JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART VI I 949 EDIT0RIAL PROFESSIONAL BODIES In English Law we understand there is no simple and clear- cut definition of a crime. The best that can be done is to list those offences that may form the subject of criminal proceedings. A similar difficulty arises in trying to define a profession and here perhaps we may similarly fall back on enumerating those “gainful occupations” whose practitioners have established a “professional body” to co-ordinate and develop the services they render to the public and to the State. This does not take us very far and it is fortunate that the average man has a fair idea of what constitutes a profession-as he has of what is a crime. The older professions such as medicine and the law have long held an honoured place in the community and many others including some whose services are of less direct significance to individual members of the public are now recognised as playing an essential part in the maintenance of the well-being of the populace and in the development of industrial and administrative activity.In the attainment of this position the professions owe much to the varied types of professional bodies that have been established by their members. Mr. Roche Lynch in his presidential address this year indicated the origins and lines of development of some of our existing pro- fessional bodies and emphasised their essentially English character. It certainly seems that the nature and purpose of these bodies their forms of constitution and modes of operation are in many respects peculiar to Britain and the British Commonwealth.Moreover during the past few years a series of articles on “the organisation of other professions”-dealing so far with medicine the law archi- tecture and pharmacy-have appeared sporadically in this Journal and many members have been interested to learn of the similarities and differences between the institutions established in these fields. Conversations with members of these and other professions such as dentistry physics engineering metallurgy surveying and account- ancy have led us to attempt to analyse the varied functions exercised by professional institutions. [ 469 I It appears that few of these bodies are exactly alike in their constitutions and functions and that each has some individuality in the way it operates.This is perhaps what one would expect in a group of British institutions that have grown up from diverse origins over varying periods of years to meet needs that have altered as the social and economic life of the community has developed. Even those that are most akin such as the three great engineering bodies the Institutions of Civil Mechanical and Electrical Engineers probably exhibit some differences in outlook if not in structure due to their different ages and the divergent interests of their members arising for example from the differing extents to which these members are engaged in private practice in Government service or in industry.The fact that most of the older bodies are incorporated by Royal Charter whereas some of the younger ones are registered under the Companies Acts does not in itself seem to affect the way in which they operate. Possession of a Royal Charter places upon a body a definite obligation to put the interests of the public foremost in all its actions but this concern with the well-being and protection of the community is one of the principal characteristics of all professional bodies. Another important feature of most of them is that membership is voluntary the only exceptions being where it has been found desirable in the public interest to insist that the right to practise certain professions notably pharmacy shall be contingent on membership of a specified professional body.This voluntary principle which applies in bodies such as the British Medical Association as well as in most of the others mentioned above is in general a source of strength for the fact that a large majority of appropriately qualified practitioners in such fields elect to belong to the professional body provides an assurance that its activities and services will be maintained and developed in the best interests of the community. All professional bodies that are recognisable as such appear to exercise functions coming under at least two of the following headings education; qualification; publication; registration and discipline; protection. Probably none of them covers the whole field of these activities completely but some such as the Law Society the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and the Royal Institute of British Architects come very near to doing so.Some bodies concentrate on certain functions appropriate to their con- stitutions to the partial or complete exclusion of others; thus the Institutions of Civil Mechanical and Electrical Engineers appear to be principally concerned with education qualification and publica- tion whereas at the other extreme the British Medical Association which is not itself a qualifying body would probably regard protec- tion as one of its principal functions. In such cases there are r 470 1 often separate bodies charged with providing the services not afforded by the main professional body.Thus in medicine regis- tration is the function of the General Medical Council qualification (at least in part) of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of Surgeons and of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists while the publication of new knowledge is to some extent in the hands of learned societies such as the Royal Society of Medicine. In our own profession we are well aware of the important role of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and numerous more specialised societies such as the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists the Faraday Society and the Biochemical Society in the publication of original work in pure and applied chemistry. The articles on the organisation of other professions which have appeared in this Journal illustrate the extraordinary range of the extents to which the activities and services required by different professions are concentrated under one organisation or dispersed among several.In the field of education the majority of professional bodies exercise at least an indirect influence as for example by prescribing standards and conditions of training and by recognising only those courses and those institutions that satisfy them. In this respect our own Institute has had a considerable influence on the teaching of chemistry especially practical chemistry in this country and the importance attached by technical colleges to securing the Institute’s recognition of their courses is a measure of that influence. In several professions the professional body not only prescribes the syllabuses of courses but also appoints examiners.In others the professional institution itself maintains and operates schools for the training of aspirants to the profession. Until recently the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was an important example of this. One of the commonest characteristics of professional bodies is their right to bestow a recognised qualification on persons who by examination or otherwise have been proved competent to practise the profession. Corporate membership of such bodies-sometimes in specific grades-is often designated by “letters” or in other ways that serve to indicate to the public the persons who are so qualified. Where the professional body itself. does not confer a qualification membership of it is restricted to those who have attained a recog-nised qualification from other sources.Thus membership of the British Medical Association is open only to those who are registered medical practitioners and have been admitted as such by the General Medical Council. By this means professional bodies exercise one of their most important functions that of protecting the public or the employer against the unqualified or inexperienced person. It is realised however that in many of the professions-especially those which may be described as “the learned professions”-qualifications [ 471 1 of recognised standing may also be bestowed by universities and in such cases it is common for the professional body to accept a univer- sity degree in the appropriate subjects as satisfying at least part of its own requirements for admission to corporate membership.Generally however the extent to which those requirements are satisfied depends on the class of the degree and on the university from which it is derived and most of the bodies impose other requirements such as a period of proved experience in the practice of the pro- fession submission to a part of their own examinations or the presentation of a thesis or other record of original work. In all the professions the standards of admission to corporate membership tend to be raised and it is one of the most important duties of the qualifying bodies to ensure that their corporate membership connotes a standard of knowledge and skill appropriate to the current stage of development of the profession.All the professional bodies issue publications if only a “house journal” containing a record of the business of the institution and of matters of direct concern to the members. Most of them go further than this by the publication of one or more periodicals containing articles on developments in professional practice and articles or papers dealing with the advancement of knowledge and experience in the field. Publications of this latter type often have a world-wide reputation and provide the medium through which major contri- butions to the advancement of fundamental and technical knowledge are made known. Such publications may also include abstracts of papers published elsewhere as well as reviews annual reports of progress and the like.It is in this field of “publication” that our own Institute’s services are least complete for this is the purview of the societies already mentioned. Through its series of Lectures Monographs and Reports however the Institute is playing an increasingly important part in the publication of matters of scientific and professional interest outside those covered by its Journal and Proceedings. It is noteworthy that in physics where the publication of new knowledge in the pure science is the main business of the Physical Society (apart from the Royal Society) the professional body the Institute of Physics issues the JownaZ of ScientiJic Instrzments and has embarked on the publication of a new periodical dealing with advances in applied physics.Most of the other professional bodies concerned with scientific fields of work are also “publishing bodies” in the true sense of the term. Thus the British Medical Association publishes scientific periodicals and a valuable abstract journal in addition to its well-known professional publication the Britislz Medical JozwnaZ. Closely con- nected with the function of publication is the holding of meetings for the reading of papers or the discussion of matters of concern to the profession and all the professional bodies participate to a greater or [ 472 I less extent in organising such activities. It is recognised that these meetings are valuable in providing means for the personal exchange of ideas and mutual criticism of work for few can continue for long to make substantial contributions to the advancement of their profession without the stimulus afforded by personal contacts with their fellows.In some of the professions especially those with close relations with individual members of the public registration of practitioners is required by statute. Thus in medicine dentistry and architecture there are respectively the General Medical Council the Dental Board of the United Kingdom and the Architects Registration Council exercising this function. Two professional bodies the Law Society and the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain are themselves statutory registering bodies acting in respect of solicitors and pharmacists respectively.In most of the other professions there is not the same degree of official control but the professional bodies themselves maintain and publish registers of their own members and like the statutory bodies exercise discipline over the members by suspending or excluding any that are found guilty of “unprofessional conduct.” Some of the bodies have laid down detailed codes of ethical practice and most have set up disciplinary organisations-such as the Censors in our own Institute-to enforce obedience to recognised standards of pro- fessional conduct. Sometimes there is also an “ethical committee” which gives advice and may publish statements from time to time on the implications of the ethical code. In chemistry there is no statutory registration but the Register of the Institute serves to provide the public with a list of chemists who are not onIy of recognised competence but also committed to upholding a code of professional conduct.By such means the public is protected against the unprincipled as well as the incompetent practitioner in the profession. Under the heading of “protection” are included a variety of services designed to assure to the individual member the status and conditions of work necessary to enable him to perform his duties in a satisfactory manner. Most of the principal professional bodies are prepared to give on request advice on such matters as terms of contracts of service and general conditions of employment or practice and such advice including that of our own Institute is not only available to members but is also frequently sought and accepted by Government departments, by industrial employers and in recent times by the organisations of the nationalised industries.Many of the bodies also exercise an influence on the conditions of employment through the operation of an Appointments Register or the publication in their journals of advertisements of suitable posts open to members of the profession. A recent article in this Journal [ 473 1 by our Registrar provides an account of the operation of this service for chemists. In some cases the professional body is more deeply involved in protecting the member against unfair exploitation of his professional skill and experience.Thus the professional institute may even be recognised as the representative negotiating body on salaries and conditions of employment for the profession; it is well known that the British Medical Association has acted in this way in connection with the establishment of the National Health Service. There is nothing to prevent a professional body being recognised for this purpose but it has to be realised that such a body not being registered as a trade union cannot compel members of the profession to accept or to act in accordance with decisions arrived at as a result of negotiations on their behalf. It is evident however that in this field of protection the professional bodies may become engaged in activities related to those of trade unions and questions are raised as to how far the former can effectively safeguard the interests of their members in such matters under present conditions.U7hile opinions differ on the desirability of attempting to bring the professions within the scope of trade union organisation it is in our view unfortunate that in some occupations and in some spheres of employment pressure is being brought to bear on pro- fessional men to join a trade union. We find it difficult in any event to reconcile the basis of trade unionism with the ideals and objectives of the professions. Thus a trade union may have among its prin- cipal objects “the imposition of restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business” and the provision of “benefits for its members.” Such concern as it may have for the welfare of the public is incidental and not inherent in its constitution as it is in that of a professional body.Over long periods of years professional bodies have striven to establish high standards of competence and ethical conduct and can claim thereby to be in the best position to know the conditions of service that are essential to enable their members to discharge their duties effectively. Moreover the work of professional men depends largely on their individual qualities- skill judgment originality-and does not readily lend itself to being organised on a basis similar to that applied to manual workers. It is clear however that if the professional bodies are to continue to play the part they should in ensuring that the public industry and the State receive the full advantage of the results of professional training and experience it is essential that they should become even more representative than some of them already are by the inclusion of all who are qualified for admission to their corporate membership and are prepared to abide by the code of professional ethics enjoined.[ 474 1 From o tronsporency on Ektochrome Film THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PRESIDENT'S BADGE OF OFFICE THE PRESlDENT’S BADGE OF OFFICE For some time it has been felt that the provision of a suitable Badge of Office for the President of the Institute to wear on formal occasions would give an additional indication of the dignity and importance of this Office.In considering the matter the Council was concerned to provide a Badge that would be distinctive in form and character and representative of developments in various fields of chemistry so that there would be no question of this emblem being mistaken for those worn by civic dignitaries or the Masters of City Livery Companies. The general principles of a suitable design were suggested by Mr. G. Roche Lynch during his term of Office as President and with modifications in certain directions following discussions in Council a generally acceptable design was elaborated. A short description of the resulting Badge of Office will be of interest to members of the Institute. The Badge itself consists of a wheel of gold with twelve spokes each of which is composed of a different non-tarnishable white metal.The centre of the wheel is occupied by a hexagonal medallion bearing the figure of Priestley in enamel. The metals used for the spokes of the wheel are as follows beginning from the upper vertical spoke and proceeding in a clockwise direction :-palladium cobalt zirconium iridium niobium tungsten platinum molybdenum tantalum rhodium titanium and nickel. Thus the four platinum metals occupy the north south east and west positions and the intermediate positions are occupied symmetrically by (in order) the transitional metals nickel and cobalt; group IV metals titanium and zirconium; group V metals tantalum and niobium; and group VI metals molybdenum and tungsten. Tantalum and tungsten have been put on the opposite sides of the vertical axis so as to balance the weight as these spokes are nearly twice as heavy as the corresponding molybdenum and niobium spokes.This arrangement is not only symmetrical but takes account of the slightly differing colours of the metals showing a gradual change from the pure white of palladium to the rather steely appearance of tantalum and niobium and back to the greyish- white of platinum. For purposes of identification the chemical symbols of these metals are engraved on the back of the gold ring at the point of contact with it. The Badge is suspended from a collarette which has been woven specially in the form of a wide ribbon the inner lengthwise strip consisting of nylon yarn whilst the two outer strips are of cellulose acetate yarn; the weft is entirely of viscose yarn.The whole ribbon has been dyed with the earliest of the synthetic dyes Mauveine first prepared by U’.H. Perkin in 1856. [ 475 Every component of the Badge and the collarette thus has ;1 special chemical significance. The central figure of Priestley the discoverer of oxygen and the inventor of soda water has long been incorporated in the Seal of the Institute and is the established symbol of the Institute’s activities. The surrounding hexagon is of course symbolic of benzene and of the great industry that has been built up around aromatic organic chemistry. The gold wheel and the spokes of the various precious and untarnishable metals are representative of the outstanding part played by chemistry in the discovery and characterisation of the less common elements and of the development of their metallurgy and applications in industry.Another field of inorganic chemistry is represented by the enamels with which the central part of the Badge is adorned. The fabrics of which the collarette is composed are the direct products of chemical synthesis and symbolise the amazing changes which research in this field of organic chemistry has brought into everyday life. The choice of the original Mauveine as the dye for the ribbon was made so as to avoid having to find grounds for selecting any of the thousands of other dyes and colouring matters which have since flowed from our chemical laboratories to brighten this somewhat drab world.For this unique emblem of Presidential Office we are indebted to the generosity of three organisations for the provision of rare and precious metals and their preparation in the appropriate forms to Messrs. Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. through the good offices of one of their Directors Mr. D. McDonald F.R.I.C. and with the advice of their Chief Chemist Mr. A. R. Powell F.R.I.C.; for the preparation of the synthetic fibres and their weaving and dyeing with Mauveine to form the collarette to British Celanese Ltd. through the goodwill of two of their Directors Mr. G. H. Spilman F.K.I.C. and Mr. W. A. Dickie F.K.I.C. ; for advice on the design of the Badge for furnishing the remaining materials and for the fabrication of the Badge to Toye & Co.Ltd. through the goodwill of Mr. H. G. D. Toye a Director. The gratitude of all is due to these three firms who through the personal interest of their respective Directors have enabled the Institute to make available to successive Presidents an emblem that is surely unique and which will add lustre to their high Office. The preparation of the Badge has involved considerable pre- liminary investigation and the application of special techniques and the following notes kindly supplied by representatives of the firms concerned give some indication of the work entailed. Mr. A. R. Powell of Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. writes- “All the metals in the rods are in the highest state of purity it is possible to obtain; in fact they are all of our ‘Specpure’ grade.To produce them in this high state of purity it was necessary to [ 476 3 start from the very purest materials produced by chemical refining processes and to avoid melting; consequently all the metals were made by some variation of powder metallurgy. The sole exception to this is zirconium which was made by the Van Arkel iodide decomposition process-but even this starts with a crude zirconium powder. The methods used for the production of the metal powders covered a fairly wide field of powder metallurgy technique. “The four platinum metals of course were produced by thermal decomposition of their salts for iridium and platinum ammonium chloroiridate and chloroplatinate were the salts used ; for palladium and rhodium the ammino salts dichlorodiamminopalladium and chloropentamminorhodium chloride.The powders obtained were pressed into bars which were sintered in hydrogen and then reduced by forging swaging and drawing to rod. “Nickel and cobalt were purified by chemical processes the cobalt via hexamminocobaltic oxalate followed by ignition of this salt to cobalt oxide and the nickel via ammine purification to eliminate cobalt and then by crystallisation and thermal decom- position of the chloride with steam. The oxides obtained by these two processes were reduced at low temperatures to give a loose powder which was pressed into bars sintered in hydrogen to remove the last traces of oxide and then forged swaged and drawn into rod. It is interesting to note that the method used for cobalt is the only way in which we have found it possible to obtain cobalt pure enough to be cold-worked into rod wire or sheet.Cobalt is much more difficult than nickel to work since it is a hexagonal metal at ordinary temperatures. “As already mentioned the zirconium was produced by thermal decomposition of zirconium iodide on a zirconium wire followed by swaging of the wire down to rod of the requisite diameter. The titanium was prepared by magnesium reduction of titanium tetra- chloride under carefully controlled conditions to obtain a remarkably pure product which has less than 0.1 per cent. of oxygen and only minute traces of other impurities. This powder was pressed into a bar sintered in a very high vacuum and then carefully forged and swaged to rod with intermediate annealing in high vacuum.“The tantalum was produced by electrolysis of fused potassium fluotantalate and the resulting powder was washed dried pressed into bars and sintered in high vacuum at a temperature of about 2,600’ to 2,700”C. The bars were then forged re-sintered and cold-worked to rod. Niobium was produced from niobium powder made by reduction of niobium pentoxide with niobium carbide in a vacuum furnace. The resulting powder was pressed into rod and re-sintered in a high vacuum to complete the reaction between carbide and oxide and the metal then cold-worked down to rod. Both these metals were made for us by the Fansteel Corporation of [ 477 1 America as there are as yet no facilities available in this country for doing the necessary operations to produce these metals.“Molybdenum and tungsten were prepared by the well-known method of reduction of the oxides in hydrogen followed by pressing sintering in hydrogen and hot-working to the necessary dimensions. “The two metals on either side of palladium at the top and the two on either side of platinum at the bottom are nickel and cobalt and molybdenum and tungsten representing four of the most important steel-strengthening metals ; they are also of con-siderable industrial importance in the electrical engineering and electronic industries. The remaining four metals apart from the platinum group represent the most modern advances in metallurgy. All have to be produced by a vacuum technique and all are highly resistant to corrosion by dilute mineral acids.The properties of tantalum are now very well known. Niobium is still something of a metallurgical curiosity but seems to have a future if sufficient supplies become available. Titanium and zirconium promise to be very important metals of the future if problems associated with their production can be solved economically for their ores are extremely abundant. Another point of interest about these four metals is the fact that they produce like molybdenum and tungsten extremely hard carbides which are utilised in the manu- facture of cutting tools; they are also remarkably resistant to acids but have an extremely great affinity for all gases except inert gases; they cannot therefore be used at temperatures much above 300” to 400°C.” The following particulars about the ribbon were furnished by Mr.A. S. Bell of British Celanese Limited:- “The ribbon is composed of cellulose acetate and nylon con- tinuous filament yarn in warp stripes with a weft of continuous filament in viscose. It was dyed in one bath with Mauveine. “The dyestuff was prepared in our laboratories the Mauveine used being substantially that claimed by Perkin in E.P. 1984 (1856) and described by him in J.C.S. 1862 14 232 and in Proc. Roy. SOC.,1863 12 713. It was prepared by oxidising a mixture of aniline and the toluidines in aqueous solution as the sulphates using sodium dichromate as oxidising agent at room temperature.The crude product was filtered and washed well with water to remove inorganic salts extracted repeatedly with benzene to remove resinous matter and the colouring matter was finally isolated by extracting with 25 per cent. aqueous methylated spirit. The colour was obtained as the free base. A control sample of Mauveine was kindly supplied by the Colour Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds and was used as a standard of reference. “Two treatments were found to be necessary before dyeing (1) pre-setting to ensure stability of the nylon in the dye bath c 478 1 and (2) mordanting to improve the affinity of the viscose. The pre-setting treatment is necessary as nylon in comparison with cellulose acetate has a relatively large extension for small loads.In this case the ribbon was treated under slight tension in steam at 150°C. for one hour. This ensures the stability of the nylon during subsequent processing. Preliminary dyeing trials with Mauveine showed the free base to have a good affinity for both the cellulose acetate and the nylon but less affinity for viscose. It was therefore necessary to apply a small amount of mordant to the viscose to ensure adequate cover for this fibre. This was achieved by the following process:-The ribbon was wetted out in water and treated with 0.2 per cent. Tanninol B.M. (calculated on the weight of the ribbon) for half an hour at 80"C. It was then washed off in water and treated in a bath containing 4 ml./litre acetic acid at 20" C.for five minutes. "The dye-bath was prepared by dissolving 1per cent. Mauveine base in ethyl alcohol and pouring it into the requisite amount of water. The ribbon was introduced into the bath at 20" C. and dyeing was continued for one hour during which time the tem- perature was raised to 80°C. The ribbon was then washed in water and dried. "During the finishing of the ribbon a moirit effect was produced on the acetate rayon portion. The ribbon was subjected to a pressure of 350 lb. per square inch for 10 seconds at 115"C. Two thicknesses of the ribbon face to face were used the moiri effect being obtained by the ribs forming an interference pattern brought about by the deformation under pressure at the points of inter- section. The nylon having been woven in a satin weave escaped the moire and remained by contrast plain." Finally Mr.H. G. D. Toye of Toye & Co. Ltd. Regalia Manufacturers has sent the following commentary by his foreman in charge of the work of preparing the Badge:- "We have had a great many intricate and interesting jobs during the past century but none more so than the making of the jewel for the Royal Institute of Chemistry. To be called upon to produce a jewel from thirteen untarnishable metals nine of which we had never worked and one or two only just discovered was a shock but difficulties are only made to be overcome so we got down to it. We knew nothing of the tenacity ductility or malle- ability of the majority of the metals. Neither did we know to what temperatures they could be submitted nor what solders could be used.Several of the metals were more brittle than glass and we could neither turn thread nor solder them and so had to devise special tools and the interior of the badge which of course cannot be seen is something like a good clock movement. This is rather a coincidence as we were only able to get it 'clocked in' [ 479 3 about two hours before it was presented. We are glad to know it has given satisfaction.” To the production of this Badge of Office there has gone much scientific knowledge and experience some magnificent craftsmanship and a wealth of enthusiasm for overcoming unusual difficulties by the development of special techniques. To all who co-operated in this considerable task the thanks of the Institute are due and it will be a matter of special satisfaction to all members that the job was finished just in time to enable Mr.Roche Lynch who originated the idea of the Badge to wear this beautiful emblem at the Annual General Meeting the Conversazione and the Annual Dinner before passing it on to his successor in office. SCIENCE AND ADULT EDUCATION By P. F. R. VENABLES BSc. Ph.D. Dip.Ed. F.R.T.C. (Principal Royal Technical College Salford). The interesting and important Editorial on “Science and the Press,” in the August issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS provokes further thought on science and education and not less by its assumptions than by its implications. Adequate attractive but authentic treatment of science in the press is obviously very desirable indeed essential for all the reasons given in the Editorial.But this will never be enough in itself and it is doubtful whether it will ever be the chief means of stimulating and maintaining a real understanding of science. Radio and television especially could be as effective in this direction. Even so much more will need to be done to provide a firm basis for a wider and more continuous interest in matters scientific and still more important to inculcate a scientific attitude of mind to the problems developments and opportunities of modern life. The Editorial mentions the cumulative effect of science teaching in the schools since the first world war “the extent and perhaps the quality of such teaching in schools has been greatly developed and it is now probably true to say that most men and women under about 45 years of age have had an opportunity of picking up some elementary scientific facts and of acquiring a general though perhaps rather vague idea of scientific principles and methods.” It would be very easy to over-rate this effect-quite apart from the large assumption that all took their opportunity-confined as it must be in the main to those who have passed through the grammar schools.Only some 10 to 15 per cent. of the younger population will have had any real science education at school; some 85 per cent I 480 1 will have had little or none and this poses an enormous problem in itself-the problem of making good so serious a deficiency.This is the first major problem which clearly must first be tackled at school probably not on the old lines of teaching physics and chemistry with the normal academic approach but rather by peace- ful penetration of the somewhat despised “general science” into many parts of the curriculum. But to this basic problem is added another no less formidable. Even if the lack of science education at school were made good the fact would still remain-unless we realise it and act accordingly- that the great majority leaving school at 15 or at most 16 have no further education of this kind. In addition to the very small minority who go to the universities a small proportion of young people who are engaged in technical occupations have some science education in part-time technical studies.For the rest this lack of scientific education continues and this is likely to remain true for a very long time though the position may improve when the County Colleges are established. The picture would be depress- ing or challenging enough with a static background but it has in fact the rapidly changing one of all the developments of science and their social consequences. We must not attempt to put old heads on young shoulders and to solve all the problems through the schools or even through the County Colleges. Some problems and especially the social issues are beyond the comprehension of their pupils and properly belong to adult education. It might be thought that because there is among adults plenty of interest in modern scientific marvels there is no great cause for concern.But this interest does not betoken an increasingly scientific attitude of mind and without this attitude such marvels are apt to bear the magical and irrational appearance of a series of special creations a temper of mind fully compatible with the growing popularity of astrology. We have noted the enormous lag in education to meet the pressing problems of to-day in endeavouring to remedy which the inoculation of a scientific attitude of mind will be of critical importance. But it will be too late to wait for the results of trying to instil a scientific attitude in the rising generation against the adverse influence of an adult generation not so minded. Moreover some understanding of the aims and methods of science some awareness of its social implications and above all a clear appreciation of the necessity for freedom in science in a planned society on the part of the adult population (certainly of an effective part) are vital to the future of science itself.The desperate fate of science in Nazi Germany and the seeming remoteness of the Lysenko controversy should not lull us into feeling “It can’t happen here”! So we must tackle at once with a far greater sense of urgency than is generally apparent r 481 1 at the moment the difficult task of creating through adult education a scientific outlook on science on social economic political and personal problems. It was for these and many other cogent reasons that two years ago at Dundee the Council of the British Association asked the Education Section to consider the problem of stimulating more interest in science among adults.A committee to explore this question was therefore established jointly by the then National Foundation for Adult Education (now the National Institute) and the British Association. An account of the discussion of the Report which took place at the British Association at the Newcastle meeting is given in Natztre page 608-9 8 October 1949. The Report itself is published in the Journal of the British Association The Advalzcement of Scieme Vol. VI No. 22 July 1949 pp. 131-146 and is now published separately by the National Institute. The Report begins by considering briefly the considerable development of adult education since the first world war and stresses the disproportionately small increase of science in adult education (as distinct from vocational technical education).After reviewing the content of science in this sphere and examining the difficulties which have so severely limited its development the Report empha- sises repeatedly one problem-the major problem which is perhaps the main reason for dealing with the Report at some length in this JOURNAL. The Fellows and Associates nf the Institute are engaged in a wide variety of occupations and only about 16 per cent are engaged in teaching of one kind or another. It is hoped that the remaining 84 per cent. will not cease to read further because they think it is not their concern when it is stated that the main problem is one of staffing.It is true that full-time tutors will be needed in far greater numbers than now but the total number will always remain small compared with the number of part-time tutors required which is why the interest and active support in their leisure time of chemists and other practising scientists is of vital importance. Indeed the position is no different from that in technical education where visiting specialists play an indispensable part contributing directly to the realism of the training of students from their day to day experience. But the majority of tutors in adult education are arts graduates with no training in and little sympathy for science and it is not surprising that this side of the work has not prospered.The Report states that “Our informants have been in striking agreement as to the cardinal importance of teachers. Where tutors able to combine scholarship with understanding of the special difficulties . . . have been available student demand has been stimulated and difficulties of accommodation and equipment have not proved insuperable. It is the old story.that teachers [ 482 J are more important finally than niceties of accommodation . . .” “The importance of the tutor’s personality is not a new discovery . . . (but) . . . it is depressing to find a second generation of responsible field workers making the same comments as their predecessors as to the rarity with which these personalities are forthcoming.” There is general agreement that tutors must be scientists with a thorough grounding in one or more special disciplines though this is only a beginning.“ ‘The social approach to science makes especial demands upon the tutor who will need to be widely read outside his own subject and able to recognise frankly his vested interest in the scientific outlook . . . Today the frontiers between Natural Science on one hand and psychology economics and philosophy on the other are often vague and difficult of definition . . . . Some men of science will consider it inappropriate to discuss these disputed fields in advance of a more complete study of them by the methods of science. But students will persist in bringing forward wide-ranging issues in which science is involved.’ ‘Scien-tific workers when participating in adult education are not authorities addressing their professional equals but expositors serving the needs of laymen.Their position closely resembles that of the political commentator attempting to assist public understanding of current affairs. Indeed they may even prove to be more effective as tutors if they share some of the difficulties experienced by their students when surveying the territory of science.’” The development of science classes and interests is dependent on “‘the missionary job of interesting people as individuals and as groups and it is never easy. Scientists must not expect adult education organisations to provide ready-made audiences they must come in and help with the difficult missionary work.”’ Part-time pioneering is indispensable.One reason advanced to account for the failure of scientists to come forward for this part-time work is that the education of scientists is defective in important par- ticulars. It is alleged to be too intensely specialised to be devoid of a wide consideration of the social implications of their work and to be scarcely touched by the humanities. These are serious matters which were considered by the Committee on Post-war University Education set up by the British Association whose Report was published in January 1944. Assuming all these criticisms to be true we must nevertheless not fall into the error of supposing the position to be wholly desperate.On the contrary there is a limit to what can ever be done in a student’s course and later experience in the world at large and more leisured reading remedy many of the defects. This rich maturity of experience and outlook is undoubtedly present among the members of the Institute but there is probably not the awareness of the need for [ 483 3 teachers or there is the unwillingness of the specialist already referred to. The same applies to professional scientists at large and also to science teachers and it is noteworthy that special efforts have been made to interest these latter in this work. The Report rightly stresses that “If tutors in history economics sociology are to show in their teaching ‘a due regard for the methods nature and consequences of scientific discovery,’ they will have to familiarise themselves with the full meaning of these terms.This applies with special force to resident and organising tutors who . . . are by training almost invariably ‘non-scientists,’ and who at present tend to treat the natural sciences as subjects outside their competency to promote.” “A test case of some urgency is provided by the UNESCO ‘Food and the People’ project deliberately chosen as the main topic on which to focus debate in 1949.” This topic has an immedi- ate appeal to everyman but to give it more than a passing import will require “a full liaison between ‘natural’ and ‘social’ scientists. It is the first attempt on a large scale to convert what has hitherto been a vocational matter for (some) scientists into a non-vocational matter for everybody.” Assuming that our scientist is interested there is always the danger that he will want to teach science only in the way he was taught it within the usual academic classifications and with full academic discipline.Some academic courses will be required but for the majority they will be inappropriate and ineffective. This is borne out by enquiries made into the demands likely to be forthcoming for courses of which details are given in the Report. A course on “Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry” ranked as low as position 19 out of 23 with a group which already showed some interest in science. The first nine places were occupied by the following:-( 1) Medicine] Disease and Health (2) Future Advances] (3) Applications of Science to Industry (4)Psychology (5) New Discoveries and Theories (6) Pure (non-useful) Biology (7) Applied Biology and Agriculture (8) Astronomy (9) Science of Everyday Things.There were significant differences of interest for men and women. Well illustrated lectures on such topics will evoke a reasonable response given a good tutor and provided there has been ample preparation and attractive publicity prefer- ably including a stimulating exhibition. It is of course possible to make a great splash with eminent lecturers but even with a famous scientist whose name is a household word the response is not vastly increased. It is too much of an occasion and we attract at most the half-converted and touch but the fringe of the problem.There are those who argue that science is only for the significant minority and can never be grasped by the majority. We need not c 484 1 acquiesce in so limiting a hypothesis until social and educational influences have been fully brought to bear on the problem; otherwise we shall ascribe to heredity defects due to environment. But we shall need to use the whole armoury of modern aids to education to overcome the apathy and transmute the irrational feelings towards many urgent present-day problems. Apart from the apathy we have also to recognise that the very prestige of science produces an inhibiting sense of awe-“Not for the likes of us!” “It’s too compli- cated and quite beyond me,” “It’s all very wonderful but.. . .” Such direct courses of lectures both academic and more general as those already mentioned should be held whenever possible but they will never be sufficient. A more subtle indirect approach is essential with science introduced incidentally through more immedi- ate day to day matters within the comprehension of the student. Tutors must be able to introduce scientific topics from the daily press from the home and from work. For example a stimulating discussion can be had beginning with an enquiry as to what at home would not be there without science (electric light gas) what has been much improved by science (water supply) what so far has been little touched by science (design building) what science could still do to improve things at home (heating).Similarly for industry those in the group who are engaged in fundamentally scientific industries can be encouraged to give an account of their work and so through all grades looking for the influence of science actual and potential. It is rare that the daily newspaper gives no starting point for a discussion guided to a consideration of the nature of science what scientists do and how what we would like them to do from the physical to the biological and social sciences. A parents’ discussion group with a lively interest in examinations can be led to I.Q’s and psychology to selection tests in the forces vocational tests industrial psychology science in industry to science on the spot in war and peace what it has done and still might do how it might be abused and how we should like it to be used.Whatever the starting point the skilful tutor in course of time can lead the discussion to cover the significant contributions of science again both actual and potential in the following food production and use ; living conditions and health ; communications ; dissemination of ideas; art ; leisure and recreation ; industrial progress; welfare; governments ; ideas and beliefs. No tidy ’ologies to start with no wealth of academic classifications displayed for the embarrassment of the unenlightened but a beginning always within the experience of the student. Plainly a purely verbal treatment will be inadequate and as already remarked modern visual aids will be used wherever desirable.Visits to industrial works research centres power stations farms recovery plants reservoirs and so forth can be arranged to see science in [ 485 1 action. And given the right kind of tutor it can all be done without a lowering of standards to the trivial and superficial. One possible misconception should be dealt with in conclusion. To urge the need to inculcate a scientific attitude of mind is not to argue for a wholly scientific education which is as irresponsible and unreal as to exalt exclusively the virtues of a classical one. The roots of a contemporary culture need not be mutually destructive; what is needed is not less of a scientific and more of a classical or aesthetic education but more of all or rather a synthesis of all appropriate to the needs of the age.And we are brought back once again to the urgent need for tutors of the right quality in much greater numbers for both full-time and part-time appoint- ments for “tutor-pioneers” as they are called in the Report. In the endeavour to make the Report as widely known as possible the meeting at Newcastle decided to invite the co-operation of the other sections of the British Association. No less desirable is it to make the Report known more widely to scientists through their profes- sional institutions and associations and the writer is grateful to have this opportunity of commending this Report to members of the Institute. It is earnestly to be hoped that the problems dealt with in the Report and indeed the really greater provision of adult education will receive the urgent attention they deserve and that tutors will readily be forthcoming.To fail in this will greatly increase the likelihood of having to face the dread consequences of “too little and too late” in preparing our civilisation for the atomic age. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE CHEMIST AND RUBBER CABLES By B. B. EVANS B.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.I.R.I. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section at Gravesend 22 September 19491 For an understanding of the technology of rubber and allied materials the chemist must reinforce classical organic chemistry by modern physical conceptions because while the former will explain some of the properties of natural and synthetic rubbers the physical properties upon which depend the technology of the materials in the factory and their subsequent use are a consequence of their long chain structure.Rubber in its raw state is tough and relatively intractable due to the interweaving of the long chains; its softening by mastication which is a necessary preliminary to the incorpora- tion of vulcanising and other ingredients is due essentially to chain shortening by oxygen fission; subsequent vulcanisation in which the compound is changed from a plastic to an elastic state arises from the cross-linking of the chains by the vulcanising agents usually but not necessarily sulphur so that the chains resist deformation and return to their original position when the deforming force is removed. c 486 1 Somewhat similar remarks apply to compounding and reinforcing agents for although these must be free from undesirable chemical constituents- e.g.copper and manganese which would catalyse oxidation and electrolytes in the case of ingredients intended for dielectrics-the reason why com-pounding ingredients are used is to impart special physical characteristics to the compound; all these effects again depend on the particle shape and size and the nature of the surface of the materials. Improvements in rubber cables have arisen from chemists' work on the development of organic accelerators of vulcanisation anti-oxygens and various types of carbon black for reinforcement. It is probable that organic accelerators function by modifying the nature of the sulphur-carbon linking but the practical results which follow their use are that rubber-sulphur ratios can be much reduced and the time of vulcanisation considerably shortened thus improving the ageing of the vulcanised rubber and reducing the effect on the tinned copper conductor.Organic accelerators for dielectrics must be chosen with care however so as to avoid decentralisation of the conductor during the early stages of cure adhesion of vulcanised rubber to the conductor which would lead to difficulties during installation of cable and the lowering of insulation resistance below values specified in I.E.E. Wiring Rules and B.S.7; they must naturally be free from undesirable physiological effects on the operatives. Deterioration in both electrical and physical properties of rubber arises from oxidation.In certain types of installation this can be countered by preventing access of air to the rubber but the more usual step is to include an anti-oxygen in the compound phenyl-/3-naphthylamine being a common example. It is believed that anti-oxygens decompose the peroxide formed in the early stages of rubber oxidation and so prevent the subsequent chain reaction. A big improvement in the protection against mechanical damage imparted by heavy duty sheathing used on trailing cables for mines has followed the replacement of earlier mineral reinforcing agents by the various grades oi carbon black this being due principally to the very small particle size of the latter. There is no product commercially available which is synthetic rubber in the sense of being a man-made reproduction of the natural product.Most of the so-called synthetic rubbers are more correctly described as long-chain polymers usually amenable to manufacturing technique similar to that employed for natural rubber produced from monomers chem-ically related to butadiene but often containing substituent or additive chemical groupings which confer superiority over natural rubber in particular respects such as resistance to oil fire and weather. During the war some of these notably a special washed dielectric grade of American G.R.S. (butadiene-styrene co-polymer) Polychloroprene (poly-merised chloro-2-butadiene) and Thiokol (polymerised ethelene tetrasulphide produced in this country) were used as substitutes for natural rubber after the loss of Malaya but the only one now used is Polychloroprene in which the chlorine content renders the material self-extinguishing and oil-resistant.Examples of its use are as a component of a fire-resisting dielectric in ship wiring cables; in place of natural rubber for the fire-resisting heavy duty sheath on trailing cables in coal mines; as a body-fat resisting sheath for miners' cap lamp flexibles; and a fire- and oil-resisting covering on aircraft cables. The latest silicone rubbers although very weak mechanically have extremely good resistance to temperatures even as high as 150" C. due to the silicone-oxygen linking of the backbone of the long-chain polymers; they are finding special applications in high temperature ignition cables for aircraft the wiring of brick kilns etc.LEATHER ITS CONSTITUTION AND PROPERTIES By M. P. BALFE,B.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Hull and District Section 10 October 19491 The main stages in the manufacture of leather from skins are the liming process which removes the hair and opens up the structure of the fibres and the tanning process. A variety of tanning agents are used each for its own particular kind of leather. The two most important are the natural vegetable tannins and basic chromium salts. Formaldehyde and a number of other materials are used in lesser amounts. Most leathers contain about 15 per cent. of moisture. Vegetable tanned leathers contain from 30 to 50 per cent. of tannin.Chrome-tanned leathers contain about 10 per cent. of the basic salts and other tanning agents are present in their respective leathers in amounts ranging from 1 to 10 per cent. Most leathers receive an applica- tion of oil or grease in amounts ranging from 2 to 20 per cent. Skins are built up of interweaving fibres of the protein collagen. The long polypeptide molecules of the protein are in part held in an orderly array by cross bonds (hydrogen bonds between appropriate atoms in the molecules) and are in part randomly kinked. Most tanning agents are probably held to the protein by hydrogen bonds to peptide links or to terminal groups of side chains in the amino-acids about half of which can take part in hydrogen bonding. Formaldehyde probably forms covalent N-C bonds with side chain amino groups.Since most tanning agents are polyfunctional they increase the strength of cross-linking in the protein structure; when large amounts of tannin are deposited however some is held on already tanned protein and some is deposited in capillary spaces. Leather is resistant to removal of the tanning agent or to other deleterious effects by water or other media with which it may come in contact under normal conditions of use. It is resistant to the enzymes. e g. of the bacteria which cause decay of moist untanned skin. The additional cross-linking in the protein structure caused by tanning is reflected in an increase (by as much as 50" C. in some cases) of the temperature at which the material shrinks in water.When untanned skins or certain kinds of leather are dried the capillaries collapse and the details of the fibrous structure are lost. This change is undesirable and the collapse of the capillaries is usually prevented either by filling them with tannin or by depositing a film of oil in them; other methods can be used but are of minor technical importance. Most of the properties for which leather is valued in use are physical properties and most of the tests to assess its suitability for various uses are therefore physical tests. The list of these properties is too extensive for summary. The physical properties of leather are derived partly from proper- ties of the collagen molecules partly from the build-up of the molecules into fibres partly from the interweaving of the fibres in the structure of the skin and partly from changes brought about during the conversion of skin to leather.Variations between different kinds of skins or between different areas in skins of certain kinds govern the choice of raw material for any particular kind of leather. Variations which may arise during processing are not so great as those of natural origin but must nevertheless be strictly controlled because they determine the quality of the leather produced from any given raw material. 488 ] LIBRARY FACILITIES Requests are frequently received in the Institute Office for the loan of books and periodicals or for advice on sources of information on various subjects. It is thought therefore that it may be useful to state more fully than is done under “General Notices” in every issue of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS what library facilities are offered to Members and Registered Students to supplement those afforded by the technical section of their local Public Library or by the libraries of universities technical schools works or other in5titutions to which they may have access.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYLIBRARY The Institute makes an annual contribution (_/1,053in 1948) to the main- tenance of the Library of the Chemical Society and in return Members and Registered Students have full reading and borrowing rights. The Library is open on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except on public holidays. Most of the books are available for loan with the exception of purely reference works (dictionaries and encyclopaedias) and some rare or out-of-print volumes.Periodicals can be borrowed only if the Library possesses duplicates of which it has many. If a journal cannot be lent the Librarian will quote for the supply of a photostat copy of the paper required. The normal period of loan for a book or bound periodical is one month but this may be reduced to seven days if the volume is requircd by another reader. No immediate renewal of loans is permissible. If a borrower cannot visit the Library to borrow a book he may apply by post or by telephone or by sending a messenger bearing a signed request. A book asked for by telephone is sent on the same day if possible but the request must be confirmed in writing without delay.Books may not be sent or taken out of the British Isles but for the purpose of this Regulation the Republic of Ireland is considered as being included. All communications should be addressed to the Librarian The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Telephone numbers REGent 1675-6. Borrowers should state that they are Fellows Associates or Registered Students of the Institute. THE SCIENCE LIBRARY The Library of the Science Museum Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 is open to Members and Registered Students of the Institute on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 5.50 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Reading tickets may be obtained at the entrance to the Library or by writing to the Director of the Science Museum.Facilities for borrowing books and periodicals may be secured through the Office of the Institute. Those wishing to borrow should call or write to the Registrar Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 giving full particulars of the book (title and author) or periodical (year volume part and pages) they require. A requisition form will be made out in duplicate in this office and handed or sent to the applicant who will be required to sign both copies and send or take them to the Science Library. The Library has issued a list of about GO periodicals that cannot be lent including many published in America and on the Continent of Europe. The Library also maintains a Photocopy Service full particulars of which may be obtained from the Director of the Science Museum at the address given at the head of this section.Briefly those making use of the Service are required to purchase special requisition forms at k5 per pad of 50 or 3s. for a single form. Each requisition is \-alid for an article of up to 20 pages or extract of np to 12 pages from onc publication. 489 1 This Service is available for securing copies of material in periodicals including those on the non-loanable list (see above) to which copyright restrictions do not apply. The use of the Service is strongly advised also for other periodicals. Many British copyright periodicals have given the Library “blanket” permission to copy; in other instances individual application for permission to copy is required.Members who nish to make more than occasional use of the borrowing or photo-copying facilities of the Science Library are advised to write to the Director for full particulars. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON By the courtesy of the Goldsmiths’ Librarian Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute may make use of the Library of the University of London in the Senate House W.C.1 (entrance in Malet Street). The Library is open on weekdays during Term from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. (Satur- days 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). In vacation periods the Library is closed at 6 p.m. Application for permission to use the University Library must be made in the first instance to the Office of the Institute. A recommendation form will be provided; on presentation of this at the Library a Reader’s or Borrower’s ticket will be issued.Copies of the Library rules may be obtained from the Assistants in the Library. THE PATENT OFFICE LIBRARY This Library which is open to the public daily from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.),is situated in Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane London W.C.2. In addition to the official records of Patent Applica- tions and Specifications the Library contains a very extensive collection of scientific and technical periodicals including the journals of the principal societies for pure and applied chemistry in this country and abroad. As the shelves are largely accessible to the reader, the Patent Office Library is particularly valuable for purposes involl-ing reference to a large number of periodicals.Visitors are admitted on signing the attendance book in the entrance hall. Books may not be borrowed from the Library. THE INSTITUTE LIBRARY The Library at 30 Russell Square is a small reference Library maintained largely for the use of examination candidates and for consultation on pro- fessional matters. It contains upwards of 1,000 volumes with author and subject indexes. There are sets of certain British and American scientific journals (see list in Jourptal and Proceedings 1946 280) as well as recent issues of some other periodicals that are not kept permanently. In addition there are a few books of historical interest not included in the catalogue. Since Members and Registered Students have the very adequate loan services detailed above the Council has decided that books and periodicals may not be borrowed from the Library except in very special circumstances.The permanent Officers of the Institute are not in a position to advise as to sources of information on specialised subjects nor may they undertake literature searches on behalf of Members. The Library is open for reference purposes from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.). In order to avoid unnecessary correspondence Members and Registered Studcnts are asked to note the information contained in this article and to follow the instructions given when they wish to make use of the various 1,ibrary facilities that are at their disposal. c 490 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 October 1949 Constitutional and Ad mi n ist rative Matte rs.-Arrangements made for holding a Special General Meeting of the Institute at 5.30 p.m.on 21 October under authority previously given were approved (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 434 450; VI 497). The Council accepted with regret the resignation of Dr. L. H. Lampitt as a General Member of Council which he had tendered on medical advice. It was agreed that the regrets of the Council be expressed to Dr. Lampitt at the loss of his services on the Council and at the circumstances that had led thereto. A casual vacancy was declared and notice given that consideration would be given to filling it at the next meeting of the Council.A report was received that the Privy Council had allowed the changes in By-Laws 43 and 49 adopted at the Annual General Meeting 1949 (JOURNAL AXD PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 232-5) subject to the replacement of the word “Eire” by the words “the Republic of Ireland” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 433). The District Member of Council for the Republic of Ireland expressed the satisfaction of the Committee of the Local Section with this action which restored to citizens of the Republic eligibility for admis- sion to corporate membership and studentship of the Institute. The Council received a draft report of the Committee on Revision of By-Laws which included recommendations on changes of substance to be made in the By-Laws. It was agreed that as the draft report was to be discussed at the Conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections on 22 October (see p. 509) and members of Council should have further opportunity of sending in written comments on the proposals detailed consideration of the report be deferred until the next meeting of Council. A report of the Censors referring inter alia to proposals for revision of Chapter IX of the By-Laws (“Censors”) was approved subject to clarification of the intentions affecting the amendment of By-Law 57. It was agreed that this report be attached to that of the Committee on Revision of By-Laws when the latter had been approved for passing over to the Solicitors as a basis for re-drafting the By-Laws. Satisfaction was expressed at the formal establishment of the new Dundee and District Section on 14 October (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 IV 366). A petition was received from members in Western India for permission to constitute a Local Section to serve the area com- prising Bombay Baroda Ahmedabad Kirkee Poona Central India and Rajputana. It was understood that meetings had already [ 491 1 been held in the area and had aroused considerable interest among members. The Council expressed satisfaction at this further outcome of the discussions held with Indian members by Professor Findlay during his visit to India and gave approval to the request to constitute a new Local Section for the specified area. A petition was also received for permission to form a new Local Section to be known as the Stirlingshire and District Section and to serve the area of the Counties of Stirling Clackmannan Fife (west of Culross) and West Lothian (west of a line drawn through Linlithgow and Bathgate).Assurances having been received from the Committees of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that they raised no objection to the proposal the petition was accepted subject to agreement being reached with the Committees of those adjoining Sections on the exact position of the boundaries between them and the new Section. Approval was given to a proposal by the Committee of the Belfast and District Section for an addition to be made to the Section Rules to provide for the appointment annually of an Hon.Recorder and for the member so appointed to be ex o$cio a member of the Section Committee during his period of office. A statement was received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on the rules drawn up by the Committee for regularising the procedure of Local Sub-committees that had been in operation for some time for facilitating the organisation of meetings and social events at centres within the Section area but outside the metropolis. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 October) was adopted. On the recom- mendation of the Committee arising from an examination of the accounts for the St. Andrews Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries,” it was agreed to advise the Publica- tions and Library Committee to secure such abbreviation of the papers presented as would keep down the cost of publishing the Report of the Symposium to about E250.The last annual subscriptioris paid by six Fellows over 70 years of age were accepted as life composition fees. It was decided that no general variation in the normal scale of life composition fees could be allowed in favour of women Fellows in spite of the earlier age of retirement of women in many types of employment. On the recommendation of the Committee it was agreed however that the last annual subscription paid by every Fellow who had been a corporate member of the Institute for 50 years or more be accepted as a life composition fee and that in future a com-munication be sent to Fellows on completion of that period of c 492 3 corporate membership conveying the congratulations of the Officers and Council and announcing their acceptance as Life Fellows.The Committee had considered conditions under which purchases of office equipment might be made for the use of Local Sections and the Council adopted its recommendation that capital expenditure on such purchases should be incurred only under the authority of the Council and should then be charged to Institute funds only the amount of the annual depreciation of the value of the equipment being charged to the account of the Local Section concerned. This procedure would serve to ensure that records were kept of any equipment purchased for the use of Local Sections and avoid the cost falling on the Section accounts in any one year.Estimates were received of the cost of reconditioning the exterior of the Institute’s building and authority was given for the woodwork to be painted glazed tiling to be washed and the Portland stone to be cleaned by the water-spray method. Charitable Funds.-In the Report of the Residential Clubs Fund Committee (17 October) it was stated that in response to the Appeal L1,142 had so far been received as donations and ,52,260 as loans the latter including ,51,580 on which interest had been disclaimed. It had been agreed that as after paying for printing and postage of the Appeal the Fund had over L3,OOO in hand the loan of L3,OOO from Institute funds be repaid forthwith.Although the sums so far received had thus served to meet immediate obliga- tions it was recognised that much larger amounts would be required for the development of the Residential Clubs scheme and con-sideration was therefore given to the form of a further Appeal to be issued in due course. A Report was received on developments in relations with Cross- ways Trust Limited and on the operation of the first of the Residential Clubs established under that Trust at West Worthing. Two nominees of the Institute (amarried couple) were already in residence at this establishment but no other applications had yet been received from members or from widows of members for consideration in selecting the third nominee of the Institute.Conversion of the property had not yet been completed however and there were not for the present any vacant rooms. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 October) was received and approval was given to a proposal to maintain the total contribution to Reed’s School for 1949 at L200 but to specify that this should represent a donation of LlOO and an instalment of LlOO towards the purchase of a bursary (L300)which would provide for the education of any one child that might be nominated in the future. c 493 1 It was reported that in 1949 grants under the scheme for Holidays for Children amounting to Q85 10s. (as compared with L177 10s. in 1948) were made to a total of 22 children belonging to 11 families. The regular grant to the widow of an Associate who died in 1947 leaving three young children was increased from L1 10s.to fT2 per week as from 1 October 1949 in order to give additional help to meet the needs of the children. On the other hand the regular grant to the widow of a Fellow who died in 1932 had been terminated as it had been found possible for her needs to be met from other sources. The widow had expressed her gratitude for the help provided by the Fund over the past 15 years and her satisfaction at knowing that the grant hitherto paid to her would now become available for the benefit of others especially widows with young children. A statement of account for the period 1 January to 30 September 1949 showed that income from subscriptions including annual subscriptions (many under deed of covenant) was up by L46 on 1948 but that donations were down by L136 representing a net decrease of ;590 on receipts.Expenditure on grants including regular grants was up by Q6 showing that the general position of the Fund was much less satisfactory than in 1948. Mem bership.-Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee including reports on cases considered at the meeting on 15 July a Report by the Chairman on further applications for election to the Associateship a Report by the Interviewing Sub-committee and a Report by the Registrar on applications for registration of Students were received together with an Interim Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee for 20-21 October.The recommendations contained in these Reports were adopted and elections to the Fellowship and the Associateship made in accordance with them. The deaths of sixteen fellows five Associates and one Registered Student were reported. A tribute was paid to the memory of Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. a former President of the Institute who died on 18 October. Status Privileges and Employment of Mem bers.-Statements were received about further developments in discussions with other interested bodies on the status of biochemists in hospitals and about matters taken up with the Local Government Examinations Board and the Civil Service Commissioners on the status of the examinations of the Institute and of the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry respectively.c 494 1 Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (15 September and 20 October) were received dealing inter alia with lectures monographs and reports; development of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS; the issue of a Students’ Leaflet; the next edition of the Register of Fellows and Associates. The Committee reported that it would not be practicable to make JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a monthly publication in 1950 but that this would be done as soon as possible. Further consideration had been given to the desirability of changing the page size of thc Journal with appropriate alterations in the layout and typography. The Committee was concerned that in making any such change the new size should conform with current practice in similar periodicals and should be such as to meet the needs of advertisers in view of the agreement to resume carrying advertisements as soon as possible.It would not be wise therefore to introduce any change without careful consideration of these factors and a decision might have to be deferred beyond the time at which it could be adopted for 1950. The Council agreed that provision be made for the publication of a new issue of the printed Register of Fellows and Associates in 1950. Reports were received of the Joint Committees for National Certificates in Chemistry with the Ministry of Education England and Wales and with the Scottish Education Department.These Reports were approved subject to a minor adjustment in one paragraph of the latter. (See p. 512). The Council was not prepared without further consideration to accept a suggestion by the Ministry of Education that a repre-sentative of the Association of Technical Institutes and one joint representative of the Association of Principals of Technical Institu- tions and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions should serve on the Joint Committee for National Certificates in Chemistry. A report was received that in accordance with the recom-mendations of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians that Committee had been dissolved and the City and Guilds of London Institute had been invited to act in consultation with appropriate bodies as the examining body for nationally recognised certificates in laboratory arts and techniques (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 438). It was agreed to nominate Dr. H. Baines Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham and Mr. R. C. Rogers to act as representatives of the Institute on the Exploratory Committee that was being set up by the City and Guilds of London Institute in this connection. [ 495 1 I. 1 lie Couiicil indicated its preparedness to accept an invitatioil that might be received from the Scientific Film Association to appoint representatives to discuss with the Association and other interested bodies means for providing films and other visual aids for use in the teaching of chemistry with special reference to instruc- tion in laboratory techniques.[Note.-An invitation on these lines has since been received and accepted.] External Relations and Publicity.-Minutes of the Royal Society’s National Committee for Chemistry (18July) were received referring iitter alia to data tables; XVth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry; Commission on (’odification; the Preparatory Conimission on Analytical Chemistry. A letter was received from the Royal L4ustralian Chemical Institute expressing the appreciation of the President Officers and Council of that body of congratulations sent by the Council on the bestowal of the title “Royal” on the Australian Institute. An invitation for the President of the Institute for the time being to be an honorary member of the Coke Oven Managers’ Association was received with satisfaction and accepted.It was reported that Mr. S. G. E. Stevens had been duly appointed on the nomination of the Institute as a member of the governing body of the Norwood Technical College. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 25 October 1949 1. The Council heard with great regret of the death of Sir Robert Pickard who served as Chairman of the Council from September 1935 to November 1935 and as Honorary Treasurer for 1944-46 inclusive. 2. 1;urther consideration was given to the suggested appeal by the Council for funds for publication of scientific papers and for abstracts and the maintainance of the Library of the Chemical Society.3. It was reported that Mr. 1;. t’. Dunn had been appointed a repre-sentative of the Society of Chemical Industry on the Council in the place of Dr. L. H. Lampitt who had resigned. 4. The Report of Council and the Statement of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948 were approved. 5. Certain changes in the prices of publications for 1948 proposed by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry were approved for application under the joint subscription scheme. 6. A grant of L2,OOO was made to the Bureau of Abstracts. 7. Joint Student facilities were granted to three candidates. [ 496 1 SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING 21 October 1949 The meeting was held in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London IV.C.1 at 5.30 p.m.on Friday 21 October 1949. The chair was occupied by the President Professor J. W. Cook Ph.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. and there were present 53 Fellows and Associates including 39 who were not members of the Council. The Secretary read the notice convening the meeting as follows:- Notice is hereby given that a Special General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1 on Friday 21 October 1949 at 5.30 p.m. to consider and if approved to pass the following Resolution :-“That in accordance with the provisions of By-Law 30 (1) of the By- Laws of the Institute for the purpose of the election of District Members of Council to take office on 31 March 1950 and in future years until otherwise determined by a General Meeting this meeting hereby determines and defines the following Districts:- Reference Names and reference letters of Local Sections number of whose areas constitute the territory of the District.District. England. I. Birmingham and Midlands (C). 11. Bristol and District (D); Mid-Southern Counties (R) ; South-Western Counties (W). 111. East Midlands (H). IV. Leeds Area (N); Huddersfield (L). V. Liverpool and North-Western (0). VI. London and South-Eastern Counties (P);East Anglia (G). VII. Manchester and District (Q). VIII. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (S); Tees-side (X).IX. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands (U); Hull and District (M). Wales and the County of Monmouth. South Wales (V); Cardiff and District (E); North Wales (T). Scotland. I. Aberdeen and North of Scotland (A); Dundee and District (FF). 11. Edinburgh and East of Scotland (J). 111. Glasgow and \Irest of Scotland (K). Northern Ireland. Belfast and District (B). Republic of Ireland. Dublin and District (F). Overseas. (Covering all areas outside Great Britain and Ireland).” In moving the Resolution on the notice the President explained its purpose and implications and then declared the meeting open for discussion. There being no discussion the President put the Resolution which was carried without dissentient. The meeting was then closed.r 497 1 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the winter session 1949-50 was held in Marischal College on 27 October and was attended by about 70 members and friends. Dr. Strathdee presided and introduced the speaker Dr. G. K. Fraser of the Rlacaulay Institute for Soil Research Craigiebuckler who gave an address on “Peat.” Dr. Fraser gave an account of the formation of the different varieties’of peat which occur in Scotland discussed their chemical analysis and com-position and described the various uses to which peat can be put. The address provoked a lively discussion and the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the speaker proposed by Dr. W. T. H. Jlrilliamson.A meeting was held on 11 November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Marischal College Aberdeen. This meeting although held jointly by the three chartered chemical bodies was primarily a Tilden lecture sponsored by the Chemical Society. Professor K. &I. Barrrr occupied the chair and introduced the speaker Professor E. R. H. Jones of the Universityof Manchester who gave a talk entitled “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” The lecture was profusely illustrated by lantern slides and provoked a number of questions from members of the audience. Professor JV. 0. Kerniack proposed the vote of thanks to the speaker at the close of the meeting. Belfast and District.-On 21 September Dr. N. P. Inglis of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.Billingham Division gave a ATery valuable review of “Developments in Ferrous Metallurgy.” ,4t a meeting with the Northern Ireland Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19 October at which Mr. A. L. Bacharach Chairman of the Food Group presided Professor R. G. Baskett O.B.E. spoke on “Agricultural Chemistry in Korthern Ireland,” giving a detailed and interesting account of the work and achievements of the Agri- cultural Faculty during the past 26 years. On 20 October a joint meeting with the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland was held at which hlr. A. L. Bacharach gave a lecture entitled “The Uses and Production of Laboratory Animals.” Mr. Cowzer was in the chair. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 19 October at a Section Meeting in Bir- mingham a lecture entitled “Absorption Spectrophotometry Applied to Metallurgical Analysis” was delivered by Mr.E. J. Vaughan. This lecture was delivered at the request of Council and is intended to form the basis of a new monograph on the subject. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was warmly accorded in the motion of Dr. J. S. Wignall. Prior to the lecture the Chairman Dr. H. C. Smith referred to the death of Sir Robert Pickard and the meeting stood in silence as a tribute to his memory. Sir liobert said the Chairman was an outstanding chemist who had successfully applied academic knowledge to industrial problems. His loss would be keenly felt in Birmingham where he received his early training and where he was always a welcome figure.Members would recall that as recently as last January he had undertaken the journey to Birmingham to preside at the first Frankland Lecture. This effort had called for great courage-a quality this great leader had never lacked. Mr. R.D. Matthews Associate has been awarded the Spencer Travelling Scholarship which he intends to use at Delft Holland where he is to pursue his studies in analytical chemistry. hlr. Matthews is at present employed as a Works Chemist by Powderloys Ltd. and he received his training at the Coventry Technical College. r 498 J Birmingham and Midlands and Bristol and District.-On 17 September members of the Local Sections of the Institute the Society of Chemical industry and the Chemical Society visited the new factory of Messrs.H. W. Carter and Co. Ltd. Fruit Juice Cordial and Canned Fruit Manufacturers near Coleford Glos. The party from Bristol travelled by coach to Gloucester where they were received at the Technical College by the Principal Mr. R. S. Reed and Mr. R. Harrison Head of the Science Department. Here they were joined by members of the Section residing in North Gloucestershire and another party from the Birmingham Section. In the hour before lunch some members were shown around the Technical College while others visited the Cathedral. Lunch was taken at Berni's Restaurant and afterwards all members proceeded to Coleford. At Messrs. Carter's factory the parties were met by Ur. Vernon Charley Technical Director and Chief Chemist of the firm who gave a short introductory talk on the works and factory organisation and then divided the visitors into groups for the tour of the various departments and laboratories under the guidance of Mr.IT7. IT'. Reid (head of the Research Department) Miss Xyres and Mr. A. R. Phipps (in charge of the chromatography and pectin sections) and Mr. N. F. Bridgewater (in charge of technical control and development). The all-stainless steel equipment for extraction and concentration of fruit juices of all types was seen and described in detail whilst the processing of rose hips into a high vitamin C syrup was seen in operation. The canning and bottling departments were examined and the visitors were then allowed to walk at will through the four laboratories. After the factory tour the party was entertained to tea after which Mr.E. H. Jones proposed a vote of thanks on behalf of the Bristol group. Mr. E. M. Joiner spoke for the Birmingham members and said how pleased they had been to co-operate in arranging the joint visit with the neighbouring Rristol Section. Dr. Charley in reply said that this was the first visit of any scientific body to their new factory and he hoped that he and his staff had made the visit instructive and enjoyable. On leaving the works the coaches made a detour through Symonds Yat and Ross-on-W'ye. At the latter town there was a short stay while the Bristol and Birmingham parties bade farewell. Dundee and District.-The Inaugural General Meeting of the Dundee and District Section was held in the Staff Common-room of University College on 14 October 1949.A very pleasant evening was initiated by a friendly cup of tea over which many of the members met for the first time. The business of the meeting consisted of two parts. The first centring round the retirement of the Provisional Committee which had carried out the preliminary work connected with the formation of the Section was presided over by Dr. Robert Roger who in welcoming the company pleaded for really active membership of the Section. Mr. Andrew Dargie then gave a survey of the events leading up to the formation of the Section dating from the inauguration in 1930 of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of which the Dundee area was formerly a part and of which he was for 17 years a Committee Member.This was followed by secretarial and financial reports by Mr. W. S. Liddle and by recommendations from the retiring Provisimal Committee voiced by Mr. H. A. Watson on whose motion the Draft Rules of the Section were adopted. 1 4t)!l Mr. John Merry was appointed Scrutineer and the following were elected Chairman Mr. Andrew Dargie; Vice-chairman Dr. Robert Roger; Honorary Secretary-Treasurer Mr. W.S. Liddle (address 287 Blackness Road Dundee) ; Committee Messrs. -4lexander Hood D. M. G. Lloyd G. F. P. Parsons H. L. Parsons H. A. Watson; Honorary Auditor Mr. N. B. B. Johnstone. The second part of the business was conducted under the chairmanship of Mr. A. Dargie and was devoted to discussion on the forms of activity which the Section would engage in or sponsor during the Session 1949-50 and to suggestions for the consideration of the new Committee.Mr. Dargie finally thanked L)r. Roger and the Provisional Committee for their stewardship and all those who had contributed to the success of the evening. Mr. H. L. Parsons proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairmen. The first meeting of the new Committee followed. East Midlands.-The 1949-50 Session opened with a joint meeting with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Microchemistry Group) on 22 September at Nottingham. Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd. very kindly invited the visitors and the committee of the East Midlands Section to lunch and to a tour of their laboratories. This visit was greatly enjoyed by all and the thanks of the party were expressed to Messrs.Boots for their hospitality. A symposium on “Microbalances” was held in the evening at the Notting- ham Technical College and was attended by a very large audience. Mr. R. Belcher Chairman of the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts who was introduced by Mr. F. C. Bullock Chairman of the East Midlands Section took the chair at the meeting. Papers were given by Dr. G. F. Hodsman on “Microchemical Balance Design,” Mr. D. W. Wilson on “Maintenance and Precision of Microbalances” and Dr. C. L. Wilson on “The Ultra Microbalance.” The papers led to a brisk discussion and eventually the chairman was forced to apply the closure in view of the late hour.In conjunction with this meeting leading manufacturers had arranged an exhibition of micro-balances in the Technical College. This aroused considerable interest and was visited by a large number of members and guests. After the meeting members of both groups met at an informal dinner at the Victoria Hotel with Mr. I;. C. Bullock in the chair. This proved to be a most enjoyable function and a fitting end to a very successful opening meeting. On 19 October a meeting was held at the Midland Hotel Derby when Professor E. G. Cox spoke on “Electrostatic Hazards in the Chemical Industry.” The speaker showed how electrostatic charges originated on plant and personnel and discussed how they might be efficiently sent to earth (for a summary of this lecture see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 11 99).The meeting was well attended and many questions were put to the lecturer. So far this Session the Committee has held two meetings on 19 September and 3 November. At the Special General Meeting of the Institute on 21 October it was formally agreed that the East Midlands Section should henceforth constitute a separate District. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At a joint meeting with the Edinburgh Section of the Society of Chemical Industry held in the North British Hotel Edinburgh on 20 October a Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society was delivered by Mr. E. B. Anderson under the title “The Cow-Mankind’s Benefactress.” Professor S. J . Watson presided. Professor H. Nicol of the West of Scotland Agricultural College proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer.[ 500 1 Glasgow and West of Scotiand.-Ai meeting of the Section WL~ licld in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 21 October. Mr. A. R. Jamieson was in the chair. -2 lecture was delivered by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. of the University of Leeds on “Recent Macro- molecular Adventures with the Electron Microscope.” The lecture was well illustrated by a large number of slides of electron micrographs. A lively discussion followed the lecture and the meeting was brought to a close after a vote of thanks proposed by Professor H. Nicol had been accorded by the large audience. Huddersfie1d.-On 21 June about 25 members and friends enjoyed an evening visit to the site of the new Digley Reservoir at present under con- struction by the Huddersfield Corporation Waterworks Department.The party was conducted on a tour of the works by Mr T. Waterton (member of the Section Committee) who very ably explained the method of construction and indicated the properties of the water which would eventually be supplied by the reservoir. An evening visit was paid to the Ovenden \I’ood Brewery Halifax of Messrs. Samuel Webster and Sons Ltd. on 21 September when a party of 30 members was conducted through the various departments of the Brewery. The first lecture of the 1949-50 Winter Session was given on 11 October at Field’s Cafe Westgate Huddersfield by Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. who took as his subject “Aromatic Nitration.” The lecturer gave a very lucid account of the recent work which has led to present theories of the mechanism of aromatic nitration and his exposition was much appreciated by an audience of 65 members and their guests.ILlr. E. A. C. Crouch proposed and Mr. K. Raw seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. Hull and District.-The 1949-50 Session was opened on 10 October with a lecture by Dr. M. P. Balfe of the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association entitled “Leather its Constitution and Properties” (for summary see p. 488). Mr. A. P. Backshell was in the chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. A. Cheshire and seconded by Dr. W. H. Pedelty. Leeds Area.-On 25 October a joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds.Mr. G. Brearley Chairman of the Section presided and Dr. H. Baines of the Kodak Research Laboratory gave a lecture on “The Chemist in the Photo- graphic Industry.” (A summary of this lecture was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 V 253.) A large audience greatly appreciated Dr. Baines’ lucid exposition and the beautiful colour photographs which he showed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor F. Challenger and seconded by Dr. E. R. Clark. Before the meeting there was a display of films at which Dr. G. A. Jeffrey President of the Leeds University Chemical Society presided and to which Dr. Baines contributed a short film illustrating the use of high speed photo- graphy in the detection of faults in machinery.At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held at the University of Leeds on 14 November 1949 the Chairman Mr. G. Brearley welcomed the President of the Institute. Professor Cook expressed his pleasure at meeting the members of the Leeds Area Section and spoke of the benefits which the Institute received through closer contact with the Local Sections through the Hon. Secretaries’ Conferences. He also displayed the presidential badge of office which had come into being following upon a suggestion made by this Section in 1947. It was much admired by the members most of whom were seeing it for the first time. [ 601 J ’1lie Keport and Financial Stdtoiiieiit 1%crc atfoptcd. l’roiosbor iV.Bradley 31r.P. A. Briucoe Dr.W. Cule Davies and 7th. W. R.A. D. Moore were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. M’oodmanseywere re-elected as Hon. Auditors. X vote of thanks to the retiring committee members was moved by Mr. Trefor Davies seconded by Jlr. C. H. Manley and carried with acclamation. Professor Cook then gave a lecture on “Synthetic Analgesics and Anti- spasmodics.’’ Recent developments in this important field were presented with great skill and clarity and the lecture was much appreciated by a large audience. -2 vote of thanks to the President was propowl by Professor Challenger and seconded by Mr. G. J. Denbigh. Liverpool and North-Western.-,I joint meeting under the auspices of the Local Section of the Institute was held on 1 November at the Wigan Mining and Technical College Wigan.The Chairman Mr. J. 1;. Clarke introduced Professor H. Bassett Director of Research Peter Spence & Sons Widnes who delivered a very interesting lecture entitled “Some Problems of Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature.” Messrs. Crawford Woodhead Foley and Longton made notable contribu- tions to the ensuing discussion. Mr. Foley proposed and Mr. Milner seconded a vote of thanks to Professor Bassett for his lecture and for his part in stimulating the discussion. Another joint meeting was held on 3 November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Liverpool. The meeting was informed’ that the Committee had sent a letter to Ur. I?. Gibson expressing thanks for his services as Hon. Recorder for the past seven years and regretting that ill-health made it necessary for him to relinquish his office.It was also made known that hlr. G. Harding had already filled the vacant office and was now the Hon. Recorder for the Section. The Chairman Mr. J. I;. Clarke thcn introduced the President of the Institute Professor J. \V. Cook F.R.S. who delivered a lecture entitled “Synthetic Plnalgesics and -4nti-Spasmodics.” In a preamble Professor Cook expressed his pleasure at giving his first lecture in Liverpool to a chemical society and on bcing able to wear the President’s Badge of Office at the meeting. During the discussion which followed the lecture interesting contributions were made by the Chairman and by Messrs. Morton \Vhalley Dunne Biske and others.Dr. Whalley proposed and Professor Morton seconded a vote of thanks to the President for his lecturc. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Autumn Session opened with a meeting at Gravesend on 22 September when Mr. B. B. Evans read a paper entitled “The Chemist and Rubber Cables” (for summary see p. 486). This meeting is of particular interest in the light of the Section’s attempts to stimulate actil ity in local groups outside London since the lecturer is a chemist in the Gravescnd district and his subject concerned one of the largest local industries. Four joint meetings with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry ha\-e been arranged for this Session. The first of these was held in London on 3 October with the Society as the hosts when Dr.J. Grant read a paper on “Pulp and Paper Manufacture as a Chemical Industry.” The second joint meeting with the Institute as hosts was held on 17 October at the Dartford Technical College by courtesy of Dr. Gyngell and the Kent Education Committee. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse Chairman of the London Section 602 1 of the Society of Chemical Industry presided supported by Mr. T. McLachlan Hon. Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute. The Chairman in his opening remarks expressed great pleasure in opening this the first joint meeting of the two bodies to be held outside London He then introduced Dr. H. Barron a well-known authority on plastics who delivered a paper entitled “Plastics and Corrosion.” There was a good discussion after the lecture at the close of which Ur.H. I. Stonehill proposed the vote of thanks to 1)r. Barron. Mr. 13. R. Monk on behalf of the Institute welcomed members of the Society of Chemical Industry to the first joint meeting in the Kent area and thanked Dr. Gygnell and Mr. Barr for making the arrangements. We sometimes hear our fellow chemists complain that the “man-in-thc- street” takes for granted so many of the necessities of life which the chemist provides for him. The tables were turned at Dagenham on 6 October when in the South-East Essex Technical College Mr. A. H. Charltnn read a paper on “Modern Methods of Soap lklanufacture. ” Many chemists present who had regarded soap manufacture as a mere matter of saponifying fats and oils were surprised at the intricacy of the process.On 12 October we were pleased to receive a return visit from Dr. B. C. Wood who until recently was a member of the Section Committee. His visit on this occasion was to Slough where he read a paper entitled “Quantitative Commonsense and the Chemist.” Our thanks are due to Messrs. Mars Ltd. who acted as hosts and provided hospitality for this meeting. We were also pleased to welcome for a second time Professor C. Tyler who read a paper on “The Biochemistry Involved in Egg Shell Formation” (for a summary see JOURNAL AKD PROCEEDIXGS, 1949 111 210) at Acton Technical College on 13 October and Professor A$. Albert who spoke on “Chemotherapy and Essential Trace Elements” to a joint meeting of the Section and the Cambridge University Chemical Society at Cambridge on 28 October.The meeting held in London on 19 October possessed a certain bitter-sweet quality. The paper “Rockets and Chemistry,” read by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths the Section Chairman and followed by the two films “Operation Back-Fire” and “Rocket Flight,” provided a unique subject for the evening but there was a feeling of regret that Dr. Griffiths’ paper marked the termination of his tenure of office as Chairman of the Section. Manchester and District-Contrary to the usual way in nature most scientific societies go into a state of hibernation during the summer months. This criticism however can hardly be levelled at our Section since thc Social Sub-Committee have provided us with many interesting and enj oyablc visits and outings.These included visits to the Red Tower Lager Brewery Ltd. Manchester (a very suitable summer for snch a visit !) British Vesada Ltd. (Viscous) Littleborough an underground xisit to the National Coal Board’s Nook Colliery Astley (we descended the shaft to the at that time rare and strange accompaniment of rain thunder and lightning) The Lanca- shire Steel Corporation Irlam (to some of usa humblingand somewhat awesome tour) and two separate visits to the intricacies of Odham’s Press Ltd. Manchester. Our best thanks must go to the Social Sub-Committee who arranged the programme and to the managements of the various organisa- tions who received us so courteously and conducted us so efficiently.In addition a delightful day trip was made to Chester enjoyable at anv time doublv PO in glorious weather and with well-planned arrangement.. [ 503 I In the meantime the Programme Sub-committee had been busy and a very attractive programme for the Winter Session has been arranged. Members will have received a full list of the lectures to be given. The \Tinter Session opened very appropriately with an address by the Chairman Dr. G. X. Burkhardt. Mr. J. T. Marsh who presided said that Dr. Burkhardt as senior lecturer in chemistry and tutor to the Faculty in the University of Manchester could have chosen any one of a very wide variety of subjects for his lecture. It was characteristic that he chose to describe his researches on “Some Aldehyde-amine Condensates”-a subject of great interest because of the applicability of these substances as rubber plasticisers.The lucid exposition was greatly appreciated and evidently thought-provoking judging by the searching questions asked particularly with regard to the problems of the rubber industry. The first of a series of meetings which it is hoped to hold outside Manchester took place on 1 Kovember at the well-appointed Municipal Technical College Bolton. The Chairman and Committee looked forward with not a little interest and anxiety to the response to this innovation but due in large measure to the enthusiastic support of the Convener Dr. Stoddart Head of the Chemistry Department the meeting was a great success. Dr. Burkhardt was in the Chair and a large audience listened with pleasure and interest to Dr.F. Fairbrother’s address on “The New Outlook in Inorganic Chemistry.” In an absorbing way he pointed out that the seemingly enhanced position of organic as compared with inorganic chemistry did not imply that the latter was sinking into oblivion or that it was already defunct. On the contrary it indicated merely a waiting period whilst new tools for a fresh onslaught were made. These tools are now available and whereas in the past the chemist sought new elements as a botanist sought new plants now he procures them by synthesis. Such tools and such approaches to inorganic chemistry now give greater and clearer insight into such problems-to quote only two examples-as the energetics of reactions and the why and wherefore of valency bonds.The lecturer captured the attention of his audience and answered numerous questions at the end of his discourse. On 7 SolTember another “outside” meeting was held at the Central Library Stockport. In spite of appalling weather Dr. Balaban (Director of Research Pharmaceutical Laboratories Geigy Co. Ltd. Manchester) who was Con- vener had attracted a good audience to hear an address by Dr. G. N. Dyson on “A System of Chemical Nomenclature.” No doubt many chemists are familiar already with some of L)r. Uyson’s views but it is one thing reading about them and another thing listening to nr. Dyson himself expounding them in his clear and indeed witty manner. It is not surprising that the subject provoked many questions-not least from the students present ! There would appear to be no doubt that these two meetings outside the ManChester City boundary were very successful and members are requested to give their attention to the circular-letter about this venture from the Chairman Dr.G. N. Rurkhardt. The first meeting in 1950 is on Wednesday 25 January and is the Annual General Meeting at which we shall have the pleasure of an address by the Secretary of the Institute Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. Members are asked to pay particular attention to the arrangements for this meeting since they differ to some extent from the usual procedure. South Wales.-The first meeting of the Session. on 28 October was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea with Professnr C.\V. Shoppee presiding. Professor C. K. Ingold [ 504 J l;.l<.S. lccturcci to an audience Oi about 120 011 “.ironlatic Sitration,” describing the evidence obtained by physico-chemical studies which led to the identification of the nitronium ion as the nitrating agent and to the eluci- dation of the mechanism of the nitration process. Cape of Good Hope.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society at the Athenaeum Newlands on 10 June. Mr. W. H. Seath gave a lecture on “A Chemist in the Cereal Mill,” and this was followed by two short films “The Story of Bread” and “The Story of Wheat.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend two meetings arranged by the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute.At the first of these which was held at the Athenaeum h’ewlands on 7 June Dr. M. Lanchen gave a lecture on “Rationalisation of Organic Chemistry.” The second meeting was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town on 14 July when Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth spoke on “The Industrial Potentialities of South African Seaweeds.” Sir John Cockroft C.B.E. F.R.S. Director of the A\tomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell recently visited the Union to give a series of scientific and popular lectures on Atomic Energy. Members of the Cape Section were invited by the University of Cape Town to attend two lectures given by Sir John at the University.In his first lecture on 6 September Sir John dealt with “The Application of Nuclear Reactors to Power.” The second lecture on 8 September was entitled “The Development of High Energy Particle Accelerators and their Application to Nuclear Physics” and included an account of the Betatron. A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town on 16 September. The speaker on this occasion was Dr. D. A. Sutton who gave a most interesting lecture on “Varnish Chemistry.” Dr. Sutton who was formerly at the Paint Research Station at Teddjngton has come to South Africa to join the staff of the National Chemical Research Laboratory in Pretoria. Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and held at the Athenaeum New-lands on 23 September.Dr. J. E. C. Mullen who is also a newcomer to South Africa and \Tho was previously with the National Institute for Research in Dairying addressed the meeting on “Milk Enzymes and their Practical Application in the Dairy Industry.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend a meeting held at the University of Cape Town on 18 October under the auspices of the South African Chemical Institute. Professor W. Pugh gave a lecture on “High Vacuum Technique of Chemical Manipulation.” REPORT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTI0NS 22 October 1949 The Conference was held in the Institute at 10 a.m.Present.-Professor J. \V. Cook President in the Chair; Professor F. Challenger Vice-President Chairman of the Publications and Library Com- mittee; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. T. Marsh District Member of Council Manchester and District; Dr. H. G. M. Hardie (Aberdeen and North of Scotland); Mr. C. S. JlcDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. B. W.Minifie (Bristol and District); Mr. G. M. Kerman (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Mr. W. Stewart Liddle (Dundee and District) ; Dr. John Williams (East Anglia); Mr. E. M. Bavin (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edin- burgh and East of Scotland); Mr. W. G. D. Wright (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Mr.E. A. C. Crouch (Huddersfield); Mr. M. Lovett (representing Lceds Area); Mr. S. J. Porter (representing Hull and District); Mr. J. Ashley- Jones (Liverpool and North-TYestern) ;Mr. T. McLachlan (London and South- Eastern Counties); Mr. Arthur Carroll (Manchester and District); Mr. G. H. Osborn (Mid-Southern Counties); Dr. J. 0. Harris (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Dr. S. R. Illingworth (North Wales); Mr. K. C. Barraclough (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. C. V. Reynolds (South-Western Counties); Dr. A. R. Martin (Tees-side); with the Secretary the Registrar and the Deputy Executive Officer. The President welcomed the Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections and referred particularly to the presence of hfr.W. Stewart Liddle the Honorary Secretary of the newly-constituted Dundee and District Section. DEVELOPMENT OF JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS In giving further consideration to this subject (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS 1949 111 267) the Conference had before it a memorandum from the Publications and Library Committee prepared at the request of the previous Conference. The discussion was opened by the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee who drew attention to steps already taken to improve the Journal and indicated the possible lines of further development under consideration by the Committee. Widespread approval had been expressed of the changes already made including the resumption of editorials the increased number of special articles the introduction of book reviews and the greater proportion of matter set in the larger type.The Council had decided to make the Journal a monthly publication as soon as possible and regretted that there was no prospect of this greater frequency of publication being established in 1950. The Council had agreed also to resume acceptance of advertisements in the Journal and was exploring means for putting this decision into effect at an early date. The Committee had given much consideration to the desirability of adopting a different fount of type and possibly a larger size of page. A decision on the latter question might be affected by the interest of advertisers in securing certain minimum amounts and proportions of space as well as by the desirability of conforming with recommendations designed to reduce the very large number of diverse page sizes and type areas in periodicals.The relative importance of these factors was not yet clear however and further information was being obtained from [ 506 1 authoritative sources. ‘The Coininittee was naturally anxious to avoid making any change in page size without being fully satisfied that the new format would meet present and prospective requirements over a considerable period of years for frequent changes in size would be disturbing to members and would raise difficulties with advertisers and printers. Moreover if other major changes were to be made it was clearly undesirable that they should be introduced in a piecemeal fashion.In the ensuing discussion diverse opinions were expressed about possible alterations in page size. Those against any such change maintained that the present size was convenient as the Journal could be readily carried in the pocket and that any alteration would upset the appearance of the run of bound xdumes on a shelf. Also if the size were notably increased individual issues might become unduly flimsy and less attractive. Others were prepared to see an alteration in page size if the Journal would thereby be brought into line with the publications of cognate bodies or if any advantage would be gained in securing advertisements. X view put forward by the Treasurer was that a change in size might cause more members to open and read the Journal and thus appreciate the important improvements in its contents and lay-out that had already been made; he believed that many members had lost the habit of paying much attention to the Journal and would only realise the extent of the development that had taken place if th’eir attention were attracted to it by a change in format.It was suggested however that this result might be achieved at least in part by altering the colour or design of the cover and in this connection it was suggested that a list of the more important contents should be printed on the front cover. It was agreed to recommend that these possibilities be explored and that the views expressed about page size be referred to the Publications and Library Committee for further consideration in the light of expert advice.It was generally agreed that the appearance and readability of the Journal would be improved by further extension of the use of larger sizes of type and that this would permit if not require the adoption of a larger page size in order to preserve balance. Much could be done also by a better arrange- ment of the material in the Journal especially by providing for the principal articles to begin at the top of a page. On the question of the content of the Journal considerable discussion took place on the calendar of coming events. On the one hand it was suggested that the present arrangement made it difficult to discover what meetings were to be held in particular localities or under the auspices of particular Local Sections of the Institute and a proposal was made that the Local Section activities columns should include under the heading of each Section a list of its coming events followed by reports of meetings already held.On the other hand it was maintained that the present complete calendar of coming events was useful to members who moved about the country and were interested in attending meetings on particular subjects in different localities. Attention was drawn to the diversity of practice among Local Sections in the extent to which their programmes were prepared in advance. Even where this was done at an early date it was impossible to avoid errors due to subsequent changes that often had to be made especially with a Journal that was published only in alternate months.Announcements of coming events in the Journal was not therefore an alternative to circularising all members of Local Sections with notices of individual meetings shortly before they were due to be held. As a compromise between these conflicting opinions it was agreed to recommend that the present schedule of coming events in calendar order be retained with suitable modification but that Local Sections be permitted if they so desired to include also a list of their forthcoming meetings under r 507 1 Local Section Activities. It was suggested that the form of the general calendar of coming events be modified by printing the particulars in the following sequence date place time subject speaker and sponsoring body and by using heavy type for meetings sponsored by the Institute or its Local Sections.It was generally agreed that articles on matters of professional interest should be encouraged and that reports of meetings held by Local Sections on matters of general interest should be considered as the basis of some of these articles. Diverse views were also expressed on the reporting of scientific matter in the Journal but the balance of opinion was in favour of the retention of lecture summaries provided that these were sufficiently informative and dealt with subjects likely to be of interest to a wide range of members including those overseas. It was agreed that if such lecture summaries were to be useful they must not be too condensed.On the other hand where the subject was of sufficient importance consideration should be given to full publication in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. It was concluded that in general a lecture summary should be between 1,000 and 1,500 words with a possible extension to 2,000 words in special cases. It was noted that the developments envisaged would entail a progressive increase in the work to be undertaken in the office and this might in due course entail the appointment of a full-time editor. RELATIONS WITH EMPLOYING BODIES A general discussion took place on relations with employing bodies especially those of the nationalised industries arising out of the following resolution by the Committee of the East Midlands Section which had been referred to the Conference by the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 v 437):-“This Committee feels concerned about the position of members in nationalised industries particularly as regards recognition of the Institute as the negotiating body and would welcome a frank and explicit statement by the Council on its attitude to this matter.” In accordance with a decision of the Council the Registrar made a confidential statement on existing relations between the Institute and the organisations controlling the principal nationalised industries.The Council had decided that as the Institute was a qualifying professional body and was not and could not be registered as a Trade Union it did not seem desirable for it to claim to represent the staff side on any negotiating body such as a Whitley Council.The function of the Institute was rather to act as an advisory body in the interests of the profession as a whole which included both employees and employers and steps had been taken to secure the position of the Institute in this capacity. These services had been appreciated by the National Coal Board which had sought and had agreed to seek in the future the advice of the Institute on matters affecting the status of chemists in its employ. Useful contacts had also been made with the appropriate employing authorities concerned with British Railways and with the nationalised gas and electricity industries and the Institute was represented in discussions that were taking place on the status of biochemists in hospitals under the National Health Service.Much had been done to ensure that the status of the Institute’s qualifica- tions was properly understood and that the need for appointing persons with appropriate qualifications to various posts was recognised. Complaints about conditions of service whether made by individuals or by groups of members were always taken up with the employing authorities and in such [ 608 1 matters the unprejudiced interest of the Institute was generally recognised and careful attention paid to its advice. It was believed that by these means the Institute could be most effective as the professional body for chemists and that its position would not be strengthened by claiming to represent the staff side in direct negotiations concerning salaries and conditions of employment.In summing up the President affirmed the view of the Council that the professional and economic interests of qualified members of the profession should be adequately served by their professional body and that the trade union type of organisation which had been built up for the benefit of manual workers was not in general suitable for professional men and women. Where individual members wished or found it expedient to join trade unions there was no objection to their doing so but in such cases it was clearly preferable for them to join an organisation in which they would not be outnumbered by people engaged in very different avocations. Recent discussions with the British Association of Chemists on the desirability of closer co-operation between that body and the Institute were not being pursued further because it was felt that in view of their necessarily different approaches to economic matters such co-operation would be liable to weaken the influence of both.It was recognised however that as the concern of the B.A.C. was entireIy with chemists it should be more able to look after the interests of chemists than a trade union catering for other types of workers. It was realised that some pressure was being put upon chemists in certain industries to join trade unions and this was raising a number of problems which were under consideration by the Institute’s Appointments and Economic Status Committee. The thanks of the Conference were expressed to the Registrar for his statement and it was agreed that in view of the importance of the subject it be discussed again at a future Conference.It was agreed to recommend that the Appointments and Economic Status Committee be urged to proceed with its work on the lines indicated by the President. On a question raised by the Leeds Area Section as to procedure to be followed by members who found themselves in difficulties with their employers the Registrar reported that advice on such difficulties and on the terms of contracts of service was given to numerous individual members and that any member in difficulty should communicate with him. It was hoped shortly to reach agreement with the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers on the issue of a document entitled “Notes on Terms of Engagement of Chemists,” and the Registrar himself was preparing an article on certain aspects of the subject embodying the results of his experience of the problems on which he had been consulted.REVISION OF THE BY-LAWS OF THE INSTITUTE The Conference had before it a draft report of the Committee on the Revision of By-Laws which had been submitted to the Council on the previous clay. In this Report was set forth the substance of the proposed changes without any attempt to express them in the form of amended By-Laws. It was recognised that agreement on the substance of the changes desired should be reached before referring the matter to the Solicitors and the proposals in the draft Report were then considered one by one except those relating to the Council and Officers which had already been examined in detail at the previous Conference (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 264).With regard to the general proposal to avoid including in the By-Laws provisions about matters of detail that could appropriately be dealt with in regulations or standing orders it was agreed to recommend that standing orders affecting the business of Local Sections should be included in the [ 509 3 Secretaries’ Handbook. Following discussion on a point raised by the Leeds Area Section it was agreed that no specific mention be made in the By-Laws of the duties or responsibilities attached to any particular administrative officer of the Institute unless this were necessary so that the Council might be free to vary the titles duties and responsibilities of such officers without a change in the By-Laws being required.It was agreed that in framing the By-Laws governing the proposed election of a limited number of Honorary Fellows of the Institute no attempt be made to define more closely the persons who would be eligible for admission to this category but that it be made clear that corporate members of the Institute itself were not excluded. Doubt was expressed of the wisdom of making express provision for the exclusion of registered students or other non-corporate members from attendance at General Meetings for the transaction of official business as it seemed that such attendance might form a useful part of a student’s education.It was agreed however not to make any recommendation in the matter as it was realised that at large meetings it might not be possible to segregate corporate members from students and others who were not entitled to vote. It was agreed to recommend that if it were found necessary to specify in the By-Laws an upper limit of the amount of the life composition fee for Fellows that upper limit should be expressed as a multiple of (say 40 times) the current annual subscription. The proposition that no member be allowed to belong to a Local Section other than that in which his registered address lay was opposed on the ground that some members found it easier to attend meetings in a neighbouring Section while others wished to belong to the Section comprising their business address which they did not wish to giveas their registered address.It was explained that the former difficulty was tnet by arranging for members to receive on request notices of meetings in a neighbouring Section-a practice already adopted to meet the wishes of individual members. It was agreed that consideration be given to the latter difficulty with a view to providing for special cases. EDUCATIONAL MATTERS The question of means for educating the public in chemical matters had been raised by the Birmingham and Midlands Section and the Committee of that Section had indicated its intention to arrange as an experiment public lectures by carefully selected speakers designed to inform the public on the nature of the scientific method and to combat misunderstandings and ignorance about the purpose of science.Reference was made to the series of Dalton Lectures established by the Manchester and District Section with a view to arousing the interest of the educated layman in scientific matters. These lectures had already attained a high reputation and were attracting a growing number of members of the public. Reference was also made to the work of bodies such as the Royal Society of Arts in the more general scientific field and it was noted that the Treasurer of the Institute would be giving the next series of Cantor Lectures on the subject of “Bread.” It was generally agreed that such methods of interesting and educating a larger section of the public about chemistry in its incidence on the daily lives of people were to be commended and represented an important function of the Institute.A question was raised by the East Midlands Section on the effect of the introduction of a three-subject Intermediate examination in the University of London on the exemption of those who had passed that examination from further examination in the ancillary subjects required for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The Registrar explained that such candidates would comply with the Institute’s requirements if they proceeded to the university degree as they had for that purpose to take at least one subject at “subsidiary” level. [ 510 3 In proposing a vote of thanks to the President for presiding at the meeting and to the Treasurer and to Professor Challenger Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee as well as to the administrative officers of the Institute for their attendance at the Conference Mr.Joiner referred to the fact that this would be the last Conference to be attended by Mr. Elliot Dodds and Mr. McLachlan in their capacity as Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. He paid a tribute to the value of Mr. Dodds’ contributions to these Conferences over a long period of years and expressed gratification that he had been the first Honorary Secretary to be elected a Vice-president of the Institute. He referred to the heavy burden that had been borne during the past three years by Mr. McLachlan as Honorary Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and to the great progress that the Section had made during that period through his indefatigable activities and administrative ability.In expressing his appreciation of what had been said Mr. McLachlan indicated that he was giving up the Honorary Secretaryship of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section with mixed feelings and stated that he knew of no other institution in which the Council and the members looked more to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for advice and help in conduct- ing and developing activities. He cordially seconded the vote of thanks to the President and other honorary officers and to the administrative officers. who had contributed so largely to the success of these Conferences. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation and acknowledged by the President.BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Aids to Biochemistry. By E. A. Cooper and S. D. Nicholas. 4th edition. Pp. viii + 244. (London Baillihre Tindal & Cox. 1949.) 5s. net. Experimental Plastics for Students. By C. A. Redfarn and A. Allcott. Pp. 90. (London Iliffe & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 10s. 6d. net. A Bibliography of Dyeing and Textile Printing. By L. G. Lawrie. Pp. 143. (London Chapman 62 Hall Ltd. 1949.) 15s. net. Science in Adult Education. Interim Report of the Committee established jointly by the National Foundation for Adult Education and the British Association. Pp. 16. (London National Institute of Adult Education 79 Wimpole Street W.1. 1949.) 1s.British Standard 186 1949 Cast Iron and Enamelled Cast Iron Steam- jacketed Pans for the chemical and allied industries. (London British Standards Institution 24-28 Victoria Street S.W.l.) 2s. 6d. net post free. British Standard 1581 1949 Vitamin D in Oil for poultry-feeding purposes (Types 200 and 400). (London British Standards Institution.) 2s. net post free. British Standard I121 1949 Methods for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. Part 12 Silicon in acid-resisting high silicon iron. Part 13 Chromium in iron and steel. Part 14 Copper in carbon and low-alloy steels. (London British Standards Institution.) Each part 1s. net post free. British Standard 1427 1949 Tests for Water used in Steam Generation. (London British Standards Institution.) 75.6d. net post free. r 511 1 NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Abstract of the Report of the Assessors for the year 1948-49 There seems to be some lack of understanding as to the general standard connoted by National Certificates in Chemistry. The Assessors therefore think that a statement on this subject may be of value. Ordinary National Certificate The final examination for this Certificate is normally taken at the end of a three years’ part-time course. Candidates may be exempted from the first year if they hold (i) a Matriculation Certificate covering chemistry physics and mathematics or (ii) a First School Certificate with a credit in chemistry and at least a pass in physics and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in 1948 no less than 322 out of a total of 538 candidates were able to avail themselves of this concession.They may also be exempted from the second year if they hold (i) a Higher School Certificate with chemistry as a principal subject and with mathematics and physics as either principal or subsidiary subjects or (ii) a University Intermediate Science Certificate which includes chemistry and physics. All candidates however must do the third year’s work. Successful candidates at this examination attain a standard in theoretical and practical chemistry particularly organic chemistry which is definitely higher than that represented by chemistry as a principal subject in the Higher School Certificate. Higher National Cevtijcate According to thc Rules the standard to be aimed at for this Certificate is that of a Pass Degree of a University and the Assessors are definitely of opinion that in chemistry this standard is attained.It seems clear to the Assessors that any public statement which might appear to equate the standard of a Higher National Certificate with a Higher School Certificate is unjust to a large number of competent students who have attained the much higher standard which the former represents. I. INTRODUCTORY Four schools submitted candidates for the first time in thc Senior Grade and one school in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries received in the Senior Grade was 774 of whom 535 passed compared with 539 entries in 1948 of whom 341 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 258 candidates of whom 203 passed.In 1948 there were 200 candidates of whom 152 passed. Of the 258 candidates 222 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 203 successful candidates 181 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. GENERAL In the Report last year it was stated that in general the questions which were submitted by the various centres were very appropriate to this examina- tion and covered the approved syllabus. This year the Assessors feel that the situation is not quite so satisfactory and they wondered in a number of instances how far the proposed question papers were really attaining the 512 1 objectives which most examiners set ttiemselvcs. Stated briefly it inay be said these objectives are :-(a)To set questions which are within the approved syllabus and cover each part of the syllabus in a fair proportion.(h) To word the questions so that it will be difficult for a candidate to reply with an entirely stereotyped answer. (c) To ask questions which a really good candidate should answer well and the weaker candidates not so well. There are far more candidates this year and naturally the number of weak candidates is greater. In assessing the marking of the scripts the Assessors had cause to reflect that stuffing candidates with chemical facts is an unprofitable business. Candidates may earn low marks because they are unfamiliar with the syllabus of work or because they do not appreciate the significance of the questions they are asked.In addition such candidates not infrequently cannot spell cannot think and cannot present a coherent argument. The authorities should restrain obviously ill-prepared candidates from attempting this examination. It is a testimony to the skill of the majority of those responsible for suggest- ing examination papers for the National Certificate Examinations that the results seem to place the candidates in the order the teachers themselves would put them. For some years now the Assessors have noticed that in very few cases have the teachers concerned felt impelled to plead with the Assessors that the candidates who have failed have not done themselves justice in the examination. To sum up it is important for all concerned to try and ensure now and in the future that there is no variation in the high standard of training and achievement which the award of the National Certificate denotes.111. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-The standard reached in this section of the examination was generally good and there was ample evidence that the better candidates had a good grasp of fundamental principles and essential facts. Many candidates seemed very reluctant to represent chemical reactions by equations. Frequently a lengthy written account could have been clarified by suitable examples. There is no doubt candidates could produce more suitable answers to questions by an appropriate use of formulz equations and selected examples. Possibly certain candidates refrain from the use of these devices in the hope that by omitting them they will not disclose their ignorance.The Frasch process for the extraction of sulphur is described in most textbooks but there is no doubt that many candidates found difficulty in explaining it. The mechanism of the reduction of nitric acid by metals is still somewhat obscure but there is no support for theviewthat you can prepare hydrogen from copper and nitric acid as stated by a number of candidates. From certain answers it appeared that the candidates were very puzzled as to how bromine could be isolated as a commercial product. They appreciated that bromine can be liberated from a solution containing magnesium bromide by the action of chlorine but the next stage in the process of winning the bromine was little known.Some candidates knew that carbon monoxide is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves readily in either an ammoniacal or hydrochloric acid solution of cuprous chloride. The reason for this however was not always clear from the candidates’ answers. Advanced.-The work here continues to maintain a high standard on the whole. Modern advances are kept in mind and structural inorganic chemistry has obviously been incorporated into the chemistry teaching as an integral part of the inorganic chemistry course. c 513 1 1V. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY On the whole physical chemistry seems to present more difficulty to the candidates than the other branches of the subject. Some very good work was done but there were cases where the candidate had obviously made little progress.Incidentally the marking of the scripts was done with care and in very few cases indeed was it necessary for the Assessors to make any appreci- able re-adjustment of the marks awarded by the teachers. There are a few comments which the Assessors would like to make on particular points. In equations the ions were not infrequently given the wrong charges. Solubility product and pH were not always understood. Calculations were often marred by arithmetical errors and some erroneous ideas were held as to the size of the particles of colloids. Simple applications of the phase rule did not always give the correct conclusions whilst explanations of the meaning of optical activity led many candidates into very deep waters.In spite of such short- comings which are typical of any large group of candidates or of similar examinations there is no need for pessimism. V. PRACTICAL AND PHYSICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY The standard of the practical work is in general very satisfactory. It is not possible to say much more than this for with such a large entry of candi- dates some are outstanding in the quantitative work and others more success- ful in the qualitative exercises. However the results were not always given in a concise and clear form and some improvement in the set-out of the practical work could be achieved without making the report a stereotyped document. VI. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-With but few exceptions the various schools and colleges are providing a sound introduction to the study of organic chemistry the influence of which is reflected in the good quality of the answers to the various examina- tion papers.Candidates are gaining a better grasp of fundamentals and many of them possess a good working knowledge of basic facts and principles. This is reassuring since it is clearly desirable that the foundations should be firmly and securely laid soundness is more important than extent. Adzuznced.-In this grade also the general position is satisfactory and shows a steady improvement. The standard and scope of examination papers are usually fair and reasonable. It seems unreasonable to expect candidates to cope with such topics as the constitutions of alkaloids vitamins A and C and bicyclic terpenes like camphor or a discussion of the evidence on which the cyclic structure of glucoseis based.The orderly and detailed presentation of material requisite for a proper comprehension of subjects of this degree of complexity must inevitably consume a large proportion of the limited time at the disposal of part-time students-time which should be put to its most effective use-and so if this course is adopted the time available for the generalised treatment of large and important groups of compounds and the study of standard reactions and processes will be restricted. If a middle course is followed and such specialised topics as those mentioned above are dealt with in other than an unhurried detailed and systematic manner then their value as a mental training is lost; time has been unprofit- ably spent and the student is left with a mass of facts and details which he is unable to co-ordinate.A survey of some of the answers indicates that this latter course may have been followed and that as a consequence memory is attempting to overcome lack of understanding. [ 614 3 It should be emphasised that this criticism is of limited application but its obvious importance must be its justification. The grounds of the criticism are not difficult to remove if it be realised that the various analytical and synthetical procedures used in the examination of complex structures usually have their counterparts in the study of simpler compounds and that these simpler examples might with advantage replace the more complex in a teaching curriculum.It is apparent that some students are still being taught that in reactions typified by the interaction of methyl iodide with sodionialonic ester there is produced an intermediate compound containing the methyl group attached to oxygen which subsequently undergoes an isomeric change. The weight of evidence against this view is so overwhelming and is by now so widely known that there is no justification for presenting it to students. Some answers dealing with the structure of diazo-compounds and the uses of these compounds in synthesis were of a sketchy character this is an import- ant subject from both the theoretical and practical standpoints and is well worthy of thorough treatment. VII.PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC In general the exercises set were suitable and were well carried out a large proportion of the results reached a high standard and indicated careful and methodical teaching. Similar favourable remarks cannot always be made about the way in which the results of the practical examinations are presented sometimes it is difficult to ascertain the actual results concealed in the body of untidy notes and on occasions even to decipher the writing. In a few cases it was noted with approval that an examiner had deducted a few marks for bad writing and ill-arranged notes. Candidates should understand that a clearly written and orderly account of their experiments is an integral part of a practical examination. In all cases the inference to be drawn from an experimental test should be stated.In a fairly large proportion of cases it is evident that far too much significance is attached to colour reac- tions useful as these may be for purposes of confirmation. A crystalline derivative characteristic of the principal reactive group of a compound should be prepared whenever possible; e.g. from a naphthol the benzoate rather than the picrate. In spite of recent reports recommending the contrary several colleges persist in including a quantitative exercise-e.g. acetyl or saponification value-in the practical organic examination. This results not infrequently in a candidate doing relatively little of the essentially organic work and makes assessment difficult. It is desirable that the quantitative exercise should be such that it can be performed in about one-third of the examination period and carry not more than 25 per cent.of total marks. VIII. TECHNOLOGICAL SUBJECTS Most of the examination papers indicated that the candidates had received careful and detailed instruction in the various branches of applied chemistry. But as has been noted in previous years many candidates with high marks in the purely descriptive papers and routine exercises have not acquitted themselves nearly so well in the theoretical papers and in consequence have failed. IX. PHYSICS Papers in Physics were submitted by twelve schools for the Ordinary Certificate. There were 105 candidates in theoretical and 67 in practical physics. Three schools held no practical examination.r 616 1 lkeory Papcrs.-ln most schuols tlw skiidaid I\ as sitlsiactorp. 1lic majority now divide the question paper into sections corresponding to the branches of physics and require a minimum number of answers from each section. The papers generally contained a satisfactory number of numerical examples. In some schools the most unpopular questions and the ones most badly answered were those of physicochemical interest such as electrochemistry and properties of solutions; the same occurred last year. A few schools showed improvement as compared with last year. Some-times the distribution of answers was very uneven. In a two-section paper taken by 13 candidates 12 obtained on an average much higher marks for answers on light than on electricity; this reflects unevenness in the instruction.In questions on Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis an “electro-chemical equivalent” was often given as a datum. This really has no theoretical significance and it is preferable to give the atomic weight (when there is no question about the equivalent e.g. copper in copper sulphate); the student should know the value of the faraday = 96,500 coulombs. Students should also know that the gas constant R is the quotient of two well-known constants namely 22.41273 litre-atmospheres so that it is unnecessary to give the figure 0.082 litre-atmospheres as a datum. Practical.-Schools usually allow three hours for two exercises but one allows four hours which is.all to the good. Whilst most schools now give fairly reasonable weight to accuracy of experimentation in marking the practical work some still give a pass for work in which a grossly inaccurate result is obtained.In one case 63 per cent. of the total mark “for result” was given when a candidate found a surface tension of 34 dynes/cm. the correct value being 23 dynesicm. Measurements were frequently given without saying how they were made. The instruction regarding the direct entry of observatioizs in the answer book is still widely disregarded e.g. the height of the rise of a liquid in a capillary tube was stated but not the two actual readings of the travelling microscope and similarly a manometric height. Mean values (e.g. the diameter of a wire) were sometimes stated but not the actual observed measurements.The importance of training in the correct recording of labora- tory work must again be strongly emphasised. Neatness and order though desirable are not so important as the direct entry of what was actually done of actual measurements and of all calculations. In some cases the left-hand page labelled “rough work” and crossed out contained the direct observations and calculations. As frequently pointed out students appear to be seldom instructed in the matter of significant figures. In both written and practical work calculated results were very commonly given to more significant figures than the data warranted. For example the E.M.F. of a cell was found to be 4,’3,9= 1.0256 volt; the specific heat of a liquid was found to be 0.8734 cal./gram when one of the data involved was the specific heat of a piece of brass stated to two significant figures; in a question requiring the calculation of surface tension by the method of capillary rise data were given to one or to two significant figures but the teacher’s own solution was stated to four significant figures.This sort of thing is of course commonly due to the use of four-figure logarithms. The Assessor urges teachers of even elementary physics to give constant attention to this important matter. GeneVal.-Most schools now send in their draft examination papers with copies of syllabus marking schemes and solutions of numerical examples etc. in excellent form as regards both written and practical examinations. In the latter case some schools give very useful returns of the grading of marks according to the extent of deviation from the correct result ; this should always be done.In one or two schools the teacher gave most useful comments on the practical work carried out indicating how he had judged the work. c 516 1 NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (SCOTLAND) Abstract of the Report of the Assessors for the Year 1948-49 There were 135 candidates for the Ordinary Certificate of whom 97 were successful. For the Higher Certificate there were 51 candidates of whom 33 were successful. The number of candidates has increased steadily during the last few years as the following figures show:- Ordinary. Higher. 1946 .. *. 35 23 1947 .. . . 76 22 1948 .... 99 22 1949 .. .. 135 51 I >iovganicChenzistvy.-The knowledge of inorganic chemistry displayed by the candidates was wide in range. Candidates were generally well read in the outlines of technical and metallurgical processes but in some cases -a minority-were less well acquainted with the chemical properties and reactions of common metallic compounds. The manufacture and properties of steel or the production of producer and water gas were often correctly discussed in detail while questions on the preparation and reaction of common inorganic salts were avoided or badly answered. In the course for the Ordinary Certificate the aim should be to obtain a firm grasp of outstanding facts and principles. Some technical and especially some metallurgical processes as set out in an elementary exposition provide little material illustrating such principles unless their discussion is carried to a stage beyond the scope of a third year syllabus and the facts such processes embody may not have much chemical significance.The papers of the last few years as well as of this year have made it clear that students would do well to be far more familiar than they are with the Periodic Table and to use it as framework for the facts they learn. h careful and detaiIed study of the reactions of the common metallic salts to a variety of analytical reagents in the course of learning qualitative analysis is well known to be an excellent introduction to inorganic chemistry. Full use of this approach does not seem always to have been made.If it had been candidates would not have written for instance as too many did that silver nitrate and potassium iodide reacted only at high temperatures. It is significant in addition that those who described the standardisation of a hydrochloric acid solution all proposed to use sodium carbonate but that very few mentioned any measures necessary to ensure its having a calculable composition; the great majority stated merely that so much should be weighed out and left the matter there. Organic Chemistry.-The work done for the Ordinary Certificate was very good and calls for little comment. In describing technical matters students in this subject often tend to err in a direction opposite to that they take in inorganic chemistry and to show too little knowledge of the ordinary sources of such common substances as oxalic and acetic acids; nor do they always realise how great a difference there often is between a laboratory and a technical process in organic chemistry.There should certainly not be undue emphasis on the latter but technical processes for the more common organic substances are often fully worthy of note for they provide good illustrations of important reactions. 1.517 ] Questions in which the derivation of a composition from given data and the inference of the constitution of the substance from stated reactions are called for were not on the whole well done and were avoided where possible by many students although the calculation was more often attempted successfully.Carefully designed questions of this kind are valuable and their use could well be extended. One such question might well be compulsory if it dealt with a familiar class of compound and had sufficient sections to allow the average student to give at least a partial answer. In courses for the Higher Certificate much care and detailed instruction had evidently been given with excellent results. There had clearly been less specialisation on particular groups of compounds and more emphasis on general instruction than has sometimes been the case. Too much specialisation is to be avoided for part-time students. Questions involving the electronic theory of organic reactions were well answered but some students showed a certain confusion due rather to too much information than to too little.To present a perspicuous and useful account of these theories is far from easy. A careful and studied selection of outstanding agreed principles certainly repays the very considerable trouble it involves. Physical Chemis&y.-The standard attained in physical chemistry has risen in the last few years more especially in the Ordinary division. Much very good work has been done in both divisions It has become usual to set a higher proportion of questions each of which involves (a)a statement of principle or theory (b) a calculation. In the Ordinary division (b) is well done far more often than is (a).Kumerical questions do not add to the real difficulty of a paper at this stage; if fewer are set the average of marks awarded always falls.This points to the real difficulty of teaching physical chemistry-to obtain a firm grasp of any principle and an exact understanding of its use. If this is achieved the candidates demonstrate it by answering satisfactorily the (a)parts of the question in words. Correct answers to (b) mean little by themselves except the recollection of formulae. It is some-times suggested that candidates for the National Certificate at this stage lack power of expression adequate to writing accounts of the ideas of physical chemistry. It is the Assessor’s opinion based on the papers he has read that this disability is now comparatively rare. Failure to comprehend is far more common. In the Ordinary division many students had very vague ideas on equivalent conductivity thinking it varied proportionately with dilution and were confused about co-ordinate valency.The definition of the principle of mass action always requires careful attention. The traditional method of basing it on opposed reaction velocities is rather apt (unless explained with more detailed kinetics than an elementary course allows) to leave the student with the impression that the velocity of gas reactions can always be calculated in this simple way at points removed from equilibrium. For the Higher Certificate there were some excellent papers although the standard reached was very varied. Understanding of thermodynamical principles has improved. Answers to questions on the constitution of the atom would sometimes have been clearer if the student had received less information rather than more.The historical method if followed at all should be followed with much caution for candidates whose time is limited. The outstanding need as already mentioned in connection with organic chemistry is for a clear and selective presentation of the established results. BOOK REVIEWS The Power and Limits of Science. A Philosophical Study. E. F. Caldin. Pp. vii + 196. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. This is a book which one can heartily recommend. Its aim as the author states it is “to put before the reader a view of science and its relation to other forms of knowledge based on a study of its method; and to sketch a view of the place of science in life corresponding to this estimate of its place in thought.” In these days when exaggerated claims for the dominance of science in human affairs are sometimes loudly trumpeted; when moreover as many believe much of our thinking has gone wrong owing in no small measure to an over-emphasis of the scientific mood; it is of the highest importance that there should be a fuller understanding of what the “scientific method” means; of the kind of knowledge to lvhich its application can lead; and of the existence of other rational approaches to knowledge.For students of science especially whose studies have become far too narrow and highly specialised it is important that they should strive to obtain a wider and clearer understanding not only of the power but of the limits of science and of its relation to other fields of human experience life and learning.For these reasons this book by hlr. Caldin is to be warmly welcomed. Perhaps the University of Leeds which is so fortunate as to have on its scientific staff one so competent to act as a guide will give a lead to other universities in the institution of lectures or discussions on the subjects covered by Mr. Caldin’s book. After a more general discussion of the method of physical science and the scope of physics the author enters on a more philosophical examination of the inductix-e method and its presuppositions; science and truth; science and a priori knowledge; metaphysics and science. The treatment is broad but also exact and clear.The inductive experimental method by which science seeks to attain truth-the collecting of facts the “ordering” of the facts into generalised laws and the interpretation of these laws by a conception not contained in the data of esperience-rests on the assumption or what the author calls the metaphysical presupposition that there is order in natnre. One used to speak about the uniformity of nature. The truth moreover which the scientific method reveals is not an absolute truth but is defined by the author as the correspondence of our laws and theories with reality. The discussion of the inductive method of natural science is followed by an interesting survey of the complementary relationship between science and metaphysics. The author does not define metaphysics but his clear discussion of “the methDd of reflection on the general principles that are needed if experience is to be intelligible” will introduce a region of thought with which perhaps many students of science are unfamiliar but of which it is important that they should have an understanding.In the concluding portion of his work the author discusses Beauty and Science; Ethics and Science; Society and Science through which we are led into the realm of values and judgments which are of supreme importance for the individual and for the regulation of human relationships; a realm however to which the scientific method is not applicable. These chapters all students of science should ponder deeply and also the conclusion to which the author comes that in this science-conscious era a new synthesis of knowledge is necessary in which we must include ethics and metaphysics and “decline to replace them by pseudo-scientific substitutes.” ALEX.FINDLAY. C BlQ ] Biochemical Preparations. Vol. I. Iierbest E. Cartcr Editor-in-Chief. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 20s. net. Many years have now gone by since the appearance of the first volume of Organic Syntheses. That publication has now reached a state bordering on perfection and has become indispensable to organic chemists. The only disadvantage is that in consequence reference to the original literature has become almost unnecessary. No doubt much time is saved and better results are obtained but the young research worker will suffer somewhat from the lack of the earlier discipline and will often miss the illuminating reference which was sometimes discovered by accident in turning the pages of the Berichte or the Anizalen.BiocJiemical Prefiarations will no doubt in years to come create a similar state of affairs in biochemistry. Here especially accurate details for the synthesis or extraction of a natural product are particularly important and the editorial and advisory boards are to be congratulated on the decision which has now borne fruit in this valuable production. The experimental details provided by the various contributors have been checked independently in another laboratory. Substances available commercially are included only if they illustrate useful techniques or if they afford to students training in handling a natural product of a peculiar type.A list of preparations of biochemical importance which have already appeared in Organic Syntheses is provided. The preparation of azobenzene-p-sulphonic acid and its use in the separation of alanine from the glycine and serine resulting from the hydrolysis of silk is described. No mention is made however of the use of the azobenzene- sulphonyl derivatives of amino-acids in adsorption chromatography. It is mentioned that this sulphonic acid has been prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzene with waste sulphite liquor. The introduction of the sulpho- group in aqueous solution is of considerable interest. In describing the isolation of lycopene from tomato-paste the details of the final purification involving chromatographic adsorption on slaked lime and final elution with acetone are very useful.Other examples of the isolation of a natural product are the separation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide from yeast and of lysozyme from egg-white. The isolation of this pure protein by adsorption on bentonite and elution with aqueous pyridine is based on very recent work and the book shows evidence throughout of the modern viewpoint of the editors. Ten pages are devoted to the preparation of di-potassium glucosephosphate from tetra-acetylglucosidyl bromide. The phosphate group is introduced by means of silver phosphate and the composition of the resulting mixture determined by potentiometric titration a device which is again employed to control hydrolysis to the monophosphate.The fundamental importance of the hexose-phosphoric acids justifies the considerable space devoted to this preparation. The lapse of time only increases our wonder at the advances which have been made through the pioneer work of Harden and Young a biochemical research which ranks in significance with that of Moseley in the field of atomic structure. One minor point may be mentioned. The use of charcoal washed by acid is frequently recommended. We can emphasise the importance of the acid treatment as we have known preparations to be completely ruined by the alkali or phosphate present in “adsorbent charcoal.” All workers on natural products will no doubt look forward with pleasure to the appearance of the next volume.FREDERICK CHALLENGER. r 520 J Colloid Chemistry. H. B. Weiser. 2nd Edition. Pp. x + 444. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 44s. net. This the 2nd edition of a well-known textbook reproduces much of the first with some enlargement due to reference to recent work. It covers descriptively a great deal of ground touching on scientific and many technical aspects of most classes of phenomena conventionally and not very firmly glued together by that word “colloid.” Nearly one-third of the book deals with surface chemistry including adsorption wetting of solids by liquids and contact catalysis In the rest of the book hydrophobic colloids receive the largest share of attention and the account of hydrophobic sols of naturally insoluble substances is as good as can be found in any book of moderate compass.The author has himself made notable contributions to this field. Only on historical grounds is criticism of this part of the book justified the reader would not guess how familiar hydrophobic sols-then expressively called “pseudo-solutions”-were before Graham’s time and Selmi is not even mentioned in the author index. The rest of the book does not come up to the same standard; the lyophilic colloids are rather sketchily treated despite their immense industrial and biological importance and the brief account of colloidal electrolytes is badly out of date. The importance of the “critical” concentration at which soap- like substances in aqueous solution change from typical rather insoluble uni-univalent electrolytes to colloidal solutions containing very soluble ionic micelles with very abrupt changes in conductivity and osmotic properties is not made clear the work of Hartley and of several recent American workers is ignored.Almost the only indication that the author has paid attention to recent papers is the acceptance of the view temporarily current in certain quarters but almost certainly erroneous that the ionic micelle is laminar not spherical in shape. No attempt is made to marshal the evidence so that the reader can form his own opinion of the constitution of these solutions the author seems merely to hand on the views which McBain held before the significance of exact recent work gained acceptance.In discussing the mechanism of detergent action four so-called factors are mentioned but far the most important-wetting of the solid by detergent in preference to greasc -is omitted. Too much of the book has this uncritical “scissors-and-paste” quality selecting one or two bits of work on a subject without integration into a coherent description often ignoring the best work. In accordance with convention colloid chemistry is held to include surface chemistry and whilc numbers of scarcely explained isotherms and other data on adsorption are reproduced the distinction between physical adsorption chemisorption and electrostatic adsorption is not really made clear.J. K. Roberts’ work on adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen by tungsten probably by far the most accurate ever done is not even mentioned. There is a brief section on separation of minerals by flotation written as if frothing agents were the most important tools of the process; although collectors are just mentioned no attempt is made to explain their action and the reader is not likely to realise the fundamental importance of contact angles. Wark’s classical work is ignored. Physico-chemical theory is weak the “proof” of Gibbs’ adsorption equation would not now be accepted by a student properly grounded in thermodynamics and the only form of the equation quoted is the simple one invalid except for only two components and with a peculiar definition of surface excess which is not given.The field is wide and difficult for any single author to master and expound it might have been better to include r 521 1 only those parts of surface chemistry which are directly important to colloids. Industrial “plastics,” perhaps wisely are not dealt with. Nevertheless the book is likely to be useful for it is a “presidential” survey of a wide field and is very good on the hydrophobic colloids. Its quality as a descriptive textbook does not seem so good as that of several published 20 or more years ago but its range is greater than any except Freundlich’s. For thorough modern physico-chemical theory the student will need Alexander and Johnson’s Colloid Science. S. K. ADAM. The Chemistry and Technology of Enzymes.Henry Tauber. Pp. viii + 550. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 60s. net. This book consists of two equal parts chemistry and technology respec- tively the latter being a revision of the author’s previous book Enzywic Technology (1943) but brought up to date. At the time of the latter’s appearance many reviewers suggested that a survey of the chemistry of the enzymes should be added. This has been done by taking small passages from the former book and incorporating them with much new material into the first part of this new book. A useful general chapter mainly on kinetics and factors influencing enzyme action is followed by chapters on the respective enzyme groups including carbohydrases phosphorylases proteolytic enzymes etc.the proteolytic enzymes alone receiving a comprehensive treatment running to ox-er 60 pages. The various groups of oxidising enzymes follow receiving a modern and adequate treatment. Many actual methods of preparation (e.g. of crystalline enzymes synthetic products of enzyme action such as amylopectin etc.) and analytical methods are described. In these and other ways the author keeps his descriptive matter in close touch with the experi- mental basis on which it rests. The technology of enzymes deals partly with industrial fermentation processes involving the use of micro-organisms and partly with the production and uses of enzymes themselves. The former industries include alcohol and yeast manufacture brewing the production of antibiotics mould and bacterial fermentations both old ones such as vinegar acetone-butanol and modern ones such as 1-2 :3-butylene glycol etc.The latter include among others the role of enzymes in bread making applications to dairy products dehydrated foods textile leather and other industries. Welcome chapters are those on the use of enzymes in medicine and on the microbiological assay of vitamins-for of course to-day to deal with enzymes involves dealing with certain vitamins. Returning to the technical processes of production the description of those in general use is often followed by suggestions for improvement which have been made from time to time. The section on antibiotics is rather brief for such a subject but an adequate treatment would have resulted in an inflated and unbalanced book.The same could be written of the section on brewing where only a selection could be given of what is known in each part of the subject. However only reputable work is cited. There is a long bibliography to each chapter and a few quite good illus- trations. One or two misprints such as “formal” titration scarcely merit mention. It is an excellent book and should be of use alike to the student and the technologist. H. H. HOPKINS. The Adsorption of Gases by Solids. A. R. Miller. Pp. ix + 133. (Cam-bridge The University Press 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. In 1939 the late J. K. Roberts published a monograph entitled “Some Problems in Adsorption,” which described some developments in theory and experiment in the monolayer adsorption of gases and solids.The work described was contributed to in particular by Dr. Roberts and his colleagues and the book carried the impress of an original and very active mind. It has now been added to by Dr. Miller and republished under the title “The Adsorption of Gases on Solids.” The book retains however the format and content of Dr. Roberts’ monograph and one could have wished to see his name also on the title page. The seven chapters are devoted respectively to experimental methods; the theory of heat of adsorption with interaction between adsorbed molecules; l-ariations of potential energy over the surface of an adsorbent; the process of formation of adsorbed films; evaporation processes with special reference to the formation of atomic hydrogen; some other types of adsorption; and finally dipole interaction between adsorbed particles.The experimental work discussed deals primarily with adsorbed films 011 tungsten filaments-especially hydrogen. One may wonder what develop- ments might have followed had Dr. Roberts been spared to apply his techniques to other surfaces and sorbates. Iliorkers in this field may have noted how difficult it is to predict the behaviour of one kind of surface from experiments however careful performed on another kind. On the theoretical side the methods of statistical mechanics have been freely used and provide some penetrating analyses of the properties of adsorbed films. This revised edition may be recommended as heartily as its predecessor.R. M. BARRER. A Survey of General and Applied Rheology. G. Mi. Scott Blair. 2nd Edition. Pp. xv + 314. (London:. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 40s. net. The 1st edition of this book was published in 1943 and was reprinted two years later under austerity conditions. The author and publishers have taken the opportunity offered by the new edition to increase the number of pages by 118 and the price by 21s. Cid. About half of the increase in length is accounted for by the introduction of one- or two-line summaries of some 400 papers under seven general headings and also the inclusion of a bibliography of some 1,350 references. These features certainly increase the value of the book considerably although as a large number of the names occur in triplicate under summaries bibliography and index it would seem that some economy should have been possible by another arrangement.The other main alteration is in the chapter on “Ideal Materials,” which is enlarged and divided into two. Partly owing to university examination requirements the subjects of elasticity and hydraulics are treated separately in engineering curricula and have therefore had textbooks of their own and the method of presentation does not always follow on the same lines in each subject. This tends to make the student unnecessarily confused. The author here gives a short summary of the tenets of the theory of elasticity in relation to its bearing on rheology which is not only helpful but might be still further expanded.The “viscosity index” is referred to as a rare case where the “principle of intermediacy” has been used in industrial practice. The use of a standard [ 623 3 “good” and a standard “bad” to define limits is also employed for example for octane and cetane numbers of oil fuels; even our temperature scales started in a similar manner. On the psychological side the passion for giving simple things a complicated title sometimes obscures the fact that no or very little real advance has been made in the subject. I will requote from the chapter on “Gestalt Psychology.” “There is a law in Gestalt psycholog$ which states that the free energy associ- ated with a Gestalt or alternatively its complexity will tend to run down to the lowest level consistent with the circumstances.This is known as Wertheimer’s Law of Pragnanz and is very clearly parallel to the Second Law of Thermo- dynamics and very reminiscent of the ‘First Theory of Minimum Strain Energy’.’’ Surely this is very reminiscent of the witch doctor the wise man of the tribe who shows his audience water falling from a high level to a low level and explains it in similar phrases. The tribe having listened in awe to his discourse finally troop out into the night thinking that at last they have been permitted to penetrate into the inner secrets of human existence. Have they? If anyone who has not known the value of this book from its 1st edition thinks he would like to know more about rheology 1suggest he pick up a copy and I guarantee that he will find plenty to interest him whatever his approach to the subject may be.M. B. DONALD. Synthetic Perfumes Their Chemistry and Preparation. R. F. West H. J. Strausz and D. H. R. Barton. Pp. viii + 380. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1949.) 70s. net. There are a number of books in the English language on the application and uses of synthetic perfumes and flavouring materials but accounts of the preparation of the basic materials themselves are largely scattered throughout organic chemical literature. In this volume we have the methods of prepara- tion of these synthetic products concisely collected together and with adequate references to the literature. There are ten chapters on hydrocarbons alcohols aldehydes ketones and lactones ethers esters phenols nitrogen-containing compounds and miscellaneous with a short introduction on perfumes in general and an appendix of trade names.There is also an addendum devoted to recent work on large ring ketones and lactones irone and the violet perfumes. Certain essential oil constituents such as citral linalol and citronellol are included with their properties and methods of isolation. In some cases however omissions occur in this respect; e.g. in the preparation of heliotropine from safrole via iso-safrole it would have been useful to have given the methods of isolating safrole and its sources either from sassafras oil camphor oil etc. or synthetically. There is also no mention in the book of terpeneless essential oils.There are interesting remarks and tables on the preparation and properties of the propionates butyrates and iso-butyrates valerianates and iso-valerianates chiefly used as flavouring agents although some other materials of this class such as diacetyl (an important flavouring constituent) are not mentioned in the book. The azeotropic distillation method for the prepara- tion of esters is scarcely mentioned the older processes being chiefly.described. Details are given of the acetals soap-resistant perfumes and there are remarks on the macrocyclic lactones. A considerable amount of space is devoted to the recent chemistry of the menthols ionones civetone muscone exaltone and the artificial musks. The methods for the preparation of vanillin might have been extended in view of the importance of this [ 524 3 synthetic no mention is made for instaiice of tlic hydrvcy-anic acid rllctlloci cf.D.R.P. 189,307). The so-called higher fruit aldehydes C.14 C.16 etc. are well described. In this connection on page 207 in the production of y-1.2-amylbutyrolactone n-heptaldehyde (100 g.) and malonic acid (100 g.) could not possibly give 190 g. of nonenoic acid; 137 g. is the theoretical yield. The preparation of phenylene ethylene glycol from styrene is described on page 62 but there seems to be a discrepancy in the amount of sodium hypo- chlorite given which probably should read 74.5 parts and not 974.5 parts as stated. A slight error occurs on page 136 seven lines from the bottom of the page where “choral” is written for “chloral.” Generally our observation is that the historical side rather overshadows the technical aspect which although not serious to the student somewhat lessens the value of the book.It seems as if occasionally the authors themselves are somewhat perplexed by the existence of conflicting data (cf. linalyl acetate) as one may note that the method of Bartram for linalyl propionate etc. is not regarded as satisfactory for linalyl acetate. The book is very readable and covers together with interesting remarks regarding properties methods for the production of practically the whole range of synthetic perfumes and many flavouring materials as well. S. B. TALLANTYRE. J. JACKSON. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1948.Vol. 45. Pp. 379. (London The Chemical Society 1949.) 25s. net. The rapid development of chemistry into an ever-increasing number of what are in spite of correlating inter-relationships essentially specialist fields is reflected in the fact that no less than 22 separate authors have been called on to contribute to the latest volume of the Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry. Selection of topics to be reviewed becomes an in- creasingly difficult problem and omissions are bound to occur. In conformity with recent practice most of the sections take the form of brief review articles (covering several years) on special topics a policy which has certain advantages but which may require reconsideration now that the new journal Quarterly Reviews is an established publication.Topics thus reviewed include the new field of radiation chemistry the structure of aqueous solutions of soap-like substances the kinetics of homo-geneous thermal gas reactions the rapidly expanding field of homolytic (free-radical) reactions the insecticidal constituents of pyrethrum flowers the diterpene resin-acids colchicine and related derivatives of the hypothetical seven-membered ring structure tropolone whilst the section on heterocyclic compounds deals with aziridines (ethyleneimines) and brings the review of biotin the pterins and related growth factors up to date. A rather undue proportion of the limited space available for an account of recent work on organic sulphur compounds is given to an account of the hydrogenolysis of sulphur compounds by means of Raney nickel.The large section devoted to biochemistry reflects the enormous activity in this field and the great power of the new weapons of partition chromato- graphy and isotopic indicators the latter revealing a hitherto unsuspected importance of small molecules in biosynthesis. Recent developments in the chemistry of insulin and the chemotherapeutic approach to the problem of tuberculosis are also summarised. In the analytical section the brief review of new advances in the fields of emission spectrography flame photometry and volumetric analysis covers the whole period of the war years On the other hand the section on inorganic chemistry frankly departs from the method of special topic reviews and deals with progress in the whole field on the basis of periodic table group classifica- tion of elements whilst the useful review of new general methods and reactions in organic chemistry for the short period 1946-48 is both comprehensive and concise.Some may prefer that the Reports should give a summary of the year’s advances in all major chemical topics but granted the present policy no single chemist is competent to judge either the completeness ‘of the reviews or the basis of the selection of topics when such a wide and varied field of chemical research has to be covered. Indeed the value of the reports lies in this very fact since they enable a chemist to keep abreast with advances in the broad field of chemistry as a whole and to view his own specialist interests in a proper perspective and the contributors to this volume have earned the gratitude of all chemists by their fulfilment of a very arduous and difficult task.J. W. BAKER. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Harold Davis. 5th Edition. Pp. xiv + 1100. (London Baillihre Tindall & Cox 1949.) 30s. net. The untimely death of A. 0. Bentley in 1943 prevented his participation with Dr. Davis in the preparation of this edition. This revision is therefore the work of Dr. Davis in collaboration with Dr. M. W. Partridge and the late A. 1. Robinson. The new edition maintains the general form of the earlier edition but has been expanded by about 100 pages. Some pruning of material which is rather outside the scope of the subject such as the section on biological assays has enabled the reviser to include matter of more immediate interest.Part I gives a short history of the British Pharmacopoeia. Part I1 is on the general principles involved in pharmaceutical operations. Sections on solutions osmotic pressure ionisation viscosity surface tension colloidal systems emulsions evaporation and distillation indicate the importance of physical chemistry in modern pharmacy. Part I11 is on pharmaceutical manufacturing including chapters on materials of construction and on the main processes used. Pharmaceutical manufacturing developed from the methods used by the pharmacist at the back of his shop and for many years the same methods were used on a larger scale.Latterly manufacturing pharmacists have adopted methods and plant from other branches of chemical industry and have developed new processes suited to their own problems such as the freeze-drying of penicillin. Part IV is concerned with dispensing and deals mainly with the traditional practice of the pharmacist in the small-scale preparation of pills ointments emulsions etc. Part V is devoted to microbiology. A short general account of bacteria and moulds is given follow-ed by chapters on disinfection anti- biotics sterilisation vaccines and sera and the preservation of pharmaceutical products. The arrangement of the chapters in this part might be improved. One would expect disinfection sterilisation and preservation to be treated consecutively whereas they are separated by chapters on antibiotics and on vaccines and sera.Part VI deals with surgical dressings sutures and ligatures. Part VII is a systematic study of official pharmaceutical preparations. “Bentley” is the only large textbook published in this country which covers the whole field of pharmaceutical practice. It is chiefly intended for students and in a book covering such a wide variety of subjects much of the information is necessarily rather superficial. Nevertheless all the important facts are there and are clearly and concisely told in readable English. c 526 1 Non-pharmaceutical readers will realise that modern pharmacy is not merely a matter of dispensing the correct doses of drugs into a medicine bottle or of rolling pills.To-day pharmacy provides many problems which can only be solved by a profound knowledge of chemistry and more especially of physical chemistry. Dr. Davis is to be congratulated on the way he has carried out the revision. He has impressed on the book the stamp of his wide knowledge of the practice of pharmacy. Errors and misprints are remarkably few. The book is indispensable to pharmaceutical students and can be confidently recommended to those who wish to gain acquaintance with the methods and scope of modern pharmacy. NORMAN EVERS. Metallurgy for Engineers. E. C. Rollason. 2nd Edition. Pp. viii + 339. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1949.) 16s. net. Engineers and metallurgists do not think of metals and alloys in the same way.To the former they are pieces of material possessing certain physical or mechanical properties that make them suitable for use in structures or engines. To the metallurgist they are more or less complex aggregations of atoms arranged in a variety of patterns and forms the arrangements being varied consciously in order to produce the properties that engineers demand. Users of metal are interested principally in the ends while metallurgists are concerned with the means to those ends. A book on metallurgy for engineers might be expected therefore to expound these means to the user. Dr. Rollason does not follow this plan-in fact he frankly disavows any intention of doing so. In the preface to the second edition of his popular book he reiterates that it is “a concise factual summary which should largely avoid the necessity for a student to take notes while a lecturer is providing the detailed introduction to and the background of the subject.” Having made this declaration he is able to replace a logical treatment with a cata- logical leaving the engineering reader to seek elsewhere for the expIanation of the subject.Metals and alloys rather than metallurgy is the theme of this book. Regarded in this way the book is of undoubted value; in fact it is very well done. The multitude of metallic materials that are or might be used in modern engineering is dealt with in an ordered manner. Iron and steel copper aluminium nickel magnesium and their alloys; all are described factually something being written about most of them-rather on the lines of those lecture notes which the book is intended to replace.The enormous ground covered compels the treatment of each topic to be brief and didactic. The picture is painted in black and white without any of the appropriate shades of grey. But a clear picture emerges that is likely to be of greater assistance to those sitting for examinations-and the book is avowedly written chiefly for them-than to those practising as engineers. Besides dealing faithfully with the different groups of metallic materials the author provides a reasonably extensive treatment of thermal equilibrium diagrams and their interpretation of deformation and annealing of heat treatment and of the solidification of metals. He also gives useful instruction on the macroscopic and microscopic examination of metals and alloys instruction which is quite ample for the needs of an engineer.Corrosion is dealt with adequately as are the metallurgical aspects of the jointing of metals. The more important additions made in this edition deal with the new modes of heat-treatment deriving from “S-curves”; hardenability; creep behaviour -as demanded by components of jet engines and Orowan’s conception of brittle fracture. [ 527 1 As has been said the book is well done. The syllabus covered is too large to permit except occasionally of a complete examination and presentation of the various topics but an enormous bulk of information is packed intoa small compass. This is a handy book for those needing factual data on metals and alloys; it is well illustrated and should prove to be very useful to students provided always that the teacher or lecturer postulated by the author is at hand.LESLIEAITCHISON. A New Dictionary of Chemistry. Edited by Stephen Miall and L. Mackenzie Miall. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix + 589. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 60s. net. The fact that a 2nd edition of this Dictionary has been called for is in itself a tribute to its usefulness. The work of the senior author can be seen in the short biographical notes of famous chemists whose names occur throughout in their proper alphabetical position; these add greatly to the value of the book. An unusual but helpful feature is the table of physical constants for some organic compounds which concludes the volume.Many new entries will be found in this edition such as penicillin and plutonium and the editors must have had great difficulty in deciding what to include and what to omit so as to keep the size within reasonable’ limits. It is difficult however to understand why “acetoxime” finds a place whereas “benzaldoxime” does not. Moreover under the entry of “aldoximes,” specific reference is made only to aliphatic and not to aromatic aldoximes. A cross-reference to “isomerism” would be helpful. The reproduction and drawings of crystal structure which appear in several places might well be improved when another edition is called for. These are however minor points and the volume can be recommended as a useful book of reference.F. P. DUNN. Technology of Plastics. B. Lionel Davies. Pp. xi + 421. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 37s. 6d. net. The author states that “this book is intended for the use of students in technical colleges and others desiring a broad knowledge of plastic materials their processing and properties.” The field covered within 421 pages is ambitious and attempts to embrace the history structure preparation and utilisation of polymers some of which such as rubber do’not strictly fall within the accepted definition of “plastics.” The book is successful in its originality of approach and in the numerous excellent diagrams and illustrations in the text. It is well done on the techno- logical side particularly in connection with moulding processes mould design and fabrication techniques with which the author is obviously very familiar.It is unfortunate from the student’s point of view that the same cannot be said for the other sections of the volume. The effort to simplify the basic principles of polymer formation and properties has led to various ambiguities. The historical and general information provided is frequently open to objection. For example few workers would accept the view that ethylene polymers as understood nowadays have been known since 1900; that ethyl cellulose came into popular use in 1922; that the development of silicones must be attributed by implication solely to Dow Corning Co.; or that cashew nut shell liquid is derived from the West Indies (this should of course be Western India).On the more fundamental and chemical side serious inaccuracies also exist. Thus on p. 25 it would be more correct to say that thermoplastics may show [ 528 I evidence of the existence of crystals on stretching rather than to state categorically that they do. It is a serious slip to claim that cellulose acetate is less hygroscopic than nitrocellulose while the generalisation about the connection between degree of etherification of cellulose and solubility surely needs modification. The conception of “triangular” linkages on p. 145 is confusing rather than helpful; the mechanism of polymerisation of diallyl compounds is faulty; the statement that vinyl chloride is polymerised under pressure is surely incorrect; and the proportions of phthalic anhydride and glycerol needed to make a glyptal have been reversed.The section on rubber also shows certain omissions and mis-statements; notably the absence of any reference to nitrile rubbers; the mention of 200” C. as a temperature at which properties are retained which is misleading; and the comment that sodium is used in the polymerisation of GR-S. In addition many of the chemical equations need revision in order to remove minor inaccuracies. So long as such points are borne in mind the book is well worth keeping for general reference purposes. It is however more likely to be of value to those wishing to obtain a picture of the technological side of plastics than to those already engaged in the industry who seek to understand the fundamental background of the subject.N. J. L. MEGSON. Papermaking. Compiled by the Education Committee of the Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association. (London The Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association 1949.) 6s. net. This book has been prepared under the direction of the Education Committee of the Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. They decided to prepare “a relatively elementary general account of paper- making covering its history processes and applications . . . addressed primarily to the younger members of the industry.” There are 12 chapters; and more than a dozen people each an expert in the section dealt with have collaborated to produce this book which should have a wide appeal and will be particularly useful to students preparing for the City and Guilds examinations in papermaking.The following are the main subjects dealt with The historical development of papermaking the fibrous materials of papermaking the nature and uses of paper methods of pulping methods of bleaching and cleaning beating and auxiliary operations the operation of paper machine the manufacture of boards finishing and “after-treatment,” the papermill laboratory. There are 75 illustrations which are a valuable aid to visualising the items described in the text. . An excellent reading list is provided although this would be improved by the addition of the cost of each book. A list of papermaking terms and a glossary have also been included.The inclusion of a section dealing with the production of heat and power would be a desirable feature in future editions. The following points seem to call for comment. On p. 67 Chapter IV the use of a sand or wood-wool filter for caustic soda solution is mentioned. A bed of graded marble chips would be more satisfactory. Page 70 Chapter V . . . “because the logs are usually bought by volume heavy timber is more profitable.” This statement should be qualified as heavy timber may suffer a greater loss by logs sinking in transit if water transport is used while the cost of transport will be greater if the use of road or rail is necessary. r 529 I On p. 181 Chapter XII the following sentences occur “The principle of the chemist-buyer is in most ordinary mills of any size an undesirable one because the laboratory should above all be impartial in its outlook.Moreover the chemist may be fully aware of the technical value of a particular material but he may not necessarily be capable of striking a good business bargain which may have to take other important factors into account.” It is unfortunate that such controversial opinions should be expressed in a book of this kind. A buyer who is not “capable of striking a good business bargain” is unlikely to retain his position whether he is also a chemist or not. On p. 182 Chapter XII it is said that “the ball mill used in the laboratory beats by hydration whereas the mill beater cuts and fibrillates the fibres.” This refers presumably to the Lamp& mill; otherwise the pebble mill would have been mentioned.H. A. Harrison has shown in his research work on beating (PVOC. Tech. Sect. P.M.A. 1931 XI 286) that the Lamp& mill cuts the fibres to a greater degree than the mill beater. On p. 201 “Mottling-a Silurian effect in which the contrasting fibres are relatively short large in number and lightly dyed.” It is considered that a better definition would be “a white or lightly-dyed paper containing 1 to 10 per cent. of heavily dyed fibres.” This book provides a lucid concise and authoritative survey of British methods of papermaking and will be appreciated not only by papermill workers but by salesmen and the members of associated trades. PETERFAICHNEY.Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Pp. xiv + 92. (Cambridge The University Press 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. The first edition of this book appeared in 1940 as a Cambridge Physical Tract. It has now been revised and issued as a Cambridge Monograph on Physics although “no attempt has been made to do more than extend the tract by including some account of work published in recent years.” The difficulties of writing a book of this size on such a wide and ever- expanding topic are obvious and it is not surprising to find that some aspects of the subject have been omitted or referred to in barest detail. The choice of what to leave out must of course rest with the author and will to a large extent be governed by his own interests in the subject.The sections dealing with the physics of mercury surfaces receive therefore fairly full treatment and amply justify the author’s claim that “emphasis has been placed on things not in textbooks and where uncertainty exists or progress is being made.” The sections dealing with the nature of surface forces measurement of surface tension (other than by the sessile drop which is peculiarly suited to the measurement of the surface tension of mercury) and the spreading of films on water surfaces are far less complete and the reader will have to refer to the standard texts on surface physics and chemistry for much of the desirable detail not only of practical methods but also of fundamental theory. For example no reference is made to Sugden’s application of Bashforth and Adams’ treatment of curved surfaces to the capillary rise method of measuring surface tension nor is there any reference to the use of a micrometer syringe for measuring drop volumes (possibly the most convenient of all methods for measuring surface tension and capable of an accuracy of 0.1 per cent.).The section dealing with monolayers on water is short but touches the more important aspects of the subject. A few examples of the types of surface film referred to might have been given. For instance Fig. 14 p. 59 which presumably refers to the expansion of myristic acid is not identified in any way. The reviewer is a little puzzled by the statement on p. 70 that “stable [ 530 1 monolayers on the surface of water have no measurable effect on the total rate of loss of water by evaporation” since Rideal Langmuir and more recently Sebba and Briscoe have shown that both expanded and condensed monolayers can retard the rate of evaporation of water considerably.There is a chapter on the wetting of solid surfaces which deals fairly fully with lubrication flotation and the measurement of contact angles although no mention is made of Ablett’s rotating cylinder method which is of more direct application to many industrial processes than the simple plate method. These observations are of minor consequence compared with the major aim of the book-to give the non-specialist an introduction to the subject -which Dr. Burdon accomplishes in a most readable fashion. This little book which can easily be read in an evening will provide the would-be student of surface physics or chemistry with very good company.The printing and binding is of the usual standard expected of the Cambridge University Press and misprints are few. K. G. A. PANKHURST. Technology of the Fischer-Tropsch Process. B. H. Weil and J. C. Lane. Pp. xii + 248. (London Constable & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 22s. 6d. The ahthors of this work Heads of the Technical Information Divisions of the State Engineering Station at Georgia School of Technology and of the Gulf Research and Development Company respectively have set out to produce a comprehensive review of the literature and patents covering the Fischer-Tropsch process. The result of their efforts is something new and quite invaluable in this field; for the literature of the Fischer-Tropsch process has now reached formidable dimensions.To have produced so concisely such a clear coherent and complete review is therefore an achievement. The subject is presented in four parts each of which corresponds with one of a series of four articles published by the authors in the Petroleum Refiner during 1946. These are (i) synthesis gas its production and purifica- tion; (ii) the conditions catalysts and reaction mechanisms of the various syntheses; (iii) the products; and (iv) the economics of the processes in relation to the national economy of the United States. Three sources of synthesis gas are considered namely coal-burning producer plants underground gasification and reforming processes in which methane from oil measures coal measures petroleum processing or coal carbonisation is oxidised with steam carbon dioxide or oxygen.Extensive bibliographies are given of the first and third methods of gas production but there is naturally less to offer on underground gasification. The chapter on purification of synthesis gas may be of interest as much outside as inside its nominal sphere since it conveniently collates a great deal of information on the many processes for removing H,S and other forms of sulphur from gases a subject of interest in the gas industry at large. The second section opens with a chapter on reaction mechanism. It is interesting to reflect not only upon the great progress which has already been achieved without any complete understanding of fundamentals but also upon what might be possible with little additional knowledge.Perhaps the same thought may apply to the chapter on catalysts which incidentally is the longest in the book; it is supported by 100 literature references revealing in notable fashion how thoroughly all nations have been interested in the possibilities of the process. A further short chapter gives an account of the contributions made by German science as far as has been revealed by official missions since the war. The third section dealing with products and by-products summarises the former devoting one chapter to each of five ranging from gaseous fuels r 531 1 to lubricants. A final chapter covers by-products by which are meant materials derived from further treatment of primary products; examples are the fatty acids produced from waxes and from these in turn the edible fats and soaps.In the last section the economics of the process are reviewed rather specifically in relation to the background of the United States. The availability of natural gas is obviously a determining factor; and aspects of the processes based upon coal are dismissed in relatively few pages concluding with the rather vital topic of steel requirements estimated at 8.9 to 14.3 tons per barrel of gasoline per day. A “confidential but qualified informant” is however quoted as “guessing” that these figures may be several times too high1 For the processes based upon natural gas the steel requirement is said to be some 2.8 tons per barrel per day.Appendices occupy nearly a quarter of the volume. They comprise an apparently very complete catalogue of all the relevant patents in all countries of some 170 official reports including those of missions to ex-enemy countries and finally a supplementary bibliography which must bring the total number of literature and patent references in the book to something well above 1,000. In a foreword H. H. Storch likens the book to an “incomplete moving picture of the erection of a building or cathedral with faithfully recorded sound effects.” In so far as there is much more to be understood and to be done about the Fischer-Tropsch process this “moving picture” must inevitably be incomplete.But as regards the present “state of the art” the picture given does appear to be complete and also clear. The volume is recommended to the reader generally interested and particularly to libraries concerned with fuel chemistry. D. T. A. TOWNEND. PAPERS READ AT MEETINGS OF LOCAL SECTIONS Full typescripts of the following papers read at Meetings of Local Sections of the Institute have been deposited in the Library and may be consulted or borrowed by Members and Registered Students on application to the Deputy Executive Officer. The papers are arranged in order of date of delivery. Except where otherwise stated they were read at meetings of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section. If a summary has been published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, the reference is given.1946. 1. Belfast. “The Manufacture of Pulp and Papcr.” By P. Faichney. 2. “Science as a Career.” By A. M. Ward. 3. “Water Supplies Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects.” By ?V. Gordon Carey. 1947. 4. “Recent Advances in Atmospheric Pollution Research.” By A. C. Monkhouse. 5. New Zealand Section. “Coal as a Source of Energy in New Zealand.” By W. A. Joiner (1948 p. 92). 6. “Some Aspects of Chemistry in relation to Agriculture.” By A. H. Lewis. 7. “Scientific Problems in Feeding a Modern Army in the Field.” By J. King (1948 p. 254). [ 632 3 1948. 8. Edinburgh. “Practical Aspects of Wetting and Detergency.” By E. S. Paice. 9. “Science and Parliament.” By H. N.Linstead (1948 p. 216). 10. “The Chemist in the Flour Mill.” By C. W. Herd (1948 p. 258). 11. “The Chemistry of Packaging.” By G. L. Riddell. 12. “The Performance of Paint Films.” By C. H. Young. 13. “Methods of determining Molecular Weights of Polymers.” By G. R. Cornish. 14. “Radioactivity Measuring Apparatus.” By Denis Taylor. 15. “P32as a Tracer in the study of Phosphorus Metabolism in the Laying Fowl.” By T. G. Taylor. 16. “General Applications of Tracer Technique.” By T. B. Rymer. 1949. 17. “Part-time Education in Chemistry.” Summary of a Symposium. NOTES PERSONAL Mr. A. Alcock Fellow has been appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for the City of Salford. Professor A.J. Allmand M.C. F.R.S. Fellow will retire from the Daniel1 chair of chemistry at King’s College London at the end of the 1949-50 session and will be succeeded by Professor D. H. Hey Fellow. Dr. L. C. Bannister Fellow is leaving British Insulated Callender’s Cables Ltd. to join the Research and Development Department of the British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Dr. F. W. Clulow Fellow Head of the Department of Science and Manage- ment in the London School of Printing and Kindred Trades has been appointed Director of the Department of Printing and Photographic Technology in the Manchester College of Technology with effect from 1 January 1950. Mr. D. Crowley Associate has been elected President and Mr. W. V. Griffiths A ssociata Vice-president of the Irish Chemical Association.Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. Fellow has been elected Harveian Librarian of the Royal College of Physicians. Dr. C. Forrester Kaiser-i-Hind Medal F.R.S.E. has been appointed Deputy Chief Fuel Engineer to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. Lord Halsbury Fellow has been appointed a member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. K. R. Hill Associate has been appointed to the chair of pathology in the University College of the West Indies Jamaica. Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. FeZlow has been appointed President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for its meetings to be held in Birmingham 30 August to 6 September 1950. Mr. E. J. Holland Associate has been appointed commercial manager of Theodore St.Just & Co. Ltd. Whitefield. Manchester. hlr. H. H. Jones J.P. Fellow has been nominated as a Sheriff for the County of Caernarvon. r 533 1 Mr. H. Lewis Fellow lately Director of Disposals Ministry of Supply has joined the staff of the London office of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Mr. H. L. Parsons Fellom has been appointed a director on the board of J. T. Inglis & Sons Ltd. Dundee. He is also technical director of Low & Bonar Ltd. Dr. G. V. Raynor Fellow has been appointed professor of metal physics in the University of Birmingham. This is one of two new professorships in the Department of Metallurgy. Dr. P. D. Ritchie Fellow Head of the Department of Chemistry Bir- mingham Central Technical College has been appointed to succeed Professor W.M.Cumming O.B.E. Fellow in the Young chair of technical chemistry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow and will take up his new duties on 1 January 1950. Dr. R. H. Stokes Associate Meldola Medallist (1946) has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. in the University of New Zealand. Early in 1950 Dr. Stokes will take up an appointment as lecturer in chemistry in the Univer- sity of Western Australia. Nr. J. A. R. Stoyle Associate has been appointed Government Chemist Nigeria. Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Fellow Meldola Medallist has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society. Dr. J. I;. Williams Associate has been appointed chief chemist to the newly-formed Hosiery and Allied Trades Research Association.I NSTlT UTE LECTURE Dr. Frank Roffey gave a lecture on “The Development of Chemical Processes” before a large audience of members of the Institute and visitors in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street W.C.l on 21 October 1949. The President Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was in the chair. Introducing the lecturer he said that Dr. Roffey’s work in the Ministry of Supply during the late war brought him constantly in contact with scientists industrialists and Government officials and he had succeded in correlating their varied interests with conspicuous tact and efficiency and in establishing effective liaison with the technical departments of other Ministries. After graduating B.Sc. of the University of London with 1st Class Honours in Chemistry in 1927 Roffey spent a year in research under Professor W.E. Garner of the University of Bristol and was awarded the Ph.D. degree. In 1928 he was appointed research and works chemist in Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and later took charge of the Experimental Station at Sutton Oak. In 1939 he was appointed Chemist (administrative) in the War Depart- ment and on the formation of the Ministry of Supply became its Deputy Director of Scientific Research; in 1942 he was given the title of Controller of Chemical Research. After the war Dr. Roffey was appointed to his present post of Controller of Research and Development to the Distillers Co. Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1939 and a Fellow in 1942.From 1946 to 1949 he served on the Council and was acting chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee during Professor Findlay’s absence abroad. At the conclusion of the lecture a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Roffey on the proposition of Mr. H. W. Cremer C.B.E. A full report of the lecture is being prepared for publication at an early date in the Institute’s series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. 1 634 1 MELDOLA MEDAL LECTURE Dr. James Baddiley delivered a Meldola Medal Lecture on “The Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides,” on 10 November 1949 in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Royal College of Science (Imperial College of Science and Technology) South Kensington before a large audience of members of the Institute and of the Imperial College Chemical Society.Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. President of the Institute in introducing Dr. Baddiley said that the Meldola Medal was awarded to him in 1947 but owing to his absence in Sweden it had not been possible to arrange the lecture earlier. At the conclusion of the lecture Professor Cook expressed warm apprecia- tion to Dr. Baddiley and in presenting him with the Medal wished him success in his future career such as had attended many previous recipients of the award. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (21 June to 30 July 1949) Agriculture (a) Grassland Development.-On 30 June Mr. Philips Price asked the Minister of Agriculture whether in view of the Report issued by the Committee on Industrial Productivity suggesting that a 20 per cent.increase in meat production in this country could be obtained within the next few years if our grassland were developed by means of improved manage- ment and more intensive application of fertilisers he will state what steps are to be taken to achieve that objective. THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE (Mr. T. Williams) I assume that my hon. Friend intends to refer to the possible increase of 20 per cent. in the total yield of the grassland in this country mentioned in para. 62 of the First Report of the Committee on Industrial Productivity (Cmd. 76665). As stated in the Report this was a recommendation of the Imports Substitution Panel which has been accepted as a basis for Government policy; such an increase in yield is the aim of the Grassland Development Campaign initiated in January 1948.(b) Sheep Dipping.-On 30 June Mr. Hurd asked the Minister of Agricul-ture if his Department has tested the effectiveness and economy of spraying sheep with D.D.T. and similar preparations compared with using arsenical dips as a means of destroying parasites and preventing scab infection; and if he intends to amend the sheep dipping regulations to take account of new knowledge. THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE (Mr. T. Williams) I am advised that D.D.T. is not effective against sheep scab and that under farm conditions spraying even with preparations that are effective would not normally give such good control as dipping. The regulations (which relate only to sheep scab) have been amended to permit single dipping (in place of double dipping) with dips containing certain of the preparations but I do not propose to amend them to permit spraying.Education .-The shortage of science teachers was discussed during the examination of the Scottish Estimates by the Standing Committee on Scottish Bills which commenced its sittings on 28 June. Pvlr. Thomas Fraser Joint Under Secretary of State for Scotland admitted this and pointed out that the difficulty was that so many individuals with scientific qualifica- tions were being attracted away into industry. He was afraid that they would have to wait until industry and commerce had reached saturation point. r 535 1 In presenting the Ministry of Education’s Estimates in the House of Commons on 5 July Mr.Tomlinson MINISTER OF EDUCATION referred to the difficulty there had been in obtaining sufficient teachers of science. Referring to the suggestion that salaries were inadequate Mr. Tomlinson pointed out that competition from industry including the nationalised industries had been one of the most important factors in producing this shortage; but he expected this competition to diminish in due course. Meanwhile it was impossible to consider the salaries of science graduates in isolation; it was a matter for the Burnham Committee and he did not feel justified in intervening in its discretion. On the general question of technical education the Minister pointed out that the need for proper facilities was now more widely recognised but the reforms were bound to involve a fairly lengthy process.In 1948 final plans for technical education projects costing nearly f;2 million in all and another k3&million worth of preliminary plans were approved. Meanwhile a great debt of gratitude was owed to the staffs of technical colleges who were now dealing with more students than at any previous time. In 1948 practically 8,000 Ordinary Kational Certificates and just over 4,500 Higher National Certificates were granted as against 4,000 and 1,300 in 1939. The Minister said that he was going ahead with the establishment of national colleges of technology wherever industry was prepared to co-operate. Five were open at the moment and three more were approved in principle.Other problems had yet to be solved in the higher technological field but they were being considered carefully by the National Advisory Council on Education in Industry and Commerce in consultation with the University Grants Committee. Industrial Diseases.-On the 28 June Mr. Touche asked the Minister of National Insurance whether the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council have yet completed their consideration of the Dale Report; and what recom-mendations they have made for the extension of the list of prescribed industrial diseases. OF NATIONAL (Mr. J. Griffiths) As I said in THEMINISTER INSURANCE my reply to my hon. Friend the Member for Wigan (Mr. R. Williams) on 25 January the Advisory Council have given me their views on the general matters which I referred to them.As regards the second part of the question beryllium poisoning has been added to the list of prescribed diseases and I am at present considering a recommendation about certain forms of cancer among nickel workers. Industrial Research.-Speaking in Committee of Supply during a debate on Scotland (Industry) on 7 July THE SECRETARY OF STATE Mr. Woodburn said that more Scottish firms ought to be realising that their future and the future of Scotland depended to a large extent on industrial research. He continued There are signs that this fact is being increasingly realised in Scot- land. It is estimated that we have roughly doubled the number of scientists engaged in industrial processes during the last eight years but we are still not employing enough graduates of Scottish universities and technical colleges so many of whom have to leave Scotland to go to jobs elsewhere.To be prosperous Scotland needs many more of them at home. The spread of scientific information will be of great benefit even to small industries. We shall never make proper use of our raw materials in our own country without this knowledge being applied. The Government are making their own contribution to the drive. Directed by the Lord President of the Council a great mechanical and engineering research laboratory with smaller stations on fuel building and road research is being established in the [ 536 3 new town of East Kilbride and this has been followed up by the appointment of experts from the Government departments concerned with research contracts to committees of the Scottish Council (Development and Industry).This Council is engaged in exploring ways and means of bringing knowledge of new research techniques to the attention of Scottish firms. Work is already coming to Scotland as a result of these efforts. Insecticides and Fungicides.-On 7 July Mr. Driberg asked the Lord Presi- dent of the Council if he is aware of the large number of commercial insecticides and fungicides containing dangerous poisons now offered for sale to fruit- growers and smallholders; and what steps are taken by his Department in conjunction with the Ministries of Food and Agriculture to test fully and over a considerable period of time the effects of these products on plants and on human beings.THELORDPRESIDENT (Mr. H. Morrison):The Agricultural OF THE COUNCIL Research Council and the Medical Research Council are aware of the potential dangers of the indiscriminate use of some of the new insecticides and fungi- cides and there is a special Toxicity Sub-committee of the Research Co- ordinating Committee on Insecticides a body appointed jointly by the Medical Research Council the Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search and the Agricultural Research Council which arranges for the examina- tion of new materials. As to the effect of insecticides and fungicides on plants active and continuing research is in progress at several Agricultural Research Institutes. In regard to the effect on human beings the Agricultural Research Council works in close collaboration with the Toxicology Committee of the Medical Research Council.The inquiries of that Committee include long-term studies. Training of Technologists and Scientists.-On 28 July Mr. M. Philips Price asked the Minister of Education to what extent he estimates that the present arrangements for the training of technologists in this country are sufficient to meet the increasing demands which arise from the programme of Colonial Development and which will arise if Great Britain is to co-operate adequately with the United States of America in the implementation of President Truman’s Fourth Point; and what collaboration there is to be with the United States of America in the training of their technologists here or the training of British technologists in the United States of America.THEMINISTER OF EDUCATION (Mr. Tomlinson) As my hon. Friend is aware steps have been taken and are contemplated for improving and extending facilities for technological training in this country. At present the plans for technical assistance towards the economic advancement of under- developed countries are still under consideration by the United Nations Organisation and the specialised agencies. It is therefore impossible to gauge what the increased demands will be. In general however I have no reason to doubt that the arrangements in this country are capable of meeting reasonable demands. As regards the other part of the Question I would refer my hon.Friend to the answer which will be given him to-day by my right hon. Friend the Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Mr. Philips Price Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind the great importance of the American offer of co-operation in colonial development and the relative inadequacy at present of trained technologists for this purpose? Mr. Tomlinson That is being kept in mind. Also on 28 July Mr. Philips Price addressed a similar Question to the Financial Secretary to the Treasury. [ 537 1 SECRETARY (Mr. Glenvil Hall) The THE FINANCIAL TO THE TREASURY Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower recommended that the annual pre-war output of scientists from the universities should be doubled by 1955. That Committee in framing their estimates of the future demand for scientists took account of the needs of the Colonial Service.The pre-war numbers of university students in science and technology were nearly doubled by 1947-48 and numbers have continued to rise since then. I am satisfied that no greater expansion would have been practicable without a sacrifice of quality. As to the sccond part of the Question arrangements have just been concluded for sending 50 British scientists and technicians to the United States with the assistance of the Economic Co-operation Administration for two years of graduate study. EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1949 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under :-Entered Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Dr.T. G. Pearson and Professor D. H. Hey. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical College Glasgow theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the week beginning Monday 12 Sep-tember 1949 . . .. .. .. .. .. 116 37" For the Fellowship. Unless otherwise stated the examinations were held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington in the week beginning Monday 19 September 1949. Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Professor D. H. Hey . . .. .. 1 0 Branch E The Chenzistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs a?lzd of Water. Examiners Mr. G. Taylor O.B.E. and Dr.C. H. Hampshire C.M.G. .. .. .. .. . . 10 7? Branch G Industrial Claentistry with special reference to Petroleum. General Examiner Dr. W. Preston. Special Examiner Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. At the University of Birmingham . . .. .. 1 1 Branch I$ General Analytical Chemistry. Examiners :Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Mr. J. Haslam . . 2 0 130 45 * Six candidates completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and 9 candidates failed in part only of the examination. t One candidate completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in that part in which he had previously failed. [ 538 ] EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONDA Y 12 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m.(Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where flossible.) 1. Give an account of allotropy making special reference to sulphur carbon and ortho- and para-hydrogen. 2. Enumerate the naturally occurring compounds of lead and describe the extraction of the element. Outline the preparation and properties of lead peroxide and basic lead acetate. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following:- (a) periodic acid (b) telluric acid (c) sodium perborate (d) arsenic pentoxide (e) amorphous silicon (f)“nitrogen iodide.” 4. “Aluminium gallium and indium form a group whose members are closely related the variation in properties being in accordance with the Periodic Law.” Discuss this statement. 5. Compare the properties of the fluorides of typical non-metallic elements with those of the chlorides and hydrides of the same elements.6. Outline the methods available for making ONE of the following deter- minations :-(a) phosphorus in sodium phosphate (b)silicon in sodium silicate. Indicate the chemistry underlying the chosen process. Draw up a scheme for the gravimetric analysis of a dolomite containing silicon aluminium and iron. 7. EITHER (a) Write an essay on isomerism in inorganic compounds; OR (b) Discuss with reference to examples the classification of crystal lattices into (a) ionic (b) homopolar (c) molecular and (d) metallic types. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where fiossible.) 1. Outline the principles underlying TWO of the following operations :-(a) steam distillation (b) solvent extraction of a solute from aqueous solution (c) purification by fractional crystallisation.2. Explain with the aid of examples the mechanism underlying the action of buffer solutions. How would you prepare a dilute buffer solution of pH 4.70 from sodium acetate and acetic acid? The dissociation constant of acetic acid is 1.75 Assume that the activity coefficients are unity. 3. Write concise explanatory notes on (a)the Weston cell (b) the calomel electrode and (c) a salt bridge. Briefly explain with the aid of a diagram how using these and ancillary equipment you would determine the potential of an electrode consisting of zinc immersed in zinc sulphate solution.4. Explain what is meant by a reaction of the first order. Describe how the reacting molecules in a unimolecular reaction can acquire their activation energy in collisions although the process is kinetically of the first order. 5. Explain how the study of optical spectra has increased our under- standing of EITHER (a) atomic structure OR (b) molecular structure. 6. Write explanatory notes on THREE of the following:-(a) Schultze-Hardy rule (b)gold number (c) electroviscous effect (d)Hofmeister (lyotropic) series (e) thixotropy. 539 1 7. State the second law of thermodynamics and use it to prove Carnot's theorem that all reversible heat engines operating between two given tempera- tures have the same efficiency. How is this law used in chemistry ? 8.State the meaning and indicate the applications of the following:- (a) Hess's law of constant heat summation (b) heat of combustion (c) Kirch-hoff's equation. Calculate the heat of hydration of calcium chloride by 6 molecules of (a) liquid water and (b) water vapour at 18"C. using the following data:- Integral heat of solution of anhydrous calcium chloride in 400 g.mol. of water at 18"C. = -18 kcal./mole; integral heat of solution of calcium chloride hexahydrate in 394 g.mol. of water at 18" C. = + 4.55 kcal./mole; heat of vaporisation of water at 18" C. = 585 cal./gram. TUESDAY 13 SEPTEMBER 1949; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions ONLY.) 1. Give ONE method for the preparation of each of the acids of general formula COOH.(CH,),.COOH where n = 1 2 3 or 4.Indicate how the physical and chemical properties of these acids vary with the value of n. Show how malonic acid may be converted into (a) crotonic acid (b) cyclo-propanecarboxylic acid and (c) isobutyric acid. 2. Define the term Specific Rotation. Outline the conditions in a mole- cular structure which give rise to the existence of optical activity. Illustrate your answer with examples. 3. Describe the methods of formation properties and reactions of the nitroparaffins. 4. Give the names and formulae of the more important amino-acids illustrating the different types encountered in the hydrolysis products of proteins. Outline the general methods for the preparation of amino-acids and show how these acids or their derivatives may be converted into poly- peptides containing two or more amino-acid units.5. How has the structure of naphthalene been established? Starting with naphthalene how would you obtain cc-naphthol p-nitronaphthalene a-naphthoic acid naphthionic acid and a-naphthoquinone ? 6. Outline the evidence upon which the constitutions of TWO of the following compounds are based :-(a) cholesterol (b) quinine (c) camphor (d) vitamin A. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) polymers and polymerisation OR (b) vat dyes. 2 to 2.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 14 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they aye made and where fiossible in tabular form.State yourfinal conclusions clearly.) * 1. Solution (A) contains the sulphates of nickel and chromium dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid. Determine the concentrations in grams per litre of (a) nickel and (b) chromium. Approximately decinormal solutions of potassium permanganate and ferrous ammonium sulphate are provided. (The chromium determination must be completed to-day. The nickel dekr- mination may be completed to-morrow.) * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. 540 1 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (B). [(B) = Nickel formate cobalt sulphate cadmium sulphate and copper sulphate OR nickel citrate cobalt sulphate aluminium sulphate and iron sulphate.] (This excercise must be completed today) THURSDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1949; 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Complete the determination of nickel begun yesterday. 3. Solution (C) contains sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Determine the concentration of each in grams per litre. Approximately decinormal hydrochloric acid is provided. 4. Identify the substance (D). [(a)= Sodium phosphomolybdate OR potassium silicotungstate.] FRIDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The sample (E) is a mixture of bases derived from an experimental methylation of aniline. Report on the nature of this sample and make a quantitative estimation of the constituents present. [(E) = Aniline + methylaniline OR methylaniline + dimethylaniline.] 2. From the benzyl cyanide provided (20g.) prepare and submit pure specimens of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide P-nitrophenylacetic acid and p-amino- phenylacetic acid.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDA Y 17 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete exercise 2 begun yesterday. 3. Identify the constituents of the binary mixture (F). [(F) = p-chloroacetanilide + methyl p-nitrobenzoate OR p-bromoacetanilide + methyl 9-nitrobenzoate.] EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AnswerTHREE questions.) 1. Review the uses and limitations of photochemical reactions as pre- parative methods in organic chemistry. 2. Give a concise account of the chemistry of cholesterol and discuss the relationship between cholestanol epicholestanol coprosterol and epi- coprosterol.Outline the progress which has been made towards a total synthesis of cholesterol. 3. Write an essay on the chemistry of EITHER (a)the phthalocyanines OR (b) chlorophyll. 4. Give an account of the chemistry of the aporphine group of alkaloids. 5. Summarise the reactions and uses of the peroxides of organic acids. 6. Illustrate with the aid of examples how kinetic studies have contri- buted towards the elucidation of the mechanism of organic .reactions. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Write an essay on the chemistry of acetylene with special reference to its uses in the commercial synthesis of aliphatic compounds. 2. Give a concise account of the chemistry of the thiazole oxazole and pyrazole ring systems.3. Review the chemistry of EITHER (a) the steroid sapogenins OR (b) carcinogenic hydrocarbons. 4. Write an essay on abnormal reactions of Grignard reagents. 5. Write a critical review of the evidence for the existence of free organic radicals as intermediates in reactions in the gaseous and liquid phascs. 6. Give some account of the views which have been put forward on the synthesis of organic compounds in plants and animals. TUESDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a systematic investigation of the reduction of the oxime of cyclohexanone provided with the object of finding the optimum conditions for its conversion to cycZohexylamine. Use as wide a variety of reducing agents and experimental conditions as time permits.(This exercise may be extended over four days.) 3. Identify the compound (A). [(A) = Sodium formaldehyde-sulphoxyl- ate.] WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY 21 and 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Continue exercise 1 begun yesterday. 3. From the /3-naphthylamine provided prepare and submit pure specimens of l-nitro-2-naphthylamine,6-nitro-2-naphthylamine and %nitro- 2-naphthylamine using the method of Hamilton and Saunders. (This exercise may be conzpIeted to-morrow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEhfBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete exercises 1 and 3. 4. Report on the nature of the compound (B) and if possible identify it. [ (B) = l-Phenyl-3 3-dimethyltriazen.] Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water.MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. The accompanying notes on field and laboratory investigation are extracted from an official memorandum on food poisoning. (1) Comment on the general “field” procedure outlined in these notes. (2) Describe the initial steps which you would take on receipt of the specimens in the chemical laboratory in the way of preparation for analysis. (3) Outline the scheme of chemical analysis which you would adopt. [ 542 FIELDAND LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Speed is essential in the investigation of an outbreak of food poisoning. Medical practitioners should be reminded that when food poisoning is first suspected steps should immediately be taken to ensure that no vomit or left-over food is thrown away.A sanitary inspector sent to begin the investigation of an outbreak should concentrate on preventing any further consumption of suspected foods and on arrangcments for the collection and conveyance to the laboratory of samples of these foods as well as specimens of vomit and faeces from the persons affected. Any left-over remnants of these foods however small should be taken at once to the public health laboratory. A summary of the circumstances of the outbreak revealed by the initial investigation should be sent as soon as possible to the laboratory concerned because a knowledge of the interval between the time when the suspected food was eaten and the onset of symptoms of the illness will be a guide in the search for the causative agent i.e.chemical poison staphylococci salmonellae or other micro-organisms. Chemical Poisoning. If acute poisoning by a heavy metal is suspected it is most important to secure specimens of the vomit as well as of suspected food. Should any of the cases prove fatal the stomach and its contents together with a portion of the liver should be reserved for examination. Discovery of the mode of contamination of the food with chemical substances may necessitate the examination of packages bags or containers from which the food has been taken (e.g. for evidence of staining with a chemical agent such as arsenical weedkiller; for traces of tar oil in barrels and drums subsequently used for edible oils). Samples of all suspected articles should be obtained for laboratory investigation.It may also be important to exsmine in the laboratory cooking utensils such as galvanised iron pans in which acid fruits have been boiled or powders whose identity is in doubt and unusual types of cleaning material or polish that has been used. ,411 such samples and articles should first be taken to the public health laboratory and the bacteriologist there after excluding the likelihood of bacterial food poisoning will pass them on to a Public Analyst for chemical examination. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 11.30 a.m. to 1 P.m. (THREE questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. State briefly the principles of the biological assay of digitalis. What chemical methods are available for assaying this drug? 2.Write brief notes on the pharmacology of the following drugs and indicate their therapeutic uses :-(a)neostigmine bromide (b) dicoumarol (c) stramonium (d)stilboestrol (e) potassium antimony1 tartrate. 3. Discuss the official requirements for penicillin and its preparations. 4. Write an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of EITHER quinine OR adrenaline. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Review the methods used for chlorinating water supplies. 2. Discuss briefly the chemistry of oils and fats in relation to their Discuss the significance of the successive changes that have taken place in these methods. How would you determine (a)free residual chlorine (b) combined residual chlorine ? [ 543 1 identification by analysis.3. Describe (a) the Hortvet freezing-point apparatus (b) the method of standardising its thermometer. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the freezing-point for detecting the presence of added water in milk. 4. What colouring matters are prohibited in foods? Explain in detail how you would examine a food for prohibited colouring matters. 5. Describe the essential features of the methods for determining any THREE of the following:- (a) the “original gravity” of beer (b) the Kirschner value in a fat (c) the amount of “higher alcohols” in a spirit (d) the “biochemical oxygen demand” in an effluent. TUESDA Y 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the moisture ash and to;tal creatine and creatinine in the meat extract (A). (This exercise may be finished to-morrow.) 2. Examine the water (B) for metallic contamination. WEDNESDAY 21 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday’s exercise 1. 3. Report on the self-raising flour (C) concerning the taste of which a complaint has been made. THURSDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 4. Report on the dried milk powder (D). 5. The ingredients in the chocolate couverture preparation (E) are stated on the label as follows:-sugar fat cocoa whey powder flavouring. Report your opinion on the correctness of this statement. (Both exercises may be finished to-mowow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday’s exercises 4 and 5. 6. Identify the specimens (F) (G) (H) and (I). SATURDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of all microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) I. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered vegetable drugs (JIB (K) (MI* (N). 2. Determine the proportion of sulphathiazole in the specimen of urine (0). 3. Identify the drugs in the tablets (P) and (Q). r 544 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry with Special Reference to Petroleum. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer at least ONE questionfrom Section A and attempt FOUR questions in all.) A 1. Discuss the scientific and economic implications of a possible national- isation of chemical industry in this country.2. Discuss critically the provisions of the Alkali Act and indicate if in your view a case can be made out for its revision. B 3. What treatment or materials would you recommend for the following duties :-(a) a column for distillation of 70 per cent. sulphuric acid; (b) a pump for dilute hydrochloric acid; (c) the transport of liquid oxygen; (d) the protection of structural steelwork in a chemical factory; (e) a flooring materia1 for an area subject to oil spillage? Comment on the physical properties of the materials you suggest. 4. Describe with the aid of diagrams and sketches if necessary equip- ment for THREE of the folIowing duties:- (a) the analysis of flue gases; (b) the determination of very low concentrations of EITHER carbon monoxide OR hydrogen sulphide; (c) the continuous separation of two immiscible ' liquids of different specific gravity; (d) the measurement of pH with automatic recording.5. Discuss critically the various forms of packing which are now used for tower filling. When making enquiries for supplies what data would you ask manufacturers to give? 6. EITHER Make suggestions regarding the size furnishing and layout of a small works general purposes laboratory to accommodate a chief chemist four assistants and clerical staff; OR Discuss the recent developments in the design of high efficiency laboratory fractionating columns.MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions io be answered.) 1. Write an essay on the manufacture of chemical products from petroleum referring to the more important groups of products and in par- ticular to the aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Discuss methods of manufacture for increasing the yield of kerosine and gas oil (middle distillates) from crude petroleum for the production of aviation fuels. What do you consider are the more important requirements in fuels for use in gas turbines? 3. Describe briefly the laboratory methods for measuring the volatility of petroleum products. Which of these methods is of importance in connection with gasoline? How have the data obtained by these methods been related to performance in road and aviation engines? I545 1 4.Write an essay on the use of sulphur dioxide in the refining of kerosines and lubricating oils. Give a line diagram of one of the plants in which this process is employed. 5. Discuss the use of adsorption methods in petroleum refining and the fundamental principles involved. How would you select the most suitable adsorbent for use in any one of the practical applications of these methods? 6. Describe briefly with a line diagram the fluid catalytic cracking process. Discuss briefly the effects of particle size and density on the flow characteristics of the catalyst. 7. Discuss the use of hydrofluoric acid in the petroleum industry in (a) alkylation (b) the extraction of sulphur compounds. TUESDAY to THURSDAY 20 to 22 SEPTEMBER inclusive 10 a.m.to 5 9.m. each day. 1. Carry out a true boiling-point analysis of the given crude petroleum and estimate the yields of aviation and motor gasoline of kerosine and of gas oil. 2. Prepare a sample of marketable kerosine from the given crude pctrol- eum stating whether your product is suitable as illuminating oil or tractor kerosine. 3. Carry out the essential tests on the given sample of asphaltic bitumen. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on the determination of iodine and fluorine in organic compounds. How would you determine bromine and chlorine in an organic substance containing both these elements ? 2. Discuss the theory of electro-analysis.Explain the uses of graded cathode potential control in electrochemical analysis. 3. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of (a) colori-metric (b) spectrographic and (c) polarographic methods for the determina- tion of trace metals in organic substances? 4. Review the uses of potassium iodate in chemical analysis. 5. What methods are available for the separation of aluminium from elements with which it is commonly associated ? Describe briefly how you would determine aluminium in (a) steel (b) aluminium bronze (c) a firebrick. 6. Describe the classical “basic acetate” separation and explain the process from a modern standpoint. What other methods are available for the precipitation of metallic hydrox- ides ? Discuss the principles involved.7. Critically discuss the uses of EITHER (a) tannin OR (b) 8-hydroxy-quinoline in inorganic analysis. [ 546 1 MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m to 5 9.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Discuss the methods that are available for the determination of primary secondary and tertiary aromatic amines in mixtures with particular reference to aniline methylaniline and dimethylaniline. 2. Discuss the applications of chromatography in analysis. 3. “Analysis for elements has been brought to a considerable stateof perfection so much so that the successful repetition of quite difficult deter- minations is a commonplace. Nevertheless it must be recognised that this ability to make numerous elemental determinations does not constitute the full meaning of analysis or its complete purpose.” Discuss this quotation in the light of modern analytical trends.4. Describe briefly how you would determine FIVE of the following:- (a) benzoic acid in benzoyl peroxide (b) phthalic acid in phthalic anhydride (c) phenol in m-cresol (d) carbon disulphide in benzene (e) acetylene in vinyl chloride (f) m-dinitrobenzene in nitrobenzene (g) hydroquinone in styrene. 5. Discuss some of the main principles employed in effecting quantitative separations in inorganic analysis. Illustrate your answer with examples. What are the reasons for the re-precipitation of many of the compounds prepared in the course of gravimetric analysis ? 6.Describe how you would determine carbon in (a) “pure” nickel (b) cast iron (G) aluminium (d) 9-dichlorobenzene. 7. Discuss the use of periodic acid in the determination of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol and glycerol. Suggest a method of analysis of a mixture of ethylene glycol glycerol and propylene glycol. TUESDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report qualitatively on the sample of ore (A). [(A) = Native suyphur ore.] (This exercise must be completed by noon.) 2. Make a complete analysis of the sample of bronze (B). [(B) = Highly leaded bronze.] (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) WEDNESDAY 21 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete the analysis of bronze (B).3. Determine the nickel iron and sulphur in the sample of copper-nickel matte (C). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) THURSDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete the analysis of the copper-nickel matte (C). 4. Examine and report on the sample of plasticiser (D). [(D) = Tri-cresyl phosphate dibutyl phthalate and butyl acetyl ricinoleate.] (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 4. [ 547 REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP FOR Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. There were many good answers to Q. 1 2 6 7 (u)and ’7 (b)in the inorganic chemistry paper but in Q. 1 quite a number of candidates attributed the occurrence of the ortho- and para- forms of hydrogen to differences in the direction of the axial spin or orbital motion of the electrons while the charac- teristic formation of graphitic compounds was sometimes overlooked.In Q. 3 some candidates prepared tellurium trioxide and arsenic pentoxide by burning the elements in air and telluric acid by dissolving the insoluble trioxide in water. Some answers to Q. 4 omitted mention of some character- istic and striking features of the elements for example the low melting point of gallium and the soIubility of its hydroxide in ammonium hydroxide the relatively easy reducibility of the oxides of gallium and indium and the precipitation of indium sulphide by hydrogen sulphide in the wet way. While a great deal of information was usually presented in answering Q.5 which called for a comparison of the properties of certain fluorides chlorides and hydrides some answers tended to be indiscriminate lists of compounds and their properties. The physical chemistry paper offered 8 questions in place of the usual 7 from which to choose 5 and perhaps in consequence of this the results were rather better than in recent examinations. The part of Q. 1 dealing with purification by fractional crystallisation was not attempted by many candi- dates and some of those who did so made no reference to melting point- composition curves. Some of the answers to Q. 2 dealing with the mechanism underlying the action of buffer solutions were limited and made no mention of buffer capacity or of the effect of total concentration on this.The signifi- cance of the salt bridge Q. 3 was not always understood and rather surprisingly a number of candidates could not draw the diagram of a simple potentiometer circuit for electromotive force measurements and regarded the Weston cell as a “box of tricks” to be used but not understood so that it was regarded as a source of current across the potentiometer. This implied a strange lack of curiosity and of laboratory experience of elementary physico- chemical measurements. The same incuriosity was demonstrated in some answers to the second part of Q. 4 on the mechanism of activation in first order reactions. This obvious but superficially puzzling feature of uni-molecular first order reactions which is explained in the text-books seemed to have escaped the notice of quite a number of candidates.Q. 5 and Q. 6 were generally well done the least competent feature being explanatory notes on the electroviscous effect. Some of the answers to Q. 7 were marred by inaccurate definitions of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Quite a number of candidates in submitting a perfect gas to a Carnot’s cycle stated that the work done in each adiabatic stage was zero. The elementary rider to Q. 8 was incorrectly solved by many candidates. In the inorganic practical examin ation the surprising feature was the large number of bad results recorded in the gravimetric determination of nickel but the good results were very good indeed. In Q. 2 the organic radical was frequently unidentified and even its presence was undetected in many cases; this led to failure to detect aluminium by many of the candidates who had it and some even failed to detect iron.This trouble would have been avoided by the careful performance of preliminary tests. In Q. 3 f:w of the candidates who titrated to the bicarbonate “end-point” reported the use of a bicarbonate solution as a control. The use of such a control leads to much more accurate results especially with the mixed indicator used by [ 518 several candidates. In the identifications of the substances in (D) Q 4 many candidates missed at least one element or wrongly identified it. Once again the calculations were frequently inaccurate. In the Examiners’ opinion many of the errors arose from the careless use of anti-logarithms or from the use of extremely cumbersome methods of calculation; for example in the chromium determination several candidates dragged in the molecular weight of potassium permanganate potassium bichromate or ferrous ammon- ium sulphate instead of using normalities.Organic Chemistry. The standard of the answers in organic chemistry showed some slight improvement over that in the April examination. The question dealing with the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids was answered satisfactorily in most cases although several candidates confused isobutyric acid with isovaleric acid and crotonic acid with acrylic acid. A surprisingly large number of candi- dates described malonic acid as an unstable liquid ! The questions on naphtha- lene and on the amino-acids generally received adequate treatment but that on the nitro-paraffins produced some very superficial answers.The remaining questions revealed some unexpected features. The question on optical activity produced some curious definitions of specific rotation and while many candidates were able to give an adequate account of the principles governing optical activity comparatively few were able to illustrate these principles with concrete examples. Question 6 provided many candidates with an irresistible opportunity of unburdening themselves of Komppa’s synthesis of camphor but very few would also commit themselves on either cholesterol quinine or vitamin A with the result that in many cases only half the question was answered.There were several competent essays on polymers and polymerisation but apart from one notable exception-evidently from a candidate in the industry-the treatment of the subject of vat dyes was extremely feeble. A number of candidates occupied their time in writing reasonably accurate accounts of azo- and of triphenylmethane dyes ! In the practical examination the results were often disappointing and below the usual standard. The quantitative exercise and the identification of the constituents of the binary mixture produced some very unsatisfactory results and most of the candidates did best in the preparative work. The specimens of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide and p-nitrophenylacetic acid were mostly good but few candidates returned a satisfactory specimen of p-aminophenylacetic acid.[Comment by the Council.-In considering the above and several previous Reports of the Board of Examiners on the Examination for the Associateship the Council has been perturbed at the large proportion of candidates who have shown themselves to be far below the standard required in their general k now Iedge of c h e m istry. The work of examining is always a heavy task and furthermore accom-modation in the laboratories available is strictly limited. The Council therefore invites the co-operation of Heads of Chemistry Departments of Colleges in discouraging entries from students who although they have fulfilled the regulations concerning completion of an approved course are more than unlikely to succeed in the examination.] EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIP FOR Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water.The theoretical work was generally well done. The routine analytical determinations were usually satisfactory. The examination of the sample of water presented considerable difficulty. All the candidates detected and [ 549 1 estimated the traces of lead and iron but many failed to detect the contamina- tion with zinc. The self-raising flour contained a raising ingredient with an excess of sodium acid phosphate. This exercise was set to test initiative and method of attack on an everyday problem and it may be said that most of the possible lines of approach were explored. On the other hand some candidates although pressed for time failed to realise that only two determina- tions on the chocolate couverture namely the sugar and the fat might have been necessary to answer the question of the correctness of the order-sugar fat and cocoa-given on the label.The Labelling of Food Order requires that when the quantity or proportion of each ingredient in a food mixture is not specified then the ingredients shall be stated in the order of the pro- portion in which they were used the ingredient used in the greatest proportion (by weight) being stated first. Once again attention must be drawn to the frequent failure to differentiate microscopically between the common starches. The general level reached in theoretical therapeutics and pharmacology was adequate.In the practical part of the examination the standard attained was less satisfactory. There were too many gross errors in the microscopical identification of vegetable powders. Variable results were obtained in the chemical determination of sulphathiazole in urine and in the identification of phenobarbitone in tablets. Many candidates failed to identify definitely thyroid in the tablets. Branch H Analytical Chemistry. The syllabus given in the regulations for this Branch of the Fellowship indicates the extent of the knowledge and experience that is expected of candidates. While they may and should show a good knowledge of the theoretical basis of analysis and produce evidence of a wide reading of recent literature a high standard of practical competence is also essential.Due allowance is made for examination conditions but it should be noted that practical competence comprises not only the skill to obtain accurate quantitative results but also the ability to report these and the procedures by which they have been obtained in a clear and complete form. The ability to keep a number of separate quantitative analytical procedures moving in orderly progress at one time is another sign of competence in practical work. Where a candidate’s special experience is limited to some part of the analytical field he will be expected to know where and how to supplement his knowledge-for example by a discriminating use of reference books. The use of complicated and inaccurate procedures instead of simpler and more accurate ones that have stood the test of time could thus be avoided.PASS LIST EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Allan Frederick James Technical College Paisley. Bargh Jack Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College. Bayley Edwin Stanley Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College. Bennett Albert Walter Technical College Coventry. Bibby Robert Heslam Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College. Clark Arthur Wellesley Stewart B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Paisley. Clark Ronald Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Clayton Joseph College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College Salford. Coles Lewis Edwin B.Pharm. (Wales) Technical College Cardiff. Compton John B.Sc. (Lond.) Battersea Polytechnic London.[ 550 1 Comrie Allan McIntyre B.Sc.Pharm. (Glas.) The University and Roya Technical College Glasgow. Craven Anthony Ronald College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College Salford. Drakeley Kenneth Douglas Central Technical College Birmingham. Harrison George Maxwell Technical College Huddersfield. Hersom Albert Charles West Ham Municipal College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Howe Brian Keith King’s College and Battersea Polytechnic London. Ho-Yen Joseph Ephraim B.Sc. (Lond.) Chelsea Polytechnic London. Knight Roy Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) Acton Technical College London. May Albert Edward South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. bluir John Wilson B.Sc.Agric. (Glas.) The University and Royal Technical College Glasgow and Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen.Noden Frederick Gerald Technical College Widnes. Parker John Colin Technical College Sewport. Reeve Lawrence Royal Technical College Salford. Russell James College of Technology Leeds and Technical College Bradford. Saunders John Joseph City College of Technology Liverpool. Shalgosky Harry Ian Municipal Technical College Hull. Smeaton Robert Scott Royal Technical College Glasgow. Stones William Frederick Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. Tandy Graham Herbert College of Technology Bristol. Tawn Alec Richard Hornsey Municipal Technical College Hull and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Wain Brian Jack Central Technical College Birmingham. Walker Kenneth John Technical College Bradford.West Charles Samuel Technical College Derby. Westwood George Ernest Municipal Technical College Hull. Whiting Roland Municipal Technical College Hull. Wilde Raymond John South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Wood Robert Ivan Technical Collegc Coventry and Northern Polytechnic London. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSEIP Branch E The Chemistry including &licroscopy of Food nwd Drugs and of Water. Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.). Andrew Miss Gertrude Garland B.Sc. (Liv.). Davies David Richard Aylmer B.Sc. (Wales). Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones William Elwyn M.Sc. (Wales). Rymer Thomas Edward. Scott Franklin Clermont B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum.Langston Robert Pembruge B.Sc. (Lond.). Errata.-JouRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111. P. 283. Under Wednesday 6 April Q. 3 for “Ilmenite” read “Mispickel.” P. 284. Under Monday 11 April Q. 3 for [(M) = Mispickel OR nickel glance] read [(M) = Ilmenite]. THE REGISTER New Fellows (P) Maitland Peter M.B.E. (Mil.) (T) Peat Stanley BSc. (Dunelm) B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) Ph.D. D.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.) F.R.S. (Cantab.). (N) Pollak Tgnsz Dr. of Tech. Science (\.'ienna). Associates Elected to the Fellowship (P) Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Andrew Miss Gertrude Garland B.Sc. (Liv.). Burjorjee Hirje Rustom M.Sc. (Rangoon). (C) navies David Richard Aylmer B.Sc. (Wales). (P) Deering Ernest Charles BSc.(Lond.). Eden Thomas DSc. (Manc.). (T) Griffithg Thomas Owen B.Sc. (Lond.). (E) Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Hustwick Kenneth. (P) Jewell Percival Sydney M.,4. (Cantab.). (T) Jones William Elwyn M.Sc. (Wales). (R) Langston Robert Pembruge BSc. (Lond.). (Q) Manning George Bernard B.Sc. (St. Andrews) M.B. Ch.B. (Liv.). (P) Marshall James Herbert Evan R.A. (Cantab.). Mathur Kunj Behari Lal D.Sc. (Agra.). (B) McCauley Herbert Samuel B.Sc (Q.U.B.) Ph.C. (N. Ireland). (R) Osborn George Howard. (P) Rymer Thomas Edward. (P) Scott Franklin Clermont B.Sc. (Lond.) . Slater Stanley Nelson M.Sc.(N.Z.) D.Phi1. (Oxon.). (P) Smith TVilfred Alan hl.Sc. (XIanc.). (P) Staniforth Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Streatfield Edward Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.) ,hl.I.Chem.E. (0)Thompson Alan B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.P.S. (S) Wall Leslie Lakey. Ward Harold George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Wood James A.Ib1.T.Chem.E. (P) Woodbine Malcolm hl.Sc. (Manc.). Woodthorpe Thomas John. (P) Woollard Richard Pargeter A.R.C.S. D.I.C. New Associates AIIan Frederick James. Anderson AIan James B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson William B.Sc. (Lond.). Angus Leslie Herbert M.Sc. (Leeds). Atkinson Robert Oldham. Baker Charles Joseph Leonard. Banerjee Ranjan B.Sc. (Ben-ares) A.R.T.C. Barany Heinz Carl. Bargh Jack.Barrie James Alexander B.Sc. (Aberd.). Barton Stanley B.Sc. (Birm.). Batchelor-Williams Eifion Own George B.Sc. (Wales). Bayley Edwin Stanley. Bayliss Jack B.Sc. (Lond.) A.I.M. Bennett Albert Walter. Berry Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Bibby Robert Heslam. Binns Peter James Lester B.Sc. (Bris.). Blair John -4lexander B.Sc. (Glas.) . Boothroyd Brian B.Sc. (Leeds). (0) Boustead Williain Robert James M.A. (Cantab.). (P) Braun Richard Karl B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Cass Raymond Charles B.Sc. (Bris.). (I<) Chambers James Wilson B.Sc. M.B. Ch.B. (Glas.). (K) Clark Arthur Wellesley Stewart B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark Ronald. (C) Clark Stanley John B.Sc. (Birm.). (U) Clayton Joseph.Collins Mrs. Dorothy Ada M.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Compton John B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Comrie Allan Mclntyre B.Sc.- Pharm. (GIas.). (Q) Craven Anthony Ronald. (N) Crawshaw Geoffrey Howard B.Sc. (Leeds). (0) Crosbie Reginald Benjamin B.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Dalgleish Alexander A.H.-W.C. (K) Davies Andrew B.Sc. (Glas.). (P) Davies Jenkyn William B.Sc. (Birm.). (H) Daybell George -Noel B.Sc. (Lond.). (N) Dobson Stanley. (A) Doyle George Mitchel B.Sc. (Aberdeen). (C) Drakeley Kenneth Douglas. (C) Dunn Alexander Simpson B.Sc. (hberdeen). (J) Dunnet William A.11.-W.C. (C) Edwards George Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) .(P) Eedy Arthur Montague Fowler. (C) Evans David Darwin B.Sc. (Wales). (N) Evans George Gamble B.Sc. (Leeds). Farrugia Philip R.Sc. M.D. (Ma1ta). (P) Ford Leslie Harry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). (A) Fraser George Paterson B.Sc. (Aberd.). (0) Galley Trevor Ferber Joseph B.Sc. (Liv.). (K) Gray John B.Sc. (Glas.). (L) Grundy Michael Edward B.Sc. (Leeds). (J) Hamnett Ernest Norman. (E) Harries liichard John Korman B.Sc. (Wales). (L) Harrison George Maxwell. (Q) Hirsch Hans B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Howe Brian Keith. (P) Ho-Yen Joseph Ephraim B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Hughes Robert Ivor B.Sc. (Wales). (Q) Huntington Leonard Alston.(C) Jackson Barry Sidney B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Jarman Miss Eileen Beryl B.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Johnstone James A.H.-W.C. (0) Jones Ifor Glyn B.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Kennett Arthur Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Kenny Arthur William M.A. BSc. (Oxon.). (P) Kitteringham ,George Reymond B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. (P) Knight Roy Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Knox James Gibson B.Sc. (Glas.). (E) Kraus William. (P) Lee Walter Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Leniin Alan James B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Lindsey Alan Sidney B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Lloyd Francis Crawford B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Q) Lock Michael Vernon hl.Sc.(Manc.) . (P) May Albert Edward. (K) McConnell John Denholm McIiendrick B.Sc. (Glas.). (A) Meston Alexander Marshall BSc. (Aberd.). (A) Miller Thomas Balfour B.Sc. (Aberd.). (T) Millward Brian Beard B.Sc. (Wales). (K) Morgan Hugh A.R.T.C. (P) Morgan John B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Moss John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (A) Muir John Wilson B.Sc. Agric. (Glas.). (P) Neale Ronald Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Noden Frederick Gerald. (E) Parker John Colin. (m7)Philpot Geoffrey Russell B.Sc. (Q) Sparks Edward John. (Lond.). (W) Spear Henry Bryan B.Sc. (P) Pollak Felix B.Sc. (Lond.). (E) Pollard Frank MSc.(Lond.) A .M.I.Chem.E. (J) Raeburn John A.H.-W.C. (J) Redden James A.H.-W.C. (W) Rendle hlfred Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.). (N) Richards Harold Rex B.Sc. (Leeds). (P) Rivlin Mrs. Violet B.Sc. Hons. (Pittsburgh). (G) Rodwell Francis B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (J) Rosie George Duncan A.H.- W.C. (N) Russell James. (0) Saunders John Joseph. Schoeman David Johannes MSc. Eng. (Witwatersrand). (K) Scott Alastair Ian RSc. (Glas.). Shalgosky Harry Ian. (Q) Shimmin James Donald M.Sc. (Manc.). (K) Smeaton Robert Scott. (P) Smith Derek Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). (0)Stark Alexander Miller. (P) Stevenson Miss Brenda Jean A.A.C.I.Dip. Chem. (Sydney) (S) Stones William Frederick. (L) Swift Philip McLean B.Sc. (Leeds). (D) Tandy Graham Herbert (P) Tawn Alec Richard Hornsey. (C) Taylor Archie. (P) Turner John Harry Wallice. (P) Twaits Peter Barry B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker Kenneth John. (P) Ward John Cameron B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Webb Harold William. (H) West Charles Samuel. (M) Westwood George Ernest. (P) Wilde Raymond John. W700d Robert Ivan. (P) Woods Robert James A.R.C.S. (P) Yoxall Douglas Arnold B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students (P) Adams Raymond Francis. (L) Carey Anthony. (P) Adamson James Douglas. (A) Aitken Angus. (P) Aitken-Smith Frank Joseph.(0) Allen Norman Albert -4rthur. Allister Charles Cooper. Anderson Derek Walter. Ashurst Colin Douglas. Beavan Dennis Albert. Bennett Douglas Henry. Binns Miss Pauline. Blower Alan Samuel. Britt Charles Johnstone. Britton William Gordon. Bromley Frank. Broom Vernon Christopher. Brown Alan James. Brown Anthony John. Brown Colin Willgoose. Bryant Michael. Bulmer Kenneth David. Bunton Korman Gilby. Burnell William Henry. Burnet George David. Camp Raymond Maurice. (P) Castle Walter Francis. (C) Castledine Stanley Albert. (K)Chisholm Alexander. (P) Clarke Keith Raymond. (Q) Clarkson Colin. (0)Coates John Allen. (0)Cockram Geoffrey James.(Q) Collings Stuart. (P) Cooper John Gareth Ashley. (C) Corbett Eric. (J) Corbett John Raymond Horne. (P) Cowland John Bernard. (P) Crampton Clifford Archibald. (Q) Cross Raymond. (Q) Cuthbert Walter Thomas. (L) Dawson Timothy Leslie. (P) Dennis Douglas William. (S) Dick Leslie Creighton. (P) Dixon Miss Jean Elizabeth. (P) Douglas David Ramsay. (R) Durant John Albert B.Sc. (Q) Duxbury Donald. (N) Eddison Raymond Malcolm. (M) Edwards Vaughan. [ 554 -j (S) Enisley Peter William. (E) Evans David Meurig. (U) Fields Anthony Eric. (U) Gledhill John James. (P) Goodwin Donald James.(0) Goodwin Eric Stanley. (C) Greenwood Miss Sylvia May. (0) Grimshaw Norman. (Q) Gunnell Derek. (C) Haining Colin Grant. (0) Hall Harry Stirling. (P) Hall Stanley. (Q) Hamer Arnold. (Q) Hamnette Ronald James. (0)Harrop William Geoffrey. (P) Harvey Denis Norton. (M) Hearfield Frank. (P) Hearn Dennis Stanley. (0) Hedderly James Arnold. (T) Hinde Anthony. (D) Hobbs Anthony Francis. (0)Hobson Donald Charles. (Q) Hodkinson Harry. (P) Hodsdon Alfred James. (N) Hodson. Alan. (Q) Husband Terence. (J) Hutcheson John Raymond. (H) Impey John. (0) Iveson Gordon. (D) Jackson Christopher Kenway.(N) Jackson Eric. (0) Jackson Frank Richard. (N) Jackson Michael Peter. (H) James Charles Turner. (0) Johnson Eric George. (P) Johnson Lawrence William George. (0) Jones Frederick IVilliam. (0) Jones Harold Glyndwr. (0) Jones Peter Howard. (H) Jones I'ernon Price. (P) Jones Victor. (D) Lancaster Peter James. (0) Laycock Hubert Rex Ingleson. (0)Lewis Richard Philip. (C) Lovell Francis Peter. (0)Lunt Walter Richard. (H) Mackay Charles John. (0)Martin George Richard. (0)Mason Kenneth George. (P) Mason Leonard Walter. (Q) McGuinness Allen. (J) McLeod Denis Gloag. (0)Mervyn Leonard.(P) Morling Brian. (N) Mountain Albert. (S)Xaylor Arthur. (P) n'ethaway James Butler. (N) O'Toole Dennis. (E) Overton Terence Kim Webley. (0)Park William Arnold. (X) Penketh George Edward. (K) Perkin Leonard Arthur B.Sc. (Leeds). (C) Phillips Leslie. (S) Pickering Frank. (P) Pinchin Frank James. (H) Plater Dennis. (E) Pritchard Ifor Thomas. (0) Rasburn Jack Watson. (R) Richards Maurice George. (0)Robertson Alan John. (0) Rogers John. (P) Rolfe David Martin. (0) Rowan James Alan. (N) Scargill Derek. (P) Schofield Allan Bardsley. (D) Scrivens Leslie John. (U) Sellars James Henry.(0)Sharrock Thomas. (T) Shelton Alan. (P) Silk Derek Arthur. (X) Skaife John. (0)Skerrett Reginald Joseph. (P) Slater Charles Albert. (N) Slater Brian Ronald. (P) Smith Dennis Clifford. (0) Smith Geoffrey. (U) Staten Kenneth Peter. (Q) Stott Alan Fowder. (Q) Taylor Clifford Harry Wight. (P) Taylor Colin George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Terry Stanley Edward. (N) Thornton Robert Graham. (P) Tubh Roy Leslie. (N) Tulloch Harold Lucas. (M) Tyler Edward James. (E) Underwood Thomas Albert Jenn. (R) Urry Michael Lamport. (0)Vaughan Brian John. (P) Veitch David Pentland. (K) Wallace Edward.(0)Warner Reginald Kenneth. (P) Warren Donovan Teighe. (P) Waton Anthony Charles Basil. (P) %'atson Sidney Alec. (N) Waugh David Michael. (P) West Norman Victor. (P) Whitear Brian Ronald David. (Rl) Whitton John Bryan. 555 ] (L)Wilson Brian. (0)Worgan Jeffrey Thornton. (C) Wilson Roger Leofric Charles. (C) Yardley Harold John. (E) Wood John Richard. (M) Young George Raymond. (D) Woodbridge Richard John. (C) Young Trevor Owen. DEATHS Fellows Sidney Billbrough B. Sc. (Lond.). Arthur Jenner Chapman. Herbert Edwin Jones B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hugh James Lewin. James Macleod M.I.Chem.E. F.R.S.E. Douglas Roy McCullagh B.A. M.Sc. (Manitoba) Ph.D. (Cantab).John Bentley Merry. Henry Ablett Phillips. Sir Robert Howson Pickard B.Sc. (Birm.) Ph.D. (Munich) D.Sc. (Lond.) F.R.S. Thomas Slater Price O.B.E. (Mil.) D.Sc. (Lond. and Birm.) Ph.D. (Leipzig) F.R.P.S. F.R.S.E. F.R.S. George Joseph Rogers A.R.C.S. William Pearson Skertchley. James Frederick Smith. Arnold John Spiller. John Blair Warden. Associates Clifford Brown B.Sc. M.Ed. (Leeds). George Alexander Smiley B.Sc. LL.B. (Lond.). Fred Townend B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Leeds) A.R.C.S. OBITUARY Clifford Brown died on 11 October 1949 at the age of 40. He was educated at Thornes House Boys’ Secondary School Wakefield and in 1927 entered the University of Leeds graduating B.Sc. with 2nd Class Honours in chemistry in 1930. He subsequently obtained the Teacher’s Diploma and in 1937 was awarded the degree of M.Ed.of the University of Leeds. From 1932 to 1937 he was senior science master at Heversham Grammar School Milnthorpe Westmorland and from 1938 to 1913 held a similar post at King Edward VI School Nuneaton. In the latter year he was appointed senior chemistry master at Hull Grammar School and in 1946 became science master at Scarborough College. Early in the present year he was appointed senior chemistry master at the Carlton High School for Boys Bradford. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. Alexander Thomas Cameron died on 25 September 1947 in his 66th year. He received his early education at Swindon and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh where he graduated M.A.in 1904 and B.Sc. in 1906. Awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship and a Carnegie Research Fellowship he studied radiochemistry at University College London 1906-8 and spent a further year at the Technical High School Karlsruhe. He spent the summer of 1911 in research in biological chemistry at the University of Heidelberg. From 1904 to 1906 he was assistant in the chemistry departments of the Surgeons’ Hall and the Royal Dick Veterinary College Edinburgh and in 1909 was appointed lecturer in physiology in the University of Manitoba [ 556 ] Winnipeg. In 1913 he became assistant professor of physiology in the University of Manitoba and in 1923 was appointed to the newly-created chair of biochemistry a position he occupied until the time of his death.In 1915 he was given leave to join the British Forces and was gazetted in the Unattached List as a chemist for water purification. He rose to the rank of Captain and in 1917 was transferred to the R.A.M.C. (T.F.). He was mentioned in despatches for his services. Cameron published numerous papers and monographs. For his work on the biochemistry of iodine he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. by the Univer- sity of Edinburgh in 1925. He was the author of a Textbook of Biochemistry (1 928) Practical Biochemistry (Cameron and White 1930) Biochemistry of ,Wedicine (Cameron and Gilmour) and Recent Advances in Endocrinology (1933). He was chairman of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada for 13 years and his work was recognised by the award of the C.M.G.in 1946. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Past President of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry (now the Chemical Institute of Canada). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Samuel Davenport Fairfax Harwood died on 3 July 1949 in his 69th year. He was educated at Mill Hill School London and entered St. John’s College Cambridge in 1898 obtaining a 2nd Class in the Natural Science Tripos Part I in 1901. He continued research work in agricultural chemistry untiI he entered the Colonial Service in 1903 as senior professor of chemistry at the Royal College Mauritius where he remained until 1919. Returning to this country Harwood was appointed head of the chemical department of the South-Eastern Agricultural College Wye (now Wye College University of London) from which post he retired in 1940.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1921. Hugh James Lewin died on 26 September 1949 in his 76th year. He was educated at Dulwich College and was subsequently articled for three years to the late Mr. Otto Hehner and studied at University College London. On completion of his articles he remained an assistant to Mr. Hehner for 15 months before entering the London County Council Laboratory. In 1895 Lewin was appointed a gas examiner to the London County Council a position he held until 1907. From 1896 to 1897 he was assistant to the late Mr. Walter Thorpe at Limerick and in the latter year was appointed under the Admiralty as Assistant Inspector of Victualling Stores at the Royal Victoria Yard Deptford.In 1907 he was promoted to be Inspector of Victualling Stores at the Royal Clarence Yard Gosport and held this appointment until his retirement in 1934. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Douglas Roy McCullagh died on 17 November 1949 in his 47th year. Born at Douglas Manitoba Canada he received his early education at Carberry and Stonewall Public Schools and the Roland High School and entered the University of Manitoba in 1921. He graduated B.Sc. in 1925 and B.A. and M.Sc. in the following year. In 1926-27 he was demonstrator in the Department of Biochemistry at the Manitoba Medical School. In 1927 he came to this country for research in biochemistry under Sir F.Gowland Hopkins in the University of Cambridge and was granted the Ph.D. degree in 1930. For a few months in 1928 he studied at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Biologie Berlin-Dahlem. He was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholarship in 1928 and was a Beit Memorial Research Fellow 1928-29. In 1930 he was appointed director of biochemical research to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland Ohio a post he held for many years before r 567 1 accepting a similar appointment with the Schering Corporation. Shortly before his death he became associated with the Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute Rensselaer New York. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1936. Sir Robert Howson Pickard died on 18 October 1949 in his 76th year.He received his early education at King Edward’s Grammar School Camp Hill and entered Mason College Birmingham in 1891 studying under Tilden and P. F. Frankland. He obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London with 1st Class Honours in chemistry in 1895. Awarded an 1852 Exhibition scholarship he went to the University of Munich in 1896 to work under A. von Baeyer and Thiele and gained the degree of Ph.D. sunma CUHZ laude. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of London in 1900. In 1899 Pickard was appointed head of the chemical department of Black- burn Municipal Technical College and in 1905 became Principal of the College. He was also consulting chemist and gas examiner to the Corporation of Blackburn.While still at Blackburn he was elected in 1917 a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1920 he became Principal of the Battersea Polytechnic and remained there until 1927 during which period he also acted as director of research for the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. He remained consultant to that body until the time of his death and his great interest in the industry was recognised by his election as an Hon. Liveryman of the Leathersellers’ Company. In 1927 he was appointed to succeed the late A. W. Crossley as Director of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. Under his energetic guidance the Shirley Institute developed rapidly and did work of great value to the industry. He retired on grounds of age in 1943. Pickard took an active interest in university and professional matters.He was a member of the Senate of the University of London from 1926 was Vice- Chancellor 1937-39 and was elected Chairman of Convocation in 1948. He was a member of the Courts of the Universities of Birmingham and Manchester. After serving on the Council of the Chemical Society 1916-20 and 1926-28 he was Vice-president 1931-34 and 1937-40. In 1932-33 he was President of the Society of Chemical Industry and was a Vice-president at the time of his death. From 1931 to 1938 he was Chairman of the Chemical Council. He was a Past-President of the Association of Technical Institutions and an Hon. Member of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Pickard served on many Committees set up by Government departments and his notable public services were recognised by the conferment of a Knighthood in 1937.Elected an Associate of the Institute in 1898 and a Fellow in 1892 he took a keen interest in its work. He was a Member of Council 1923-26 and 1944-46 a Vice-president 1927-30 and 1939-43 and President 1936-39. He acted also as a Censor from 1936 to 1944. George Alexander Smiley died recently in his 68th year. He was educated at Allan Glen’s School Glasgow where he was subse- quently demonstrator in chemistry for four years before entering the Royal College of Science London. He graduated B.Sc. of the University of London with Honours in chemistry in 1908 and LL.B. in 1918. He entered the Government Laboratory London in 1907 and in 1911 was appointed Officer of Customs and Excise Chepstow Mon.where he remained until his retirement some years ago. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1909. [ 558 1 James Frederick Smith died on 7 October 1949 in his 79th year. He received his early education at the Church Institute and the Central Higher Schools Sheffield. After technical training and experience with the Sheffield United Gas Company he became in 1892 assistant chemist in the City of Birmingham Gas Department. From 1900 to 1906 he was chief chemist and assistant manager of the Halifax Gas Department and from then until 1916 works manager and chemist to the Scarborough Gas Company. Returning to the City of Birmingham Gas Department in 1916 he was super- intendent of the water-gas plant at the Nechells Gas Works from 1917 to 1920 and then senior chemist in charge of the research and analytical laboratories from which post he retired in 1936.Smith contributed several papers to scientific and technical journals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921 and a Fellow in 1943. Fred Townend died recently in his 38th year. Educated at the Grammar School Ossett he studied at the Royal College of Science London from 1930 to 1933 gaining the Associateship of the College and the degree of B.Sc. of the University of London with 2nd Class Honours in Chemistry. He then engaged in research in the Textile Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds and was awarded the degree of Ph.D.In 1936 he took up an appointment in Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Dyestuffs Division in Manchester. Shortly before his death he had accepted an appointment with Paton & Baldwins Ltd. at Alloa. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. John Blair Warden died on 19 October in his 80th year. He received his early training at Allan Glen’s School Glasgow and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College and then studied for three years at the School of Mines Freiberg. After a few months as assistant in the Royal Naval College Greenwich Warden became assistant to the late Dr. Benedict Kitto in London in 1891. In 1895 he was appointed chemist to the Cassel Gold Extracting Co.,Ltd. Glasgow and shortly afterwards went to assist their representative in Van- couver B.C.For some years he worked as chemist and assayer in various mining areas in Canada and the U.S.A. In 1909 he returned to practise in Glasgow as a metallurgical chemist and assayer and in 1922 moved to London. He retired in 1937 and spent his remaining years in his native city. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1895 and a Fellow in 1898. Addendum.-In the obituary of the late Dr. R. P. Charles (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 446) it is regretted that no mention was made of his appointment as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for the County Borough of Bournemouth. ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINATIONS-see p. ii. THE COUNCIL 1950-51 NOMINATIONS Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the relevant By-laws which are as follows :-By-law 26.-( 1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.[ 559 1 (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary not later than the first day of February next preceding the date at which the Annual General Meeting is to be held and shall be in the following form:- “We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry do hereby certify that A. B. of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. At the date of the Annual General Meeting 31 March 1950 none of the Vice-presidents will have served for three years in that office and all will there- fore be eligible for re-election.The General Members of Council who retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election as such are as follows:-Norman Booth BSc. Ph.D. George James Denbigh M.Sc. Louis Hunter Ph.D. DSc. Walter Idris Jones B.Sc. Ph.D. M.1.Chem.E. Wilfred Herbert Linnell Ph.D. D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute not later than I February 1950. District Members of Council.-The following have been nominated as District Members of Council for the Districts defined by the Special General Meeting on 21 October 1949 (see p.497) to take office at the A4nnual General Meeting 1960 :-England I. Eric George Kemp Pritchett BSc. 11. Charles George Lyons M.A. Ph.D. 111. Frederick Cecil Bullock B.Sc. IV. Arthur Clarence Francis A.H.-W.C. V. Bernard Dunstan Wilkinson Luff. VI. Clifford Walter Herd B.Sc. Ph.D. VII. John Thompson Marsh Rf Sc. F.T.I. VIII. Herbert Edward Blayden B.Sc. IX. Reginald Arthur Mott D.Sc. A.1.Min.E. Wales and the County of Monmouth. John Oswald Samuel M.Sc. M.1nst.F. Scotland I. William Turner Horace Williamson B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.S.E. 11. Hugh Hannay Campbell B.Sc. A.H.-W.C. M.P.S. 111. Archibald Robert Jamieson B.Sc. Northern Ireland. Cecil Leeburn Wilson M.Sc. Ph.D. Republic of Ireland. Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc.Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. Overseas. (To be nominated by the Council.) [ 560 1 Council 1949-50.-At its Meeting on 21 October 1949 the Council received with great regret the resignation for health reasons of Dr. L. H. Lampitt General Member of Council. On 18 November the Council appointed Dr. E. H. Rodd to fill the vacancy so created until the date of the Annual General Meeting 1950. ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE 31 March and I April 1950 Provisional Programme Friday 31 March 1950. 10.30 a.m. Annual General Meeting in Merchants’ House George Square Glasgow. 11.30-11.45a.m. Interval. 11.45 a.m. Presidential Address by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. in Merchants’ House. A visit will be arranged for the ladies from 10.30 a.m.onwards and will include lunch. 1.0 p.m. Luncheon for Council Members and Section Chairmen in the North British Station Hotel by invitation of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section Committee. 2.30 pm. The Second G. G. Henderson Memorial Lecture by Dr. W. M. Cumming O.B.E. followed by a visit to the University Chemical Laboratories. A visit will be arranged for the ladies to the College of Domestic Science. 4.30 p.m. Afternoon Tea by invitation of the University of Glasgow. 8 p.m. Civic Reception by the Corporation of Glasgow at the City Chambers. Saturday I April 1950. 9.30 a.m. Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in the Council Room Royal Technical College followed by Luncheon at 1 p.m.in the North British Station Hotel. Works visits. No. 1. Bus to Imperial Chemical Industries works at Ardeer Stevenston. Lunch in Africa House. Visit works and return via Largs where afternoon tea will be served. Leave Glasgow 10 a.m. lunch 12.30 p.m. tea 3.30 p.m. return to Glasgow 5.30 p.m. No. 2. Bus to Scottish Milk Marketing Board Creamery at Mauchline Ayrshire. Leave Glasgow 10 a.m. return 5.30 p.m. Bus Tours No. 1. All-day bus tour to the Trossachs and Waterworks at Loch Katrine. Lunch at Trossachs Hotel afternoon tea at Forrest Hills. Leave Glasgow at 10 a.m. lunch 12.15 p.m. tea 3.30 p.m. return Glasgow 5.30 p.m. No. 2. Afternoon bus tour of three lochs with tea at Tarbet Loch Lomond. Leave Glasgow 2 p.m. tea 4 p.m.return 6 p.m. 7 p.m. for 7.30 p.m. Dinner at Central Hotel. I661 f MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1950 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 3 I December 1949 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1949. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice.In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1950 and the administrators-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions-will there-fore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 3 I December 1949. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1949.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1950 of a Medal and Prize (L10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 31 December 1949 and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed I 562 1 by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1949. In 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The object of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare.Applications to compete for the Prize for 1949 are invited under the following conditions :-1. The 1949 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1949. 2. The 1949 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experi- mental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition providing that the conclu- sions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject.3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (K. C. Barraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Brown Firth Research Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4) to reach him on or before 31 December 1949 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b)two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collab- orators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Acton Technical College.-A course of post-graduate lectures in Applied Chemistry will be given during the Spring Term commencing 13 January 1960 on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. i 563 1 1. Two lectures on “The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Processes,” by Dr. C. C. Hall (13 and 20 January). 2. Two lectures on “Theory of High Polymer Synthesis,” by Dr. W. Davey (27 January 3 February). 3. Four lectures on “Polymers Scientific and Industrial Classification. Plastic Materials Sources Properties as Related to Utilisation. Modern Industrial Processes,” by Mr. W. H. Stevens (10 17 and 24 February 3 March). 4. Four lectures on “Modern Methods of Testing and Analysis of Plastic Materials.Special Applications. Factory Procedure. The Plastics Indus- try,” by Mr. W. H. Stevens (10 17 24 and 31 March). The above course is suitable for industrial chemists research workers technical staff and others desiring to keep in touch with this field of modern applied chemistry. Fee for the Course 21s.; each group of four lectures 7s. 6d. Full particulars and registration forms may be obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3. Battersea Polytech nic.-Post-graduate lectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will be held under the supervision of Dr. P. F. Hall during the remainder of the 1949-50 session as follows Spring Term (9 January to 31 March 1950) Organic Microchemical Methods. Summer Term (24 April to 14 July 1950) Quantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis.Fee 10s. per Term. Further particulars and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic London S.W. 11. Chelsea Polytechnic.-(I) A special course of lectures and practical work on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water based on the syllabus for the Fellowship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry Branch E to be given for 1st year students on Tuesdays and Thursdays during two com- plete sessions began 27 September 1949. Responsible Lecturer Mr. R. G. Minor; Lecturer in Materia Medica Mr. E. S. Mayer; Lecturer in Bacteriology Mr. A. W. G. Chetham; Assistant Lecturers and Demonstrators Mr. A. J. M. Bailey and Mr.W. R. Rankin. Course Fee for each Session k3 3s.; Laboratory Fee 5s.; Membership Is. (2) The second of two series of lectures on special aspects of Dairy Technology will be given in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre on Tuesdays 14 February to 7 March 1950 at 7.15 p.m. Fee for the series 5s. (3) An advanced course of about 12 lectures on Quantum Mechanics of the Atomic Nucleus will be given by Dr. R. L. Rosenberg on Wednesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 11 January 1950. Fee for the course 20s. Membership 1s. Further particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal] Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Northampton Polytechnic.-(1) A course of 21 lectures on Recent Trends in Fuel Technology to be given on Tuesdays at 7 p.m.began on 4 October and will continue until 7 March 1950. Fee for the course 30s. r 564 1 (2) A course of eight lectures on Modern Developments in Metal Finishing will be given on Wednesdays at 7 p.m. beginning 11 January 1950. Subjects covered include electrodeposition phosphate treatments protection of aluminium and of magnesium alloys vitreous enamels. Fee for the course 15s. Particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.l. Sir John Cass Technical Institute.-(1) A course of eight lectures on Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Vitamins and Analgesics by Dr. J. Elks and Dr. B. A. Hems will be held on Friday evenings beginning 13 January 1950.Fee for the course 20s. (2) A course of 12 lectures on Design of Experiments by Mr. D. R. Read on Mondays at 6.45 p.m. will begin on 9 January 1950. (3) A course of 10 lecture-demonstrations in Microchemical Analysis suitable for analysts and advanced students of chemistry by Mr. D. W. Wilson and Mr. F. Holmes on Thursday evenings will begin on 19 January 1950. Fee for the course 30s. Applications for further particulars of the above courses and enrolment forms should be made to The Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Symposium on “Polymer Chemistry as Applied to Plastics.’’-The Plastics and Polymer Group of the Society of Chemical Industry proposes to hold a three-day Symposium under the above title in September 1950.It is intended that as far as possible contributions shall be planned to bridge the gap between those engaged in theoretical studies and those con- cerned with industrial applications. Those wishing to make a contribution should communicate with the Hon. Secretary for the Symposium Dr. N. J. L. Megson Advisory Service on Plastics and Rubber Ministry of Supply R.716 Shell Mex House London W.C.2. SCIENTIFIC FILMS CENSUS In connection with the Information Service of the Scientific Film Associa- tion a national survey is being made of makers owners and users of scientific and similar films. Although information has been collected already from over 400 scientific film-makers and distributing agencies including the major companies it is believed that there are many more whose names and films are known only to a limited number of people.The Association earnestly wishes to bring up to date its records in the documentary instructional educational and scientific film fields so that it may be in a better position to answer the many inquiries which are made to its Secretariat from day to day. The records which are now being compiled will form an invaluable reference library of catalogues lists and data sheets in the first instance-later it may be possible to arrange for a wider distribution of this information by the publication of a detailed list of sources of supply of such specialist films. It has been found in some cases that the private producer of individual films is reluctant to make available the kind of information now being sought for fear of being embarrassed by a large number of inquiries arising out of the publication of data about his film or films.When desired however the Association is prepared to treat such communications as confidential for its own records. E 565 1 The kind of statement which is now needed should give the maker’s name and address the title of the film its gauge and length or running time and preferably a brief synopsis The rapidly growing importance of the scientific film has made a survey of this kind imperative so that in conducting such an inquiry-which has never been attempted previously on this scale-the Scientific Film Association’s Information Services Department believes that it is going some way towards meeting a very real and urgent demand; Further details of the work of the Association may be obtained from the Secretary at 4 Great Russell Street London W.C.l.Tel. MUSeum 2403. MISCEL LA NEOUS Post-doctorate Fellows hips.-Approximately 31 post-doctorate fellow-ships will be offered by the National Research Council of Canada for the year 1950-51-eighteen in chemistry three in atomic energy research and about ten in physics. Application forms can be obtained from the Chief Scientific Liaison Officer National Research Council of Canada Africa House Kingsway London W.C.2. Applications must be received in Ottawa not later than 15 February 1950. Third World Petroleum Congress.-The Third World Petroleum Congress will be held from 28 May to 6 June 1951 at The Hague Holland.The Permanent Council of the World Petroleum Congress has invited the Institute of Petroleum to form a National Committee for Great Britain. Those wishing to receive details and registration forms when these are ready should inform the Secretary Third World Petroleum Congress Care1 Van Bylandtlaan 30 Den Haag Holland. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. December 27-28 THEINSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) Two Christ- mas Lectures for Senior Secondary School Pupils. Professor R.V. Jones C.B. C.B.E. M.M. 28 MANCHESTER OF SOCIETIES: FEDERATIONSCIENTIFIC Christmas Lecture for Young People. Professor F. C. Williams O.B.E. in the Large Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Manchester at 3 p.m. 29 MANCHESTER OF SOCIETIES Repeat of the FEDERATIONSCIENTIFIC Christmas Lecture for Young People at same place and time. 1950 January 2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Electronic Tech- INDUSTRY niques in Scientific Research.” Dr. H. A. Thomas at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Hull Section jointly with the Hull Branch of the National Federation of Master Painters and Decorators) Meeting at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m.[ 666 1 January 3 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) :Lecture and Demonstration for Schoolchildren-“The World of Sound.” Dr. R. H. Sloane in Belfast. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL (Physical Methods Group) Discussion on Spectroscopic Analysis. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington London S.W.7 at 6 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICALSOCIETY (Midlands Centre) Open Discussion on Practical Plating Problems to be opened by Mr. C. Whar- rad at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 3-6 SCIENCE ASSOCIATION MASTERS’ :Annual Meeting in the King’s Buildings The University Edinburgh. 6 PAPERMAKERS’ ASSOCIATION (Technical Section Northern Division) “Dyestuffs and their Application to Paper.” Mr.F. A. Craig at Manchester. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Olfaction and Odour.” Mr. R. W. Moncrieff at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (North-Eastern Centre) “Some Aspects of Agricultural and Horticultural Electrification in North America.” Mr. F. E. Rowland at the Neville Hotel Westgate Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.15 p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists Huddersfield Section) “Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at Huddersfield. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Gravesend and District Engineering Society) “Aluminium.” Mr.A. V. Garner at the Royal Clarendon Hotel Gravesend at 7.30 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton- on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) “Forensic Chemistry.” Dr. F. G. Tryhorn at the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Some Problems in the Chemistry of Vitamin D.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY “The Oxidation of Cellulose and Some Industrial Implications.” Dr.D. W. Hill at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological Panel jointly with Society for Applied Bacteriology) “Hygiene of the Preparation and Service of Food.” Dr. W. A. Lethem Dr. B. Hobbs and Mr. D. H. F. Clayson in London. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Felt Dyeing and Processing.” Mr. B. Kamrisch at the Bull. Hotel Nuneaton at 7 p.m. r 567 1 January OF 11 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section) “Considerations affecting the Choice and Design of Boiler Plant.” Mr. A. Ridings at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 2 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) “The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr.G. T. Winch at the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh at 7 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) “Management of Chemical Manufacture.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual Dinner and Social at Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool at 6.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section jointly with the Ports- mouth Chemical Society) :“By-ways in Chromatography.” Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. SOCIETY: CHEMICAL “Keto-Enol Equilibrium.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department University College Dundee at 5 p.m.INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) :“The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr. G. T. Winch at the Royal Hotel Union Street Dundee at 7 p.m. 13 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section) Annual INDUSTRY General Meeting. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) “The ASSOCIATION Practical Value of Rheological Measurements to the Paint Technolo- gist.” Dr. J. E. Arnold at Manchester at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) “The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr. G. T. Winch at the Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Geochemistry.” Professor W. Q. Kennedy F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Univ- sity Leeds at 6.30 p.m.INSTITUTIONELECTRICAL : OF ENGINEERSDiscussion on “Secondary Cells.” Opened by Mr. C. P. Lockton at the Institution Savoy Place London W.C.2. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(London Centre) “Investiga-tions on Protective Black Oxide Coatings on Steel.” Mr. H. Silman and Mr. B. E. Love at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. 17 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Some Agricul- tural Problems of the Colonial Empire.” Sir Harold Tempany C.M.G. C.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Flour Milling.” Mr. W. T. Farmer in the Rooms of the GeologicalSociety Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Appli-cation of Polymers to Textiles.” Dr. F. C. Wood at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. [ 668 J january 17 SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) Meeting at Wigan. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY BRADFORD SOCIETY CHEMICAL “Refractories.” Professor A. L. Roberts at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “The Physical Chemistry of the Gelatin-Water System.” Mr. A. K. Soper at the Royal Society of Medicine 1 Wimpole Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m.INSTITUTE (Xorthern Branch) Annual General Meeting. OF PETROLEUM “Motor Racing.” Mr. E. A. Evans at Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section jointly with The Society of Chemical Industry Nottingham Section) “Some Aspects of the United Kingdom Petroleum Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. M. Butler at Loughborough College at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Manchester Section) “Localised and Non-localised Bonds.” Professor C. A. Coulson in the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Studies on Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G.Evans F.R.S. at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Modern Trends in Stereochemistry.” Professor E. E. Turner F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (South-Western Section) “Carbon.” INDUSTRY Dr. H. K. Cameron at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Irish Branch) “Some Aspects oi Agricultural and Horticultural Electrifidation in North America.” Mr. F. E. Rowland at Trinity College Dublin at 6 p.m. OF Meeting in the Rooms of INSTITUTION MININGAND METALLURGY the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry North of Scotland Section) “The Deflocculation of Long-fibred Pulps by Natural Mucilages.” Dr.H. A. Harrison. THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Chemical Education”- Lecture-discussion. Mr. J. McG. Jackson at the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (North Wales Section) Lecture. Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at Wrexham at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Birmingham University Chemical Society) “The Separation and Determination of the Sugars and their Derivatives.” Dr. J. K. N. Jones in the Main Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group and Fine Chemicals Group) “Fine Chemicals and the Food Industry.” Professor A.C. Frazer in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. 1 569 1 January 20 INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “Temperature OF PHYSICS Measurement.” Mr. J. A. Hall in the New Physics Theatre The University Manchester at 7 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section jointly with the INDUSTRY Institution of Chemical Engineers) “Modern Boiler Plant Practice.” Mr. A. A. Martin at Liverpool at 2.30 p.m BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at British Postgraduate Medical School SOCIETY Hammersmith London. 23 INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Manchester and District Section) “Some Aspects of the Stability of Compounded Latex.” Mr. K. W. Hayes at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 6.15 p.m.OF ENGINEERS INSTITUTIONELECTRICAL “Trends of Development in Atomic Energy.” Dr. T. E. Allibone F.R.S. at the Great Western Hotel Reading at 7 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Careers for Chemists.” Dr. N. Booth at the Public Library William Street Slough at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast and Tces- side Sections jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Newcastle Section) “Chemical Reactions Induced by Nuclear Radiations.” Dr. F. S. Dainton at Durham at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “The Dyeing OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS and Finishing of it’ylon Textiles.” Mr. G. K. Mecklenburgh at the Textile Institute Manchester at 7.15 p.m.OF PHYSICS INSTITUTE (Scottish Branch) “Science and Arch;;eology.” Professor S. Piggott at The University Edinburgh at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) Symposium on “Synthetic Finishes.” Mr. G. Barnet Rlr. F. Armitage and Mr. W. F. Wilson at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Chemical Activities of Micro-organisms.” Dr. E. C. Knight in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Annual General Meeting (6.30 p.m.). “Professional Chemistry.” Dr. H. J. T. Elling-ham in the Lecture Theatre Gas Department Showrooms Town Hall Extension Manchester at 6.45 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Aspects of Fire Extinction in Aircraft.” Messrs. Glendinning and Maclannan in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY “Industrial Applications of Tracer Chemistry.” Dr. H. Seligman at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) “Microchemical INDUSTRY Methods of Analysis.” Mr. F. P. Johnson at Preston at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “Vitamins Up-to-date,” a Review. Dr. W. F. J. Cuthbertson in London. [ 570 j January 26 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “The Chemistry of Rubber.” Mr.F. A. Jones at the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section jointly with Portsmouth Chemical Society) “Aspects of Fire Extinction in Aircraft.” Messrs. Glendinning and Maclannan at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY ~IANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemical Section) Meeting at the Portico Library Mosley Street Manchester at 5.45 p.m. 27 THE INSTJTUTE (South Wales Section) “Chemistry and Canccr.” Pro-fessor C. w. Shoppee. CHEMICAL “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Steroids.” SOCIETY Professor F. S. Spring at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Buffet Dance at Chelsea Town Hall King’s Road London S.W.3.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY (Sheffield and North-East Centre jointly with the Institute of Metals Sheffield Section) “Silver Copper Alloy with special reference to the Temper Hardening of Sterling Silver.” Mr. J. C. Chaston at the Grand Hotel Sheffield. 30 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The Basis of Chemotherapeutic Research.” Dr. F. L. Rose O.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Uni- versity Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 31 PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Manchester Salford and District Branch) “Modern Developments in Pharmaceutics.” Mr. B. J. Thomas in the Council Chamber Houldsworth Hall Manchester at 7.45 p.m. AND ENGINEERING HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“The Manufacture and Testing of Portland Cement.” Mr. W. N. Espie at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m.February 1 SOCIETYOF PUBLIC CHEMISTS ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL (Physical Methods Group) Discussion on Modern Methods of Moisture Determination. In London. 2 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “New Methods of Quantitative Analysis. ” Mr. R. Belcher in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University College of North Wales Chemical Society) “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Simple Peptides.” Professor F. E. King in the Department of Chemistry University College of North Wales Bangor at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “The Breakdown of High Polymer Substances.” Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Uni- versity Sheffield at 5.30p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section) Scientific Films INDUSTRY Evening at the Gas Showrooms Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. [ 571 3 February 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Modern Methods of Organic Solvent Manufacture.” Dr. J. L. Edgar at the Technical College Brighton at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South-Western Section) “Instrumentation in Modern Methods of Analysis.” Mr.E. J. Vaughan at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Glasgow Section and Plastics and Polymer Group) “Polytetrafluorethylene.” Dr. W. C. Fergusson at Glasgow. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS INSTITUTION (North-West Branch) Annual General Meeting. “Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Alembic Club) “Chemical Analysis Science or Art?” Dr. H. Irving in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford at 8.15 pm. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Recent Develop- INDUSTRY ments in the Surface Coating Industry.” Mr. F. Armitage at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Deodorisation.” Mr. A. Ameil at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 7 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “The Manufacture of Titanium Pigments.” Mr. S. H. Coates in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Midlands Centre) “Electro TECHNICAL Polishing.” Dr. H. E. Zentler-Gordon at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 8 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Dublin and District Section) “Scientific Control in the Transport Industry.” Dr. T. Bratt. in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m.OF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) “Modern Insecti- SOCIETY INDUSTRY cides Their Use in Industrial and Public Health Fields.” Dr. F. P. Coyne at Chester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists) “Colours in Food.” Mr. E. F. Eaton at the Queen’s Hotel Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 9 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Vitamin BIZ.’’ Dr. E. Lester Smith at Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3 at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Papers by Members. At the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “The Breakdown of High Polymer Substances.” Professor H.W. Melville F.K.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Univer- sity Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Studies on Some Organic Fluorine Compounds.” Professor M. Stacey in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. [ 572 ] February 9 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Recent Applications of Infra-red Spectro- scopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. 10 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section jointly with Wolver- hampton Society of Applied Science) Joint Meeting at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section jointly with The Chemical Society and University College of Swansea Chemical Society) “Some Problems in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W.Wardlaw C.B.E. at Univer- sity College Swansea at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Fifty Years of Organic Chemistry.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Main Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) :“The Economics of the Fine Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. Davidson Pratt at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 7 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Hull Branch) “Work of the Public Health Laboratories.” Dr. C. L. Greening at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Recent Advances in Paint Technology,” In the Conference Hall Civic Centre Southamp- ton at 2.30 p.m.BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Symposium at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Function of Fats in our Food.” Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. (Leeds Area Section) “Chemistry and Medicine.” Pro-THE INSTITUTE fessor w. Bradley in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “The Speed of Some Acid-Base Reactions.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Anatomy of the Chemist.” Dr.T. S. Stevens at Wigan and District Mining and and Technical College at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Recent Developments in Ion-Exchange Resins.” Dr. K. W. Pepper at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:Conference on “Formation and Properties of Gas Bubbles.” In London. 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the British Association of Chemists London Section) “The Public Analyst and his Work.” Mr. T. McLachlan D.C.M. at 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Chemistry of Pigment Azo-Dyestuffs.” Mr.J. Glassman at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. [ 673 1 February OF (Northern Branch) “The Production and 15 INSTITUTE PETROLEUM Purification of Low Molecular Weight Olefins.” Dr. H. S. Steiner at the Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: “Recent Advances in Dyeing Nylon Textiles.” Dr. C. T. Douglas at the Victoria Station Hotel Kottingham at 7 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “Applications of Exothermic Solid Reactions to Jet Propulsion and Industrial Purposes.” Dr. J. Taylor M.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Products.” Professor Haworth F.R.S. at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Pedler Lecture “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” SOCIETY Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. in the Lecture Hall The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate London S.W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) : INDUSTRY “The Characteristics and Applications of Mixtures of Portland and High-Alumina Cements.” Dr. T. D. Robson in the Lecture Hall The Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street London S.W.1 at 6 p.m.CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY “Silicones.” Mr. K. Barton at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the OF MINING AND METALLURGY Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section jointly with the Plastics Institute) “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Vinyl Polymers.” Professor C. E. H. Bawn in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Technical College Gloucester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South-Western Section) “The Cereal Chemist and his Problems.” Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones at the Washington Singer Laboratories Exeter at 5 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with the University College Chemical Society) “Modern Inorganic Stereochemistry.” Mr. R. S. Nyholm in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. 18 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-West Branch) “A Survey of Present-Day Pumping Practice in the Chemical Industry.” Mr. N. Tetlow at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting at Westminster Hospital London. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry) “Petroleum Products for the Rubber Industry.” In the Common Hall Hackins Hey Liverpool at 7 p.m. l-674 1 February 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY (London Centre) “Bright Nickel and Chrome Plating (Batch Production) .” Mr.R. Wall M.B.E. at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. 21 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Film Display at Norwood Technical Institute Knight’s Hill London S.E.27 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.” Mr. R. Belcher at the Royal Aircraft Estab- lishment Farnborough at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Leeds University Chemical Society) “Some Recent Applications of Dipole Moment Measurements to Molecular Structure.” Dr. H. D. Springall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Isotopes in Agricultural Research.” Mr.A. J. Low and Mr. P. A. Collier in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30p.m. 2.2 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South Wales Section) “Nature of Plastics.” Film and commentary by Mr. A. A. K. Whitehouse at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Recent Developments in Rheology,” Dr. G. W. Scott Blair in the Zoology Lecture Theatre The University Reading at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.” Mr. R. Belcher at the Municipal Buildings Poole at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section and Road and Building Materials Group) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Photography in the Service of the Scientist.” Dr. H. Baines at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Meeting in London. SOCIETY INDUSTRY INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY: OF “Technical Aspects of High Polymers.” Mr. W. P. Fletcher at the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Advances in Moulding Technique.” Mr. A. A. Tomkins at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section jointly with The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Manchester Section) “Research in progress in the Organic Chemistry Department of Manchester University.” Professor E.R. H. Jones at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.’’ Mr. R. Belcher in the Conference Room Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment Porton at 3.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “Synthesis in the Nucleotide Field.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Lecture Theatre Department of Chemistry The Uni- versity Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. c 675 1 February 24 THEINSTITUTE (North Wales Section) “Research and the Clay Industry.” Dr. A. T. Green O.B.E. at Ruabon at 6.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Local Annual General Meeting and Meeting for the reading of original papers. At the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL(Hull Branch) “Modern Methods of Research SOCIETY in Relation to Pharmaceutical Products.” Mrs. R. Denston at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. March 1 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Deoxysugars and Nucleic Acids.” Professor M. Stacey in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Liverpool Section and the Institute of Petroleum Northern Branch) “High Polymer Solutions.” Pro-fessor C.E. H. Bawn at the Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Mr. S. Callaway at the Cathedral Hotel Salisbury at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (North Wales Section) “High Polymer Solutions.” Professor C. E. H. Bawn at Chester at 7 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Fernhurst Lecture “The Use of Selective Weedkillers in Agriculture.” Professor G. E. Blackman at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 2 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section jointly with the Chemical Society and University College of Hull Scientific Society) “Aromatic Nitration.” Dr.G. M. Bennett F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Mr. S. Callaway at the Municipal Technical College Bournemouth at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Centenary Lecture “The Azulenes.” Professor Dr. P1. A. Plattner (Zurich) in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology London S.W.7,at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Studies on Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at Bristol. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) Annual Meeting. INDUSTRY 3 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South Wales Section) “Laboratory Accidents,” Mr.L. J. Burrage at University College Cathays Park Cardiff. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Bacterial Nucleic Acids.” Professor M. Stacey at University College Cork at 7.45 p.m. March 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Woolwich PoIytechnic Scientific Society) “Careers for Chemists.” Dr. N. Booth at the Woolwich Polytechnic London S.E.18 at 7.30 p.m. THECHEMICAL (jointly with the University College of Swansea SOCIETY Chemical Society) “Three- and Four-membered Heterocyclic Rings.” Professor F. E. King at University College Swansea at 5.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Deoxysugars and Nucleic Acids.” Professor M.Stacey at University College Galway at 7.45 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (London Section and Fine Cherni~als SOCIETY INDUSTRY Group) “Recent Developments in Fluorescent Materials.” Dr. S. T. Henderson and Dr. J. W. Strange in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Flotation of ASSOCIATION Aluminium Pigments.” Mr. L. C. Ward at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 7 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICALSOCIETY (Midlands Centre) “Ex-periences in Bright Nickel Plating.” Mr.G. H. Hands at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 8 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Chemistry of the Phospholipids.” Dr. T. Malkin at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. “Metallic Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.” Dr. Vernon at the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Meeting at Widnes Municipal Technical College at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL “Lycomarasmin The Chemistry of Wilting Diseases.” SOCIETY Professor P1. A. Plattner in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group Microbiological Panel) : INDUSTRY Annual General Meeting.“Impact of Genetics on Microbiology.” Dr. G. Pontecorvo in London. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Trueman Wood Lecture “The Industrial Applications of Atomic Energy.’’ Professor M. L. Oliphant F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “The Chemistry of Anaesthetics.” Professor H. Nisbet F.R.S.E. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the West Ham Municipal College Chemical Research Club) “Photographic Sensitisers. ” Dr. F. M. Hamer at West Ham Municipal College Romford Road London E.15 at 7 p.m.March 9 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “The Rheology of Lubricant Films.” Dr. E. W. J. Mardles in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section jointly with The Chemical Society). “Treatment of Water for Indus- trial Purposes.” Mr. P. Hamer in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “Some Aspects of Structural Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw C.B.E. at the University Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section and Chemical INDUSTRY Engineering Group) Visit to Stanton Ironworks.“High Duty Irons.” Mr. E. Morgan at Stanton. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: INSTITUTION “Engineering with High Poly- mers.” Mr. W. P. Fletcher at the Bell Hotel Leicester at 7.30p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Inorganic Chromato- graphy.” Mr. R. A. Wells in the Agricultural Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section jointly with Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Recent Developments in the Surface Coating Industry.” Mr. F. Armitage in the Lecture Hall Public Library Ipswich at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South \Vales Section) “Chemistry and Biology in a Forensic Science Laboratory.” Dr. F. G. Tryharn. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Heterogeneous Catalysis.” Mr.D. A. Dowden and Dr. P. W. Reynolds at the Williarn Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY:“Coal Tar Phenols.” Dr. McNeil at the Technical College Bradford at 7.16 pm. 11 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Social-Dance at the Oak Restaurant 18 Kensington High Street London W.8. OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Annual General 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting at Leeds. OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “De- 14 SOCIETY INDUSTRY gradation and Weathering of Plastics and Rubbers.” Mr. A. R. Burgess and Mr. G. L. Hamniond at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION Research papers from Imperial OF CHEMrcAL ENGINEERS College and University College London.In the Rooms of the Geo- logical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. AND ENGINEERING : HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Electrolytic Copper Refining.” Mr. D. E. Bellamy at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. ROYALSOCIETY OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) “Soil Erosion in the Colonial Empire.” Sir Harold Tempany C.M.G. C.B.E. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 5.15 p.m. March 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Functions of the Chemist in a Large Industrial Organisation.” Dr. J. Dewar at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 6.30 p.m.IRISHCHEMICAL “Problems Arising from Milk Adultera- ASSOCIATION tion.” Professor G. T. Pyne in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m. (Bristol and District Section) Annual Meeting. “The 16 THE INSTITUTE Constitution and Availability of some Vegetable Fatty Oils.” Pro-fessor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. in the Chemical Department The Uni- versity Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. : CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Photo-excited Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “Recent Developments in Acetylene Chemistry.” Professor E.R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) “Peat.” Dr. G. K. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Fraser at Bangor at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (South-Western Section and Plastics INDUSTRY Group). Annual General Meeting of the Section. “Plastics and Local Industry.” Mr. H. V. Potter at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Abnormal Colour Vision in Industry.” Mr. W. Garner at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the OF MININGAND METALLURGY Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) “Forensic Chemistry.” Mr. E. B. Parkes in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Technical College Gloucester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Mass Spectrometer.” Mr. Ir. W. Rowlands at Workington at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Birmingham University Chemical Society) “Crystal Growth.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Hull Branch) “Aspects of Forensic Science Associated with Pharmacy.” At Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 18 INSTITUTION CHEMICAL ENGINEERS OF (North-West Branch) “The Production of Technical Argon.” Dr. M. Ruhemann at the Coliege of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m.20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (London Centre) “Recent TECHNICAL Developments in Bright Nickel Plating” (discussion). At the North- ampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C. 1. [ 579 1 March 21 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Agricultural Science as a Profession.” Sir James A. Scott-Watson C.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Economic Reactor Design.” Dr. H. W. Ashton and Mr. 0. G. Weller. in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “The Scientific Examina- tion of Pictures.” Dr. A. E. Werner in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “The SOCIETY INDUSTRY Nation’s Manufactured Foods Jams and some other Spreads as Foods.” In London. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Pope Memorial Lecture “Chemistry as a Cultural Instrument.” Professor John Read F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Paper by Dr. R. Slack at the South-East Essex Technical College Lonbridge Road Dagenham at 7 p.m.INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Sprayed Plastic Finishes.” Mr. F. A. Rivett at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “The Disposal of Spent Pickle Liquor.” Dr. J. Pearson at The Mining and Technical Institute Llanelly at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Partition Chromatography.” Mr. R. R. Goodall at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) Annual General SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting (8 p.m.). “Industrial Applications of the Electron Biicro- scope.” Mr. J. W. Sharpe in Liverpool. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Sheffield and North-East Centre) “Structure of Electrodeposited Metals.” Mr.A. W. Hother- sall at the Grand Hotel Sheffield. BIOCHEMICAL Annual General Meeting at University College SOCIETY London. 25 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Dartford Vegetable Parchment Mills at 3 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club) “Analytical Results- Some Facts and Fallacies.” Dr. E. C. Wood at “The Cherry Tree,” Welwyn Garden City at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION (Hull Section jointly with Hull Chemical and Engineering Society) “Perspex.” Mr. L. Griffiths at Hull. [ 580 1 March 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY Meeting at The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS Demonstration of Scientific Instru- ments in the Xicholson Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. 29-30 CHEMICALSOCIETY Anniversary Meetings at Edinburgh. Faraday Lecture “The Application of Radioactive Indicators in Biochemical Studies,” by Professor Dr. G. Hevesy For. Mem. R.S. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual General Meeting. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Production of Heat-resisting Materials by Powder Metallurgy.” Dr. W. D. Jones at Philips Electrical Ltd. New Road Mi”cham Junction at 7.15 p.m. 31 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Branch jointly with the Royal Statistical Society I.A.S.) “Variability in Chemical Analysis”-Discussion of Analytical Results obtained in a Co-operative Investigation.In the Department of Applied Science St. George’s Square Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY(Hull Branch) “Sex Hormones” (colour film). Dr. J. S. White at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 31 March-I April The Institute. Anniversary Meetings in Glasgow. April 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Symposium on “Distillation.” Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. Messrs. H. Kaye C. W. Allen and C. R. Dobson in the Main Lecture Theatre Huxley Building Exhibition Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.15 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Some Aspects ASSOCIATION of the Protection of Iron and Steel against Corrosion.” Dr.U. R. Evans F.R.S. at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual General Meeting (7 p.m.). “The Laboratory Examination of Service Recruits.” Professor F. S. Foweather at Liverpool. 11 SOCIETY (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Tech-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY nique of Osmometry of High Polymers.” Dr. D. Clevedon and Mrs. D. Laker at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Annual General Meeting in London. 13 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Luton Scientific Association) :“Brewing in Britain.” Dr.L. R. Bishop at Luton at 8 p.m. 14 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section jointly with Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science) “Operational Research.” Professor P. M. S. Blackett at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 7.30 p.m. L 581 1 April 14 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS: OF CHEMICAL 28th Annual Corporate Meeting in London. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting in Dublin. OF (North-West Branch) “Acid-15 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS Resistant Vitreous Enamelled Chemical Plant.” Mr. G. E. Charlish and Mr. E. J. Heeley at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Chemistry of Aviation Petrol.” Dr. R. Holroyd at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m.18 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group jointly with the British Society of Soil Science) “Chemical Aspects of Soil Fertility.” 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) :Meeting in London. 18-20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY Conference on “Materials of Construction,’’ at Birmingham. 19 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section jointly with Stafford Chemical Society) Meeting at Stafford. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) Symposium on “The Physical Chemistry of Drug Action.” Professor Sir Cyril Hinshelwood F.R.S. Professor F. A. Paneth F.R.S. Professor A. Albert and Dr.H. R. Ing in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Gower Street London W.C.l at 3 p.m. PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Plastic Coated INSTITUTE Textiles.” Mr. R. C. Thorp at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. OF MINING AND METALLURGY: 20 INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) :Annual General Meeting (7 p.m.). Discussion “Trypanocides.” Dr. L. P. 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Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-An Appointments Register is maintained by the Institute through which Fellows Associates and some senior Registered Students can be informed of vacancies. Facilities are afforded by this Register free to authorities and firms requiring the services of qualified chemists. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on weekdays (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. 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