Sustainable agriculture is a practice involving the management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the human needs, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Peppermint (MenthaxpiperitaL.) cultivation and essential oil production is described in relation to soil and nutrients, pests and pathogens, environmental factors, biotechnological applications, cell and tissue culture and essential oil distillation. Besides an overview on the state of the art of peppermint cultivation and oil production, new results are presented on the intercropping of peppermint with soybean and the selection of a new pest-resistant early blooming peppermint variety. The application of sustainable agricultural and technological methods for a sustainable peppermint oil production is discussed.