylidene Chloride and its Polymers.” Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Chamber of Commerce New Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: INSTITUTION at the Bell Hotel Leicester at 7.30 p.m.19 THE INSTITUTE: (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Dinner-Dance at Lysbeth Hall Soh0 Square W.l at 6 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Some Aspects of Benzene Substitu- tion.” Professor Brynmor Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.45 p.m. SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS (Biological Methods Group) Symposium on Laboratory Animals (2nd meeting) at the Royal Society of Medicine Wimpole Street London W. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Group Annual Meeting followed OF PHYSICS by lecture on “Electron Multipliers” by Mr. S. Rodda in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. [ 86 3 April 23 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastlelupon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Mr.J. C. Finlay in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual General Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “ Measurement of Grain Size.” Dr. E. Sharratt at the Technical College Stoke-on-Trent at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Meeting in London. OF PHYSICS (Manchester Section) “ Studies in Rayon SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Dyeing-Application of the Dyeometer.” Dr. G. L. Koyer in the Lecture Theatre Gas Department Showrooms Manchester at 6.30 p.m.(postponed from 18 April). 26 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Meeting in Manchester at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (N.W. Branch) “Process Costing and Cost Control.” Mr. J. Maddock at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Derby) Visit to Ladybower Reservoir. Meet at the Moon Hotel Spondon at 1.30 p.m. 28 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry SOCIETY Lecture Theatre of King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. (Previously wrongly reported as being on 26 April.) 29 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY(Scientific and Technical Group) “The Latent Image in the Test Tube.” Dr.E. E. Loening at 16 Princes Gate S.W.7,at 7 p.m. May SOCIETY: 1 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.30 p.m. ANALYSTS CHEMISTS (Physical 2 SOCIETYOF PUBLIC AND OTHER ANALYTICAL Methods Group) Papers on Physical Methods of Gas Analysis by Dr. C. E. Ransley Mr. W. J. Gooderham and Dr. M. Akhtar in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Xewcastle upon Tyne. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “ Plant Hormones with special reference to Selective Weed Killers,” by Dr. E. Holmes in the Chemical Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London M:. 1. OF CHEMICAL “ 6 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:The Re-Use of Waste Liquors in Indus- trial Processes.” Dr.B. A. Southgate in the Geological Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 7 INSTITUTE PETROLEUM: OF “ The Development of Hydrogenation and Fischer- Tropsch Processes in Germany.” Major Kenneth Gordon at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 9 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “ Experiences of an Alkali Inspector.” Mr. W. A. Damon in the Geological Society’s rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry “ The Science of Meat.” Mr. H. Thornton in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m.15 Chemical Society Ernst Cohen Memorial Lecture announced for this date has been postponed. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“ Some Relationships between the Structure and Properties of Natural and Synthetic Fibres.” Professor J. B. Speakman at the University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. (postponed from 30 January). SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) Annual General Meeting followed by lecture on “Sawdust-Cement and other Sawdust Building Products,” by Dr. T. W. Parker at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section). 23 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Scottish Tour. 24 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Low Temperature Research Station Cambridge.[ 87 1 May ASSOCIATION 28 BRITISH OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “ Vitamins.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. June 4 and 12 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to the Laboratories British Launderers’ Research Association Hendon. 5 CHEMICALSOCIETY: Scientific meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London U7.1,at 7.30 p.m. 6 and 7 INSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopic Group) Papers on Spectro- OF PHYSICS scopic Analysis of Soils and Metallurgical Spectrographic Analysis; Works Visit at Glasgon-. 11 IXSTITUTE OF PETRoLEuar “ The Use of Petroleum Products in the Printing Ink and Allied Industries.” Dr.A. C. Healey and Dr. L. Ivanovszky at Manson House 26 Portland Place London IV.1 at 5.30 p.m. OF PHYSICS 14 INSTITUTE (Electronics Group) Summer meeting on “ Cathode Emis- sion.” In London. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) meeting in the Technical College Coventry at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Pharma- ceutical Specialities (May (E Baker Ltd.) Dagenham. 20 The Institute “Kutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experi- ence.” Eleventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture by Sir jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1. at 6.30 D.m.July 2-3 IRISHCHEMICAL (Dublin and District Section) : ASSOCIATIONand THE INSTITUTE “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” Collo- quium in Dublin (see p. 89). 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Golf Competition Addington Place Golf Club Croydon. 7-12 THEINSTITUTE (Scottish Sections) “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives’’ Symposium at St. Andrews (see p. 89). 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Beecham Research Laboratories Brockham Park. (See also “Announcements” below especially “Iwiportant Events in 1947.”) ANNOUNCEMENTS ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE 18 APRIL 1947 The Anniversary Luncheon will be held at the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London W.C.2 (near Holborn Station) at 12.30 for 1 p.m.Apart from a small number of official guests attendance is limited to Fellows Associates and Registered Students. Application for tickets (price 15s.) should have been made on the appro- priate form sent with Part I of this JOURNAL. Further applications will be accepted if accommodation permits. A lecture entitled “ Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry ” will be delivered by Professor H. j. Emeleus F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.1 at 3.15 p.m. Owing to limitation of accommodation admission will be by ticket and open only to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute. Applications for tickets have been greatly in excess of the available acconi- modation and no further allocations can be made.The Sixty-Ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Rooms of the Royal Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.15 p.m. on 18 April. Notice of meeting and the agenda are being sent to all Fellows and Associates with this issue of the JOURNAL. The ballot paper for the election of Officers and General Members of Council was issued with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I. In the ballot paper the Local Section to which Professor Louis Hunter is attached was given as “Leicester” instead of “East Midlands.” The word “Leicester” should have been placed in parentheses after the name of this candidate in order to show that his registered address is in that city.[ 881 EXAM1NATIONS Examinations will be held in September 1947 as follows:- For the Associateship-during the week commencing 16 September in London and in Glasgow. Candidates who have not yet been accepted must forward their appli- cations to be received not later than Monday 9 June and should do so earlier if possible. Entry forms will be issued in due course to all candidates who have been accepted or whose applications are under consideration. These should be returned together with the examination fee as soon as possible thereafter and in any event not later than Monday 7 July. No entry can be accepted if received after that date. For the Fellowship-during the week commencing Monday 22 September. Last dates for application and entry are as for the -4ssociateship i.e.Monday 9 June and Monday 7 July respectively. G LUCKSTEIN ME M 0RIAL LECTU RE The series of Gluckstein Memorial Lectures is being resumed after the interval due to the war and the eleventh Lecture in the series entitled “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the light of War-time Experience,” will be delivered by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l on Friday 20 June 1947 at 5.30 p.m. Admission will be without ticket. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to open on 5 May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich Birmingham. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1947.Irish Chemical Association and Royal Institute of Chemistry Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.”-The Dublin and District Section of the Institute is concerned jointly with the Irish Chemical Associa- tion in the arrangement of this Colloquium which will be held in Dublin on 2-3 July. Sessions will be devoted to a General Survey of the Subject opened by Dr. J. L. Simon-sen F.R.S.; “Seaweed,” with opening address by Professor J. B. Speakman; “Carbo- hydrates,” opened by Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. The President of Eire and Bean Ui Cheallaigh will hold a reception at Arus an Uachtarain for those attending the Colloquium.Members of the Institute wishing to attend should communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Dublin and Ilistrict Section Mr. H. D. Thornton City Laboratorv Castle Street Dublin. 8th In te r nat ional Man age men t Cong ress.-The British Management Council has announced that the Congress will be held on 3-8 July 1947 in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.”-This Symposium is being arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at the University of St. Andrews on 7-12 July 1947 and forms part of the general programme of Scientific Courses Conferences and Symposia to be organised under the auspices of the Institute at appropriate places and times in the future.The purpose of this Symposium is to provide industrial scientists and others with a comprehensive survey of developments that have taken place in organic chemical industry. It will be organised in three parts the first will be concerned with coal and oil resources the second with chemical synthesis and the third with physico-chemical problems of polymerisation. Both academic and industrial aspects of the subjects will be considered each lecture will be followed by a short interval for discussion and on the last day there will be a general discussion and review of the whole field. -2detailed programme Will be available later. Tours of St. Andrews and the surrounding country and a number of social events are being arranged in connection with the Symposium.Further particulars were given on a leaflet accompanying Part I of the Journal. Those who propose to attend should complete the form attached to that leaflet and return it to the Assistant Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.1. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations.-The Programme of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society on 15-17 July 1947 has now been published. These Celebrations which but for the war would have taken place in 1041 are marked [ 891 by a number of important events emyhasising the position of the Society and of chemis-try in Britain to-day. The Society was the first of its kind in the world and the history of the first 100 years of its life is one of which it may justly be proud.This is indeed recognised in the programme and in the list of individuals and societies participating. Delegates from many countries will be attending and formal addresses of congratulation will be presented. His Majesty’s Government are to mark the occasion by entertaining the overseas delegates to luncheon and by giving a garden party at Hampton Court Palace to the Fellows of the Society and members of the XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which is to follow the Celebrations. By means of a Dinner to be given by the University of London and a Reception by the Royal Society to the Chemical Society and the Congress the academic world and the senior scientific society of Great Britain will contribute to the occasion. The Royal Institution will give a Sherry Party on 17 July to distinguished visitors from overseas.The principal social event at which the Society will be host is the Centenary Dinner and it is expected that many distinguished guests will be present The scientific events of the programme include the Faraday Lecture to be delivered by Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society lectures of a historical nature and visits to places of scientific interest in the London area. An exhibition in the Science Museum South Kensington which will be open to the public until the end of September will illustrate the achievements of British chemistry during the past 100 years and its importance to the everyday life of the community. Further particulars concerning the celebrations may be obtained from The General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Xlth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.-A few days before leaving England on his State visit to South Africa H.M. the King granted His Royal Patronage to the Congress which will be held in London from 17-24 July. The Congress will be organised in the following sections:-(1) Inorganic and Geo- chemistry; (2) Physical chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9) Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be addressed to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 56 Victoria Street London S.W.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is LZ. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22-26 July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at the Hague on 2-9 September 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the office of the British National Committee 201-2,Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2.British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will take place in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.S. The programme of Section B (Chemistry) of which Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. is President will include the Presidential Address on “Science in the Colonies” and discussions on “Insecticides,” “Penicillin and Other Anti-biotics,” “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland,” “Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology.” Several of these discussions will be held jointly with other Sections. International Elect rode posi t ion Confe rence.-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London but has been postponed from May to the third week in September.Particulars may be obtained from the office of the Society 27 Islington High Street London N.l. Institute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J. Thomson O.M. and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions is being arranged for 25-26 September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Museum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins.[ 90 1 SCIENTIFIC COURSES Particulars of the following have been received :-Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed’’ in Dublin.-See p. 89. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” at the University of St. Andrews.-See p. 89. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids. The courses will be held from 16 to 23 August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it.Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge. Summer School in Metal Physics at the University of Cambridge.-The School will provide an introduction to the application of physical methods to the examination and utilisation of metals and is intended for those whose researches require a more physical approach than is usual in ordinary metallurgical and engineering practice. The lectures and demonstrations will deal with the application of X-ray methods in the examination of metals and with physical and mechanical properties of metals.An elementary knowledge of X-ray diffraction methods and of crystal symmetry will be assumed. The School will be held from 1 to 12 September inclusive. Further particulars may be obtained from Mr. G. F. Hickson M.A. Secretary of the Board of Extra-Mural Studies Stuart House Cambridge to whom the completed application form should be returned not later than 7 June. Summer School in Optical-Crystallographic Methods at University College Swansea.-The Course which will be held from 1to 12 September will cover the theory and practice of the use of the polarising microscope in chemistry and other branches of science and technology. The special requirements of individual students will be taken into account as far as possible.Further particulars may be obtained from the Registrar University College Singleton Park Swansea. Refresher Course on “Transformations in Solid Metals and Alloys ” at Derby.-The course is being held by the Institution of Metallurgists on 5-7 September at the L.M.S. School of Transport Derby. Accommodation is available at the School and the total charge will be between L3 and L4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Metallurgists 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. OTHE R AN N0UNCEM ENTS Pasteur Exhibition.-The Exhibition which will be held at the Science Museum South Kensington from 10 April to 26 May includes a chronological account of the chemical and biological work of Louis Pasteur on fermentation putrefaction the spontaneous generation of life and on the germs of numerous diseases of men animals and plants.The results of his work are illustrated by panels dealing with pasteurisation in the brewing and other industries and the raising of disease-free silk-worms. The Science Museum is open admission free from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays including Saturdays and Bank Holidays and from 2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. on Sundays. Lectures on “The Presentation of Technical Information.” A series of four lectures on this subject will be given by Professor Reginald 0. Kapp Dean of the Faculty of Engineering in the University of London on Fridays 25 April 2 9 and 16 May at 5.45 p.m. at University College Gower Street London W.C.l. Admission is free and without ticket. University of Glasgow Bicentenary of the Institution of a Lectureship in Chemis- try.-The bicentenary of the institution of a Lectureship in Chemistry falls during the present University session.Dr. William Cullen was appointed in 1747 and held the Lectureship for 9 years being succeeded by Dr. Joseph Black in 1756. To celebrate the bicentenary four lectures will be given in the Department of Chemistry at 7.30 p.m. on Fridays during May as follows 9 May by Dr. Douglas Guthrie F.R.S.E. on “ TVilliam Cullen and His Times ”; 16 May by Professor John Read F.R.S.,on ‘‘ Joseph t 91 1 Black the Teacher and the Man ”; 23 May by Dr. Alexander Fleck on “ Scottish Industrial Development of the Cullen-Black Period”; 30 May by Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. on “ Glasgow Chemistry in the Twentieth Century.” Ramsay Memorial Fellowship Trust.-The Provost of University College London Dr.D. R. Pye will give the Annual Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Dinner on Thursday 26 June 1947. All former Ramsay Fellows whose present addresses are known to the Trustees will be invited and it is hoped that all Fellows who failed to receive invitations to the Dinner last year will send their present address to the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street London W.C.1 as soon as possible. The Honorary Secretaries would like to hear from all former Ramsay Fellows con- cerning themselves and their work and will be glad to see any Fellow who may be able to visit them at University College London.Design and Production of X-ray Tubes for Crystallographic Pbrposes.-The X-ray Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics has recently established an X-ray Tube Panel under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Taylor. The Panel will review existing and projected X-ray tubes and X-ray tube production in this country and where supply or quality is not satisfactory specifications will be prepared for the type of tube concerned and production or improvement will be encouraged by appropriate means. Anyone interested in X-ray tubes for crystallographic purposes who is not a member of the X-ray Analysis Group and who wishes to ensure that his views and requirements are considered is invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary of the Panel Mr. J. N. Kellar A.Inst.P.Crystallographic Laboratory Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. University of London Turner and Newall Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normally of the value of LSOO per annum. The Fellow- ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects. A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works. Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947 but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint- ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations an application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C.1 and applications must be received at that address not later than 30 April 1947.Dr. Dyson’s System of Ciphering Organic Compounds.-A fuller account of the system outlined in Dr. Dyson’s lecture published by the Institute towards the end of last year has now been published as a monograph entitled “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Chemistry,” Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1947 7s. 6d. net