THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOUNDED 1877 INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1886 Patron -H.M. THE KING JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS PART 111 1945 Publications Committee 1945-46 F. P. Dunn (Chairman),A. L. Bacharach F. Challenger R. C. Chirnside L. Eynon, Alexander Findlay (President) Osman Jones D. Jordan-Lloyd H. Moore and J. H. Quastel Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee H. J. T.ELLINGHAM Secretary. 30 RUSSELLSQUARE W.C.1 LONDON Jane 1945 Proceedings of the Council Council Meeting 20th April 1945.-The Committee on Economic Status and Welfare with terms of reference previously approved (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11 p. 81),was appointed as follows:-The President with Dr.J. F. J. Dippy Dr. L. H. Lampitt Dr. G. Roche Lynch Sir Robert Pickard Mr. A. J. Prince and Professor W. Wardlaw. The Report of the Finance and House Committee was received and adopted including a recommendation that a sum of &,ooo be invested on general account. It was decided that after the end of 1945no publications will be issued to members who are more that fourteen months in arrear in payment of their annual subscriptions. In adopting the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee it was agreed that in view of the generous co-operation of Reed’s School in the education of a number of children of Fellows and Associates the annual contribution to that School be increased from t75 to fs~oo. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (23rd March) was received and adopted and the recommendations for admis- sion to Studentship and to Examination and for election to the Associate- ship and Fellowship were approved.The Council received a report on correspondence with the Ministry of Health regarding loss of work suffered by consultants through the operation of Emergency Public Health Laboratories. In view of the Minister’s promise to consult the Institute and the Society on the general question of the part to be played by chemists in connection with the safeguarding of water supplies and other aspects of public health policy it was agreed subject to the concurrence of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists that the terms of reference of the existing Joint Committee of the two bodies be extended to cover the consideration of all developments affecting responsibility for the chemical and bacteriological examination of water.A suggestion received from the Leeds Area Section that details of cases in which the Institute had taken successful action over unsatisfactory salaries and similar matters should be published from time to time without mention of names was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. On the recommendation of the Publications and Library Committee it was agreed that following a protest by the South Yorkshire Section regarding an entry in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944,Part VI extracts from the press would not be published in future without due safeguards against inaccuracies or undesirable implications.Arising from an inquiry from the Birmingham and Midlands Section as to the possibility of reprinting Mr. Woollatt’s Chemical Engineering Notes originally issued in connection with a lecture course the Council endorsed the following conclusions of the Publications Committee :-No objection can be taken to a Section issuing printed copies of notes on a lecture course arranged by the Section provided that such copies are issued to members taking the course without charge other than that made for attending the course for in these circumstances the issue of such notes would not be regarded asconstitutingpublication. On the other hand if matter of this kind were printed or reprinted for sale by the Institute or by one of its Sections the Institute would thereby be assuming responsibilities as a publisher in a field of publication different from that covered by its normal activities where its publications are issued free to all members.[ 94 3 It was agreed therefore that the proposal to reprint Mr. Woollatt’s Chemical Engineering Notes should not be approved. The Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee has undertaken to prepare a statement setting out conditions of publication appropriate to the Institute and it was agreed that this statement should be referred t‘o the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. Approval was given to a recommendation of the Chemical Council “That the Constituent Bodies approve the co-option of two representatives of the Faraday Society as Members of the Chemical Council under similar condi- tions to the other Bodies.” It is understood that the Faraday Society wishes to come under the scheme of co-operation for publications; and that if this recommendation is accepted by the three Constituent Bodies the Chemical Council will draw up a scheme acceptable to the bodies concerned.The Council received and considered a letter from the Leeds Area Section asking for guidance as to policy with regard to the holding of joint meetings with the Association of Scientific Workers or the British Association of Chemists. The position taken up by the Council on a3rd July 1943 was confirmed i.e. there is no objection to Local Sections holding meetings with bodies with Trade Union interests provided that such meetings are held for the discussion only of matters of scientific interest and not for political propaganda.Council Meeting 25th May 1945.-The Committee on Revision of Charter and By-laws at its first meeting made a preliminary survey of the work to be done. The Committees of Council and certain Special Com- mittees have been invited to furnish suggestions as to desirable changes in the Charter and By-laws connected with their respective fields of work. Following a suggestion from the Leeds Area Section the attention of the Publications Committee has been drawn to the desirability of providing as soon as conditions permit more information on the proceedings of Council either by extension of the existing reports or by the inclusion of special articles on questions of major interest.The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists has agreed to the proposed extension of the terms of reference of the Joint Committee with the Institute (see previous Report above). Resolutions from the Cardiff and District Section and the South MY’ales Section (see p. 102)concerning possible changes in regional representation on Council under the proposed new By-laws (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part I p. 39) were referred to the Annual Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections and for subsequent consideration by the Committee on Revision of the Charter and By-laws. A resolution by the South Wales Section that for the better guidance of members a fuller description of each candidate for election to Council should be circulated was referred to the same bodies.In the Report of the Finance and House Committee which was adopted reference was made to proposed revision of the scale of the Life Composition fees; revision of insurances in relation to increased values; staff pensions; and the possibilities of utilising more effectively the house accommodation at 30 Russell Square with special reference to the use to be made of the laboratory and of the meeting room both of which are inadequate for the purposes for which they were originally intended. c 951 Following an enquiry from the Liverpool and North-Western Section it was agreed that travelling expenses could be claimed by the Chairman the Honorary Secretary and the Recorder of a Section in respect of a meeting of the Section held within the area of the Section but at centres other than that at which the Officer concerned resides.Consideration was given to the possibility of arrangements being made with the Banks to enable members to be relieved of Bank charges on their personal accounts ; but it was concluded that in present circumstances such concessions would be unlikely to be granted in respect of members of the Institute and that if they were granted their value would probably be negligible. It was decided therefore not to proceed further with the matter at the present time. From the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee it was learned with satisfaction that in the last six months 75 new Deeds of Covenant representing a gross additional annual income of kgz IOS.,had been executed by members of the Institute.The Council welcomed a suggestion from a Fellow that other members might like to follow his example in sending to the fund a donation representing one shilling for each year of his membership as a thankoffering for the end of the European War. A Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 20th April and a Special Report on matters sent forward from a meeting of the Board of Examiners on 16th May were received and adopted. A request from the Institute of Physics to be allowed to use the document entitled “Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1945 Part 11 pp.82-85) as the basis of a similar document for physicists was approved. Consideration was given to a protest from a Fellow against the inclusion of clause 5 in this document but it was agreed that the clause did not impose an unreasonable restraint on a chemist in full time employment and that its inclusion was justified. The Council approved arrangements that were being made for the issue of a form to be completed by Fellows and Associates who are principals in independent consulting practices and agreed that the form should be sent out with JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111 which should contain a short note on the purpose of the enquiry (see p. 98). The Council learned with regret that the Minister of Health was not prepared to consider claims for compensation in respect of loss of work by private practitioners through the operation of Emergency Public Health Laboratories.Arrangements have been made however for representatives of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists to discuss with the Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health proposals under consideration for the establishment of a public health laboratory service on a national basis as part of the post-war health services. This should afford an opportunity for emphasising the importance in the national interest of the part that should be played by chemists in the safeguarding of water supplies and other public health services.In a Report of the Appointments Committee which was adopted con- sideration was given to means for enabling members and Registered Students at present serving in the Forces or holding temporary war-time appoint- ments to secure permanent appointments when demobilised or released (see special note on page 98). [961 The Council received a draft memorandum drawn up by the Joint Council of Professional Scientists setting forth principles of recommended codes of practice in respect of consulting work by scientists. The purpose of the document is to indicate how scientists of various classes (private practitioners members of the staffs of universities and technical colleges etc.) may most appropriately use their knowledge and experience in advising or assisting industry.The general terms of the memorandum were approved and its issue as an agreed statement by the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics was authorised subject to any drafting amendments to be made by the Joint Council and to the concurrence of the Institute of Physics. Recommendations by the Publications and Library Committee on future policy with regard to the Institute’s library were adopted. The purpose of the recommendations is to provide for the maintenance at 30 Russell Square of a small but well organised library consisting of certain reference books and up to date textbooks and complete runs of a few standard period- icals and to bring a complete schedule of the actual contents of this special library to the notice of members and students from time to time.In adopting this recommendation the Council accepts the now well-established position that members and students of the Institute have access to the com- prehensive library of the Chemical Society to the maintenance of which the Institute makes a substantial contribution under the co-operation scheme and will use it as the general library for consultation and borrowing of books but considers that a useful purpose would be served by providing at 30 Russell Square a limited special reference library of known content. A reply was received from the Ministry of Education to the Council’s assertion that it was unsatisfactory to include technological courses in the scheme for Ordinary National Certificates (see Report of Council Meeting 23rd March JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945,Part 11,p.50);and following a suggestion by the Ministry it was agreed to invite Officers of the Ministry to attend part of the June Meeting of the Council in order to explain more fully the views of the Ministry on the questions at issue. With reference to a suggestion by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section that the Council should reconsider its requirements as to “evidence of general education” for admission to the Associateship Exam- ination with a view to giving holders of National Certificates better oppor- tunities of becoming qualified chemists the Council decided that it would be undesirable to make any further concessions in this direction that would involve lowering the standard of preliminary education demanded by the existing regulations.Reports of proceedings at meetings of the Chemical Council in March and April were received and approval was given to a recommendation that publishing societies be asked to establish means of informal contact between editorial staffs and foster informal co-operation between Editors. Arising out of a letter from a former Member of Council regarding lack of representation of the Institute on a particular Government Committee the general question of securing a wider recognition of the professional status and work of the Institute by Government departments was referred to the Committee on Economic Status and Welfare. [ 97 3 Employment in the Post-War Period In response to the enquiry in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1944 Part V p.156 the Institute has now obtained particulars of 275 Fellows or Associates and of 100 Registered Students who hold posts of a temporary character or who are serving in the Forces and who desire assistance in obtaining permanent appointments as soon as they are released or demobilised. All members in administrative positions able to make offers of employment to such members or students who may not be immediately available are asked as soon as they are free from restrictions to communicate with the Registrar who will notify particulars of vacancies to the members and students concerned. Directory of Independent Consultants IMPORTANT NOTICE TO INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS At its meeting on 16th February the Council decided that an up-to-date directory should be prepared of the names and addresses of Fellows and Associates in practice as independent Consultants together with an indication of the general scope of their activities and of any particular fields of work in which they specialise.The intention is that copies of the complete directory which will be revised annually shall be made available to every enquirer and that existence of the directory shall be advertised in the press. The directory will also be printed as an appendix to future issues of the Register of the Institute. The names and particulars of all independent consultants who are members of the Institute will thus be brought to the notice of firms or Government Departments that may have need of their services.In making this decision the Council had in mind not only the interests of consultants but also the wider public interest in securing that after the war industry shall be able readily to obtain the best advice and assistance in the solution of its current problems and in fostering new developments. Thc importance of this aspect of the matter has been confirmed by a request since received from the Department of Scientific and Indus- trial Research for similar particulars of practitioners and of the laboratory facilities which they command with reference to services ranging from purely routine testing to research and development work in connection with new processes. Fellows and Associates who are l’rincipals in an independent consulting practice are invited therefore to complete the accompanying form and to return it to the Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square W.C.I.Returns from members in the British Isles should reach the Secretary not later than 31st July 1945 for incorporation in the first issue of the Directory in the autumn. Returns from members overseas will be held for inclusion in a later issue. Application of Chemistry to the Promotion of Industrial Welfare The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition,1945.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students will recall that Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for five years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare.The whole objective of the Award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. Applications to com- pete for the Prize for 1945 are invited mder the following conditions:- 1. The 1945 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by 1st January 1945. 2. The 1945 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare.A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the Competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary] South Yorkshire Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (A. Taylor Esq. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. c/o Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. Thorncliffe Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31st December] 1945 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competi- tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of industrial welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and con-clusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not with his application.already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. Local Sections The Institute is not responsible /or the views expressed in papers or in speeches read during discussions. Belfast and District.-The Annual GeneraleMeeting of the Section was held in the Carlton Restaurant Belfast on 29th March at 6.15 p.m. Dr. M. H. Hall took the Chair. The Financial Statement and Annual Report were discussed and adopted and suggestions for the programme for next Session were made. The following office-bearers for 1945-46 were elected :-Chairman Dr. E. M. Reid; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honney-man; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee Messrs. W. Bolton W. W. W. Jackson T. C. Shaw and W.A. Smith. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday 28th March 1945. The Chair was taken by Mr. A. Churchman. In moving the Committee’s Annual Report the Chairman referred briefly to new enter- prises which had been undertaken in addition to the normal lecture programme and said that so long as good support continued to be forthcoming the Committee would invite lecturers of high standing. The new Committee was elected as follows:-Chairman Mr. A. Churchman; Vice- Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas; Treasurer Mr. G. H. Edwards; District Member of Council Mr. T. H. Gant; Hon. Secretary Mr. E. M. Joiner; Fellows Mr. J. P. Allchin Dr. L. R. Bishop Dr. S. 13. Carter Mr. Geo. King Dr. H. C. Smith Associates Mr. J.H. Bennitt Mr. A. W. Evans Mr. F. A. Oliver Mr. M. E. D. Windridge. Messrs. F. G. Broughall and E. G. K. kitchett were elected Hon. Auditors. At the conclusion of formal business the meeting discussed the proposed new bye- laws for the election of Members of Council; these were approved. Dr. H. C. Smith drew attention to an appeal for equipment and literature for the liberated countries of Europe and it is expected that some action will be taken in this matter in the near future. On 28th April members of the Section took part in the festivities of Midland Chemists’ Day. The Annual Luncheon was followed by a Family Garden Party in the afternoon and by dancing in the evening. A joint meeting of the Section and the Birmingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on’16th May in the English Theatre of the University when Mr.J. Haslam lectured on “Analytical Chemistry in an Industrial Laboratory.” A summary of this lecture as delivered on 2nd February to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11 p. 76. Cardiff and District.-A lecture on ‘‘-The Occurrence and Significance of the Inorganic Constituents of Coal,” by Dr. H. E. Crossley on 14th March (see summary on p. 107) evoked considerable interest and drew the largest audience the Section has had at a meeting for some years. At the Annual General Meeting held at the Technical College Cardiff on 11th May the following Officers and Committee were elected for the Session 1945-46 :-Chairman Mr.W. D. Williams; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. H. F. Adams; Hon. Auditor Mr. D. Hicks; Committee Mr. J. F. Byrne Dr. N. M. Cullinane Mr. S. U. Evans Mr. J. Ormston Dr. K. Sames Dr. R. Williams and cx-o@cio (as District Member of Council) Mr. R. H. Jones. By invitation of the Chemical Society members of the Section attended the Hugo Miiller Lecture on “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemistry,” by Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S. at University College Cardiff on 24th Iflay. East Midlands.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held at the beginning of April the following Officers and members of Committee were elected for the Session 1945-46:-Chairman Mr. S. W. Atherley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. E. M. Bavin; Hon. Secretary Dr. C. Whitworth; Committee Dr.Miller Mr. Hunter and Mr. Fairgrieve (for Derbyshire) Dr. Hunter and Mr. Bullock (for Leicester-excluding E 1001 Loughborough) Dr. Dyson (for Loughborough) Dr. Barber Mr. Bavin and Mr. Ward (for Nottinghamshire) and Mr. Campbell (for Lincoln) with Mr. Davidson and Mr. North as co-opted members. Dr. Barber was elected Hon. Auditor. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a lecture by Dr. G. Roche Lynch Member of Council entitled “Some Medico-Legal Experiences.’’ Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a committee meeting held on 16th April the resignation of Dr. F. Rumford as Assistant Secretary of the Section on his appoint- ment as Hon. Secretary of the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was received; and appreciation of his services as Assistant Secretary and as a member of committee was recorded.Mr. W. G. Desmond Wright was appointed as his successor. Huddersfie1d.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 20th March in Field’s Cafe Mr. D. Hanson Chairman of the Section presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer were read and approved and Mr. C. E. Randolph was reelected Hon. Auditor. Messrs. T. A. Simmons and R. J. S. Thompson were elected to the vacancies on Committee occasioned by the retirement of Mr. D. Hanson and Miss E. C. Gilmore. The Officers and Committee for the current Session are as follows :-Chairman Mr T. A. Simmons; Hon. Treasurer Mr. A. W. Waller; Hon. Secretary Dr. E. H. Goodyear; Committee Mr. C. Lumb Mr. R. J. S. Thompson Mr.H. S. Peacocke Mr. P. G. Packman Dr. A. E. Everest (Member of Council). Following the business meeting Mr. J. R. Rowlands opened a discussion on “The training of an Organic Chemist.” It was generally agreed that the best training was a sound grounding in fundamental chemistry with practical training in which emphasis was laid on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Mr. R. J. S. Thompson then read a paper on “The Removal of Hydrogen Sulpliide from Coal Gas,” which was followed by a good discussion. A joint meeting with the Huddersfield branch of the Society of Dyers and Colourists was held on 15th May in Collinson’s CafC at which members were entertained to a show of sound films of topical and educational interest provided by the Ministry of Informa- tion.Liverpool and North-Western.-A joint meeting arranged by the British Association of Chemists was held on 23rd February in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre the University of Liverpool with Mr. E. P. McManus in the Chair. Mr. H. W. Rowel1 gave a talk on “The Useful Thermoplastics” which was illustrated by many samples and slides. On 28th February a meeting was held in Wigan at the Mining and Technical College as arranged by Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council. A lecture previously delivered before another Section was given by Professor H. L. Riley on “Coals Cokes and Chars,” a subject most appropriate for the Lancashire coalfield of which Wigan is the centre. Keen interest was shown in the subject matter as evidenced by the discussion which followed particularly by students who comprised a large part of the audience.Many members took the opportunity offered by the Society of Chemical Industry of hearing on 8th March the Hurter Memorial Lecture delivered by Dr. R. E. Slade M.C. Research Controller of Imperial Chemical Industries under the title “Benzene Hexa- chloride-An Insecticide with Outstanding Properties.” A meeting sponsored by Dr. W. Cule Davies was held in the Municipal Technical College Widnes on 10th March when Dr. J. F. J. Dippy gave a lecture on “The Mechan- ism of Condensation Reactions’’ (see summary on p. 107) which was followed by a dis- cussion. This was the first meeting of the Institute at Widnes and 30 members and students were present. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 12th April when the follow- ing were elected to the Committee.-Chairman Mr.P. N. Williams; Vice-Chairman Mr. G. Brearley; Hon. Treasurer Mr. G. W. Beaumont; Hon. Secretary Mr. H. Weather-all; Hon. Recorder Dr. G. P. Gibson; Assistant Secretary Mr. E. Reid; Committee Mr. W. E. Frankenburg Mr. E. Meyer Dr. J. B. Firth and Mr. L. V. Cocks. Mr. L. V. Cocks and Mr. B. D. W. Luff were appointed Hon. Auditors. The Treasurer presented a brief financial statement which included for the first time expenses incurred by meetings held at Wigan and Widnes. The business of the meeting was preceded by a dinner at Reece’s Restaurant and was followed by an entertainment arranged by Mr. Weatherall. Lady guests were invited to the social part of the programme and the artists were mainly members of the Section.[ 101 1 Newcastle upon Tyne and N.E. Coast.-The Twenty-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne on 16th May under the Chairmanship of Dr. G. E. Stephenson. The Annual Reports of the Com- mittee and the Hon. Treasurer were received and adopted and Dr. P. L. Robinson and Mr. W. Lawson were elected Hon. Auditors. Dr. C. W. Gibby and Mr. M. A. W. Brown were elected to vacancies on the Committee which is constituted as follows for 1945-46:-Dr. J. H. Jones Chairman; Dr. W. M. Madgin Hon. Treasurer; H. E. Blayden Hon. Secretary M. A. W. Brown W. A. Campbell Professor G. R. Clemo (ex-oflcio,Member of Council) Dr. C. W. Gibby. Dr. C. W. Shacklock Dr.G. E. Stephen-son Dr. W. s. Patterson. Following the business of the Annual General Meeting an open discussion on “Education in Chemistry” was introduced by Dr. W. S. Patterson. The discussion which was well attended ranged over a wide field and many members contributed to it. South Wales.-The 27th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27th April at the nlackworth Hotel Swansea Dr. L. E. Hinkel presiding. The Annual Report and Financial Statement from the Committee was received and adopted. Officers and Members of the Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman Dr. L. E. Hinkel ; Honorary Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling ; Committee Professor J. E. Coates Messrs. R. 0. Bishop C. J. Bloomfield D. L. Phillips E. C. Roper and E.Thornton. Messrs. G. Made1 and J. W. Adye were elected as Honorary Auditors. Mr. R. H. Jones District Member of Council spoke on Council activities and the meeting then discussed the proposed changes in the By-Laws concerning the Constitu- tion of the Council and the Nomination and Election of Members of Council. The following resolutions were adopted unanimously for submission to the Council :-“That for the better guidance of members a much fuller description of each candidate for election should be circulated including for example the candidate’s age details of his experience as a chemist details of any activities in other chemical or scientific organisations and other details which the candidate might submit subject to the approval of the Council.” “That general approval be given to the proposed alterations in the By-Laws subject to the inclusion of the suggestion embodied in the previous resolution.” Since the present District of Wales and the County of Monmouth has a distinct entity on national educational and geographical bases the following resolution was also adopted :-“That in the form of District or Regional representation agreed upon under the proposed changes in the By-Laws Wales and the County of lLlonmouth should remain as a single electing unit and retain a representative on the Council.” On 24th May members attended a meeting by invitation of the Chemical Society which was held at University College Cardiff with Professor J.E. Coates presiding when Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S.delivered the Hugo Miiller lecture on “The Past and Future of Crystal Chemistry.” Tees-Side.-On 29th April Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council spoke to a large audience on the subject “Modern Views on Some Condensation Reactions,” (see Sum-mary p. 107) ; a keen discussion followed. The Annual General Meeting was held on 9th April. The following Committee and Honorary Officers were declared for the year 1945-46:-Messrs. C. Walker A. T. S. Zealley E. A. Blench Charles Wilson E. G. Rutter H. S. V’ood E. R. H. Davies C. R. Groves M. Guter (Hon. Treasurer) H. N. Wilson (ex-oficio,District Member of Council) A. J. Prince (ex-oficio General Member of Council) F. K. Williams (Hon. Secretary). Drs. J. S. Dunn and G. I. Higson were elected honorary treasurers; the latter is also almoner for the district.Mr. A. J Prince is chairman of the Section for the year and Mr. Walker deputy-chairman. Mr. Charles Wilson is honorary assistant-secretary. The Annual General Meeting approved a resolution that no honorary secretary or treasurer may hold office for a period Ionger than five years. A discussion on the proposed changes of representation on Council was then initiated by Dr. F. R. Williams. In general the proposals were welcomed although many members made the reservation that the actual geographical division would need careful consideration. Discussion also took place on the period for which a Vice-president might serve on Council. On 3rd May Mr. A. G. Pollard of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry Im- perial College of Science and Technology lectured under the title “Some Aspects of Crop Feeding and the Fertiliser Industry.” A brisk discussion followed the lecture.All three of the above meetings were held at the William Newton School Norton- on-Tees. [ 1021 OVERSEAS SECTIONS Cape of Good Hope.-Two ordinary meetings of the Section were held during 1944. Members of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society were present by invitation on both occasions. On 16th June 1944 a meeting was held in the DepaI-tment of Physical Chemistry University of Cape Town Rondebosch Dr. A. H. Spong Chairman of the Section presiding. Brig. E. McKenzie Taylor C.I.E. M.B.E. Fellow a visitor to the Section gave a most interesting address on “Irrigation Research in the Punjab.” On 18th August 1944 Dr.R. G. Shuttleworth Associate gave a lecture on “Penicillin.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend three meetings held under the auspices of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society:-A lecture by Mr. H. Green Associate on “Some Drugs of Pharmaceutical Interest,” on 19th May 1944; a meeting on 1st September 1944 when Dr. P. R. v. d. R. Copeman of the Government Chemical Laboratories Cape Town spoke on “The Toxicology of some Inorganic Substances” ; a lecture by Mr. A. W. Lategan on “Some Industrial Catalytical Processes with special reference to the Production of Ethyl Alcohol and its Derivatives.” The 20th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Oak Hall Y.R.I.C.A. Cape Town on 23rd February 1945 Dr.A. H. Spong Chairman of the Section presiding. The Reports of the Hon. Secretary and of the Hon. Treasurer for the year 1944-45 were adopted and the following Officers and Committee were elected for the year 1945-46:- Chairman Dr. A. H. Spong; Hon. Secretary Dr. H. M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. J. Kruger; Committee hIembers Dr. W. S. Rapson and Mr. W. H. Seath; Hon. Auditors Dr. P. C. Carman and Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt. The points raised by the recent questionnaire issued by the Council were discussed. Since the questionnaire had reached South Africa too late for members of the Section to return it before the 31st December it was felt desirable that the meeting should send a considered statement of opinion on these subjects to the Council.The following resolutions were passed :-“That a statement should be sent to the Council advising them that this meeting agrees with the opinion expressed by the Council that Associates should not be eligible to serve on the Council.” “That this meeting considers that the Institute should register a third grade of Chemists but it questions the suitability of the definitions laid down in the second schedule to S.R.O. 1940 No. 1293 especially Clause I (c) as a basis for suchregistration.” India.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Nagpur on 3rd January 1945 during the Session of the Indian Science Congress. Dr. Forrester Chairman of the Section presided. Steps are being taken to bring up to date the list of members resident in India with a view to setting up branches in various centres and for the election of representatives from those branches.During the year an attempt had been made to arrange meetings with other societies and joint Easter sessions had been held at Bangalore. It was decided that pending the compilation of an accurate list of members the following Committee of four should be appointed to attend to the general matter of re- organising the Section :-Dr. C. Forrester (Chairman) Mr. K. B. Sen (Hon. Secretary) Dr. G. J. Fowler (of Bangalore) and Dr. Mata Prasad (of Bombay). Dr. R. B. Forster referred to a resolution passed at the Lahore meeting in 1939 regarding the classification of the Indian Universities in respect of admission to the Associateship and stated that apparently nothing had been done in the matter.It was agreed that this matter should be investigated. The Chairman referred to the desirability of colIaborating with the Indian Chemical Society and the Institution of Chemists (India) in the matter of publishing notices of the activities of the Institute. Honorary Corresponding Secretaries East Africa Union of South Africa- Cape Province Transvaal Rhodesia Commonwealth of Australia-New South Wales Queensland South Australia Victoria Western Australia Dominion of Canada- British Columbia Manitoba Nova Scotia Quebec Egypt British Guiana Empire of India Dominion of New Zealand *Straits Settlements and the Far East Professor W.D. Raymond B.Sc.,- Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Medical Laboratory Dar-es-Salaam Tanganyika. Charles Frederick Juritz M.A. DSc. F.R.I.C. Grenoble Avenue Fresnaye Seapoint C.P. James Gray F.R.I.C. P.O. Box 6254 Johannesburg, Transvaal. A. W. Facer B.A. F.R.I.C. Government Analyst’s Laboratory P.O. Box 422 Salisbury Rhodesia. Thomas Cooksey D.Sc. Ph.D. F.A.C.I. F.R.I.C. Board of Health Office Macquarie Street Sydney N.S.W. John Brownlie Henderson O.B.E. F.R. I.C. Palardo Private Bag Miles Queensland. William Arthur Hargreaves M.A. B.C.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. 39 Hackney Road Hackney South Australia. William Ralph Jewell M.Sc. D.Met. F.R.I.C. State Laboratories Gisborne Street E. Melbourne C.2. (Vacant.) Robert Boyd B.Sc. A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o The British Columbia Sugar Refining Co.Ltd. Vancouver. Professor Matthew Archibald Parker DSc. LL.D. F.R.I.C. 365 Waverley Street Winnipeg. Walter Charles Carter F.R.I.C. 84 Charlotte Street Sydney Nova Scotia. Bernard Collitt F.C.I.C. F.R.I.C. c/o Messrs. Jenkins Bros. Ltd. G17 St. Remi Street Montreal. Alfred Lucas O.B.E. B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Turf Club Cairo. Captain Howard Nobbs M.Sc. F.R.I.C. Queen’s College Georgetown. Gilbert John Fowler D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Central Hotel Bangalore India. Bernard Cracroft Aston F.R.I.C. Wellington C. 1. Sir Thomas Hill Easterfield M.A. Bronte Street Nelson. William Rest Mummery F.R.I.C. Box 40 G.P.O. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Dairy Research Institute (N.Z.) Box 867 Palmerston North. Harold James Page M.B.E.B.Sc. F.I.R.I. F.R.I.C. * In enemy occupation. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES Development and Industrial Application of Wetting Agents By A. IT.BILLINGHAME, B.Sc. [South Yorkshire Section at Sheffield 10th February 1945.1 The earlier types of wetting agents such as the ordinary soaps and sulphonated castor oil suffer from a number of disadvantages particularly a lack of stability in the presence of calcium and magnesium compounds and of mineraI acids. The greatly improved properties of the modern wetting agents have been due in a large measure to the successful search for means of improving the stability in the presence of lime and magnesia and of electrolytes generally. The lack of stability is attributed to the readi- ness with which the carboxyl group will react with lime and magnesia and this has been overcome by “blocking” the -COOH group by various means e.g.esterification or amidation of the acid before sulphonating. In a satisfactory wetting agent there must be also a careful balancing of the lyophilic and lyophobic groups in the molecule The lack of balance resulting from the use of a heavy lyophobic grouping is accompanied by a loss of wetting properties. Wetting agents may be classified in three main groups:-(a) anionic (b) cationic (c) non-ionising. With regard to the effect of electrolytes on the detergent properties performance curves illustrate the fact that in general improved detergency is obtained with increase of the ratio of say sodium chloride to wetting agent up to an optimum figure beyond which performance begins to deterorate.With one. of the newer wetting agents-the sodium salt of a sulphonated secondary alchol-the optimum ratio of salt to wetting agent is about 3. Among the applications of wetting agents in industry are their use in alkaline degreasing baths acid pickling processes photographic processes and “laying” of dusts in collieries. A “Simple” Reversible Reaction By JAMES KENDXLL, MA D.Sc. F.R.S. [Tees-side Section at Stockton-on-Tees 23rd February 1945.1 The reaction to be considered is the familiar “esterification-ester hydrolysis,” e.g. CH,COOH + C,H,OH =+CH,COOC,H + H,O. Little is still known with cer-tainty about this reaction in spite of the enormous amount of work done upon it. The action is not analogous to “neutralisation-salt hydrolysis,” but involves the OH of the acid and the H of the alcohol.When the reaction is catalysed in acid solution the rate is not directly proportional to hydrogen-ion concentration and various “solvated hydro- gen ions” have been assumed to be present with different degrees of activity. Addition compounds of diverse types have been shown to exist in the reaction mixture; some of these types (e.g. RCOOR’ -HX) have been isolated. A study of the effect of addition of alcohol to the binary system ethyl acetate-water indicated that deviations from ideality are enormous (see Trans. Faraday Soc. 1937 33,2). Moulds and Animals as Methylating Agents By FREDERICK PH.D.,D.Sc. F.R.I.C. CHALLENGER [East Midlands Section at Derby 2nd March 1945.1 Methylation is a well-recognized method for detoxication in animals.Dogs convert pyridine quinoline and nicotinic acid to methylpyridinium and quinolinium hydroxides and the arnide of trigonelline. respectively. In 1891 Gosio exposed a potato-mash containing arsenious oxide to air when it became infected with moulds and bacteria and evolved a garlic odour (“Gosio-gas”) . A pure culture of one mould (Penicillium brevicaule now termed ScofluEariopsis brevi-cauZis) gave an intense garlic odour on media containing arsenious oxide. Biginelli aspirated the gas from such cultures through mercuric chloride in hydro- chloric acid and from analysis of the precipitate concluded that the gas was diethylarsine. [ 105 1 Klason regarded it as diethylarsine oxide.Wigren showed that the behaviour of these compounds towards acid mercuric chloride solution was different from that of Gosio-gas. A study of Gosio-gas was therefore commenced at Leeds. Bread crumbs were sterilised and inoculated with S. brevicaulis. Sterile aqueous solutions of arsenious oxide were added and a stream of sterile air was passed over the cultures volatile compounds being absorbed in acidified mercuric chloride giving a precipitate of the composition (CH3),As.2HgC12. Gosio-gas is therefore trimethylarsine. Bread cultures containing sodium methylarsonate CH,A4sO(ONa), or sodium cacodylate (CH,),AsO-ONa (free from inorganic arsenic) also evolved trimethylarsine. Addition of the sodium salts of various alkylarsonic acids RAsO(OH), to bread cultures of the mould gave a garlic odour and the gas with Biginelli’s solution gave the mercurichloride of an alkyldimethylarsine RAsMe,.The product from bread cultures of S. brevicaztlis containing sodium selenate or selenite was aspirated through various reagents giving in each instance a derivative of dimethyl selenide. Similar cultures containing potassium tellurite evolved dimethyl telluride charac- terised as mercurichloride and di-iodide. Hansen after swallowing potassium tellurite noticcd a garlic odour in his breath after a few minutes. This lasted for weeks and he was obliged to withdraw himself from society. The garlic odour of the breath of patie,r?s receiving bismuth salts at one time well-known to pharmacists as “bismuth breath is due to the presence of traces of tellurium compounds.KO methylation was observed with sulphur or its common inorganic and organic compounds including thiourea in cultures of S. brevicaulis. Pohl however noticed a leek-like odour in the breatn of animals after injections of thiourea and concluded that the product was an alkyl sulphide. This is interesting in view of the odour recently observed in the breath of patients suffering from hyperthyroidism and receiving thiourea. The conversion of inorganic sulplistes to methyl mercaptan recently observed by Birkinshaw and Findlay with the wood-destroying fungus Schizopltyllztvlz commune is of particular interest. The occurrence of methionine CH,S~CH,CH,CH(NH,)COOH in nature and its relation to cysteine and cystine suggested that compounds containing the -SH or -S-S-links might undergo methylation by moulds.On addition of ethyl and n-propyl disulphides RS-SR to bread cultures the products consisted of the mercaptan RSH the unchanged disulphide RS-SR and a methyl alkyl sulphide IISCH,. The methyl alkyl sulphide was converted to the mercurichloride and to the benzylsulphonium picrate. Di-n-butyl and di-n-amyl disulphides behaved in a similar manner. The fission of the -S-S-link by S. brevicaulis appears to be a general reaction of the simple aliphatic disulphides. Three hypotheses have been suggested to explain methylation by moulds (a) that the methyl group is derived from acetic acid (b) that it is transferred from a methyl donor such as choline methionine or betaine (c) that elimination of formaldehyde takes place from some >NCH compound by way of >NCH,OH.There is little evidence for (a)but when heated betaine can transfer a methyl group to compounds of selenium tellurium and sulphur. Several intermediate compounds postulated by hypotheses (b) and (c) give rise to trimethylarsine or dimethyl selenide in cultures of S.bvevicaulis but a clear-cut decision between the two mechanisms has not been achieved. In 1939 du Vigneaud found that homocystine can replace methionine in the diet of white rats only in presence of choline or betaine. He suggested that a methyl group is transferred from choline or betaine to the sulphur of homocysteine to give methionine and considered that methionine might also act as a methyl donor to a choline precursor.Deuteromethionine containing 83.6 atom per cent. of deuterium in the methyl group was fed to a rat kept on a methionine-choline-free diet for 94 days until the methyl group of the urinary creatinine contained 72.4 atom per cent. of D. The atom per- centage of deuterium in the methyl groups of the choline (isolated from the tissues as the chloroplatinate) was 74.2 and for the tissue creatine 73 representing in each case approximately 85 per cent. of the theoretical amount of deuterium-the “deuterium ratio”-assuming that all the methyl groups came from deuteromethionine. Oxidation of the choline to trimethylamine showed that all the deuterium was contained in the methyl groups. du Vigneaud concludes that the methyl group is transferred as a whole and that dideuteroformaldehydc CD,O is not involved.On the formaldehyde theory of methylation this would react with the amino group of the choline precursor presumably ethanolamine HOCH,CH,NH, to give -NHCD,OH yielding on reduction -NHCD,H and not -NHCD,. Consequently the “deuterium ratio” would have a maximum of 66-6 per cent. The Mechanisms of Condensation Reactions By J. F. J. DIPPY,Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Widnes 10th March 1945; Tee-side Section at Norton 29th March 1945.1 The organic condensations identified as they are with so many famous names have been the subject of much study as indeed their importance merits. For a long time they remained largely shut up in individual compartments more or less regarded as specific reactions.In quite recent years however attempts have been made to suggest rational mechanisms for the most common of them based in the main on the electronic theory of valency and already much success has attended these efforts. The Wurtz-Fittig synthesis of hydrocarbons proceeds in part at least through the intervention of organo-metallic compounds ; an alternative explanation postulates the formation of free radicals. Condensation of iodobenzene by the Ullmann method using a copper catalyst with the elimination of free iodine may follow a similar course. The function of aluminium chloride in the Friedel-Crafts reaction is now understood with reasonable certainty as far as alkylation and acylation of the aromatic nucleus is con- cerned.Reaction proceeds through co-ordination of the aluminium chloride with the alkyl or acyl halide to give a salt-like complex (ionic) as suggested by Meerwein and now confirmed experimentally by Wertyporoch and Fairbrother. The aluminium chloride may react as a catalyst or alternatively if the product of the reaction forms a stable compound with aluminium chloride stoichiometric quantities are required. The explanation may have a broad application to reactions involving carbonyl chloride or hydrogen cyanide and to the rearrangement of the phenolic esters and ethers. Several well-known condensations involve addition at unsaturated linkages notably >C=C< >C=O, -C=N (in particular the carbonyl bond).The aldol con-densation proceeds in this way in the presence of a catalyst which assists ionisation of the reagent; the initial addition may be followed by the subsequent elimination of water and the formation of crotonaldehyde. It is now considered that the Knoevenagel Perkin and Claisen condensations all follow the aldol mechanism and detailed general schemes have been advanced in recent years. It would follow of course that the catalysts used in these condensations (alkali acid piperidine sodium acetate etc.) should be interchangeable and there is some support for this. Certain of the evidence however needs to be further examined and supplemented. Thus for instance it has been shown that in the Perkin condensation anhydrous sodium acetate may be effectively replaced by sodium triphenylmethyl sodium sulphite sodium carbonate etc.but the possi- bility of an equilibrium with acetic anhydride cannot be overlooked; this would lead back to sodium acetate the earlier specific catalyst. With sodium and potassium carbonate it has now been demonstrated that interaction with anhydrous acetic anhy- dride occurs even under perfectly dry conditions there is at least qualitative elimination of carbon dioxide. The Michael reaction furnishes a case of addition at an olefinic link activated by an adjacent carbonyl group e.g. the reaction of ethyl sodiomalonate with cinnamic ester. Any mechanism must provide a basis on which to explain why addition occurs at the 8-position relative to the carbonyl group.The molecule undergoes electromeric change so that the 8-carbon becomes positive and then attracts the negative residue of the ethyl sodio-malonate. The Occurrence and Significance of the Inorganic Constituents of Coal By H. E. CROSSLEY, B.Sc.(Tech.).M.Sc. PH.D. A.R.I.C.,of the Fuel Research Station Department of Scientific and Industrial Research [Cardiff and District Section at Newport 14th March 1945.1 (This summary is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Reseaych.) The three main kinds of minerals associated with coals are the shales or clays carbonates and sulphides. The shaly matter consists mainly of complex silicates such as kaolinite micas and felspars with some quartz. It occurs mainly as bands in or near the coal but it may also be present in more intimate admixture through the coal.The manner of occurrence is important in the cleaning of coal as only the separate minerals can be removed without excessive breakage. [ 107 1 The sulphide minerals consist mainly of iron pyrites but marcassite (also FeSJ may be present. These minerals contribute half to two-thirds of the sulphur in coals and during the war they have been recovered from coals to save imports. The carbonates in coal range from calcite CaCO, through ankerite 2CaC03,MgC03,FeC0, to brass-stone FeCO,. They occur like the sulphides in joints of the coal as separate aggregations and in intimate association with the coal. When coal is burned the shales lose moisture and at higher temperatures silicon is volatilised probably as silicon monoxide.The sulphides yield sulphur dioxide and ferric oxide and the carbonates are converted to sulphates which latter evolve sulphur trioxide at temperatures over 1,000” C. The extent to which this sulphation occurs varies according to the procedure followed in the incineration. In the determination of ash from coal therefore carefully standardised procedures are necessary to ensure the agreement of resuIts between different laboratories and the minimisation of divergence requires the use of special furnaces. There are important associations with the main classes of minerals in coals. Barium occurs with the carbonates and half the world’s demand for witherite (BaCO,) was supplied from a coal mine in Durham.Mispickel FeAs,,FeS, is sometimes associated with the sulphides and the avoidance of this mineral is necessary in the selection of coals for use in the drying of malt. Lead zinc and copper sulphides have also been found in coals with various effects from the toxicity of chimney emissions to the colouring of flames. The phosphorus and fluorine in coals are associated with the shales. They are undesirable when present in excess as they have corrosive and toxic effects. Chlorine occurs in coals mainly as alkali chlorides but sometimes as oxychlorides of the alkaline earths. The chlorides may be partly dispersed through the coal in such a way that they cannot be washed out unless the coal is ground to a particle size of one micron (0.001 mm.).A little chlorine appears to be adsorbed on the surface of particles of coal and this has so far been removed only by electro-dialysis. There is evidence to support the possibility that traces of organically combined chlorine are present in some coals. Relatively large amounts of salt are undesirable in boiler furnaces and producers sometimes contributing to clinkering corrosion and the formation of scales. Traces of about 30 elements some rare can occur as part of the coal substance. Of these germanium is the only one for which a systematic search has been made and this has been recovered from coal ash. The rarer elements in coal are often concen- trated in boiler flue dusts and producer dusts. The trace elements in coal may occur accidentally but it is probable that some of them were essential elements for the life of the vegetation which became coal.It has been suggested that the relatively large amounts of some of the less common elements may be due to their concentration in the leaves of plants as the roots cannot absorb proportional amounts of the adjacent common and less common inorganic compounds. Some of the trace elements in coal may assume importance in the future through having a catalytic action on an industrial process. Books and their Contents Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products. The Institute of Petroleum. Pp. xxxvii + 539. The sixth edition of this standard reference book represents a revision of the volume issued in 1944. It includes a number of additional methods particularly those relating to asphaltic bitumen and the determination of sulphur.Endeavour. No. 14 of Volume IV published in April contains inter alza articles. on “The language of science;” “Rheology the dynamics of real fluids,” by Dr. E. G. Richardson; “Agar-agar and its supply,” by Professor Lily Newton; “Particles Waves and Chemical Formulae,” by Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. April Examinations 1945 Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners April-May 1945 Examinations were held as under :-For the Associateship in General Chemistry. Entered Passed Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor W. Wardlaw. The examination was held in the week commencing Monday 9th April at the Institute in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Man- Chester; some theoretical papers being taken in other centres 85 43* For the Fellowship.The examinations were held in the week commencing Monday 30th April at the Institute and in the Laboratories of the University of London South Kensington except where otherwise stated. Branch A Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Examiner Mr. C. W. Dannatt. At the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines South Kensington .. .. .. .. 2 Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Professor G. M. Bennett 3 With special reference to High Polymers. Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Dr. E. H. Farmer . . .. 1 With special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes.Examiners Professor G. M. Bennett and Professor J. L. Simonsen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. Examiners Dr. H. E. Cox and Dr. C. H. Hampshire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Branch G Industrial Clzemistry. General Examiner Mr. H. W. Crerner. With special reference to Pafier Making. Examiner Dr. H. Ainsworth Harrison at Bolton Lancs. .. .. .. .. 2 With special reference to Power Station Operation and Pvac- tice. Examiner Mr. G. W. Hewson at the Institute and at the Battsea Power Station of the London Power Company .. 1 With special reference to Industrial Water Treatment. Examiner :Mr. G. W. Hewson as above.. .. .. .. 1 Branch H General Analytical Chemistry.Examiner Mr. H. N. Wilson . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Branch I Water Supplies and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efluents. Examiners Mr. S. E. Melling and Dr. E. Ardern, in Manchester . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 -103 54 -* Five candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in the practical part of the examina- tion. t One candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners in only part of the examination. $ Candidates who failed in Branches G and H did so in only part of their examination. The following exercises were given :-Examination €or the Associateship in General Chemistry MONDAY 9th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 $.in. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point. Give fornzulae and equations where possible.) 1.Describe the methods available for determining the molecular weight of a non- volatile organic solid. 0.531 gram of a hydrocarbon when dissolved in 18.4 grams of benzene produced a rise in boiling point of 0.321” C. The elevation constant for 100 grams of benzene is 26.7. 0.1999 gram of the hydrocarbon gave on combustion 0.6850 gram of carbon dioxide and 0.1180 gram of water. Determine the formula and molecular weight of the hydrocarbon. 2. Discuss some of the reactions which occur between carbon monoxide and metallic elements or their compounds. Make special reference to any of the reactions which find practical applications. 3. How are the solubilities of gases and gaseous mixtures in liquids influenced by temperature pressure and chemical nature of the gases ? Discuss these generalisations with respect to the solubility in water of (a) atmos-pheric air (b) sulphur dioxide (c) ammonia.4. Write an account of the peracids of carbon and sulphur and their salts. 5. Give an account of some of the physico-chemical methods employed for investi- gating molecular association. Describe the laboratory technique necessary for carrying out TWO such measurements. 6. Describe the preparation and properties of the hydrides of boron and silicon and discuss their relationship to the corresponding compounds of carbon. 7. Describe experiments in the study of colloids to illustrate (a) their mode of preparation (b) their chief properties. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely and to the point.Give formulae and equations where Possible.) 1. Discuss the stereochemistry of some of the metal-ammines. 2. What is implied by the term “energy of activation.” Explain how it is deter- mined and indicate its significance in the development of our views regarding the mechanism of chemical change. 3. Discuss the analogies and differences which are found to exist amongst the metals chromium molybdenum tungsten and uranium and their compounds. 4. Discuss modern views on the constitution of the atom. 5. Define what is meant by a “chain reaction.” Describe with examples the principal characteristics of reactions of this type. 6. Outline some of the applications of organic compounds to quantitative inorganic 7.Write an essay on EITHER (a)the concept of resonance OR (b)acids and bases. analysis. TUESDAY 10th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only. Answer concisely giving fornzzdae and equations where possible.) 1. Describe exactly how you would prepare a specimen of ethyl acetoacetate in the laboratory. Briefly indicate by formulae how it could be used to make any FOUR of the following :-(a) methyl-n-butylacetic acid ; (b) methyl-,9-phenylethyl ketone; (c) pyruvic aldehyde (niethylglyoxal) ; (d) laevulic acid (e) a hydroxyquinoline. 2. Write a general account of the use of organo-metallic compounds for synthetic purposes giving examples. In what circumstances is zinc used in preference to magnesium? 3. Indicate by formulae and brief notes the steps by which either benzene or toluene may be converted into any SIX of the following :-m-dichlorobenzene P-dinitro-benzene o-nitraniline 2 4-dinitrobenzaldehyde m-hydroxybenzaldehyde p-hydroxy- benzoic acid metanilic acid.4. What products may be obtained from naphthalene by the following processes 6. Give TWO methods by which pyridine or its homologues may be prepared applied once or repeatedly :-(a) nitration; (b) sulphonation; (c) reduction ? c 1101 conveniently from aliphatic substances. What mono-carboxylic acids of pyridine are known and how have their formulae been demonstrated ? 6. Briefly summarise the evidence for the structure of any TWO of the following:- menthone fructose civetone tryptophan.7. Write a short essay on EITHER (a) the separation of optically active substances from inactive mixtures; OR (b) the phthaleins. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translations from French and German technical literature. WEDNESD,4 Y 11th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the weight of acetone present in 1 litre of the solution (A) which contains no other organic substance. You are provided with pure acetone and approxi- mately decinormal solutions of iodine and thiosulphate. 2. Examine the substance (B)with a view to its identification and leave specimens of any derivatives you may isolate. [(Bl) = nz-nitroacetanilide ; (BZ) = p-nitroacetanilide] Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of y o ~ experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form.State your final con- ciusions clearly. THURSDA Y 12th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. From the 8-naphthol provided prepare specimens of (a)the acetyl derivative; (b) the picrate; (c) the benzene-azo-derivative; (d) the 2 4-dinitrophenyl ether. 2. Examine the substance (C) with a view to its identification. [(Cl) = ethylphenyl acetate; (CZ) = benzyl acetate]. Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final con- clusions clearly. FRIDAY 13th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (D) contains sodium chloride and potassium iodide. Determine the number of grams of sodium chloride and the number of grams of potassium iodide in one litre of the solution.You are required to estimate the total halide gravimetrically and the iodide volumetrically using the solid potassium iodate provided. 2. Identify the substances (E) and (F). [(El) = barium sulphate; (E2) = strontium sulphate. (Fl) = manganese chromate; (F2) = nickel ferrocyanide]. SATURDAY 14th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. 1. The solution (G) contains sodium and potassium arsenates. Determine the amount of arsenic in grams present in one litre of the solution. You are provided with a solution of silver nitrate and standard ammonium thiocyanate. 2. Using the alcoholic solution of oxine provided determine the weight of tungsten in I litre of the solution (€3) containing an alkali tungstate.Examinations for the Fellowship Branch A Inorganic Chemistry with special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals ;1IOKDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (Not wore than FOUR questions ave to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the significance of the atomic number of an element. 2. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (u) The existence of free atoms and radicals in chemical reactions. (b) Metallic carbonyls. 3. Give a brief review of the modern theories of metallic corrosion. 4. Discuss some methods which have been employed for the fixation of atmospheric 6. Describe and contrast the properties of the elements sulphur selenium and nitrogen and describe briefly any ONE of the more successful processes.l1113 tellurium. 6. Give a short account of modern views on the formation of inter-metallic com- pounds. 7. Discuss the value and indicate the scope of X-ray analysis in the examination of metallic castings. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Not more lhan FOUR questions are to be attempted.) 1. Describe in reasonable detail how you would propose to carry through the complete analysis of a high-speed tool steel. 2. Discuss the value of physical methods of analysis as applied to the examination of metals. 3. How are non-metallic impurities in steel determined? Discuss the value of the results normally obtained in practice. 4. Give a brief account of the procedure you would recommend for the sampling and complete analysis of a small consignment of ferro-titanium.6. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects- (a) The possible applications of chromatographic analysis to metallurgical problems. (b) The value of micro-chemical methods in metallurgical analysis. 6. What are the principal impurities you would expect to find in a good-grade sample of Muntz metal? Indicate in moderate detail the methods of analysis you would recommend for the routine examination of such a material. 7. How would you determine the major constituents and principal impurities present in a magnesium alloy casting? TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the principal constituents in the given samples of :- (A) Nickel steel or Carbon steel.(B) White bearing metal. 2. Identify and make a complete analysis of sample (C). [(C) = a phosphor bronze.] Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 9.m. (THREE questions to be answered.) 1. Briefly explain the value of any SIX of the following substances as reagents in organic chemistry dimethyl sulphate phenyl isocyanate maleic anhydride 2 4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine aluminium isopropoxide xanthydrol phthalic anhydride selenium dioxide. 2. Review the various possibilities of isomerism which arise for glucose and its derivatives such as the alkyl glucosides gluconic acid and its lactones (but excluding the other hexoses) and indicate the evidence as to the actual occurrence of each.3. Give a brief account of the Beckmann change referring both to the stereochemical 4. Describe the evidence both analytical and synthetical for the accepted structure features and to the mechanism of the reaction. of EITHER limonene OR sylvestrene and in either case discuss its relationship with ONE other naturally occurring substance. 5. Discuss in some detail the structure of ONE of the following:-laudanosine 6. Write an essay on EITHER the Walden Inversion OR the mechanism of hydrolysis tropine cinchonine. of alkyl halides. MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 2 to 6 p.m. (THREE questzoles to be answered.) 1. Give an account of the discovery of the optically active diphenic acids and 2.State the modem view as to the presence of strain in saturated carbon rings 3. The NO and CO groups have similar effects in causing special reactivity in other explain how the phenomenon has been extended to other classes of substance. and describe the work which has been carried out concerning EITHER the isomeric decalins and analogous compounds OR substances having a large-ring structure. r 1121 atoms or groups in the molecule containing them. Give examples to illustrate this and discuss the mechanism of the reactions concerned. 4. State concisely the general laws of substitution in (u) benzene (b) naphthalene, and their derivatives. Give examples of reactions exhibited by aromatic nitro-com- pounds which appear to be abnormal from the general point of view and explain the modern view of these processes.5. Write a general account of EITHER the azo-dyes OR yellow plant pigments (flavones). 6. Discuss Staudinger’s theory of highly polymerised substances referring in your answer to the “polymerides” of formaldehyde isoprene and glucose. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY,1st and 2nd MA Y,1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the saponification number and the iodine value of the given oil. A standard acid and Wijs’ solution are provided. [Olive oil + heavy paraffin]. 2. Identify the substances (A) and (B) leaving specimens of any derivatives you may make. [(Al) = veratraldehyde; (A2) = piperanyl. (Bl) = p-chlorobenzenesulphonicacid (sodium salt) ; (B2) = m-nitrobenzenesulphonic acid (sodium salt) .] THURSDAY and FRIDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. From the given amine (C) prepare a pure specimen of its phthalanil. Determine the nitrogen content of your specimen by the Kjeldahl method. [(Cl) = P-chloroaniline; (C2) = p-toluidine.] 2. Examine the substances (D) and (E) with a view to their identification. [(D) = benzoin. (E) = asparagin.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers MONDA Y,30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seep. 112). 2 to 5 p.m. (FOURquestions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Describe briefly the means employed to bring about industrially the polymeris- ation of (a) butadiene and (b)butadiene with styrene. Two specimens of butadiene-styrene co-polymer (GR-S rubber) of the same nominal styrene content are found to differ considerably in physical properties.Describe the experiments you would undertake in order to determine so far as possible what structural factors (if any) are responsible for the differences observed. 2. Give an account of the researches referred to in the following quotation “The production of Nylon yarn for textiles represents the finale of a brilliant research pro- gramme by Carothers and his associates who set out to build up a fibre based on the classical researches of Fischer and Abderhalden into the structure of polypeptides and proteins.” 3. What is meant by functionality in connexion with poly-condensation and poly- mensation processes? Illustrate your answer by examples drawn from the chemistry of well knowrl groups of synthetic resins.4. The properties of naturally-occurring high-molecular-weight materials can often be usefully altered by chemical (i.e. structural) modification of the materials. Describe several examples of such modification giving details of the chemical processes involved and ofany special precautions necessary to overcome inherent difficulties. 6. Describe briefly the practical way in which phenol-formaldehyde resins are formed and as fully as possible the nature of the reactions which are believed to be responsible for the formation of the resinous bodies. 6. Discuss the chemical basis of vulcanisation processes. Illustrate your answer by reference to natural rubber butyl rubber and thiokol A.TUESDAY to FRIDA Y,1st to 4th MA Y,1946 :10 a.m. to 6 9.m. each day (as above). r 1131 Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seep. 112). 2 p.m. to 5 F.m. (Answer Question 1 and any THREE other questions.) 1. Write an essay on EITHER-The more important theories now held as to the origin and the mechanism of the formation of essential oils in plants and to the part which they play in the plant meta- bolism; OR The more important technical methods employed for the isolation of essential oils from plant products. 2. How are the following substances prepared and what are their chief uses in perfumery :-methyl heptine carbonate hydroxycitronellol amylcinnamaldehyde, a-ionone benzyl isocyanate ? 3.Write an account of the chemistry of irone and show how the investigation of the chemistry of this ketone has influenced development of the chemistry of synthetic perfumes. 4. What are the more important animal products used in the perfume industry? Outline the synthesis of any ONE of these. 5. How have the structure of any TWO of the following been d etermined :-cadinene isozingiberene cyperone a-santalol ? 6. Outline with such technical details as you can supply the methods used in the manufacture of “synthetic” camphor. 7. Write a brief essay on the use of fixatives. 8. Discuss the use of piperitone as a synthetic organic chemical. THURSDAY and FRIDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m.to 5 p,m. each day. 1. Identify the natural essential oil (C). The constituents should if possible be separated and derivatives prepared. [(C) = eucalyptus dives.] 2. Identify the alcohol present in the oil (D). [(D) = “darwinol.”] Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 11.30p.m. 1. Write an essay on the application of micro-biological methods to the examina- tion of foodstuffs. 2. What conditions affect the action of water on metallic pipes and how may such 3. What are the principal requirements of the Labelling of Food Order ? Comment action be eliminated or minimised ? upon some of the practical difficulties raised by it. 11.30 a.m.to lp.m. (THREEquestions to be answered.) 1. What compounds of the acridine series are used in medicine? Indicate the pharmacological actions of those you mention and discuss their therapeutic uses. 2. Write short notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) sulphathiazole; (b) hyoscine hydrobromide; (c) male fern; (d)squill. 3. Write an account of the general pharmacology of cocaine. Name some syn-thetic local anaesthetics and discuss their special uses. 4. Discuss the pharmacological basis of the uses of each of the following (a)amido-pyrine ; (b) atropine sulphate ; (c) magnesium sulphate ; (d) aneurine hydrochloride. 2 to 6 p.m. 1. How is Vitamin E determined in a food? 2. What is gelatin; how do you distinguish it from glue and what are its values 3.Give some account of the soya bean its identification in foods and its food as a food? [ 114 3 value. 4. Describe methods of which you have experience for the routine bacteriological examination of a sample of water. How may faecal Bacterium coli be differentiated from non-faecal types ? 5. What standards are applicable to baking powder and to self-raising flour? What methods do you apply to each? TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The cod liver oil (A1) contains 420 I.U.’s of Vitamin A per gram. Use it to determine by means of the blue value the vitamin content of the concentrate (A2) (which need not be saponified). 2. Examine and report upon the Curry Powder (B). These exercises may be completed tomorrow.WEDNESDA Y 2nd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The drinking water (C) is thought to be contaminated by a gas works. What is the evidence? [(C) contained phenols and thiocyanates.] 3. Examine and report upon the Cordial (D). These exercises may be completed tomorrow. THURSDA Y 3rd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises 2 and 3. 2. Report upon the sample of Vinegar (E). 3. Analyse and report upon the Salad Cream (F). State what should appear on the label in accordance with the published Order. These exercises may be completed to-morrow. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises 2 and 3. 2.Identify the powders (G) (H),(I)and (J). SATURDAY 5th MA Y 1945 10 am. to 5 p.m. (Reports of microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches. 1. Make a microscopical examination of the vegetable powders (A) (B) and (C). Identify the principal drug present in each and report on the presence or absence of adulterants. 2. The tablets (D) and (E) and the urine (F) are submitted in connection with a case of narcotic poisoning. Identify the drugs in the tablets examine the urine and report whether the tablets can have been the cause of the poisoning. [(D) = potassium bromide; (E) and (F) contained soluble phenobarbitone.] Branch G Industrial Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1946 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Paper taken by all candidates in Branch G.] (Answer Question 1 and any THREE of the other questions.) 1.Discuss the general economic and technical factors which should be taken into 2. Give an account of the industrial uses of EITHER calcium carbonate OR silica account when deciding upon the location of a new chemical works. as derived from natural sources. 3. Describe briefly the commercial methods available for the production of hydrogen with particular reference to (a) economic considerations; (b) suitability of the product for processes involving the use of catalysts. 4. Indicate by suitably described sketches the nature of the industrial equipment you would recommend for TWO of the following absorption systems respectively (materials of construction should be clearly stated) :-(a) For oxides of nitrogen in the manufacture of synthetic nitric acid.(b) For sulphur trioxide in the production of 20 per cent. oleum. (t) For hydrogen chloride in the preparation of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 5. Give an account of the application of EITHER aluminium OR nickel (including 6. Discuss the physico-chemical principles underlying extraction processes which its alloys) in the construction of plant for the chemical and allied industries. [ 1151 involve the separation of a soluble constituent from a solid by the use of a solvent. Indicate the common types of industrial equipment in use and the conditions for which these types are specially suited. 7. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects (a) Pafents and industrial research.(b) Smoke abatement and legislation in connection therewith. (c) Statutory obligations of manufacturers in regard to dangerous and unhealthy industries. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Paper Making MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seepp. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. Write notes on THREE of the following:- (a) Recent advances in the bleaching of mechanical pulp; (b) The automatic control of the pH of paper-making stock; (c) The colorimetric identification of traces of metallic radicals liable to be present in paper and board; (d) Methods of inhibiting insect ravages and fungoid growths on paper and board; (e) Factors affecting the drying capacity of a hooded multi-cylinder paper or board machine.2. Write an essay on large-scale methods of enhancing the wet strength of paper. Give some account of the essential characteristics of the products obtained. 3. Discuss the factors which affect the suitability of fibrous cellulosic material for tropical packaging indicating by what methods and to what extent such materials can be improved for this purpose. 4. Discuss fully the uses of starches in paper- and board-making and coating giving special prominence to the characteristics of modified starches. 5. Discuss briefly (u)the advantages and disadvantages of sizing and dyeing a web of paper OR board after it has been formed; and (b) the commercial utilisation of non-cellulosic products obtained during the cooking of wood by the sulphite process.6. Describe in detail with drawings EITHER-(a) two methods of recovering fibre from backwater with a view to its re-use; OR (b) two methods of controlling the consistency of paper-or board-making stock. Discuss the principles involved in each case. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 1st to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Where possible the evidence you obtain should be left in the form of labelled specimens.) 1. Determine the moisture-vapour resistance of the surface-treated paper sample (Al).(or (A2)). Report your result in grams per square metre per 24 hours at a relative humidity differential of 65%-0%.2. Report as fully as possible on the sample of treated green paper (Bl) (or (B2)). 3. Identify as far as possible the colouring matters and fibrous constituents present 4. Identify the beater-impregnant used in the manufacture of the board sample in the small samples of commercial papers (C) and (D). (El) (or (E2)),and estimate the approximate percentage present. 5. Report qualitatively on the speciality coated paper sample (Fl) (or (F2)). Branch G:Industrial Chemistry With special reference to Power Station Operation and Practice MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (seepfi. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (Answev THREE questions only.) 1. Discuss the uses of hexametaphosphate. 2. Describe the commercial methods of chlorinating water supplies.Select a method which is suitable for the prevention of growths in the condensing water system c 116 3 of a power station which draws condensing water at the rate of 10,000 tons per hour from a tidal river. Give reasons for your choice and state what arrangements YOU would recommend for the safety of the men who operate the chlorinating plant. 3. Give a brief account of THREE different methods of determining sulphate in boiler waters. 4. Give a concise description of methods of determining the concentrations of silica and phosphate in a treated water which contains both. 5. Discuss the principles governing the sampling and analysis of pure and contamin- ated waters for the concentration of dissolved oxygen.TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. Discuss the sampling and testing of boiler flue gases with the object of assessing the average concentration of combustible gases during a 3-day boiler trial. 2. Flue gases from a chain-grate stoker have the average composition Coal 15.5 per cent.; CO 0.6 per cent; O, 4.0 per cent. Assuming that coal is being fed to the grate at constant rate calculate the maximum theoretical CO percentage on complete combustion with no excess air. What was the percentage of excess air in the sample quoted? If samples were taken from the gases rising (a)from the front and (b) from the rear of the fuel bed of a chain grate stoker in what way would you expect the maximum theoretical COa percentages which are calculated from analyses of these samples to differ from the maximum theoretical CO percentage which is calculated from an analysis of the coal ? 3.What methods and precautions would you adopt in order to measure the temperature of the flue-gases in the super-heater zone of a steam generator? 4. Discuss the difficulties of determining the concentration of sulphur trioxide or sulphuric acid vapour in boiler flue gases. 5. Describe ONE method of determining the chlorine content of coal. What may be the effects of halogens in coals which are burned under high-pressure boilers ? 2 lo 5 p.m. (Answer THREE questions only.) 1. What methods can be used for measuring the pH value of (a)condenser cooling water; (b) boiler water and (c) pure de-aerated condensate? State what difficulties might be encountered in making any of these measurements.2. Discuss briefly the embrittlement of steel in high-pressure plant. 3. What methods would you recommend for controlling internal corrosion in boiler plant working at 600 lbs. per square inch (a)in normal operation; (b) when the boiler is banked every night; (c) when the boiler is laid off for a week; and (d)when the boiler is laid off for six months? 4. Give a brief outline of the Institute of Petroleum or British Standards Institution sludging test for oils. What do you think of the practical value of the tests ? What can be done to diminish the sludge-forming tendencies of turbine lubricating oils ? 6. Write a concise account of boundary lubrication.WEDNESDAY 2nd MA Y,1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (AnsweY THREE questions ody.) 1. Discuss ONE of the following statements having regard to combustion theory and to the practical design and operation of stoker-fired boilers “Maximum efficiency occurs when there is a small but finite percentage of combust- ible gases in the flue gases”; OR “The composition of the gases arising from a fuel bed of unvarying thickness is within limits almost independent of the rate of combustion.” 2. Describe the “rational analysis” of coal and its uses. 3. What are the principal methods which have been suggested for calculating the 4. What are the properties and characteristics of a deep-mine coal which depend 5. What are the effects of weathering on coal and what principles govern the weight of pure coal substance in a given weight of coal from its analysis? upon its rank? How do they change with rank? successful storage of coal ? [ 1171 2 to 5 p.w (Answer THREE questions only.) 1.Describe ONE type of instrument for recording the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water. 2. How may boiler carry-over affect turbine blading and what are the methods which can be used to diminish trouble arising in this way ? 3. One of the tubes of a superheater which is made of a straight carbon steel and supplies steam at 375 lbs. per sq. in. and 800” F. has ruptured in service. HOLV would you attempt to determine whether this tube had been overheated ? 4.Make a list of the items in a complete heat balance of a stoker-fired boiler. Describe in detail how you would attempt to estimate any one of the heat losses. 5. Write a concise account of the way in which the common mineral constituents of coal may influence the cost of operation of a boiler fitted with a chain grate stoker and refractory walls and arch. THURSDA Y 3rd MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Within the limits of the time allowed examine the samples of coal marked (A) and (B),and submit a reasoned report upon their suitability for firing in a 100,000Ib./hr. boiler fitted with a chain-grate stoker. 2. The sample (C) is representative of a sample obtained from the steam outlet of a boiler drum by means of a steam sampling apparatus. lieport upon this sample giving a reasoned statement on the condition of the boiler at the time the sample was taken.These exercises may be finished tomorrow. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. The sample (D) was obtained from the mud-drum of a steaming boiler (375 lbs./sq. in.). Examine the sample and prescribe treatment on one of the standard forms provided. Report the results of your analysis and the reasons for your prescrip- tion. Assume that the boiler contains 10,000 gallons of water. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Industrial Water Treatment MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (see pp. 115-116). 2 to 5 p.m. (see pp. 116-117.) TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 P.W.(Nottftorethan TWO questions to be answered.) 1. Discuss the factors affecting the corrosion of mild steel by industrial waters at atmospheric temperatures. 2. What are the reasons for the presence of ammonia in some water supplies? Discuss critically as many methods as you can of diminishing the ammonia content of distillate which is produced by evaporating water that contains ammonia. 3. Give a theoretical and practical account of the base-exchange and the “demineral- isation” processes of water-treatment. 4. Discuss the mechanism of and the physico-chemical principles governing the formation of internal scale on the evaporating surfaces of steam generators. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer Question 1 and not more than ONE other question. A table of atomic weights will be supplied on request.) 1.An analyst has supplied the following results of his examination of a town’s main water Parts per wdlion Calcium (Ca) . . .. .. .. .. 11.6 Magnesium (Mg) . . .. .. .. 4.1 Iron (Fe) . . .. .. .. .. .. 0.8 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. 36-0 Nitrate (NO,) . . .. .. .. .. 1.3 Chloride (CI) . . .. .. .. .. 11.5 Carbonate (CO,) .. .. .. .. 5-2 Free carbon dioxide (CO,) . . .. .. 2.5-4.0 Silica (SiO,) . . .. .. .. . . 2-9 Organic Matter .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 Temporary Hardness .. .. .. .. 7-0-32*0 [ 1181 Describe quantitatively the methods of treatment or purification that you would recommend (a)for a small laundry; (h) for a shell-type boiler with 50 per cent. make-up ; and 50 per cent.return condensate operating at a gauge pressure of 100 lbs. per sq. inch; (c) for a water-tube boiler with 3 per cent. make-up and 97 per cent. return condensate operating at a gauge pressure of 600 Ibs. per sq. inch. 2. Discuss the uses of nitrates and nitrites in the treatment of waters for steam generation. 3. Give an account of any one method with which you are familiar of purifying a trade effluent in order to render it fit for discharge into a stream or river. Comment upon the local regulations which make it necessary to purify the discharge. WEDNESDA Y 2nd MA Y; 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the sample of water marked (1) for calcium magnesium sulphate silica temporary and permanent hardness and total dissolved salts. Keep the rest of the sample until tomorrow.3. The sample marked (2) has been taken from a stock of lime which is offered at 85 per cent. of the price of high-grade quicklime. Is it worth buying for use in an old Archbutt-Declev lime-soda softener ? These exercises may be completed tomorrow. THURSDAY 3rd MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Complete the examination of sample (l),make any other determinations that you think necessary for your report and report upon the suitability of the source of the sample for the preparation of distilled water using a single-effect evaporator working at 5 lbs./sq. inch gauge heated with steam coils and fitted with a pre-heater which is designed to raise the temperature of the ingoing feed from room temperature to 185” F. Give reasons for recommendations that you would make for treating the water either before or after entry to the evaporator.3. Complete your report on sample (2). Hand in your answers to Questions 1 and 2. FRIDAY 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Report on the sample of water (3) from a source which it is proposed to use for topping up lead-storage accumulators. 2. Measure the pH value of sample (4) which is pure distilled water in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Comment upon any difficulties that you encounter. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on volumetric methods of analysis in which reactions involving cationic iodine are employed. 2. From the standpoint of the solubility product theory discuss the precipitation of metals as sulphides from acid solution.Indicate how by varying the pH of the solution or by use of masking reagents the reaction may be made more selective and refer also to co-precipitation or post-precipitation of metals in other groups. 3. Describe in some detail the apparatus used in conductometric analysis explain the theoretical principles involved and illustrate your answer by two or three examples which are familiar to you. OR Discuss fundamentally the determination of the pH of solutions briefly indicating the apparatus employed in the practice. 4. Give an account of recent developments in laboratory distillation technique. 5. How would you determine 6 of the following dangerous substances in the atmosphere? Arsine hydrogen cyanide hydrogen sulphide “nitrous fumes,” carbon monoxide lead in fumes from lead-burning chromium present in dust.6. Describe the construction and operation of a refractometer (AbbC type or dipping refractometer) or of a polarimeter. Indicate the expected precision of measurements and the most probable sources of error. 7. Describe two modern types of gas analysis apparatus (constant pressure and constant volume) indicate the method you would employ using one of the types des- cribed to analyse a sample of coal gas. What are the chief sources of error in the analysis ? L-1191 MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 2 to 5 9.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Outline a scheme for the analysis of a welding flux whose main constituents are lithium fluoride borax boric acid and sodium chloride.2. What methods are available for the separation of aluminium from elements with which it is commonly associated? How would you determine aluminium (a) in steel; (b) in potable water clarified by a process employing aluminium compounds; (c) in formaldehyde which has been stored in aluminium containers? 3. Discuss the analytical chemistry qualitative and quantitative of arsenic or zinc or iodine including the isolation and determination of traces. 4. Describe the sampling of a partially solidified fatty oil in a consignment of 20-30 drums and explain how you would determine water acidity unsaponifiable matter ester value acetyl value and iodine value. Remark upon likely sources of error in these determinations.5. You are to suppose that you have become Chief Chemist to a small firm in the engineering industry and wish to speed up their analyses by introduction of modem technique. Give the considerations which would influence you in deciding whether or not to recommend the purchase of spectrographic equipment. 6. Write short notes on analytical uses of 6 of the following:- Anthranilic acid. Ammonium mercurithiocyanate. Cupferron. Hydriodic acid. Chloramine T. Phenylhydrazine. Thioc yanogen. Acetyl chloride. Ammonium benzoate. Sodium hypophosphite. TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Identify the alloying elements in the sample of steel (A). Submit the results to the examiner and determine two of them (as instructed by the examiner) by potentiometric titration.[(A) contains chromium vanadium and manganese.] This exercise must be completed to-day. WEDNESDAY to FRIDAY 2nd to 4th MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 6 $.m. each day. 1. Determine the iodine value of sample (B). Also determine its unsaturation by some other method e.g. McIlhiney’s method (N/10 bromine in carbon tetrachloride). As far as time permits try to establish the true unsaturation value of this substance. 2. Analyse sample (D) which is the under-coat of a vitreous enamel. Branch I Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efnuents MONDAY 30th APRIL 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions 1 2 and 3 and TWO others are to be attemfited.) 1. Write an essay dealing with the attitude of the public towards quality of potable water supplies (excluding reference to the bacteriological aspect).State clearly your views on the significance of ionic concentration. 2. What are the main provisions of the Rural Water Supplies and Sewerage Act 1944? What advantages are evident in contrast with any previous measures relating to rural communities? What are your views on the outstanding features of the proposed further legislation ? 3. What biological and chemical phenomena would you expect to find in a stream (a) slightly polluted by domestic sewage (b) heavily polluted by domestic sewage and (c) seriously polluted by an imperfectly purified effluent from a bleach works? 4. Describe concisely what methods you would adopt to distinguish between the members of the Coli-aerogenes group of organisms and state their relative hygienic significance.6. Discuss generally the softening and conditioning of water both for domestic and industrial use. 6. Describe a typical case of water-pipe (or mains) trouble in which an aquatic 7. Having regard to a typical Pennine area discuss clearly the hydro-geological population has gained ascendency. conditions which govern the supply of potable water from the Carboniferous Limestone strata including the marginal tracts of limestone shales and millstone grits. c 120 1 2 to 5 p.na. (Questions 1 8 3 and TWO others to be attempted.) 1. What difficulties are encountered in the filtration of stored water and how would you attempt to overcome them ? 2.With regard to the migratory range throughout the body of a deep lake contrast vertical with horizontal distribution of plankton. What are the factors governing the periodicity of these organisms ? 3. Discuss generally the action of water on metals and state what means YOU would adopt to prevent corrosion with special reference to plumbo-solvency and the action of water on cast-iron and galvanised iron pipe systems. 4. Discuss critically the difference in general character and quality you would expect to find in waters derived from shalIow and deep-seated supplies respectively. 5. Equate the reactions involved in the formation of chloramines and describe the factors which govern their production in the treatment of water.Contrast their sterilizing velocity as against simple chlorination and deal concisely with the advantage (if any) inherent to chloramination. 6. In what circumstances would you recommend areation of water drawn from a deep borehole? Describe and illustrate by a rough sketch how this may be achieved and give the operating data of any plant with which you may be familiar. 7. What explanation can you give of the high adsorptive capacity of Active Carbon specifying the primary facts in accordance with the Freundlich Equation ? TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Questions 1 2 and 3 and TWO others to be attempted.) 1. Describe in outline EITHER a typical activated sludge installation or a modern biological filtration plant giving particulars of the requisite capacities etc.for the production of a satisfactory effluent from (a) a weak domestic sewage (b) an average strength domestic sewage and (c) a strong sewage containing a considerable proportion of trade waste. 2. Discuss critically the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act 1937 including special reference to the nature of By-laws governing the discharge of trade effluents to the sewers How has the Act affected the position as between the Local Authority and the Manufacturer ? 3. Review the prospects of the economic utilisation of the manurial value of sewage sludge. 4. Give an account of the most recent developments in the application of the 5. Discuss generally the question of Standards (Limits of Impurity) for Sewage 6.What is the minimum amount of analytical control you would recommend to 7. Discuss briefly the various types of sedimentation tanks in general use in sewage percolating filter to the treatment of sewage and certain trade wastes. Effluents. secure efficient operation of a modern sewage disposal plant ? purification plant and express an opinion on their relative all-round efficiency. TUESDAY 1st MAY 1945 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.; WEDNESDA Y to FRIDA Y,2nd to 4th MA Y 1945 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Inspection of Sewage Disposal Works in the Manchester area with report on the performance of the plant after examination of samples of (a) Crude Sewage (b) Tank Effluent and (c) Filter Effluent collected personally. 2. Chemical analysis with microscopical examination of deposit and bacteno- 3.Macroscopical and microscopical examination of certain exhibits natural to 4. Searching oral examination covering the syllabus. logical examination of two samples of water. water and/or sewage effluents. REPORT All candidates both for the Associateship and for the Fellowship should be advised to consider the questions carefully before writing answers or undertaking practical work so that their work may be directed precisely to the points raised by the question. Candidates particularly for the Fellowship should gather together the results of their practical work and present them in the form of an orderly report including their opinions on any points raised by the question.Exantination for the A ssociateship Inoyganic and Physical Chemistry.-Questions involving calculations are generally the least popular yet most candidates attempted Q. 1 in the first paper. Although most candidates knew the reactions between CO and metals there was a marked reluctance to discuss the reactions between CO and metallic compounds which was an essential part of the question. Candidates as a general rule were very familiar with the chemis- try of the peracids of carbon and sulphur and were abIe to gi\-e readable accounts of the hydrides of boron and silicon. On the other hand the answers dealing with the solu- bilities of air sulphur dioxide and ammonia were frequently of poor quality. Some excellent answers were returned to the question dealing with experiments illustrative of the properties of colloids.This was very gratifying. In the second paper the questions dealing with physical chemistry were done quite well but the answers to the questions on inorganic chemistry were rather disappointing. Many answers dealing with the stereochemistry of the metal-ammines plainly showed that the candidates had no understanding of the fundamental principles involved. Although candidates were able to give full details of the experimental use of organic compounds in analysis many people displayed ignorance of the theory involved. For example the valency considerations were not understood lvlien the compound formed by nickel salts with dimethylglyoxime was formulated. The practical work calls for no special comment other tlian to state that as usual most candidates were well prepared to tackle this part of the examination.Organic Chemistry.-Work of a satisfactory standard was submitted by a con-siderable proportion of the candidates in answer to most of the questions. Among the items which proved troublesome to a number of candidates the following may be mentioned. In Q. 1 the preparation of pyruvic aldehyde and laevulic acid. In Q. 2 in addition to the Reformatzki reaction the use of zinc organo compounds in preparing ketones should have been mentioned. In Q. 3 the conditions for securing a fair yield of o-nitraniline and the use of nitrodimethylaniline in preparing dinitrobenz- aldehyde were rarely given and many candidates recommended the direct oxidation of 9-cresol as a good method for preparing 9-hydroxybenzoic acid.Few candidates in answering Q. 4 mentioned that decalin is a mixture of known isomerides. The answers to Q. 5 on pyridine were satisfactory as regards methods of synthesis but few candidates gave a satisfactory account of the methods by which the pyridine carboxylic acids were orientated. In dealing with the structure of fructose clear evidence was not often pro- vided for the existence and position of the (virtual) ketonic group and a number of answers confused structure with configuration. Practical Work.-The quantitative exercise provided a good test of skill and intelli- gence. The qualitative and preparative work was in general well done. Translation.-The German passage was found difficult by a number of the candidates yet with the use of a dictionary it should have been readily intelligible to any chemist.PASS LIST Examination in General Chemistry for the ,4 ssociateship Alcock Arthur College of Technology Rlanchester. Anderson Joseph Rutherford Technical College Xewcastle-upon-Tyne. Barkeworth Gordon Edward Hull Municipal Technical College. Birch Miss Mary Alice City of Liverpool Technical College. Bithell Raymond John Birmingham Central Technical College. Burroughs Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Agric. (Reading) The University Reading and Merchant Venturers' Technical College Bristol. Casson Frank David Hull Municipal Technical College. Chapman Henry Eric B.Sc. (Lond.) Birmingham Central Technical College. Chicken Eric University College Hull.Cleeland Miss Daphne Marian Downing Chelsea Polytechnic and Acton Technical College London. Crawley Ralph Hugh Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Imperial College London. 122 I Cropper Miss Frances Anne City of Liverpool Technical College. Davies Richard Laurens City of Liverpool Technical College. Elson John James Widnes Municipal Technical College. Fowler Kenneth Edward Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Griffiths David Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.) City of Liverpool Technical College. Hadley Gordon Birmingham Central Technical College. Harland William Gordon Bolton Municipal Technical College Henderson James Alexander Chelsea Polytechnic London. Hobson John Douglas BSc. (Lond.) Harris Institute Preston and The University Sheffield.Hornby John Arthur Widnes Municipal Technical College and The College of Tech-nology Manchester. Hughes Miss Annie City of Liverpool Technical College. Johnson John Terrence George Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Northern Polytechnic London. Kerley Thomas Frank Rutherford Technical College Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Love Bernard Eric Birmingham Central Technical College. Lowe Norman RlacDougall Royal Technical College Glasgow. Mackay Eric John Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Mather James Harold Derby Technical College. McIntosh Henry James Birmingham Central Technical College. Mitchell William Vernon City of Liverpool Technical College. Musgrave Oliver Charles Hull Municipal Technical College.Parks Victor Harold Regent Street Polytechnic Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Xorthern Polytechnic London. Roberts Richard Geoffrey College of Technology Manchester and the Royal Technical College Salford. Rogerson Walter Alan The University and the College of Technology Manchester and Derby Technical College. Rout Herbert Kenneth Beatty West Ham Municipal College London and the City of Liverpool Technical College. Russell Gerald Sir John Cass Technical Institute and the Northern Polytechnic, London. Taylor i-ieginald David Birmingham Central Technical College. Toothill Percy Coventry Municipal College. Vaughan Geoffrey Alison Harris Institute Preston. Wallis Miss Vivienne College of Technology Manchester. Walls Ewart Heywood City of Liverpool Technical College.Whitehead Miss Meryl College of Technology Manchester. Wilding Basil Raymond Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Examinations for the Fellowship In Branch A Inorganic Chemistry With special reference to the Analysis of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals Bayley William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Sutcliffe Gordon Roy. In Branch C Organic Chemistry Davies Norman Robert B.Sc. (Lond.). Mills Eric William B.Sc. (Liv.). Wilde Bertrand Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to High Polymers Pinner Solomon Harris B.Sc. (Lond.). With special reference to Terpenes and Synthetic Perfumes Pickthall Jack. In Branch E The Chemislry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water Jackson Robert Henry B.Sc.B.Pharm. (Lond.). Unstead- Joss Leslie Gordon Lovett B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch G :Industrial Chemistry With special reference to Paper Making Keaton James. With special reference lo Power Station Operation and Practice Haigh Donald. E 1231 Notes Honours.-Dr. James Wallace McDavid Fellow has been appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,-C.B.E. Mr. Horace Walter Rigden Fellow Dr. Harry William Webb Fellow and Mr. Henry Wheatley Associate have been appointed Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire,-O.B.E.; and Mr. John Henry Associate a Member of that Order,- M.B.E. The British Empire Medal (B.E.M.) has been awarded to S./Sgt. Geoffrey Hurst Registered Student.Members of the Institute will also note with pleasure that the honour of Knighthood has been conferred on Mr. Edward William Salt M.P. chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Appointments.-Dr. E. F. Armstrong F.R.S. Fellow and Professor I. M. Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Vice-Pyesident have been appointed members of a Scientific Advisory Committee set up by the Minister of Works “to advise on and to suggest lines of scientific research; to suggest where this research could best be carried out and to keep it under review; and to advise on the practical possibilities and further development of the results of current research.” Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. FeEZow has resigned the Chair of Biochemistry at University College London which he had held since 1922 in order to take up an appointment as Director-in-Charge of the scientific research organisation of Boots Pure Drug Co.Ltd. but is remaining for the time being as Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food. Mr. J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E. Fellow has been released from his war-time appoint- ment as Director of Chemical Defence Development Ministry of Supply and has resumed his duties with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and affiliated organisations. Mr. C. G. Hyde Fellow has been appointed an Assistant Secretary in the Gas and Electricity Division of the Ministry of Fuel and Power. Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Membev of Council has been appointed Head of the Science Department of the South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham.Mr. Herbert E. Hill Associate has been appointed Government Analyst in Tasmania. Correction.-In JOURNAL 1945 Part I p. 2 in the list of AND PROCEEDINGS Fellows who died during 1943-44 the name of “Foster” should read “FORSTER.” In a letter from Mysore dated 9th April 1945 Sir Martin Forster drew attention to this error and wrote as follows:- “My life-long friend F. E. P. Forster (unrelated) was 40 years a Fellow and according to my Register (1938) the chance of mis-spelling his name was only 9 to 4; whilst in Durham and Northumberland Forsters are commoner than Fosters. Both names are occupational Forsters being foresters or wood-cutters Fosters being food- suppliers as in foster-mother. Thus the excuse for confusing them is only slightly better than for confusing Barkers and Bakers (9 to 8) which is not commonly per- petrated.Please when I die do spell my name RI. 0. FORSTER.” This letter was received at the Institute on 23rd May Sir Martin Forster died at Mysore on the following day. SCIENCEIN PARLIAMENT Coal By-product Industries.-In reply to a question by Mr. J. Griffiths on 27th March Mr. Tom Smith (Ministry of Fuel and Power) said My Department is working in close collaboration with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in regard to the further development of processes for the extraction of oil from coal. Much progress has in fact taken place during the war. By-products from coal are already produced on a large scale by the carbonisation industries and the production of coal tar oil as a substitute for imported liquid fuel has been expanded during the war from less than 100,000 tons to over 600,000 tons.Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.-On the 18th January Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Lord President of the Council whether in view of the growing importance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in national c 1243 affairs he will consider appointing a public relations officer to increase the knowledge of industry and the public about the services they can provide. Mr. Attlee replied The measures taken by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research before the war to extend knowledge concerning its work in industry and among the general public were meeting with considerable success but the outbreak of hostilities naturally cur- tailed them.They are now being resumed and I am proposing on the recommendation of my Advisory Council to expand them very considerably in the post-war period. do not feel that the appointment of an official with the title of Public Relations Officer would be appropriate since many sections of the whole Department are concerned with making contacts with the public in order to make the results of its work more generally known and it would be undesirable to make it appear that all contacts lay and scientific with the public had to pass through a single officer. British Scientific Achievements (Publicity) .-On the question of the publicity to be given to British scientific achievements connected with the war raised by Mr.Salt on 28th February Mr. Attlee said His Majesty’s Government are fully aware of the importance of making known the achievements of British science during the war. While individual Departments are responsible for publicity within their own fields the Scientific Advisory Committee of the \Var Cabinet has undertaken the responsibility of supervising the departmental arrangements. On the Committee’s recommendation an archivist has been appointed to co-ordinate the preparation of the necessary records from which publication of the work in suitable form can be made at the earliest appro- priate time. Conversion of Salt Water to Drinking Water.-In reply to a question by Captain Strickland as to research on the conversion of salt water into drinking water by demineralisation evaporation or other processes in relation to the development of effective apparatus for use on sea-going vessels and their boats Mr.Noel-Baker (Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of War Transport) stated on 16th January His Majesty’s Government have done extensive research into the distillation of salt water by demineralisation and evaporation and apparatus designed by private inventors has been examined and tested. As a result two types of freshwater producer for life boats are now issued on free loan to shipowners. A third and smaller pattern for use in emergency rafts is in production. Sea-going vessels carry adequate supplies of drinking water for use on board. Water Research.-On the 15th March Mr.Price asked the Lord President of the Council whether consideration had been given to establishing one central water research laboratory to which all water undertakings could contribute for furthering research which is common to their interests. Mr. Attlee replied The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research through its Water Pollution Research Organisation already serves as a central research organisation for the study of problems inherent to the supply of water both for domestic and industrial purposes. Many water and other undertakings already contribute valuable help to this work which the Department proposes to extend after the war. In addition the Geological Survey of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research can provide for water undertakings advice about underground water supplies based on its study of geological data.Such information will be con- siderably enlarged if the powers sought in Clause 7 of the Water Bill are conferred by Parliament. Scientific Instruments Industry.-In reply to a question put by Mr. Salt to the President of the Board of Trade on 15th May Mr. Dalton said that the scientific instru- ments industry had been greatly expanded during the war and as war contracts were reduced ample capacity should become available for the manufacture of apparatus for peace-time production. He would do his utmost in conjunction with the Ministry of Supply to see that this industry was maintained at the highest level of efficiency. Public Health Laboratory Service.-Captain Plugge asked the Minister of Health on 17th May when he proposed to make a full declaration as to whether the Emergency Public Health Laboratories set up during the war were to be continued in the post-war period.and whether in this connection he would give a definite under- taking that the routine chemical and bacteriological examination of potable water which before the war was carried out by professional qualified chemists would continue to be allocated to them after the war. Mr. Willink The provision of a public health laboratory service on a national basis after the war and the form which any such service should take are under consideration as part of the wider proposals for a comprehensive health service. I hope to arrange for a discussion at an early date with the representa- tives of the professional qualified chemists concerned.II 125 3 Obituary RICHARD CLAUDETdied on 1st April in his 50th year. ARTHURORMEROD He received his general education at Heddon Court Cockfosters East Barnet and at Aldenham School Elstree. On leaving the latter in 1914 he joined the Honour- able Artillery Company. Later he proceeded to the Royal Military College Sand- hurst and obtained a Regular Army commission in the Queen’s Bays with which he served for the rest of the war. On transfer to the Reserve of Officers in 1919 he entered King’s College London and obtained the B.Sc. degree two years later. In 1921 he joined the firm of F. Claudet Ltd. Assayers to the Bank of England and to the Royal Mint Refinery and became a director of the firm.Initially he was engaged mainly on analytical work but in 1928 he started a manufacturing department in the firm for the production of precious metal contacts for the automobile and electrical industries. He was recalled to the Army in 1939 and had attained the rank of Major when he was invalided out of the Service in 1942. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1924. JAMES KEARCOLWELLdied on 26th April 1945 at the age of 79 years. After three years at the Gloucester School of Science he entered the Normal School of Science (subsequently the Royal College of Science) South Kensington where he studied under Sir Edward Frankland and spent a final year as an assistant in Frankland’s private laboratory.In 1884 he was appointed assistant to A. Wynter Blyth the Public Analyst for Marylebone and Devon and obtained a varied experience in the analysis of foods water and gas. Four years later he himself became Public Analyst for Marylebone and Bedford. He was well known as a consulting chemist and for over 25 years was Public Analyst to the Borough of Finsbury. Among his other appointments was that of consulting chemist to the Harpenden and Luton Water Companies. He was also interested in trade journalism having been a director of Practical Press Ltd. since its foundation. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and became a Fellow in 1891. He served on the Council for the periods 1900-1903 and 1904-1907. CHARLESEDWINCORFIELDdied on 28th April 1945 in his 54th year.Educated at the Commercial School Ludlow he was subsequently apprenticed to W. H. Brown Pharmaceutical Chemist for four years prior to becoming in 1912 a student of King’s College London and of the School of Pharmacy. On completing the course he was appointed successively demonstrator assistant lecturer and lecturer at the School of Pharmacy and from 1919 to 1925 was in charge of the chemistry department of the School. During the war period he assisted in the manufacture of chemicals for war purposes under the direction af the Royal Society and carried out a number of investigations for Government departments. He was awarded the B.Sc. degree of London University in 1920 having previously obtained the Ph.C. In 1925 he joined the late Mr.P. A. W. Self in an analytical and consulting practice known as “Harrison and Self,” specialising in the analysis and control of foods drugs and medicines. He subsequently became the sole proprietor of the business in which he was later associated with Mrs. E. Corfield until the time of his death. He held various Home Office and Ministry of Health appointments and was analyst to a number of insurance companies. He made important contributions to the advancement of pharmacy and for ten years was Secretary of the British Pharmaceutical Con-ference. From 1930 he was the Editor of the Extra PharmacopEia and of the British Pharmaceutical Codex. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1916 and became a Fellow in 1919. SIR MARTIN ONSLOWFORSTER died at Mysore India on 24th May 1945 in his 73rd year.He received his early education at Danehill House Margate and in 1888 entered Finsbury Technical College where he studied under Meldola. After a period at the University of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. he became in 1894 the first Salters’ Company Research Fellow at the Central Technical College South Kensing- ton. In the following year he was appointed demonstrator at the Royal College of Science under Sir William Tilden with whom he carried out a number of investigations and from 1902-1913 he was assistant Professor of Chemistry at that college. In recognition of his important contributions to chemical research he was awarded the D.Sc. of the University of London and in 1905 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.c 1261 From 1904 he was for six years an Honorary Secretary of the Chemical Society and from 1916 to 1922 its Honorary Treasurer. He was awarded the Longstaff Medal of the Society in 1915. He was a member of the Senate of London University from 1914 to 1922; a Director of British Dyes Ltd. from 1915 to 1918; the first Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry from 1918 to 1922; Prime Warden of the Dyers Company 1919-1920; and President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association at Edinburgh in 1921. In 1922 he went to India as Director of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore a post which he filled with distinction for the next 11 years. On his retirement from this appointment the honour of Knighthood was conferred upon him.Since then he had been living in Mysore City and continued to take an active interest in the development of science in India. He had been President of the Indian Science Congress in 1925. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1895 and became a Fellow in 1898. He served on the Council for the periods 1905-08 and 1912-15 and as Vice-president in 1908-11 and 1915-18. He also served as Censor in 1918-19 and was Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer in 1937. Throughout his residence in India he played an important part in promoting the interests of the Institute in that country. RICHARD died on 5th March in his 43rd year. GREENHALGH He received his general education at Birley Street Central School Manchester and at the Manchester Grammar School and proceeded in 1021 toManChester University where he obtained two years later the B.Sc.degree with honours in chemistry. From 1925 to 1929 he held an appointment as research and works chemist in the Monsanto Chemical Co. at Ruabon. Since 1925 he had been with I.C.I. (Dyestuffs) Ltd. at Manchester where he was engaged largely on research work in the Textile Auxiliary Field. He was instrumental in the development of several useful products and his name was associated with a number of patents covering processes in this field. He was elected to the Associateship in 1941 and to the Fellowship in 1944. HENRY GEORGE HARRISON died on 13th April 1945 at the age of 66 years. Educated at Perse Grammar School Cambridge he entered Sidney Sussex College Cambridge in 1898 where he graduated as B.A.and subsequently M.A. From 1901-1904 he was science master at the Blue School Wells Somerset and at the Collegiate School Tetbury Gloucestershire. After two years as assistant to Dr. Samuel Rideal then Public Analyst to the Chelsea Borough Council he became in 1906 assistant to Sir Thomas Stevenson in the Chemical Laboratories of Guy’s Hospital and succeeded him two years later as Public Analyst to the Borough of Shoreditch. He held this and the corresponding appointment to the Borough of Deptford for the remainder of his active life. He retired in 1937 and since then had been living at Weston-super-Mare. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1905 and became a Fellow in 1908.SYDNEY WALTERHUNTdied on 8th March 1945 at the age of 57. He was educated at Alleyn’s School Dulwich which he attended from 1897-1904 and during his last year there acted as assistant to Dr. (afterwards Professor) H. B. Baker. After a year at Battersea Polytechnic Institute he proceeded in 1906 to the Royal College of Science South Kensington where he obtained the Associateship of the College and the BSc. degree of the University of London. After a short period as assistant to Professor G. T. Morgan he spent a year as assistant works chemist to Burt Boulton and Haywood Ltd. In 1911 he was appointed analytical and works chemist to Messrs. C. & E. Morton Export Provision Merchants in whose service he spent the rest of his active life.His first task was to establish a works laboratory at the firm’s factory at Millwall. Later developments included the setting up of a bacteriological laboratory in 1926 and a complete reconstruction and enlargement of the laboratories in 1934. As chief chemist to the firm it fellto him to build up the necessary laboratory staff and facilities for dealing with the analysis of a wide range of food products and raw materials and with laboratory control over the factory operations involved in food preservation. Since 1939 he had been living at Loughborough where he died. He was elected an Associate in 1920 and a Fellow in 1938. FREDERICK died on 15th April 1945 at the age of 56 years. HENRY NEWINGTON Educated at the School of St. John the Divine Kennington and Wilson’s Grammar School Camberwell he became in 1903 assistant to Dr.W. B. Davidson at the Research Department Royal Arsenal Woolwich and from 1905 to 1906 was assistant chemist to the City of Birmingham Gas Department. For reasons of health he then returned for a time to his home in London but in the following year began his life-long association with the Admiralty Chemist’s Department at Portsmouth Dockyard. r 1-27] Starting as a junior analyst in 1907 he was promoted to the established analyst grade in 1915 and during the next 20 years carried out important analytical and investiga- tional work on naval problems. Most of this work was confidential but he contributed several papers to chemical journals including one on the production and estimation of carbon monoxide from paint in confined spaces.In 1935 he was appointed Assistant Admiralty Chemist and four years later was placed in charge of the Naval Works Inspection Laboratory Holton Heath in the capacity of Head Chemist. In recognition of his work on certain specialised naval problems he received the M.B.E. in 1937. He returned to Portsmouth in 1940 as Principal Chemist and was promoted last year to Superintendent Scientist. He was elected to the Associateship of the Institute in 1926 and to the Fellowship in 1930. ALANPERCY was born at Buenos Aires in 1916 and died on 20th March 1946. PLATT Educated at King George V School Southport and Cowley School St. Helens he entered the University of Liverpool in 1933 and graduated three years later as BSc.with honours in biochemistry. For the next two years he was engaged in research work under Professor Channon and then spent a year as assistant lecturer in the Biochemistry Department at Liverpool. In 1939 he took up a Rockefeller Fellowship at the University of California but resigned on the outbreak of war and returning to England was appointed in 1940 Scientific Assistant in the Scientific Adviser’s Division of the Ministry of Food. In this appointment he was concerned largely with administrative work; he organised on a scientific basis the anti-gas protec- tion of food stocks and acted as Chief Instructor of anti-gas food personnel on behalf of the Ministry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1943. DONALD TILSTON VERNON was killed in a road accident on Easter Day 1946 whilst cycling near Bangor North Wales.Born on 14th June 1922 he received his early education at Friars School Bangor and entered the University College of North Wales Bangor in 1940 with a State Scholarship. In 1943 he graduated with first class honours and was awarded the Muriel Edwards Prize. He was permitted by the Ministry of Labour and National Service to return to Bangor for one year to carry out research work on magnetochemistry with Dr. W. Rogie Angus. In October 1944 he obtained a post in the Shell Lubricating Oil Laboratory in the Wirral. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944. ROBERTCECIL WILD died on 26th May 1946 at the age of 76 years. From 1895 to 1898 he took the course for Institute Students at King’s College London while working in the laboratory of Mr.C. J. Head analytical and metallurgical chemist. He con- tinued as assistant to Mr. Head until the end of 1900 when he started a business on his own account as an analytical and consulting chemist specialising in metals coal gas and water. In 1915 he became Gas Examiner for Erith and later held similar appoint- ments with the Bexley Dartford and Crayford Councils. He continued to act as Gas Examiner after retirement from his consulting practice a few years ago. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1899 and became a Fellow in 1902. Coming Events 1945 Jlilv 11 12 .THEIRON Annual General Meeting; meetings for the AND STEELINSTITUTE presentation and discussion of papers.At the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street S.W.l beginning at 10.30 a.m. on 11th July. OF CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting at the Royal Institu- 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY. tion Albemarle Street W.l at 10.30 a.m. followed by President’s Address at 11.30 a.m.; Presentation of the Society’s Medal to the Rt. Hon. Viscount Lever- hulme and Medallist’s Address at 3 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Protein Fibres.” Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd at the English Theatre University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :Visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden at 2 p.m. 1281 The Register New Fellows Diamond Claude BSc.(Lond.). Dickens Frank M.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. D.Sc. (Lond.) D.I.C. Dunbar Charles M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Hempling Harris B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Morrison Alexander Lang B.Sc. (Glas.) D. PhiLNat. (Frankfurt). Associates elected Adamson Arthur Norman MSc. Tech. (Manc.). Anderson Alfred Milburn B.A. M.Sc. (Dublin). Barr Thomas B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.D. (Manc.) A.R.T.C. Bayley William John B.Sc. (Lond.). Bloomfield George Frederic B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Boursnell John Colin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Bridge Frank. Buckles Cyril William B.Sc. (Lond.). Bull Ronald Leno B.Sc. (Lond.). Bussell Leonard Herbert B.Sc. (Lond.). Cabell Harold Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Campbell Hugh Hannay B.Sc. (Edin.), A.H.-W.C.Candlin Ernest John BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. L.R.A.M. Carroll Arthur M.P.S. Crossley Harold. Dartnall Herbert James Ambrose BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Dimmick John BSc. (Lond.). Eaton James Caithness B.Sc. M.B. Ch.B. (Glas.). Evans Allen Whitmore B.Sc. (Birm.). Ferguson WilIiam Hunter. Flood Dona1 Thomas MSc. (N.U.I.). Francis Gordon Edward Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Gardner William Kidston -B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.). Haigh Donald. Heron,Harry,B.Sc. (Lond.) ,A.M.I.Chem.E. Hignett Harold William George B.Sc. Eng. (Lond.). Jackson John B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Birm.). Jackson Robert Henry B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Johnson Thomas Edwin. Jones Leonard Ellwood M.Sc. (Liv.), F.C.I.P.A. Knewstubb Norman Watson B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc.(Lond.). Redgrove Edward Robert B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Spence Robert Ph.D. D.Sc. (Dunelm). Spring Frank Stuart B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.) D.Sc. (Manc.). Tideswell Frederick Vincent M.Sc. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Sheffield). Winter Ramsay Middleton M.Sc. (N.Z.). to the Fellowship Lunt Walter Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Markwell William Alfred Nottage. Mills Eric William BSc. (Liv.). Morten Denis A.R.C.S. M.1.Chem.E. Myhill Alphonse Renfred. Nicholson George B.Sc. (Lond.). Ovenston Temple Clifford John B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Pankhurst Kenneth George Alfred B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Phillips Edgar Oliver M.Sc. (Wales). Phillips Lewis Henry M.C. B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Philpott David M.Sc. Ph.D. (Wales). Pinches Leonard Francis.Pinner Solomon Harris BSc. (Lond.). Popple Robert Geoffrey BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Raynes Edward Gordon BSc. (Lond.). Rhodes Charles England B.Sc. Dip. Ed (Leeds). Ricketts Harold Neil BSc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C. Ruzicka Francis Charles Julian B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Smee Frederick Henry M.Sc. (Lond.). Snow Oscar Walter B.A. (Oxon.) BSc. (Lond.) Order of the Nile 4th Class. Sprague John Mortimer M.Sc. (Birm.). Stickland Frederick George William BSc. (Lond.). Sutcliffe Gordon Roy. Taylor James B.Sc. (Lond.). Tomlinson Leslie George MSc. (Lond.). Topham Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Urie Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. Vincent John Willford B.Sc. (Bris.). Walker George William. Wesson Harry Chamberlain M.A.B.Sc. (Oxon.). Wilde Bertrand Ernest M.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.) . Williams Leslie Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Wright Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. (Q.U.B.). New Associates Adlington Dennis George BSc. (Shef-field). Alcock Arthur. Anderson Joseph. Andrews Mrs. Elizabeth Ph.D. (Buda-pest). Atkinson George Wilson BSc. (Lond.). Bamford Clement Henry M.A. Ph.D. (Cantab.). Bannochie John Greig B.Sc. (Lond.). Barke David John BSc. (Lond.). Beard John Stewart B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Bellhouse Clifford BSc. (Leeds). Belshaw Philip Leigh BSc. (Dunelm). Birch Miss Mary Alice. Bithell Raymond John. Blake John Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Brawley Matthew B.Sc. (Glas.). Brian Robert Coles B.Sc. (Sheffield). Burroughs Leonard Frederick B.Sc. Agric.(Reading). Cameron Donald Black BSc. (Edin.). Campbell Alfred B.Sc. (Glas.). Catchpole Arthur George B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Chadwick John. Chapman Henry Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark Frank B.A. (Cantab.) BSc. (Lond.). Cleeland Miss Daphne Marian Downing. Clifford Ivor Laurance B.Sc. (Manc.) Coleman John Stanley BSc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Colman Colin Robert Dip. 1ng.-Chem. (Zurich). Cooke Edward Ingram B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Crick Robert George Denton BSc. (Lond.). Cropper Miss Francis Anne. Davies Richard Laurens. Dawes Michael Frederick Aylwin B.Sc. (Cape Town). ’ Devlin William St. John MSc. (N.U.I.). Diggory James Bryan B.Sc. (Liv.). Edwards George Alfred B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Elson John James.Evans Alan Ffoulkes B.Sc. (Manc.). Eve David George Malcolm B.Sc. (Lond.). Fowler Kenneth Edward. Francis Stanley Eric BSc. (Lond.). Grasham Raymond. Green Maurice Berkeley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Gregson Henry John B.Sc. (Liv.). Griffiths David Kenneth B.Sc. (Lond.). Hadley Gordon. Hall Reginald Harold BSc. Ph,D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Hands Sidney M.Sc. (Birm.). Harris Frank Witcomb M.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Hastings David. Hay George Angus B.Sc. (Dunelm). Headon Thomas Aloysius B.Sc. (N.U.I.). Henderson James Alexander. Herd Charles Peden B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Hewson William Arnold BSc. (Lond.). Heyworth Fred BSc. (Manc.). Hoad Philip Charles B.A. (Cantab.). Hobson John Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Holden Ian George BSc.(Lond.). Hornby John Arthur. Howe James Henry BSc. (Lond.). Howlett Keith Eric B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Hughes Miss Annie. Hullin Roy Powell B.Sc. (Wales). Ibison Gerard Francis B.Sc. (Liv.). Jack James BSc. (St. Andrews). James Arthur Edwin BSc. (Birm.). Johnson John Terrence George. Jones Geoffrey Kempson. Jones Thomas Tyssul B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Cantab. and Wales). Kerley Thomas Frank. Leighton James B.A. (Oxon.). Leyshon Miss Eluned B.Sc. (Lond.). Littler Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Locke Ronald Stanley BSc. (Bris.). Lockington Norman Anthony B.A. (Cantab.). Love Bernard Eric. Lowe Norman MacDougall. MacGregor Alistair Gregor B.Sc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Mackay Eric John. Mather James Harold. McIntosh Andrew Hamilton BSc.(Edin.). McIntosh Henry James. Mitchell Robert Lyell B.Sc. (Edin.), Ph.D. (Aberd.). Mitchell William Vernon. Morrison Robert Ian B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews). Murphy Finnbarr B.Sc. (Lond.). Newsome Oliver. Nicholls Ralph John B.Sc. (Lond.). Nutter Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Owen Jack B.Sc. (Dunelm). Owston Philip George B.Sc. (Sheffield). Parks Victor Harold. Pemn Douglas Dalzell MSc. (N.Z.). Perrin Mrs. Dawn Roberta MSc. (N.Z.). Potter Edmund Clarence B.Sc. (Lond.). Rajpal Madho Das M.Sc. (Punjab). Rees Arthur Glyn M.Sc. (Wales). Roberts Richard Geoffrey. Rogerson Walter Alan. Rout Herbert Kenneth Beatty. Rule Henry. Russell Gerald. Satkunananthan Chelliah B.Sc. (Ceylon). Savage Peter Alan B.Sc.(Lond.). Searle Charles Edmund B.Sc. (Lond.). Sellers Fred. Simmens Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.). Smith William Henry. Smythe Lloyd Earle BSc. (Sydney). Stephen Alistair Matthew MSc. (Cape Town). Sunawala Soli Dosabhai MA. (Bombay). Taylor Reginald David. Thomson Anthony Walter B.Sc. (Glas.). Thomson Thomas Gordon Herd BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Valentine Robert Burns B.Sc. (Edin.). Valton Paul Alexander B.Sc. (Lond.). Vaughan Geoffrey Alison. Venkataraman Poonarmalle Rama-krishna B.Sc. (Annamalai) Ph.D. (Bombay). Venkatesan T. R. B.Sc. (Annamalai), M.Sc. (Madras). Vincent Ewart Albert BSc. (Reading). Waley Stephen Gerald B.A. (Oxon.). Wallis Miss Vivienne. Walls Ewart Heywood. Weller Owen George BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S.White Trevor Raymond B.Sc. (Wales). Whitehead Miss Meryl. Whitham Barclay Thorpe B.Sc. (Liv.). Whittaker Jack B.Sc. (Manc.). Wilcher Bryan Albert Charles BSc. (Lond.). Wilding Basil Raymond. Williams John Samuel B. Sc. (Wales). Wooding Peter Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.). Wragg William Robert B.Sc. (Lond.). Young Joseph Edward B.Sc. (Glas.). (Lond.). Adams William Henry. Annison Ernest Frank. Axford Anthony Joseph Owen. Barchard Colin Terence. Bentley Miss Joyce Alma. Blackhurst Frederick William. Bradbury Dennis Thomas. Bruce Charles Richard. Budd. Sydney Maurice. Burton Miss Freda. Capper Thomas. Clarke George Bedford. Coles Eric Lawrence. Crookall John Ormand. Crossley Eric Edward. Crossley Harold Gartside.Dunning Kenneth Henry. Ellwood William John. Gault Jacques-Red. Goldie John. Grayson Douglas. Jeffreys Roy Arthur. Kemp Stanley Gordon. Kershaw Donald Trevor. Latimer Anthony Harold. Lee David Jokin Austin. Litherland Donald. Lyall Andre BSc. (Aberd.). James Kear Colwell. %-elected Associates Brown William MSc. (Leeds). Leipper Alexander Dawson. Hadley David James BSc. (Lond.). Nabar Parashuram Mathar B.A. BSc. Hogarth Laurence Totherick BSc. (Bombay) B.Sc. (Manc.). Spears Thomas James B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students Mander Geoffrey Arthur. Marchant Reginald Humfrey. Martin Miss Elizabeth. McDonnell William Francis. McIsaac William Mallinson. Moore Brian Birkett. Mostyn Reginald Angus. Mundill Derrick Arthur.Nall William Russell. Oliver Roy Edward. Orbaum Jack Hyman. Page Miss Patricia Anne. Peissel Barry Arnold. Richardson John. Riley Peter Bernard. Smith Ronald Gregson. Stuart Lawrence Murray. Sturgeon Bennett. Topper Harry Hyman BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. Towers Peter. Truesdale Thomas. Walker John. Watson Kenneth. Wellington Charles Walter. Wells Charles Thomas. Williamson William Fraser. Wright Donald Gooch. DEATHS Fellows Richard Greenhalgh BSc. (Manc.) . Charles Edwin Corfield BSc. (Lond.). Henry George Harrison M.A. (Cantab.). Albert Lucas Entwistle. Frederick Henry Newington M.B.E. Sir Martin Onslow Forster D.Sc. (Lond.) Archibald Walker M.A. (Oxon.) D.L. Ph.D. (Wurzburg) F.R.S. Roland Cecil Wild.Associates Walter Eric James M.P.S. Frank Oates O.B.E. (Civil) M.B.E. (Mil.) B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. [ 131 J General Notices Active Service.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on active service with the Navy Army and Air Force as well as Recipients of Honours and Awards are requested to notify the Institute giving such particulars as may be permissible as to their rank unit etc. Notices to Associates.-Associates who desire to qualify for the Fellowship can obtain copies of the Regulations and forms of application from the Registrar. AppointmentsRegister.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are availabIe for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Libraries.-The Library of the Institute is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). The Library of the Chemical Society has recently increased the daily hours of opening which were curtailed during the European war and is available for those wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington. S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Fellows and Associates who subscribe to Boots’ Booklovers Library can obtain forms of application from the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (Is. 7d. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes are requested to notify the Secretary of their requirements indicating the years for which the covers are required. In present circumstances there may be some delay in supplying covers. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes ofAddress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their +evmunent addresses for registration.All requests for changes in the Register should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate Identification Fellows and Associates are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances Fellows and Associates are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. BENEVOLENTFUND.-Contributions for 1945maybe sentto the Honorary Treasurer 30,Russell Square London W.C.l. Forms for Deeds of Covenant and Forms [of! Bequest may be obtained from the Secretary.JOINT SUBSCRIPTION SCHEME Fellows and Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the scheme under which they can acquire for a reduced subscription membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and substantial privileges as to publications can obtain particulars from the Conjoint Chemical Office 6 Burlington Gardens Piccadilly London W. 1. I 1323