摘要:

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1948 To be submitted at the Seventy-first Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held on Friday 29 April 1949 In the.world at large the year 1048 brought little relief from the difficulties with which mankind has had to contend since the end of active hostilities. In some countries internal strife has continued to retard efforts of reconstruction and has held back the develop- ment of iiaturaI resources on which the standards of life of the peoples of the world depend. There is however evidence that the underlying causes of international disharmony and distrust are becoming more fully understood and their consequences faced thereby affording a better prospect of bringing under control the forces now leading to disruption and of harnessing them for benefi- cent purposes.New hope has been given to a large part of the world by the operation of Marshall Aid and by the steps recently taken to set up new frameworks of stability through Western Union and the Atlantic Pact. Against this background of world affairs moving towards a new state of equilibrium under the influence of political and economic forces we in this country have made great strides during the year towards re-establishing our industrial potential. A more general understanding of economic necessities has enabled us to bear continuing austerities more hopefully if not more kindly. Moreover we have managed to preserve the unifying characteristics of our ancient constitution with its long continuity of tradition and it was as a member of a great family that the Institute joined with others throughout the British Commonwealth in paying a tribute to Their Majesties the King and Queen on the celebration of their Silver Wedding (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 111 138).In the Institute’s own affairs history was made by holding the Annual General Meeting for the first time outside London and those who attended the Anniversary Meetings which accom- panied this event in Birmingham realised that a new standard of excellence had been achieved for gatherings of this kind. ‘llx Council has expressed its high appreciation of the thought and work put into the arrangements for these meetings by the Committee of the Birmingham and Midlands Section and their colleagues in the area (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948,III 152).The programme of lectures visits and social events was an ambitious one but was carried out most successfully. The very fine Exhibition entitled “The Chemist in the Midlands,” was visited by some 1,400members of the public as well as by members and students of the Institute 113 and there is 110 doubt that the prestige of the Institute has been substantially raised as a result of these events. It is hoped that tlic meetings in .Birmingham will establish a precedent for holding the Annual General Meeting of the Institute outside London in alternate years for in this way the aims and work of the Institute can be kept more directly in accord with the varied interests of the chemical comniunity in different parts of the country.Another landmark in the progress of the Institute was afforded by the publication during the year of the first post-war edition of the Kegistev of Fellows uizd Associates. For a professional body the publication at frequent intervals of a complete Register of members is a matter of high importance and the Coixncil had been much concerned at the impossibility of maintaining this service to members and the public during the war. A gap of 10 years made the task of preparing the Register exceptionally difficult especially as the membership had increased so greatly during that period and a large proportion of established members had changed their addresses and occupations. The Council has expressed its appreciation of the way in which these difficulties were overcome (JOURNAL AND P~oc~m-INGS 1948 VI 322) and has been much gratified by the fewness of the errors to which attention has been drawn since the book was published.In the last Report reference was made to the beginnings of a tour which our distinguished past President Professor Findlay was making in India and Pakistan. Leaving England in November 1947 he returned at the beginning of July 2948 after having visited practically all the centres of scientific activity in those two 1)oiniii- ions as well as having spent a few months in South Llfrica. His presence at the Annual General Meeting of the Indian Section at Patna on 1 January 1948 resulted in a proposal to establish several Local Sections of the Institute in various parts of the Dominion of India and formal petitions for the formation of two such Sections have been received and accepted by the Council.One of them the Bangalore Section was formally constituted during the year. Professor Findlay was also present at Bangalore when for the first time for many years an Examination for the Associateship of thu Institute was being held in India. Since his return he has put before the Council a general scheme for fostering the further development of the profession of chemistry in India based for the time being on an organisation sponsored by the Institute. In this connection the Council has set up a Committee to advise it on all matters relating to Indian and Pakistani affairs and particularly to help and guide Local Sections that may be formed and Honorary Corres- ponding Secretaries who may be appointed in the two Dominions (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 V 249).Owing to the small number of members of the Institute and indeed of chemists in [23 Pakistan it was considered appropriate in the first instance to appoint an Honorary Corresponding Secretary to form a nucleus of an Institute organisation that might develop later into a Local Section or Sections. The growing number of applications for admission to the Institute from Indians has placed an increasing burden on the Indian Advisory Committee organised by Dr. G. J. Fowler in Bangalore and the Council has expressed its appreciation of the way in which this Committee has discharged a difficult duty over a long period of years (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 111 135).Towards the end of the year it was agreed to consider repeating the experiment of holding an Examination for the Associateship at a suitable centre in India at the end of 1949 or the beginning of 1950. The publication of remuneration statistics (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 11 101) after an interval of some years h’as provided information of considerable interest to employers as well as employed chemists. There is evidence that the publication of the figures has had beneficial results. At the Annual General Meeting two matters of far-reaching importance claimed attention. First approval was given to the terms of a Petition for a new Royal Charter and of the draft of the proposed Charter.The reasons for seeking a revised Charter after over 60 years were set forth in an explanatory note that accompanied the resdution (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948,111 133). By the end of the year a number of minor points raised by the Privy Council had been settled and there was reason to expect that the grant of the new Charter by His Majesty the King would follow shortly. The intention to make a thorough revision of the By- Laws had been announced some years ago but although some preliminary steps had been taken it had become clear that the matter could not be fully dealt with until the new Charter had been granted. During the year the Council and its Committee on Revision of Charter and By-Laws made a further examination of the position and put forward certain principles on which amend- ment of the By-Laws governing the constitution of the Council- one of the more controversial issues-might be pursued (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 IV 209; VI 298).]By the end of the year further progress had been made in preparing preliminary drafts of this and other sections of the By-Laws and it is hoped that agreement may soon be reached on changes that are necessary or desirable so that the whole matter may be dealt with at a Special General Meeting to be held in 1949. The second important issue before the Annual General Meeting in 1948 was the increase of annual subscription rates for Fellows and for Associates over age 25. The reasons that had led the Council to submit resolutions with this object were indicated in an 131 explanatory statement sent to members with the notice of meeting (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 111 134).Although there was some difference of opinion on the relative increases in subscriptions that should be made for Fellows and Associates the new subscription rates proposed by the Council were accepted by an overwhelming majority. It was generally realised that without substantial in- creases in subscriptions at this stage the Institute could not proceed with any assurance to develop its activities and services in a manner which most members were known to desire. The new rates of subscription were authorised for application from 1 January 1949. In the meantime it was clear that the deficit on the income and expenditure account for 1947 would grow considerably larger in 1948 even if there were no notable extension of the existing pro- gramme of activities.The financial statements which accompany this Report show that the Treasurer’s estimate of the deficit for 1948 as approaching L3,OOO was a very close one. In other fields of the Institute’s work there has been steady progress. Special mention may be made here of the conference held in London in November on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 VI 236) a full report of which will be published early in 1949. The number of lectures monographs and reports published by the Institute during the year has greatly increased and towards the end of the year much attention was being given to means for improving the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,as to make this publication of so greater use and interest to members (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 VI 324).A notable increase also took place in the number of meetings held under the auspices of Local Sections. The list on pages 23-27 shows that considerable efforts have been made by Section Committees to introduce variety into their programmes and these efforts have been widely appreciated. Means for arousing the interest of school-children in the profession of chemistry have been much in the minds of the Membership Committee and valuable experiments in the organisation of special meetings for this purpose were made in the latter part of the year by the London and South- Eastern Counties Section and the Manchester and District Section.Authority was given to the Birmingham and Midlands Section to establish a series of P. F. Frankland Memorial Lectures and considerable progress was made towards raising a fund for this purpose. Important changes were made in the regulations for admission to the Fellowship of the Institute (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 IV 240). Steps were taken towards organising National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland) on a basis more comparable with those for England and Wales and for Scotland. The question of how far National Certificates in Chemistry and c 41 Applied Chemistry might serve as a more definite step towards the Associateship of the Institute was still the subject of discussion (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 VI 299). The two Conferences of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held during the year were of great value in bringing forward new ideas and in co-ordinating proposals for their implementation (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 111 155; VI 297). Following discussions on directions in which the activities of Local Sections might usefully be extended the Council agreed at the end of the year to an improved scale of grants to Local Sections to come into effect on 1 January 1949 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 I 34). The calls on the Benevolent Fund increased somewhat during the year and some concern is felt at the fact that subscriptions and donations have not been maintained at the level necessary for meeting these obligations (see page 18).No special appeal for support of the Fund was made as it was thought desirable to await the development of the scheme for providing residential clubs for old people which would need considerable financial resources. Towards the end of the year agreement was reached among a number of professional institutions for the establishment of a Company limited by guarantee to acquire and administer on their behalf property to be used for this purpose. There was reason to believe that this scheme would come into operation early in 1949 (see page 19). In the summer it became possible to carry out long deferred repairs of war damage to the Institute’s building and to reconstruct part of the basement as a housekeepers’ flat.The Council had long been concerned at the risks involved in leaving the building un- attended outside working hours and is now glad to report that since July resident housekeepers have been appointed and have undertaken among their other duties the provision of a canteen service which has been much appreciated by the staff as well as by members of the Council and Committees attending meetings in the Institute. The Council desires to express its appreciation of the work of the salaried Officers and staff of the Institute who have continued to deal effectively with a growing volume of day-to-day business while playing an important part in preparing and putting into effect plans for a variety of improvements and new developments.Further details of these and other activities and events during the year are recorded below under the appropriate headings. MEMBERSHIP AND STUDENTSHIP The Council has learned with regret of the death during the year (or earlier) of the following Fellows Associates and Registered Students :-Fellows Herbert Ackroyd William Hamilton Edward Charles Cyril Baly C.B.E. F.R.S. Thomas Goode Joyce Albert Edward Bell Walter George Leach Arthur Braithwaite George Stanley Withers Marlow John Edward Byles George McGowan Harold Calm Edward Miller Melville Edward Mitchell Chaplin Albert Henry Mitchell Thomas Cooksey Charles Ainsworth Mitchell Alexander Steven Corbet James Gordon Parker John Chester Cowap William George Prescott William Cullen Charles Fletcher Roberts Bernard Furley Davis George Scott Robertson Reginald Murdin Drake O.B.E.Frank Berry Smith Cecil Cooke Duncan George Steedman Bernard Dyer John Henry Sugden Charles James John Fox George Rudd Thompson William Robert Guy Samuel Russell Trotman Edward Halliwell Florence Mary Wood Charles Alexander Hill Associates Richard Parkinson Bothamley Eric Holgate Joseph Brierley William Jackson Lund Hugh Browning Brown William Stephen Milne Peter Bourhill Thomas Henry Nunan Arthur Herbert Clark Vinayak Nilkanth Sarangdhar Frederick Clarkson-Harold Alfred Ernest Llewellyn Slann Oliver Cecil Elvins William Smith Subikas Das Gupta Alexander Benham Stich Jeremy Bowdich Hale Elizabeth Brownsword Stirling David Handley Students Sidney Steger Robert Lionel Woodroofe Changes in membership and studentship during the year are recorded below with the corresponding figures for 1947 for com-parison.Twelve months ended 32 December Additions and promotions 1947 1948 40 New Fellows . . .. .. .. .. 38 1 Fellows re-elected .. .. .. .. 1 182 Associates elected to Fellowship .. .. 178 New Associates .. .. .. .. 399 44s 14 Associates re-elected .. .. .. 16 167 Students elected to Associateship . . .. 138 674 New Students .. .. .. .. 489 Students re-admitted .. .. .. 6 S Deaths Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 43 35 Associates .. .. .. .. .. 31 18 Students . ... .. .. .. 4 3 Resignations Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 4 9 Associates Students .. .. .. .. *a .. .. .. .. .. 28 57 53 53 Reinovals Fellows .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Associates .. .. .. .. .. 21 - Students .. .. .. .. .. 163 169 The numbers of Fellows Associates and Students on the Kegister of the Institute at 31 December 1948 and at the same date in 1947 were as follows:- At 31 Decembev 1947 1948 Increase Fellows .. 3,590 3,769 179 -4ssociates .. 7,015 7,391 376 10,605 11,160 555 Students .. 1,621 1,912 -291 ____ . The net increase of 655 in the number of corporate members in 1948is very close to the record figure of 560 reached in 1944 and well above the average for the five years 1943-1947 of 489. The rate of growth of corporate membership is now more than double what it was before the war; thus for the five years 1935-1939 the average was only 254.This striking difference is largely due no doubt to the increased output of trained chemists from the universities and technical colleges during and since the war but there is reason to believe that it also reflects a growing tendency for those with appropriate qualifications to seek admission to the professional body. These membership figures may be regarded as satisfactory but ~71 there are still many chemists qualified for admission to the lnstitute who have not applied for membership. In order that the Institute may be able to speak and act more fully for the profession of chemistry as a whole-a matter of special importance in these times-it should have the support of all chemists of standing and repute and the Membership Committee set up in 1947 has con- tinued to examine means of attracting to membership of the Insti- tute a still larger proportion of the suitably qualified chemists in the country.Certain long-term proposals put forward by the Com- mittee during the year have not yet been considered by the Council but useful work has been done in several directions. Thus the Committee has prepared a leaflet for students of chemistry setting forth the reasons why they should become Registered Students of the Institute as soon as they are eligible and thus participate in the Institute’s activities and be in a favourable position to proceed to corporate membership when qualified.This leaflet should be available for issue early in 1949. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section who initiated this project and gave valuable help in preparing yreliminai-y drafts. The Membership Committee has also been concerned with means for arousing and guiding the interest of school-boys and girls in chemistry as a profession. The brochure entitled “The Profession of Chemistry,” first written many years ago by Mr. K. B. Pilcher the former Registrar and Secretary has been in its various editions of great value for this purpow both to school-children and to their parents. It has been concluded however that even the abridged edition puhiished in 1944 is already in need of extensive revision in order to bring it hto line with presenr-day practice alid interests and thc ltreinbersliip Committee is addressing itseif to this task.Another line of approach is through what are commonly called “careers talks” and some interesting experiments in this field were made in the latter part of the >-car by the Manchester arid 17istrict Section and the London and South-Eastern Counties Section. An article on this general topic with speck1 reference to the experience gained from these Local Section meetings is being prepared at the instance of the Membership Conmiittee for publication in JOL’IINAL AND PROCEEDINGS. It may be u~.llto emphasise again that the object of the Member-ship Committee is not to institute or conduct a mere propaganda campaign for increased membership but to suggest and develop means whereby the benefits and privileges of membership niay be improved and extended so as to secure the active support of a still greater proportion of British chemists not only for the Institute itself but also for thc societies associated with it on the Chemical Council.L SI Particulars of iiidividual menil>ei-s;~iidinformatioil ahiit t 1,cir geographical distribution were made generally available ior the first time since 1938 by the publication in the autumn of the Register of Fellows and Associatrs at 31 March 1948 (JOURNAL AND PKO-CEEDINGS 1948 171 322). The smallness of the nuxber of errors to which attention has been drawn since publication is a measure of the success with which the difficulties of preparing this Register after.a gap of 10 years have been overcome. Ihiring that interval membership had grown from 7,034 to 10,744 and changes liad occurred in the addresses or occupations of the majority of those who were members in 1938. The Council has paid a tribute to the exceptional energy and experience brought to bear on this task by Miss Cawston Assistant Secretary who with the valuable co- operation of Mr. Raymond Deputy Executive Officer undertook the whole of the detailed work and established a high standard for future editions. The thanks of the Council were also accorded to the Printers Messrs. W. Heffer 8 Sons Ltd. for their advice and co-operation in the production of the book.'The information contained in the new Register will be of great value not only to the Institute and its members but also to Government Departments industry and the public and tributes to its usefulness have already been received from many quarters. Among the particulars in the Register is membership of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry and a special sign is used to distinguish those who were in 1948 joint subscribers to at least the three chartered chemical bodies. The number of such joint subscribers has continued to increase and at 31 December 1948 stood at 3,302. This compares with 3,240 at the end of 1947 and 2,382 at the end of 194.2. During the year the business organisation of the Con joint Chemical Ofice was thoroughly overhauled and there is reason to believe that many of the diffi-culties which inevitably beset an institution established dia-ing the war will be overcome in the ensuing year.THE COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES At the Annual General Meeting 1948 Professor F. Challenger and Mr. E. T. Osborne were elected to fill the vacancies ammg Vice-Presidents caused by the retirement of Mr. A. L. Eacharach and the late Dr. William Cullen on completion of their terms of office. There were no other changes among the Officers but there was a considerable alteration in membership of the Council through the automatic retirement of members who had served for threi. con- secutive vears. 91 1)uring the year 10 meetings of the Council kvcw held one of them in the Hotel Russell owing to the Couiicil Chamlxr being in the hands of the builders.Committees of the Council and of the Institute that havc been active during the period are listed below with the names of their Chairmen (since the Anniial General Meeting 1048) and the niinibers of meetings held. Committees of Council Finance and House Committee . . . . The Tveasuyer 8 Nominations Examinations and Institu-The President with Prof. 10 tions committee. H. V. A. Briscoe Vice-President as Vice-Chairman. Publications and Library Committee . . Prof. F. Challenger T'icr-9 President. Special Purposes Committee . . . . The Prcsidrnt 1 Standing Committees of the institute -4ppointments and Economic Status Com- Prof.A. Findlay Vice-5 mittee. President with Dr. F. Roffey as Vice-chairman. Benvolent Fund Committee .. . . The Treasurcr 8 Scientific Courses Committee . . . . Prof. F. Challenger Vice-1 President. Ad hoc Committees of the institute committee on Revision of Charter and By-Prof. A. Findlay Vice-3 Laws. President; (Acting Chairman The Presi- dent). Membership Committee . . .. . . Prof. F. Challenger Vice-6 President. Advisory Committee on Indian and Prof. A. Findlay Vice-2 Pakistani Affairs. President. The representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees that have been active during the year were as follows:-The Chemical Council Mr. R. C. Chirnside Professor A. Findlay Rlr. G.Roche Lynch and The Treasurer. The Joint Council of Professional Scientists Mr. M. B. Donald Professor A. Findlay Dr. R. P. Linstead Mr. G. Roche Lynch Sir Robert Pickard and the Secretary. The Joint Library Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Mr. H. W. Cremer and Professor A. Findlay. The Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists The President Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Professor A. Findlay Mr. E. T. Osborne Mr. R. W. Sutton Mr. E. J. Vaughan and the Registrar. 101 Joint Committccs on Sational Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and \Vales) Professor H. V.-4 Briscoe Mr. R. C. Chirnside Professor A. Findlay Mr. J. A. Oriel and Mr.A. J. Prince. (b) with the Scottish Education Department Professor J. W.Cook JIr. G. E. Dodds and Dr. K.13. Strathdee. The representatives of the Institute on other bodies have been as follows:-The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee Professor A. Findlay (a Vice- President of the committee) and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. Sub-committee on Technical Education Mr. R. I,. Collett. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons _%ct,1933) Statzetory Appoigzt-wenf Mr. G. Roche Lynch. The Advisory Committee appointed under ++he Therapeutic Substances -Act 1926 Professor D. H. Hey. U.K. Food and Agriculture Organisation Consultative Committee Mr. A. L. Bacharach. The Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour Mr. R. L. Collett.Ministry of Health Technical Committee on Sewage and Sewage Effluents- Methods of Chemical Analysis Mr. W. Gordon Carey. The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society Professor J. W.Cook. British National Committee of the IVorld Power conference Dr. J. G. King. Royal Intitute of British Architects Conference on Laboratory Design Dr. T. 147. Parker. The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution Pulr. E. T. Osborne. The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) Dr. A. H. Cook. The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute Mr. W.El. Simmons The Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute on the Dyeing of Textiles Dr.H. H. Hodgson. Joint Committee on the Standardisation of Methods of Chemical Analysis of Potable tFaters Mr. W. Gordon Carey. The Scientific Film Association Appraisals Committee Dr. IT. L. Allen; Sciences Committee Mr. D. 34. Freeland. The Chemical Trades A4dvisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes Mr. R. L. Collett. The Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians Dr. H. J. T.Ellingham (Hon. Secretary to the Committee). Russell Square Garden Commission JIr. Ti. 13. Pilcher. A number of Fellows and Associates have continued to serve on various Committees of the British Standards Institution. The following additions to Institute representation have occurred during the year:-Conference on the Standardisation of the yH Scale Professor H.T. S. Britton appointed ; Technical Committee FCC/3-Ethyl Alcohol Mr. E. H. Nurse appointed. r 111 'lhc Institute w~as:~lsooflficiall!. relmsc'ntetl at n iiiirnlxr of special m7ents chiring the year :-The Health Congrtw of the Ko~-:il Sanitary Institute- -by Mr. A. Wooclmansey;The Rubber Technology Conference-by 111.. E. H. Farmer F.R.S. ; Centenary Celebrations of the Thomacon ('ollege of Ikgineering Koorkee-by 1)r. S. Krishna C.T.1'. ; Installation of the Earl of Halifax as Chancellor of the I'ni\wsitj- oi Sliokicld-by Nr. E. .j. I'aughaii. Mr. F. 13. 3Tarrnoy attended as mi ohseri-er on behalf of thc Institute ;I ('onference on the Ksyaiisioii of lfiglm Il:ducation at Oxford.Professor Alexander Fiiidlay returned in July from his extensive tour of India Pakis.t;tn and South Africa and the Council has cs-pressed cordial appreciation of the valuable services he has rendered to the Institute rtiid to the science and profession of chemistry in undertaking this mission and carrying it through with such outstanding distiiiction and success. The thanks of the Coiincil were also arcorded to 311-s. Findlay \vho ~tcconipanicd him throiigliout the journcj-. Reports on the status of tlie profession of chemistry in India ancl Pakistan mid 011 the present ;ind potential position of the Institute's affairs in these two Ihmiiiions have bwii rwei\.etl from Professor FindJay and among the :ictions taken by the C'oiincil on the reconimeridations contained in these report> has been the constitution of an -4dvisory ('oninlittee on Indian arid Pakistani Affairs (JOYIZNAT mi) PKOCEI.~I~INGS, 1948 T' 249).The functions of this Committee are to advise the Comicil on affairs in India and Pakistan and to help and guide Locd Sections that ma)- be formed (see p. 13) and Honorar!- Corres1)ondiiy Secretaries who may be appointed in the two Ilominions. The Committee uiider the Chairmanship of Professor FincllaS. has rnade a good beginning on its difficult task. ?. 1 he Council has also expressed its appreciation of the special service? of Mr. A. L. Hacharach as Chairinan of the Publications and Librarj- Committee from 1046 to 1948 and of Ur.Id*.Roffey as acting Chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Corn-rnittee during Professor Findlay's absence abroad and accords sincere thanks to all who have served 011 Committees and as representatives of the Institute on other bodies. CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS Following consultations with Local Section Conimittees ant1 further cliscussions by the Council agreement was reached earlj. in the year on the ternis of a Petition for a new Royal Charter arid on a draft of the Charter itself. At the Annual General Meeting in Birmingham on 16 April a resolution was passed authorking the Council to present the draft Petition and Charter to His Majesty's Privy Council with a view to obtaining the grant to the Institute by His Majesty the King of a new Tioyal Charter in the terms of the 1131 draft and to agree on behalf of the Institute to any modificatioiis of or additions to the draft that might be necessary or desirable in order to comply with any requirements made by the Privy Council (JOUKNAL AND PKOCEEDINGS, 1948 HI 146).Since then a number of points of detail have been raised by the Privy Council with the Institute’s Solicitors and a few specific proposals for modification of the text were gladly adopted by the Institute Council. By the end of the year most of these questions had been settled and there was reason to expect that the Charter would be granted early in 1949. Although it had been decided not to proceed with revision of the By-Laws until the new Charter had been granted it was clearly desirable that consideration of the principal issues involved should not be delayed.Much useful work was done during the year in preparing the ground for this important task which it is hoped may be brought to completion in 1949. During 1948 three new Local Sections were constituted the Mid- Southern Counties Section covering Dorset Hampshire and the southern part of Wiltshire; the North Wales Section covering the northern counties of Wales including Flintshire which was formerly part of the Liverpool and North-Western Section ; the Bangalore Section serving an undefined area in the south-western part of India. The inaugural meetings of these Sections were attended respectivelj- by the President Professor Findlay and Sir Alfred Egerton.Yeti-tions were received and accepted for the formation of two further Local Sections the South-Western Counties Section to serve the counties of IDevon and Cornwall and the southern part of Somerset ; the Sorthern India Section to be centred on Tlelhi. ’The constitii- tion of these had not been completed by the end of the year. The problem of securing effective representation of all parts of Great Britain and Ireland on the Council has not been finally solved but the Council has put forward principles on which the existing regulations for the elcctioii of District Members of Council might be modified. A statement of these principles with an example of how they might be applied has been coniniuiiicated to Local Section Committees for consideration so that tlic whole cluestion ~naj’bc discussed at the nest Conference of Hon.Secretaries. r. 1 he Council again desires to express sincere appreciation of the valuable work undertaken by the Officers aid Committees of Local Sections. and to accord special thanks to the Honorary Secretaries on whom a major share of the burden necessarily falls. FINANCE HOUSE AND STAFF MATTERS The Financial Statements foi-the year 1 948,which accompany this report (see pp. 31-43) have been drawn up on the same general [ 13 J basis as last year. It will be recalled that the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1947 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 11 70-71) included for the first time the value of the property and chattels of the Institute and that due provision was made for the depreciation of these assets in the General Income and Expenditure Account.In view of these alterations a departure from the established form of the accounts was unavoidable last year but with the publication of the accounts for the year 1948 alongside the corresponding figures for 1947 which were drawn up on similar principles an accurate comparison of the financial position of the Institute in successive years can now be made. The only further ‘modification in the Balance Sheet is in deducting from the value of the Leasehold Building at 31 December 1947 the current value of the Redemption Fund that is being built up to replace it. This course was adopted after consultation with the Institute’s Accountants as giving a clearer indication of the purpose of the Redemption Fund.In presenting the accounts for 1947 at the last Annual General Meeting (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948,111 142) the Honorary Treasurer warned members that a deficit approaching L3,OOO would probably be incurred during 1948. The actual excess of expenditure over income amounts to f12,936 18s.. 7d. The origins of this deficit were explained to members at the last Annual General Meeting in presenting the case for raising annual subscriptions and the present financial statements show that the increased expenditure is spread over many items in the accounts. There are however two basic factors the continued expansion of the activities and services of the Institute and the decrease in the purchasing power of money.The income from Annual Subscriptions and Registration Fees has increased by f1876 over the corresponding figure for 1948-a satisfactory reflection of the continued increase in membership and in the number of Registered Students. In view of the many changes in investments which have been made during the year comparison with dividends and interest earned during 1947 is difficult and some explanation may be necessary. Investments have been made at intervals during the past 70 years and the investment market has altered greatly since the earlier securities were acquired. Some concern was felt at the uneven distribution of securities in respect of capital redemption and the changes made were essentially such as to provide a more ordered sequence of maturity dates.Professional advice was obtained from a firm of Brokers Messrs. C. F. Chance & Co. appointed by the Council. The result has been that in securing this primary object an increase of E850 in the nominal value of the investments has also occurred while the income from the new securities will be f119 per annum more than from those previously held. These advantages have been partially offset however by the diminution both in I143 nominal value of and annual interest from Railway Stocks com- pulsorily converted to British Transport Stock but the total nominal value of the Institute’s investments has risen by E731 as compared with that at the end of 1947.As the practice of showing investments at cost in the Balance Sheet has been continued these advantages are not immediately apparent in the accounts. The slight fall in the income from Investments in 1948is due in part to the reduced income from various Railway Stocks which were converted on 1 January 1948 but the main cause is the sale of L4,OOO 3Q per cent. War Loan beiore the dividend (fT70) for the half-year became due for payment on 1 June; this loss of income is offset of course by the higher price obtained for these securities. An increase of L391 in the nominal value of the Sir Alexander Pedler Fund investments was also achieved without disbursement from the Fund. On the expenditure side Rates and Income Tax under Schedule “A” have increased as a result of the re-assessment of the Institute’s building following rehabilitation of the laboratory after bomb- damage and derequisition by the Holborn Borough Council of the basement cellars which were used during the recent war as a public air-raid shelter.It has been possible also to effect certain minor repairs neglected during the war years and expenditure on Repairs and Maintenance has increased by L150 as a consequence. The establishment of living quarters for resident housekeepers and the provision in the latter half of the year of canteen facilities have also increased expenditure on those items as well as on Light Power and Fuel. The growth of the Institute and the development of its work have necessitated additions to the staff with consequent increase in expenditure on Salaries and Wages.During 1948 one new appoint- ment was made in addition to that of the housekeepers and one member of the staff returned after service with H.M. Forces. The staff establishment of the Institute was thus brought up to 24. Towards the end of the year authority was given for making two further appointments and these will entail additional expenditure in 1949. The continued rise in the scale of charges for Printing and Stationery is largely responsible for the marked increase in ex-penditure on these items both in the General Income and Ex-penditure Account and in the Special Activities Accounts. In July approval was given to an increase in the Examination Fees to be charged to candidates in the following year in order to meet the cost of the higher fees now payable to Examiners and the heavier expenditure entailed in hiring laboratories.It is felt that the holding of examinations should not impose too heavy a burden on the general funds of the Institute and it is expected that the [ 151 deficit on the Examinations and Assessments Account will disappear in 1949 when these changes have come into effect. It is appreciated that many members have their main contact with the Institute through the activities of Local Sections and the Council has been concerned with the importance of giving further support to this side of the Institiite's work. From the figures given in the Local Sections Account it can be seen that the expenditure on Local Sections has risen by L843.It will increase further in 1949 as a result of the improved scale of grants adopted in December. The practice of charging unusual and non-recurrent items of expenditure to the General Contingencies Reserve Account first adopted in 1947 has been continued and revenue which is not applicable to a single year has been credited to this account. Among the charges made against this Reserve Account in 1948 was the cost of certain building work which though improving the amenities of the building could not be regarded as adding materially to its value In view of the substantial balance reniaining on the Intermittent Publications Reserve after provision for the new edition of the Register of Fellows and Associates it was decided not to appropriate any further sum for this purpose in 1948 but it will of course be necessary to make such appropriations in future years.Payment for the Register had not actually been made at the end of the year and the necessary sum (;52,48719s. 5d.)has therefore been included under Sundry Creditors in the Balance Sheet. Examination of the Balance Sheet will show that the financial position of the Institute is almost unimpaired despite the substantial deficit on the General Income and Expenditure Account incurred for the second year in succession. This is due to the established practice of putting Entrance Fees and Life Composition I'ees to capital. In 1948 the sum of 42,176 received from these sources was added to the Investment Fund which shows a net increase of g2,087.The new item in the Balance Sheet the Newton Chambers Prize Fund appears because this fund was first placed under tlie administration of the Institute during the year. ,4t the end of the year a small overdraft at the Bank was arranged in order to meet expenditnre in the last week of December without realising investments. 'Il.:ith the increased revenue to be derived from Annual Sub- scriptions and from Examination Fees in 1949 the excesses of expenditure over income which have occurred in 1948 and in the previous year should disappear and it should be possible to develop the activities and services of the Institute in the interest of members and of the profession without undue restriction through lack of funds.161 I)uring ilw >-ear it ticcame poss"iblc ,it last to get O\lt staniliiig items of w;kr damage to the building repaired. The rep1:tcenient (if windows in the Council Chamber and the Library which had been largely blacked out since 1944,caused general satisfaction and the removal of blast walls which had obstructed the light to the semi- basement was of great advantage. An article on the Institute's building with special reference to its present condition and amenities has been prepared for publicatioii in JOI'IWXJ ANI) I.'HOCEEDINGS (1949,I 3) and it is hoped that members will visit the building when occasion offers particularly during the forthcoming Aniiiversar j. Meetings. BENEVOLENT FUND The Benevolent Fund Committee had it5 attention drawn during the year to three new cases where substantial help was required.The widow of an ,lssociate who had died in 1047 at an earIj- age was left with four children. ;4lthough two of these were b!-a former marriage and had just taken junior Imts provision for the famil\- as a whole was verj. inadequate ancl Irelp ohtxinahle from other quarters was uncertain pending the settlemciit of a iiuinl)cr of legal questions. In these circumstances and in view of the illness of the younger children a grant of Q ~wrweek was mwlc fo the widow until the end of the year after which the lwsition w-ould 1x1 I-eviewcd in the light of subserlucnt cle\*eloi)iiictits. lln immediate grant of L50 was made to the widow of a member who died before the war.She MV~ now 80 years of age and in poor health and the expiry of the lease of the house in which she was living with an unmarried daughter had increased her expenses as well as depriving her of rent which she had long enjoyed from sub-letting part of the house. There is reasmi to believe that financial assistance will be obtainable in this case from other sources and no further call on the Fiiiici has so far been 1na.tlc. An Associate aged 47 imrrkl with two rhiltlrcii of scltool age had suffered a nervous breakdowii ant1 had to give iip his post in order to undergo treatment. His wife had taken inid employment to keep the home together but this had been interriipled by her own illness. An imnicciiate payment of ;5AO xiid a iemporar!- grant of El per week were made to the wife chiring her illness.Sirice the end of the year the Llssociate has recoi-cl sufficientlj- to take ;i new post and a small grant has been imde to enable hiin to rc- establish himself in employment . During the year reguIar grants to four persons came to an end the widow of one inember and the sister of another died; an Associate who had been suffering fronz a serious illness recovered sufficiently to undertake light work which made him self-supporting ; the nine children of a widow had all passed school age and werc 151 able to support themsel\-es aiid their mother without further assistance from the Fund. The total number of persons or families in receipt of regular grants at the end of the year was IT.Most of these were elderly widows or widows with young children. In all cases the help given by the Fund has served to relieve serious distress and where young children were concerned to provide for their education and welfare. The Committee has continued to take a special interest in the children of beneficiaries and has maintained the scheme introduced in 1946 of making special grants up to 510 per child to enable them to obtain a suminer holidaj-. This )-ear the sum allocated for this purpose \vas i177 10s. from uhich 21 children benefited. In order to gi\-e a clearer picture of the operation of the Fund during the year the financial statements ha\-e been preseiited in the form of income aiid expenditure accounts instead of receipts and payments accounts as iii foriner vears.The Benevolent Fund accounts ha\-c thus been brought into line with other Institute accounts. Reference to the Current Account on p. 40 shows that the loans granted aniounted to tJ75. This sum was divided among four members to meet tempom-!. financial difficulties. A review of outstanding loans was made during the >-ear arid repayments amounted to L62 3s. Promises have been rcceivrd of further repayments during 1949 in some cases by regular instalinents. Leaving aside these loan transactions the expenditure on special and regular grants amounted to @,449 against #,431 in 1947 and the total expenditure on current account to @,833 against i2,651. Receipts from subscriptions arid annual siib-scriptions (including those made under Deed of Covenant) were j1,719 against k1,865 in 1947 and if donations be added (but iiot bequests) the total revenue from supporters amounted to L2,277 as compared with @,658 in the previous year.It will be seen that in spite of iiicreased membership therc has been a notable fall in the support given by members and other well-wishers while the calls on the Fund have increased. Part of the increase in expenditure is accounted for however by the increased amount spent on children’s holidays and the larger donation to Reed’s School where a number of children of beneficiaries have received an excellent education. Two of these children are still at the School and admission for others will probably be sought in the course of th’e next few years.It will be noted that a further substantial sum ha5 been received for the Fund from the sale of What Iizdi&ry Owes io ChenzicaZ Scieizce. The copyright of this book was handed over to the Institute by Mr. K. €3. Pilcher for the benefit of the Fund. Con-[ 181 tributors to it gave their services free and the printers Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons produced it on generous terms. Altcgether the Fund has benefited to the extent of @40 from this source and the Committee has expressed its thanks to all who have helped to secure this valuable result. The thanks of the Committee have been accorded to the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and to the Toronto Branch of the Chemical Institute of Canada for their generous action in sending food parcels to regular beneficiaries under the Fund.Residential Clubsfor Elderly People.-In the last Report reference was made to the scheme for establishing and maintaining Residential Clubs for Old People on behalf of a group of professional and trade institutions. Considerable progress has been made with this project and towards the end of the year steps were taken to form a Company limited by guarantee with the provisional title of “Crossways Trust Ltd.” to give effect to the proposals and to secure a suitable property for the first Club. Institutions partici- pating in this scheme will obtain the right of nomination of a resident in such clubs by subscribing a unit sum (probably about L1,OOO) and each resident will pay at an agreed rate (say 3 guineas per week) for board and lodging.The intention is thus to help those whose means are inadequate for them to live in a commercially- run hotel or boarding house and who through age or incapacity are unable to manage their own domestic affairs in other ways. Any member of the Institute and his wife widow or dependant relative who cannot afford the weekly payments for residence may receive help from the Benevolent Fund in the same way as others living in their own homes already do. Since the end of the year a property has been acquired for use as the first residential club under the Crossways scheme. In order to participate in this scheme the Institute will need to raise substantial sums from members and other well-wishers and as soon as the conditions for giving financial support to Crossways have been settled an appeal will be launched for this very worthy object.The Council is concerned to ensure that such an appeal shall not detract from the support given to the Benevolent Fund for its established purposes; indeed as has been indicated above increased contributions are greatly needed for those purposes. It is hoped therefore to make provision for contributions to a Residential Clubs Fund to be made on terms which may enable members and other well-wishers to support both of these charities. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARIES The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS has been published in the customary six annual parts but it is intended to make it a monthly [ 191 periodical as soon as conditions permit.It ik; hoped that this may be possible in 1950. In the meantime attention is being given by the Publications and Library Committee to means for improving the Journal and the opinions of members on this question have been invited (JOURNAL AN11 PKOCEEIIINGS, 1948 171 324). The desirability of extending the use of larger type and of including editorials and more articles on professional matters o€ current interest has been generally accepted and plans were approved towards the end of the year for advancing in these directions during 1949. Among special articles that have appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in the year under review were :-“ The Royal Institute of Chemistry Its Place Among British Chemical Societies and Institutions,” 111 167 ; “An Indian Tour,” by Professor Alexander Findlay-,V 269; “Transferability of Pension Rights,” by Mr.Harry IVard 171 312; “A South African Diary,” by Professor Alexander Findlay VI 318. A report on Remuneration Statistics (11 101) and an article on the Register of Fellows and Associates (VI 322) also appeared during the year. In the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports which is being developed as an important separate group of Institute publications the following were issued during the year:- “Nutritional Requirements of Man in the Light of War-time Experience.” Eleventh Gluckstein Memorial Lecture (1947) by Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.“The Determination of Alcohol,” Third Tatlock Mernorial Lec- ture (1947) by Dr. J. K. Nicholls. “Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment,” Third Dalton Lecture (1947) by Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.K.S. “Some Applications of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” Meldola Medal Lecture (1947) by Dr. A. W. Johnson. “The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications,” Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture (1947) by Mr. George Taylor. “Chemical Ciyliering X Universal Code as an Aid to Chemical Systematics,” by Messrs. M. Gordon C. E. Kendall and W. H. T. Davison. “The Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington,” by Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. “The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry,” by Professor hl.Stacey. [BO] In addition to the above publications which have been issued free of charge to all members and registered students reports of proceedings at the following conferences have been published for issue to those who :Lttmdetf; copies are :tvailnblc to others by purchase :-Proceedings of a Colloquium (Dublin 1947) on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed ” published jointly with the Irish Chemical Association. 5s. net. Report of a Symposium (St. Llndrews 1947) on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.” 7s. 6d. net. The publication during the year of The Register of Fellows and Associates at 31 March 1948 is referred to above (see p. 19) as an event of outstanding importance.Following the replacement of windows in the Library of the Institute further progress has been made in the rearrangement of books and periodicals and in improving facilities for their consulta- tion. In addition to the privileges accorded to Fellows Associates and Registered Students in the use of the Library of the Chemical Society at Burlington House and by ticket of the Science Library at the Science Museum South Kensington Fellows and A4ssociates are now permitted to use the University Library at the Senate House University of London on application being made through the Office of the Institute. NOMINATIONS EXAMINATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS The Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee has met on the Friday morning before each meeting of the Council and when necessary on the previous Thursday afternoon.The number of applications reported on during the yea was 1,790 compared with 1,544 in 194’7. New Regulations for the admission of Fellows were promulgated in August an explanatory article being published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 IV 240. The name of the Treforest School of Mines and Technology was added to the list of Institutions recognised for training candidates for admission to the Associateship and several other Colleges have been visited with a view to such recognition. The Committee for oral examinations under the Chairmanship of Professor H. IT. ,?. Rriscoe with Dr. J. K. Nicholls as his deputy i 211 has held 22 meetings and has interviewed 158 candidates with the following results :-Under Para.111 (p. 17 of Regulations) . Passed .. 46 Referred for further study and re-examination.. 6 -52 TJnder Clause I (C) (p. 14 of Regulations) .. Passed .. 57* Referred .. 24 Declined .. 2 83 Applications for direct admission to the Passed .. 6 a. Associateship . . .. .. Referred .. 5 -11 Applications from Associates for admission Passed .. 3 to the Fellowship. Referred .. 1 _I 4 Applications for admission to the Fellow- Recommended 3 ship direct. Students applying for exemption from pre- Accepted . . 4 liminary exapination . .. .. Declined .. 1 -5 158 -* Of whom 7 had been previously referred for further study and re-examination. The following members of the Council have also acted as Examiners on the Committee The President Mr.Bacharach Dr. Booth Mr. Chirnside and Professor Linnell. By the courtesy of the Universities of Birmingham Leeds London Manchester and of the Royal Technical College Glasgow and the Central College Bangalore India examinations were held in their laboratories during the year. The thanks of the Council were also accorded to several Fellows for individually giving facilities for examination. The entries to examinations and the results are summarised below :-Examined Passed A ssocialeship in England .. .. .. .. 287 123 , in India . . .. .. .. .. 6 3 Branch C. Organic Chemistry Fellowship; .. .. .. 6 4 High Polymers .. with special reference to- .. .. 5 2 Fine Chemicals .... .. 1 0 Petroleum . . .. .. .. 1 0 Oils and Fats .. .. .. 1 1 E. Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water 25 16 G. Industrial Chemistry with special reference to-Dyes and Intermediates Portland Cement .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 0 Refractory Materials .. .. I 1 H. General Analytical Chemistry .. 3 2 Special Examination in Pharmaceutical Analysis 1- 1 c_ 330 164 z====i __1 Thus 46 per cent. of the candidates passed approximately the same as in 1947 when the number of candidates examined was 224 of whom 103 passed. The Council again acknowledges the valuable help of the Indian Advisory Committee and its Honorary Secretary Dr. G. J. Fowler in furnishing reports and advice on applications and of Dr.Fowler and Dr. K. S. Rau in supervising the Examination for the Associate- ship held at Bangalore in March. The thanks of the Council are also due to the Board of Examiners to the Sub-committees of Local Sections for examining candidates for exemption from preliminary examination and to the numerous members who have supplied reports on applications. MEETlNGS The following lectures were delivered during the year under the auspices of the Institute :-“The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes,” Meldola Medal Lecture by Mr. R. H. Stokes on 16 January. The Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington,” by Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in Birmingham on 15 April. “The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry,” by Professor M. Stacey in Birmingham on 16 April.“An~sthetics,” by Professor H. B. Nisbet on 15 October. “Some Experimental Studies in the Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds,” Thirty-first Streatfeild Memorial Lecture by Professor J. C. Earl on 19 November. “Through Chemistry-Adornment,” Fifth Dalton Lecture by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw in Manchester on 25 November. A special meeting held in London on 6 November took the form of a Conference on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” This was arranged in collaboration with the Institute of Physics and the Institution of Metallurgists and aroused wide- spread interest. A full report of the proceedings will be published early in 1949. The following records of meetings held by Local Sections- many of which were arranged jointly with other bodies-have been supplied by Hon.Secretaries; Annual General Meetings and other meetings held solely for the transaction of Section business and meetings arranged by other bodies to which members were invited are not included:- Aberdeen and North of Scotland Visit to the Chemistry Department University of Aberdeen and demonstration of research work in progress; “Application of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis,” by Dr. A. W. Johnson; “Some Stereochemical Problems,” by Professor E. E. Turner F.R.S.; Visit to industrial plants at Fraserburgh; Film Show; “Problems ~31 lnvolved in the Generation of Useful Power from Nuclear Energy,” by Sir Wallace A4kers C.B.E.;“ Macromolecular Adventures with the Electron Micro- scope,” by Professor 1%‘.T. Astbury F.R.S.; Christmas Lectures “The Chemistry of Living Things,” by Dr. P. Eggleton. Belfast and District School Children’s Tawtiire “-1(’hemical Christmas Tree,” by Dr. C. L. 1Vilson; “Some Aspects of the Tinplate and Can Manu- facturing Industries,” by Mr. A. J. Iiowarcl; “Recent Developments in the Vitamin A Field,” by Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S.; “Industrial Uses of Plastics,” by Mr. H. V. Potter; Visit to the Linen Research Institute Lambeg; “The Alumina and A1ui;ninium Hydrate Industry,” by Mr. A. N. Xdamson; “The Development of Chemical Institutions,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; “Lubricating Oil Production and Methods of Testing,” by illessrs. Gall and Pohl; “Some Aspects of Plastic Manufacture,” by Dr.13. G. R. Bacon; School Children’s Lecture “Christmas Fruits and Fancies,” by Dr. R. G. R. Bacon. Birmingham and Midlands “Tools of Paint Research,” by Dr. S. H. Bell; “Recent Advances in Building Research-Some Chemical Aspects ” by Dr. T. W. Parker; “Valency,” by Professor W. Wardlaw; Visit to Courtaulds TAd. Coventry; “Some Physico-Chemical ilspects of Viscose Rayon Spin- ning,” by Mr. L. Rose; Visit to the Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station Campden; “National Coal Board Research,” by Dr. W. Idris Jones; “The Part-time Training of the Chemist,” by Dr. H. C. Smith; “How can Journal and Proceedings be improved,” by NIr. E. RI. Joiner; Christmas Lectures “Chemistry and the Conquest of Iheases,” by Professor M. Stacey; “Colour and the Chemist,” by Dr.H. C. Smith. Bristol and District “Recent Developments in the use of Organic Reagents in Chemical -%nalysis,” by Mr. G. 14. Osborn; “The Local Organisation of Chemists,” a discussion; “The Formation of Ethylenic Polymers,” by Dr. H. W.Melville F.R.S.; “Recent Developments in Combustion,” by Dr. I). T. -4.Townend; “The Tools of Paint Research,” by Dr. S. H. Bell; “The Public Analyst Overseas,” by Mr. J. F. Clark; Visit to The British Drug Houses (Laboratory Chemicals Group) Poole; “Plant Growth Substances,” by Dr. I). IVoodcock; “The Intrinsic Conductivity of Organic Substances,” by Dr. 1). I). Eley; “Market Research in the Heavy Chemical Industry,” by Mr. W.J. Masscy; “HydroPuoric Acid,” by Mr. R. J. Kingdom; “Recent Advances in Chromatography,” by Dr.T. I. M‘illiams; Social Meeting and Film Show; “The Physiological T<fiects of Nuclear Fission,” by Dr. Katharine 1Yilliams. Cardiff and District “Uithizone and Trace Metal Analysis,” by Dr. H. M. N. H. Irving; “Some Chemical Problems in the Paper Industry,” by I)r. j.Grant; “Dust Explosions in Industry,” by Dr. I). Matheson; “Organic Chemistry in the Photographic Industry,” by Ur. J. I).Iiendall; Visit to the Department of Metallurgy and Fuel Technology University College Cardiff; \‘isit to Ely Paper IYorks Cardiff; “Estimation of the Durability of Building Materials,” by llr. ‘r. M7. Parker; “Coal Chemistry and Constitution,” by Professor S. G. Ward. Dublin and District “Blood Examinations in Forensic Medicine,” b3 Ur.J. McCrath; “National Chemical Institutions,” by I)r. H. J. T. Ellingham; “The Production and Uses of Radio-active Tracers,” by Professor H. J. EmelCus; “Synthetic Liquid Fuels,” by Mr. E. K. Stuart. East Anglia “Modern Developments in Protective Coatings”-“Paints,” by Mr. W.H. Ferguson “Plastics,” by Mr. Nancarrow; “Forensic Science,” by 1)r. F. G. Tryhorn; “Soviet Science,” by Dr. J. G. Crowther; “Solvents and lntermediates from Petroleum,” by Mr. I,. hi‘. Chubb; “Plant Growth Factors and IIreed Killers,” by Dr. Holmes; “Some Problems in Food Research,” by [ 24 ! 3liss 11.1. Olliver; “Soil lqc-rtility,” by Dr. K. Stewart; “‘Thv lnalyticxl Charac- teristics of ,llkyd liesins,” by lh-.I\-.S.Hanipson. East Mid lands “Chemical Carcinogenesis and ISxperimental Cliciiiotlierapy of Cancer,” by Professor 13.Royland; “Chemical Engineering Aspects of Handling Sterile Medical l’rotlucts ” by-Dr. Edgington; “Modern Industrial Development and Research in Relation to the Scientific Department of thc National Coal Board,” by Dr. Idris Jones; “The Hydrob.cn Bond in Organic Chemistry,” by Professor I,. Hunter; “ISlcctronics applied to the Chemical Industry,” bjr Dr. H. A. Thomas; “,Active Carbon,” by Dr. TI. I,. Riley; “Some Problems in Fine Chemical Manufacturc,” by Dr. G. >I. 1))ison; “Sonic Observations on Pharmacopoeias ivith Special Rcfercncc to J3.Y. 1048,” by Dr. C. H. Hampshire. Edinburgh and East of Scotland “Some Recent Developments in ,llkaloid Chemistry,” by Dr. H. 1‘. Openshaw ; ‘“l’hc Clicniistry of liumination,” by Dr.James Stewart; “Proton Transfer and Analogous Reactions,” by Professor W. F. li.Wynne Jones; “Practical Aspects of \.Vetting and Detergency,” by Dr. E. S. Paice; “Some Xspccts of the Chemistry and Biochemistry of Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” by Professor J. \V. Cook F.L<.S.; “The Chemical Research Laborator>- Teddington,” by Dr. 13. 1’. Linstead C.B.E. F.1i.S.; “Bread and Its Influence on History,” b}-L)r. D. JV. Kent-Jones; “h-ature’s Treasure House-Coal” (Lectures to School Children) by Professor H. B. Nisbet. Glasgow and West of Scotland “Professional Affairs,” a discussion; Visit to Port Dundas Distillery of The Distillers Co. Ltd.; Visit to Westburn Sugar Refineries Greenock; Visit to Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd..Ardeer Factory; “Chemistry of Some Carbohydrate Constituents of Bacteria,” by Professor M. Stacey; “Radio-active Isotopes and their Uses,” by Professor H. J. Ernelkus F.R.S. Huddersfield “Recent Developments in Partition Chromatography,” by Dr. R. R. Goodall; “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry,” by Dr. H. Baines; ‘The Laboratory and the Investigation of Crime,” by Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E.; Visit to works of Messrs. Steel Peech and Tozer Sheffield; Visit to Frickley Colliery; “Reactions of Aliphatic Sitro-compounds,” by Mr. J. D. Rose; “Anatomy of a Chemist,” by Dr. T. S. Stevens; “Colour Photography,” by Dr. C. H. Giles. Hull and District “Forensic Science,” by Dr. F. G. Tryhorn; “The Optical Properties of Molecules,” by Professor E.G. Cox; “The Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion,” by Mr. V. R. Evans; “Organisations for English- speaking Chemists,” by Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham; Visit to British Industrial Solvents Ltd.; “Some Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Nuclear Energy,” by Sir Wallace ,\kers C.B.E. ; “Fluorocarbons and Kelated Compounds,” by Dr. J. P. Baxter O.B.E. Leeds Area “Electrostatic Hazards in Chemical Industry,” by Professor E. G. Cos; “The Mechanism of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions,” by Professor M. G. Evans; “Microchemical Methods in Forensic Analysis,” a symposium by Dr. J. B. Firth Dr. G. E. Turfitt and Mr. E. Pedley; “A Tour in India,” by Professor A. Findlay C.B.E. Liverpool and North-Western “Some Reflections of a Public Analyst,” by Mr.A. Lowe; “Technical Uses of Soap in Industry,” by Mr. G. F. Reynolds; “The Chemistry of Deterioriation in Milk Powder,” by Dr. C. H. Lea; “X-ray Study of Glyceride Polymorphism,” by Dr. T. Malkin; “Absorption Spectra as Chemical Tools,” by Dr. A. E. Gillam; “The Use of Oil-bearing Seeds in Compounding Animal Feeding Stuffs,” by Mr. H. M’eatherall; “Some Aspects of Forensic Science,” by Dr. VC’. H. Grace; “The Fine Structure of Certain Organic Molecules,” by Professor J. M. Robertson; “L\dditions to the Periodic c 25 1 Classification,” by Dr. J. P. Baxter 0.13.E.; “By Sea and Air to South. American Oil,” by Nr. J. S. Parker. London and South-Eastern Counties “Science in Parliament,” by Mr. H. N. Linsteatl O.B.E.M.P.; “The Functions of the Expert Witness in Litigation,” by hlr. Lionel Heald K.C. ; “The Relationship between Academic and Industrial Research,” by Dr. F. -4. Freeth O.B.E. F.R.S.; “Keactions of Benzoyl Peroxide,” by Professor D. H. Hey; “The Chemist in the Flour Mill,” by Dr. C. Mi. Herd; “The Chemistry of Packaging,” by Ilr. G. L. Riddell; “Nutrition in Kelation to Post-war Problems,” by Dr. 1’. \Vokes; “Colour Photography,” by Dr. H. Baines; “Physico-chemical rlspects in Interpreting Drug Action,” by Dr. ,4.Albert; “A Day in the Life of an Alkali Inspector,” by Mr. IT.-\. Damon C.B.E.; “Emulsions and Emulsification,” by Dr. A. E. Alexander; Symposium on “Laboratory Lay-out and Construc- tion,” by Mr. C. L. Prior Professor W.H. Linnell Mr. J.Haslam Dr. F. H. Milner and Mr. G. Sykes; “Recent Developments in Horticultural Chemistry,” by Dr. I<. L. Wain; “liesearch on Linen,” by Dr. ,4. J. Turner; “Estimation of Durability of Building Materials,” by Dr. T. IV. Parker; “Careers for Chemists”-two discussions opened by Dr. N. Booth; “Methods of Deter-mining Molecular Weights of Polymers,” by 51r. G. R. Cornish; “The Per-formance of Paint Films,” by Mr. C. H. Young; “Effect of Cyanides on Treatment of Sewage in Percolating Filters,” by Mr. A. E. J. Pettett and Mr. H. pu’. Thomas; “Protection of Chemical Inventions,” by Dr. J. G. Fife; “Polypeptide Antibiotics-Biological Polymers ” by Dr. T. S. G. Jones; “Physical Chemistry in Iron and Steel Processes,” by Sir Charles Goodeve O.B.E. F.R.S. ; “Protein-Detergent Complexes and their Uses in Industry,” by Dr.K. G. A. Pankhurst; Symposium on “Radioactive Tracer Elements,” by L)r. T. 13. Rymer Dr. H. Scligman Dr. D. Taylor Dr. R. Scott Russell and Dr. T. G. Taylor; “Corrosion of Metals,” by Dr. F. Wormell; “The Electron Microscope,” by Mr. M. S. C. Birbeck; “Drug Action Ions and Molecules,” by Dr. A. Albert; “The Theoretical Basis of Photography,” by Mr. R. J. Hercock. Visits Brewery of Style and Winch Ltd. Maidstone; Dartford Works of the West Kent Sewerage Board; Shell Haven Refinery; J. Lyons and Co. Ltd. Hammersmith; National Institute for Research in Dairying Shinfield; Whale Factory Ship Southern Adventurer South Shields; Tate and Lyle Ltd. Silvertown Refinery; Fuel Research Station (D.S.I.R.) Greenwich; Wye College of Agriculture; Pharmaceutical Specialities (May and Baker) Ltd.; Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Paints Division Slough. Visits for Students Thomas Morson and Sons Ltd.; Shell Haven Refinery; Baird and Tatlock (London) Ltd. Several Scientific Film Displays. Manchester and District “Crystallisation of Fertilisers,” by Dr. ILI. P. Appleby; “Nitration by Mixthres of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids,” by Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S.; “Food Appreciation and Chemistry,” by Dr. H. Wilkinson; “Terylene,” by Mr. J. R. Whinfield; Visit to thc Manchester School of Signalling; Visit to Thomas Hedley’s Works Trafford Park; Visit to Telephone House Manchester; Visit to Manchester Oil Refineries Ltd. ; Visit to Manchester Docks; Visit to Sandhole Colliery Walkden; “The Bio- chemistry of Vitamin A,” by Professor R.A. Morton; Film Show; “Studies in Australian Plant Chemistry,” by Professor J. Reed F.R.S.; Meeting for School Children; Fifth Dalton Lecture “Through Chemistry-Adornment,” by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw; “Aromatic Nitration,” by Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. Mid-Southern Counties Inaugural iaeting; Visit to Long Ashton Re- search Station Bristol; “The Uses of Modern Physical Methods in r 26 1 Biochemistry,” by Dr. J. E. Pagc (at Bournemouth and Salisbury); “Recent Llclvances in the Use of Organic Reagent in Analysis,” by AIr. G. H. Osborn (at Portsmouth and Southampton). Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Symposium on “Polar-ography,” by Dr. F. R. Williams Dr.IY. C. navies Mr. P. G. Pachman Dr. A. 13. J. Vickers Dr. A. E. Martin and Dr. C. \Ir. Price. North Wales Inaugural Meeting “The Chemist and the Community,” by Professor A Findlay C.B.E.; “Research Activities of the National Coal Board,” by Dr. W. Idris Jones; “Sulphonides and Sulphonium Compounds in Biological Chemistry,” by Professor F. Challenger. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands “Science and the World Situation,” by Mr. K. S. Hubbard; “Oxygen Production,” by Mr. D. J. D. Unwin; “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Aromatic Sulphur Compounds,” by Mr. L). P. Dodgson; “Penicillin,” by Mr. A. L. Bacharach; Visit to Glass \Z-orks 12‘ood Bros. Barnsley; “Thirty Centuries of Glass,” by Professor 13. Moore; Film Show; “Forensic Ballistics,” by Chief Inspector G.Price; “Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Xuclear Energy,” by Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. South Wales “Dithizone in Trace-Metal Analysis,” by Dr. H. M.S. H. Irving; Symposium on “Applications of Atomic Energy,” by Mr. K. G. Wood Mr. B. Flowers and Mr. L. E. G. Roberts; “Thc Corrosion of Metals,” by Or. W. H. J. Vernon O.B.E.; Film Show; “Theoretical and Industrial Aspects oi Flocculation with special reference to Pollution,” by Mr. J. 0. Samuel; “Metallic Crystals in Industry,” by Professor H. O’Neill; “Problems Arising in the Teaching of Chemistry in Schools,” by Mr. C;. Gregory. Tees-side Film “Atomic Physics”; “The Chemical and Biochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro-carbons,” by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S.; “The Photographic Latent Imagc,” by Dr.H. Baines; “Modern Plastics,’’ by Dr. R. G. Hayes; “Recent Work on the Compressibilities of Gases at Low Pressures,” by Professor R. W. IVhytlaw-Gray F.R.S.; “The Structure of Antibodies and the Nature of Serological Reactions,’’ by Professor Linus Pauling; “The Use of Factorial Experiments for ChemicaI Investi- gations,” by Mr. K. ll.Brownlee; “What has been Achieved by the Use of Atomic Energy,” by Professor 1:. A. Paneth F.K.S.; “Potentialities of Peroxides in Formation and Breakdown,” by Dr. E. H. Farmer F.R.S.; “Properties of Gases at High Pressures,” by Professor ;I.Michels; “Chemical licsearch and Some Problems of Wool Technology,” by Mr. B. H. Wilsdon. India-Bangalore Inaugural Meeting-Address by Sir Alfred Egerton.Cape of Good Hope “Modern Tar Distillation,” by Dr. K. U‘.I;. Tait; “Natural Resources and Industrial Products,” by Professor A. Findlay C.B.E.; “Some Remarks on Food Poisoning,” by Dr. 1’. E. A. Kamcrinan. New Zealand Combined Annual Conference with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry at Dunedin. STATUS PRIVILEGES AND EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS The reinuiieration statistics obtained as the results of the inquiry sent out in October 1947 were published in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS,1948 11 101. The Council has expressed its gratification at the very high proportion (84 per cent.) of the total members of the Institute both at home and overseas who returned their cards and thus helped to make this inquiry truly representative. There is a good deal of evidence that the publication of these statistics has been helpful both to chemists and to employers and those who are called upon to act ior or to advise employers and public authorities.The Appointments and Economic Status Committee jointly with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists has been engaged in considering the conditions of service of Public Analysts and there is now some hope of direct negotiations between the Association of Miiniciyal Corporations the County Councils Association and representatives of the Public- Analysts themselves. During the year this Conmiittee has been actively engaged in discussions 011 the position of biochemists in hospitals under the National Health Sen-ice.It was hoped that a Joint Committee might be set up under the auspices of the Ministry of Health but the Institute was eventually iniornied that the Minister whik agreeing that such a Coniniittee was desirable felt that it was better that it should be formed and convened by the appropriate professional orgaziisations rather than by the Ministry. The Ministrj-would however be interested and would send representatives as observers. Negotiations are sti11 pr( )ceeding. The interests of chemists employed by the Transport Com- mission and as Gas Examiners have also received consideration. The totaI number of vacaiicies no’iiiicd for inclusion in the Appointments Register during the year was 2,838. 661 members have used the service in some period of the year and 318 are now- receiving the lists.The number of members unemployed remains very small. By reason of the service the Registrar is in a position to advise not only members who are seeking to obtain appointments or contemplating a change but also numerous members and others acting for employers. In a very large number of instances em- ployers have been willing to modify the terms of their offers on the advice of the officers of the Institute when in the view of the latter the conditions of service proposed were not such as to attract applicants of appropriate qualification and standing. During the year further progress has been made in collaboration with representatives of the Association of British Chemical RI anu-facturers and of the Standing Coinmittee of Directors of Research Associations in draftivg “Notes on Terms of Engagement of Chemists ” to replace a previously issued document entitled “Sug-gested Clauses for incorporation in Contracts of Service for Chemists” which has been withdrawn as ,a result of criticisms by certain Local Sections.Comments on a draft of the new document ham been received from the Councils of the Institute and the A.B.C.M. and these will be considered at an early date by the Joint Committee with a view to arriving at an agreed text. The Officers of the Institute have continued to give advice to many individual members on professional problems of very varied kinds and this service has been greatly appreciated. OTHER EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC MATTERS There were no extensive Scientific Courses or Conferences held under the auspices of the Institute during the year but the one-day conference on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Acci- dents,” referred to on p.23 was an event of special importance. conference on “T,aboratory Lay-Out and Construction,” arranged by the T.ondon and South-Eastern Counties Section also attracted much attention. Reports of these two conferences will be published as soon as possible. The foundatiou of the P. F. Frankland Memorial Lectures on the initiative of the Birmingham and Midlands Section has already been mentioned. Towards the end of the year arrangements were made for the first lecture in this series t.0 be delivered bv Dr. L. H. Lampitt. Fillancia1 responsibility for future Dalton Lectures hitherto borne by the hhchester and District Section has been handed over to the Council.The Meldola Medal for 1947 was awarded to llr. James Raddiley. Awards from the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund in respect of 1947 were referred to in the last Report. Substantial incrtmes took place in entries for National Certifi- cates in Chemistry under the schemes administered jointly by the Institute and the Ministrj. of )(:ducation (England and Wales) the Scottish Education 1)epartnirnt and the Ministry of Education (Sorthern Ireland). 111 13nglanti and Vi’a1t.s 539 candidates entered for the Ordinary Xational Certificate of whom 341 passed; 152 of the 200 candidates for thc Higher National Certificate were successful.In Scotland 55 out of 99 candidates obtained the Ordinary National Certificate and 17 out ol 2the Higher National Certificate. In Northern Ireland steps wtw taken at the end of the year to set up a new Joint Committee with the Ministry of Ediication with a view to putting the administration of National Certificates in that country on the same footing as in England and Wales and in Scotland. Proposals niade by a Joint Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians were set forth in the form of an Interim Report with draft sj-llabuses which was circulated among organisations and individuals known to be interested in the subject. Comments rind suggestions received from various quarters were correlated and considered by the Joint Committee towards the end of the year.117 this connection the Joint Committee also took cogriisance of the formation of the Science Technologists Association and of the operation of courses based on the proposed syllabuses at Paddington Technical College (JOI~KXALASD PROCEEDISGS 1948 IV 245). The final recomniendations of the Joint Committee will be issued early in 1049. r 29 I EXTERNAL RELATIONS AND PUBLICITY Cordial relations with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Faraday Society the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Biochemical Society have been maintained both directly and through the Chemical Council which has recently been strengthened by the adhesion of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.During the year the Chemical Council set up under the chairmanship of Pro-fessor Findlay an exploratory Committee to consider publicity for British Chemistry. The Institute also collaborated in the work of a Committee formed to advise on possible means for reducing the delays in obtaining supplies of certain types of common laboratory glassware and porcelain ware. Through the Joint Council of Professional Scientists contact was maintained with the Institute of Physics and the Institution of Metallurgists. Useful discussions on matters of common interest to a wider range of professional bodies also took place through a series of informal meetings of Secretaries; one of these meetings included Presidents and Secretaries of some of these bodies.Valuable service continues to be performed by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee and representatives of the Institute on this body and its sub-committees' have continued to play an active part in the discussion of important issues on which Government action seemed desirable. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR 1948 REPORT OF THE AUDITORS We have examined the Balance Sheet at 31 December 1948 of the Royal Institute of Chemistry also the Statements of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948 with the books and vouchers. Subscriptions in arrear are not included in the Balance Sheet. Cash balances with Local Sections have been certified by their Honorary Secretaries or Treasurers. Subject to these remarks we have obtained all the information and explanations we have required and in our opinion the Balance Sheet and Statements of Accounts are properly drawn up and are in accordance with the entries in the hooks.The investments scheduled in the Statements of Investments have been verified by inspection of certificates for Registered Stocks and by a certificate of the Bank of England of Stocks inscribed in the name of the Institute. J. Y. FINLAY & Co. Chartered Accountants; ROBERTSOX E. Q. LAWS }Hon. Auditors 1948-49 K. A. WILLIAMS 11th Mavch 1949. 1947 1948 1947 1948 L L s. d. & s. d ;G s. d. s. d. 20,977 BUILDING BUILDING-at valuation 31 December, FUND,31 December 1920 . . .. 20,977 16 4 74,800 LEASEHOLD 43,523 SuRPLrrs on Valuation of Building 31 Lkccmber 1947 .... .. .. .. ..74,500 0 -0 1947 . . .. .. .. .. . . 53,522 3 s 4,267 Less rA3ASEHOLD PROPERTY REDEMPTION FUND 5,000 1 0 74,500 0 0 -69,499 19 0 7,211 SURPLUSon Valuation of other fixed lls,-ets 31 70,233 December 1947 .. .. .. .. .. 7,310 13 8 -/,dfi7 1,EASEHOLD ~'ROPBHTY REDEMPTION POLICY 50,937 INVESTMEXT FUND-as schedulrd oil page 38 .. 63,024 8 9 (surrender value) . . .. .. .. .. 6,000 1 0 28F SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND COSFERESCtS l;V,liU .. 212 19 9 6,7<fi l;IJKNITUKE FITTINGS AND EFFECTS rtt ValUatioIl I'RIZE:Fr;m . . .. .. li5 0 0 1 January 1948 . . .. .. .. .. 6,726 0 0 -KEWTONCHAMBERS ICESERVE.ICCOT-XTS -Idd Purchases during 1948 ,. .. .. 592 16 5 -7,893 Intermittent Publications ... .. 5,404 16 4 1,270 Staff Superannuation .. .. .. .. 539 '3 0 7,318 16 5 5,260 General Contingencies .. .. .. .. 4,813 3 2 Lcss Depreciation 1948 . . .. .. . . 504 8 0 --10,537 8 6 6,814 8 5 1,784 SUNDRY CREDITORS .. .. .. .. .. 4,450 4 11 3,003 LImARn-at valuation 1 January 1948 .. .. 2,003 0 0 RECEIPTS IN ADV.4NCE-.-I dd Purchases during 1948 .. .. .. 45 13 0 215 Examination Fees .. .. .. .. 231 0 0 181 Annual Subscriptions .. .. .. .. 165 16 0 2,048 13 0 1,217 Application Fees in -4beyancc .. .. .. 1,661 14 6 1.rs.s Ikmlts sold during 1948 .. 55 0 0 112 General .. .. .. .. .. .. 355 3 8 lkpreciation on Text Rooks 47 0 0 .__ __-.-102 0 0 -2,313 14 2 6.92 IPIjCOME 'rAX IAABILITY .. .. .. 671 17 0 .-1,946 13 0 ~ OK INCOME ~ (as scheduled 011 page 39) J,650 A 2 ~SURPLUS ~ ~ mi) EXPES111-~ .~ ~ ~ ~ IKVESTMENTS TUKE ~~CCOUNT,1 Janiial-3- I948 .. .. 4,650 2 1 ,4t cost 1 January 1948 .. .. .. ..68,854 13 9 LESS:Deficit 1948 .. .. .. .. 2,936 18 7 Add Investments made during 1948 . ..35,474 18 1 1,713 3 6 LONDON, -BANKOVERDRAFT 3 1 I>ecember 1948 93 8 11 94,329 11 10 SUSPENSEACCOUNT . . .. 2,394 0 7 1,es.s Tnvestnients sold during 1948 .. . . 25,564 7 2 2,362 SUPERAKNCATION -__ -At cost 31 December 1948 .. .. .. 68,765 4 8 (Market Value L70,240 (i 0) STOCKOF STATIONERY, as x-alucd by Officials of the Institute 31 December 1048 .. .. 866 0 0 928 SUh'DRY L)ERTOKS .. .. .. .. .. 846 17 0 764 I'.\YMENTS IN :\DV24NCE .. .. .. .. 226 3 1 RAJANCES AT BANKERS 1,440 Idondon (see opposite page) .. .. .. 701 -2ustralia and Xew Zealand (in sterling) .. 933 1 8 88ri With Local Sections . . .. .. ,. 373 0 7 1,206 2 3 3,347 SUPERANNUATION SUSPENSE ACCOUNT TNVEST-MENT-at Cost .. .. .. 2,346 11 4 (Market Value f;i:369 '0 0) L158,FOO L157,516 19 9 4158,600 i157,616 19 9 GENERAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1948 E 1,711 1S47 € 800 681 103 334 999 484 674 2,761 I_ 1,050 8,2221,196789 d 332 332 248 188 I_ EXPENDITURE. hEaS%Rent .. .. Rates'hd Sdhedule."A" fix .. . . InsuranCe Repairs and Maintekce ' ' Light Water Power and Fuel Leasehold Aperty Redemption Fund Depreciation on Furniture and Fittings . . Less; Transfers to Special Accounts-Examinations Account (12%) .. Local Sections Account (12%) .. Publications Account (9%)Appointments Register Account (6%) .. .. .. .. STAFF-Salaries .. .. . .. ,.Superannuation .. . . .. ,. Pensions .. .. .. . . .. € s. 366 10 366 10 254 3 152 6 1948 (3. & s. d. f s. 300 0 0 733 14 9 96 7 1 486 14 4 442 12 9 484 6 2 504 8 0 3,046 2 1 0 0 0 0 -1,167 9 0 1,888 13 9,411 16 11 1,223 0 11 789 0 0 d. 1 1947 € A 6,07910,452776 17,307 -181 349 5 535 -2,061 460 16 22 134 1,271 INCOME. 1948 SUBSCRIPTIONS-Fellows . . . . . . .. . . .. Associates .. .. .. .. .. .. Students .. .. . . ,. .. .. Fellows .. .. .. . . .. .. .. Associates . . . . . . . . .. . . Students . . .. .. . . . . . . DIVIDENDSAND INTEREST(GROSS). . . . .. MISCELLANEOUS-Laboratory Rent .. .. .. . . . . Fees Forfeited . . . . .. .. .. Sundry Receipts Australian and New ZkalandAccou& (Stiriing V&e) SUBSCRIPTIONSFOR EARLIERYEARSPAIDDURING 1948-BALANCE,Excess of Expenditure over Income,1948 ... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 1948 f s. d. f; s. d. .. 6,362 3 0 ..10,770 5 0 .. 966 6 6 .. 222 12 0 .. 394 16 0 18,088 14 6 .. 300 620 7 0 1,979 6 5 450 0 0 1111 0 30 2 11 140 0 6 2,936 18 7 6,328 1,030 1,074222 3,8073,063814 2,756 10,206 3,878 I_ 603 372 76 79-988 40 46-1,067 56 134 106 130 60 200 51 264 689 - 1,2251,225918 510 - Less Transfers to Special Accounts- Examinations Account (12%) .. Local Sections Account (12%) . . Publications Account (9%) . . Appointments Register Account (5%) . . .. .. .. OFFICE-Printing and Stationery . . . . . . Postage . . .. .. .. .. Miscellaneous 'Sffice' Expe&es . . . . Telephone .. .. LIBRARY-Contributionto Chemical Society .. SundryExpenses .. Depreciation on Textbooks ' EXAMINATIONSAND ASSESSMENTSACCOUNT DEFICIT .. .. ~oclu.SECTIONS' AccO;"T DE~CIT . . PUBLICATIONSACCOUNTDEFICIT APPOINTMENTSREGISTERACCOUNTDEFIC~~ MISCELLANEOUS-coundl and Committee Travelling Ex- XSTraAiling Expenses .. .. Advertising .. . . . . . . .. Auditors' Fees .. . . .. . . DonationsPresidentialgxpe&*. ** Annual Luncheon and A.G.M. Expenses Conjoint Chermcal Office 1 .. .. Income Tax . . .. .. .. .. .. .. Legal Expenses .. .. .. . . Special Meetiqs .. .. APPROPRIATIONSTO RESERVES-1,370 17 1,370 17 1,028 3 571 4 11,423 16 10 0 0 0 0-4,341 1 0-7,082 15 10 606 12 11 466 2 9 a7 9 8 101 18 10 1,063 8 10 47 0 0 -1,251 4 2 -_ 1,100 8 10 341 5 11 4,660 16 11 3.634 13 6 $013 7 5 1,272 4 0 167 17 3 190 4 6 167 10 0 102 7 3 69 6 6 200 0 0 141 10 2 62 111 270 0 6 690 13 4-3,893 15 4 1,om &?I,796 .__- Intermittent Publications Reserve .. €24,867 0 11 f24,267 0 11 c351 SPECIAL ACCOUNTS for the year ended 31 December 1948 Examinations and Assessments Account 1947 1948 1947 1948 L L s. a. f; l s. d. 1,595 Examiners' Fees . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,137 16 2 3,468 Examination and Assessment Fees Received . . .. .. 4,4i2 12 6 402 Hire of L,aboratories and other Expenses .. .. .. .. 698 5 3 222 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account 341 5 1.1 108 Printing and Stationery .. .. .. .. .. .. 174 3 0 28 Postage .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 8 0 I,22.; Proportion of Staff Salarie's .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,370 17 0 332 Proportion of Overhead Expenses .. .. .. .. .. 365 10 0 -~-L3,690 A4,783 18 5 L3,690-L4,783 18 6 Local Sections Account i L s. d. f; f; s. a. I:410 Section Grants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,834 9 10 285 Balances with Local Sections at 31 December 1948 carried to 208 Secretaries' Cmferences .. .. .. .. .. ,. 253 18 0 Balance Sheet .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 273 0 7 642 Printing and Stationery .. .. .. .. .. . . 789 10 0 3,807 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account 4,650 16 11 275 Postage .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 309 12 8 1,225 Proportion of Staff Salaries . . .. .. .. .. .. 1,370 17 0 332 Proportion of Overhead Expense. .. .. .. .. 366 10 0 L4,092 L4,923 17 6 @,092 L4,923 17 6 ____-I Publications Account L L s. d. L s. d. 1,175 Journal and Proceedings .... .. ,. .. .. 1,402 4 2 196 Sale of Publications .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.54 3 6 474 Lectures and Monographs .. .. .. ...... .. 603 16 4 3,UrT3 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account. . 8,634 13 5 421 Postage .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 562 16 5 13 Miscellaneous . . .. .. .. *. .. .. .. 17 13 0 978 Proportion of Staff Salaries . . .. .. .. .. . . 1,028 3 0 248 Proportion of Overhead Expecsos . . .. .. .. . . 274 3 0 ~ L3,249 L3,888 15 11 L3*249 -i Appointments Register Account L & s. d. s. tl. 165 Advertising .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 206 14 3 979 Coiitributions received from Members .. .. .. .. 373 0 0 104 Printing and Stationery .. .. .. .. *. .. 157 4 8 814 Deficit transferred to General Income and Expenditure Account 1,013 7 A 176 Postage .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 198 18 6 510 Proportion of Staff Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 571 4 0 138 Proportion of Ovcrhead Expenses . . .. .. .. .. 152 6 0 ..--&1,093 L1,286 7 5 LlBog3 [ 37 ] GENERAL CONTINGENCIES RESERVE ACCOUNT L5 s. d. 15 s. d. Expenses incurred in rehab-Balance 1 January 1948 . . 5,260 3 3 ilitation of basement 217 15 3 Initial Commission on Expenses of building woik Redemption Fund Policy 81 2 6 for Housekeeper’s quarters 301 6 0 Compensation from Holborn Further expenses of visit to Borough Council for use India and Africa-Pro-of basement as A.K.P. fessor Findlay .. .. 331 5 0 Shelter .. .. .. 631 10 0 Surveyors fees for valuation Increment on adjustment of of premises and fittings 400 14 7 New Zealand exchange rate 91 8 3 Balance 31 December 1948 carried to Balance Sheet 4,813 3 2 L6,064 4 0 €6,064 4 0 SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES FUND L s.d. 4 s. d. printing .. .. Colloquium at Dublin-Balance 31 December 1948 73 3 1 212 19 9 1948 .. .. .. Balance of Fund 1 January 286 2 10 A286 2 10 - L286 2 10 - INVESTMENT FUND s. d. 4 s. d. Brokerage and Stamp Duties 18 0 Balance of Fund 1 January I. Loss on investments sold 10 4 1948 .. ..50,937 3 1 Balance 31 December 1948 Entrance Fees .. .. 1,917 2 0 carried to Balance Sheet 63,024 8 9 Life Composition Fees .. 269 12 9 k53,113 17 10 jlj53,113 17 10 -INVESTMENTS s. d. s. d. Investments held 1 January Investments sold during 1948 .. .. ..68,864 13 9 1948 ....26,664 7 2 Investments purchased dur- 1nvestrnents:held at 31 Dec-ing 1948 .. .. ..25,474 18 1 ember 1948 .. .. 68,765 4 8 &94,329 11 10 L94,329 11 10 * 1381 STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS HELD AND DIVIDENDS RECEIVED DURING 1948 I Value Nominal 31December Tax Holding. cost. 1948. Interest. IDeducted. Net. tINVESTVENTS SOLD OR CONVERTED 1948-Great Western Railway Debenture Stock 24% 500 384 16 3 Converted L s. 0 d. 0 E s. d. L s. d. €6 ;do L2 ;i di L3 ;di L.M.S. Railway Redeemable Preference Stock 6% 1956 50000 503 0 0 12 10 0 6126 6176 L.M.S. Railway Preference Stock 4% .. 2,000 0 0 40 0 0 1800 2200 S. Railway Redeemable Guaranteed Preference Siock a% 1957 1,000 0 0 1:174 6 2 Converted 26 0 0 11 6 0 13 16 0 New Zealand Loan 6% 1949 ........1,000 0 0 1,141 8 0 Sold ----- National War Bonds 24% 1961$3 ........ 8,300 0 0 8,300 0 0 Sold 103 16 0 46 13 9 67 1 3 war Loan,34% ........ 4,000 0 0 4.170 13 8 Sold ----- National War Bonds; 2)%,’i96k$6 ........ 2.000 0 0 2;000 0 0 25 0 0 11 6 0 13 16 0 London County Consols 34% 1964-69 ........ 1;ooo 0 0 1,046 8 0 17 10 0 7176 9126 Savings Bonds,3% 1966-76 .......... 5,000 0 0 6,000 0 0 76 0 0 33 16 0 41 5 0 €26,300 0 0 L25,664 7 2 tINVlSTMENTS PURCHASED OR CONVERTED 1948-L s. d. L s. d. British Transport Stock 3% (Railway Stocks Converted) .. 3,867 10 0 3,906 17 6 3,877 3 0 68 0 3 26 1 11 31 18 4 British Electricity Stock 3% 1968-73 ........ 8.000 0 0 7,885 0 0 8,240 0 0 120 0 0 64 0 0 66 0 0 nBritish Transport Stock 3% ......1,646 0 0 1,604 0 0 24 0 0 10 16 0 13 4 0 tD South Rhodesia Stock 2474 1966-jO ...... .. 4,600 0 0 4,812 10 0 62 10 0 28 2 6 34 7 6 w Conversion Loan 34% ...... 2,335 16 8 2396 6 0 39 7 6 17 14 4 21 13 2 U Newfoundland Guaranteed Stock 3% 1943-63 ...... 2,849 0 0 2:828’ 0 0 42 0 0 18 18 0 23 2 0 Metropolitan Water Board “B” Stock ........ 2,363 4 11 2,600 18 0 37 14 0 16 19 4 20 14 8 INVESTMENTS PRIOR PURCHASED TO 1948 AND RETAINED-Commonwealth of Australia Stock 3)% 1964-74 Port of London Authority Registeked Stock 34% 1966-76 : London County Consols 3% 1966-61 ........ 100 0 0 ‘100 6 6 103 6 0 3 0 0 --300 War Loan 3)% ............ 9,000 0 0 9,384 3 0 9,316 0 0 316 0 0 - - 316 0 0 Conversion Loan 34% ........ 760 0 0 738 19 6 798 16 0 26 6 0 11 16 2 14 8 10 Defence Bonds (Conversion ‘issue),’i)% ........1,000 0 0 1,000 0 0 1,000 0 0 25 0 0 --26 0 0 WarLOan 3% ........ 60000 60000 628160 1600 6160 860 National War finds] it./,,‘igsz-ik ........ 8,600 0 0 8,600 0 0 8,776 6 0 212 10 0 96 12 6 116 17 6 Savings Bonds 3% 1966-65 .......... 3,000 0 0 3,000 0 0 3,127 10 0 90 0 0 40 10 0 49 10 0 Savings Bonds 30/ 1960-70 ...... 2,404 3 9 2,600 0 0 2,488 0 0 72 2 6 32 9 0 39 13 6 Metropolitan Watgi Board “B’Stock 3% ...... 4,000 0 0 4,022 0 3 3;980 0 0 120 0 0 64 0 0 66 0 0 Savings Bonds 3% 1966-76 .......... 6,000 0 0 6.026 8 0 6,180 0 0 180 0 0 81 0 0 99 0 0 Defence Bonds 30/ ........ 1;ooo 0 0 1,000 0 0 30 0 0 --30 0 0 Savings Bonds,24% 1964% : ........ 1,600 0 0 1,456 10 0 36 17 2 16 11 7 20 6 7 L68,760 2 6 L68,765 4 8 €70,240 6 0 €1,979 6 6 €722 16 4 E1,266 10 1 t Investments sold and purchased during 1948 earned dividend for the half year only.New Zealand Loan and War Loan were sold before payment of dividends. I BENEVOLENT FUND ACCOUNTS for the year ended 31 December 1948 Current Account 1948 1947 EXPENDITURE. 1948 1947 INCOME. 1948 L s. d. fs fs s. d. 270 Grants .. .. .. .. .. 289 16 0 1,044 Subscriptions . . .. .. .. 1,036 10 6 3,161 Regular Payments .. .. 2,168 18 8 821 Annual Subscriptions and Deeds of I. 210 Loans granted .. .. .. .. 75 0 0 Covenant .. .. .. .. 681 19 9 88 Children’s Holiday Grants .. .. 177 10 0 433 Dividends and Interest .. .. .. 419 14 2 100 Donation to Reed’s School . . ..200 0 0 328 Income Tax Recovered .. .. .. _-5 Audit Fee .. .. ,. .. .. 550 88 Loans repaid .. .. .. 62 3 0 27 Printing and Postage .. .. .. 155 141 Deficit deducted from General Fund .. 707 6 7 _I_~_ &2,8Sl L2,907 13 11 L2,SSl L2,907 13 11 _I_o Capital Account 1948 s. d. s. d. L -Brokerage and Stamp duties .. *. $8 17 8 793 Donations .. .. .. .. .. 658 0 CI -1 -Capital Depreciation on Investments sold 811 ___ Bequests ,. .. .. .. .. -I61 1 J H * .-3 584 Balance carried to Capital Fund .. 731 12 6 !jl Proceeds “What Industry owes to Chemical Science” .. .. .. 48 14 6 -I ____-_I_ 4884 L768 11 2 L884 L768 11 2 eLlpp -Balance Sheet at 31 December I948 t s. d. c s. tl. I. s. tl. t. f. tl. L Capital Fund-Investments at Cat-13,631 AccumulatedBalance 1 January 1948 ..13,691 5 3 13,419 Capital Fund 1 January 1946 13,419 19 ? Add Balance on Capital .4munt. 1941) 731 12 5 Add Investments purchased id48 : 6,647 0 7 14,422 li U. General Fund-19,966 19 9 3,449 Accumulated Balance 1 January 1948.. 3,449 6 6 Less Investments sold 1918 .. ,. 6,583 19 4 Lcss Deficit on Current Account 1948 707 6 7 2,741 19 10 Investments held 31 December 194s 13,383 0 5 Id Residential Clubs Fund ,. 15 1 0 2,500 General Fund Investment. . ,. ,. 2,600 0 0 Add Contributions Relied 194i .I 110 15,843 0 ii 16 2 0 Balances at Bankers- 4 SundryCreditors ........ 4 2 0 853 Westminster Bank Ltd. ...... 176 1 10 248 Savings Banks ........ 464 s 0 929 4 10 139 Sundry Debtors ........ 373 16 9 l17.186 2 0 l17,169 g7,186 2 0 - BENEVOLENTFUND:Investments Held and Dividends Received 1948 Nominal Value Tax Holding Cost.31December. Interest. deducted. Net. SOLDDURING 1948-f s. d. f s. d. f s. d. f s. d. f s. d. --INVESTMENTS s. d. I-New Zealand Loan.6% 1949 ................ 500 0 0 570 14 6 Sold -- war Loan,3f% .. 1,200 0 0 1,296 3 0 Sold -----National WarBonds]2 i'961-63 1 1 : : : : .. 4,260 0 0 4,250 0 0 Sold 63 2 6 __-63 2 6 National War Bonds 21O/,::1952-64 a0000 20000 Sold 210 0 210 0 London Electric Transport Finance Corp&ation'beben&e S&k 2& 1056-66 276 0 0 267 1 10 Sold 3 810 111 1 117 I) €6,426 0 0 46,683 19 4 PURCHASED INVESTMENTS DURING 1948-312 3 Corporation of London Debentures 3% 1967 ........760 0 0 779 0 0 788 10 0 11 8 0 527 666 Conversion Stock 3)% ........ 376 0 0 389 6 11 399 10 0 611 3 a19 o -Newfoundland Guaranteed Stock 3!&1943-63 ........ iias o o 1,144 13 9 1,136 5 0 16 17 6 7 11 11 967 Southern Rh+esia Stock a*% 1966-70 .......... 2:W 0 0 1,840 0 0 1,926 0 0 26 0 0 11 6 0 13 16 0 British Elecmcity Stock 3% 1968-78 ........ 1.Ooo 0 0 977 10 0 1,030 0 0 16 0 0 616 0 860 -Metropolitan Water Board "B" Stock 3%' ........ 1;613 0 0 1,416 10 11 1,605 10 0 22 13 11 10 4 b 12 0 e 6,773 0 0 6,647 0 7 INVESTMENTS HELDPRIOR TO 1 JANUARY 1948 AND RETAINBD-Consols 4% 1,000 0 0 1,077 13 0 1,100 0 0 40 0 0 18 0 0 sa o o Port of London Autdority Rkistered St& 3)% 196g76 m o o 816 17 11 623 16 0 17 10 0 7 17 6 912 6 Commonwealth of Australia 3f% 1964-74 ........400 0 0 398 10 7 418 0 0 13 0 0 617 0 730 Conversion Stock 3 yo ........ 600 0 0 501 19 6 532 10 0 17 10 0 717 6 912 6 Corporation of Loncton B~itures,'3% ii57 ........ 240 0 0 238 1 0 249 0 0 740 348 319 4 Savings Bonds 3% 1966-76 ............ 1,100 0 0 1,100 0 0 1,133 0 0 33 0 0 14 17 0 18 3 0 Defence Bonds 3% ............ 1.000 0 0 1.Ooo 0 0 1;Ooo 0 0 30 0 0 --30 0 0 London Trustek Savings Bank ........ lI260 0 0 1;260 0 0 1,260 0 0 31 16 7 --31 16 7 Post Office Savings Bank Capital Accountj ........ 762 17 10 752 17 10 762 17 10 175 4 3 Post Office Savings Bank [Current Account) ........ 2,600 0 0 2,600 0 0 2,600 0 0 >17; ;; Interest on Deposit Account ............ -----100 L16,016 17 10 f15,883 0 6 €16,243 17 10 f622 16 10 €103 2 8 €419 14 2 I__ SIR ALEXANDER PEDLER FUND Current Account for the year ended 31 December 1948 ‘5 s.d. Publication of lecture “Chemical Ciphering” .. 239 14 2 Dividends and Interest (net) *. .. .. 68 1”; Brokerage and Stamp Duty .. .. .. .. 25 6 6 Deficit 1948 deducted from Accumulated Fund .. 294 14 10 Loss on realisation of Investments sold .. .. 128 6 7 L393 7 3 k393 7 ‘3 a Balance Sheet at 31 December 1948 s. d. s. d. L s. d. L s. d. Accumulated Balance of Fund 1 Jan-Investments at cost 1 January 1948 7,059 0 9 uary 1948 .. .. .. ..7,120 4 0 Add Investments purchased 1948 6,505 7 8 Less Deficit on Current Account 1948 .. .. .. .. 294 14 10 13,564 8 6 6,825 9 2 Less Investments sold 1948 ..6,659 0 9 Sundry Creditors .... .. 253 9 2 -6,905 7 8 Balance at Bankers .. .. .. 169 11 4 Sundry Debtors. . .. .. .. 3 19 4 -__-I__I -rl k7,078 18 4 I& k7,078 18 4 f3 -U Statement of Investments held and dividends received 1948. Nominal Value Tax Holding. Cost. 31 December. Interest. Deducted. Net. SOLDOR CONVERTED INVESTMENTS DURING 1948-s. d. L1 di Ll d; Great Western Railway Consolidated Preference Stock 6y0 .... .. 160 :do 64 ;do Converted L2 l”ddo Southern Railway Redeemable Guar. Ref. Stock GYh 1957 .... .. 600 0 0 587 4 10 Converted 12 10 0 5 12 6 6 17 (; I War Loan,3)% ............ .. 2,600 0 0 2,808 6 0 Sold __---- National War Bonds; ’a$%,‘1961-63 ............ .. 500 0 0 600 0 0 Sold 660 -_ GGU National War Bonds 2i04, 1981-63 ............,. 500 0 0 500 0 0 Sold 660 216 3 3 8 9 National War Bonds. 2h0/,. 1952-54 ............ .. 250 0 0 260 0 0 Sold 326 --326 New Zealand Loan @/“’f949 .. 500 0 0 570 14 6 Sold --_-_ --London Electric T;an&rt Financk’Corp Debe&ure Stock 2i46 1950-55 : .. 626 0 0 508 16 6 Sold ti 11 11 2 19 0 3 12 3 Consols 4% .. ........ .. 300 0 0 323 1 0 Sold 800 2140 360 Port of London Authority Stkk 3& 1966-76. ......... .. 500 0 0 616 17 11 Sold 815 0 3189 4163 &i,276 0 0 k6,639 0 9 INVESTMENTS PURCHASED OR CONVERTED DURlNC 1948-British Transport Stock 3% .............. .. 702 1 3 681 4 10 703 16 0 10 10 7 4 14 10 5 16 0 British Transport Stock 3% .............. .. 3,260 0 0 3,071 6 0 3,268 0 0 48 16 0 21 18 9 26 70 3 Treasury Stock 3% ................ 1,216 18 7 1,174 17 10 1,197 10 0 18410 842 1008 ~ British Electricity Stckk 3% .............. .. 1,600 0 0 1,575 0 0 1,R4R 0 0 24 0 0 10 16 0 13 4 0 -___. ~ HELDPRIOR INVESTMENT TO 1948 AND RETAINED-6,767 10 10 I:,Yo; 6 0 Defence Bonds 2gy0 ................ .. 400 0 0 100 0 0 L7,167 19 10 tL7,ZOi 6 0 - STREATFEILD MEMORIAL FUND 31 December 1948 i2.00 War Loan 34%. Value L207 0s. Od. s. d. & s. d. Balance 1 January 1948 . . 111 1‘7 S Balance 31 December 1948 118 17 S Dividends and Interest .. ‘i 0 0 _-_I_ L118 17 I) -.. ..-~ MELDOLA FUND 31 December 1948 L75 Commonwealth of Australia Stock 3)0/. Value L78 7s. 6d. s. d. s. (I. Balance I January 1948 .. 16 11 9 Balancc 31 Deceinbcr 1948 17 18 7 Dividends and Interest .1 0 10 k17 18 7 L17 18 7 S. M. GLUCKSTEIN MEMORIAL FUND HENDERSON MEMORIAL LECTURE FUND 41,483 17s. 7d. hlct. Water Board “B” Stock 3%. Value L1,477 10s. Od. s. d. s. ti. Balance 1 January 1948 . . if315 1 Halance on I)cposit, Dividcnds and Interest . . 22 11 1 31 December 1948 . . -19 6 2 _/49 6 2 k49 6 3 7 PRINTED BY W.HEFFER & SONS LTD.. CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP94973FP001

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART II I949 EDIT0RIAL During the past two years there have been several brief references in this JOURNAL to proposals for providing what have been described as “Residential Clubs for Old People.” So far little publicity has been given to the efforts made to put these ideas into practice for it was desired to avoid raising what might be false hopes in the minds of those who were possible beneficiaries under such a scheme. But a stage has now been reached where further reticence is un- necessary. A scheme has been worked out in conjunction with certain other professional bodies a joint administration has been set up and the first residential club will be ready for occupation in a few weeks.In order to enable the Institute to participate effectively in the project an appeal to members and other well- wishers for financial support willbe issued shortly. The problem of how best to look after the welfare of elderly people is one which has had the attention of the Government Local Authorities and various charitable organisations. The large proportion of the the population that is now above retiring age must of itself raise a number of urgent questions. When it is also realised how greatly the difficulties experienced by old people in maintaining themselves have increased since the war through the fall in the value of money and the scarcity and high price of domestic help we cannot fail to be impressed by the seriousness of the position.Men and women who have followed the professions are in general among the most responsible and provident members of the com- munity. They have regarded it as a duty to limit expenditure during their working lives in order to have enough to live on when they retire. But none could foresee or if they could provide against the great changes in values produced by a second world war and there are now many people past the age of lucrative employment whose pensions or savings which would have sufficed for their maintenance before the war are now wholly inadequate for this purpose. w31 It is on these who have served the community well during their active lives and whose provision for retirement has been seriously depreciated by circumstances outside their control that present-day conditions bear most hardly.Something is always done for the destitute-among whom are included the improvident-but so far little has even been planned for those who have made strenuous efforts to keep their independence and have failed only because of a collapse in monetary values-and have no longer the capacity for further work or even in many cases for looking after themselves without domestic help. To people in this plight the present generation of professional men and women owes a duty and there is no doubt that one of the most direct and effective ways of discharging this obligation would be to provide accommodation for elderly people in some type of residential club where the charge for board and lodging would be comparable with that which prevailed in a commercially run organisation of similar standing before the war.It is intended therefore to set up such residential clubs in various parts of the country where the residents will have the same measure of freedom and independence as they would have in a hotel or boarding house. They will be free to occupy themselves with such activities as appeal to them to receive visits from their friends and in general to live their own lives so long as they do not interfere with the comfort or well-being of other residents-a limitation which necessarily applies in any community. They will pay their own fees for board and lodging but these fees-probably around E3 3s.per week-will be substantially less than would otherwise be charged for these services. Originally it had been intended that the Institute should act on its own in this important matter and a good deal of preliminary work was done on this assumption. It soon became evident however that in these times a project of this kind bristles with difficulties. Frequently changing Government orders and controls and Local Authorities’ regulations beset the path of him who would acquire property convert it to use as a residential club and run it for the benefit of selected residents. It was with great satisfaction therefore that the Council found that a number of other professional bodies had been thinking on similar lines and were prepared to co-operate in a joint scheme.It was particularly fortunate that they had secured the interest and guidance of the National Corporation for the Care of Old People a charitable body associated with the Nuffield Foundation which had acquired unique knowledge and experience in this field. Without the active help of the National Corporation progress on the present scheme would have been slower-if indeed the scheme could have been put into operation at all-for that body has not only given c 841 MR. G. ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. President I 946-49 the participating institutions valuable advice but has also dealt with the legal questions involved has advanced money to start the scheme and has agreed to provide continuing facilities for its administration.The result is that the first of the proposed residential clubs has now been acquired-at West Worthing-and a Company limited by guarantee known provisionally as “Crossways Trust Limited,]’ has been formed to secure and maintain this and similar clubs to be established in other places. It has been agreed that there is an advantage in having such clubs in or closely adjoining a seaside or country town so that residents can get to churches] cinemas libraries etc. without having to depend on special transport; also so that relations and friends from other centres can readily come to visit them. It will be realised that the Residential Clubs Fund to be set up by the Institute for financing “Crossways” and any similar projects with which the Institute may become associated is mainly in need of capital sums.On the other hand the Benevolent Fund which also requires further support is mainly in need of regular income. These two charities are to be kept separate but it will be realised that help from the Benevolent Fund may be required to enable some of the residents in the clubs to meet the charge for board and lodging. Such claims will be considered by the Benevolent Fund Committee on the same basis as those now made by elderly people who need help in maintaining themselves in their own homes. We are confident that the Residential Clubs Fund will call forth the generous support of many members of the Institute and other well-wishers and we commend the forthcoming appeal to all who can amid their own difficulties spare something even as a loan to help establish this great undertaking.OUR RETIRING PRESIDENT At the Annual General Meeting on 29 April Mr. G. Roche Lynch will complete three years in the office of President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and will hand over to his successor. His election to the Presidential Chair in 1946 was a fitting recognition both of his eminence in the profession of chemistry and of many years of valuable service to the Institute. He had been an Ex-aminer from 1928 to 1936 and had served as a Member of Council for two periods 1936-39 and 1944-46 as a Vice-president from 1939 to 1943 and as a Censor from 1940. ]He has thus held some office in the Institute without a break from 1928 when he was elected to the Fellowship.He has also represented the Council r 85 1 continuously on the Poisons Board constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933. The offspring of a medical family-his great-grandfather was a physician in Dublin his grandfather and father were doctors in London-Gerald Roche Lynch was born at Notting Hill in 1889. He was educated at St. Paul’s School West Kensington and went as a medical student to St. Mary’s Hospital Paddington in 1905. He was particularly interested in chemistry and having obtained an Open Scholarship in Natural Science he took a special course at the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute South Kensington. Returning to St. Mary’s he qualified as L.M.S.S.A.(then L.S.A.) in 1912 and graduated M.B. and B.S. in the following year. In 1908-09 he was demonstrator in chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School research student of the University of London 1909-10 Assistant to Sir William Willcox at times between 1910 and 1914 house physician at St. Mary’s in 1913 demonstrator in physiology at King’s College 1914. In the 1914-18 War he served as Surgeon-Lieut. in the Royal Navy first in charge of the R.N. Hospital Laboratory in Malta and subsequently at the R.N. College Greenwich and the R.N. Depot Crystal Palace. His services were recognised by the award of the O.B.E. in 1919. After the war he returned to St. Mary’s Hospital to take charge of the Department of Chemical Pathology obtained the D.P.H. and was appointed Junior Official Analyst to the Home Office in 1921 being promoted to Senior Official Analyst in 1927-a position he still.holds.From 1922 to 1926 he was also chemical pathologist to St. Mary’s Hospital and from 1924 to 1943 was lecturer in forensic medicine to Westminster Hospital Medical School. In 1926 he was appointed to his present post of Director of the Depart- ment of Chemical Pathology St. Mary’s Hospital. On the death of Sir William Willcox Mr. Roche Lynch became Privy Council Visitor to the Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. During the second world war he was Chairman of the A4dvisory Board of the Infestation Department Ministry of Food. .At various times he has been an Examiner in Forensic Medicine for the University of London and for the Diploma of Public Health (appointed by the Royal College of Physicians).He has recently been appointed a member of the Metallic Contamination Sub-committee of the Food Standards Committee of the Ministry of Food. Mr. Roche Lynch has taken an active interest in many scientific and professional societies is a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and of the Medico- Legal Society and is a member of the Court of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. C863 During his term of office as President Mr. Roche Lynch has devoted himself unsparingly to the work of the Institute and his wise guidance has been invaluable in this period of expansion. A glance at the Annual Reports of Council reveals the many important matters in which progress has been made the presentation to His Majesty’s Privy Council of a Petition for a New Charter revision of the By-Laws and of the Regulations for the admission of members the creation of four new Local Sections and increased support for Local Section activities the development of closer relations with Chemical Institutes in the Dominions and with other professional bodies in this country improved contacts with Govern- ment Departments the extension of pension and life assurance provisions for the staff the publication of a Directory of Corzsztltants and of a new edition of the Register to mention but a few.In the Chair whether of the Council of Committees or of meetings the President has been patient and tactful quick to grasp points never pressing unduly his own point of view yet never failing to separate the wheat from the chaff in discussion and to garner an acceptable decision.A high sense of professional conduct coupled with a broad and understanding humanity have won the esteem and affection of all with whom he has come in contact. It is therefore with particular satisfaction that the Council will welcome his continuance in office as a Vice-president so that his wide experience will still be available in their deliberations and the customary pink carnation will not cease to add its touch of (dour to their company. THE OFFICE OF THE INSTITUTE In any continuously growing institution there come times when the machinery of its administration has to be largely remodelled if the further development of its activities and services is to proceed efficiently and economically.The methods and equipment suitable for handling the affairs of a body with a few thousand members may perhaps be adapted by minor modifications and additions to deal with the needs of twice that number but eventually the limits of such adaptation are reached and a thoroughgoing recon-struction is needed to avoid a breakdown. In the years between the wars the membership of the Institute was increasing steadily but with continuity of direction it was possible to cope with the growing volume of routine business by periodic adjustments and extensions of the established system. Moreover in the earlier years there were relatively quiet periods in the office at certain times of the year which afforded opportunities for regular overhauls of the organisation.Also the acquirement of L 87 1 any additional staff or equipment needed was limited only by financial considerations-a limitation which was nevertheless a serious one in times when the achievement of minor economies was apt to be regarded as more virtuous than providing funds for purposes that might lead to greater savings in the long run. As the second world war approached limitations of space and time became of increasing significance. In a previous article reference was made to the steps taken to get more room in which to work. Finding time to deal with matters of policy amid a growing inass of work of a more routine nature-but requiring care and understanding for its execution-became increasingly difficult.KO longer was it possible €or the executive officers to know all the members personally and to keep in their own hands all the detailed business of the office. More delegation of administrative duties and responsibilities was becoming essential and the problem was and still is to do this without establishing a bureaucracy and losing that personal touch which has always been a feature of the Institute’s relations with its members. During the war a few of the normal activities of the Institute were necessarily restricted or even stopped but most of the principal services were maintained and a number of additional responsi- bilities undertaken especially in connection with the deployment of scientific man-power for the war effort.This re-orientation of activity alone would have placed a considerable strain on an already overloaded administration with a depleted staff but to these difficulties were added those arising from the fact that from 1943 the annual rate of increase in membership of the Institute became about twice what it was before the war and has since been main- tained at about that new rate. The full effect of this steepening of the membership curve was not felt until hostilities ended when a resumption of more 11ormal Insti t ute activities became possible and the development of new as well as existing services was called for. At this stage the office was required to deal with the needs and aspirations of nearly 10,000 members (now over 11,000) with re- sources of staff accommodation and equipment that had been barely adequate for some 7,500 members before the war and to do so under conditions which limited immediate reconstruction to piecemeal adjustments and improvisations.The extent to which this situation has been met during the last few years has been clue to two things first the way in which the staff have devoted themselves to the task of keeping the machine running-at a greater speed and for longer hours-while finding time to overhaul and remodel parts of it outside operating periods; second the gradual acquirement of new office equipment and the development of improved methods to save time and energy.The work of the adininistrati\Te staff will 1x3 dealt with more fully in ;I lRHl PART OF THE FILING ROOM THE PRINTING ROOM -PRINTING AND DUPLICATING EQUIPMENT THE PRINTING ROOM -ADDRESSING EQUIPMENT PART OF THE FINANCE OFFICE later article; the present notes refer mainly to the more mechanical side of the business of the office. The filing system may be mentioned first. Established in its present form in 1918,it has remained admirably suited for handling the correspondence of members and potential members with speed and reliability but with the growth in the number of members students and other correspondents the quantity of paper is now threatening to choke the system.Steps have recently been taken to keep out of the personal files material of purely evanescent significance (such as regrets at being unable to attend a meeting or applications for Boots Library forms) and correspondence and forms relating to special fields of Institute activity which are now being retained in “subject” files kept in the hands of the officers directly concerned. Considerable advantage has been gained also by providing separate indexes for the correspondence of “persons” and of “corporations,” so that two people can work on the cards for these different types of correspondence at the same time. Separa-tion of the files themselves in independent groups of cabinets would be a further help and this will be done as soon as circumstances permit.In the meantime the work of the staff concerned has been greatly facilitated by removing the bulk of the filing cabinets from the gloom of the’semi-basement passages to a room on the first floor following an assurance from the Institute’s surveyors that the weight could be supported there with safety. But the mass of paper continues to grow and unless time can be found to scrap much of the now useless material collected in earlier years-a task that requires discrimination to avoid losing papers of possible historical interest-further means may have to be found to limit the current rate of accumulation as by classifying new corres-pondence in different categories according to its useful “life,” and destroying at intervals that which is no longer significant.The work of the Finance Office has been greatly facilitated by the preparation and retention in that office of a separate card register on which are entered particulars of all fees paid by pros- pective members or registered students and subscription payments after election or registration. Previously this information was entered on the cards of the general register and much time was lost in frequent journeys from one office to another by the various members of staff who had to consult the latter. There has also been recently a complete re-organisation of the book-keeping system which has facilitated reference to entries under various headings. A calculating machine was added to the equipment of this office last year and has already proved its value.From the present point of view however special interest centres around the Printing Room. Here is set up the equipment for printing duplicating and addressing with the necessary ancillary [ 89 1 services. The general card register of names and addresses of members and students is in this room alongside the corresponding address printing plates which are grouped according to Local Sections so that communications can be readily addressed to the members of any Section. The maintenance of these plates is a major task for every change of address-there were over 2,000 such changes in 1948-entails the preparation of a new plate while alterations of designations or status involve at least an addition to an existing plate; this is apart from the preparation of new plates for new members and students-there were over 600 new Fellows and Associates in 1948.The replacement a few years ago of a hand-operated machine for preparing these plates by an electrically-operated model was a great advance and has made it possible for a junior operator to handle this important job with rapidity. The addressing machine itself which is electrically operated though the envelopes or labels have to be fed by hand has already been in service for longer than its scheduled life but continues to stand up to the increasing duty required of it. Authority has now been given however for the purchase as soon as possible of a more up-to-date model with mechanical feed which will permit operation at greatly increased speeds and by means of a selector device will avoid the need for hand-sorting of plates in making special circularisations.Probably few members realise the extent to which the Institute does its own printing for much of the output such as Local Section notices does not look like “print” because it is set up as facsimile typewriting-which is a quicker job than hand-setting printers’ type. The latter is used however for letter headings tickets cards etc. and recently for small posters prepared at the request of Local Sections. In 1948 nearly 200 notices of Local Section meetings alone were printed in facsimile typewriting and copies sent to the members of the Sections concerned. There has also been a growing demand for other kinds of printed matter in con- nection with the varied activities of the Institute and the Local Sections and the printing machine (electrically driven) is kept fully occupied for host of the year.The value of this service is considerable. It means that in order to notify members of a Section of a forthcoming meeting the Honorary Secretary has merely to send to the office a draft of the notice at least a fortnight before the date of the meeting. There the particulars are checked the notice printed and copies folded (in an electrically driven machine) packed and despatched to members (also to registered Students if desired) so as to reach them a full week before the meeting. By this means are avoided the inaccuracies and unpredictable delays that are likely to occur if work of this kind often involving technical terms is placed in the hands of local printers.Also there is the ~901 great advantage that the printing and the addressing being done in the same office are looked after and co-ordinated by members of the staff with special knowledge of the needs of the Local Sections. A major part of the work of the duplicating machine (also electrically operated) is in connection with the Appointments Register lists which are now being sent out weekly to over 300 members and a few senior students but there is an increasing output of agenda minutes and other duplicated documents relating to meetings of the Council and Committees. The most recently introduced item of equipment is a postal franking machine.This has already proved its value especially for large homogeneous groups of communications such as Appoint- ments Register lists and Local Section notices. The recent decision to appoint a despatch clerk to operate this machine as well as to do the preliminary sorting and the packing of outgoing mail should enable this side of the work to be more effectively organised. From the accompanying photographs members may obtain an impression of the nature and lay-out of some of the equipment referred to in this article but it is hoped that those who are able to attend the Anniversary Meetings on 29 April will take that oppor- tunity of seeing for themselves how the Institute is maintaining and developing its services in their interest.SCHOOL CHILDREN CHEMISTS OF THE FUTURE Most chemists no doubt looking back to their early days can recall some influence that set their feet on a path leading to their present profession and directed the curiosity of childhood to probe into the nature of things by the methods of chemistry rather than of the many other scientific disciplines. For some it may have been family tradition or contact in the home with friends who were chemists who talked interestingly and were not above answering a child’s constant questions; for others a fascinating book read and re-read in leisure hours; for others a “chemistry set” at Christmas. One’s school may have had a scientific bias; or there may have been an inspiring chemistry master able to make his subject “live,” so that his periods were hailed with joy amidst an otherwise dull routine.Later on other influences may have determined the onward path and the particular chemical field to which it led the availability of facilities for scientific training whether at a university or technical college; interest in a local industry; again the inspiration of a teacher perhaps towards academic research perhaps towards the application of chemistry to the material betterment of conditions of life. [911 These considerations prompt the thought that chemists who have not regretted their early choice who are chemists not because they cannot now well avoid it but because they have found satis- iaction in their work have a responsibility to guide and encourage the young so that the growing demands for chemists may be filled by persons of the right type.This responsibility lies not on teachers and professors alone but on all members of the profession in their contacts with young people. It is a responsibility to be exercised with discretion. An early decision to embark on a chemical career should not be advo- cated nor should encouragement be given ta premature specialisa- tion. The aim should be to stimulate an interest in qhemistry as a branch of knowledge. The profession should be represented as one that offers the personal satisfaction of a worth-while job not as one leading inevitably to affluence or to the popular acclaim that greets an epoch-making discovery. The Council of the Institute through its Membership Committee is giving attention to this very important matter.The booklet “The Profession of Chemistry,” has for many years served as a useful guide to parents and teachers a new edition is in preparation. A pamphlet “The Student and the Royal Institute of Chemistry,” will be issued shortly; it deals mainly with the- advantages of becoming Registered Students of the professional body of chemists at an early stage of training. Several Local Sections of the Institute have interested them- selves in the young people in their areas as witness the Christmas Lectures for Children that have been a feature of the activities of the Aberdeen Belfast Birmingham and Edinburgh Sections. Recently two other Local Sections have conducted interesting experiments in this field and an account of these may prove helpful and suggestive to others who are contemplating similar activities.The London and South-Eastern Counties Section has held two meetings for students and potential students of chemistry. The first was held at the South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham on 7 October 1948 the audience of 116 being composed largely of children in the last year or two of their school life. Tea was kindly provided by the College authorities before the meeting. The meeting itself lasted two and a half hours and the children were very obviously keenly interested to the end. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman of the Section presided and the introductory talk (about 25 minutes) was given by Dr.Norman Booth. Points made by Dr. Booth were The word “career” means professional progress and it would be a poor profession that could offer a man nothing more than the possibility of making a certain amount of money. The underlying incentive should be the interest and enjoyment that people get out [921 of their occupation. In the chemical profession some find this interest merely because they are earning money others because of the responsibility and status they have attained others because of the service they give to the community others by their scientific achievement in advancing knowledge. Many posts in the chemical profession require ability and know- ledge other than in the direction of chemistry itself; indeed these other qualities may be the more important.Capacity for hard work is essential. The majority of qualified chemists are employed in industry- in research analysis development work production or intelligence in chemical sales and in departmental administration. Industrial work perhaps offers the widest scope and most rapid advancement if the firm is large and progressive. In universities and technical colleges and in schools the salary spread is narrower. Advancement to the higher posts in teaching depends on knowledge of the theory and practice of educational methods as well as of chemistry. Most Government departments employ chemists. Conditions of service may be better than the average in industry but there are fewer highly-paid posts.Research Associations carry out a wide variety of work. To some extent they are a training-ground for chemists for the industry concerned. Chemists are also occupied as Public Analysts consultants patent agents and to an increasing extent in a wide variety of other posts. Following Dr. Booth’s talk a Brains Trust composed of Dr. H. J. Barber Mr. W. H. Bennett Dr. N. Booth Mr. T. McLachlan Dr. K. G. A. Pankhurst and Dr. D. Ridge with the Chairman as Question Master answered a variety of questions. An invitation had been issued for questions to be submitted in advance but this produced only a small response; further questions were therefore drafted based on a knowledge of the type of enquiry frequently made by young people. The advantage of having these prepared questions was evident; when the Brains Trust had answered a few the audience lost its shyness and as the evening proceeded questions were asked and opinions expressed with increasing freedom.The second meeting arranged by the Section was on 2 December at Acton Technical College with the co-operation of Dr. Skellon and the College authorities. On this occasion perhaps because notices were sent to schools in the neighbourhood too long before the event the audience of 86 consisted almost entirely of students who had already embarked on chemical careers. The proceedings were therefore less relevant to the subject of the present article. Dr. Griffiths again presided and Dr. N. Booth gave the intro- ductory talk. The Brains Trust comprised Mr.W. H. Bennett [931 Dr. N. Booth Dr. F. M. Hamer Dr. D. Ridge Dr. J. H. Skellon and Dr. E. C. Wood with the Chairman as Question Master. Members of the audience took a greater part in the discussion than the younger people at Dagenham and freely expressed their views on the future of the profession. Questions dealt with at the meetings included:-the best course to follow for students who could not afford to attend full-time courses at a university or college; the effect of compulsory military service on training prospects; alternatives to the examination system as a test of ability; the suggestion that more attention should be paid to the application of chemistry to industry in the final syllabus at universities; the value of the study of languages at school; recruiting of chemists and their prospects in the Civil Service; opportunities for chemists abroad; the relative position of men and women in chemical industry; possibilities of transfer from one type of chemical employment to another e.g.industry to teaching; advantages of becoming a Registered Student of the Institute. From the experience gained at these meetings some general conclusions may be drawn. There is a definite demand for such gatherings but they should not be held too frequently in any one area; members of the Brains Trust should represent as many different fields of chemistry as possible; good-humoured divergence of opinion among the Trust stimulates interest; careful organisation is necessary and it is well to have a selection of prepared questions to catalyse the discussion.The second experiment was carried out by the Manchester and District Section on 12 November 1948 when a meeting was held at the Royal College of Technology Salford to which senior pupils and science masters and mistresses from the Grammar Schools in the area were invited. From a radius of 16 miles about 700 visitors arrived by special motor coaches. They were first entertained to light refreshments organised in a most efficient manner by the College refectory staff. As the advertised time of the meeting drew near the large hall filled to capacity to the music of the great organ under the skilled hands of Mr. A. Davies a member of the staff in the Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry.The plat- form was decorated with flowers and around the walls were hung numerous large photographs lent by several local establishments depicting phases in chemical production research and control. Promptly at 5.30 p.m. the Chairman Professor F. Challenger a Vice-president of the Institute accompanied by the speakers who were to take part in the programme “The Profession of Chemistry,” took their places together with Dr. P. F. R. Venables the Principal of the College and Mr. P. R. Wray of the chemistry department Leigh Grammar School Hon. Secretary of the Lancashire Central [941 Branch I.A.A.M. who had been responsible for the gathering together of the large audience. Addressing his audience as “fellow students,” Professor Challenger immediately won their interest by referring to the life of the chemist as ‘‘a dog’s life”-a compliment for the dog is an intelligent animal and like the chemist depends for his livelihood largely on a sense of smell.Pursuing ab’more serious train of thought Professor Challenger argued that chemistry is more than a way of earning a living; it is a profession and a vocation absorbing and satisfying to the highest degree. Recalling some of the great names in the long history of the science the speaker brought home to his listeners the great debt owed by all to their unselfish and untiring efforts and the special obligation which presented itself to those who in any field took up the work where these great pioneers had laid it down.Finally speaking of the need for education in the widest sense Professor Challenger recommended his audience to peruse the Memorial Lectures of the Chemical Society both for the interest of the narrative and the beauty of their prose and com- pleted his address by a moving recital of those imperishable words on “wisdom” from the greatest of all literature. Commencing with “The Education of the Chemist,” Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Tutor to the Faculty of Science and Assistant to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester spoke of the origins and early history of our universities. He showed the dual functions of advanced education on the one hand and the quest of new knowledge on the other so that the university community comprised not teachers and taught but rather a body of students the senior guiding and helping the junior.From such foundations arose the modern conception of teaching and research both so closely interwoven and so inter-related as to provide a unique atmosphere of mental and cultural vitality. He stressed the urgent need for intelligent planning of his work by the student so that the best results might be achieved in vigorous co-operation. Warning his audience against the “9 till 5” attitude he underlined the Chairman’s ideal of vocation and pressed for a wider appreciation of the cultural value of university life. Following this description of university life Dr. E. G. Edwards Head of the Department of Chemistry Royal College of Technology Salford spoke of the great tradition which stood behind our Tech- nical Colleges-to provide scientific and technical training and education to Lll who seek knowledge in whatever sphere.This involved the provision of a sound knowledge of the fundamentals of the sciences and a modern and elastic training in their day-to-day application. Thus was the knowledge of pure science transmuted into the flow of useful materials and appliances so enriching and even indispensable to our age. The staffs of our colleges generally [QUI combined both scientific and industrial experience and so were highly qualified for the discharge of their important tasks. The student in general received his education from two sources-his place of employment and his technical college-and the degree of success was closely connected with the intelligent compromise effected between these two.Lastly the speaker emphasised the practical nature of the training and the early awareness of the immediate purpose of his studies aroused in the student through his contacts with technicians. Thus the technical college did not stand in rivalry to the university but in complement. Passing next to the work of the chemist in a symposium en- titled “My Job,” Dr. A. E. Gillam Senior Lecturer in Chemistry in the University of Manchester gave an account of the life of a chemist engaged in academic research. He defined research as any study of a completely new subject or of an old problem from a completely new angle.The stress was on the novelty of study and experiment. Such work demanded special attributes and mental equipment for this work was the most arduous and exacting of all the tasks before the chemist. Illustrating this point by reference to the work of Moseley Dr. Gillam dispelled the idea that the university lecturer had an easy time; it was an essential to promotion that first-class research should be attested by publication. Such endeavour left little of the long vacations untouched and the ability to work hard and long was not the least requirement. Dr. Gillam went on to explain the difference between long term or “academic,” and short term or “industrial,” research. It was impossible to draw a sharp line between the research of industrial research organisations and that of the universities.Much over- lapping occurred with great mutual benefit; but whereas industrial research usually concerned itself with investigations closely related to the problems of the specific industrywhich sponsored and financed the work university or academic research more generally concerned itself with fundamental problems perhaps with no immediate application. The ladder for the student commenced with a Higher School Certificate a good Honours Degree then a further period of work for either MSc. or Ph.D. By this time the chemist should have acquired the ability and necessary technique to commence independent investigations. Mr. J. Boulton Research Manager of the Droylsden Research Laboratories of Messrs.Courtaulds Ltd. next gave a picture of the industrial research worker. Saying that the term research included investigations into problems of product ion distribution finding new methods and improving old ones he stressed the value of creative art in the industrial worker. The qualities desired in the industrial research worker were similar to those demanded by academic research; but in industry the stimulus came from [ 96 1 commercial activity and was derived from a somewhat wider cross- section of people than that usually met with in university circles. While the nature of the research often precluded publication many enlightened concerns now permitted publication of those parts of the research dealing with fundamentals and such papers brought to their authors those rewards of prestige and professional satis- faction which were often lacking in earlier years.To compensate for the restriction on publication industry generally offered larger financial rewards than academic life. Finally one very important requisite was the ability to mix with all classes of commercial and technical workers at all levels. Mr. Kaye Refinery Superintendent of the Manchester Oil Refinery and a chemical engineer spoke on Chemical Engineering as a career. He amused the audience by recalling the days when after performing a reaction in glass on a laboratory scaIe the chemist brought in an engineer who promptly manufactured the same apparatus of the same shape but in some metal and on a large scale and then all hoped forlornly for the best.He contrasted this with the modern scientific method adopted by the trained chemical engineer who sought first to break down any operation into simple component steps or units. Such units when studied and adapted became the unit processes which the chemical engineer used to build up his complicated plant. Again the laboratory method was essentially a batch method starting with a charge of raw material and finishing with the completed product. The process must then be recommenced. By contrast modem chemical production aimed at a continuous method whereby a steady input of raw materials produced a continuous flow of finished substances. This placed heavy burdens on the designer of the plant for the spread of all the units used in the process must be closely integrated to avoid waste on the one hand and “bottle necks” on the other.Mrs. F. Dickinson of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. con-cluded the symposium by an account of the employment and prospects of women in chemical industry. She stressed the im- portance of team work and amply proved her case that women could and did hold their own; further that although women were numerically in the minority at the present time nevertheless it had been shown clearly that their sex was no bar to promotion. Mrs. Dickinson also gave a most valuable account of the training of girl laboratory assistants a work in which she has done much pioneer investigation. Examples of this activity were shown in some excellent photographs.Mrs. Dickinson herself an ex-teacher spoke also of the enormous importance of teaching as a profession,especially the teaching of science. The candidate should ask herself which interested her most people or things. If the former then the prerequisite for successful teaching already existed I974 The remainder of the meeting was taken up by an account of the professional work of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Mr. J. T. Marsh a Member of Council gave an excellent account of the activities of the Institute and indicated the necessary steps to be taken by the candidate for its qualifications. Among the main functions of the Institute were to influence the education and training of chemists and to grant professional qualifications to maintain professional status and discipline and to disseminate information through its publications.The Institute demanded loyalty and adherence to its by-laws. A code of ethical conduct was implied. The Secretary of the Local Section Mr. A. Carrol added a brief account of the work of the Local Sections speaking of the unique opportunity they offered for chemists of the most varied activities to meet on a common footing and so find community of interest and fellowship of ideas. Inviting the audience to ask questions Professor Challenger assumed the role of Question Master and many interesting questions were soon coming from both boys and girls. The boys were clearly worried about the effect of military service on their studies and the helpful and sympathetic answers given by the university and tech- nical staff present were much appreciated.One young lady ex- pressed her determination to become a chemical engineer and soon had Mr. Kaye on his feet to answer a charge of discrimination against women in this profession. After questions had continued for half-an-hour beyond the arranged closing time Professor Challenger had to apply the closure amid much regret. The meetings described above illustrate organised methods of approach to the problem of evoking and guiding an interest in chemistry in children and adolescents. Whether that interest is first aroused at such a meeting or in one of the ways suggested at the beginning of this article its further development will depend largely on personal contacts not only with the teachers whose duty it is to instruct and advise but also with individual chemists in all the various branches of the profession who thereby inevitably share in shaping the chemists of the future.SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE PRODUCTION AND USES OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS By Professor H. J. EMEL~US, DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Dublin and District Section Dublin 2 November; Cork 4 November; Galway 8 November 19481 The main methods available for the production of radioactive tracers are bombardment in the cyclotron or some similar device for accelerating ions the isolation of the radioactive fission products from uranium and neutron irradiation in the pile. The cyclotron may be used as a source of protons deuterons or alpha-particles of controlled energy and also indirectly of neutrons.It thus has the advantage of flexibility. The isolation of fission products may present difficulties because of the complexity of the mixtures encountered though this is potentially a source of very large amounts of certain species. The pile in which the controlled fission of U2=and the syn- thesis of Pu2sB are the main reactions has in its interior a high flux of slow neutrons capable of bringing about the (n y) reaction in most elements. In tracer production in the pile the sample to be irradiated is usually sealed in an aluminium container which is inserted into a special channel in the pile for the required irradiation time. The long-lived carbon isotope C1*is for example prepared by irradiating nitrogen in the form of calcium nitrate pellets (Nip + n1 = C14 + Hl).Much of the active carbon is present after irradiation as carbon dioxide and may be separated from an argon isotope formed in the reaction CaQO(n ct)A3' by precipitation as barium carbonate. Separation of the active isotope from the target material is normally impossible if the two are isotopic. In some cases however the Szilard-Chal- mers effect may be used. It depends on the recoil energy imparted to an atom when it undergoes say neutron absorption with emission of a */-ray. This energy is often greater than the energy with which the atom is bonded to the rest of the molecule in which it occurs. When for example ethyl iodide is irradiated with slow neutrons the radioactive iodine is set free and may be separated from the large excess of alkyl iodide by adding a small amount of iodine as carrier reducing and precipitating silver iodide.If the radioactive isotope is not isotopic with the target element from which it is produced a variety of chemical and physical methods are available for its separation. Many depend on normal procedures employed in analytical separations though in these it is often necessary to add a small amount of an isotopic carrier to facilitate manipulation. Other useful methods are fractional solution solvent extraction fractional volatilisation or separation in an ion-exchange column. In certain cases electro-chemical separations are also exceedingly useful. Radioactive tracer studies were first made with the naturally occurring radioactive elements as for example in Paneth's classical work on bismuth hydride.Magnesium turnings were exposed to thorium emanation and became coated with thorium B and C the second of which is isotopic with bismuth. On dissolving the turnings in acid the radioactivity of the thorium C is found in the gas evolved indicating the formation of a volatile hydride. Many more recent applications of tracer technique such for example as determinations of the solubility of sparingly soluble substances or the volatility of metals depend on the extreme sensitivity of the radioactive methods of measuring small quantities. In analytical chemistry radioactive tracers may be used in studying problems such as occlusion of ions in precipitates and the completeness of separations.Neutron irradiation will in a few cases reveal the presence of traces of impurities owing to the formation from the latter of a radioactive isotope with a characteristic decay period. The isotope dilution method of analysis is also finding increasing application. It is used to estimate a particular component (A) of a complex mixture by adding to a definite weight of the mixture a known weight of A containing a definite activity per mg. due to a radioactive tracer. A sample of A is then isolated from the mixture (and it need be only a small fraction of the total A present) and the activity per mg. is redetermined. This activity will be reduced owing to dilution with inactive material and the degree of dilution gives a measure of the amount of A in the unknown mixture.Other important tracer applications are the determination of the specific surface of solids and the study of exchange reactions. The latter may be illustrated by the exchange which occurs when an alkyl bromide is mixed with aluminium bromide containing radioactive bromine. Exchange studies with complex ions have also given valuable information on structure and bond types. The wide range of radioactive isotopes now available however leaves many such problems to be explored. Most of the progress in tracer applications in recent years has been in biological fields where radioactive isotopes such as those of hydrogen carbon sodium phosphorus sulphur calcium iron and iodine have a special signifi- cance.In the field of fertiliser chemistry for example phosphatic fertilisers containing radioactive phosphorus may be used with growing plants and serve to differentiate between the phosphorus which the plant takes from the soil and from the added fertiliser. Indeed the picture is more complete for the actual distribution of the radioactive phosphorus in the growing plant may be studied. This principle may be extended to the study of the distribu- tion of compounds containing radioactive atoms in the bodies of animals to which they are administered. A number of syntheses of organic compounds have been worked out in which a particular element (e.g. radioactive carbon) is incorporated as a tracer in a particular group of an organic molecule.The history of the labelled group may then be followed in reactions occurring either in vitro or in vivo. In this way an entirely new approach is provided to problems of animal metabolism. The localisation of a radioactive element (e.g. radio-iodine) in a particular organ has also found important therapeutic uses. In some instances there is evidence that the presence of a radioactive tracer interferes with the normal functioning of a biological system though usually there is no evidence that the picture is complicated in this way. THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN ORGANIC MOLECULES By Professor J. M. ROBERTSON, M.A. F.R.I.C. F.Inst.P. F.R.S. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Wigan 6 November 19481 A variety of physical methods which provide information regarding the finer structural details of molecules are now available.Extremely accurate data may be obtained from spectroscopic methods but a full interpretation of the results is usually only possible for very simple molecules. X-ray diffraction methods have recently been applied with considerable success to the analysis of quite complicated organic molecules. The information ob- tained includes accurate values for the bond lengths and valency angles and if the analysis can be sufficiently refined a reliable picture of the electron distribution in the molecule should be obtained. A really critical study of this latter aspect has hardly yet been attempted and it remains a subject for future research. Studies have been made of bond length variations in a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the results may be compared with simple theoret- ical calculations based on a linear superposition of the stable valency bond structures (KekulC forms) for these molecules.In this simple treatment the accurately known bond lengths in diamond graphite benzene and ethylene are used to calibrate an empirical curve relating “double bond character” and bond length. In pyrene the bond lengths are found to vary from 1.39 A. to 1.45 A. in dif€erent parts of the molecule the central bond being long. While these variations are not much above the limit of possible experimental error yet they form a fairly definite pattern which is in good agreement with the results predicted from the possible valency bond structures.In 1 2 6 6-dibenzanthracene two crystalline modifications (mono-clinic and orthorhombic) are available for analysis. Interpretation of the results is difficult and not all the bond lengths can be separately measured in [ 1001 each form. There is however a certain measure of agreement and this confirms the reality of the variations which cover about the same range as in pyrene. Coronene or hexabenzobenzene provides a very suitable structure for detailed analysis and reasonably accurate bond length measurements can be made. In the central ring and in the “spokes” connecting it to the outer atoms the bond length is about 1-43 A. In the outer ring itself there is a distinct alternation of lengths between 1-385 A.and 1.415 A. These results can be predicted in a simple manner from the twenty stable valency bond structures which contribute to the normal state of this molecule and the results are also in agreement with more detailed calculations of Coulson by the method of molecular orbitals. 1 12-benzperylene has also been studied recently by White and although it is not possible as yet to obtain accurate measurements for all the bond lengths the results obtained for the main part of the molecule afford confirmation of the measurements on coronene. The chemical properties of these hydrocarbons sometimes indicate a certain degree of “bond fixation.” This does not imply that the properties can be wholly represented by only one structure but rather that a certain structure or a certain group of structures makes a more important contri- bution to the normal state of the molecule than certain other structures.A useful generalisation in this connection is that expressed by the Fries rule which states that structures with benzenoid rings are more important than structures with quinonoid rings. A detailed examination of the results mentioned above provides some evidence in favour of this generalisation especially in the case of pyrene. In general however the relation between chemical reactivity and bond length is a complicated one. It is likely that a more direct correlation with chemical properties will be obtained if it becomes possible to make an accurate study of the electron distribution between the various atoms in the molecule.There are many difficulties in the way of doing this and it will probably be necessary to carry out the diffraction studies at low temperatures in order to reduce thermal movement. Already however some interesting results have been obtained from certain very detailed crystal structure studies by the usual methods for example in the aliphatic series sebacic acid and hexamethylenediamine. In these structures the hydrogen atoms are clearly visible on the electron density maps and they occur in the places to be expected from a tetrahedral distribution of the bonds. The effect is slight and in many structures it is difiicult to distinguish it from spurious diffraction effects which are always present to some extent.It has to be remembered that the nucleus of the atom is not effective in scattering X-rays and we are only concerned with the electron distribution between the carbon and hydrogen atoms and around the hydrogen atom. Very few observations have as yet been made in this field but we have the impression that hydrogen atoms are “visible” to a different extent in different types of molecule. This may well indicate differences in the electron distribution. For example if the hydrogen atom is easily ionised we might expect not to be able to “see” it at all. The further development of these methods may provide data which can be correlated with theories of chemical reactivity more directly than simple bond length measurements. SULPHIDE PRECIPITATION AND THE MASS ACTION LAW By RONALDBELCHER, M.Inst.F’.F.R.I,C. [Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section 14 January 19491 Few text-books of qualitative analysis give a satisfactory treatment of the Mass Action Law as appIied to the piecipitation of sulphides. When an [ 101 3 attempt was made at the University of Aberdeen to give a fuller treatment of the subject in the teaching courses a number of discrepancies was noted. It is often stated that the sulphides fall into two groups because some have solubility products greater and some less than 1.7 x (the value for [S J when [H+] = 0.25 the acidity at which the first sulphide group is usually precipitated). When the values for ZnS CoS and NiS are examined however it is seen that on such reasoning alone these sulphides should precipitate in the first sulphide group.It is also rarely explained why the solubility products of the Group 2B sulphides are omitted from the table supplied; why cadmium sulphide has a different solubility product according to whether it is precipi- tated in a hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid medium; or why lead sulphide which has a solubility product similar to that of cadmium sulphide rarely gives the same trouble to students as does the latter. Perhaps an even more startling discrepancy to which no previous reference appears to have been made is the case of the precipitation of CdS at various acid concentrations. In text-books it is usually pointed out that the sulphide ion concentration falls rapidly with increasing acidity because ..............(1) [s=]=-K W2Sl W+I2 and that when [H+] rises much above 1 precipitation will not take place thus accounting for the ease with which cadmium may be missed in the Group 2 precipitation unless the acidity is carefully controlled. In order to impress this point on students an attempt was made to prepare a table showing the amount of Cd++ remaining in solution as [H+] increased. The attempt was abandoned as the following fact came to light. It can be readily deduced from the appropriate Mass Action data that [H+IBX K where w++]cM’+3 = [H2SJ x 1.1 x 10-22 ...... is a divalent metal K,is the solubility product and 1.1 x 10-2’ is the figure obtained from the dissociation constants of H2S. Taking the extreme case where concentrated hydrochloric acid is used (i.e.11 M) [H,S] as equal to 0.1 and K,as 7.1 x (Bruner and Zawadski l909) it can be shown that [Cd++]= 7.81 x 10-8 or Cd++ = 04377 g. per litre or 0.000 g. in 10 ml. That is to say that if we had a solution containing 0.200 g. of Cd++ per 10 ml. 0.191 g. should precipi- tate in concentrated hydrochloric acid ! One of the commoner problems given in text-books is the calculation of the amount of a metal remaining in solution after precipitation as the sul- phide at a given acidity. It will be obvious that with the available knowledge as far as cadmium is concerned such problems bear not the remotest resem- blance to what occurs in practice. And they become therefore nothing but exercises in arithmetic.The acidity at which cadmium sulphide no longer precipitates varies according to the text-books consulted. Some quote 1.3M; others give a somewhat higher acidity; but whatever it may be it is considerably less than even 4 M as many a schoolboy knows to his cost. An investigation was initiated in the hope of finding an explanation of this alarming discrepancy. At first it was thought that the value of 0.1 usually taken for [H2S] might not hold at higher acidities. The first difficulty en- countered was to obtain a solution of H,S in water which approached this strength. In the belief that the “closed-flask” method was the most efficient means of saturating the solution this was used in the earlier experiments but even after 24 hr. the figure obtained rarely approached 0.07M at room temperature.The bubbling method was found to be much more efficient. However consistent results could only be obtained when the rate of flow was controlled and measured by means of a flowmeter. For a value of 0.1 M to be reached the H,S had to be bubbled at a rate of not less than 260 ml. per min. for 15 min. When rate of flow is plotted against molarity a steep curve is obtained which flattens offat about 250 ml. per min. If the flow is main- tained for longer periods the molarity will rise above 0.1. Flow and time appear to be interdependent for when the rate is increased to 1,500 ml. per min. for 16 min. the molarity increases but slightly; on the other hand it reaches 0.11 M at room temperature in 30 min.with a flow of 480 ml. per min. and then remains constant. If a flow of 100 ml. per min. is maintained the molarity does not reach 0.09 even after 60 min. Whilst most students tend to pass H,S as fast as possible few will pass it for even 5 rnin. so that in practice it is unlikely. that the figure of 0.1 M will be approached let alone reached. In subsequent experiments time and rate of flow were adjusted so that the final concentration of H,S was approximately 0.1 M. It was found that up to about an acidity of 3.5 M the H,S concentration altered but slightly. Above this range erratic values were obtained and this phase of the work will be repeated using a more refined technique. Since however CdS does not precipitate at this concentration the molarity of H,S is of little importance as regards our present discussion since the value of 0.1 M may be accepted over the range where precipitation occurs.When allowance was made for the acid produced by the reaction it was found that precipitation just failed slightly above a concentration of hydro- chloric acid of 2.7 M. When the solution was cooled in ice precipitation was effected at a somewhat higher concentration of acid due to the value of 0.1 M for H,S being exceeded. On the other hand if an acidity just below 2.7 M was used and the flow of H,S was dropped to 100 ml. per min. i.e. on the steep portion of the curve precipitation no longer occurred since the value of 0.1 M H,S was not approached in the standard time. In these experiments on the precipitation of CdS solutions of known strength were used and precipitated at various acidities.The amount of unprecipitated Cd++ was then determined. Needless to say the results bore no resemblance to those obtained by calculation. Two typical results were a3 follows I Amt. Cd++ unpptd. g./litre [H+l Calculated Found 2.7 0.053 38.6 1.2 0.011 14.4 Another possible cause of the great discrepancy between the values obtained may lie in the accepted value for the solubility product. Its accurate determination is an admittedly difficult problem and widely differing values have been advanced. In equation (2) K,can be treated as an unknown and recalculated since all the other values are known or can be determined experimentally. Using the experimentally determined values of pM++] over the range 0-6M to 2.7 M HC1 values for K,are obtained which vary between 6.2 and 6.7 x 10-s.If the mean of these values (6.6 x lo-”) is used in place of the accepted value problems may be solved to give results which do bear some reasonable resemblance to what occurs in practice. This is only [ 103 3 suggested tentatively for much more experimental work is necessary; in future work activities will have to be considered although this will involve a problem in itself. The lower values for the solubility products of CdS may have been determined on aged precipitates which are more insoluble whereas our tentative values are determined on fresh precipitates. It is of interest to note that when CdS was precipitated at high acidities the red form of CdS was obtained as first noted by Biichner and independently by von Klubokow in 1887.This red form of CdS was considered to be fl CdS whereas the yellow form was considered to be a CdS. More recently it has been shown (e.g. Milligan J. Phys. Chem. 1934 38 797) that a CdS (hexagonal) is precipitated in halide solution and /3 CdS (rhombic) in sulphate solution. The difference in colour is possibly due to differences in particle size for both forms can exist as the yellow and red variety. Since our products were obtained at higher acidities than previous workers had used they were subjected to X-ray examination. All our samples regardless of the acidity at which precipitation was effected were ct CdS.All the products except that precipitated at the lower acidities had a well-defined crystalline structure. No evidence of the presence of CdC1 could be found. The preliminary experiments discussed in this summary were carried out in the University of Aberdeen in collaboration with Mr. W. I. Stephen and Mr. G. L. Buchanan. They were started with the hope that a few experiments might indicate the source of the discrepancy and an intensive research pro- gramme was not visualised at the time. A more refined technique will have to be developed ;for example a Kipp’s apparatus is not suitable for supplying a steady flow of H,S and cylinders are essential for exact work. It may be that some of our present figures will have to be revised but at least we think those obtained so far point in the right direction.The work is to be con- tinued at the University of Birmingham. TRADE EFFLUENTS By J. H. GARNER,BSc. F.R.I.C. M.I.Chem.E. and M. LOVETT,BSc. F.R.I.C. [Leeds Area Section 17 January 19491 The practice of discharging untreated trade effluents to the nearest stream was common 50 years ago and unfortunately still persists in some parts of the country. Trade effluents may contain constituents which are directly toxic or harm- ful or oonstituents which become harmful through subsequent decomposition whether accompanied by depletion of dissolved oxygen in the stream or not. (Fresh water in equilibrium with the atmosphere normally contains only about 10 parts per million of dissolved oxygen.) Other constituents though stable and harmless to aquatic life may cause serious difficulties if the water is used for steam raising cooling or process work in industry.Still others though not particularly harmful may render the water unsightly and so deprive it of any inherent aesthetic value. 1 p.p.m. of oil may be most unsightly and some dyestuffs are visible at a dilution of 1 in 80 million. Where river water is used as a source of domestic supply pollution at best may cause difficulty in the normal purification processes. At worst special processes involving considerable expenditure may be necessary to make the water wholesome and palatable. The increasing use of chlorination is not without difficulties. Thus although 10 p.p.m. of phenol may not give a perceptible taste chlorination may cause unpleasant taste and odour with only 0.001 p.p.m.of phenol. With continuously increasing demands for piped water supplies more use will have to be m.ade of lower reaches of rivers DR. BURKHARDT SPEAKING AT THE SALFORD MEETING SOME OF THE AUDIENCE AT SALFORD and streams and more strenuous efforts will be necessary to minimise pollution. The requirements of industry in regard to water supply are frequently exacting. Even unpolluted stream waters vary considerably in composition and many require treatment before use. Persistent pollution even when means are available for counteracting its effects may involve the user of stream water in heavy expense and intermittent pollution may cause damage to plant and materials before a temporary change in the nature of the water has been detected.Biologically a stream is not a one-way route and pollution of a lower reach is just as effective a means of permanently excluding migratory fish (e.g. salmon trout and eels) from upper reaches as persistent pollution throughout its length. Moreover the damage caused by isolated discharges of polluting effluents is out of all proportion to the actual period of discharge. Although the commercial value of inland fisheries in this country is small it is greater than is generally believed and might well be increased. Other commercial interests such as agriculture and navigation must also be considered and the recreational value of fishing boating and swimming must not be overlooked.Nor has industry any right to deprive a river of its scenic values. The owner of riparian rights is in a very strong position legally and may take action at common law even where a sanitary authority is powerless or inactive. The polluting constituents of a trade effluent may be chiefly in suspension (eg waters from coal washing) chiefly in solution (e.g. waters from chemical industry including gas manufacture) or both in suspension and solution (e.g. waters from textile mills beet sugar factories or distilleries). Methods of treatment fall into three main classes physical chemical and biological with suitable combinations of two or more. Physical methods may be subdivided into screening (or straining) and settlement.The waste is thus divided into two parts which may subsequently receive separate treatment. The separated solids may be of value sometimes sufficient to render the process profitable apart from purification aspects. Thus recoverable products include fibres from textile and papermaking industries grease from the textile industry and slurry from coal washing. If the suspended solids in a waste liquid are putrescible e.g. from food pro- cessing it is usually desirable to separate them in as fresh a condition as possible since putrefaction or fermentation may increase the dissolved im- purity and render subsequent purification more difficult. Mechanical filtration is really very fine screening and may be designed to operate at high pressure at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum.In physical methods the success of the process usually depends on the ease with which accumulated solids can be removed and if this can be done automatically or continuously it will usually be a great advantage. Such facilities increase the cost and may not be justified in small installations. In some wastes solids in suspension do not settle readily and much that appears to be in suspension is really in a colloidal condition. The addition of a suitable chemical reagent may bring about the formation of a flocculent precipitate which coagulates or entangles finely dispersed solids and pre- cipitates them. Coagulants in common use are lime sulphuric acid and salts of aluminium and iron. Optimum floc formation may occur only over a restricted range of pH value and adjustment of pH may thus be necessary.The latter may of itself bring about flocculation. In all cases careful control and intimate mixing are essential for economic working. It sometimes happens that an industry produces two or more different types of waste liquid which if segregated and mixed under controlled conditions can be utilised to mutual advantage. More rarely a waste liquid which is sufficiently [ 105 3 non-polluting to be discharged direct to stream can be utilised in the treatment of other wastes. An example is regeneration waste from zeolite softening plant. Carbon dioxide from flue gases may also find application. For trade effluents which are amenable to decomposition by the activities of micro-organisms biological processes are often the cheapest and most efficient.A process similar to the treatment of domestic sewage on perco- lating filters or by the activated sludge process can be used. An advantage of this type of treatment is that standard equipment is available from manu- facturers of sewage plant. Over 50 years ago the West Riding Rivers Board urged local authorities and traders to come to agreement so that the sewage and trade refuse of a district could as far as possible be dealt with at one centre. The Board’s efforts were frequently successful and considerable lengths of streams have been cleared of trade effluent pollution. The discharge of trade effluents to sewers has come into prominence in recent years by the passing of the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act 1937.To a large extent the Act was based upon experience gained from the operation of local Acts up to 30 years earlier by several West Riding authorities e.g. Huddersfield Halifax Heckmondwike Dewsbury and Morley and these authorities may justly be regarded as pioneers in their efforts to cope with the problem of trade effluents. The Act provides that local authorities shall either by agreement with separate traders or by the enforcement of by-laws fix the terms on which effluents may be discharged to sewers. Conditions may be imposed by the local authority but any person aggrieved by a decision has the right of appeal to the Minister of Health with whom rests the final decision. A trader who wishes to discharge trade effluent to the sewers must serve on the local authority a notice in the prescribed form stating the nature or composition the maximum daily quantity and the highest hourly rate at which it is proposed to discharge the effluent.If the local authority fails to give consent or attaches conditions which cannot reasonably be complied with the trader must be prepared to appeal to the Minister of Health and should rely on legal and technical advice in formulating an appeal. He should also ascertain whether the Minister has designated any specified body as being representative of the owner or occupiers of trade premises in the district and if so seek its help. In the West Riding the Minister has already designated a Committee representing certain non-textile industries.The main value of the Act applies to the more populated manufacturing districts in which local authorities have been backward in granting facilities for the discharge of trade effluents into the sewers and to new areas to which new industries are spreading. The majority of manufacturers desire to rid themselves of the trouble of operating purification works on their own premises and are willing to pay the local authority a reasonable charge for relieving them of the burden. The manufacturer often has some difficulty in finding space for a separate purification plant and he seldom has the necessary technical knowledge to get the best results from it. His employees are generally not skilled in the work and the plant is often relegated to an “odd job” man.If all trade effluent is treated at sewage works the problem of efficient purification is generally simplified by the mixture of different effluents and the control of the works can be entrusted to an experienced manager. Also the degree of purification even with the best trade effluent treatment plants very seldom reaches that of the average effluent from the modern sewage works. Further it has long been recognised that the provisional standards for purification of various types of trade effluent recommended by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal are inadequate for maintaining the cleanliness of streams. Some trade effluents may exert a greater influence on the normal biological r 106 1 coIidition of a stream than do sewage effluents of apparently similar impurity.In view of the facilities afforded by the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act it is very probable that rivers authorities will apply more stringent standards for the separate treatment of trade effluents than hitherto. The cost of reaching a reasonably high standard by this means would be more than by discharging the effluent to a sewer which must now be considered the best practicable and reasonably available means of disposal. Xn Act of Parliament relating to a problem such as this even when geri- uinely applied in the spirit rather than the letter of the law cannot remove all rlifficulties. With many trade premises it would be either impracticable or uneconomical to discharge effluents to sewers.Where large factories have been established in rural districts the local sewerage systems cannot be expected to cope with a burden probably many times greater than the dom- estic sewage of the district nor would it be feasible or economical to connect waste waters from such industries as coalwashing and coke manufacture to the sewers in urban and rural areas. The Act has been much criticised by both manufacturers and local authori- ties. Some of the criticism is understandable but much has been hasty trivial and even captious. For the successful working of the Act co-operation is required not only between traders and local authorities but also between the traders themselves. In the West Riding with very rare exceptions no particular difficulty has been experienced which could not be solved by collab- oration and compromise.Foresight is required in regard to choice of site and internal factory drain- age arrangements whenever industrial development is being considered. Even where no difficulty is anticipated it may be possible to modify the manufacturing process to reduce the volume or pollutional load of the trade effluent. Thus the installation of additional drainage racks at one milk depot reduced the milk loss in washings from 0-1 per cent. to 0.02 per cent. Not only was valuable material saved but the pollution load was reduced by 80 per cent. It may be possible to reduce pumping or excavation costs by adjusting the levels of certain units so that they will discharge by gravity to optimum drainage levels inside and outside the factory.In some districts more careful supervision by pollution prevention authori- ties will be needed and general co-ordination of various aspects of river control including land drainage river engineering pollution control and fisheries development will be an advantage. The recognition of these problems resulted in the passing of the River Boards Act 1948. The Act does not alter the law in regard to rivers pollution prevention but empowers the Ministers of Health and Agriculture to set up Boards whose duty will be to conserve water resources mainly by enforcing existing legislation. Manufacturers in districts not actively supervised hitherto should therefore recognise the fact that there will be more careful supervision of rivers than has hitherto been possible.Most trade effluent problems are however capable of solution given the genuine co-operation of all interested parties. BERTHOLLIDE COMPOUNDS By J. S. ANDERSON, Ph.D. Mkc. D.I.C. [Tees-side Section 21 January 19493 Solid compounds which do not obey the law of constant proportions and in which the atomic ratios are not expressible by small whole numbers have been called Berthollide compounds. The title recalls the controversy between [ 1073 Berthollet and Proust about the constancy of composition of chemical compounds. Classical chemical theory is based on the study of gases the molecules of which are independent of one another and contain a fixed number of atoms .each. The molecule is also a reality in crystals of organic compounds. In solid inorganic substances however the molecule may lose its identity in an infinite polymer. This makes the definition of a compound difficult. In a solid system continuously varying in composition it is usual in phase rule studies to describe as a compound that solid which shows a maximum melting point. Other properties such as electrical conductivity may also be used and the property may be a minimum or a maximum. However in some cases the maximum or minimum occurs at different compositions for different properties. For instance in the bismuth-thallium system the maximum melting point occurs at 62.8 per cent. bismuth which does not correspond to a simple atomic ratio.Other properties show extreme values at different compositions. In fact for solids the unit cell defined by X-ray analysis is the significant unit and not the molecule. Ideally the unit cell itself should have a simple rational composition like the molecule of a gas. But the actual composition of a crystal may differ from that of its ideal unit cell because some cells may be defective in one way or another. Thus in the sodium-lead system there is a compound with a unit cell corresponding to the formula NaPb,. However a compound cannot be prepared with a gross composition corresponding to this formula; a certain proportion of the lead atoms is always replaced by sodium atoms and the compound may contain from 27 to 35 atomic per cent.of sodium. Another well-known example is the mineral pyrrhotite a ferrous sulphide in which the composition may vary up to a maximum represented by the formula FeS,., although the unit cell corresponds to FeS. The excess of sulphur could be accounted for in three ways:- (1) Some of the iron positions in the lattice might be occupied by sulphur atoms. This is unlikely because for negatively charged sulphur atoms to take the place of positively charged iron atoms would involve drastic electrostatic repulsions ; (2) extra sulphur atoms may be inserted between the atoms occupying the (3) some of the iron sites in the lattice might be unoccupied with a corre- lattice sites. Such atoms are called interstitial or interlattice atoms ; sponding number of iron atoms raised to the trivalent ferric state to secure electrical neutrality.The formula weight per unit cell for FeS,. for these possibilities would be (1) 85.9 for substitution of iron by sulphur (2) 91.2 for interstitial sulphur (3) 82-9 for cation omission. Measured densities and cell dimensions for the composition FeS,. make it plain that (3) cation omission is the true explana- tion. The range of composition shows that up to 15 per cent. of the cation positions may be unoccupied. The same explanation applies to wiistite which has a unit cell corre- sponding to FeO but which exists in the range of composition FeO,., to FeO,.,,. The energetics of the defects in crystal lattices has been worked out theoretically by Schottky and LVagner.A defect in the ideal lattice can be created by moving an atom from the interior of the lattice to the surface of the crystal. This is an endothermic process involving an increase in the heat content. On the other hand since the vacant site may be anywhere the disorder and so the entropy of the crystal is increased. The free energy G(= H -TS) turns out as a result of these two opposing tendencies to be r 1081 a minimum at all temperatures above the absolute zero for a certain finite concentration of defects. All real crystals will therefore contain defects. The combination of equal concentrations of vacant cation and vacant anion sites (Schottky defects) occurs in highly polar compounds such as sodium chloride.The concentration of vacant sites increases exponentially with temperature and if as is likely about 1 electron-volt must be expended to produce a lattice defect Schottky's formula gives results like the following Temperature (" C.) . . . . 500 750 1,250 1,750 Fraction of Sites Vacant . . 3 x 10-6 3 x 2 x 3 x Mott however has argued that such figures are too low by a factor between 10 and 104. Of the other kinds of combination of defects which are possible only one is of interest the combination of vacant lattice sites with corresponding interstitial atoms (Frenkel defects). Consider a crystal in contact with the vapour of one of its components (e.g. AgBr and Br2). Bromide ions can be added to the lattice by process I which consists of (a)an increase in valency of a corresponding number of silver ions and (b) the creation of a cation hole corresponding to the anion added :-(I) Ag++ Ag++ + e .... *. .. .. .. -(a) $Br2+ e (atsurface) -+ Br- (on lattice site) + cation hole .. (b) Bromide ions can be removed from the lattice by process 11 which consists of the conversion of bromide ions into bromine molecules and of a corre- sponding number of silver ions into interstitial silver atoms :-(11) Br-+ Ag+ (on lattice site) -+ +Br9(gas) + Ag (interstitial) Addition or removal of bromide ions will therefore change the concentrations of both kinds of defect cation holes and interstitial atoms with corresponding changes in the heat content and entropy of the crystal. There will therefore be equilibrium concentrations of defects which will depend on the pressure of bromine vapour.When this is such that the concentrations of cation defects and interstitial atoms are equal the crystal has the same composition as the ideal unit cell although it is not free from defects. Such a crystal is referred to as the stoichiometric crystal and the sum of the concentrations of defects it contains is called the intrinsic disorder (6). For any other pressure of brom- ine vapour over the crystal (at the same temperature) there will be an excess or deficiency of bromide ions given by the difference between the concentra- tions of cation holes and interstitial atoms. The greater the intrinsic disorder the more rapidly does the composition of the crystal depart from the stoichio- metric as the equilibrium pressure is changed.The energy needed to produce a vacant site or interstitial atom is smaller than the lattice energy of the crystal by a factor which depends on the polarisa- tion and distortion of the lattice around each defect and also on non-ionic interactions. Crystalline compounds of the transition or B-sub-group metals are therefore more likely to contain defects than are those made up of ions possessing an inert gas structure. The number of experimentally established cases of deviations from the law of constant proportions is still not large partly because for many solid compounds the deviations to be expected are extremely minute. In other cases however it is simply because deviations have not been sought. An interesting example is lead sulphide which can have 0-5 per cent.atoms of sulphur in excess or defect of that given by the formula PbS. This had remained undetected because since the time of Berzelius no serious chemist had spent his time analysing lead sulphide. Other interesting cases are those of the oxides of molybdenum and tungsten and titanium monoxide. The oxides of molybdenum and tungsten are variable r 1091 in composition but on annealing they split up into phases of more definite composition. Titanium monoxide has the NaCl lattice but its composition can vary in the range TiO,., to TiO,.,. Lattice defects are important in controlling the rates of chemical reactions involving solids. These rates often depend upon a diffusion process in the solid and this diffusion takes place most readily through lattice defects.Thus a vacant cation site can be filled by a neighbouring cation and in this way the vacant site moves through the lattice. Among reactions which have been studied in this connection are those which may be described as tarnishing reactions. For instance the rate of reaction of silver with sulphur vapour is determined by the rate at which the silver cation diffuses through the film of silver sulphide. The same process determines the rate of oxidation of iron by oxygen under some conditions. Other interesting examples are found in spinel formation. Zinc oxide for example reacts with chromium sesquioxide more rapidly in air than in hydrogen because the concentration of vacant cation sites in chromic oxide is higher in air.Lattice defects can give rise to electrical conductivity (semi-conductivity) in non-metallic solids. Thus in cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide a proportion of the cation sites are occupied by cupric ions. The double charge can be transferred from one copper ion to the next in the lattice and in this way an electric current passes through the lattice. In some cases such as zinc oxide and chromic oxide the conductivity is affected by the oxygen partial pressure since this affects the concentration of lattice defects. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY By W. C. O’NEILL,B.A. A.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 2 February 19491 The manufacture of chocolate commences with a fermentation of the raw cacao beans.This is followed by drying roasting and dehusking to give cacao nibs from which the actual chocolate is prepared. The nibs containing about 50 per cent. cacao butter are ground to cacao mass and then mixed with ground sugar in a melangeur to give chocolate paste which is subsequently reduced to a powder called crumb of very fine particle size on a refiner. Chocolate crumb with additional cacao butter is then conched for a long time to develop flavour and to give a homogenous product in which solid particles are very thoroughly dispersed in a continuous liquid fat phase. A final operation known as tempering is essential in order to ensure the correct crystallisation of the cacao butter. In sugar confectionery generally the use of liquid glucose has now almost entirely superceded the old practice of boiling the sugar with cream-of-tartar to give a proportion of invert sugar.Either invert sugar or glucose is neces- sary in order to delay temporarily the crystallisation of sugar from the strong supersaturated solutions in which it is invariably present. In the manu- facture of fondant cream for chocolate centres etc. the delay in crystallisation is only temporary until the syrup has been well cooled down when it is beaten vigorously in order to induce very fine crystallisation. In boilings and toffees the crystallisation of sugar is further delayed by the high viscosity of the product. If this high viscosity is reduced by surface absorption of moisture from the atmosphere crystallisation sets in very rapidly.In jellies and gums crystallisation is delayed by the presence of gelatine etc. in addition to glucose. The keeping properties of confectionery are greatly influenced by its c 1101 water vapour pressure. For example boilings and toffees in which the water vapour pressure is very low are extremely hygroscopic whereas jellies in which the water vapour pressure is high tend to dry out. For control of osmophilic yeasts which cause the bursting of certain types of chocolate covered confections the method of measuring relative humidity and thereby osmotic pressure in a product devised by Pouncey and Summers (J.S.C.I. 1939 58 162) is very convenient. INFRA-REDSPECTRA By F. J. CRIPWELL,B.A. [East Anglian Section 11 February 19491 Although the infra-red covers a wide range of the electro-magnetic spectrum beyond the visible area the area most commonly considered is that lying between 2 and 25p.The position of the absorption bands in this area can be expressed in two unit forms. The bands can be designated by wavelengths expressed in terms of p or alternatively as wave numbers the wave number being the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimetres. Absorption of energy in the infra-red region is caused by molecular vibra- tions which in themselves give rise to a change of dipole moment. Consider-ing the C -H linkage two such vibrations would be the rotational and reciprocating movements of the two atoms relative to one another. In a complex organic molecule the number of absorption bands which can occur is very large since the molecule is capable of a number of intra- atomic vibrations.In the case of a molecule containing n atoms each having 3 degrees of freedom the total number of vibrations is (3n -6) to which must be added the overtones and harmonics of these vibrations. A certain amount of simplification is possible and a vast amount of experimental work has been done to distinguish and plot the so-called separable frequencies which are characteristic of different groups and linkages. The various kinds of double bonds and conjugated linkages straight chain and ring compounds and various forms of substitution each have their characteristic frequency bands at which absorption takes place. An examination of the infra-red spectrum of a compound especially if this compound is in a reasonably pure condition enables the analyst to identify the various groupings present in the molecule.Furthermore this examination can be carried out rapidly with a small amount of material. An application of a more academic interest is the deduction of force constants and structure from infra-red spectra. The recorded spectra are compared by trial and error with “calculated” spectra based on assumed molecular structures. Finally infra-red absorption is being used and appreciated as a tool in chemical analysis. Most compounds are found to obey Beer’s law which expresses the relationship between the absorption of a compound and the concentration present. The positions of the absorption bands enable one to identify the compound whilst the depth of the characteristic bands compared with the same bands produced from known concentrations of the compound enable one to calculate the concentration present in the solution.It will be appreciated from the fundamental examination of Beer’s law that the examina- tion of absorption bands is a much more sensitive instrument when dealing with dilute solutions. Proportionally the difference is more emphatic in dilute solutions. Owing to the fact that water shows a general absorption in the infra-red aqueous solutions cannot be used but organic solvents are very successfully employed. For this estimation any characteristic absorption band of the compound can be utilised. r 111 I This method has been successfully used in the estimation of the amount of tricyclene formed during the isomerisation of 01 pinene-camphene.Another war-time use of infra-red spectroscopy was the identification of different fractions in German aviation spirit from small quantities of such spirit left in jettisoned auxiliary aircraft tanks. As regards the instruments employed for infra-red work the difficulty lies in the selection of suitable materials for the lenses prisms etc. One has to compromise between increased dispersion and decreased transmission. Substances which have the refractive index which would give a good dispersion suffer from the defect that they absorb a high proportion of infra-red rays. Sodium chloride is the substance generally used for prisms although it has certain disadvantages but for reflections etc.metallised mirrors are exten- sively employed. Aluminium is very popularly employed in this respect but other metals can be used for reflection. The amount of energy transmitted is estimated on well designed thermocouples or bolometers. The design of these components of the spectrometer has been a field of many improvements especially as regards recording devices and amplifiers. Double-beam spectrometers render the problem of examining infra-red spectra easier by direct projection of the two beams giving a reading of the ratio of the absorption of the blank and the test beams. PLASTIC REPLICAS FOR SURFACE FINISH ASSESSMENT BYJ. PEARSON, MSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [South Wales Section 28 February 19491 The surface characteristics of steel sheets which may affect the properties of coatings applied thereto or the behaviour of the steel itself in subsequent mechanical operations may be classified as chemical crystallographic and topographic.The influence of topography i.e. surface roughness is very important in some manufacturing operations; for example the roughness of steel sheets for motor-car bodies must be maintained constant. Visual inspection being inadequate resort must be had to an instrument such as the “Talysurf,” with which to measure the roughness. Since the roughness is produced by mill-rolling with grit-blasted rolls it is equally essential that the roughness of the rolls be measured and maintained constant. Objects such as mill-rolls are too large to be accommodated on the Talysurf work-table and a replica technique has been developed.This enables negative replicas to be taken from selected small areas of large objects for subsequent examination on the surface measuring instrument. After much trial and experiment it was found that accurate replicas could be made by polymerising on the surface to be examined a mixture of 80 ml. of monomeric methyl methacrylate 20 ml. of “Diakon F” granules 2 ml. of tributyl citrate and 0.8 g. of benzoin. This mixture is applied as a thin film between the metal surface and a square of “Perspex” sheet 1 in. x 1 in. x & in. Polymerisation is effected by exposure to ultra-violet light. The replicas are readily removed even from rough surfaces and are of adequate hardness not to be damaged by the stylus of the Talysurf.The records on metal and replica are essentially indistinguishable. Since the replicas reproduce faithfully all surface irregularities they can be used for the metallographic examination of awkwardly located surfaces; when examined at high magnification by transmitted light they reveal all the metallographic details of original etched specimens. Such replicas can also be used as projection transparencies and in multiple- beam interferometry and electron microscopy. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (18January to 1 March 1949) Antrycide.-On 23 February Major Ramsay asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether every precaution is being taken to prevent the development of races of trypanosomes immune against antrycide in view of the fact that immune races have developed in the case of previous drugs.MR. CREECHJONES Yes. My advisers are very conscious of this possi- bility. The use of antrycide is being controlled initially by Government Veterinary Departments largely for this reason. Civil Defence.-On 20 January Squadron-Leader Kinghorn asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will give details of the organisation to be administered by the scientific adviser for Civil Defence matters. MR. EDE In accordance with the recommendations of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy the conduct of research into scientific problems which arise in connection with Civil Defence planning is undertaken by existing research organisations such as those of the Ministry of Supply and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.It is the responsibility of the Chief Scientific Adviser working in close association with the Scientifk Advisers to the Service Departments and the scientific authorities in other Departments to define and bring to notice in the appropriate quarter the Civil Defence problems requiring research and to ensure that all research for Civil Defence is properly co-ordinated. In addition he himself undertakes in collaboration with the Departments concerned research of the kind described by the qdvisory Council as operational research. To assist him in his duties the Chief Scientific Adviser has a staff of five scientists.Coal Utilisation Research (Expenditure).-On 27 January Mr. Blackburn asked the Minister of Fuel and Power what is the present approximate ex- penditure in this country on research and development projects concerning coal; what this expenditure amounts to per ton of the annual British coal output; and how this expenditure and the amount per ton compares with that in Holland and the U.S.A. MR. GAITSKELL: Research and development concerning the utilisation of coal is undertaken by the Fuel Research Station of the Department of Scien- tific and Industrial Research the British Coal Utilisation Research Association which is supported largely by the National Coal Board and other organisations such as the Gas Research Board and the British Coke Research Association.The total annual expenditure involved is about 4450.000 or gd. per ton of coal output. Comparable figures for Holland and the U.S.A. are not available. In addition some 4120,000 is spent annually by my Ministry on Safety in Mines Research. The National Coal Board are carrying on research and development work on a considerable scale ranging from laboratory investigations into dust problems to the development of new mining techniques. No separate figures of expenditure by the Board on these matters are available but I understand this subject will be dealt with fully in the Board’s next annual report. Colonial Development.-Numerous references to the application of science to the development of the Colonial territories were made in the debate on Colonial Development and Welfare in the House of Commons on 24 February.MR. REES-WILLIAMS, the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies referred to the great difficulty of getting the necessary materials for building and equipping research laboratories and for building houses for the research staff and also to the grave shortage of scientists. He said that one of thr greatest problems at the moment was the provision of scientists and tech- nicians of every grade and that this shortage could not be made good even in a year or two having regard to the present output of the universities and training schools. He regarded it as essential to get on with the research schemes before the other schemes whether educational economic or social could come into operation.Mr. Rees-Williams then went on to give a list of some of the research schemes which were proceeding particularly in the field of agriculture veterinary fisheries and insecticides. The Government’s policy was to promote major research in this and other fields wherever possible on a regional basis and not a Colonial basis so that the Colonial Governments concerned could contribute as much as possible towards the recurrent cost. Fish Albumen.-On 14 February Mr. Douglas Marshall asked the Minister of Food what progress has been made in his experiments on the use of fish albumen for the manufacture of many products including confectionery and ice cream and for the laundry industry. MR. STRACHEY A small plant for producing fish albumen has been in- stalled by an association of manufacturers and is undergoing trials.I under-stand that the stage of commercial production has not yet been reached. Industry Operational Research.-On 19 January Sir Patrick Hannon asked the Lord President of the Council if he will make a statement on the policy of His Majesty’s Government on the continuity of operational research applied to industry; if details are available of the number of industries which have undertaken operational research activities; and if he will give an assur- ance that the departments concerned will extend every encouragement to firms anxious to develop operational research within their respective organ- isations. OF THE COUNCIL, THE LORDPRESIDENT Mr. Herbert Morrison It is the policy of His Majesty’s Government to encourage all scientific activities which contribute to increasing the productivity and efficiency of industry.Opera-tional research I am told is a term given in the recent war to the use of the scientific method for obtaining data on which executive decisions can be based. It has been employed by progressive firms in many industries for a number of years; I cannot say how many but there is certainly room for more of it. I have had a full report on its possibilities from a Panel of the Com- mittee on Industrial Productivity. Several of the co-operative research associations in particular the Cotton Research Association the Iron and Steel Research Association and the Boot Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association are doing well with it and with the general expansion of facilities since the war other research associations are already carrying out or are planning similar work.I am therefore happy to give the assurance which the hon. Member asks for in the last part of his Question. Industry Research (Information).-On 26 January Mr. Cobb asked the Lord President of the Council what further action will be taken to bring to the notice of the smaller firms in industry the results of research work being carried out in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and in research associations. THELORDPRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL,rtir. Herbert Morrison The action being taken is a steady expansion of the existing methods of getting informa- tion across to the smaller firms.These include articles in technical and trade journals leaflets and pamphlets written in simple language films exhibitions local conferences and personal visits. It is one of the principal tasks of the Intelligence Division of D.S.I.R. Headquarters to ensure that these methods are used to the best advantage so that the expert knowledge and advice of the establishments of D.S.I.R. may be available to all who seek them. Similar methods are used by the research associations. National Research Development Association.-On 27 January Mr. Peter Thorneycroft asked the President of the Board of Trade if he is yet in a position to announce the setting up of the National Research Development Corporation which was to be established under the Development of Inventions Act 1948.OF THE BOARD THEPRESIDENT OF TRADE,Mr. Harold Wilson In view of the unusual and difficult nature of the work which the National Kesearch Development Corporation will have to do I have felt that I must exercise the utmost care .in the selection of the people who will have the direction of its affairs and finding suitable people is not proving an easy task. I cannot yet say when I shall be in a position to make an announcement. Science Teachers.-On 3 February Mr. Awbery asked the Minister of Education how many grammar schools are short of science teachers; what is the cause of the shortage; and what steps is he taking to increase the number. MR. TOMLINSON: Exact figures are not available but I am aware that many schools are finding it difficult to fill vacancies for science graduates.This appears to be mainly due to the increased demand for science graduates in professions other than teaching and the increased demands of the schools themselves and the dislocation of university courses during the war. More graduates will be completing their university courses in this and later years and this should lead to some improvement but I am keeping the matter under review and will continue to do so in consultation with the local education authorities and other bodies concerned. Teaching Profession (Salaries).-On 1 March Mr. Kenneth Lindsay asked the Prime Minister whether he is aware of the disparity in remuneration as between qualified teachers and university lecturers on the one hand and graduates employed in industry IocaI government and other professions on the other hand; whether he is aware of the frustration evident among the former group and the injury thus caused to the increasing opportunities for secondary and university education; and whether he will consider some form of inquiry into the comparative remuneration of professional men and women firstly to determine the facts and secondly to take appropriate action with a view to securing a fairer balance between teaching and the other professions.THEPRIME MINISTER,Mr. Attlee My right hon. and learned Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer in replying yesterday to the hon. Member for London University (Sir E. Graham-Little) announced certain improvements to which he has agreed in the remuneration of university teachers in the medical and dental schools.The position of other university teachers is under consideration. For school teachers the settlement of appropriate scales of salary is in accordance with Section 89 of the Education Act 1944 a matter for the Burnham Committees and my right hon. Friend the Minister of Education has no reason to think that the question raised by the hon. Member was overlooked when the Committees conducted their last review of the salary scales and he sees no reason to set up a special inquiry to deal with it. [3151 Mr. Lindsay While appreciating the generous answer given by the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday and the consideration given to medical and dental teachers may I ask my right hon.Friend if he is aware that there are thousands of university lecturers and teachers with salaries between k350 and &SO0 a year who at the moment are definitely feeling a sense of privation partly due to the increased cost of living since the last Burnham scale? Will he not reconsider the answer and possibly if my suggestion is wrong consider some other form of inquiry into the matter? THE PRIMEMINISTER These matters are under consideration as my right hon. and learned Friend said yesterday but it is extremely difficult to work out the terms of relativity in these matters. Mr. Wilson Harris Does the right hon. Gentleman realise how difficult it will be to retain university professors at all at salaries of from L1,400to L1,600-many of whom could earn double that in other professions-and how grave will be the effect right down the scale? THE PRIMEMINISTER There is really nothing new in this.People of great mental powers often devote themselves to education and university work when they might have gone out for a greater commercial reward but they do not always choose that course. Mr. Chetwynd Would my right hon. Friend look particularly at the position of science teachers because industry can offer these people far greater rewards than the teaching profession? THEPRIME MINISTER:I am aware of that. Technical Colleges Number of Students.-On 27 January Commander Maitland asked the Minister of Education what were the numbers of students in technical colleges in 1946 1947 and 1948 to the latest convenient date.MR. TOMLINSON: The following table shows the number of full-time and part-time students who attended grant-aided establishments of Further Education during the sessions 1945-46 and 1946-47. Statistics for 1947-48 are not yet available. Full-time Part-time Total 1945-1946:-Major establishments (other than art) .. .. .. 20,000 4 16,000 436,000 Art establishments .. .. 11,000 82,000 93,000 -Evening Institutes .. .. 799,000 799,000 31,000 1,297,000 1,328,000 1946-1947:-Major establishments (other than art) .. .. .. .. 32,000 628.000 660,000 Art establishments .. .. 13,000 97,000 110,000 -Evening Institutes . . .. 827,000 827,000 45,000 1,552,000 1,697,000 Technical Colleges Teachers (Pay and Conditions).-In the House of Lords on 16 February Lord Strabolgi called attention to the pay and con- ditions of teachers in technical colleges.He said that this was a matter of r1161 great importance to the nation and one in which he was supported by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Technical education was suffering from a shortage of teachers and this was a very serious matter. Quoting figures supplied to him by the Parliamentary and Scientific Commitkee Lord Strabolgi said:- “During the session 1946-47 out of 452 vacancies in the technical colleges 191 were not filled; and out of the 261 appointments which were made 90 were not of a satisfactory standard-they were stop-gaps.These were appointed in order that classes could be held. For the 452 vacancies there were 617 advertisements issued some of the vacancies being advertised as many as three and four times. It is impossible in the face of the higher emoluments paid by industry to the best-trained scientists to obtain suitable technical teachers in sufficient numbers for the technical colleges. That is a most serious state of affairs and I need not press it upon my noble Friend who I am sure agrees with me. “In the Barlow Committee’s Report on scientific man-power it was estimated that doubling the present number of scientists and technologists is a matter of the utmost urgency if this country is to regain its industrial position. So not only have we a shortage in the existing staffs but in the Barlow Committee’s Report-I have this all documented and my noble Friend will not dispute it-it is estimated that we need to double the present number.If we turn to the Percy Committee’s Report we find that it recommended that in order that this man-power should be made available in industry the selection of a strictly limited number of technical colleges in which there should be developed technological courses on a standard comparable with that of university degree courses is necessary. It was estimated that there exist 27 major technical colleges of which 10 are in the Greater London area providing full-time technological courses of the required standard for a substantial number of students. Several of these major technical colleges also undertake a considerable bulk of training in pure science for the degrees of the University of London and so act as an overflow for the colleges and schools of the University.This state of affairs existed before the war and seems likely to continue for at least 10 more years. “I have had an investigation made of the records of one of the major technical colleges and these are the figures for the session 1947-48 university degrees in science 63; university degrees in engineering 78; total university degrees 141; professional technological diplomas 203; making a total of 344. Therefore the contribution made by such a technical college to scientific and technological man-power is very considerable and it is to be deplored that the salaries offered to the teachers are such that these major technical colleges are finding it impossible to recruit efficient lecturers in sufficient numbers.” Lord Strabolgi then went on to deal with the recommendations of the Burnham Committee and pointed out that it made no distinction between lecturers at major technical colleges and other types of teacher.He suggested that to bring in appropriate new salary scales would cost about klO0,OOO a year but that such additional expenditure would be well worth while. Replying for the Government LORDWALKDEN pointed out that all these questions were primarily a matter for the Burnham Committee and he gave a history of the position up to date. In conclusion he said that the Govern- ment were impressed with the paramount importance of good technical education as the only foundation of our industrial survival.For this good buildings and good teachers were essential and both were lacking as to numbers and accommodation. The Government would watch the position carefully but at present it was felt there was not sufficient evidence to reach a final conclusion. Lord Walkden drew particular attention to the fact that the National Advisory Council for Education for Industry and Commerce had recently been set up to advise the Minister on national policy especially in regard to major colleges of further education. It was impossible to say what the results of the review would be but technical education would certainly throw up many problems in the near future.It might be that the important question of the salaries and conditions of employment of teachers should be considered at the appropriate time against that background. In any event the whole subject and particularly the matter of recruitment and remuneration of teachers would continue to have the Government’s closest attention. United Nations Scientific Conference.-On 24 January Mr. Philips Price asked the Lord President of the Council if he will now make any further statement about the arrangements for representation at the United Nations Scientific Conference on the conservation and utilisation of resources to take place next May; and whether any decisions have yet been taken as to who in Great Britain will be asked to contribute papers or attend as observers or participants.MR. H. MORRISON: The selection of representatives either as participants or as observers is still proceeding and names will be announced as soon as firm arrangements have been made. The Secretary-General of the United Nations with the advice of the United Kingdom authorities has invited some 60 United Kingdom specialists to contribute papers. Universities Anglo-American Exchange.-On 17 February Mr. Blackburn asked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement setting out the precise details of the proposed arrangements for the exchange of students and professors between British and American universities under the Fulbright Act. MR. MCNEIL:The detailed planning of the arrangements for the exchange of students and professors under the Fulbright Act is not in the hands of this Department but is carried out by the United States Educational Com- mission in the United Kingdom which consists of seven British and seven American members.The offices of this Commission are at 55 Upper Brook Street London W.l. Universities Grants.-On 18 January in the course of a written answer to a question by Mr. Kenneth Lindsay THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (Sir Stafford Cripps) gave the following figures:- The non-recurrent payments to the universities in each of the years referred to are as follows:- 1945-46 *. .. .. .. A 620,896 1946-47 . . .. .. .. 566,996 1947-48 .. .. .. .. 1,920,508 1948-49 (to 14 January) .. .. 1,980,686 On 1 March in reply to a question by Sir E.Graham-Little THE CHAN-CELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (Sir Stafford Cripps) ... I am providing [in the forthcoming Budget] L12,814,500 for recurrent grants to universities. This amount includes provision for the additional expenditure which universities will incur in bringing into operation the revised scales of payment for teachers in the medical and dental schools ... The progress of the universities’ scheme for physical expansion necessitates an increase in the amount required for non-recurrent grants and I am providing L4$ million for this purpose as against A:2,600,000this year. [ I181 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 January 1949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-Approval was given to proposals made by the Sub-committee on arrangements for the Anniversary Meetings on 29-30 April 1949 and to some additional suggestions put forward by members of Council (see p.ii). Discussion took place on the amenities of the Council Room with special reference to means for improving the acoustics. 'It was agreed that the photographs of Past Presidents hitherto hung on the walls of the Council Room but recently removed while the room was being reconditioned should not be replaced but that alternative arrangements should be made enabling these photographs to be seen by visiting members. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 January) was largely concerned with routine matters but included reference to steps taken in accordance with the previous decisions of Council to obtain insurance cover against claims arising from accidents loss of property etc.at meetings sponsored by the Institute or any of its Local Sections. The Council learned with satisfaction that its decision to instal new electric light fittings in the Library had been implemented and that the agreed plan for re-arranging the Library had been put into effect. On the recommendation of the Committee the last annual subscriptions paid by two Fellows over 70 years of age were accepted as Life Composition fees. The appointment of Miss I. K. Lunnun as Clerk to the Secretary with effect from 1 January 1949 was confirmed. Miss J. V. Haywood who had served in a similar capacity for over 30 years had been on sick leave since 1October and had died on 9 December 1948.Benevolent Fund.-The Committee had received letters of gratitude from regular beneficiaries to whom Christmas gifts had been sent and had acknowledged the receipt of a number of special contributions to the Fund from members of the Institute at Christ-mas time . In the Report of the Committee (17 January) reference was made to the proposals for the establishment of residential clubs for old people under the joint auspices of a group of Professional and Trade Benevolent Funds. Consideration had been given to means whereby financial support for this scheme might be secured from members of the Institute and other well-wishers and on conditions under which the monies so obtained might best be [ 1191 used in financing the joint scheme; professional advice was being sought on a number of points arising from these considerations.Nominations Examinations and Institutions.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (17 December 1948) and an Interim Report of the Committee (21 January) were adopted. Mr. John Haslam was appointed Associate Examiner with Mr. R. C. Chirnside for the Fellowship in Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Proposals put forward by the Committee for simplifying and expediting its work in certain directions were approved. The Council concurred in a suggestion by the Ministry of Edu- cation Northern Ireland that the Joint Committee on National Certificates (Northern Ireland) consist of three representatives of the Ministry of Education the Head of the Chemistry Department College of Technology Belfast and two Fellows appointed by the Institute.The award of Ordinary National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland) to three candidates was approved. Mem bership.-The congratulations of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to members whose names were included in the New Year’s Honours List (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 I 47). The resignations of three Fellows and 15Associates were accepted with regret. In several cases the members concerned had lost interest in chemistry and had entered other professions. The deaths of four Fellows and two Associates were reported. Status Privileges and Employment of Members.-In the Report of the Economic Status Committee (12 January) reference was made to proposals for the establishment of a Committee to consider all questions relating to the development of biochemistry and chemical pathology in the hospital service.It had been hoped that such a Committee would be set up under the auspices of the Ministry of Health but the Ministry had concluded that it would be better for the proposed Committee to be formed and convened by the appropriate professional organisations though the Ministry would be interested and would be glad to send representatives as observers. It was agreed that this proposal be followed up in conjunction with the other societies and institutions concerned. It was agreed that a Report received by the Committee from the Registrar on the administration of the Appointments Register during 1948 be sent forward for inclusion in the Report of the Council for the year.Publications Library and Other Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (20 January) referred inter aZia to lectures monographs and conferences and the development of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Satisfaction was expressed at immediate measures proposed for improving JOURNAL 120 ] AND PROCEEDINGS, several of which wodd be put into effect in Part I 1949. In response to a request in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS 1948 VI 324 a number of members had sent in suggestions for the longer term development of the Journal and it was agreed to invite Local Section Committees to forward their views so that a full discussion of the subject might be held at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections on 30 April.The thanks of the Council were accorded to members of the Publications and Library Committee who had undertaken to supply the office with press cuttings on relevant topics for a trial period in order to see how information published in the daily and technical press might best be collected for use in the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Committee to advise the Council on the award of the Meldola Medal 1948 was appointed as follows:-The President with Dr. R. P. Linstead (Chairman) Professor E. K. Rideal Sir John Simonsen and Dr.P. E. Spielmann (representing the Society of Maccabaeans). Further consideration was given to arrangements for the second Scottish symposium at St. Andrews on 23-30 July 1949 which would deal with Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries and it was agreed to give all available information about this symposium in an announcement in Part I of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS or in a leaflet to accompany that issue of the Journal. External Relations and Publicity.-A letter was received from the Honorary Treasurer of the Chemical Council giving particulars of a scheme that had been adopted for re-organising the work of the Conjoint Chemical Office which should serve to remove many of the difficulties under which the business of that Office had been conducted since its establishment in the early years of the war.The collection and acknowledgment of joint subscriptions had already been greatly accelerated and the Council expressed satis- faction at the establishment of the new scheme. Minutes of a meeting of the British National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society) held on 3 January were received. Mr. E. H. Nurse and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham were appointed respectively as representatives of the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committees FCC/3 (Alcohol) and C/lS (Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations). A statement was received from Mr. A. L. Bacharach on the activities of the United Kingdom Food and Agriculture Organisation Consultative Committee on which he had been nominated to represent the Institute.The appointment of Mr. George Taylor as delegate to the Health Congress 1949 organised by the Royal Sanitary Institute at Brighton was confirmed. [ 1211 Dr. W. C. Price was nominated to serve on a discussion group set up by the Council of Industrial Design to consider exhibits representative of the Scientific Instruments Industry at the Festival of Britain 1951. Council Meeting I8 February I949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-The Council learned with satisfaction that a Provisional Committee had been appointed for the new South-Western Counties Section of the Institute and was making arrangements for the Inaugural Meeting of the Section. A request by the Committee of the Mid-Southern Counties Section to be allowed to increase membership of the Committee by two was approved subject to ratification at the next Annual General Meeting of the Section.The President reported that the Rt. Hon. Lord Goddard Lord Chief Justice of England had accepted an invitation to attend the Anniversary Dinner of the Institute on 30 April. Approval was given to a number of detailed proposals for the Anniversary Meetings on 29-30 April especially in relation to the organisation of visits to laboratories and works on the Saturday morning. The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had gladly accepted the Council’s invitation to nominate members of the Section to help in the organisation of the Conversazione and visits. The British Rayon Federation and Design Centre had kindly undertaken to organise a dress show for ladies on the afternoon of 29 April.It was agreed that particulars of the Anniversary Meetings with the appropriate forms should be distributed to members during March. (Leaflets were sent to members with the balloting papers.) The Council then proceeded to nominate candidates for election as Officers General Members of Council and Censors for 1949-50. On the motion of the President Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was unanimously nominated to the Office of President. Vice-presidents were nominated as follows:-Professor F. Challenger Professor H. Krall Dr. R. P. Linstead Mr. G. Roche Lynch Mr. J. A. Oriel and Mr. E. T. Osborne. Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones was unanimously re-nominated to the Office of Honorary Treasurer.Nomination of the following three Fellows for election as General Members of Council under By-Law 26 were received:- Dr. P. F. Holt Dr. E. H. Rodd Mr. H. Weatherall. Ballot having been taken the following 27 Fellows were also nominated as can-didates for election as General Members of Council under By-Law %:-I)r. C. C. Addison Dr. H. Baines Dr. G. M. Bennett Dr. [ J22 ] N. Booth Professor H. Burton Mr. R. R. Butler Mr. R. C. Chirn-side Mr. H. W. Cremer Professor W. M. Cumming Mr. G. J. Denbigh Mr. F. P. Dunn Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Sir Wm. Griffiths Dr. F. M. Hamer Dr. D. W. Hill Professor L. Hunter Dr. D. J. G. Ives Dr. S. H. Jenkins Dr. W. I. Jones Dr. L. H. Lampitt Dr. F. M. Lea Professor W.H. Linnell Dr. F. G. Mann Miss M. Olliver Dr. H. C. Smith Mr. H. N. Wilson Professor F. G. Young. Dr. Charles Forrester was nominated as District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. The following five nominations were made in connection with the election of four Censors:-Mr. L. Eynon Professor Alexander Findlsy Sir Ian Heilbron Mr. G. Roche Lynch Professor W. Wardlaw. It was agreed that the first meeting of the new Council to be elected at the Annual General Meeting on 29 April be held on 20 May 1949. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14 February) was concerned inter alia with:-accounts for payment; preliminary consideration of pro-visional financial statements for the year ended 31 December 1948; membership matters including recommendations for the removal of members who were in arrear with payment of annual subscriptions and had not replied to repeated requests for payment; staff matters; house matters.Benevolent Fund.-The Report of the Benevolent Fund Com- mittee (14 February) was mainly concerned with a preliminary survey of the accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948 with further particulars of three current cases and with developments in connection with residential clubs for old people. The regular grant to the widow of a member with three young children of whom the two younger had recently been put to school was increased and an immediate non-recurring grant was made to assist in meeting certain special expenses.The Committee had learned with satisfaction that an Associate who had been in hospital following a nervous breakdown was now very much better and had been able to take a new post. A grant was made to him to enable him to meet expenses until the end of the first month of his new employment and the action of the Chairman in authorising a temporary grant to the Associate’s wife for the benefit of their two young children was endorsed. With reference to the scheme for Residential Clubs for Old People the Committee had learned with satisfaction that the Memorandum and Articles of Association of a Company to be known as “Crossways Limited,’’ for providing and maintaining such clubs had been completed. Also that the National Corporation [ 1231 for the Care of Old People had acquired on behalf of the bodies participating in the “Crossways” scheme a property in West Worthing at present being run as a private hotel with a view to putting it into use as the first residential club under the scheme.It was agreed that full particulars of the provisions of the Resi- dential Clubs scheme be made available to members and their financial support invited as soon as outstanding legal and financial implications had been clarified. Nominations Examinations and Institutions.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20-21 January) and an Interim Report of the Committee (18 February) were adopted the latter containing the names of the candidates who had passed the Examination for the Associateship.The approval of the Council was given to a report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education Northern Ireland (4 February) submitting new rules syllabuses etc. for National Certificates. The procedure for the conduct and assess- ment of examinations for National Certificates in Northern Ireland has thus been brought into line with that applying in England and Wales and in Scotland. Membership.-The resignations of one Fellow and 17 Associates were accepted with regret. Several of these including three women had become engaged in activities outside chemistry. Several others had tendered their resignations on financial grounds but had expressed the hope of being in a position to apply for re-election at a future date.The Council received the Report of the Membership Committee (22 January and 11 February) which dealt entirely with proposals involving an elevation of the status of corporate membership of the Institute in relation to possible long-term effects on membership. It was agreed that this matter was of such importance as to warrant reference to a special meeting of Council and it was proposed that consideration of the proposals should be deferred until the new Council had been constituted. Publications Library and other Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (17 February) was mainly concerned with the programme of lectures and conferences and with the allocation of books for review.The Council endorsed the Committee’s recommendation that the first P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture delivered in Birmingham by Dr. L. H. Lampitt be published in the Institute’s series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. It was also agreed that the lectures delivered before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section by Mr. Lionel Heald on “The Function of the Expert Witness in Litigation,” and by [ 1241 Dr. J. G. Fife on “The Protection of Chemical Inventions,” be published together in the Institute’s series. On the general question of publication of lectures delivered before Local Sections it was agreed that where a lecture was of such general interest and high quality as to make its publication by the Institute seem desirable to the Section Committee the text should be submitted subject to the author’s concurrence to the Publications and Library Committee and should not be sent to any other periodical until the decision of the Committee was known.It was further agreed that while it was desirable that reportsof meetings of Local Sections and abstracts of papers read at such meetings should be given the widest publicity it was undesirable to make the full text of such papers available directly for publication in other journals. Requests for permission to publish a lecture in full in any other periodical should always be referred to the author. A letter was received from Dr. T. W. Parker representative of the Institute on a Joint Exploratory Committee convened by the Royal Institute of British Architects together with a draft memor- andum prepared by the Joint Committee for submission to the Lord President of the Council setting forth proposals for forming a research team to collect and correlate information on the design of laboratories.The terms of the draft memorandum were approved. External Relations and Publicity.-The Minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council held on 23 November 1948 were received referring inter alia to:-Grant to the Faraday Society; representa- tion on the Council; subscriptions of members in New Zealand; Festival of Britain 1951; paper supplies; chemical notations. Officers of the Chemical Council for 1949 were announced as follows Chairman Professor E. K. RideaI; Vice-chairman Dr.R. P. Linstead; Honorary Treasurer Professor A. Findlay; Honorary Secretary Dr. G. M. Bennett. The Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee for 1948 was received and satisfaction was expressed at copies of this Report being made available to individual Members of Council. It was agreed to invite Dr. A. M. Ward to represent the Institute at the Jubilee celebrations of the West Ham Municipal Technical College. At the suggestion of the Committee of the East Anglia Section it was agreed to appoint Dr. John Williams as representative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee for Science to the Ipswich School of Technology in succession to Dr. J. W. Corran who had asked to be relieved of this duty. The thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to Dr.Corran for his past services in this capacity. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstracts of Minutes of the Chemical Council held on 25 January 1949 1. The Chairman reported that the Constitution of the Council for 1949 was as follows:- The Chemical Society.-Sir Wallace Akers (ex-oficio) Sir Ian Heilbron Professor D. H. Hey Dr. R. P. Linstead. The Royal Institute of Chemistry.-Professor A. Findlay Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones (ex-officio) Professor W. H. Linnell Dr. G. Roche Lynch. The Society of Chemical Industry.-Mr. H. W. Cremer Mr. Julian M. Leonard (ex-officio) Dr. L. H. Lampitt Mr. S. Robson. The Faraday Society.-Dr. G. M. Bennett Dr. R. Lessing. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.-Mr.Lewis Eynon Mr. G. Taylor. The Biochemical Society.-Dr. J. H. Birkinshaw Dr. J. H. Bushill. The Institufion of Chemical Engineers.-Mr. M. B. Donald hh-. F. A. Greene. The A ssociation of British Chemical Manufacturers.-Dr. G. M. Dyson Mr. Foster Sproxton Dr. W. D. Scott Mr. R. N. Winter. 2. Honorary Officers for the year 1949 were elected as follows:-Chairman Professor E. K. Rideal; Vice-chairman Dr. R. P. Linstead; Honorary ‘Treasurer Professor Alex. Findlay; Honorary Secretary Dr. G. M. Bennett. 3. A vote of thanks to Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor W. E. Garner and Sir Harry Jephcott the retiring Members of Council was carried unanimously. 4. Dr. R. P. Linstead has accepted the invitation of the Council to act as Chairman of the Panel for Chemistry for the Festival of Britain 1951.6. A report of the Conjoint Chemical Office Committee regarding a reorganisation of the Conjoint Chemical Office which is being put into effect in order to deal efficiently with the increasing volume of work under the Joint Subscription Scheme was approved by the Council. 6. Arising out of a report of a meeting of the representatives of Societies on the Council on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the supply of laboratory glass and porcelain ware it was agreed to inform the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers Association that any application to the Board of Trade for licences to import ordinary filtering funnels very large glass bottles aspirators and desiccators would have the support of the Chemical Council.The view was expressed that as a help to the supplier of apparatus the customer should state in his order whether or not the apparatus must strictly conform to the specification of the order. 7. It was agreed to ask the Council of the Chemical Society to accept a copy of the full report of the Royal Society Information Conference sent to the Council for the Library of the Society. 8. Various financial matters were dealt with and the under-mentioned grants towards the costs of publications were made from the accumulated fund of L5,OOO:-[ 1261 f s. d. The Chemical Society .. .. .. .. . * 1,333 6 H The Society of Chemical Industry .. .. . . 1,333 cj 8 Bureau of Abstracts .... .. .. .. 1,333 6 8 The Faraday Society . . .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 9. The Student Facilities were granted to two applicants. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A joint meeting was held in Marischal College Aberdeen on 27 January. The Chairman Dr. R. B. Strathdee introduced Mr. F. Parrott of the Clayton Aniline Company Manchester who in the absence through illness of his colleague Mr. J. G. Grundy gave an address on “The Application of Dye-stuffs to Non-Textile Materials.” The lecture was illustrated by demonstrations and by a remarkable variety of specimens in which the audience showed great interest. Dr. Robert Roger proposed the vote of thanks to the speaker.On 25 February Professor D. H. Everett of University College Dundee delivered a lecture on “Some Factors Influencing the Strengths of Acids and Bases.” Professor R. N. Barrer presided and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. J. M. C. Thompson. On 10 March Dr. R. B. Strathdee O.B.E. presided over a meeting which was addressed by Dr. F. N. Woodward Director of the Scottish Seaweed Research Association on “Recent Advances in Seaweed Technology.” After a discussion in which many members of the audience took part a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the call of Dr. J. A. Lovern. Birmingham and Midlands.-The first meeting in the new year was held on 14 January when Mr. G. H. Osborn Chief Analyst British Drug Houses Ltd.delivered a lecture entitled “Recent Developments in the use of Organic Reagents in Chemical Analysis.” The Chair was occupied by Dr. S. H. Jenkins. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. H. C. Smith and cordially adopted by the meeting. On 26 January the Frankland Memorial Lecture was inaugurated at Mason College in the lecture room which Percy Frankland used for nearly a quarter of a century. The Chair was occupied by Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and Professor F. Challenger Vice-president represented the President of the Institute. The lecture was delivered by Dr. L. H. Lampitt to an audience of a hundred which included the Lord Bishop of Birmingham and many old students of Professor Frankland. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor Challenger seconded by Dr.E. D. Mason and carried with enthusiasm. At the Dinner which followed the Bishop proposed the toast of the Institute and Professor Challenger replied. Dr. Lampitt’s health was proposed by the Chairman Dr. H. C. Smith; the guests were welcomed by Mr. E. M. Joiner and the acknowledgment was made by Mr. S. A. Brazier. The function was most enjoyable and successful. A joint meeting with the Institution of the Rubber Industry provided members with their first opportunity to hear a lecture in Birmingham from Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. newly-appointed to the Mason Chair of [ 137 ] Chemistry in the University of Birmingham. His subject was “The De- gradation of High Polymers,’’ and a large audience was attracted.The Chair was occupied by Mr. E. F. Powell. Cardiff and District.-A joint meeting with the South Wales Section was held in the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend on 26 January when Mr. L. W. Chubb of Shell Chemicals Ltd. lectured on “Solvents and Inter- mediates derived from Petroleum.” Dr. D. P. Evans was in the Chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Phillips of the South Wales Section and seconded by Mr. Pinder of the Cardiff Section. Prior to the meeting a tea was held in the Blue Bird Cafe. On 18 February a meeting held jointly with and arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the University College Cardiff when Dr. F. G. Tryhorn Director of the Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory Nottingham lectured on “Forensic Science,’’ giving an account of the organisation staffing and work of the Forensic Science Labora- tones of England and Wales.There was a very large audience which in- cluded the Chief Constables of Cardiff and Glamorgan together with about 200 members of their staffs. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Cul- linane and seconded by Mr. Price Chief Constable of Cardiff. Mr. N. T. Simmons was in the Chair. Dublin and District.-The first meeting of the Section for 1949 was held in the Chemistry Department of Trinity College Dublin on 2 February when Mr. W. C. O’Neill gave an interesting account of “Sugar Confectionery.” The address was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens of the materials under discussion the latter being consumed by the audience at the close of the meeting (for summary see p.110). Members were asked when remitting their subscriptions to remember the Benevolent Fund and if possible to include a contribution to it. East Anglia.-On 14 January under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. Corran Professor J. C. Earl gave a lecture on “Chemistry in Australia.” The original trends of chemical investigation and research in Australia were based on the natural resources of the country. This led to classical researches on the constituents of the local plants and eucalyptus trees and also to metallurgical research. Since then however chemical industry and education in Australia has developed considerably and Professor Earl gave an interesting account of these modern developments together with an outline of the educational facilities and research organi- sations.The organisation of chemists and societies kindred to the Royal Institute of Chemistry was also touched upon. On 11 February at Ipswich Mr. F. J. Cripwell B.A. of the Research Staff of B. X. Plastics Ltd. gave an interesting lecture on “Infra-red Spectra’’ (for summary see p. 111). A useful discussion on the various applications of infra-red spectra followed the lecture. East Midlands.-On 27 January at the Midland Hotel Derby Dr. J. Grant lectured on “Woodpulp-Some Chemical Aspects.” An interesting discussion followed. On 10 February at the Technical College Nottingham a joint meeting was held with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.This took the form of a symposium on “Plant Diseases” and the speakers were Professor C. G. C. Chesters on “The Soil Microflora,” Mr. G. N. Rolinson on “Antibiosis,” and Mr. G. B. Lush on “Some Aspects of Plant Nutrition.” The papers presented were most interesting and provided a fascinating review of a comparatively novel subject. A very lively discussion took place and the Chairman had eventually to apply the closure in view of the late hour. On 24 February at the Technical College Leicester Mr. R. C. Tarring of Shell Chemicals Ltd. gave a lecture on “New Detergents.” During the prolonged discussion Mr. Tarring dealt at length with the effect of the new detergents on sewage disposal. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh on 24 Feb-ruary 1949 when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman Mr.R. G. Thin; Vice-chairman Dr. I. A. Preece; Secretary- Treasurer Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Recorder Dr. K. F. MacBean; Committee Members to fill vacancies Mr. H. H. Campbell Mr. F. D. Kerr Mr. E. G. Peppiatt Mr. R. T. Potter and Dr. D. Taylor. Mr. H. H. Campbell was re-elected Honorary Auditor. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of chemical societies in the area was held on 28 January in the Rooms of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow under the chairmanship of Mr. A. R. Jamieson Chairman of the Section. A lecture entitled “Organic Chemistry in Relation to Medical Research” was delivered by Sir C.R. Harington F.R.S. Director of the National Institute for Medical Research London. The vote of thanks which was heartily accorded was proposed by Professor F. S. Spring. On 4 February members were present at a meeting arranged by the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry when an address entitled “Post-War Research in Building Materials” was given by Mr. H. M. Llewellyn of the Building Research Station of the D.S.I.R. The vote of thanks was proposed by Col. Potter and accorded by an enthusiastic audience By invitation of the Spectrographic Discussion Group and the Absorptio- metric Panel members attended a meeting on 25 February 1949 in the Royal Technical College Glasgow.Four short papers were delivered as follows:-“Review of Group In- vestigations and Related Developments in Spectrographic Methods of Ana-lysis,” by S. D. Steele; “Modern Applications of Spectrographic Methods of Analysis,” by D. M. Smith; “Review of Panel Investigations and Related Developments in Absorptiometric Methods of Analysis,” by A. B. Crawford; “The Absorptiometric Determinations of Silicon and Nickel in Ferrous Alloys,” by L. Russell. The Chair was taken by Dr. R. 0. Scott of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research Aberdeen and the large and interested audience accorded a hearty vote of thanks on the motion of Mr. J. H. Oldfield. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 14 February 1949 Mr. G. Brearley (Chairman of the Section) presiding.Sir Wallace Akers lectured to a very large and appreciative audience on “The Industrial Applications of Atomic Energy.” The keen interest shown was reflected in the prolonged discussion which followed. A vote of thanks was moved by Professor E. G. Cox and carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a joint meeting on 14 February of the local members of the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry (including the Plastics Group) the British Association of Chemists and the Institution of the Rubber Industry under the chairmanship of Mr. H. Jackson Chairman of the Preston Section of the I.R.I. at Preston an informal talk was given by Dr. W. J. S. Naunton on “Natural and Synthetic Polymers with special reference to Rubbers and Fibres.” The talk was followed by a keen discussion.The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. [ 1291 London and South Eastern Counties.-Members who visited the Fuel Research Station Greenwich last summer will recall the demonstration given on the work carried out there during the war to perfect a device which would eliminate smoke from Scotch Marine Boilers and increase their thermal effici- ency. We were reminded of this again at Gravesend on 11 January when Mr. W’. J. Sparkes read a paper “Efficiency and Smoke Emission of Lancashire and other Shell-type Boilers.” Incidentally this meeting afforded an oppor- tunity to further the good relationships which the Kent Group enjoy with the Gravesend and District Engineering Society.Professor W. Wardlaw needs no introduction to chemists and those who looked forward to hearing him lecture once again in his own inimitable style were not disappointed at the meeting held on 19 January in the rooms of the Royal Society of Medicine. His paper “The Ministry of Labour and the Profession of Chemistry” was full of interest and provoked a lively discussion. At the close of the meeting Mr. R. L. Collett Registrar of the Institute congratulated Professor Wardlaw on the award of the C.B.E. for his work with the Ministry of Labour and paid tribute to the incalculable value of his services to the profession of chemistry a sentiment which all members of the Institute will endorse. If co-operation between industrial firms and the Institute is any guide to the relationships between industry and the profession of chemistry then a very healthy state of affairs must exist at Slough.For the second time within six months the Slough Group have been fortunate in persuading a local firm to open its premises to members of the Institute. On 25 January Messrs. High Duty Alloys Ltd. kindly acted as hosts for a meeting at which members were privileged to hear Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Vice-president of the Institute lecture on “The Chemistry of Dusts.” On 5 February the Section paid one of its regular visits to Rrighton Technical College. The speaker on this occasion was Professor C. Tyler and his subject “The Biochemistry of Eggshell Formation.” After so many years with dried egg as a feature in the national diet it is refreshing to be reminded that the “old fashioned shell egg” is not yet extinct! “The Work of the Government Laboratory” is a matter which affects all sections of the community whether chemists or laymen.The importance of this subject was reflected in the record attendance (106 members) at 30 Russell Square on 16 February when Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S. the Government Chemist read a paper under the above title. The Reading Group have in the past made useful contributions to the work of the Section by organising meetings at which matters of academic importance have been discussed. This good work was continued on 19 February when Professor F. E. Simon read a paper on “Experiments on Solid Helium” to members of the Institute at the University of Reading.Once again the Section was privileged to hold a meeting jointly with the Alembic Club at the University of Oxford when on 28 February Mr. C. S. Robinson read a paper on “Research and Productivity in Industry.” The meeting was honoured by the presence of Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. in the Chair. “When in doubt show a film.” We do not advocate this maxim as an easy way out of the difficulties which confront Honorary Secretaries in drawing up a programme of Section meetings but we should be the last to deny that a carefully chosen selection of scientific films makes a welcome “change of diet” from the orthodox lecture. As a result of the work of the Films Sub-committee in appraising current scientific films two film dispays were arranged-at Acton on 10 and at Nonvood on 21 February.In some circles Fellows and Associates of the Institute are referred to as “Members of a Learned Society.” This at once conjures up a picture of c 1301 serious spectacled individuals holding somewhat aloof from the common things of life. This conception was rudely shattered at the Social-Dance held at Slater’s Oak Restaurant on 4 March when some 300 members and friends attended to dance to the music of the Douglas Payne Swingtette and partake in games organised by the Social Sub-committee. The sight of “Members of a Learned Society” racing across the floor clad in nightgowns bed-jackets and night-caps whilst endevouring to keep their bed-time candles alight will long remain with us.We think however that a special prize ought to have been awarded to the gentleman who got so firmly entangled in his nightgown that it took the combined efforts of the M.C. and two Stewards to extricate him he certainly gave us the biggest laugh of the evening. The Hat-making Competition provided interesting data on the capabilities of some members of the chemical profession but we should like to know who was responsible for the presentation of a pair of kippers as one of the prizes. We would hasten to assure our fellow members of this “Learned Society” that they were a highly respectable pair of kippers and were last seen leaving the hall wrapped in the front page of the Times. Altogether a highly successful evening resulting in L21 being made available to the Benevolent Fund.Mid-Southern Counties.-A meeting was held at Bournemouth Municipal Technical College on 24 February when the Chair was taken by Dr. C. G. Lyons. The lecture entitled “Byways in Chromatography,” was given by Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston of the Admiralty Materials Research Laboratories Holton Heath Dorset. A very lengthy and interesting discussion followed and finally the vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. E. A. Seeley. About 55 members attended. North Wales.-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society of University College Bangor was held at Bangor on 9 December 1948. The President of the Students’ Society occupied the Chair. Members of the Institute were entertained to tea by the students and received by Professor Peat and Dr.W. R. Angus. Professor F. Challenger Vice-Pvesidenl gave a lecture on “Sulphonium Compounds and Sulphoxides in Biological Chemistry.” A discussion followed in which Professor Peat and members of his staff took part. Dr. N. B. Dyson proposed the vote of thanks. The evening terminated with an in- formal dinner to the lecturer. A joint meeting with the Liverpool and North-Western Section was held at Chester on 21 January 1949. Mr. J. H. Wootton-Davies J.P. gave an entertaining paper on “A Chemist in and out of Parliament.” He reviewed his activities as a former member of the House of Commons with special reference to the attitude of its Members towards scientific matters of public moment. In particular he outlined the difficulties and help he encountered whilst he was in charge of the organisation of glycerine supplies and the manner in which he had to overcome the lack of breadth of outlook that characterised private Members’ questions and proposals.The lecturer dealt with the salient points of the one-day debate on scientific research emphasising that this was the first occasion that the House had devoted such time to the subject. He paid tribute to the work done through the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee by Mr. Pilcher in furtherance of the interests of the chemical profession. Mr. Wootton-Davies summed up his reaction to the present state of scientific outlook within the House by the suggestion that scientists as a body should sponsor a Member of the House as a representative of their interests and of the position of science in the country.Those present enjoyed this address and the fair criticism based on the lecturer’s experience of those who helped and those who impeded the progress i 1311 of science amidst the cross currents of politics. Mr. J. F. Clark proposed the vote of thanks. Shefield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-On 2 February at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield with Mr. G. E. Speight in the Chair two short papers were read by members of the Section-“The Phenol-Aldehyde Re- action,” by Mr. J. G. Moss and “Solution Analysis by Emission Spectroscopy,” by Mr. J. H. Oldfield. The subject matter of these papers stimulated an interesting discussion and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks ably moved by Mr.E. J. Vaughan. On 8 March at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield two further short lectures were given by Section members. “The Use of Suspensions as Heavy Liquids” was dealt with by Mr. L. W. Needham who introduced the subject mainly from the angle of coal cleaning and included some interesting theo- retical aspects. Mr. E. J. Miles followed with “Bubble Pressure Measurement in Analysis,” and included a demonstration of the apparatus used. The discussion which followed was dealt with in a masterly manner by both Mr. Ncedham and Mr. Miles and Dr. D. H. Peacock finally expressed the warm appreciation of the meeting for an enjoyable evening. South Wales.-On 26 January a meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend Dr.D. P. Evans presiding. A lecture on ‘Solvents and Intermediates derived from Petroleum” was given by Mr. L. W. Chubb of Shell Chemicals Ltd. Members of the Section have participated in two meetings arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society both held at University College Swansea with Professor C. W. Shoppee presiding. On 21 January Professor R. D. Haworth F.R.S. lectured on “The Oxidation of Phenols,” and on 3 February Dr. D. Tabor spoke on “The Friction and Lubrication of Metal Surfaces.” On 18 February members participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea.Mr. J. Christie presided and a paper entitled “The Phenols in Industry” was read by Dr. W. A. Hayward of Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. A meeting was held on 28 February at University College Swansea. Mr. D. Luther Phillips presided and accounts were given of two novel methods of industrial chemical investigation. Dr. J. Pearson (British Iron and Steel Research Association) spoke on “Replica Technique for the Assessment of Surface Finish” (for summary see p. 112) and Mr. J. 0. Samuel (Unifloc Reagents Ltd.) discussed “The Photoelectric Determination of Suspended Solids.” NOTES PERSONAL Among the new Fellows of the Royal Society elected on 17 March 1949 are Professor E. D. Hughes Fellow and Meldola Medallist Dr.W. T. J. Morgan Fellow and Professor F. G. Young Fellow. Among those recently elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh are Dr. I. A. I’reece Fellow and Dr. F. N. Woodward Fellow. Dr. Adrian Albert Fellow has been appointed the first Professor of Chemistry in the John Curtin School for Medical Research of the Australian National University. Until the new laboratories have been erected at r 1321 Canberra the Department of Chemistry will be accommodated in the Well- come Research Institution London where Dr. Albert has held a Research Fellowship since 1947. Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Fellow senior lecturer in chemistry and tutor to the Faculty of Science in the University of Manchester has been appointed also Assistant to the Vice-Chancellor of the University.Dr. G. M. Burnett Associate has been appointed a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Birmingham. Mr. E. C. Deering Associate has been appointed a joint managing director of Johnson Matthey and Co. Ltd. Mr. R. H. Del Mar Fellow has been appointed Managing Director of Glycerine Limited and Secretary of the United Kingdom Glycerine Producers’ Association Ltd. Mr. L. C. Dutton Fellow has been appointed chief chemist of Virol Limited. Mr. C. E. M. Goodrick Fellow lately works manager Optrex Ltd. has joined the staff of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. Mr. A. J. Holden Fellow formerly Joint Manager with the late Mr. R. M. Drake of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers will be Manager and deputy to the Director and Secretary and will continue to act as Secretary to the British Colour Makers’ Association.Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory (D.S.I.R.) Teddington has been appointed to succeed Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow as Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Organic Chemistry Laboratories at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London. Mr. R. S. Meldrum Fellow chief chemist to the Bridge of Weir Leather Co. Ltd. has been appointed a Director of the Company. Dr. Frank Morton Fellow formerly chief chemist of Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd. has been appointed Reader in Chemical Engineering in the University of Birmingham. Dr. W. G. Overend Associate has been appointed a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Birmingham.Professor A. L. Roberts Fellow has been appointed a member of the North-Eastern Area Gas Board. Dr. W. K. Slater Fellow has been appointed Secretary to the Agricultural Research Council in succession to the late Sir John Fryer with effect from 1 May. Professor F. S. Spring Fellow has been awarded the University of Liver-pool Chemical Society Medal for 1949. Mr. George Taylor Fetlow has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in succession to Mr. Lewis Eynon Fellow who has completed his two years’ tenure of that office. Mr. W. R. Thompson Fellow has been appointed chief chemist to the Optrex Group of companies. Dr. E. Vanstone Fellow has been re-elected unopposed as a member of the Devon County Council.Ilr. E. C. Wood Fellow has resigned his post as chief chemist of Virol Limited to enter into partnership with Mr. W. L. Sutton Fellow in Norwich. EXAMINAT10NS JANUARY I949 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Entered Passed Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S. and Dr. T. G. Pearson. 'The Examination was held in the week beginning Monday 17 January 1949 in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensing- ton theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres .. .. *. .. .. .. . . 54 23" * Four candidates completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and 2 candidates failed in part only of the examination.The following papers and exercises were set:- MONDAY 17 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. [Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where possible.] 1. Give an account of the essential features of the various methods avail- able for determining ONE of the following:-(a) copper (b) zinc (c) iron. Indicate so far as you are able the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the precautions necessary to avoid interference by other elements or radicals. 2. Describe the preparation on the large scale by electrochemical or electro- thermal means of one metallic element one non-metallic element and one inorganic compound. 3. Discuss the chemistry of EITHER (a) lithium OR (b) beryllium in relation to its position in the Periodic Table.4. Outline the preparation and properties of the oxides of fluorine bromine and iodine. Adduce evidence to support the statement that iodine exhibits basic properties not shown by the other halogens. 5. EITHER (a) Describe how neutrons are produced and the types of nuclear fission initiated by them ; OR (b) Describe methods available for the partial or complete separation of isotopes. 6. Write concise explanatory notes on THREE of the following:- (a) The stabilisation of valency states by complex formation; (b) The colour of inorganic compounds; (c) The polarisability of inorganic ions; (d) The Goldschmidt co-ordination number.7. EITHER(a) Give an account of the contact process for the manu- facture of sulphuric acid ; OR (b) Outline the manufacture and discuss what happens during the setting of Portland cement. 2 to 5 p.m. [AnswerFIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where possible.] 1. Write an essay on EITHER (a) The Heat Capacity of Gases OR (b) The Liquefaction of Gases. 2. Discuss the factors affecting the conductivity of salt solutions. 3. Answer THREE of the following:- (a) State the dimensions of the gas constant R,and evaluate it using respectively litre-atmospheres ergs and calories as the unit of work. G.M.V. = 22,415 C.C. at S.T.P. One atmosphere = 76 cm. mercury of density 13.595 g./c.c.One calorie = 4.184 absolute joules. (b) Derive the Kirchhoff equation showing the effect of temperature on the heat of reaction and give its integrated form for the particular case when A Cp = u + PT -yT-2 (c) The heat of combustion of one mole of liquid cyclohexane to form liquid water and gaseous carbon dioxide is 938 k.cal. when com- bustion occurs at atmospheric pressure and 20”C. Calculate the heat of combustion at constant volume at the same temperature (d) Calculate the heat of formation of liquid ethyl alcohol from the following data :-C2H,0H(1) + 302(g)= 2C02(g)+ 3H20(1) AH = -327 k.cal. + 02(g) = C02M A H = -94 k.cal. H2k) + W2k) = H,W A H = -69 k.cal. 4. EITHER(a) Derive thermodynamically relationships between osmotic pressure on the one hand and vapour pressure boiling point and freezing point on the other; OK (b) Give an account of the experimental methods that have been used for the accurate measurement of osmotic pressure.5. Indicate and account for the characteristic features of gaseous ex- plosions. 6. Explain fully the meaning of the terms “oxidation potential” and “standard electrode potential.” Discuss and exemplify the three chief types of reversible electrode. 7. Discuss EITHER (a) the nature of soap solutions OR (b) the photocheni- ical significance of absorption spectra. TUESDAY 18 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY TWO from each Part. Give formulae and equations where possible.] I. 1. Describe a convenient and cheap method for preparing a large supply of pure ethylene in the laboratory.What general reactions are available for the production of olefins and diolefins? How can isoprene styrene and stilbene be prepared from readily available materials ? [ 135j 2. Give a general account of the organic derivatives of carbonic acid. Describe convenient methods for the preparation of each of the following substances urethane urea potassium xanthate ethyl orthocarbonate thiocarbanilide. 3. Describe giying all essential practical details how a Grignard reagent is prepared and used. Briefly indicate how the following compounds could be obtained from n-butyl alcohol using the Grignard reaction :-octan-4-01 5-propylnonan-5-01 methyl n-butyl ketone .n-valeraldehyde (pentanal).11. 4. Explain carefully what isomerides exist (whether structural or stereo- isomeric) of the monohydroxypropionic (lactic) acids. Describe the properties of each and its method of preparation. If the lactic acids were esterified with methylethylcarbinol what isomeric substances should theoretically be produced ? 5. Give schemes for the production of any FIVE of the following from simple materials :-vanillin brilliant green eosin p-aminobenzenesulphon- amide thioindigo quinhydrone benzildioxime. 6. Give an account of the methods which have been used to prepare compounds with carbon rings of 3 4 5 and 6 members making special reference to the hydrocarbons carboxylic acids and ketones. 7. Discuss in detail the structure of EITHER piperine OR maltose.2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 19 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. [Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.]* 1. Solution (A) contains 80.0 g. per litre of commercial “iron-free” aluminium sulphate of type x Al,(SO,), y Al,O, z H,O. Determine (a) the percentage of aluminium in the salt by the method prescribed below,? and (b) the percentage of sulphate ion in the salt gravimetrically . 25 ml. of the ten-fold diluted solution of (A) prepared in the course of the aluminium determination will yield a convenient weight of barium sulphate.(These determinations may be completed to-?norrow.) 2. The material (B) is a mixture of two compounds. Examine it with a view to (a) identifying the radicals present and (b) naming if possible the two compounds. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. t Not reproduced. c 1361 THURSDAY 20 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete the gravimetric exercises begun yesterday. 3. Determine using the methods prescribed beZow,t (a)the percentage of sulphate ion and (b) the percentage of “basic alumina” in the salt dissolved in solution (A). FRIDAY 21 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the equivalent of the given carboxylic acid (P) by titration.2. Determine the molecular weight of (P) by observing its depression of the melting-point of camphor. (A note on the determination is provided and pure acetanilide is available for determining the depression constant.) 3. Deduce the number of carboxyl groups in the molecule of (P). 4. Identify the substance (Q). SATURDAY 22 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 5. (R) is a mixture of two substances. Separate them and prepare a pure specimen of each. Examine them with a view to their identification. 6. From the aldehyde (S) prepare small specimens of the oxime and the phenylhydrazone. Leave any specimens you make each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. REPORT Inorganic and Physicat Chemistry. The standard reached by the candidates in answering the inorganic chem- istry paper was generally satisfactory.Most candidates who attempted Q. 1 chose (c) the determination of iron; few candidates mentioned the use of the silver reductor or of titanous chloride. The answers to Q. 2 tended to be sketchy. Many candidates chose to describe the commercial extraction of aluminium and some of the descriptions were quite incorrect even in principle; for example the bath was described as molten alumina in which cryolite was dissolved and the function of the carbon as a depolariser and as an essential source of energy in the prccess was overlooked. The answers to Q. 3 were very good. Only six candidates chose to describe the chemistry of beryllium in relation to its position in the Periodic Table.Q. 4 and 5 were on the whole well done. but very few candidates chose 5 (a). A prevalent error in Q. 6 (d)was to confuse the Goldschmidt co-ordination number with the Werner co-ordination number. The phenomena occurring during the setting of Portland cement (Q. 7 (b))are admittedly complex but some of the answers to this question showed that these complexities were not realised. In the physical chemistry paper only six candidates attempted Q.1 (a) on the heat capacity of gases but they gave some excellent answers. In Q. 1 (b) dealing with the liquefaction of gases a number of candidates inter- changed the axes in plotting p v isothermals. The effect of adiabatic expansion and the Joule-Thomson effect were not always clearly distinguished whilst adiabatic demagnetisation was mentioned by only three candidates.In Q. 2 on the factors affecting the conductivity of salt solutions the wide range of factors included temperature pressure viscosity nature of solvent frequency and voltage of the applied current; some candidates dealt with Not reproduced. 11371 only one or two of them. There was also a tendency to confuse specific and equivalent conductivities. The answers to the small problems set in Q. 3 were more accurately done than usual; part (c) gave most trouble. Q. 4 (a) was on the whole well done. The description of the experiments on the methods of measuring osmotic pressure called for in 4 (b) often omitted essential details. In the inorganic practical examination the standard reached in the quantitative exercises was better than usual but there was no improvement in the accuracy of the calculations which included both gross arithmetical errors and errors in method particularly in calculating the result in exercise 3 (b).In the qualitative work lithium and molybdenum were sometimes missed. Some candidates seem nervous of reporting the presence of sodium in case it is present only as an impurity. In consequence they ignore it when it is a major constituent. Organic Chemistry A rather higher proportion than usual of those presenting themselves for examination were below the necessary standard. The questions set proved satisfactory to competent candidates although Q. 2 on derivatives of carbonic acid was not popular.Far too many candidates in answering Q. 1 gave the sulphuric acid method as suitable for the cheap and convenient preparation of a large supply of pure ethylene. This method is messy intermittent and generally unsuitable. The use of phosphoric acid avoids these defects. Alternatively alcohol may be passed over a catalyst such as heated alumina. Q. 3 on the Grignard reaction was in general well answered but it should be noted that the ether used in the reaction must be not only dry but also free from organic impurities such as alcohol. Candidates who answered Q. 4 on the lactic acids merely gave a correct description of the usual methods of isolating sarco and fermentation lactic acids. The chemical differences shown between the dl and d acids should have been mentioned; for example the difference in composition of the calcium and zinc salts.There were many adequate answers to Q. 6 6 and 7 but few candidates knew the true chemical nature of brilliant green and thioindigo and accounts of the synthesis of small carbon rings were often very incomplete. The standard of practical work was generally satisfactory but errors in calculations were frequent. PASS LIST Examination for Associateship Burbidge Eric Royal Technical College Salford and City Technical College Liverpool. Child William B.Sc. (Lond.) Central Technical College Birmingham. Coppock Gordon Technical College Chesterfield. Cox John Edgar City Technical College Liverpool. Downes Geoffrey Edwin Stockport College and Royal Technical College Salford.Drewery George B.Sc. (Lond.) ,Northern Polytechnic London. Edge Peter Frank Central Technical College Birmingham and Technical College Coventry. Gilhooley Robert Aloysius University of Sheffield and City Technical College Liverpool. Houchell Peter Glynn B.Sc. (Lond.) South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Kane Philip Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) Woolwich Polytechnic. Little James City Technical College Liverpool. McDonnell William Francis City Technical College Liverpool. Mitchell Brian Walter B.A. (Cantab.) University of Cambridge and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Owen John Thomas Robert Technical College Cardiff. Pinches Philip Benjamin B.Sc. (Lond.) Queen Mary College and West Ham Municipal College London.Richardson Colin West Ham Municipal College. Shephard Basil Robert Acton Technical College. Simmons Mrs. Margot Chelsea Polytechnic Birkbeck College and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Smith Edgar Vernon City Technical College Liverpool. Taylor Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) Medway Technical College Gillingham Huddersfield Halifax and Bradford Technical Colleges. Wicker George Leonard Royal Technical College Salford. Wingrove David John Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Woodward Albert William Thomas BSc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. THE REGISTER The letters preceding the names in the lists below indicate the Local Sections to which Members and Students are attached in accordance with the list of Local Sections which will be found on the inside back cover of this issue.New Fellows Kermack Professor William (P) Powell Alan Richard F.I.M. Ogilvy M.A. D.Sc. (Aber-(P) Sutton Sidney David F.I.R.I. deen) LL.D. (St. Andrews) F.R.S. Associates Elected to the Fellowship Audsley Arnold B.Sc. Ph.D. (C) Haden Eric Hector B.Sc. (Leeds). (Lond.). Bell William Maurice B.Sc. (Q) HorrocQ Robert Heaton BSc-(Liv.). (Lond.). Brocklebank John Roger. (Q) Jackson Albert M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) M.1.Chem.E. Critchley Thomas Arthur. (P) Jenkinson Thomas Alfred Eagleton Sidney Douglas. BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Earlee Kenneth John Beaumont (J) King Hugh Kirkman M.A. B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Ph.D. (Cantab.). Emblem Harold Garton M.Sc. (H) Mellor Albert M.Sc.(Leeds). (Liv.). (4 Mitchell Robert Lyell B.Sc. Evans Trevor Arnold Dip. (Edin.) Ph.D. (Aberdeen). Chem.Eng. (Wales). Neill Leslie Charles B.Sc. Forder Bernard Arterton (Lond.). M.P.S. Ph.C. B.Sc. (Lond.). (H) Oldham Graham BSc. (Lond.) Gaul Matthew A.H.-W.C. A.M.1nst.F. Grieve William Scott Minto (S) Richardson Bernard M.Inst. M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Gas E. M.1nst.F. [ 1391 Ridyard Herbert Norman B.Sc. (Lond.) A.K.C. Robinson Albert Edward BSc. (Liv.). Shanahan Cyril Edmund Arthur B.Sc.. (Lond.). Sharp William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. M.P.S. Shearing Edwin Albert BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Stoves John Lamb M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). (P) Tompkins Dennis Gordon RSc. (Manc.). (P) Williamson Leonard John Anderson.(P) Wilson David Woodburn M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). (D) Winterbottom Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) MSc. (Manc.). (C) Winterton Reginald Joseph BSc. (Lond.). (R) Wyllie David BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Re-elected Fellow Venkataraman Krishnasami M.A. (Madras) M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). New Associates Ammonds Charles Cyril B.Sc. (Lond.). Armitage John Brian B.Sc. (Manc.). Bradshaw Stanley Erwin BSc. (Q.U.B.). Bryan Donald B.Sc. (Manc.). Burbidge Eric. Byers Alexander BSc. (Glas.) Ph.D. (Birm.). Calvert Kenneth Osborne B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Carsten Hans Arnold MSc. (Liv.). Chakraborty Rama Kanta M.Sc. (Dacca). Child William B.Sc. (Lond.). Choudhuri Kiran Chandra M.Sc.(Leeds). Coppock Gordon. Cox John Edgar. Datta Major Shiri Patti M.Sc. (Punjab). David Ieuan B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Devenney Cornelius B.Sc. (Glas.). Didlick Leonard Arthur. Domes Geoffrey Edwin. Drewery George. Edge Peter Frank. Ellis Charles Matthew B.Sc. (Lond.). Friedler Kurt Wolfgang BSc. (Manc.). (0) Gilhooley Robert Aloysius. (P) Goalby Barry Birch B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). (P) Goodspeed Jonathan B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Greenstreet Cyril Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (G) Hanson William Clement. (P) Harris Eric David B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Horn James Arnot BSc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. (C) Houston James M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). (J) Hunter Leon B.Sc. (Glas.). (K) Jamieson Archibald B.Sc.(Glas.). (H) Johnson Kenneth George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Jones William Frederick B.Sc. (Wales). Kailasam Perinkulam Subra-manian M.Sc.Tech. (B.H.U.). (P) Iianc Philip Francis RSc. (Lond.). (P) Kaufman Morris B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Kirby Arthur Henry Mason Elenza M.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Little James. (P) Macdonald Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Macgregor Ian Archibald A.R.T.C. (C) Manackerman Mendel M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). (0) McDonnell William Francis. McNab John BSc. (Lond.). Mitchell Brian Walter B.A. (Cantab.). Moodie Thomas A.H.-W.C. Mulholland Daniel Booth M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Munshi Rajaneekant Hiralal B.Sc.(Bombay) B.Sc.Tech. (hlanc.). Nanjappa Arkalgud Sreek-antaiya B.A. (Mysore) ,M.Sc. (B.H.U.). Neal Miss Mary Hilda B.Pharm. B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. Norris John B.Sc. (Lond.). Parikh Vallabhdas Ambalal M.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). Paul Theckumparampil Mathew B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. (Andhra). Pawley Leslie Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Peter Reginald Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinches Philip Benjamin BSc. (Lond.). Potter Charles Ronald B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Preston Miss Iris Winifred B.A. (Cantab.). Rao Bail Laxminarayan B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. (B.H.U.). Reece Charles Hugh B.%. (Leeds). Richardson Colin. Rose George Alan B.A. (Oxon.). Rostron George Henry. Rowe Thomas Gordon A.H.-W.C. Saint Harold Charles John.Shephard Basil Robert. Simmons Mrs. Margot. Smith Edgar Vernon. Stiven Miss Margaret Ireland B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Stubbs Hubert William Dyson B.Sc. (Glas.). Tomlinson John Woollen B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. von Sommaruga Lorenz Johannes Emanuel B.Sc. (Lond.). Wetherilt Donald Louis B.Sc. (Lond.). Wicker George Leonard. Wingrove David John. Woodward Albert William Thomas. Re-elected Associate (P) Gell George Christopher Caesar M.A. (Cantab.). New Students Allen Robert Renton. Armstrong Hugh Robert B.Sc. (Bris.) Asqnith Jack. Baker Edward Herbert. Barnes Miss Doris. Bell Charles Norman. Bell Dennis Percy. Benjamin Colin. Bennett Malcolm Lorraine. Bennison Eric Gordon B.Sc.(P) Branch Ronald Frederick. (N) Bromby Eric Alfred. (C) Brooke Malcolm Terence. (0) Brookes Peter William. (Q) (D) Brooks Arthur James. Brooks Roy Owen Reginald. Browell Thomas Peter. Brown Charles. Buffrey Howard. Burnett James. (S) (K) (C) (P) (P) (C) (M) (P) (MI (U) (PI Carter Roger Malcolm. Carwardine Anthony John. Cater Charles William. Ceresa. Raymond John. Chapman Ronald Kieth. Chew Brian. Circuit Leonard. (Lond.). Besant David William. Bickley John Cecil. Biddle Bernard Gerald. Boucher John Bradley. Bowes Arthur Henry. [ 141 1 Clarke Basil Walter Cole Alexander Cecil. Cottrell Anthony Morris.Cox Richard. Cropper John Albert. Crosby. Roy. Davenport Norman Richard. Davidge Harold. Davies Arthur Gordon. Davies Bryan Walton. Duckworth Samuel. Duff Samuel Raymond. Duggan Edward Patrick. Edlington Richard. Edwards Brian Albert Trevor. Ellis Roy. Everard Herbert Ronald. Fairbairn Derek Alan. Field Ronald. Fletcher Norman William. Garratt Derek Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Gilks James Harris. Gracey Thomas. Graham Thomas. Grindell Clive. Harding Ronald David. Harper William Frederick. Harris George Frederick Peter. Harris George Roy. Haughton John Brian. Hayward Edward James. Heard Alan Noble. Herbertson Robert. Hill Raymond. Holding Arthur Frederick LeCore. Holton Percy George.Howitt Keith. Hubbard Miss Jean Muriel. Huddart William Ernest. Jenner Gordon Hugh. Johns Ernest William. Jones Colin Richard. Jones Peter. Kleiner Miss Hana. Lambert Edgar. Larah Max. Lavery Peter Hugh. Lloyd John Patrick Crosfield. Logsdail Dennis Harold. Loible John Elliott. Loney Terence Denis. Longbottom Eric William. Longworth Wilfred Roy B.Sc. (Manc.). Lowther Thomas Reid. Mannix Robert Denis. May Ronald Arthur. McCabe Peter. Mc Lau chlin Ian. Mercer Anthony Donald. Mertens Norman Walter James. Milman Francis Leonard. Mitchell John Chapman. Mooney Alan. Morris Neville John. Morton- Jones David Hugh. Mottram John Arthur. Munkenbeck Ronald William George. Murray William John McKelvie.Nunn Dennis Michael. Oates. Sydney. O’Neill John. Overend Norman Howarth. Oxtoby Alan Henry. Peace Reginald Jewitt. Pearson Derek Gordon. Peden Alan. Pemberton Albert Charles William. Pendleton Alan George. Poole Harry Harley. Pratley Keith Henry Charles. Price Roy. Pri tchard John Leslie Rail ton. Puddifoot Peter Stanley. Ranshaw Robert Colin. Rastrick Alan. Rees Benjamin Owen. Reeve Laurence. Regan Kenneth. Rimmer Joseph Ignatius. Roberts Alyn Newton. Roberts John Rogers Eric. Ross James. Ross Kenneth. Rowbotham Clifford. Sargent Derek Thomas. Sarginson William. Schofield Eric. Schofield John Antony. Sear Roy Anthony. Seaward John Albert. Seed John Barton. Sewell Peter Roy.Sheppard Eric. Shreeve George Walter. Simmance Derek Edward. Simpson David Brian. Verschueren George. Smith Geoffrey Allan. Vickers Clive. Smith John Graham. Wallace James. Smith William. Warren Dennis. Stevens William Alfred. Washbrooke Michael John. Stott Pearson Lawrence. Webster Eric. Stratford Colin. Whelan Peter James Wilson. Taylor Charles Ronald. Whent John Alexander. Thitchener Colin Reginald. White John Samuel. Thomas Arthur Derrick. Williamson Sydney. Thomas Arthur Samuel. Wilson Brian. Thompson Bernard Bert. Woodhead Robert William. Thomson Colin Henry. Woodward Robert Alan. Trenery Arthur Gerald. Wostear Miss Phyllis. Turner William Thomas. Wright Wilfred. Unwin Michael Anthony. Wrigley Kenneth James.Re-registered Student (P) Irvine Douglas. DEATHS Fellows Charles Thomas Bennett B.Sc. (Lond.). Charles March Caines. Joseph Davies. Sir Thomas Hill Easterfield K.B.E. B.A. (Leeds) M.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. (Wiirzburg) F.R.S.N.Z. Thomas Waterworth Glass B.Sc. (Lond.). George Winfield Heff ord B.Sc. (Leeds). James Hendrick LL.D. (Aberd.) BSc. (Lond.) A.K.C. Bernard Willoughby Methley F.I.M. William Rhys-Davies F.T.I. Associates John Cecil Cranston B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Nagesh Laxman Phalnikar MSc. Ph.D. (Bombay) A.1nst.P. Edward Tyghe Sterne O.B.E. B.Sc. (Ontario) F.C.I.C. THE REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1948 FURTHER CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA (See also JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 VI 323 1949 I 67) P. 4.Following the entry AHRENS Herbert Waldeman insert AHRENS. Louis Herman B.Sc. (S.A.) D.Sc. (Pretoria) Department of Geology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39 Mass. U.S.A. Research Fellow. A. 1943 F. 1947 P.225. IRELAND, Stanley John for A. 1929 read A. 1923. P. 292. MASON, Ian Sissons,fm Uphall read Uphill. P. 660 col. 3. Under Massachusetts insert Ahrens L. H. (Cambridge). I 1431 OBITUARY Charles March Caines died on 14 February 1949 in his 77th year. He was educated at Camden High School and the North London Collegiate School Camden Town and after serving apprenticeships with Mr. H. L. Buckeridge and Mr. A. Wynter Blyth became an assistant to Mr. A. H. Allen in 1889 and helped in the preparation of the latter’s “Commercial Organic Analysis.” In 1894 Caines was appointed chemist to Squire and Sons chemists-in-ordinary to the Queen.He was intimately concerned in the production of the 17th and two following editions of Squire’s “Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia” as well as the “Pocket Companion” and “Pharmacopoeias of the London Hospitals.” He became a director of the firm in 1913. In 1919 he was appointed chemist-in-charge to Southall Brothers and Barclay and from 1920 to 1921 was with Mr. C. F. Cross. In the latter year he became chief analytical chemist to Allen and Hanburys Ltd. remaining with them until 1934. From then until 1939 he was in the employment of Universal Accessories and in 1940 became chief analytical chemist to Mag- nesium Elecktron Ltd.Manchester. Returning to London in 1942 Caines took up an appointment under the Ministry of Food. In 1947 he was appointed chief analytical and research chemist to Gedeon Richter (G.B.) Ltd. with whom he was actively engaged up to the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Edward Mitchell Chaplin died on 19 March 1948 in his 81st year. He was educated at Silcoates School near Wakefield and received his scientific training at the University of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. After working in London and with Mr. Thomas Fairley Public Analyst for Leeds he was appointed about 1896 City Analyst for Wakefield and later Gas Examiner. For some years he was also City Analyst for Lincoln. He retired from his appointments as Public Analyst in 1929 but continued to act as Gas Examiner for several towns in Yorkshire retaining some of these appointments until the time of his death when he had completed 50 years as Gas Examiner for Wakefield.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. Joseph Davies died on 7 January 1949 in his 81st year. He was educated privately and at St. Francis Xavier’s College Liverpool. and in 1884’entered the laboratories of the late Mr. A. Norman Tate becoming successively junior and in 1892 senior assistant. He continued his scientific studies meanwhile at Liverpool Technical School. From 1890 to 1893 he lectured on inorganic chemistry at the Royal Institution Liverpool and the Balfour Institute and from about 1898 was for 16 years lecturer in bread- making at the Central Municipal Technical School Liverpool.In 1917 after 25 years as senior assistant Davies became a partner in the firm of A. N. Tate and Co. Liverpool and he maintained this interest until his death. He contributed numerous papers particularly on wheat and flour to the technical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. Thomas Waterworth Glass died on 27 January 1949 in his 83rd year. He received his early education at Cheltenham Grammar School and after serving articles with an analytical chemist entered the School of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1885. In the followiog year he became private (144 1 assistant to Boverton Redwood and subsequently to his successors Messrs.Redwood and de Hailes. He graduated BSc. of the University of London in 1895. In 1913 he entered the laboratory of the late Mr. Edward Hinks as knior assistant. In 1916 during Mr. Hinks’s absence on military service Glass was appointed acting Public Analyst for the County of Surrey and the Borough of Reigate. He continued to serve these Authorities as Additional Public Analyst until his retirement in 1936. Glass served on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts 1917-18. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. Bernard Willoughby Methley died in January 1949 in his 73rd year. He received his early education at Barnsley Grammar School the East Anglian School Bury St. Edmunds and Wharfedale College Boston Spa. After a short period at Rylands Brothers Glass Works he was articled to the late Mr.A. H. Allen and continued his scientific studies at the Firth College (now The University) Sheffield. For five years prior to 1901 he was an assistant to Allen. In 1901 he was appointed chief assistant to Steel Peech and Tozer Ltd. Rotherham (now a branch of the United Steel Companies Ltd.) and in 1905 became chief chemist and director of laboratories. He retired from this post in 1947 but continued to act as consultant to the research and development departments of the companies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. William Rhys-Davies died on I1 February 1949 in his 73rd year. Educated privately and at Batley Grammar School he received his scien- tific training at Bradford City Technical College and later studied at the University of Leeds.After a short period with Binney and Co. Ltd. Madras he started an analytical and consulting practice in Bradford in 1902 being concerned largely with problems of the woollen textile industry. He practised subsequently in Leeds but returned to Bradford in 1934 and established the Northern Counties Laboratories specialising in the technology of textiles oils fats and waxes. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1927. Elizabeth Brownsword Stirling died in 1945 in her 51st year. Educated at Paisley Grammar School and Glasgow High School for Girls she entered the University of Glasgow in 1913 and graduated BSc. She studied subsequently for a short period at the Sir John Cass Technical In- stitute London.After a year as assistant demonstrator in chemistry at Queen Margaret College University of Glasgow Miss Stirling was appointed in 1917,.chemist to Jas. Robertson & Sons preserve manufacturers London and remained there until 1940. In 1941 she accepted an appointment with the United Turkey Red Co. Ltd. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. BOOK REVIEWS Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry Fourth Edition (Revised and Enlarged) Vol. IX Oils Fatty to Pituitary Body. Pp. viii + 671. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1948.) 80s. net. Several dictionaries dealing with the arts and sciences had appeared prior to 1912 but it was left to Sir Edward Thorpe to produce the first comprehensive dictionary on chemistry with particular reference to its applications.The C 1451 work immediately established itself and probably no other single work in English has had such wide popularity as a book of reference in the field of chemical technology. Indeed its reputation became international before the second edition had appeared. Its pages which were eagerly scanned by research worker teacher and industrialist alike bore the stamp of authority. This was in large measure due to the care with which the selection of sectional authors was made. The group of contributors to this volume makes another impressive list. Such eminent authorities as E. J. Bowen U. R. Evans G. Egloff E. €3. Farmer F. G. Mann E. H. Rodd F. H. Curd Professors Bradley Britton Hilditch Hirst Kon Linnell Linstead Quastel Simonsen and Sugden have provided substantial sections dealing with subjects in which each can claim an intimate knowledge coupled with the art of clear exposition.The text follows in general the same pattern as the earlier editions. The historical introductions are followed by methods of production then by detailed treat- ment of the individual members of the group. In appropriate cases full details of tests and analytical methods are provided. Industrial methods of preparation form an integral part of the book and their description and illus- trations are up to date. The book is of a more convenient size than the earlier editions. It is easy to handle the binding and format are entirely pleasing the printing is clear and formulae both empirical and structural and equations and diagrams are particularly satisfying.Authors and publishers of text-books on theoretical chemistry would do well to note the manner in which formulae and equations are set out. Copious references are appended to each section some even up to 1947 a remarkable tribute to the speed with which a book of this size has passed through the stages of publication under present difficulties. No less than 201 references are given under Petroleum with its 90 pages of text. It would be impossible in the space available to do justice even to the larger sections. The work opens with an excellent account of the oils and fats followed by an extensive account of the technical methods of analysis ex-tending to 80 pages.Oxygen ozone compounds of phosphorus photography pigments are dealt with on the technological side whilst the theoretical treatment of for example pH and the phase rule are more than adequate for a book of this nature. Not the least valuable part of this volume is the excellent index so easy of reference prepared by Dr. J. N. Goldsmith. The hope is expressed that the remaining volumes will appear without undue delay. All chemists will welcome its early completion. The work as a whole represents a great co-operative achievement and Sir Ian Heilbron and his editorial board are to be congratulated on such a worthy and well sustained effort on behalf of chemical science. iv. M. c. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. By Fritz Ephraim.English Edition by P. C. L. Thorne and E. R. Roberts. Fifth Edition. Pp. xii + 939. (London Gurney and Jackson 1948.) 32s. net. The problem of how to present the tremendous amount of detail which the student is expected to assimilate under the heading of inorganic chemistry is one which still confronts all those engaged in teaching the subject. Professor Ephraim’s approach which has been so ably developed by Dr. Thorne and Dr. Roberts in the English edition of the book avoids the conventional method of treating the chemistry of each element separately. Instead the book is divided into a series of twenty-nine chapters each dealing with a special topic which embraces a group of elements. For example there are chapters on the preparation of metals and of non-metals on different groups of oxides hydrides and of halogen compounds on carbides silicides and borides and so on.As a result the treatment of the chemistry of a particular element is scattered and were it not for the excellent index provided it would be difficult to find any specific compound. On the other hand the book has the admirable quality of being readable. One is tempted to delve more deeply into its pages and the easy style of writing lures the reader on. In preparing the new edition many small modifications have been made in the text with the object of bringing the contents up to date. A notable addition is a section on the reduction of metallic compounds the treatment in which is based on underlying physicochemical principles.A few general criticisms may perhaps be made. The treatment of valency errs on the side of being old-fashioned though this perhaps is intended. Too little attention is paid to structural chemistry especially in relation to solids. Here there is an opportunity of clarify ng the presentation of a great deal of matter such as the chemistry of the ;metal oxides which otherwise makes dull reading. A few topics such for example as radio-activity and the chemistry of the silicones are not brought fully up to date. It may be well too to consider in a later edition the pruning of a certain amount of detail especially in the case of out of the way compounds which are mentioned though at present their structures are unknown and they contribute little to the general treatment of the subject.These points detract comparatively little however from the value of the book which has many excellent features and can be warmly recommended. H. J. E. Colloid Chemistry. By R. J. Hartman. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxxii + 572. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1948.) 35s. net. This book a successor to an earlier edition by the same author published some eight years ago retains the same general structure as its predecessor. After an introduction involving the history and scope of colloid chemistry the book comprising twenty-seven chapters is divided into four parts. Recognising the special role of surface effects in colloids Part I on surface chemistry contains chapters on the effect of subdivision of mass the qualitative and quantitative aspects of adsorption theories of adsorption applications and Occurrence of adsorption and contact catalysis.Part I1 on lyophobic colloidal systems is introduced by a general chapter dealing with nomenclature and types of colloidal systems and deals in further chapters with the preparation of lyophobic colloidal systems with their physical optical and electrical properties and stability; after discussisg (somewhat out of place) dialysis and ultrafiltration it proceeds to consider aerosols emulsions foams and other lyophobic systems. Part I11 on lyophilic colloidal systems contains chapters on the chemical and physical properties of lyophilic colloidal systems on gels (with special attention to swelling and diffusion) and on the chemical and colloidal aspects of synthetic resins and plastics.(From pages 446-452 “lyophobic colloidal systems” mistakenly occurs as a page heading.) Part IV deals with chemical and colloidal aspects of biocolloids bio- colloidal constituents of foods biocatalysis and colloidal factors in biology and medicine. Useful author and subject indexes are provided. From this summary it will be clear that the book covering the theoretical principles of colloid science their application and illustration as well as the Occurrence of colloidal systems in everyday life attempts a formidable task and not unnaturally in pursuing these objectives the author does not succeed uniformly. In the main the descriptive portions of the book concerned with the more classical side of colloid chemistry are most useful.Its treatment [ 147 3 of theoretical principles and of the more modem developments is not infre- quently obscure (e.g. no clear separation of the sedimentation equilibrium and velocity methods is given) and sometimes inaccurate and dangerously opposed to accepted views (e.g. the effect of the ionic cloud on the electrophoretic migration of colloidal particles). A colloidal system (or solution) is said to differ “. . . from a true solution in that the molecules of the constituents of a colloidal system are not homo- geneously mixed.” Not only is this definition somewhat unorthodox but it excludes that large and increasingly important class of substances which owe their colloidal properties to the large size of the constituent molecules.Clearly this was not intended in view of the space later devoted to polymers of both synthetic and natural origin. The terminology of the colloidal state is somewhat unusual (“internal” phase being preferred to “disperse” phase) and some of the more academic distinctions are retained (e.g. disperse and difform systems). Surprisingly the following important topics are not treated the Tiselius electrophoretic apparatus and its contributions surface potentials recent theoretical work on colloidal stability and the use of the osmotic pressure method to obtain protein molecular weights. In general the huge volume of work of the last twenty years on macromolecular colloids is neglected in favour of the more classical aspects of colloids.In the reviewer’s opinion it would have been preferable to discuss the recent physico- chemical developments with reference to macro-molecular colloids rather than the lyophobic systems to which their application has been so much more limited. In certain cases this tendency is misleading. Thus the use of the recently-developed light scattering method of determining molecular size (described under lyophobic systems) is valid only when solute-solvent refractive index differences are much smaller than in most lyophobic systems. In readability and as an indication of the varied aspects and approaches to colloid chemistry as well as its widespread application the book succeeds and the author is to be complimented on achieving what was probably his chief aim.PALEY JOHNSON. MELDOLA MEDAL 1948 On the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Maccabaeans has decided to present the Meldola Medal for 1948 to Ralph Alexander Raphael Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. A.R.I.C. in recognition of the contributions he has made while under the age of 30 to the investiga- tion of new methods of approach to the synthesis of natural compounds. Educated at Wesley College Dublin and the Tottenham County School London Raphael entered the Imperial College of Science and Technology with a Royal Scholarship and the University of London Scholarship in Chemistry. In 1941 he graduated with first class Honours in Chemistry obtaining the Hofmann Prize for practical Chemistry and the Associateship of the Royal College of Science.Post-graduate work under the direction of Sir Ian Heilbron and Professor E. R. H. Jones then followed. Raphael took part in the pioneer work then proceeding on the properties and reactions of acetylenic compounds investigating in particular the unique double aniono- tropic rearrangement undergone by certain highly unsaturated glycols. As a result of these studies he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. (1943) of the University of London and the Diploma of the Imperial College. From 1943 to 1946 he was head of one of the chemotherapeutic research departments of Messrs. May & Baker Ltd. and during this time was mainly concerned with penicillin chemistry. He was then awarded an I.C.I.Fellowship and resumed [ 1481 research work at the Imperial College on the investigation of the potentialities of acetylenic compounds in the synthesis of natural products. In 1947 this work resulted in the total synthesis of the natural antibiotic penicillic acid thus proving its structure beyond doubt. Attention was then turned to the utilisation of the peculiar properties of acetylenic compounds to accomplish the synthesis of carbohydrates and their derivatives and up to the present arabitol ribitol erythritol threitol and erythrulose have been obtained. A study is also being made of methods of producing long chain aliphatic acids of various types. Concurrently Dr. Raphael is also investigating synthetic routes to compounds containing the Vitamin D triene system.He has recently been appointed Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of. Glasgow. The Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry has invited Dr. Raphael to deliver a lecture on some aspect of his work and the Meldola Medal will be presented to him on that occasion. ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINAT10NS Examinations will be held in September 1949 as follows:- For the Associateship In the week beginning Monday 12 September in London and Glasgow. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training.The completed application form must reach the Institute not later than Wed- nesday 8 June. No application in respect of the September Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 4 July after which no entry can be accepted. For the Fellowship In the week beginning Monday 19 September in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry as for the Associateship except that candidates who desire to present themselves for examination in a Special Branch of work must submit their entry forms before Wednesday 8 June.IRISH COLLOQUIUM (1947) PROCEEDINGS The Proceedings of the Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” held at Dublin on 2 and 3 July 1947 under the joint auspices of the Irish Chemical Association and the Dublin and District Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry have been published (pp. 71). The pamphlet contains the addresses and discussions. Members of the Institute and others may obtain copies on application to the Office of the Institute enclosing a remittance for 5s. per copy (post free). SCOTTISH SYMPOSIUM-(1947) REPORT The Report of the Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and Their Newer Derivatives,” held at the University of St. Andrews from 7 to 12 July 1947 was published in January.The pamphlet of 108 pp. contains the full texts [ 149 3 of eight of the papers read at the Symposium and an abstract of a ninth paper. Copies have been sent to those persons who registered for attendance at the Symposium. If any person who registered has not received a copy he should notify the Institute without delay. Others may obtain copies on application enclosing a remittance for 7s. 6d. per copy (post free). THE LIBRARY During the recent rearrangement of the Institute’s Library several books were found to be missing. In past years books were available on loan and their return was sometimes overlooked. Will any member who has a book belonging to the Library kindly return it as soon as possible.Books may not now be borrowed from the Library but unfortunately some recent additions have nevertheless been removed without authority and not returned. In this connection it should be noted that many surplus books have been sold through the trade during the past year. The above remarks do not apply to books carrying the Institute’s book-plate which may have been purchased by members from second-hand booksellers during 1948. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1949 AND 1950 Symposium on Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.-To be held at St. Andrews 23-30 July 1949 (see p. ii and leaflet accompanying Part I). Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress.-The Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress convened by the Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions will be held in Great Britain from 9 to 23 July 1949 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Tizard G.C.B.A.F.C. F.R.S. The chief object of the Congress is to afford an opportunity for scientists engineers and others concerned with the mining and metallurgical industries to meet and discuss technical progress and problems including the develop- ment of the mineral resources of the Commonwealth. The programme will be divided into three parts:- July 9 to 12 in London-Inaugural Meeting Government Reception Banquet at Guildhall excursions and visits. July 13 to 17-Technical Sessions in Oxford. July 18 to 23-Visits to places of technical interest in Great Britain and excursions of historical and general interest.Further information may be obtained on application to The Joint General Secretaries Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress 436 Salisbury House Finsbury Circus London E.C.2. Second International Congress of Crop Protection.-The Second Inter- national Congress of Crop Protection will take place in London from 21 to 28 July 1949 under the presidency of The Rt. Hon. Viscount Bledisloe P.C. G.C.M.G. K.B.E. F.S.A. The Congress will be organised in six Sections (1) Insecticides (2) Fungi-cides (3) Plant Growth Regulators (4) Toxicology of Crop Protection Substances (5) Methods of Application (6) Analytical Methods and Standard isation. In addition to the meetings of Sections there will be Congress lectures and visits to research stations and laboratories.Fee for the Congress L2. Further particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Honorary Organiser Second International Congress of Crop Protection 56 Victoria Street London S.W.l. The First International Congress of Biochemistry will be held at Cambridge from 19 to 25 August 1949. The initiative has been taken by the Biochemical Society and the International Union of Chemistry has accorded official recognition to the project. The Vice-Chancellor and Council of the Senate of r 1501 the University of Cambridge have promised their full support. Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. will be President of the Congress. Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. is Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Honorary Organiser is Lt.-Col.F. J. Griffin 56 Victoria Street London S.W.l from whom further particulars and forms of application for membership may be obtained. The fee for the Congress is L2. Early application is essential if accommodation in a college is desired. The Congress is being organised in twelve Sections:-( 1) Animal Nutrition and General Metabolism (2) Micro-biological Chemistry (3) Enzymes and Tissue Metabolism (4) Proteins (5) Clinical Biochemistry (6) Structure and Synthesis of Biologically Important Substances (7) Cytochemistry (8)Biological Pigments Oxygen Carriers and Oxidising Catalysts (9)Hormones and Steroids (10) Chemotherapy and Immunochemistry (1 1) Plant Biochemistry (12) Industrial Fermentations including brewing production of solvents antibiotics and vitamins.The Fourth World Power Conference will be held in London from 10 to 15 July 1950. Study-tours will probably be arranged for the following week. The theme of the Conference will be “World Energy Resources and the Production of Power.” Division I will deal with Energy Resources and Power Developments Division I1 with Preparation of Fuels and Division I11 with Production of Power. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. F.R.S. has accepted the Chairman- ship of the Conference. The office of the British National Committee is at 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Course of Post-graduate Lectures on Some Modern Aspects of Bio-chemistry at Acton Technical College.-A course of ten lectures will be given during the Summer Term 1949 in the Department of Chemistry and Biology on Fridays at 7.30 p.m.beginning 29 April. (1) Four lectures on Biological Oxidation and Oxidation Enzymes by Dr D. Herbert. (2) Three lectures on Biological Degradation of the Steroid Molecule by Dr. F. L. Warren. (3) Three lectures on The Application of Polarography in Biochemistry by Dr. F. L. Warren. Fee for the whole course A1 5s.;for each section 10s.;for sections 2 and 3 15s. Further particulars and registration forms may be obtained from The Principal Acton Technical College Acton London W.3. Courses of Lectures at Chelsea Polytechnic.-(1) Part I1 of a course of twenty lectures on Biochemistry by Dr.G. A. D. Haslewood on Monday evenings 25 April to 4 July (except 6 June) 1949. Fee 15s. (2) Course on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water on Tuesdays and Thursdays began 28 September 1948. The Course extends over two complete sessions. Responsible Lecturer Dr. D. C. Garratt. Course Fee for each session L3 3s.. Laboratory Fee 5s.,Membership 1s. Particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Short Course in Chemistry for Teachers in Technical Colleges and Evening Institutes in England and Wales.-The Course will be held at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London E.C.3 from 11 to 22 July 1949 under the direction of H.M. Inspector Dr. P. C. L. Thorne. The main purpose of the Course will be to give students some insight into the principles of modern practical methods in chemistry micro and semi-micro analysis spectroscopic c 1511 analysis small-scale organic preparative methods electrochemical analysis.No fee will be charged for attendance at the Course but a limited number of teachers (men or women) can be accommodated at a cost of &5 5s. per week at College Hall Malet Street W.C.l from the evening of 10 July to the morning of 22 July. Applications for admission to the Course must be made not later than 21 May 1949 to the Ministry of Education (Teachers Short Courses) 20 Belgrave Square London S.W.1 on Form 106 Trs. (S.Cs.) obtainable from Local Education Authorities or from the Ministry.Further particulars can be obtained from the Ministry. Summer School in X-ray Analysis at Leeds.-It is proposed to hold a Summer School in X-ray Analysis somewhat similar to those held at Man-Chester and Cambridge in previous years at Leeds during the period 29 August to 10 September 1949. Full details will be issued later. M ISCELLAN EOUS Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Chemical Research.-The Trustees will consider in June applications for Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Chemical Research. One of the Fellowships will be limited to candidates educated in Glasgow who can apply to be considered for either Fellowship. The value of each Fellowship will be L400 per annum to which may be added a grant for expenses of research not exceeding LlOO per annum.The Fellowships will normally be tenable for two years. Full particulars can be obtained from the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street W.C.l to whom applications must be forwarded not later than 16 April 1949. The Textile Institute.-The Council of the Textile Institute offers to British students engaged in the textile industry or intending to enter the textile industry] a Scholarship extending for not more than three years and of amaximum value of L1,OOO. The award will cover college fees maintenance travelling and other incidental expenscs. It is intended that the Scholarship shall provide facilities for a course of study in Textile Technology to an advanced stage and for industrial experience at home or abroad.Forms of Application Conditions and other information may be obtained on request from the General Secretary the Textile Institute 16 St. Mary’s Parsonage Manchester 3 and applications must be received on or before 1 May 1949. Defence Services Research Facilities Committee.-At the invitation of the Council of the Royal Society the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the Army Council the Air Council and the Ministry of Supply have appointed representatives on a Defence Services Research Facilities Committee. The terms of reference of the Committee are “to consider proposals for the use of Service facilities and personnel for assisting scientific research and to make recommendations to the Council of the Royal Society the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the Army Council and the Air Council.” The Committee is under the Chairmanship of Sir Geoffrey Taylor F.R.S.It proposes to conduct its business through panels of scientists and Service representatives who are specially interested in scientific projects. Scientists wishing to submit proposals for consideration should communicate their suggestions in the first instance to the Assistant Secretary The Royal Society Burlington House London W. 1. Science Museum Library Photocopy Service.-This Service a note on which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 111 202 has achieved widespread use. Full details can be obtained on application to the Director The Science Museum South Kensington London S.W.7 from whom requisition books can be purchased as needed.[ 152 1 COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. 1049 April 19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHENICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Chemistry of Ensilage.” Prof. S. J. Watson in the Chemistry Department Koyal College of Science South Kensington Idondon S.\T7.7 at 3.30p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Standarcl-isation in the Chemical Field” (Symposium). *Itthe T,ondon School of Hygiene and Tropical hIedicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1 at 3 p.m. THElNSTITUTE (Sheffielcl South l’orkshire and North NIidlandh Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m.21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group INDUSTRY jointly with the Institution of Highway Engineers) “Concrete Road Jointing Materials.” Mr. R. S. Millard and Mr. P. L. Critchell at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place T,ondon S.\I’.l at 6 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (South \Vales Section) .4nnual General Meeting at the Central Library Alexandra Road Swansea. MIDLANDS CHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE (The Institute Eirmingham and Midlands Section jointly uith Birmingham Metallurgical Society) “Metallic Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.” Dr. W.H. J. Vernon O.B.E. at the IJniversity Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) “The Chemistry of Photographic Sensitising 1)yestuffs.” Dr.J. 1). Kendall in the Chemistry J.ecture Theatre King’.; Collegc Strand London iV.C.2 at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL 27th Annual Corporate Meeting ENGINEERS at the May Fair Hotel Berkeley Street London W.1 at 11 a.m. 3.7 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Some Experiences of a Chemist in the Paper Industry.” Mr. P. H. Prior at Medway Technical College Gardiner Street Gillingham at 7.30 p.m. 27 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Visit to the Ballyclare Paper Mills. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual Section Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. T~RITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) Annual Section Meeting.INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Plastics in Packaging.” Mr. J. L. Denny at the M’aldorf Hotel Aldn-ych London W.C.2. 27-28 I RON AND STEELTNSTITVTR Annual General Meeting in T.ondon [ 153 i April 38 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. “Some Properties of Explosi\ e Combustion in Gases.” Dr. C. Whitworth at the &ridland Hotel Derby at 7.15 p.m. ‘hi< INSTITUTE (Manchester dnd District Section) 1.adics’ Evening. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London \Y,1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with Hull University College Scientific Society) .“Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Products.” Prof. R. D. Haworth F.R S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at li p.m. 23-30 The Institute Anniversary Meetings including the Annual General Meeting on 29 April (see p. ii). ~~.ECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETV TECHNICAI. ~nnual(’onfercnce at Ruxton. May 2 SOCIETYOF CHhimcXL INDUSTRY(London Section) “Leather tlle Scientific Background to a Traditional Industry,” Dr. M. P. Balk at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and Korth Midlands Section) Fourteenth Annual General Meeting in the Nining Department Lecture ‘Theatre Applied Science Department l’hc Vniversity St George’s Square Sheffield at 6.30 1’ m.HwTisH ,~SSOCIATION OF Cris.irrs,rs (London Section) IZnnual General Meeting at Gas Indnstry Horise 1 Grosvenor Place T-ondon S.lY. 1 at 7 p.m. 5 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool at 4 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with University College of North U’ales Chemical Society) Lecture. Professor E. L.Hirst F.R.S. in the Department of Chemistry University College of North \?-ales Rangor at 5.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL ti SOCXSIY INDUSTRY(Birmingham Section) Annual Election and Business Meeting at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 7 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Oxford. SOCIETY 9 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) Annual General Meeting.Prof. A. Findlay C.B.E. at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. OF CHEMICAL 10 SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) “Manu-facture and Use of Stainless-Clad Steel.” Mr. W. Barr in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.in. OF PUBLICANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL 10-1 I SOCIETY CHEMISTS (,Microchemistry Group jointly with the Chemical Society and Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Tndustry) hleetings at Belfast. ( 154. May 11 INSTITUTE “Examination of Crude Oils in Relation to OF PETROLEUM Geological Formations.” Mr. F. Morton at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m.MIDLAND CHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE (British Association of Chemists Birmingham Section) “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Mr. W Morley Davies at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE(I’orkshire Section) “Optical Plastics.” Dr. D. Starkie. 12 CHEMICAL Lecture. Dr. Lederer in the Rooms of the Royal SOCIETY Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY (jointly with Hull University College Scientific Society) “The Mechanism of Drug Action.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. BRADFORD SOCIETY: CHEMICAL *‘Food and Food Preservation.” Dr R. R. Elliott at the Technical College Bradford at 7.30 p.m. 13 BEDSON CLUB Lecture.Sir Cyril Hinshelwood F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. TECHNICAL : 16 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY“Anodising-Investigations on thle Anode Film and its Formation.” Mr. W. N. Bradshaw and Dr. S. G. Clarke at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John’s Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Scientific 17 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Basis of Cheese-making.” Dr. J. G. Davis in the Chemistry Depart- ment Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. (Previously notified under 7 May.) OF CHEMICAL : INSTITUTION ENGINEERS“Fabrication of Chemical Plant in Stainless Steel.” Mr.-A. C. Branch and Mr. J. L. Sweeten. In London. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) Annual General Meeting at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street Gower Street London W.C.l at 6 p.m.19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) Annual General Meeting followed by a joint meeting with the Institu- tion of Highway Engineers. Two papers on the Surface Dressing of Roads. At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“A New Approach to the Synthesis of Azoles and Purines.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Washington Singer Laboratories University College Exeter at 4.30 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE(Midlands Section) Meeting at the James Watt Memorial Institiite. Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 24-27 TEXTILEINSTITUTE: Annual Conference in Dublin.017 (Chemical Engineering Group) 30th 25 SOCIETY CHEMICALINDUSTRY Annual General Meeting in London. (Provisional date.) 26 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:hleeting for the reading of original papers in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.16 p.m. 11551 June 2 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.16 p.m. TECHNICAL 7 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(Midlands and Sheffield and North-East Centres) Meeting at Nottingham. 8 INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM Symposium on Combustion of Hydrocarbons. 10-19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (FoodGroup) Summer Tour in France. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) Summer Meeting INDUSTRY at the Experimental and Research Station Cheshunt.OF GASENGINEERS. 13-14 INSTITUTION Annual General Meeting in London. 16-19 INTERNATIONAL GAS UNION. Fourth International Gas Conference in London. 17 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Nottingham. SOCIETY 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Tank Linings and Insulating Materials.” Mr. V. Evans at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.1. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) Summer meeting; Visit to University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Station Chipping Campden Gloucestershire. 38 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (London Section) Visit to the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington at 2.30 p.m. J U~Y EMPIRE CONGRESS 9-23 FOURTH MININGAND METALLURGICAL (see p.149). 11-16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Annual Genhal Meeting and other events in Manchester. 20 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (London Section) Visit to the Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge (2.30 p.m.). “The Organisation of Chemists.” Mr. H. L. Howard in the Physical Chemistry Building Cambridge at 6 p.m. 21-28 SECOND CONGRESS (see p. 150). INTERNATIONAL OF CROPPROTECTION 23-30 The Institute Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries,” arranged by the Scottish Local Sections at St. Andrews (see p. ii). 29 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY.Meeting at Dundee. August 19-26 FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF BIOCHEMISTRY (see p. 150). 31 August-7 September BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCE Annual Meeting at Newcastle upon Tyne.September OF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: 22-24 SOCIETY Symposium. 23 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at beds. SOCIETY [ 1,561 GENERAL NOTICES (Fov notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcememls” on pp. ii and 148.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the’offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar.Li brarles.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week- days (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington. S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute. ?’he Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joi n t Subscription Arrange men ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can maintain on favourable terms their membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and also if desired of the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with sub-stantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PRO- CEEDINGS 1945 Part IV P.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1949 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Records Officer of their requirements. Covers for the years 1939 to 1948 inclusive are available. Changes of Address-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanenf addresses for registration.M’hen writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the_ new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.1157 1 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE LECTURES “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (193: 2s. 6d.net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (1866-1938) F. M. &we D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium.“ J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d. net. ?“Research in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W. H. Hatfield D.Met. F.R.S. (193f 2s. 6d.net. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 183!%1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. ‘“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.K.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “Leather.” D.Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E. DSc. F.K.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. ne §“Chemistry and Clothing.” D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d ne “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948 2s. 6d. net. “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to I ibrary and Indexix Problems.” Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society. the Royal Inst tute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Zmdustry and the Bureau of Abstract G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946 2s.6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” First Henderson Memoric Lecture. Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. Ph.D. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947 2s. 6d. net. $“Counting Calories.” Sir Jack Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s.nei “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry.” H. J. EmelCus D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.1.C F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. t“Nutritiona1 Requirements of Man in the Light of War-time Experience.” Sir Jac Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. $“The Determination of Alcohol.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc.,F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s.net §“Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment.” Sir Henry Dale O.M.,G.B.E. F.R.C.P. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. **“Some Applications of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” A.W. Johnson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. *“The Fertilisers and Feedink Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications.” Georg Taylor F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. “Chemical Ciphering A Universal Code as an Aid to Chemical Systematics. M. Gordon M.Sc. A.R.I.C. C. E. Kendall B.Sc. A.R.I.C. and W. H. ‘I Davison B.A. (1948). 4s. net. Proceedings of a Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Product. and of Seaweed.” Published jointly by The Irish Chemical Association and Tht Royal Institute of Chemistry. (1948). 5s. net. “The Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington.” R. P. Linstead C.B.E. D.%. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948). 3s. net. “The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry.” M. Stacey Ph.D. D.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1948.; 3s. net. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” (1948.) 7s.6d. net. §“Through Chemistry-Adornment.” C. J . T. Cronshaw B.Sc. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. .M.I.Chem.E. F.T.I.(1949). 3s. net. OF FELLOWS REGISTER AND ASSOCIATES,1948. 10s. net. REGULATIONS ASSOCIATESAND FELIows. Gratis. FOR THE ADMISSIONOF STUDENTS JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Parts annually (Available to Members only.) * Streatfkld Memorial Lectures. f Glisckstein Memorial Lecture. 5 Dalton Lectures. 1 Tatlock Memorial Lecture. ** Meldola Medal Lecture. c 1581

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300083

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART Ill I949 EDIT0RIAL It is easy to answer the critic who charges the Institute with a morbid concern about its own constitution and with expending an undue amount of time and energy in making frequent changes in the instruments of its government. It is true that from time to time a number of amendments have been made in the By-Laws of the Institute but this would seem to be a healthy sign for an institution or organism that fails to adapt its constitution to meet changes in circumstances or environment may be held to have passed the peak of its vitality and to be on the way to decadence and decay. The institution which adheres tenaciously to its established By-Laws and regulations without due reference to the changing needs of its members and of the community soon becomes incapable of fulfilling its true purpose.On the other hand we may well feel some concern for the healthiness of an organisation that is frequently altering the main directions of its policy as laid down in the instruments of its incor-poration for such evidence of infirmity of purpose is apt to under- mine confidence. It can hardly be said that the Institute has vacillated in its aims or deviated from the main course set for it by its founders for although in over 70 years of existence it has been necessary to navigate many stormy seas the sailing orders laid down in the original Charter of Incorporation have served as the guide for all occasions until the present day.When it is realised that the past 64 years have included two world wars and vast changes in the mode of life of most of the human race it is surprising that a Charter which was drawn up to guide the destinies of a small Institution in the Victorian era should have served as the foundation on which to construct a relatively very large organisation to deal with problems which were to a great extent unthought of at the time of its promulgation. Indeed it says much for the foresight of the petitioners for the Charter of 1885 that the powers which they sought and the responsi- bilities which they undertook were such as to allow these later developments to take place without appreciable hindrance of any [ 159 ] kind. This is all the more remarkable when it is remembered that in the original Charter the profession which the Institute was designed to promote had to be described as that of “analytical and consulting chemistry,” as this was held to be the only description then known and generally likely to be understood which would make it clear that the promoters had no desire to duplicate the duties or encroach upon the privileges of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.This reference to only one of the several branches of the professional activities of chemists was not accepted willingly or without protest for from its foundation the Institute had included among its members many chemists who were engaged in teaching in universities and schools and in industrial pursuits.Since that time and especially since the regulations for the admission of Fellows and Associates were substantially altered in 1918 the proportion of members in practice as analytical and consulting chemists has greatly diminished and for some years it has been generally recognised that a majority of members of the Institute are employed in industry of various kinds. The original description of the profession which the Institute was in fact serving had thus become more and more inappropriate and misleading and one of the principal purposes of the Council in drafting a petition for a new Charter was to secure the removal of this implied restric- tion upon the activities of the Institute by proclaiming that the Institute was concerned with the profession of chemistry as a whole.This was made possible by wider public recognition of the distinction between chemistry and pharmacy. In the belief that no objection was likely to be raised to the inclusion in the Charter of the Institute of a specification of the “profession of chemistry” as that which the Institute was designed to promote a petition for a new Charter embodying this description was prepared and after approval by the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in 1948 was submitted to the Privy Council. It was with great satisfaction that at the Annual General Meeting this year it was learned that H.31. The King had been graciously pleased to grant to the Institute a new Royal Charter in substitution for the original Charter of 1885 and the Supplemental Charter of 1944 and that the new Charter had been duly authorised by warrant under the King’s sign manual on 14 April 1949.In drafting the new Charter the Council took the opportunity of considering how far the present state of Institute affairs and possible future developments might require modifications or extensions of the terms of the original Charter for it was desired to cover as far as possible in the new Charter all foreseeableneeds that might conceivably arise in the next 50 years. It will be appreciated that obtaining the grant of asupplemental or a completely new Charter r 160 1 is something not to be undertaken lightly and that it is important to ensure that while the provisions of a Charter are sufficiently precise to protect the public and the members they should not be more restrictive than is necessary for this purpose.Thus in the original Charter the number of Vice-presidents of the Institute was exactly prescribed; this was surely a matter which should be governed by By-Laws and not by an instrument of such permanence as the Charter. In the new Charter therefore care has been taken not to be too specific about matters of detail in which changes can properly be made from time to time by the members in General Meeting or in some instances by the Council under the powers vested in them. Provision has also been made for the establishment of other grades of membership of the Institute corporate or non-corporate as may at some future date be considered practicable and desirable in pursuance of its objects.These provisions are permissive and their inclusion does not impose any obligation to establish additional grades of membership now or in the future but merely leaves the way clear to do so if and when conditions warrant. Again provision is made for the Institute to apply its funds to the furtherance of its objects either by itself or in con- junction with other bodies or institutions with an interest in pro- moting such objects. This opens the way to collaboration not only with other chemical bodies in this country but also if desired with chemical institutions overseas such as the sister organisations which have grown up in various parts of the Commonwealth. It also allows of collaboration with institutions serving other professions in matters of common concern and an immediate example of this is afforded by the scheme for establishing and maintaining residential clubs for elderly people in conjunction with a group of other professional bodies.In this connection powers have been granted to the Institute to use a part of its own funds for this and other charitable objects provided that such payments are sanctioned by a General Meeting. An entirely separate matter which is also dealt with in the new Charter is the title of the Institute itself. The original title “The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland” was modified in 1944 by a Supplemental Charter which had as its sole purpose the granting of authority to include the word “Royal” in that title.For some time it had been felt however that the specific reference to “Great Britain and Ireland,” although it did not exclude from membership citizens of other parts of the Commonwealth-or indeed persons of any nationality-nevertheless might imply an almost exclusive concern with chemists residing in what used to be called “the British Isles”. Without prejudice to any steps that might be taken in future to relax the existing restriction of eligibility for election to membership to British subjects-a restriction which has never been required by the Charter but only under By-Laws-it was thought desirable to give expression to the wider interests of the Institute by dropping the words “of Great Britain and Ireland” from the title.This was possible because no other body held or was likely to secure the title of “The Royal Institute of Chemistry.” In reading the new Charter which will be in their hands at the same time as they receive this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, members will find we believe that while their interests and those of the community hatye been duly safeguarded the Institute now has an instrument of incorporation which will enable it in the future to extend its activities and services in all directions which are likely to become desirable for the advancement of the profession of chemistry. The Council of the Institute is deeply conscious not only of the extended privileges of the Institute of which it is the guardian but also of the increased responsibilities which it must shoulder on behalf of the members.The basis of every Royal Charter is to secure the benefit of the public to protect them against the unqualified or unprincipled person who claims to pursue an honourable profession. It is recognised that in order to achieve this purpose it is necessary that the professional body shall maintain high standards of competency and ethical conduct among its members and to do this it must use its powers to secure for those members such conditions of work as will enable them to give the best service to the community. The long experience of the Institute asa body incorporated by Royal Charter provides an assurance that the privileges conferred by the new Charter will be exercised wisely and that the responsibilities imposed by that instrument will be discharged effectively.We have received our new sailing orders. Let us go forward with gladness and with courage into the uncharted seas of the future. OUR NEW PRESIDENT Professor James Wilfred Cook was elected President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at the Annual General Meeting on 29 April 1949. He had previously served as a District Member of Council for Glasgow and the West of Scotland 194144 and as a General Member of Council 1846-49. Resides being a member of several committees he had represented the Institute on the Joint Committee for National Certificates in Chemistry (Scotland) since 1940 and on the British National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society from 1942 to 1948.1 162 3 PROFESSOR JAMES WILFRED COOK Ph.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. President Born on 10 December 1900 he received his early education at Sloane Secondary School Chelsea and proceeded to University College London where he won the Tuffnell Scholarship and in 1920 graduated B.Sc with Honours in chemistry. In the same year he was appointed demonstrator in organic chemistry at The Sir John Cass Technical Institute and later lecturer. Busy as he was with teaching he yet found time to carry out numerous researches principally in the anthracene series independently or with E. de Barry Barnett and others for which he was awarded the M.Sc. of the University of London in 1922 the Ph.D.in 1923 and the D.Sc. in 1927. His connection with the Institute began as a Registered Student in 1920; he was elected an Associate in 1921 and a Fellow in 1925. After working as a research chemist at the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 1928-29 he was appointed research chemist at the Royal Cancer Hospital (Free) where until 1939 he conducted a series of import- ant researches on the hormones bile acids and various polycyclic compounds with particular reference to cancer. He was Reader in Pathological Chemistry in the University of London 1932-35 and Professor of Chemistry 1935-39. In 1939 he succeeded the late Professor George Barger in the Kegius Chair of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow which he still occupies.He is one of the four Senate Assessors on the Court of the University. In the summer of 1938 Professor Cook was Professorial Lecturer in the University of Chicago and in 1941 gave the Romanes Lecture in Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. He shared with Professor (now Sir) E. L. Kennaway the prize of the Union Inter- national contre le Cancer in 1936 was joint recipient of the first award of the Anna Fuller Memorial Prize in 1939 and received the Katherine Berkan Judd Prize of the Memorial Hospital New York in 1940. Professor Cook was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1938 and is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1948 the University of Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of Sc.D.He served as Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Society 1936-39 and is now one of its Vice-presidents. He is President of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. He is also a Governor of the Glasgow and West of Scotland College of Domestic Science and a member of the Council of the Scottish Marine Biological Association. In 1948-when with Professor E. C. Dodds he visited South America to represent the Royal Society at the Fourth South American Congress of Chemistry-he was elected an Honorary Member of the Chilean Chemical Society and a Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Exact Sciences of Buenos Aires. The Polish Chemical Society [ 163 3 elected him to honorary membership in the present year. In 1936 the Belgian decoration of Officier de l’Ordre de Leopold was con- ferred upon him.Winning early distinction in research particularly in the chem- istry of substances of biological interest Professor Cook has attained eminence not only in the field of organic chemistry but in the sphere of university administration. The Institute is fortunate indeed in the election of a man of such high scientific attainments and wide experience to be its President at a time when under its new Charter it can look forward to further important developments in numbers and in professional influence. There is every reason for confidence that Professor Cook will prove a worthy successor to the many distinguished chemists who have preceded him in this high office. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS BY G.ROCHE O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. F.R.I.C. LYNCH (Delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute on 29 April 1949.) When my predecessor Professor Findlay addressed you at the end of his period of office he was in the happy position of being able to express gratitude for the termination of the war with its toll of human suffering. Our buildings had survived though not without bomb scars which at that time-and indeed until last year -were still very evident. He felt that we might look forward to a period of peaceful reconstruction and to the advent of a new era for chemistry in which the Royal Institute of Chemistry had a particularly responsible part to play. During the war the import- ance of the chemist had at last been realised and it would be for the Institute to see that his status and usefulness to the community were further raised and developed in the years to come.Since that time the C,ouncil have been fully alive to this and have been actively engaged in reviewing the aims of the profession of chemistry and the functions of the Institute in furthering them. In 1946 we were beginning to feel a sense of satisfaction and of security but in the periodwhich has elapsed since then we have again become troubled by a feeling of insecurity and of apprehension as to what the future has in store. Nevertheless the Council has been concerned with great advances and it is with gladness that we have learnt that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant us a new Charter so that we are now in the happy position of being able to go forward fortified by its provisions.Indeed a Committee has been engaged for some time in revising our By-Laws and it is hoped that the first draft [ 164 3 will soon be available for consideration and criticism. Another Commit tee has under consideration the question of the regulations for the admission of Associates with a view to enhancing the status of this grade so that it will command even greater respect amongst those who appreciate all the things for which the Institute stands. Those of us who are impatient must have chafed at the delay due to the need to await the granting of the new Charter and I would warn you that further delay must occur before our new By-Laws can be completed and approved.But as I hope that these instruments once accepted and approved will stand for many years as our guiding principles it is only right that the utmost care and consideration should be given to them. The new Charter has been drawn in very wide terms to cover as far as is humanly possible every eventuality which can be foreseen thus avoiding any revision at all events for many years. In fact I understand that there was a paragraph in the new Charter which the Law Lords for a time thought might contravene the Statute of Mortmain but I am glad to say that upon reflection they acquitted us of so serious a charge! One of the provisions of the new Charter enables us should we so desire to set up grades of membership lower than the Associate- ship-but let me say at once that at the present time the Council have no intention of implementing this although of course I cannot speak for future Councils.This provision was added so that if in the future such a course was considered desirable there would be no need to go to the trouble of seeking a new Charter. Our membership on 31 December 1948 was 11,160-an increase during my Presidency of 1,519 which is a source of great satis- faction to me. It is not possible to form any accurate estimate of the number of chemists who though eligible for election to the Associateship or Fellowship have neglected to make application for admission. It may be that the number is several thousand. If the majority of these could be drawn into our fold then indeed the Institute would be in an even more powerful position to speak for the profession of chemistry.It must be in my view the earnest endeavour of future Councils to bring this about and I am glad to say that the Membership Committee are considering this matter. In this connection my thoughts have led me to wonder whether it would ever be possible to make chemistry a closed profession. As you all know I qualified first as a medical man and thus as a member of what is generally regarded as a closed profession; years later the Institute received me into its fold as a Fellow. So I have had the experience of practising in both classes of profession. It would seem to me that the subject is worthy of discussion more especially as to whether or not chemistry would benefit.[ 165 1 The closing of the profession could come about in two ways one by making membership of the Institute so important to the individual that he could not afford to be outside his professional organisation; the other by obtaining statutory powers to enforce the registration of those of adequate qualification who desired to practise. In this connection it is noteworthy that a Bill has been tabled in the South African Parliament which goes a long way to bringing about the registration of chemists and the closing of the profession. In that Dominion Pharmacy occupies a powerful position in that every company or organisation manufacturing or preparing sub-stances for the treatment of human ailments must have a registered pharmacist in control of operations.In England on the other hand the Poisons Rules made under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 make a similar provision but include on an equal footing Associates and Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Thus at the present time in South Africa it may happen-and I gather that it does happen-that a chemist may have to act in a sub-ordinate capacity to a registered pharmacist and it would seem to me that this was one of the reasons for the promotion of the Bill which is to regulate and establish the profession of chemistry in South Africa. The Bill has been tabled and I think that it may be of interest to mention briefly some of its provisions. In general terms it would seem to have been constructed to pro\Tide powers on the lines of those possessed by the General Medical Council although of course there are points of difference due to differences in the two professions.I shall be mentioning the functions of the General Medical Council at a later stage. I note that in the South African Bill chemistry is defined as the science that treats of the composition of substances and the transformations they undergo. A chemist is not defined but a registered chemist means a person registered under this Act and in section 23 the Governor General of South Africa may prescribe by regulation the degrees diplomas etc. which shall entitle the holder to registration. Further provisions prescribe the under- graduate and graduate study amounting in all to 6 years which is necessary for registration.The Bill also envisages a lower grade that of “chemical technician,” defined as a person other than a chemist or student who is engaged under the direction of a chemist in chemical work and who has had not less than 6 years’ experience. Registration of these persons is also contemplated. Section 28 which is likely to be controversial gives power to the Governor General to schedule those industries and institutions in which it may be deemed advisable in the public interest that a proportion of the chemists employed shall be registered and to lay down the ratio of chemists to student chemists and [ 166 1 chemical technicians employed. All consulting chemists must be registered.There are penal clauses for improper or disgraceful conduct and the forms of punishment which may be inflicted are indicated. No one shall be entitled to practise without having obtained a certificate signed by the Registrar and the penalty for so doing is a substantial fine. Although excellent in intention it is to me doubtful if they can be enforced in practice as the evidence for conviction is likely to be as difficult to obtain as it is in other closed professions such as the Law and Medicine. So far as I am aware South Africa is the only country where such a proposition has ever been seriously put forward for chemistry. Is it possible or desirable that chemistry in this country should become closed in this manner? I have already alluded to the fact that Medicine is regarded as a closed profession-that is closed by statute-but Medicine is not the only profession to occupy this position in our national life.Both branches of the Law Dentistry Veterinary Science and Pharmacy are all in the same category but the tightness with which the door is closed varies greatly. Other professions not so controlled by statute have by virtue of their especial service to the public gradually approached this state. For example Accountancy although possessing two professional organisations the Incorporated and the Chartered Accountants is effectively controlled in the interests of the public and of the profession for it is highly unlikely that any organisation or company whose financial affairs require periodic examination would employ for this purpose anyone who had not obtained corporate membership of one or other professional body.Architecture is another example. In order to get a picture of what I may call this type of “mono-poly,” it is necessary to go back a long way into history-to the Guilds and Livery Companies formed chiefly in the City of London and to a lesser extent in other cities from the 13th to the 17th century. The Craft Guilds probably were in their origin demo- cratic bodies where each member had the chance of becoming a master craftsman and rising to some share in the control of his craft. With the increase of wealth and growing facilities for production a development took place in the Guilds the journeyman and master craftsman no longer had the prospects which existed before and the Guilds were transformed into the Livery Companies with their Courts of Assistants who were mainly wealthy men who held office for life and controlled the whole economic con-ditions of the trades and of the craftsmen.The Guilds and the Livery Companies were answerable only to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen and had very wide powers the most important of which were the maintenance of discipline ethical codes and education ; r 167 3 they were able to pre\wt anyone from carrying on his trade unless a member of the appropriate Guild. Nost of the powers were obtained by charter or by statute. Before anyone could open a shop or establish a business he had to be a Freeman of the City a status which could not be attained until a certain seniority had been reached-that of a Liveryman.Once he had obtained this he had considerable privileges and played his part in the government of the City. There are some 79 Livery Companies in existence in the City to-day but only a few any longer exercise the functions for which they were originally founded. In the Guilds and Livery Companies there were various grades of membership-apprentices journeymen liverymen and members of the Court each of the latter being eligible to serve in due course as Master of the Company. The Court presided over by the Master were responsible for the affairs of the Company. It is interesting to note some curious associations in the Guilds. The Barbers and the Surgeons were joined together under the name of the Barber Surgeons.The Apothecaries formed part of the Grocers until they received their own Charter from James I at the instance of Gideon Delaune who became the first Master of the newly-formed Company which was however called a “Society” and is the only Company in the City to be so described. Gideon Delaune was a remarkable man for two reasons-not only did he obtain the Charter but he was also the father of 37 children. I do not want to digress too much into history but the earliest diploma in existence given to a Barber Surgeon is dated 1497 and demonstrates the power which the Guild was able to exercise. In the preamble to the licence which sets out the authority to examine persons as to their proficiency we find that they had authority to see that the candidate was qualified in the treating of new wounds old sores and other lesions whatsoever they may be; also in the drawing of teeth ventosyng i.e.cupping scarifications and other such manual operations. In granting the diploma the examiners (who are named) stated that Roberd Anson the candidate “was openely examined in dyvers things and he is found able and discrete to ocopy and use the practise of surgery as well abowte new wounds as cancers fystelis ulcerations and many other diseases . . . and so he is licensed.” Their disciplinary power may be exemplified by a case in 1576 in which Thomas Hodes was found ignorant and was bound never to meddle in any matter of surgery. In 1635 L.Rylen a mounte-bank was ordered to pay a fine of j65 “for hanging his signs tables bladders and stones upon public posts and on the traitor’s scaffold at Tower Hill in an exorbidant manner being contrary to the laws and charters and this Court [the Court of the Barber Surgeons] doth order that these signs and bladders shall be demolished and L 168 1 lie is forbidden from further practising any part of surgery hereafter within London OT se\-cn miles compass of this city.” ‘41~0,one Hacche was summoned before the Mayor and Aldermen on a charge made by Roger Clerk of deceit and falsehood for having undertaken to cure Roger’s wife pretending to bc skilled in medicines whereas he was altogether ignorant of the art of phjrsic. He hat1 given the lady a parchment writing to put about her neck on which parchment he alleged a charm powerful against fever was written.He was condemned to be led through the city with trumpets and pipes he riding a horse without a saddle the said parchment and a whetstone for his lies being hung about his neck a urinal also being hung before him and another urinal on his back. I think you would agree that the Censors of the Institute might learn much from these old penal- ties if and when they ha\Te to deal with cases of unprofessional conduct brought to their notice-which however I am glad to say is uncommon. It is noteworthy that the Barber Surgeons established a register of certified surgeons in 1555. Gradually these City organisations lost their power and now have only a limited association with the trades and professions they at one time represented; as time marched on other professional organisations took their place.The profession of Solicitor or Attorney was governed by the Inns of Chancery e.g. Staple and Barnard’s Inns but these gradually fell into decay. Before their demise a society called the Gentlemen Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity was formed about 1739. The Law Society which to-day governs the profession of Solicitors was formed about 1825 and may be regarded as the successor of the Inns and of the earlier legal societies such as the one I have just mentioned. A few years later a Royal Charter was obtained which has been superseded by a number of Charters the last being in 1909.The professional status of solicitors and especially of the Law Society has been further consolidated by a number of Acts of Parliament the last being in 1936. These Acts have virtually closed the profession for it is almost impossible for any person to engage in the practice of the law for monetary reward unless he is on the register and has taken out his certificate which he is required to do annually. It is true that any person may make a will or advise in the making of a will or other legal instrument but if this is done in the expectation of a fee he is liable to be prosecuted and punished. The Law Society keeps a register is concerned with education and examination and with ethical matters but strange to say a practitioner need not be a member of the Society.So far as the Bar is concerned the conduct of its members is controlled by the Bar Council and no one unless he has been called may plead-except solicitors in certain courts-provided always r lo!) 1 that an individual may conduct his own case. A further safeguard is that a judge would refuse to hear anyone who had not been called. Medicine does not occupy such a happy position as the Law; anyone may practise medicine and may even prescribe poisons. There are exceptions to this governed by statute namely the treating of certain special diseases such as venereal disease tuber- culosis and cancer. Unregistered persons however may not use certain titles specified in the Medical Act e.g. physician surgeon etc.and may be prosecuted for so doing. They may not prescribe dangerous drugs i.e. drugs of addiction and cannot sign any statutory certificates or recover fees in a court. The medical “Magna Carta” is the Act of 1858 which set up the General Council of Medical Education and Registration commonly known as the General Medical Council. Without going into details concerning the powers and functions of the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons the Society of Apothecaries and the Universities and the controversies which raged in the first half of the nineteenth century I would point out that prior to 1858 any person could practise medicine and surgery with the flimsiest qualifications and indeed without any qualification at all. It is true to say that graduates of the Medical Colleges and of the Universities produced persons who were efficient and acceptance of ethical standards was demanded from the former.But for those who had not gradu- ated by these routes there was no control over training examination or fitness to practise and indeed diplomas could be acquired with financial advantage to the vendors. Or a young man might be apprenticed to a practising doctor and after a few years could set up for himself. This resulted in a competition often unfavourable to the genuine practitioner while the quack could practise to the detriment of the ordinary citizen. The unsatisfactoriness of this state of affairs had long been realised but it took nearly 50 years of discussion and controversy to obtain an agreed policy which resulted in the Medical Act of 1858.The effects of this Act were:-(1) to set up a General Medical Council; (2) to maintain a Register of properly qualified persons; (3) to approve courses of study; (4) to inspect and report upon examinations; (5) to remove from the Register if the Council thought fit persons convicted of felony or misdemeanour; (6) to remove from the Register if the Council thought fit persons guilty of infamous conduct in a professional respect and to define the nature of these offences; (7) to protect the names of physician surgeon etc. to those upon the Register; and to make other pro- visions which need not be mentioned here. It is perhaps worthy of note that the General Medical Council can only take disciplinary action as a result of a complaint and cannot on their own initiative institute proceedings before them c 170 1 or in the Courts.I mention this because the Censors of the Institute are bound by a similar rule a point that may not be appreciated by many members. All this however does not make medicine a completely closed profession; anyone can set up in practice and examine and treat patients-the activities of bone-setters afford a well-known example. The only limitations are those I have already mentioned. Moreover a person who has been struck off the Medical Register can continue to practise but his chances of having his name restored to the Register would be jeopardised if he did so. So far as Dentistry and Veterinary Science are concerned the position is in general similar and control is largely modelled on the provisions of the Medical Act although the details are different.There remains Pharmacy. This in many respects is the most completely closed profession for except in so far as under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 sellers of poisons who were not pharmacists were licensed for certain purposes (e.g. the sale of poisons used in horticulture) no one can sell by retail any poison unless he is a registered pharmacist or can dispense medicines containing those substances which are listed as poisons. There are herbalists of course and some do a thriving trade but if they should dispense a poison they become liable to prosecution at the instance of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.This body was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1843 and since that date it has been granted other Charters and has been fortified by various acts of which the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 is the most important as it codified most of the provisions of the earlier Acts. Training examinations ethics and the keeping of a register all form part of the duties of this Society. In recent years Pharmacy has received recognition by several universities and the degree of B.Pharm. has been instituted but before a graduate can practise he must be on the Register as indeed must all pharmacists. From my dissertation which has wandered in various directions and has not been entirely apposite to the main lines of thought which led me to discuss the question of a closed profession of chemistry you will realise that whilst almost every trade or profession had in the Middle Ages and indeed up to comparatively recent times a Guild or organisation which exercised a monopoly there are but few left today which are endowed with statutory authority for their well-being.Indeed where this authority exists there are difficulties in enforcement because statutory proceedings are hampered by forensic difficulties. So the point emerges that it is one thing to legislate for the closing of a profession but another thing to make the closure effective. Let us assume that some enactment similar to the South African Bill became statutory in this country; a question immediately r 171 1 arises as to who should constitute the registering body.Law and Pharmacy perform these functions through their own professional societies constituted by charter and statute whose functions are far wider than educational registrational ethical and penal. The Institute also exercises a wide range of functions but unlike the Pharmaceutical Society has no statutory authority compelling all who practise the profession to be members. On the other hand the Medical Act set up the General Medical Council whose functions are solely educational registrational ethical and penal and it is left to the British Medical Association an eiitirely unofficial body so far as the Act is concerned to cater for thc many other professional needs of medical men. Should a statute on the lines of the South African Bill ever be passed in this country it would seem probable that a new registering body would be brought into existence with fiiiictions considerably different from those of the Tiistitute.If it were possible however to add these functions to the Institute considerable modification of our Council would no doubt be entailed with the inclusion of lay persons-for example nominees of the Privy Council. I would stress that today the only professions which have statutory control and are classed as “closed” are those whose members have direct and intimate contact with the person of the individual citizen and who have it within their power to endanger the life health and even the liberty of the individual. As chemistry can claim no intimate contact of this kind it has but little chance of receiving statutory recognition as a closed profession.Thus whilst in the public interest it is most desirable to have educational and ethical standards for all who practise chemistry it would appear that the duties of chemists are primarily to the community as a whole or to corporate bodies rather than to individuals. Therefore if we are to achieve our aims we must concentrate upon enrolling as many of our professional brethren as possible so that members may reap the advantages of an organisation which can protect the community and thus safeguard the individual. I would add that I have carefully avoided defining a chemist. I am conscious of the fact that there are many useful individuals practising chemistry who have not attained the educational standard required by the Institute and I would throw out a personal thought that at some time in the future consideration should be given to them.The South African Bill clearly recognises their existence and intends to give them an official status in the scheme of registration. Perhaps at this stage you may be asking yourselves what is in my mind and which course I think the Institute should follow. believe that the right course is to continue on the path which we have trodden for so many years especially as our membership is rapidly rising and not to seek to obtain compulsory powers to achieve our objects but to foster the inclusion in our ranks of all whose competence in chemistry is beyond question.I feel that our very power lies in the voluntary system for the individual whose support is worth having realises that membership carries with it something that has an unique distinction and is worth striving for. It is good that the public and industry should appre- ciate that chemists have of their own volition established standards of qualification and ethics which command respect and can thus offer an assurance to the nation that members of the professional body possess all those qualifications which are expected and demanded. Should statutory registration of the chemist ever be brought into being it would be necessary to register all who had complied with the regulations which for the time being were in force.No such elasticity as exists with us today would be permitted and it is possible that some who were not worthy might become registered. One of the many duties of a chartered body is the keeping of a register of its members with some outline of their career so that the public may know something of the individual. It seems to me unfortunate that the register of the General Medical Council a statutory body includes only the names addresses and degrees of those registered. However the Medical Directory an unofficial publication that has been maintained for over 100 years not only gives the above details but also some facts about each individual’s career and type of experience so that his worth can to some extent be assessed. The Institute Register goes some way towards meeting this need.During my Presidency I have continually urged the importance of issuing a Register which is informative and up-to-date. The last was in 1938 though there was an abridged one in 1940 issued in this form owing to the exigencies of war and being in effect virtually useless. It is with special gladness therefore that I welcome the Register of 1948 for the publication of this volume is in my opinion one of the more important duties which the Institute owes to the public. I would pay an especial tribute to the painstaking and hard work which has been put into the volume by members of our staff especially as the lapse of 10 years and a change in the layout entailed a complete re-writing. Had I had my way I should have included in our new Charter anobligation to produce a Register annually as many other bodies have to do.But if our staff are prepared to face a new Register every two years I shall for the time be content although I look forward to an annual publication which I believe the Institute ought to produce. For the time being too I appreciate that there is a Paper Controller and that there are publication difficulties. There are many matters to which I should properly refer in c 173 3 this address but time will not permit. However I must not fail to mention our Presidential Badge which I am. wearing for the first time. The Badge about whose unique design I shall have something to say in another place has been presented to us and it is through the generosity of Johnson Matthey & Co.Ltd. British Celanese Ltd. and Toye & Co. Ltd.-all of whom have freely contributed materials and skilled craft smanship-that this beautiful design has been possible. I am sure you will all join with me in tendering to them our grateful thanks and I hope that this Badge will be worn by many Presidents in the years to come. The resolution which has been before you today relating to Eire is a matter of some importance. Our By-Laws have so far required British nationality as a condition of admission to membership and the change in the status of Eire although not affecting existing members in that country has precluded the admission of new members. The addition of the words “or citizens of Eire” enables us to admit future members from that country whence my forebears came.Already there are awaiting decision a number of applications which depend upon this resolution. I think it right to point out that in the future there may be similar resolutions if we are to admit as members citizens of those countries which though today they form part of the British Com- monwealth of Nations may later acquire some other status. Much will depend upon what that status is. This however is a matter which must wait upon events and individual consideration will need to be given to each case. I personally should deprecate the widening of membership which would ensue from the deletion of the words “British subject,” as I venture to suggest that chartered bodies such as ours in this country are essentially an English institution having regard to their constitution and objects.It is also true to say that many of the institutions of the Dominions overseas have modelled themselves on this pattern. I do not know to what extent this applies in the United States of America. These great chartered bodies have set themselves up primarily to ensure that the citizen is served by members of the profession whose qualifications and ethical standards are such that the fullest confidence may be placed in them and only in a subsidiary manner do these chartered bodies concern themselves with the welfare of their members. It is for this reason that I feel that we must retain the word British and only open our doors to those who are or have been members of the Commonwealth and then only after careful consideration.RESEARCH AND PRODUCTIVITY IN INDUSTRY* By C. S. ROBINSON, C.B.E. M.A. F.R.I.C. M.1.Chem.E. The Chancellor of the Exchequer in his analysis of the Four Year Plan emphasised the need for an overall increase of at least 10 per cent. in national productivity by the end of the “Marshall Aid” period. This increase can be achieved mainly through the increased diligence of the millions of people employed in industry-broadly defined-through increased capital investment as outlined in the Plan and last but not least through the rapid application of existing scientific knowledge to the improvement of technical processes. It is sometimes claimed that the productivity of North American industry is double that of the United Kingdom and whilst it is not our present purpose to analyse the causes of this apparent superi- ority it is clear that in America processes and sub-processes are subject continuously to scientific examination and technical improvement in detail.We have only to look back at our own country in the recent War period for evidence and proof of the enormous and rapid influence of applied research on industrial output; the ammunition filling industry was a case in point. Between the two World Wars this industry was stagnant but in 1939 it was facing a period of tremendous expansion involving the construction equipment and manning of a number of new factories; the total personnel rose from about 6,000 to 170,000within a period of 2 years and a year later a greater total output was obtained with a reduced force of 100,000.Many factors contributed to this achievement but perhaps the most fruitful was the continuous overhaul of methods through detailed scientific examination. This function was discharged by a Technical and Development Section of the Filling Factory Depart- ment operating functionally from headquarters with delegation of authority information and duties to outposts distributed through- out the factories. This method of organisation somewhat similar to that practised today in large American concerns was dictated by the grave shortage of qualified staff and ensured the constant application of the scientific mind to production processes.As an example of the methods employed reference to the filling of a 25-pounder shell with TNT is of interest. The con- ventional process involved three separate stages. In the first about half the complete charge of TNT was added in molten form and allowed to crystallise. Next the crust was broken down by a hand-tool the remainder of the molten TNT was added and a * Based on a lecture delivered at a joint meeting of the Oxford University Alembic Club and the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute on 28 February 1949. [ 175 1 brass “former” placed in the shell so that a shaped firing channel was formed inside the solidifying chargc; tlic third stage consjste(1 in removing the brass “former” and adjiisting the height of thc TNT fillinq either by cutting back or by addition of a further small quantity of liquid TNT.These discontinuous stages werc hcld to be necessary to yield freedom from cavitation of the charge and the correct amount of filling-both being of great importance ballistically. Scientific investigation showed that if crystallisation of the liquid TNT took place at a controlled rate of cooling the com- plete charge could be filled in a single stage whilst over-filling could be prevented by a simple air-lock device. From this simple principle developed the first fiilly mechanised process for TNT filling of 25-pounder and other calibres of shell; productivity rose considerably and both quality and safety improved.Visits to the German filling factories after the War revealed that whilst the same principle was used the method of application lacked the simplicity which was a feature of our own mechanised lay-outs. Another scientific investigation which yielded rich results was the fundamental study of the influence of particle size on the physical properties of pyrotechnic and incendiary compositions used in vast quantities for filling small arms and 20-millimetre ammunition to fine tolerances. The inherited scheme consisted in either weighing each increment 011 a chemical balance or volume measurement by hand-operated scoops of various sizes. With the discovery of a method for producing free-flowing powders it became possible to adapt automatic volume filling machines and to mechanise the process fully; productivity rose twenty-fold.Whilst it is improbable that many of our established peace-time industries would offer so much scope for the scientific investigator there is little doubt that an attitude of continuous challenge to existing methods would yield impressive results. In general it may be claimed that perfect control of process conditions in contradistinction to unexplained and chance variations will both raise productivity and decrease costs. Thus the develop- ment and use of control instruments based mainly on the principles of physics is increasingly prevalent in industrial practices. Physical devices normally give rapid indications and have ceased to be purely academic research tools.Thus spectroscopic analysis serves to control the composition of non-ferrous alloys employed in rolling and extrusion processes ; and X-ray diffraction technique is used in checking the physical condition of the alloy at the successive stages of deformation and annealing on the way to the final product which may be tube or strip. In the dyestuffs industry rapid measurement of adsorption spectra is obtained by the Hardy Recording Spectrophotometer and in certain other sections of the chemical industry infra-red spectrometers are used to check the constancy of composition of intermediate products. In general engineering processes electronic devices for the automatic control of machine-tools and rolling-mills have been developed and in mining safetv doors can he operated by photo-electric mechanisms.The separation of solids from liquids involving filtration and subsequent drying is a frequently occurring process in the chemical industry and in fact in many other industries; the productivity of these processes can often be increased by scientific control of particle size or crystal shape. Thus it has been found that adipic acid will yield platy crystals in the presence of a trace of long-chain quaternary ammonium compounds and fine needles in the presence of a smzll concentration of a long-chain sulphonic acid. Common salt-normally cubic-delrelops extra faces at the corners if grown from solutions in which urea or caustic soda is present. Some compounds form one or more hydrates and in such cases the estab- lishment of the conditions which determine the isolation of the preferred crystal form can materially assist the filtration and sub-sequent handling of the solid; calcium sulphate is a case in point and its separation can be a very troublesome matter indeed.This brings us to the control of what might be termed surface- conditions and to the spectacular achievement of mineral separation by flotation. It is sometimes stated that the productivity level of an industrial nation depends on its consumption of non-ferrous metals and it is the successful development of the flotation process which has made available the vast quantities of these metals required today. In the Northern Rhodesian copper field the ore deposits contain little more than 3 per cent.of copper and its extraction at reasonable cost is scarcely possible by any other method than flotation-con- centration. The ore after grinding in tube mills is aerated in the presence of water and the addition of a small amount of a surface-active chemical compound causes the particles of copper sulphide to adhere to the liquidlgas interface and so to be floated to the top to yield a concentrate. Practically all metallic sulphides can be separated effectively in this way but partially oxidised ores are resistant. In general flotation reagents are chemical com-pounds which form strongly polar molecules on solution in water and include certain fatty acids amines xanthates and thio-ureas; the quantity consumed is of the order of 1 pound per 50 tons of dry ore mined.A further example of surface action in the mining industry is the grease-table which effects the separation of the diamond from the final concentrate containing garnets and other heavy minerals; carried down this inclined table by a stream of water the diamond alone is selectively held by the layer of grease on the table. [ 177 I In the chemical industry the addition of small amounts of surface-active compounds is sometimes effective in facilitating the separation by filtration of solids from water; they act through absorption at the solid interface to yield a hydrophobic in place of a hydrophylic condition. Then too the volume density of amatols for bomb-filling can be raised by somewhat similar additions which cause the TNT and ammonium nitrate crystals to adhere more closely to each other.In the result a denser and more effective filling is obtained. In general catalysts enable reactions to take place at manageable temperatures and pressures but the effect on productivity of an additional 50 degrees of temperature is not always appreciated by the research worker on catalysts. A catalytic unit will normally consist of a contact vessel followed by heat interchangers and coolers and sometimes preceded by a superheater. The wear and tear on such a unit will be much higher at 550" C. than at 450"C. and stoppages for repairs which involve appreciable heat losses lead to considerable losses of production. In a recent case the replace- ment of a catalyst by one able to function at a temperature reduction of 50" cut down the number of major stoppages for repairs from three to one annually.The rise in annual productivity wassub- stantial and moreover the cost of the product was reduced. In metallurgy and engineering large increases in productivity have resulted from slight modification of steels and non-ferrous metals; in a sense these may be regarded as examples of surface effects Thus a lead-bearing steel to British Standards specification gives a 40 per cent. increase in drilling rate over an unmodified steel and its availability during the War solved the supply problem for 20-millimetre shells. Similarly research has shown that the presence of about one half of one per cent.of tellurium in copper increases its machinability three-fold without apparently affecting electrical conductivity. The addition of tellurium yields a uniform distribution of copper telluride particles which cause the drillings or turnings to break instead of spiralling round the cutting tool and clogging it. Another type of development is impact extrusion which has arisen from intensive research into the behaviour of non-ferrous metals when subjected to suddenly applied loads. A thin-walled article can be produced from such metals as copper or aluminium in a single operation whereas the conventional method involves a series of drawings and annealings. Collapsible tooth-paste containers from lead and tin have been made in this way for many years but application to the harder metals is novel.In ferrous metallurgy both the productivity and the coke consumption of the blast furnace have been improved in recent times by closer attention to the physical condition of the ore burden. f 178 ] The temperature at the base of the furnace must be high enough to produce molten slag and iron and this is achieved through the heat of combustion of coke in the air of the blast. At this temperature only carbon monoxide can exist and ideally the whole of this should be converted higher up in the furnace into carbon dioxide through the reduction of iron oxide to iron; moreover as much as possible of the sensible heat of the ascending gases should be trans- ferred to the ore burden. It seems obvious that these conditions cannot be met without careful attention to the physical state of the ore charged into the top of the furnace and that in fact much of the carbon burnt may well leave the furnace in the form of carbon monoxide.Modern practice is therefore to crush the larger lumps of ore and to agglomerate the “fines” after screening; the result is an appreciable reduction in coke consumption per ton of iron and a greater throughput of ore in the furnace. Whilst such large scale installations for ore preparation are costly it is logical and scientific to secure ideal conditions in the blast furnace for the performance of its essential functions. It is perhaps of interest to refer to Operational Research of which much is heard; as its name suggests it arose during the War in connection with the study of military operations.In the early days of the War radar had made it possible to plan the interception of enemy aeroplanes by ground control and so to economise greatly in the use of our own fighters. A handful of scientists joined the Air Ministry and by careful analysis of training and operational experiences and of the technical performances of equipment succeeded in materially increasing the possibilities of interception ; this technique which was mainly statistical and mathematical was also extended to U-boat control by Coastal Command. In industry however the application of the scientific mind to the study of operations is no novel process for many firms finance research and technical departments which are constantly overhauling existing processes and seeking new ones.No doubt much more progress in these fields is both necessary and possible and the title of the technique is of no great significance; what is essential is the challenge of the scientific and analytical mind to almost every detail of existing methods and processes. Today the organisation of such a service is to some extent conditioned by the shortage of university graduates and in relation to our size and needs we are some way below American standards. This cannot be put right quickly for the facilities of the universities are overstrained and generally speaking their teaching staffs as well as those of the secondary schools are inade- quate in numbers.Moreover the post-war tendency greatly to expand joint consultation in factories and elsewhere-necessary as it may be-diverts the attention of scientifically trained operating [ 179 1 staff from technical to personnel matters. We must therefore devise and select a form of productive organisation which will ensure full use of existing technical experience. As already mentioned we were compelled to do this during the War and in the filling factories overcame a serious shortage of scientifically minded operating staff by a widely but thinly spread functional service of high quality No doubt the Research Associations which operate under the patronage and encouragement of the D.S.I.R. could serve in a similar manner with respect to the several concerns in their respective spheres of influence.This however might involve the extensive pooling of technical information and not all firms are willing to share their secrets with competitors in the same industry. For large concerns controlling a number of factories or establish-ments this particular difficulty does not arise but they are never- theless confronted by the common trouble of shortage of scientific staff in relation to intensified needs and by the problem of organisa-tional adjustments designed to render existing scientific skills fully available. To some extent also the requirements of the Four Year Plan conflict with those of longer term planning-the former relate intimately to quick improvements and the latter in the main perhaps to radical change and new discovery.The distribution of available resources of scientific manpower between these divergent objectives is a matter of high policy which is doubtless receiving the attention it merits. In some ways the years since the War have been marked by continuous efforts to attempt too much simultaneously but whilst selectivity is a difficult problem it is one which must be faced. THE APPOINTMENTS REGISTER By R. LESLIE COLLETT,M.B.E. M.A. F.R.I.C. Registrar. On receiving recently the Annual Report on the work of the Appointments Register it occurred to the Appointments and Economic Status Committee that an article on the subject written by one who himself obtained his first post after the 1914-18 war through the Register and who has been closely associated with the administration of the service for twenty-four years might be of some general interest to members.The Register has been in existence since the very early years of the century and has been available to members throughout Great Britain and occasionally overseas. It may therefore seem surprising that it now operates under licence granted by the London County Council and we are informed that this must be clearly stated. [ 180 1 Under their General Powers Act 1921 the L.C.C. very properly obt:ained authority to control employment agencies many of which are maintained by private owners for profit and occasionally may be open to abuse. When we were first informed by the L.C.C. in 1936 that our Appointments Register must be classed as an employ- ment agency under this Act objection was taken.It was pointed out that the Institute considered it a duty to provide the means whereby- the public might be helped to obtain the services of qualified chemists that no fees were charged to the public that in respect of candidates for posts the service was limited to our own members that no accommodation on our premises was provided and that our activities were not confined to the London area. The L.C.C. however took the view that it had no power under the Act to make exceptions and that licences must be obtained by all organisations operating from offices in the London area. This also applies to the Appointments Boards of the University of London and of the Imperial College of Science and Technology.It was not difficult however to explain that our Appointments Register was not a profit-making affair and indeed that it was a source of expense to the Institute and that proper care was taken for example concerning vacancies for women overseas. The officers of the L.C.C. have not therefore found it necessary to subject the Register to any onerous restrictions. Members who are unemployed receive the service free of any charge; those who are employed but desire to be kept in touch with possibilities of improving their positions are asked to contribute 10s. Od. towards the cost of preparing and posting the lists of vacancies for six months. At present these lists are circulated weekly. They contain particulars of snitable vacancies notified direct to the Institute.Suitable vacancies advertised in the technical and lay Press are also inserted with due acknowledgment. By this system every member using the service is informed of all vacancies known to the Institute and the responsibility of deciding whether to applv for any appointment remains with the individual member. The Officers have been asked from time to time whether some kind of preferential treatment could not be given to members who are unemployed. It is felt that any such policy would quickly defeat its own object for prospective employers would be reluctant to use a service if they feared that they would only hear from candidates who had been difficult to place. Every opportunity possible is however taken to call the special attention of an unemployed member to any vacancy which would seem to suit his particular experience.The Institute makes no attempt to select among candidates for any post for several reasons. Over two thousand vacancies are circulated annually and some three hundred members may be involved. Selection could be done only by a committee with intimate knowledge of the whole field of chemical activities sitting probably at least weekly. Furthermore it is maintained that really efficient selection can be done only by two parties-the prospective employer and the candidate himself. The employer knows not merely the outline of experience required but the kind of man who will best fit in with others on his staff; the candidate knows whether he has the right knowledge and experience which may have been obtained in some industry possibly quite remote from that to which the new appointment directly refers.Moreover members who are in employment may be pardonably reluctant to allow the fact that they are contemplating a change to be known to members of a committee among whom may be Fellows with whom they are directly associated. Neither the Council nor any Committee has ever required the Officers to disclose the names of members who are using the Appointments Register. The greatest possible care is taken to protect the interests of members. It may sometimes happen that a chemist is having let us say a little difficulty with his directors or chief on some question of pay or duties.As a precautionary measure he may begin to look for possibilities of other employment. At the same time his directors also merely as a precaution may begin to look for a possible replacement. A notice is issued under a box number describing the experience required and the chemist may think that the post so notified is just the one which he could fill and would like to obtain. He may thus apply for his own job and if the application were to be forwarded untold damage might be done. For this reason our formula in acknowledging the receipt of applications sent to the Institute in reply to vacancies notified under box numbers is always “will receive careful attention,” and we maintain the right to suppress any application if we have reason to suppose that it would be against the interests of the chemist to forward it.We thus try to respect the confidence of both sides. There is some diversity of opinion about the fairness or advisa- bility of the use of these box numbers. Everyone prefers to know to whom he is applying but there are cases where an employer may be legitimately unwilling to publish the fact that he is contemplating new activities or developments. From the office point of view the box number system has one rather interesting advantage. When the address of the prospective employer is disclosed candidates write directly to him and the Institute has no means of knowing how many have applied. Where on the other hand the Institute acts as a post office records can be kept and a useful index is available as to the kind of appointments which are or are not attractive.r 182 I In the early ’thirties when vacancies were few and candidates many the Officers used to spend a great deal of time and effort in endeavouring to induce and assist members to present attractive applications. At the present time consideration has to be given to persuading some employers to publish attractive notices. Fre-quently they are so anxious not to disclose more than the minimum of information that the chemist has little idea as to what would be required of him or even of the locality in which he would be required to work. In these days of housing shortage such information is particularly important and employers are advised to make some appeal to the interest and imagination of candidates.“State salary required.” A very frequent formula! Prospec-tive employers often argue that the value which a chemist places on himself is a useful indication of his calibre or that until they know who is available they find difficulty in deciding on a definite figure. It would seem unreasonable however that especially in applying to a box number the chemist should be asked to disclose himself in ignorance of whether the appointment is likely to be attractive to him and at present it is found that there is little or no response to notices in which no information is given as to salary at least within a range or quoting a minimum. During the time when unemployment was greater the request to state salary required was also undesirable as leading to tendering with the suggestion that the appointment would go to the lowest bidder.It should be remembered that in administering the Appoint- ments Register the Institute has a duty primarily to its members whether they are candidates for a post or as very frequently happens are employers or acting for an employer. It also has a duty to the public as a whole and to public authorities and has therefore without overdoing impartiality to be scrupulously fair to both sides. For this reason although vacancies which are defi- nitely unsuitable are never circulated it has been thought wise not to adopt an attitude towards prospective employers which might be regarded as dictatorial.The advice of the Institute is sought almost daily as to terms and conditions of employment. Honest advice must be given and any attempt to force up the market unduly would soon lead to cessation of requests for advice and defeat its own object. If in spite of advice the employer presses for the circulation of a vacancy at a salary which in the opinion of the Officers is on the low side it frequently happens that no useful applications are submitted ; the employer is taught wisdom by his own experience and is more willing to follow advice on subsequent occasions. The Institute is sometimes asked to protest against the publica- tion of unsatisfactory advertisements and to take energetic action to prevent their appearance. Whether a policy of that kind is desirable r 183 1 is a matter for the Council to decide but if the present writer may be allowed to express an opinion it is that the best method of dealing with such advertisements is to ignore them.Letters to the Press signed “Indignant Ph.D.,” complaining of being offered posts at L350 per annum are to the minds of uninformed employers tantamount to the display of a notice “Chemists are cheap to-day.” During the war years the work of the Appointments Register inevitably linked up with that of the Ministry of Labour and National Service. When the Central Register was first formed on a voluntary basis the Institute provided a large proportion of the qualified chemists included. Compulsory Registration and numerous Restriction of Engagement Orders followed but it was found possible to secure real and cordial co-operation between the Institute and the officers of the Ministry.In this connection the Institute and indeed the whole profession owes a great deal to Professor W. Wardlaw and his colleagues on the Technical and Scientific Register and in other Departments of the Ministry. During and since the recent war unemployment among members of the Institute has been very small and even in the worst days round about 1930 it never rose above two hundred. It should however be remembered that the number of unemployed at any given date is merely a section through the time-space curve and that the number unemployed on a particular day does not neces- sarily mean that that number of chemists are actually unable to obtain posts.Many may have been in employment a week before the date in question and others may be re-employed within a week after. One is apt to lose sight of this phenomenon not only when considering figures connected with our Appointments Register but also in connection with the much larger numbers involved in Ministry of Labour returns for the country as a whole. In the Report of Council for 1948 it will be seen that during that year over six hundred members used the Appointments Register at some time in the capacity of candidates. This number has risen as high as one thousand in the past. In addition there are those members who use the service as a means of obtaining assistants and staff.The hope may be expressed that such members will not regard the Institute’s Appointments Register merely as a means of obtaining the services of juniors. It is realised that the majority of really senior appointments are filled quite properly by promotion within an organisation or by private arrangement but where new developments are contemplated more experienced men may be required and members are asked to bring such vacancies to the notice of the Institute. This is important because at the present moment very few members are interested in vacancies at less than say E500 per annum; the majority now receiving the lists do not contemplate applying for posts carrying salaries less than fl800 [ 184 1 while a considerable number are only interested in vacancies over the four figure mark.The administration of the Appointments Register brings the Officers of the Institute into touch with a large number of members on matters which are often of a human and confidential nature and it is always a source of pride and gratification when by this means help can be given in times of uncertainty or difficulty. In conclusion the writer would like to express his thanks to Presidents and Councils for having allowed him within the frame- work of their general policy a very free hand in the general adminis- tration of the Appointments Register and to his predecessor in the office of Registrar Mr. Pilcher from whose wide human under- standing he learnt much especially in the earlier days.To Mr. Winder who has recently taken much of the detailed work off his shoulders and to his secretary Miss Brown he is also much indebted. CHEMISTRY AS A CAREER In the article “School Children Chemists of the Future” (JOURNAL ANL) PROCEEDINGS, 1949 11 91) an account was given of meetings for young people organised by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the Manchester and District Section respectively. In March 1949 two other Local Sections-the East Midlands and the Bristol and District-arranged very successful meetings with the same end in view. -4symposium with the title “Careers in Chemistry,” intended primarily for students and senior scholars was arranged by the East Midlands Section on 17 March at Nottingham Technical College.The central idea of the meeting was to give the audience some information on the three main channels of chemical careers namely in industry in academic life and in the Scientific Civil Service. To this end Dr. G. M. Dyson Professor L. Hunter and Major A. Sumner very kindly agreed to speak on these respective topics. The Section was also fortunate enough to obtain the very willing agreement of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe to take the chair at the meeting. The fact that the main centres of population in the Section are fairly widely separated caused some difficulty in organising the meeting. It was felt that to hold similar meetings at all four main centres would involve a great deal of repetition and would lead to difficulty in obtaining speakers.The committee finally decided to hold a large meeting at Nottingham where between 500 and 600 students could be accommodated. Free transport was considered to be a prerequisite to ensure a good attendance of those living at a distance from Nottingham since young persons could scarcely be expected to pay for in some cases a 60-mile bus journey. The provision of refreshments was also considered a necessity. The estimated cost of these arrangements was too high to be met by the Section’s normal grant but it was fortunate enough to obtain substantial financial help from some of the large chemical firms in the area. 185 1 Eventually about 300 students and scholars from the colleges and grammar schools of Leicester Loughborough and Derby were transported by special bus to Nottingham where they joined an audience of about 150 students from that city.Under the able guidance of committee member Mr. J. R. Rowlands refreshments were quickly served and disposed of almost as quickly. Mr. Rowlands had arranged a half hour of community singing before the meeting and this appeared to be thoroughly enjoyed. Possible this is the first time that a meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry has been so inaugurated! At 6.30 p.m. the speakers committee and visitors assembled on the platform to face an audience which had increased to over 500 completely filling the large Lecture Theatre of the College. Those ranks of keen and alert youth formed an impressive sight which will live long in the memories of those who saw them.Dr. H. H. Barber Chairman of the Section opened the meeting by a brief survey of the aim of the symposium and referred to the interest which the Institute always took in the training of the young chemist. He welcomed the visitors to the meeting who included Mr. E. T. Osborne a Vice-president of the Institute and Mr. J. R. Maddocks of the Staff Department of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Dr. Barber then introduced the chairman for the evening Professor H. V. A. Briscoe. Professor Briscoe said that while many young people might feel that the Royal Institute of Chemistry was a remote and austere professional body this meeting was evidence enough that this was by no means the case and that the Institute was keenly interested in the student.Indeed it had a large number of Registered Students. Much experience of interviewing candidates for various appointments had convinced him that the one thing that mattered most was whether a man was alive or dead and the most important single influence in making a man live and keeping him vigorously alive was to do work he found really congenial. It followed that the greatest possible importance attached to choosing a career carefully and wisely. In order to do this young people required much more general knowledge than they usually had of the possibilities of various careers and what was really involved in their pursuit. Too many people became chemists or physicists simply because they had happened to do these subjects at school had felt themselves attracted by them and so just went on with them oblivious of the possibilities of other careers.It was the object of this sympo- sium to give a picture of what was involved in the profession of chemistry in its various aspects and this could not fail to be both interesting and useful. Professor Briscoe then introduced l)r. G. M. Dyson to speak on “Industrial Careers.” Dr. Dyson opened his remarks by pointing out the essential part played by the chemist in our everyday life. There were two routes to an industrial career in chemistry; first to go from school to a university and then after qualifying to go into industry or second,-the hard way-to enter industry straight from school learn from your job and from part-time classes and then take an External Degree of London University.Early specialisation should be avoided; it was far better to obtain a broad scientific background and to take an intelligent interest in borderline subjects. The word “resem-ch” had become invested with a rather spurious glamour and many junior students had the impression that revolutionary discoveries were made at frequent intervals. This was not the case and much research consisted of 90 per cent. routine work. He wanted to stress the advantages of the career of analyst. It Lvas not usually considered one of the best jobs and consequently there was a shortage of good analysts. Sowadays with modern analytical instruments the analyst had a most interesting job and the routine work was probaldy no more than that cnrrietl out 1)y the so-called research chemist.There were many other branches open to industrial chemists such as biochemistry process and development work research on road materials beer and fermentation fertilisers and horticulture and chemical engineering. The main essential was that one must have real enthusiam to become an industrial chemist. The next speaker Professor L. Hunter was concerned with “Academic Careers,” and dealt with careers in the teaching of chemistry-in schools in technical colleges and in universities He referred to the important place which science (and especially chemistry) should occupy in a liberal education and said that good teaching having due regard to the historical economic geographical industrial and other implications of the subject could make chemistry truly one of the humanities.No student should contemplate teaching as a profession unless he had real enthusiasm for it for to enter the profession solely for other reasons would lead only to disappointment boredom and bad teaching. The speaker then dealt in some detail with university teaching. Pointing out that salaries in universities were usually somewhat lower than in industry he proceeded to explain what were the “compensations” of university teaching i.e. the factors which in his view prevented an undue flow from the universities into industry. They were as follows. :-(1) Opportunities to teach adolescents and adults. This inevitably meant teaching chemistry to a higher standard than was possible in a school and for this reason it might appeal as being more interesting.(2) Opportunities for research. This together with freedom of choice of subject and freedom of publication was a potent attraction for many individ- uals. Jealously guarded by the universities there was little doubt that these freedoms given to the many revealed the supreme genius of the few. (3) Possibility of interchange with industry. This was an important outlet to personnel engaged in university teaching where promotion to the more responsible posts was obviously limited to relatively few. It was a useful safety-valve for the profession; and the reverse change from industry to university was a useful corrective to the somewhat academic outlook of chemistry in universities.(4) Realistic pension scheme. The Federated Superannuation System for Universities (F.S.S.U.) was a contributory pension scheme which provided for dependents as well as for retirement. The scheme was also adopted in many industrial concerns and by most Government sponsored research associations and was a powerful aid in facilitating the interchange between university staffs and industrial personnel mentioned above. (5) Equal status of men and women. One of the most eniightened policies of the universities was that men and women were given equal pay and opportunities and in the majority of university posts men and women were competing on equal terms. There was a great future for women in university teaching and already many of the most senior posts were occupied by women.Major A. Sumner was the last speaker and dealt with “Civil Service Careers.” He enumerated the various types of chemists required in the Government Service namely Research Chemists Experimental Officers Analytical Chemists and Production Chemists and mentioned in detail the salary ranges for the various grades in these classes. These salaries had recently been improved and were comparable with those in industry; they ranged from A230 p.a. for an Assistant Experimental Officer at age 18 to Ll,520 pa. for a Senior Principal Scientific Officer. There were posts at a higher level still and these carried salaries of i1,600 to @,OOO p.a. and in a few instances even higher. r 187 1 Major Sumner then went on to describe the type of work required.The research chemist had opportunities of a very wide range and if he gave an indication of the subject in which he was particularly interested during his interview efforts were made to appoint him to a Department whcre work of this character was in progress. He could be called upon to investigate the properties of radio-active materials at an Atomic Energy Establishment or a new type of explosive in the Research Department or again the properties of some new material of particular importance to industry at the Chemical Research Laboratory. Much of the work at the Government Establishments was naturally directed to applied research but it was now an accepted prin- ciple that opportunity should be provided at the Research Establishments for some proportion of the work to be of a fundamental nature and for encourage- ment to be given to the publication of such work wherever possible.For the analytical chemist the scope of work offered by the Government Service was equally satisfactory. A wide variety of raw materials and finished products subject to Government control or of interest to the Service Depart- ments had to undergo detailed analysis. Accuracy and speed of operation were of the utmost importance and to this end the methods of analysis were being continually improved and modified by new developments particularlj- of a physical-chemical nature. The production chemists were principally employed in the Ordnance Factories for operating the processes developed in the Research Departments and for assisting in the design and development of suitable plant in which the processes could be efficiently controlled.These posts required men with a flair for chemical engineering and works management. Many questions were asked by the audience among them being whether a student suffers a serious disadvantage by qualifying from part-time classes whether there is any discrimination between men and women chemists what type of work would be required in an atomic power research station and how a student could decide he was fitted to undertake a career as a chemist. These questions and many others were ably answered by the speakers and the meeting closed with a summing up by Professor Briscoe and a vote of thanks proposed by Mr.Cullum a student of Nottingham Technical College and seconded by Mr. Harrison a student of Wyggeston Boys’ School Leicester. The committee have received a number of letters of appreciation from the headmasters and science masters of the schools taking part ; some have asked to be kept informed of any further similar meetings. There seems no doubt that the meeting did provide some 1w-J-useful information on chemical careers to a large body of scholars. The second meeting originated from a short note published in JOURNAL AND on the “Careers” talk held in London in October following PROCEEDINGS which Mr. Peacock Headmaster of Newent Grammar School wrote to the Secretary of the Bristol Section and asked whether a similar talk could be arranged in North Gloucestershirc.With the co-operation of Mr. H. S. Need l’rincipal and Mr. li. Harrison Head of the Science Department the meeting was held at Gloucester Technical College on Friday afternoon 2% March anti 126 children mostly in the sixth forms assembled from schools in and around Glouccster. That there was such a gratifying response was largely duc to Ah-. J. RI. Eagles Headmaster of Marling School Stroud who undertook to notify the schools in the area. Mr. Harrison opened the meeting and asked Mr. €3. W. Minifie Hon. Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute to introduce the Brains Trust composed of Dr. 1’. AfaIkin (Jkpartmcnt of Orgaiiic (‘hcrnistry University of I188 J Bristol) Mr. G. H. Moore (Head of the Science Department Merchant Ven- turers’ Technical College Bristol) Mr.E. H. Jones (Director Messrs. Capper Pass Metal Smelters Bristol) and Mr. E. Lewis (Technical Director Messrs. Christopher Thomas Bros. Soap Manufacturers Bristol). Following the introduction short addresses were given by each member of the Trust lasting in all about an hour. Dr. Malkin spoke first and said that the meeting was intended to give students some idea of what chemistry had to offer as a career and the various courses of training in chemistry open to them. The choice of a career was always a serious matter and never more so than nowadays when it was so important to have the right people in the right posts. The aim therefore was to give the advice and information which would assist the student in making a proper choice.It was not at all the object to canvass for the profession of chemistry but to help the student to decide from a knowledge of his own inclination and abilities whether chemistry was likely to offer a full satisfying and worth-while career. Dr. Malkin then went on to discuss the most suitable qualifications for admission to University chemistry courses for Hons. Chemistry General Science and special degrees (Agriculture Biochemistry). He brieflv outlined the various courses for the B.Sc. M.Sc. and Ph.D. and indicated the types of posts available after qualifying in industry teaching the Scientific Civil Service agriculture and biochemistry. Following Dr. Malkin’s outline of University life Mr. G. H. Moore spoke of the students who by reason of lack of opportunity or finance were not able to pursue a University career.What had chemistry to offer them? To those who were prepared to work hard the Technical Colleges presented a means of obtaining a qualification while pursuing a job of work. To those who were successful in getting a degree or diploma there was an advantage gained over the University student in that practical works experience had been obtained while studying. Most laboratory assistants who were working for a degree were allowed by their employers the equivalent of one day per week to attend day classes which helped with evening classes to reduce the time required to complete the full course. Even so from 5 to 7 years were usually taken by a part time Technical College student to become fully qualified.Mr. Moore described the National Certificate Courses in chemistry and pointed out that these were also open to those who did not hold a University School Leaving Certificate. These National Certificates at the Ordinary and Higher levels were recognised by industry as indications of proficiency in the subject. The function of the Technical College in providing vocational courses apart from chemistry was also mentioned. These were designed to promote the application of scientific methods to industries and crafts which had been developed over very many years by trial and error. The third speaker Mr. E. H. Jones emphasised the competitive spirit which prevailed in industrial organisations; this was present in all parts of the business not excluding the chemical laboratories.The basis of all business was to make a profit in the face of competition and with inefficient working a profit was changed to a loss; continued loss meant that the business would cease to exist. As a result of this competition employees including chemists were judged largely on their merits and value to the firm and not solely on their academic attainments. A chemist in industry besides being a good chemist must know something of business methods be able to work with factory personnel and see the point of view of non-technical staff. Mr. Jones stressed the value of a qualification as it established a measure of personal independence and assisted a chemist to improve his position or change his employment if he felt so inclined.[ 189 3 Finally he gave a brief account of the type of work done in the laboratory with which he was connected explaining the close co-operation with the production side. The last speaker Mr. E. Lewis emphasised the necessity for more rigid technical control in industry and substantiated Mr. Jones’ statement that chemists must be prepared to work well with other factory personnel if they were to be successful and to do justice to the profession. In business the technical executive staff who were frequently drawn from the chemists must cultivate the ability to manage men and gain their confidence. The meeting was then thrown open to questions which Dr. Malkin said the members of the Brains Trust would do their best to answer.As is usually found with young people in a meeting of this sort questions were not readily forthcoming at the beginning but after a few students had spoken others gained courage and at the end of the meeting the speakers were asked in- formally questions of all types. It will be interesting to record the main questions asked. The first was from a girl student who enquired what openings there were for girl chemists. Mr. Minifie replied that girls were employed as junior analytical chemists in most large laboratories and particularly in the food industry; they also seemed to be in demand for milk testing laboratories. Girls of School Certificate standard were particularly suited to routine work as they usually left to be married after four or five years and were replaced by new entrants.Boys did not take so kindly to routine work and naturally wanted to improve their positions as time went on. There was nothing however to prevent girls from becoming qualified chemists and reaching senior positions in a laboratory if they so wished. What openings were there for bio-chemists ? This question was replied to by Dr. Malkin and Mr. Moore who mentioned that bio-chemists were attached to hospital research staffs and many were employed in factories making pharmaceuticals. What openings were there for chemists in local industry ? This question of course applied to the Gloucester district and Mr. Read and Mr. Harrison gave details of firms who employed chemists with particular reference to the plastics industry at Stroud.What prospects were there for chemists in the Civil Service ? Dr. Malkin Mr. Moore and Mr. Minifie in turn gave information on this subject and mentioned that there were fixed scales of salary and grades applying to the Scientific Civil Service. It was stated that there were many opportunities for women in the various departments. When no further questions were forthcoming Mr. Minilie asked for a show of hands from those students who wanted to enter the various professions. Those responding amounted to about 60 per cent. of the audience and the numbers falling in the different categories were :-Chemistry 28; Biology as applied to Agriculture 17; Engineering 15; Physics 8; Teaching 5; Medicine 4.Some of the students who had not answered were then questioned and the replies given added considerable life to the proceedings and proved a fitting climax to the meeting. One student said he was all for private enterprise another wanted to be a professional sportsman while another later involved one of the members of the Brains Trust in an argument on politics! The meeting was then brought to a close by Mr. Harrison who asked Mr. Peacock to propose a vote of thanks Mr. Peacock said that the local schools were very grateful for the trouble the Royal Institute of Chemistry had taken in arranging the talks and he himself was very pleased to see such a splendid attendance. He also thanked the Principal of Gloucester Technical College for providing such excellent accommodation.THE TRAINING OF CHEMISTS FOR INDUSTRY A lecture delivered before the South Wales Section of the Institute on 26 March 1949 by W. G. HISCOCK, B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.I.I.A. (Director and General Manager of the Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd. Avonmouth) The process of bringing young people to the standard required by industry for work in the post-war world of to-day is one which requires major attention continual thought and very skilful handling. Former educational practices and the general lack of attention to human welfare by industry in past genera- tions are no longer tenable. The standards required by industry for its administrators ham to be something more than a certain standard in Latin and Greek and for its workers considerably more than a docile body complcte with hands and legs.The change in outlook on training for and within industry has been gradual since \IZ'orld War 1 but in more recent years the subject has assumed much greater importance due to the exigcncies of war between 1939 and 1945 the subsequent economic situation and the lead given on these matters in the V.S.X . e.g. "Training FYithin Industry," chemical engineering at such schools as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Tndustrial Psychology school at Harvartl IJniversity. The .Specific,utioa. It is the general practice in industry to provide specifications when pur- chasing the more important commodities and especially the raw materials. Ry far the most important factor in industry is the human being who administers the concern develops operates and supervises the process designs and repairs the plant and carries through all the other responsibilities ior which he receives the wherewithal to live and pay income tax.In certain industries particularly those manufacturing and using chemicals chemists are naturally the most suitable for the more important jobs in production research etc.; they arc the counterpart of the engineer in shipbuilding electrical and other engineering industries. In this discussion we are consider- ing the training of the chemist for industry; logically therefore we should say what we want or in other words submit our specification. Industry is made up of people millions of them.Success in a particular concern is normally achieved by the combined efforts of a group of these people all striving for the same end the efficient manufacture of zinc sulphuric acid fertilisers plastics T.N.T. or what have you. It is desirable that there shall be no misfits in the industrial team; careful selection helps very materially but it is essential that the individual employed in an industrial undertaking should have the right personality particularly if he is to take chargc of others or has to persuade others to apply his ideas. In short industry tlemands a normal individual a good mixer. Thc long-haired highbrow the eccentric the cantankerous individual in fact peculiar people of all kinds are really not suitable for industry because they may have an adverse influence on the many others with whom they have to deal and the bigger the concern and the wider its interests the less room is there for the temperamental misfit.The first essential in training for industry is that the parents the school the college should give the utmost attention to the develop- ment of personal qualities that something which we usually call personality or character. There can be no doubt that certain homes and educational institutions deliver to industry much better types than others. Recruits to industry should be trained to be alert to take an interest in everyday affairs 1 191 1 and to attack their tasks with vitality. The hangdog look the unkempt or dirty appearance the undisciplined bearing all have an adverse effect on the harmony of the team.I believe early environment and training have a profound influence on the outlook of the individual in these matters. It is extremely difficult to correct the situation after the impressionable years. The chemist in industry is no exception; he must if he is to be successful enter industry with the idea of adapting himself to the new environment ; he should be so moulded by previous teaching and example that he is wel- comed by his new associates be they managers or workpeople. The university student creates a bad impression if he affects an air of superiority when he enters industry. He may know his chemistry but there is still a lot for him to learn. The modern practice of spoon feeding the populace particularly in their early years must tend to kill the spirit of adventure which made us a great nation.The training of our future managers research workers and tech- nologists should be so designed as to encourage the young folk to be self-reliant and to fend for themselves. There are many characteristics common to all professional classes which could be added to the specification but I think before we enumerate other clauses it would be as well if we examine the field covered by the “Chemist in Industry.” There is no reason why a professionally qualified chemist should not under- take any job which industry offers provided he continues by experience or subsequent training to equip himself adequately. The main spans of interest are :-(1) administration (2) production control and management (3) research (4) inspection and quality control which involves mainly analytical work in addition to which there are numerous interests which involve the full-time occupation of chemists e.g.patent investigations production planning time and motion study safety and hygiene vocational training market research and so on. A chemist may with training even become a sales manager works accountant or purchasing officer. The first measuring stick applied to the chemist for all purposes is an acknowledged professional qualification. A chemist is certain to reach the required standard if he has a 1st or 2nd Class Honours degree of a University or is a Fellow or Associate of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.There are of course several other qualifications which may or may not reach standards set by different firms. The subject of the qualities required for the various jobs could form a discussion by itself and I will therefore only deal with the more obvious. For all the jobs the recruit should have been trained to think. He should have the art of self-expression fully developed so that he can explain either by word of mouth or in writing what he is thinking. The administrator and manager should tend to be practical rather than theoretical; he must be an active type with an urge to get things done; he must be quick in decision and readily acceptable in any environment. The research worker apart from his sound theoretical knowledge should have a disciplined imagination must be adapt- able with an intellectual vision above the average; moreover he must be able to get on with his colleagues particularly under criticism.It is important that the research worker should not be of the secretive recluse type. The analyst must be persistent thorough and of a very high level of mental integrity; he must be patient and methodical. Manual dexterity is also an advantage for the laboratory worker. [ 192 ] ’The characteristics of the nliscellaneous type vary of course and as 1 said before would take much too long to deal with effectively. Whilst there are a number of chemists who keep to one field for the whole of their industrial life it is desirable that chemists should not be side-tracked into a limited field.As a consequence the all-rounder is the best type for industry generally. Amongst all the recruits there are bound to be those who are natural leaders and from whom the hierarchy can be trained. Training for the higher posts should of course start at the very early stages and it is most important for young men to realise that their final position in life is often made for them in the first five years of their industrial life. There are many who after the long years of the strain of examinations and studies at school and university are inclined to rest on their laurels when they get their first job and wake up at some later date to find they have missed the boat. Although they may not appreciate it the eagle eye of management is watching them from the very day they arrive in the factory or laboratory.The Training. In consenting to open this discussion 1 was fully cognisant of the fact that I may be hopelessly out of date in my opinions of modern school and university education so I hope you will forgive me if I show ignorance in any criticism I may make. In my opinion the education of an industrial chemist can be divided into three stages viz. :-( 1) school (2) pre-graduation (3) post-graduation. During each of these periods of time certain fundamental aspects which I have already mentioned e.g. training to think development of character art Qf self expression must be given prime consideration. Organised games and recreation and competitive sports are also important ; the chemist who is good enough to be selected for works teams has a definite advantage in being accepted into the bosom of a works community.The debating society the dramatic club the many activities which go to make up the corporate life of the school or college all go to complete the general education of the young person and fit him for the subsequent competition he will have to face in industrial life. My view is that these aspects of training are in all respects as important as the acquisition of academic qualifications. On the question of scholastic attainments my view is as follows :--Stage l-School. The ediication of the chemist in embryo during his school days should in my opinion be no different from that of any other child.After all the many centuries of experience in school education it would be presumptuous on my part to attempt to build up an alternative. There are of course on? or two directions in which I think matters might be improved ; for instance I consider Latin a waste of time-it was in my case-and that equivalent training could be obtained by teaching modern languages. I also believe that it is very important that the three R’s should receive the very highest consideration. It is most annoying to have to read bad writing and in my opinion it takes very little more time to write legibly. Bad writing is generally a sign of laziness or affectation which should be corrected at the earliest stage. Children should be encouraged by teachers to take an interest in things outside the normal school curriculum.lily experience of the Boy Scout movement as a Scout Master left very pleasant memories of a most useful movement and gave me an early insight into the problems and difficulties of leadership. The present tendency to let youngsters at an early age take only those subjects in which they areainterested or which they want to take breeds mental laziness and certainly discourages mental discipline. I193 I Perhaps niy Inairi criticism is that schools yay far too niuch attt.ntion to examination results perhaps there is an incentive for teachers particularl}. headmasters to encourage children to cram for exams. as the school may be judged on the number of school leaving certificates etc. it obtains each year.I think this is all wrong. I remember having a last year at school after I had obtained my matriculation; I was apparently too young to go on to the university. I have a lasting impression that during that year I actually benefited more in general education than I did in the years I had to cram in order to pass examinations. .C;tuge 2-Pye-grudziritioiz. My humble opinion on this matter is that in no circumstances should the undergraduate be allowed to specialise; his education during this very import- ant period should be of a general nature. Obviously he must have a complete knowledge of the fundamentals of chemistry but the other aspects of educa-tion should not be neglected. I consider the most important aspect both at school and college is that the fundamentals should be thoroughly understood.It is far more important to understand why than to have an encyclopaedic knowledge which can be obtained at any time from a reference book. Perhaps the most important requirements of a chemist outside his know- ledge of chemistry are those of physics and mathematics but I have found that it would have been most useful for me (luring thc course of my career if T had had some knowledge of the elements of geology and engineering. 1 realise of course that the wider we extend the field the \verse it becomes for the poor student; but then again a chemistry student has for his examination to remember long syntheses an accumulation of facts all of which must be remembered in detail. lhere is no reason why such matters cannot bc covered without examination-the fundamental knowledge n.ill have been put over.:Inother matter on w-hich I have very strong opinions and to which I have already referred is that of the art of self cxpression. Tt is very surprising to find that some 1st and 2nd Class Honours graduates cannot express them- selves in the King’s English properly. I once had the honour to be an external examiner in technical chemistry at one university and I found if oft-times very difficult to understand what the examinee was attempting to convey. I notice in The Tinics of 20 1)eceniber last year Professor Kendal of Edin- burgh states that he actually sets a series of essays not necessarily on chem-istry to his students and although the experiment was at first unpopular he has been very gratitictl with the results.T consitlvr many others of our university professors might copy this innovation. Unfortunately the pre-graduation stage of training is nut R siiiiple onc ti describe; there are certainly three methods practised liz. :--(a) the straightforward continuation of academic training frnm the scliool (b) the recruitment by industry of “school lcavrrs” for routine analyses to thc university or technical college; or other laboratory tasks. Industries often assist and encourage snch employees to continuc. their studies with a view to attaining profes- sional qualification ; (c) a inixture of (a)and (b),or the so-called “sandwich” courses. I am satisfied from my own experience that the most desirable method of training chemical graduates for industry is by the method (a),that is contin-uation of academic training from the school to the university.1 advocate this method because in the first place the young student has developed the art of concentration at lectures the habit of mixing relaxation and studies out of college hours and more particularly he has usnall!. acquired a hahit of taking examinations without undue fear. 194 1 The years following school are those in which the young animal is most buoyant in spirit and most easily moulded. These are the years when certain repressions should not be encouraged. The university student meets people of his own age similar interests and like intellect; he is usually in competition with them and he develops the community spirit which makes hiin useful in later years.Moreover as a general rule he is not over-blessed with money and has to scheme to make ends meet. He is thus taught self-denial and this often sharpens his wits on commercial matters. I am not really competent to make comparison with the training given by the university and the technical college but from what I have seen in the past the training given by the technical college at this stage is much less complete than that given in the university. In my view the technical college should specialise in a different way and leave the stage 2 training to the university. There is one further aspect which I feel I must repeat and that is that universities and technical colleges should discourage what we knew in my young days as the “brown bagger”-that was the day student who came to his classes and immediately went home to stew in his own juice.The method of training under (b) is in my opinion less satisfactory than that under (a),the main reason being that life at this particular age becomes much too hard. I feel that no young person should have to work hard all day in a works laboratory and then be subjected to lectures and more labor- atory work in the evenings. Usually the day-time work in the industrial laboratory helps very little in the actual curriculum required for obtaining the necessary qualifications; whereas the university student takes 3 or 4years to take his final the laboratory assistant working in industry takes several years more.This constant grind at very impressionable years leaves its mark on the average trainee; certainly there are a number of most prominent industrialists who went through this mill in their young days but it is a question of the survival of the fittest the fittest being men who would have attained the same goal even though they had gone through the ordinary university career. I have been able to make the comparison between my own brother and myself. I remember in our young days how he was com- pletely exhausted at the end of a week and used to fall asleep over his meals; 1 am certain it has had its effect on his subsequent career. During these impressionable years the normal human animal if he is going to remain normal must have certain outlets and to tie him down to work study and very little play is entirely wrong.Personally I see very little chance of correcting the situation in the next few years anyhow because industry must have laboratory assistants and laboratory assistants iiormally have ambitions. Yaturally industrial managements will always assist good employees to attain a higher status. My view is that instead of punishing the ambitious laboratory assistant as is practised at the moment industry and local authorities should assist him to finish stage 2 of his training as a full-time job. Those who are not so ambitious should remain laboratory assistants and not be subjected to the strain of qualification beyond the National Certificate stage.Whatever method is employed in training laboratory assistants either as laboratory assistants or for higher status I suggest that this is where the technical college can be of most use. The technical colleges in the past have served a most useful purpose they brought technical education within the reach of those who could not atford to go to tho university and generally did it extremely kvell. With the present trend towards giving equal opportunity to all I do not think the technical colleges ~vould disagree with me in contending that there should be no overlap of the duties of the universities and technical colleges. I believe the technical college has still a very useful function in [ 195 specialisation and in giving those who have to work the chance to study in their spare time.This specialisation would probably have a local bias; e.g. in steel towns special courses on steel technology in plastics areas courses in plastics technology and so on. Some matters of general application would be found in all; e.g. fuel technology engineering for chemists chemistry for engineers etc. The main responsibility for the education of its citizens is that of the State but at the same time there is a responsibility on industry to encourage higher technical education. Apart from the humanitarian aspect there can be no question that it pays handsomely to raise the status of training of all those employed. Industrial managements should therefore arrange classes where the industry is remote allow people time off to take important classes give permission for laboratory use and supply apparatus where required and in other ways help the lad who has not been able to attend the university for some particular reason or has developed later than the normal child.With regard to the “sandwich” method it is not a common practice for chemists although it is quite common in the engineering industry. I have known many cases however where laboratory assistants after 2 or 3 years’ experience in the works have found enough money to enter the university. There are of course several modern firms who give scholarships to help to defray the expense for promising laboratory assistants. Whilst this method has points in its favour I still believe that the con- tinued education under (a) is the better for several reasons the chief of which is that there is continuity of education the adolescent outlook is not interfered with the discipline engendered during school days has not been destroyed the habits and opinions of adults such as backing horses have not superseded those of school days.In spite of this argument there is of course a certain type of individual who benefits by the experience gained in the “sandwich” course. To sum up therefore my view is that the niost satisfactory method of training chemists between school and graduation is by direct entry into university taking the normal Honours chemistry course but being compelled to attend lectures and attain certain standards in other subjects such as physics mathematics geology etc.with particular attention to the art of self-expression. Stage 3-Post-graduation. After the long grind of school and yre-graduation training there is bound to be a violent reaction in the young person’s mind against further study. It is true that a certain number continue at the university to take post- graduate courses or to do research and there can be no doubt that for certain specialised purposes in industry this training is of the greatest use. I have said that I want a well-educated graduate; I do not believe in specialisation before graduation but I consider that a certain number of post- graduates should be encouraged to practise research work under experienced university research workers or to specialise in those fields between recognised sciences; e.g.between physics and chemistry-the physical chemist the colloid chemist the nuclear chemist ; between chemistry and engineering-the chemical engineer; between chemistry and medicine-the biochemist ; between chemistry and agriculture-the agricultural chemist and so on. It is in these limbos that the Americans have advanced much further than we have. Our comparative backwardness in chemical engineering is particularly noticeable. Whilst we have very definitely roo111 for a certain percentage of trained research chemists and specialists such as chemical engineers the bulk of the chemists recruited into industry are those who have just graduated. In the [ 196 3 old days their further education was their own affair; they read the literature did research in the works laboratories in their own time watched other people and usually made themselves a nuisance by asking innumerable questions.I suppose there is something to be said for gaining knowledge in this way but it is usually slow and is often wrong. Old bad practices are copied and repeated little advance is made and most of all the company’s policy and intentions are often misconstrued. There can be no doubt that the modern practice of training within industry is sound from every conceivable point of view. I suggest that industry should have a plan something of this type :-1. Induction. It is of course unfair to dump a young graduate straight into industry without some form of induction. I suggest that each organisation should have somebody in authority preferably the Personnel Manager whose duty it is to arrange a special course of a day or two initiating the recruit into the industry.In the first place he should be seen by the Works Manager Research Manager or even General Manager who gives him a welcome. This should be followed by an introduction to the senior members of the staff nearest to him and to his colleagues. He should then have a conducted tour and be shown the plant and processes and a flow diagram of the principal manufactures and samples of products. He should also be given details of the Company’s amenities such as hostels canteens and in particular arrange- ments should be made for him to be introduced into the recreation club if there is one.It is in the recreation club that he can meet a useful cross- section of the industry’s community in their leisure hours. The Personnel or Staff Manager should inform him that there is a follow-up system whereby his career will be watched and he should be told at definite intervals what progress he is making. At this intc~rview the Manager should join in the discussion. 2. Initial Work. His first job should not be haphazard nor should it make him feel the slightest bit frustrated. Some companies set apart a period in which the young recruit travels from department to department getting an idea of the business. Personally 1 do not approve of this as the recruit often feels in the way and the hard-working staff have little time to give him real attention.Other companies on the other hand believe in putting the recruit direct on to manual work such as the operation of a process and even insist on his going on shift. This is a little bit drastic but it certainly gets his feet on the ground very early in his industrial life. I think the method if handled well is a very good one. It is usual not to give the recruit too much responsibility to start with and he should definitely have somebody to whom he can appeal or discuss matters with when he is searching for information. 3. Training Within Industry (T.W.I.). All recruits to industry if it is intended that in due course they have to take charge of others should pass through the Ministry of Labour and Xational Service’s course of Training Within Industry.The Job Instruction Job Relations and Job Methods discussion groups are most useful in developing good leadership qualities. 4. Vocational cowse with discrwions. Organisations which are above a certain size should have in their employ- ment a Training Officer whose duty it is to organise a vocational training c 197 3 for professional c~u~l)loycc:s.'l'his roiirse in the case of chemists shollltl cover :--(a) The chemistry of the processes (b) The main features of engineering design (c) The problems of plant maintenance (d) The Company's labour policy (e) The Company's staff policy (f) Trade Union relations (g) Joint consultation (h) The principles of management (i) The Factories Act (j) Other statutory regulations such ns the 'l'rnck &Acts Chemical \Voi-ks Regulations 1922 the Alkali .kt (A) .-\ccident prevention (1) Industrial hygiene (MZ) Time and Motion Study.5. Scholarships and Exhibilions. Those industries which can afford it can give incentive to selected young chemists in their employ by granting scholarships and exhibitions for post- graduate work at the universities. 6. Co-operation with Technical Colleges and Universities. It should be the duty of a recognised senior member of the Company's staff to maintain co-operation with the local schools technical colleges and universities. The senior management should encourage their staff to attend specialised courses which can be arranged in collaboration with the extra- mural authorities of the schools and colleges.It may be necessary for industry to give time off although the employee should make most of the sacrifice himself. 7. Management Training. In recent years management has become more of a science than an art and certain recognised principles have now been laid down. There are a very great number of books dealing with this subject but some technical colleges now have courses on management and organisation under the aegis of the British Institute of Management and the Institute of Industrial Adminis- tration. The latter body sets examinations and awards suitable qualifications. 8. Original Research. Many industrial research workers still maintain their interest in academic research and oft-times like to carry on their work after hours.Industry should assist in this as much as possible. Before concluding there are one or two matters on n-hich I should like to express an opinion as I consider them important. Examinations. Having taken a considerable number of examinations in my early days and being the father of several children I have seen and experienced the ordeal through which young people have to go before they are qualified in a pro-fession. In my opinion neither schools colleges nor universities are sufficiently sympathetic in their treatment of these young people. I realise of course that there is no alternative measuring-stick to examinations and favouritism is liable to creep in if the matter is left for judgment by individuals.At the same time there can be no doubt that those who are best at examinations are not always the most efficient at their subject. I believe that the awful long- drawn-out ordeal can be shortened by developing the oral examination idea further but 1 would make a special plea that oral examiners should be well chosen and trained before they are allowed to undertake this very important job. In industry our interviewers for recruitment or discipline are trained people whereas I know of oral examiners who frighten the life out of the young people apparently as a policy. I'acation Courses for Young Graduates. I have already stated that I do not advocate any specialisation in the pre-graduation period but since there are such long periods during which the students are on vacation I believe they can occupy their time best by getting some idea of what they are in for later on.It can broaden their outlook give them confidence in carrying out analytical work and incidentally give them an opportunity of earning a little pocket money. Xaturally industry will expect them to do something worth while and they can either carry out a small investigation on the plant or relieve the analytical people during their holiday period. My company have co-operated with various universities for several years with considerable success. Co-operation of Iditstry with Schools and Universities. There is a considerable feeling in industry that professors and teachers are not sufficiently in touch with industry.I suppose the accusation can also be levelled at industry itself for their lack of knowledge of modern education. Be this as it may I consider that the time is ripe for a much better co-operation. 'The universities can undertake researches for industry but I think the greatest benefit could be achieved if the universities recruited some of their teachers and lecturers after they have served not too short a period in industry. There is a considerable passage of people from the university to industry I personally should like to see a few more suitable people taking the return trip. Military Service. Owing to our international coniiiiitnients conscription has been forced upon us and as a consequence military service is seriously interfering with the training of our young people.All of those in their normal senses realise that this is a condition which has to be faced and I think nobody in ordinary cir- cumstances would suggest that any section of the community should be cxempted. On the other hand owing to modern developments and our all-out war effort we are pitifully short of technologists particularly chemists. The result is that in our attempts to catch up with othcr countries particularly the United States we are bound tu fall tiehind. I believe the Ministry of Labour and Kational Scrvice arc under the ini- pression that they have been very generous in their trcatinent of the chemical industry this year but I am certain from my knowledge of the situation that if all the graduates were released to industry this year there still would be a very great shortage.I havc been informed that the graduates in chemistry who have no previous military service this year will be put into special sections of the Services and others will be esenipted for certain sections of the Civil Service. I am convinced that with the situation as it is to-day the break in their training for industry will not do them any good and will leave us short in the coming years. Having travelled in Australia and U.S..l. since the war and having studied their methods a little I would say in concluding that in spite of any criticisms I have made I would rather have our system of training up to graduate stage but I wish our universities and technical colleges would copy certain American universities in their specialised post-graduate training.1 199 1 SUMMARIES OF LECTURES PROPERTIES OF GASES AT HIGH PRESSURES By Professor -1.MICHELS ;Tees-side Section 17 Sovember 19483 In order to study interaction between molecules it is necessary to investi- gate physical properties when the molecules are at different distances froni each other. Practically any physical constant when studied at different densities can pay its contribution to our knowledge of molecular interaction. For the alteration of the distances between the molecules the physicist has two tools at his disposal-variation of temperature and variation of pressure. It must however be understood that the former variable has a complicated effect.All forms of kinetic energy be they translational rotational or vibrational will increase with increase of temperature. It may even be that the effective diameter of a molecule will alter with increase of temperature when higher vibrational levels are excited. These effects are coupled with the ordinary temperature expansion. It is by no means certain n priori which effect will dominate in altering the physical property. A typical example is found in the viscosity of compressed gases. When a liquid is heated the viscosity normally decreases whereas the viscosity of a gas at 1 at. goes up with temperature. It was found however when the viscosity of nitrogen was studied up to a pressure of 1,000 at.that up to a pressure of 300 at.the gas follows the normal rule of increasing its viscosity with increase of temperature at constant pressures. But at about 300 at. the temperature coefficient of the viscosity changes sign so that the viscositj. decreases with increase of temperature at constant pressure. Thus the compressed gas appears to behave as a liquid. If however the viscosity is plotted not at constant pressure but at constant density this curious effect disappears completely and at 1,000 at. nitrogen behaves like a normal gas increasing its viscosity with temperature. From this example which can be augmented by others it is clear that it will be essential to separate the two variables and either measure a physical pheno- menon at constant density as a function of temperature (which involves applying pressure when the temperature rises) or measure at constant kinetic energy i.e.constant temperature as a function of density. This again requires application of pressure. From an experimental point of view however neither of the two ways of approach is very attractive and therefore in general the following procedure is applied. The relation between pressure temperature and volume of the substance under investigation is measured. This can be expressed in this way that the equation of state is determined:-f(9,v T) = 0 Thus it is always possible to calculate densities at any pressure and temperature within the experimental range. After this the physical property under examination is measured as a function of pressure and temperature.From the experimental data and the equation of state the value of the physical property can then be calculated at a given density and temperature. It may however be noted that the equation of state besides providing the information necessary for this sort of calculation also directly supplies the means of calculating any thermodynamical property. Entropy energy [ 200 1 and enthalpy can all be obtained and even caloric values such as specific heat at constant volume or pressure are included in the booty as is well known to anybody who has studied thermodynamics. These thermodynamical con-siderations also supply some idea of the accuracy required in the measure- ments for instance from the formula:- 1 ac T (2) T -(%JV it can be seen that a quantity- (”) aT2 v which even in the case of a gas obeying van der Waals’ equation is zero must be determined with such an accuracy that integration over a temperature range will be possible.It can be said in general that measurements less accurate than one part in ten thousand are of little value. Therefore high- pressure studies require high precision technique. It is well worth while to remember that an accurate knowledge of the equation of state can even give information about phenomena occurring in the molecules themselves under high pressure. Each molecule can be con- sidered as being built of nuclei and electrons and it is therefore possible to consider a quantity of gas not as an assembly of molecules but as an assembly of nuclei and electrons.If now the virial law is applied to this assembly on the assumption that for the force between the particles Coulomb’s law holds the following expres- sion is obtained for the kinetic energy (AE) of the assembly:- AE=~APv-AU where AU is the change in the total energy for compression of the system from one pressure to another. Experimental evidence and thermodynamical calculation show that for gases sucb as hydrogen nitrogen carbon dioxide and ethylene AE for com- pression from 1 to 3,000 at. may have values between 3,000 and 12,000 cal. This is much greater than can be accounted for by changes in translational rotational or vibrational energy of the nuclei (molecules). The only place where the kinetic energy can be stored is the electrons.That this is so has been verified by wave mechanical calculation in the simplest case atomic hydrogen. A simple approach to an explanation is as follows. At high pressures and densities molecules of gases are forced so close together that the electrons of neighbouring molecules repel each other. This forces the electrons in the outer shells into orbits of smaller radii. Their potential energy is thus decreased and their kinetic energy increased. As already indicated all measurements have to be carried out with the highest accuracy possible. In this connection two special points may be mentioned. First of all the measurements of the pressure itself. These are carried out with a dead weight pressure balance of the differential piston type.If the piston is rotating above the critical velocity of about 80 rev.p.s. even with the tightest fit there is no metal to metal contact between the piston and the cylinder as can be shown from the electrical resistance between the two. Under these conditions the actual friction is very small (of the order of 0.5 g. on the total load of 300 kg.) and the leakage along the piston can be reduced to less than 1C.C. per hour at pressures of about 3,000 at. For absolute measurements the functional area of the piston must be known with a corresponding accuracy. As however this area varies with pressure as a result of the mechanical stresses it cannot be calculated c 201 3 from the geometrical dimensions at 1 at.and a method is therefore used by which the diameter can be determined under the pressures themselves using a differential method and a mercury column of the order of 100 ft. high. As for temperature it was necessary to devise a method of measuring this variable with a corresponding accuracy. As the melting point of ice is not constant enough the triple point of water was suggested in 1927 as a better alternative the reproducibility being better than 1 part in 10,000 of a degree centigrade. At the latest conference in Paris in May 1948 this suggestion was adopted by the International Assembly. In order to avoid the difficulty of using the boiling point of water as a second fixed point it is suggested that by definition the absolute zero be taken as -273.15".In the van der Waals laboratory other properties are under investigation at high pressures besides the equation of state. Amongst them may be mentioned electrical resistance of metals Curie-points vapour pressures of liquids and solids viscosities thermal conductivity dielectric constant refractive index and ultra-violet absorption. SOME EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (Thirty-fi rst Streatfei Id Memorial Lecture) By Professor J. C. EARL,Ph.U. D.Sc. F..\.C.I. F.K.I.C. [Delivered before the Institute in London 19 November 1948.l The topic chosen for this lecture harmonises with the viewpoint of 1;.lir. Streatfeild and with the Finsbury tradition in that it gives an account of experimental investigations in the field of nitrogen chemistry.The investiga- tions described were concerned with a chain of connected problems leading one to another. The starting point was the reaction between pinene nitroso- chloride and aniline first studied in detail by Wallach in 1889. In this re- action pinene is regenerated instead of a nitrolanilide being formed as might be expected. It recalls the behaviour of those nitrosochlorides such as tetramethylethylene nitrosochloride in which the nitroso-group is attached to a tertiary carbon. Since pinene nitrosochloride yields nitrosopinene when boiled in carbon tetrachloride solution it is evident that a hydrogen must be attached to the carbon bearing the nitroso group. -1closer examina- tion of this contradictory behaviour of pinene nitrosochloride revealed that if precautions are taken to neutralise completely the hydrochloric acid generated during the reaction it proceeds normally and pinene nitrolanilidc if formed.Under conditions in which neutralisation is not quite com-plate e.g. by conducting the reaction in chloroform solution in the presence of powdered lead acetate pinene and diazoaminobenzene (m.p. 91" C.) are formed. Under Wallach's conditions in which hydrochloric acid was not neutralised the second product was aminoazobenzene. Although pure diazoaminobenzene melts at 99 to 100"C. several supposed isomers of low melting point have been described and the product under consideration was assumed to be one of them. It is significant that the supposed isomers all melt at lower temperatures than the normal pure product and also possess the property of giving a crimson- red colour with alcoholic alkalies which the carefully-purified high-melting compound does not.However when pure diazoaminobenzene is treated with a trace of hydrochloric acid in alcoholic solution its melting point is lowered and it acquires the property of giving a red colour with alcoholic alkalies. Presumably then the supposed isomers are all mixtures of diazoaminobenzene 1 202 I with a substance formed by the action of acids upon it. It remained there- fore to separate the unknown contaminant and to identify it. Recrystallisa-tion from the usual solvents is not effective as a method of separation. At the time the work was done the chromatographic method was not so highly developed or so widely known as it is now otherwise it could probably have been used successfully.The unknown substance could be detected in any of the methods used for converting diazoaminobenzene into aminoazobenzene-for example heating with aniline and aniline hydrochloride or dissolving in cold alcoholic hydro- chloric acid or in glacial acetic acid. Although the separation of the wanted substance from diazoaminobenzene was so difficult it was easy to separate it from aminoazobenzene. Therefore all that was necessary was to dissolve diazoaminobenzene in glacial acetic acid and allow the reaction to proceed until most of the diazoaminobenzene had disappeared. On dilution of the reaction mixture with water the aminoazobenzene being basic remained in solution while most of the other products were precipitated as a tar.By dissolving the tar in hot aqueous alcohol and allowing the solution to cool a crystalline substance was obtained which after further purification melted at 119.5' and was identified as benzenediazoaminoazobenzene. This substance had been made previously by coupling diazotised aminoazobenzene with aniline. It gives an intense crimson-red colour with alcoholic alkalies and mixtures of it with diazoaminobenzene resist separation by crystallisation from solvents. Similar difficulty in separating mixtures of diazoamino-compounds has been experienced by many workers including Meldola and Streatfeild. The foregoing work led naturally to a study of the diazoamino/aminoazo conversion.The older explanation of this change was based mainly on the work of Goldschmidt and his collaborators who concluded that it was intra- molecular and involved the migratioeof a diazo group from nitrogen to the para carbon of the nucleus. More recently evidence has accumulated that fission of the diazoamino compound takes place into amine salt and diazo compound. Under the conditions of the experiment these fission products re-unite in the aminoazo way. The formation of benzenediazoaminoazo- benzene supports this view. In any method of conducting the conversion it appears early in the process and its ultimate disappearance indicates that the conversion is complete. Reduced to its simplest statement the whole conversion resolves itself into a competition between the two reactions :-diazo salt + aminep diazoamino compound ?I aminoazo compound Among the conditions which can be varied to favour one or other of these alternative reactions are acidity and temperature.All the methods for changing diazoamino into aminoazo compounds use acidic reagents but it is known also that very acid conditions retard the azo type of coupling. About the influence of temperature not much is on record but a pair of comparative experiments may be quoted. Inthe first aniline hydrochloride was dissolved in methanol at 1 to 3" C. and a solution of less than half a molecular proportion of sodium nitrite in the same solvent was added gradually with stirring. At no time during the next 65 min.did the reaction mixture give a red colour when added to alcoholic alkali. When the mixture was finally poured into cold aqueous caustic soda a little diazoaminobenzene was precipitated but free aniline was also liberated. The same proportions of the reagents were used in the second experiment but the temperature was kept at 14-16' C. During most of the experiment samples of the reaction-mixture gave an intense crimson-red colour with alcoholic alkali. The mixture was finally made [ 203 1 alkaline as before and extracted with benzene. 011 passing hydrochloric acid into the benzene solution the characteristic violet crystals of aminoazobenzene hydrochloride were precipitated in good yield. These two experiments suggest many interesting possibilities.In the first the liberation of aniline on making alkaline indicated the possible presence of aniline nitrite. In following this up the hitherto unknown aniline nitrite was isolated and studied for the first time. The possibility also arose of the diazoamino and aminoazo couplings being related to different isomeric states of the diazo compound at the two temperatures. This led to a study of the whole very large question of the nitrosation and diazotisation of all classes of amines. The immediate bearing on the present problem of the results obtained was that it was unlikely that different isomeric forms of the diazo- compound were involved. While the simplest statement of the diazoamino/aminoazo conversion was that it was a competition between two reactions it is obvious that the actual state of affairs must be rather more complex.There are three hydrogens in aniline each of which is replaceable by a diazo group:- Besides aminoazobenzene and diazoaminobenzene in both of which only one hydrogen is replaced by a diazo group there are two possible compounds in which two hydrogens are replaced by diazo groups and both are known. Any or all of the four compounds may result from a coupling under any specific set of conditions. Another interesting by-way resulting from the work described may be mentioned. The nitroso/oximino change observed in compounds in which the nitroso group is attached to carb6n is duplicated by the nitroso/diazo change which can happen when a primary amine is nitrosated.Both changes have some resemblance to keto-enol tautomensm. One special example of keto-enol tautomensm is the well-known behaviour of 6-and y-keto-acids when treated with acetic anhydride. The question therefore suggested itself of studying the behaviour of a carboxylic acid containing a nitroso group instead of a carbonyl group in the appropriate position. Such a compound is N-nitrosophenylglycine and when treated with acetic anhydride it gives a crystalline substance which is difficult to formulate on conventional lines. One can summarise its reactions by writing it as-It has been named phenylsydnone after the city of its birth and represents one of a large class of stable crystalline substances. The molecular structure raises a number of theoretical problems and work on them is still in active progress.THE CHEMISTRY OF DUSTS By Professor H. V. A. BRISCOE, D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.Inst.F. F.R.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section at Slough 25 January 19491 This paper deals with the results of the work on dusts at Imperial College begun with the support of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and with the collaboration of Dr. J. W. Matthews when she was Pedler Fellow. [ 204 3 New methods were first devised for the collection of solid aerosols without chemical change using filters of soluble solids such as salicylic acid or ace- naphthene or of volatile solids such as anthracene or naphthalene; or using a labyrinth of metal plates in which dust is deposited by impingement.The first result of the application of these methods to the study of dusty atmos- pheres in mines and factories demonstrated the extraordinary reactivity of dust solids. Typically ielspars or asbestos normally regarded as relatively inert substances while still suspended in air as fine dusts and within a few seconds undergo hydration to the extent of 5 to 10 per cent. This water of hydration can be removed only at a red heat and its absorption is accompanied by the release of a corresponding quantity of caustic alkali which can be leached from the collected dusts even by alcohol. Such active dusts deposited on phenolphthalein jelly give so strong a reaction as to show that in their vicinity a pH of the order of 10-11 is reached immediately and maintained over long periods.In the case of asbestos it is noticeable that release of alkali occurs only at the ends of fibres or at breaks along their length and thus coincides exactly with the accumulations of dead organic matter which were long ago observed at similar points in the “asbestosis bodies” seen in the lungs of victims of asbestosis. It is very important to realise that a freshly formed dust is “live” and reactive and that on collection or deposition this reactivity is quickly lost so that dust out of a bottle cannot be expected to show those chemical properties which characterise a freshly formed and dangerous dust. It is for this reason that much past experimentation by physiologists had no real significance in relation to the causation of silicosis.To the eye of the chemist there is much evidence that contrary to the firm belief of the medical profession as a whole silica itself may well be a harmless material and silica solubility of relatively little importance. There are many instances indicating that the inhalation of silica is not in itself necessarily harmful. It is not unlikely that the implication of silica in the causation of silicosis rests solely on the fact that silica is peculiarly able to form with alkalis silicates which when carried into the lung can slowly hydrolyse and give over long periods a local high alkalinity capable of causing damaging fibrosis of the tissues. It did seem indeed that the most profitable method of experiment in this case would be to treat the animal as a reagent for detecting the existence of dangerous properties in a dust and so by linking animal experimentation with exhaustive chemical examination to determine what in fact were the chemical properties responsible for damage.Early in the War a chance occurred in collaboration with Dr. J. A. Kitchener and others to apply this general method in studying the use of dusts to control the grain weevil. It had been suggested that dusts killed weevils by causing their “desiccation,” but there was no clear evidence to show that this was true and still less as to how it might occur. Using weevils on wheat under standard conditions of temperature and humidity as a reagent to measure the effectiveness of dusts an explora-tion was undertaken to determine which were the operative properties.A silica dust of moderate effectiveness was altered chemically in various ways by extraction with water solvents or acids and by coating with monomolecular films of stearic acid. Such changes had no influence on the effectiveness of the dust and this led to an experiment with highly purified diamond dust as the extreme example of a chemically inert material. This was found to be by far the most effective dust yet tried and other very hard mattrials like carborun- dum proved also to be but slightly less effective. Other studies showed that the death of dusted weevils was accompanied by loss of weight and that the loss was almost entirely due to water; yet the dusts that were most effective were clearly quite incapable of acting as desiccating agents.The explanation [ 205 > of these observations was found eventually in the fact that the survival of the weevil who lives on dry wheat and never has a drink depends upon water retention by virtue of a very thin film of wax-like material covering his hard cuticle. Hard sharp dusts presenting minute clean crystal faces to this wax- like coating apparently have the ability to attract it preferentially and so to break the continuity of the weevil’s waterproofing. This permits as can be demonstrated experimentally greatly enhanced transpiration of water vapour leading to water loss and death. The probability of this hypothesis is greatly strengthened by the fact that it can be simulated using an artificial membrane of celluloid enclosing water in a cell.Such a membrane when clean has a measurable permeability to water which is reduced greatly by the application of a film of beeswax about 2 molecules thick but is restored almost to its original value when that film is dusted with fine carborundum or similarly effective dust. This mechanism explains also why the “weevil reaction ” distinguishes sharply between wet-ground and dry-ground dusts of the same material say quartz of similar particle size distribution the wet ground dust being much the more effective. We now know from electron microscope studies that in a dry-ground dust the particle faces are likely to be contamina- ted with very firmly adherent smaller particles so that in this case effective contact with the wax film is minimised or prevented.WOODPULP-SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS By J. GRANT,M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section at Derby 27 January 19491 Woodpulp is manufactured from forest trees by several processes most important of which are the mechanical and chemical processes. The latter include (a) the sulphite process (b) digestion with caustic soda (c) the Kraft process in which the cooking liquor is a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulphide. So far as the Mechanical Pulping Process is concerned probably the diffi- culty of major chemical importance concerns the pitch content of the pulp since this constituent often interferes seriously with the paper machine opera- tion. Attempts have been made to minimise this by ageing the wood and by the use of adsorbing agents.The latter method is of special interest and involves the addition to a suspension of the pulp of a slurry of finely-divided diatomaceous earth. This by adsorption keeps the fine particles of pitch in suspension and so distributes them throughout the paper thereby eliminat- ing aggregations of the pitch which give rise to trouble on the wires and felts and cause black spots in the paper. The chemistry of the Sulphite Process has been studied very fully but some of its most interesting chemical aspects are connected with the problems of dealing with the efluent and with the by-products. The sulphite effluent is particularly objectionable having a high biological oxygen demand while the sulphites and other constituents present also render it poisonous to fish.Normally this process is operated in countries where the rivers are big enough to take the effluent without harm but even so for every 100 tons of wood processed approximately 50 tons of organic matter are rejected to waste in the form of calcium ligno-sulphonate and other organic compounds. It has been calculated that on the American Continent alone 2,500,000 tons of lignin and 700,000 tons of fermentable sugars are lost in this way from sulphite mills every year. Much work therefore is being carried out with the object of utilising this liquor profitably thereby solving together the two problems of effluent disposal and the economic recovery of by-products. Unfortunately most of 206 I the methods so far evolved will absorb only a relatively small proportion of the total quantity of sulphite liquor produced.Among the more interesting of these methods is the use of the liquor as a tanning agent and large quantities are disposed of profitably in this way. The tanning action appears to be due to the lignosulphonic acid which produces a viscous colloidal mass in contact with gelatin. The tanning properties are sometimes aided by a preliminary fermentation which is particularly effective towards the hexoses pentoses and pentosans present. Another important use for the liquor is for the manufacture of yeast. In such cases the liquid is first aerated and neutralised with limestone and then decanted from the solid matter present.Malt culms are added and fermenta- tion is started with the aid of molasses. Baker’s yeast and fodder yeast are obtainable in this way and the product has even been used (especially in Germany) as food for humans. Attempts have been directed towards the development of a special strain of yeast which reproduces itself at the expense of the yield of raw alcohol and in such cases a yield of yeast equivalent to 60 per cent. of the fermentable sugars has been obtained. As might be expected this work has been studied closely in Germany and it was calculated during the recent war that the German sulphite pulp mills could provide 100,000 tons of dried yeast containing 50 per cent. of protein per annum. In an analogous but older process the same operation is conducted so as to obtain the maximum yield of alcohol which is then dehydrated and distilled when it can be used for power or even potable purposes.The yields are of the order of 1 per cent. of the original volume of liquor and the biological oxygen demand of the eflluent is reduced by 40 to 50 per cent. There are many other uses for sulphite liquor of a minor nature. One such is for the production of vanillin but the waste liquor from a few large mills would suffice to supply the whole of the world with this concentrated flavouring matter so that it is obviously not a universal solution of the disposal problem. Sulphite liquor is also used as a binding agent in fuel briquette production as a sizing agent as a source of certain black dyestuffs of the sulphur group and after neutralisation with ammonia as a fertiliser.Coming now to the Alkaline Processes some interesting chemical problems arise on cornparing the use of ordinary caustic soda with a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulphide as in the Kraft Process. With caustic soda it is necessary in order to ensure complete digestion to add at the beginning sufficient caustic soda to carry the reaction to completion and to leave an adequate residual excess ; this may be described as a “sledge-hammer ” method of extracting the non-cellulosic constituents and the excess of alkali reduces the strength of the cellulose. In the Kraft Process however tht sodium sulphide present is hydrolysed progressively to caustic soda during the digestion process thereby maintaining the concentration of the latter at a level which is sufficient to ensure adequate digestion without being excessive at any time.The result is a pulp of greatly increased strength although some whiteness of colour has to be sacrificed. This latter difficulty has been overcome in recent years by iniproved methods of bleaching. These involve bleaching in stages so as to remove the lignins (which are largely responsible for the colour) in a selective way (as chlorolignins) without damaging the fibres. A typical and simple cycle for a bleaching process of this kind is as follows:-(a) Treatment of the digested but unbleached pulp with chlorine to form chlorolignins by substitution ; (b) a water wash to remove much of the hydrochloric acid also formed in (a) (c) an alkaline wash to dissolve the chlorolignins out of the pulp; (d) ordinary calcium hypochlorite bleaching; (e) a water wash; (f)a second milder hypo- chlorite bleach; (g)a final wash with water and dilute acid (sulphurous acid is sometimes used).In this way a high degree of chemical purity and a good 1 207 J colour can be obtained whether from a Kraft or sulphite pulp but in some cases further stages of a similar nature are introduced where a particularly high degree of purity is required. This degree of purity is indicated by a high alpha-cellulose content and low copper number. The alkaline proccsses also give rise to effluent difficulties but a solution exists in the use of the well-known soda recovery process.In this process the waste liquors from the digesters are evaporated the residual viscous liquor being burned so as to form sodium carbonate on destruction of the organic matter in the presence of the sodium organic compounds. This sodium carbonate is then dissolved in water and causticised with lime to regenerate the caustic soda. In spite of the fact that modern soda recovery plants achieve a high efficiency in this way it is felt in many quarters that just as with the sulphite process it is wasteful to destroy or reject the valuable organic constituents from the original tree. Attempts have therefore been made to recover the lignin which is the major constituent of this organic matter by treating the liquors with carbon dioxide produced from flue gases.The precipitated lignin is filtered off washed and dried and it may be used as an.extender for certain phenolic plastics. Applications of this kind have not yet been brought to a wholly successful commercial conclusion mainly because the flow proper- ties of lignin in such mixtures are poor. More recent work has indicated that chemical modification of the isolated lignin may yield a more promising plastic material and if an inexpensive process of this nature can be evolved it may be that lignin which was formerly an embarrassment will become a remunera-tive by-product in the future. SOME RECENT STUDIES IN OIAZO-CHEMISTRY By HERBERT M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. H. HODGSON [Liverpool and North-Western Section 3 February 1949j The diazo-reaction was discovered by Peter Griess in 1858 and the present paper deals with the results of work carried out by the writer’s research school in this field at Huddersfield during the past 30 years.The first notable observation was that in the diazotisation of 3-bromc- 4 6-dinitroaniline and subsequent decomposition of the diazo-compound with acid cuprous chloride in the Sandmeyer reaction both nitro-groups were replaced by chlorine and the resulting product was 1 2 4-trichloro-5-bromobenzene. Attempts to retain the nitro-groups intact led ultimately to a modification of the Sandmeyer reaction in which the usual procedure for the introduction of chlorine and bromine via cuprous salts in their respective acids was replaced by the use of mixtures of copper sulphate with sodium chloride and sodium bromide respectively in sulphuric acid solution.Attempts to get the Kekul6 isomers from l-amino-3-chloro-4 6-dinitrobenzene and l-amino-3-bromo-4 6-dinitrobenzene by replacing the amino-groups with bromine and chlorine respectively led to the same 1-chloro-3-bromo-4 6-dinitrobenzene in each case. The next event was that of an almost universal method of diazotisation which was discovered when a solution of an aromatic amine in glacial acetic acid was added to one of sodium nitrite in concentrated sulphuric acid. By this procedure the first diazotisations of 2-nitro- and 2 :4-dinitro-l-naphthyl-amines were effected while ,%nitro- and 1 :3-dinitronaphthalene were thereby rendered easily available for the first timc.Many successful replacements of the amino-group by hydrogen were also made possible by the above method. The current myth of the unique character of cuprous salts in the Sandmeyer reaction was likewise dispelled by the sole use of cupric and iron salts in r 208 I various decompositions. Hantzsch’s failure to diazotise 4-amino-mono-methylaniline was shown to be due to the presence of p-phenylenediamine in his initial material. This had been made during the reduction of i-nitroso- or 4-nitro-monomethylaniline with zinc and acetic acid whereby the methyl group had been unknowingly partially eliminated as methyl acetate. When the reduction was effected by iron powder in the presence of aqueous ferrous or ferrous ammonium sulphate a smooth reduction was obtained and the 4-amino-monomethylaniline now free from p-phenylene- diamine was found to diazotise quite normally.This method of reduction has proved to be of general application especially for the preparation of diamines from dinitronaphthalenes and by it the production of objectionable odours is avoided. In regard to the structure of the diazo-cyanides the writer’s view is that Hantzsch’s alleged syn-cyanides are isonitriles on analogy with the now indisputable facts that the syn-diazo-sulphonates are diazo-sulphites and the absence of geometrical isomerism in the aryl diazohydroxides. The yellow syn-and red anti-diazocyanides cannot have the same spectra as was found by Hantzsch whose results are accounted for by transformation of the sy?t- into the aniz-compounds under the conditions employed for the spectroscopic experiments.The argument used by Professor Le Fbvre that coupling reactions take place only in ionising media is invalidated by the fact that the writer and his co-workers have obtained ready couplings in benzene chloro- forni and alcohol. Le Fbvre’s transformation data however would seem to indicate an intermediate condition during the intramolecular transition from iso-nitrile to anti-cyanide which could well be a geometrical isomer of the syn-form though it would not be Hantzsch’s coupling syn-diazo-cyanide. If this speculation be true then all the anomalies disappear and coupling power will still be vested in a compound (the isonitrile) which splits at an N-N bond and so be in line with the whole of chemical experience; whereas the coupling Hantzsch syn-compound if existent would be the only one of its kind.In all the data submitted by Hantzsch’s supporters no evidence has been forth- coming that their alleged syn-compounds were pure (i.e. 100 per cent.) or what was their composition in terms of syn-and anti-forms when the various physical experiments were commenced or what was their composition in terms of syn- and anti-forms when the experiments were concluded. The above challenge repeated by the writer on several occasions has not yet been met. Finally there is the fundamental fallacy of the free radical hypothesis of Professor Hey and Dr. Waters as applied to the decompositions of aromatic diazo-compounds.This concerns the mode of splitting of the single bonds in the covalent diazo-compound I I I I R-h’= K-X. 1 I (b) !a) In the J.C.S. of December 1946 Waters favoured simultaneous splitting and the production of two free radicals. After the writer’s reply however which was published in J.C.S. 1948 p. 348,Hey and Waters in a joint response (J.C.S. 1948 882) repudiated simultaneous fission and favoured a split at (a) on analogy with the decomposition of I * .. .. 1 R -N = N -C(CeH& I (b) (a) which first splits at (a). In Chern. & Id.,1948 p. 687 and also in the L 209 J J. Royal Institute of Chemistry October 1948 p. 267 Hey favoured the split at (b) with the production of highly hypothetical radicals such as .... *X = N -X. So far as the writer’s experience goes however all the experimental evidence whether of friend or foe indicates that when diazo-compounds lose their nitrogen it is from the diazonium form; this indicates the split at (a) and not at (b) to be valid. The confusion caused by the free radical protagonists can well be imagined from the above statements. THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF EGG SHELL FORMATION By Professor CYRILTYLER,B.Sc. Ph.D. :\.K.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section at Brighton 5 February 1949.1 The intensity of calcium metabolism in the laying hen will be realised when it is stated that a pullet coming into lay contains about 35 g. calcium in its body and yet in a year it may secrete 500 g. as shell material.So wonder then that the many biochemical problems associated with shell formation form a fascinating field of study. The present paper is an attempt to trace the calcium and its associated elements from the time the food is eaten to the final laying of the egg. The food is swallowed and enters the crop which acts as a store allowing food to pass to the stomach and gizzard at regular intervals. In the gizzard the food is thoroughly ground and mixed with the gastric juice from the stomach and experiments show that by this stagc the calcium of a normal diet is entirely in solution. From the gizzard the food passes to the small intestine and along this portion of the tract various changes occur. The pH rises along the tract and chloride diminishes whilst carbonate increases ; thus although some calcium is absorbed some is reprecipitated as carbonate and some which has been absorbed may even be re-excreted.Phosphate and chloride are also absorbed. The blood of the non-laying hen contains about 10 mg. calcium per 100 nil. serum consisting of about 6 nig. calcium ions xvhich are diffusible and 4 mg. non-diffusible calcium made up of a calcium phosphate complex and a calcium proteinate. Bones have a CajP ratio of about 2-2 and many suggestions have been put forward as to their chemical structure. At present the idea seenis to be accepted that the protein matrix is impregnated with a mixture of tri-calcic phosphate and calcium carbonate. In birds it is further suggested that therc may be a “real” skeleton and a more easily niobilised portion the latter having a much higher Ca/P ratio than the bone as a whole.With this general information we can now consider what happens in the bird. The non-laying bird consumes its ration and absorbs a fair quantity of calcium but this not being required is partly re-excreted and the net result is only a little retention. All this retained calcium and some of thc retained phosphorus will go to the bone. The blood calcium level remains at about 10 mg. and there are no obvious bone changes. The picture with the laying bird is quite different. The bird absorbs somewhat more calcium but also re-excretes far less and hence the net retention is considerably increased. This increased retention starts about fourteen days before laying and the bird therefore has extra calcium in her bones when laying commences.On the first day of lay the bird will retain about 1 g. calcium from the food but will lose 2 g. in the shell; thus she will have to draw on her bones for the extra 1 g. calcium and although she draws on the readily mobilisable portion of high Ca/P ratio she will nevertheless remove sonie phosphorus at the saiiie tiine; since this is not required for the shell it is excreted and gives a definitely higher phosphorus content to the excreta at that time. If no egg is laid on the next day then the bird will store about 1 g. calcium. Clearly the balance between storage and removal will be decided by the rate of laying and we know that if calcium is lacking in the diet egg laying will cease in about ten days.On the other hand the very heavy layers appear to achieve their success by retaining calcium better and by giving thinner shelled eggs. The blood calcium of the laying bird shows a great change and values as high as 40 mg. have been noted; there is also a rise in phosphorus and protein. The rise appears to be entirely associated with the non-diffusible fraction; however values as low as 8 mg. have been observed and it is believed that the blood calcium level is really a reflection of the balance between rate of bone mobilisation and food absorption on the one hand and rate of shell secretion on the other. The most interesting fact about this rise in blood calcium however is that it can be brought about by injections of sex hormones.In the laying bird the bone also shows considerable change and the long bones particularly are of interest. In the non-laying stage the bones have a shaft inside which is the marrow; this marrow is red and glistening and the inside wall of the shaft is smooth. Before laying commences tiny spicules of bone grow from the inner surface of the shaft and invade the marrow until ultimately the marrow is grey and friable. This bone fluctuates in amount according to the time being removed when shell is forming and replaced when no shell is forming. Again the point of interest is that this type of new bone can be produced in resting birds by injections of sex hormones. It thus appears that the increased retention of calcium the high blood calcium and the extra store of bone material formed in the laying bird are all associated with the increased production of sex hormones which occurs at this time.The place of the parathyroids which are also known to be associated with bone and blood calcium is not settled in the case of birds. When an egg yolk escapes from the ovary it passes along the tube and becomes coated with albumen and membranes finally reaching the shell gland ; here the mechanical stimulus of its presence appears to initiate the secretion of shell material. The chemical mechanism of shell secretion is probably on these lines. Calcium ions arise from the breakdown of the calcium proteinate and the calcium phosphate complex of the blood these substances in turn having come partly from the food and partly from the bone.The carbonate ions arise by the effect of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which shifts the equilibnum- 2 HCO,’ + H CO + CO,” J-carbonic anhydrase H,O + CO to the right by removing carbonic acid. The calcium and carbonate ions coming into contact with the egg white at a pH of 8 to 9 are then precipitated as calcium carbonate. It is known that the process of shell secretion is a steady one over a period of about 20 hours and of great interest is the fact that small doses of sulphanil- amide produce soft-shelled eggs due to the inhibitory effect of the drug on the carbonic anhydrase. The shell consists of calcium carbonate with a little magnesium chloride and phosphate in a matrix of protein and is bounded on its inner surface by a membrane of keratin.It may be that the chloride and phosphate are adsorbed on the shell and are not part of the structure. The shell consists of two layers the inner layer being composed of large irregular granules of calcite with spaces r 211 1 between and the outer layer consisting of tightly packed crystals also of calcite. On the surface is another thin layer of organic matter including pig- ment. The outer mineral layer is pierced by pores which communicate with the spaces of the inner layer. These pores are plugged with protein and they form the channels whereby interchange of water vapour and gases takes place between the egg and its environment. Birds on calcium deficient diets will lay eggs with successively thinner shells but long before a soft-shelled egg is produced the bird stops laying.On the other hand high calcium diets have been shown to cause soft-shelled and other abnormally shelled eggs. High temperatures also reduce shell thickness. The porosity of eggs has been measured quantitatively on the basis of weight losses under standard conditions and there is considerable variation The first egg of a clutch seems to be less porous than succeeding eggs; the thickness of normal shells is not related to porosity but very thin shells are highly porous. The chalky dead white shells described by most practical poultry-keepers as porous are oftcn far less porous than normal ones. This brief account of shell structure completes the story and at the same time serves to stress our ignorance of the chemical physical and mechanical properties of the shell.In fact when we speak of the biochemistry of egg shell formation we are speaking about a field of research as yet scarcely touched. ACTIVATION ENERGY IN THE SENSITIVENESS OF EXPLOSIVES By Professor A. R. J. P. UBBELOHDE, M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [Belfast and District Section 9 February 1949.1 . The stimulus required to initiate progressive energy release in an explosive determines its “sensitiveness” A very large number of tests on sensitiveness are carried out to ensure safety in handling. These tests aim to imitate various practical hazards such as exposure to heat to an impact from a heavy body to friction and to a number of other conditions in which the explosive may become activated.Owing to the applied nature of most tests on sensi-tiveness it is not always easy to elucidate the physico-chemical process of activation from the results. In addition to sensitiveness tests designed to avoid unwanted explosions in handling tests are also carried out to determine the minimum activation which will ensure efficient release of the energy when required e.g. from a charge of a mining explosive. For this purpose it is usual to employ increasingly powerful initiating charges till the explosive under test can be just brought to detonation. Here again the object of the tests is in the first instance the practical one of efficiency in the use of explosives. The physical chemistry of the activation processes which lead to detonation are not clearly brought out in such applied investigations.Recently published investigations on the basic processes which lead to progressive energy release in explosives have drawn attention to some new aspects of physicochemical activation. Three main problems may be dis- cussed-(i) In the sensitiveness of explosives to impact friction and the like how the mechanical energy which is dissipated serves to activate the explosive. (ii) How the progressive energy release which can start in a local region in the explosive can be communicated to the whole mass. (iii) When a detonation wave travels through an explosive by what means the layer of molecules immediately ahead of the detonation wave is activated so as to react at the very high rate involved.Before these problems can be investigated scient~cally it is necessary to obtain data on the thermal decomposition of explosives under quiescent conditions. By using sufficiently small quantities and by taking certain other precautions it is possible to measure the initial rate of chemical decomposition at various temperatures. These decomposition reactions are analogous to any other chemical reaction in that they have positive temperature coefficients and require substantial activation energies. The decomposition of many explosives is catalysed by the reaction products. In the light of data on the quiescent thermal decomposition of explosives it is possible to study how various mechanical effects lead to explosion.When the total mechanical energy dissipated e.g. in impact or friction sensitiveness is calculated it can be shown that if this energy were merely converted into heat which then heated the explosive uniformly the rise in temperature would not be nearly sufficient to give the violent decomposition rates actually observed. The simplest explanation is that in most mechanisms of sensitive-ness the mechanical energy is Iocalised in some way. This concentration of the mechanical energy into local “hot spots” is comparatively easy to elucidate in two typical kinds of sensitiveness. In grit sensitiveness the explosive is mixed with particles of hard grit and subjected to blows of increasing violence. It can be shown in various ways that when the blow is sufficient to ensure explosion of the whole mass what happens in the first instance is that the mechanical energy is converted into heat around each particle of grit.The local high temperatures produced lead to rapid decomposition which liberates more heat since all explosives decompose exothermally. Provided that this “trigger process” is of sufficient intensity the rate at which the heat is liberated by the blow and the chemical reaction will exceed the rate at which heat can be conducted away. Under these conditions each “hot spot” grows progressively and the whole mass is brought into reaction by conduction of heat from the original “hot spots.” Instead of using particles of grit in liquid explosives small gas bubbles may be used.When these are compressed adiabatically the rise in tempera- ture can lead to “hot spots” which will spread whenever the rate of liberation of heat exceeds the rate at which heat is conducted away. These typical sensitiveness reactions illustrate a feature of outward growth of chemical reaction from a “hot spot” or “thermal nucleus,” but they do not present any essentially new type of activation. A new problem arises with explosives in that some types of sensitiveness may involve a direct transfer of mechanical energy into the energy of activa- tion of chemical bonds without the mechanical energy first being degraded into heat which later activates the molecules thermally. This process of direct transfer from mechanical to bond energy may be termed “tribochemical activation,” to distinguish it from “thermal activation.” The simplest case in which tribochemical activation may lead to “hot spots” which grow into explosions is that of explosives such as lead azides which are ionic crystals.When such crystals are broken various evidence suggests that the ions at the surfaces of cleavage can be activated so as to initiate chemical decomposition. In cases where the chemical decomposition is progressive even comparatively few “hot spots” formed by tribochemical activation can be detected owing to their growth into explosion. The second problem of activation refers to the modes of growth of the “hot spots” initially formed in an explosive. A very important mode of growth involves the process of “self-heating.’’ All explosives are exothermic compounds.In their chemical decomposition unless the heat liberated can be conducted away the temperature of the system will rise and with it the decomposition rate will be accelerated. As was first pointed out by Van’t Hoff such “self-heating” exothermic reactions will eventually give rise to [. 213 1 “thermal explosions.” Thermal explosions are chiefly controlled by the heat liberated per unit volume of explosive decomposed and by physical constants such as the thermal conductivity. Their rate of propagation usually ranges around a few tens of metres per second. The propagation of explosion by self heating does not present any essenti- ally new mechanism of activation. But in addition there is evidence that decomposition of explosives such as lead azide can be propagated by a “non- thermal” mechanism akin to chain-branching in gaseous explosions.It seems likely that the atoms of lead which are formed in the course of decomposition can act as further nuclei so that the progressive decomposition of lead azide accelerates due to the multiplication of these nuclei in the course of the decomposition. A third problem of activation refers to the mechanism whereby explosives are activated during the passage of a detonation wave so that they can liberate the heat of reaction during the very short time available. Various theoretical considerations can be advanced. The principal experimental method of study depends on the fact that the hydrodynamically calculated detonation velocity in a system depends on the pressure and specific volume on both sides of the detonation wave.For example the greater the pressure behind a detonation wave front the greater the velocity. Observed detonation velocities in cylind- rical charges are found to lie somewhat below the calculated value but approximate more and more closely to it as the diameter of the charge is increased. This behaviour is explained in terms of the fact that the walls of the tube used to confine the charge begin to open outwards through the action of the very high pressures of the order of los atmospheres in detonation. The rate at which the walls begin to bulge can be calculated from their physical properties. If the expansion due to this effect is at all appreciable before the molecules of explosive have completed their decomposition in the detonation wave this results in a lowering of the effective pressure which controls the detonation velocity.From observations on the relations between charge diameter and detona- tion velocity with various explosives the time required for chemical decom- position can be calculated. It is found that at the high pressures and tem- peratures present in the detonation wave of a substance such as T.S.T.,the thermal decomposition is not controlled by processes with high activation energies This contrast with thermal decomposition under ordinary pressures and at ordinary temperatures is explained on the basis of the nature of the physico-chemical processes taking place in a detonation wave.The supply of free atoms and active molecules is so abundant both on account of the high temperature and because of the mass motion of molecules in a detonation wave that the molecules do not have to “wait in the queue” for their supply of thermal activation energy. On the other hand evidence has been obtained that with solid explosives the rates at which processes such as the volatilisation of the crystals can occur in the detonation wave control the activation. SOME ASPECTS OF THE SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF FATS By Professor 7’. P. HILDITCH, I).Sc. F.R.I.C. F.K.S. [Liverpool and North-Western Section together with Local Branches of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Petroleum at Chester 9 February 19491 It was realised more than thirty years ago (Moore Richter and van Arsde1,l Hilditch and Moore2) that in glycerides or other esters unsaturated acid groups with more than one double bond (e.g.linoleic derivatives) are first 214 j converted during hydrogenation in presence of nickel or other metal catalysts to the monoethenoid state and that no saturated derivatives are formed until almost all the polyethenoid compounds present have been thus converted into monoethenoid derivatives. Nevertheless it was also noticed that hydrogena- tion of the corresponding acids (instead of esters) was much less selective increase in saturated acids being observed from the outset (Hilditch and Moorez); whilst Richardson Knuth and Nilligan3 showed that in the un- saturated glycerides of marine animal oils with 4 5 or 6 double bonds hydro- genation was by no means so selective as with linoleic derivatives.Harper Hilditch and Terleski4 later gave figures showing that glycerides containing more than one ethenoid group persisted up to a very late stage in the hydro- genation of whale oil and cod-liver oil. IYhilst lesser selectivity in the hydrogenation of free acids than in the hydrogenation of their esters can be explained by association of the carboxylic group with the catalyst (thus competing with and upsetting the chemi- sorption relations between the unsaturated systems and the catalyst) the persistence of polyethenoid unsaturation in the case of hydrogenated glycerides which originally contained acyl groups with 4,5 or 6 double bonds remained unexplained from 1925 until 1946 when the work of Bailey and Fisher5 on the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate (with 3 double bonds) led to the rcalisa- tion (Hilditch6) that “selective hydrogenation ” of long-chain poly-unsaturated groups was really that of the specific system -CH:CH.CH,.CH:CH- whether present singly (linoleates) or in multiple form (linolenates otc.).Following an observation by Lemon‘ that considerable quantities of octadeca-9,15-dienoates are found in the first phase of hydrogenatioii of linolenate (octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate), Bailey and Fisher showed that of the (lime glycerides first produced the 9,l;S-compound forms about half the rest being made np of octadeca-9,lB- and-12,1q5-dienoates; whilst a minor but tlefinite amount of linolenate passes in one stage to the rnonoethenoid condition.l:urthermore they were able to show that the relative reactivities of thc various esters concerned (oleate as 1) were linolenate (-9,12,15-) 40 linoleatt. (-9,12-)20 and octadeca-9,lS-enoate 3. Meanwhile Farmer el nZ.* had drawn attention to the specific properties of the -CH:CH.(’H,.CH:CH-systerii (in which the methylene group is reactive,” i.e. contains a readily detachable hydrogen atom) in regard to attack by molecular oxygen anti Hilditchs extended this concept to the parallel case of addition of hydrogen in presence of catalysts showing that Bailey and Fisher’s findings were not only fully c.xplicable by this means but that this also accounted for lessened selectivity in the later stages of hydrogenation of polg-unsaturated compounds originally possessing the pentadiene grouping in multiple form since in the earlier stages 01 hydrogenation these would yield tri- or di-ethenoitl groups in which several rnethylene groups would intervene between clouble bonds the latter conse- quently behaving to hydrogen more or less as individual monoethenoid groups.It must be borne in mind that “selectivity ” in hydrogenation of fatty compounds is also controlled largely by mechanical conditions and is only fully displayed when the liquid surfaces in actual contact with the catalyst are renewed and kept in equilibrium with the rest of the liquid phase as completely as possible.This condition holds in all the studies referred to above in which it was achieved by intense agitation by high-speed stirrers. On the other hand when the unsaturated fats are allowed to drip down over :L stationary mass of active catalyst the liquid which first comes in contact with the catalyst is liable largely to remain at the metal surface for some tinie since it can only escape by lateral diffusion through the liquid film. This accounts for the observations of Lushg and of Hilditch and Rheadl” that in these circumstances the hydrogenation appears to be less selective [ 216 ] saturated compounds appearing throughout and while linoleic compounds are still present in quantity. The operation in technical practice of conditions whereby the course of hydrogenation is made "non-selective," or at all events less selective probably depends on the same mechanical factors.If agitation is employed it is by no means so intense as in laboratory forms of hydrogena- tion apparatus; or mixing may be achieved by circulation of the oil and catalyst through an atmosphere of hydrogen. In either case the rate of re- moval or renewal of the films of oil at the metal surface will be much slower than with intense agitation and in consequence in presence of an active catalyst a linoleate molecule (for example) will undergo its primary reduction to the monoethenoid state but still remains in contact sufficiently long for the hydrogenation of the latter to follow before it is swept away and replaced by a fresh linoleate molecule.Recently the hydrogenation of elaeostearate esters has been studied in our laboratory in some detail since comparison of the behaviour of the respective unsaturated systems- -CH CH.CH :CH.CH :CH- -CH :CH.CH,.CH CH.CH,.CH CH- and -CH:CH.CH,.CH:CH-during catalytic hydrogenation is a matter of some interest. The course of hydrogenation of methyl elaeostearate has been found to be quite different from that of linolenate. In the main two molecules of hydrogen are added simultaneously in the first phase and the chief primary product is methyl octadec-ll-enoate the two outer double bonds of the con- jugated system having disappeared. Little or no evidence of the intermediatr production of a diene ester conjugated or non-conjugated is observed; and substantially all elaeostearate is transformed to mono-ethenoid ester before any of the latter passes into stearate.Similarly in an equimolecular mixture of methylelaeostearate and oleate practically all the former passes into the mono-cthenoid state before any oleate is hydrogenated. In a mixture of methyl elacostearate and linoleate about 80 per cent. of the elaeostearate is attacked before the linoleate com- mences also to be converted into mono-ethenoid ester selectively. With a similar mixture of elaeostearate and linolenate both esters undergo hydro- genation at once but the elaeostearate disappears about twice as fast as the linolenate. The bis-pentadiene system of the linolenate is thus much more nearly comparable in rate of hydrogenation with the conjugated form in the isomeric elaeostearate than with that containing an isolated double bond.In these experiments (amore detailed account of which will be given else- where) the catalyst employed was Raney nickel both at 110" and 170"C. At either temperature the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate with this form of catalyst was fully selective. REFERENCES 1. Moore Kic-hter aiitl van -4rsde1 J. Int?. E/q. he^. 19 ti. 9. 451. > -. Hilditch arid Moore J. SOC.Chem. Intl.. 1023 42 15-1.. 3. Richardson Knuth and Milligan Ind. Eny. Cherri. 1063 17 80. 4. Harper and Hilditch J. SOC.Chem. ld. 1937 56 322; Hilditch and Terleski ibid. 315. 5. Bailey and Fisher Oil and Soap 1946 23,14. 8. Hilditch Nature 1946 157 386.7. Lemon Can. J. Research 1944 22,F,191. s. Farmer and Sutton .I. Chem. SOC.,1943 119 122; Farmer Koch and Sutton ibitl.. 1943 641 ; Bolland and Koch ibit?. 1915 445. I). Lush J. SOC.Chem. Id.,1923,42 2191.; 1924,43 57~: 1925,44 1291. 10. Hilditch and Rhead J. SOC.Chem. Id. 1932 51 198~. I216 I RECENT WORK ON SOME SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS By MARGARETISABELSIMPSON, B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Wigan 19 February 19491 The detection of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide in the volatile products of moulds growing on media containing certain inorganic and organic sulphur compounds led to the investigation of the marine alga Polysiphoniu fustiginta which was shown by Haas in 1935 to evolve dimethyl sulphide on exposure to air.The isolation and identification of the precursor were attempted bj extraction of the alga with cold absolute alcohol and subsequent treatment of the extract with ammonium reineckate solution. Details of the isolation of a thetine chloride from the reineckate precipitate are given in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 IV 170 and by the author and Challenger in the Journal of the Chemical Society 1948 1591. The thetine chloride was identified as dimethyl- 15-propiothetine chloride (CH,),;. (Cl)CH,CH,COOH. It may be noted here that the isomeric compound CH,SCH,CH,COOCH has been isolated from pineapple juice. The only other evidence of the occurrence of a sulphonium compound in nature is the statement by Neuberg and Grosser that the urine of dogs contains methyl diethylsulphonium hydroxide which was isolated by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid and KBiI,.During 194Ck2 du Vigneaud and co-workers (Cornell University Medical School New York) showed that choline and betaine when fed to rats on a diet containing homocysteine but free from methionine transfer a methyl group to the homocysteine giving methionine thus maintaining normal growth. + -+-(CH,),KCH,COO (CH,),N(OH)CH2CH,0H Betaine Choline HSCH,CH,CHNH ,COC)H CH,. SCH,CH,CHN H,COO ki Homoc ysteine Methionine This transmethylation was then confirmed by the use of deuteriomethionine and deu teriocholine. In later experiments of the same type these authors have found that dimethylthetine and dimethyl- 8-propiothetine (the seaueed thetine) will also support the growth of rats on a methionine-free diet containing homocysteine and are more efficient than betaine or choline in this respect.At the same time Dubnoff and Rorsook (California Institute of Technology Pasadena) demonstrated the methylating capacity of the two thetines in vitro using animal tissue. They have also isolated two separate enzyme systems one for the betaine and one for the dimethyl- p-propiothetine. The origin of the thetine isolated from the seaweed is not known but it may arise from mcthionine by deamination oxidation and subsequent methyla- tion :-CH,SCH2CH2CH(NH,)COOH -+ CH,SCH,CH,COCOOH -+ CH,SCH,CH,COOH ,!3-methylthiolpropionic acid Methylation +--+ (CH3)zS (-OSO2OR)CH2CH,COOH The methylation might be effected by some methyl compound present in the seaweed e.g.the methyl ester of a polysaccharide sulphuric acid furnishing -methyl and an anion -0-SO,-OR. E 217 1 H. Burton has suggested that /3-niekiiylthiolpropionic acid may alsoa rise from a betaine :--i- (CH,),KCH,CH,COO -+ (CH,),N + CH$H + CH,=CHCOOH ____-+ CH,SCH,CH,COOH. However there is no evidence as yet that this methylthiolpropionic acid is the precursor of the thetine in seaweed and it seems that methylthiolacetic acid CH,S.CH,.COOH is not converted to the corresponding thetine (CH,)2kCH,C06 in the animal body as du Vigneaud has shown that there is no transmethyla- tion when this acid is fed to rats on a methionine free diet containing homo- cysteine.The behaviour of moulds grown on media containing thetines was in-vestigated by Y.C. Liu. s. brevicaulis and P. notatum were found to decom- pose dimethyl- 13-propiothetine salts giving dimethyl sulphide in yields of 1.8 and 36 per cent. respectively hut no volatile sulphur compounds were detected when salts of dimethyl-or-propiothetine (CH3),&CH(CH,).CO0 or + dimethylthetine (CH,),S.CH,COO were added to the mould cultures. This is analogous with the behaviour of these thetines to alkali the dimethyl- /3-propiothetine being decomposed very much more easily than the a-propiothetine or dimethylthetine. Diethylthetine however when added to the mould cultures gave good yields of diethyl sulphide although this thetine is fairly stable to alkali treatment.It is therefore not possible at present to correlate the chemical reactions behaviour in moiild cultures and methylating capacity of these thetines. Methionine in cultures of .S. brevicaulis is decomposed to give methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide. This reaction may proceed via the keto- acid as this compound is formed from methionine in the presence of kidney slices and the keto-acid is easily decomposed with caustic soda to give methyl mercaptan CH3SCH,CH,CHSHZCOOH -('H,SCH,CH,COCOOH. i In accordance with this view when the keto-acids CH,SCH,CH,COCOOH and CH,SCH,COCOOH were added to iiiould cultures methyl mercaptan and with the second compound dimethyl sulphitlc were formed.On the other hand transamination may of course have occurred whereby the keto-acids would be converted to the corresponding amino-acids. Several sulphur compounds of natural occurrence are related to niethionine or homomethionine e.g. erysolin CH,SO,CH,CH,CH,CH,S(:S in the wall- flower sulphoraphene in radishes ally1 isothiocyanate CH =CHCH,NCS arising by hydrolysis of sinigrin in black mustard Pp'dihydroxyethyl-sulphoxide from the suprarenals of oxen methionine sulphoxide in urine allicin CH,=CH-CH,S-S-C'H,--('H-CH i 0 and alliin (Stoll and Seebeck) CH,= CH--CH,--S--CH,CH ( NH,)COOH I Y 0 in garlic. Allicin is probably derived from rilliin and the following scheme has been suggested hv Challenger as a possiblc explanation of the origin of alliin and involves the formation of cystathionine -[ 31%] as in rat liver extract HSCH,CH,CH(NH,)COOH + HOCH,CH(NH,)COOH Homocysteine Serine -H20 -> COOH.CH (NH,) CH,SCH,CH,CHNH,COOH Cystathionine - -NH -+ COOHCH(NH,)CH,SCH,CH = CH-COOH ‘02+ COOHCH(NH,)CH,SCH,CH=CH 0 COOHCH(NH2)CH2SCH2CH=CH, --+ J. 0 Alliin As an alternative cystathionine might yield a keto-acid COOH.CH(NH,)CH,.S.CH,.CH,COCOOH which by decarboxylation reduction loss of water and oxidation could yield alliin. NEW DETERGENTS By R. C. TARRING, BSc. [East Midlands Section 24 February 19491 New detergents may be defined as chemical compounds containing both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic section in their molecular structure and possessing surface active properties which enable them in dilute aqueous solution to reduce surface tension and interfacial tension.Particular proper- ties such as water solubility wetting power and detergency can be empha- sised by variation in the structural configuration. Fatty acid soaps are similar in that they too possess a hydrophobic (long hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic (alkali carboxylate) portion in their molecules. This carboxylate group however is their weak point and leads to chemical instability typified by formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps in hard water and precipitation by acids. Search for materials possessing the good properties of soap without its inherent disadvantages started about 1860 with the introduction of Turkey Red Oil (sulphated castor oil)-although its main usefulness lay in wetting rather than detergent power.Other wetting agents known as Nekals followed in Germany during 1914-18 and then the first essentially detergent materials- the lgepons and Gardinols. However all these were too dear for general industrial or domestic use and they found only specialised application. The discovery that petroleum was a readily available and comparatively inexpensive source of raw materials for detergent manufacture led to rapid developments prior to 1939 and these were further accelerated during hostili- ties by the increasing shortage of fats and oils required for production of soaps. Dependent upon the availability of suitable raw materials in the respective countries the following detergents were produced alkyl sulphonates (Merso- lates) in Germany alkyl sulphates in Britain and alkyl aryl sulphonates in America.The new detergents can be divided into three classes-anionic (most numerous) cationic and non-ionic. In the anionic group are alkyl sulphates (e.g. ”Teepol ”) sulphated fatty alcohols (e.g. sulphonated Lorol ; Gardinols) alkyl aryl sulphonates (e.g. Sacconol; Santomerse) aliphatic sulphonates (e.g. Mersolates) substituted alkyl naphthalene sulphonates (e.g. Nekals ; Perminal W) sulphated fatty acid soaps (e.g. Turkey Red Oil) sulphonated L 219 J alkyl amides (e.g. Igepon T) sulphonated fatty acid esters (e.g. Igepon A) sulphosuccinic esters (e.g. Aerosol O.T.) sulphated monoglycerides (e.g.Vel) and petroleum sulphonates (e.g. Petrosol). The nonionic detergents consist mainly of ethylene oxide condensates with substituted phenol or fatty alcohol (egLissapol N; Igepals). The cationic detergents-more expensive and less numerous than other types-are typified by cetyl pyridinium bromide (Fixanol C) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (Lissdamine A). They possess bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties and have been developed considerably in America for specialised applications. At present only three groups of new detergents are available in quantity at an economic price-the anionic alkyl sulphates and alkyl aryl sulphonates and the nonionic products. Their applications lie in industrial processing industrial cleaning and in the domestic market.The widest use for processing is in the textile industry where they enable scouring and other wet treatment of fibres to be performed without formation of insoluble lime-soaps. Furthermore they can be used to disperse such desposits where these have been previously formed by use of fatty acid soaps. Many of the new detergents are strongly adsorbed on animal fibres-the amount depending on pH-and this leads to softer more loftv handle particu- larly with wool. Here ease of rinsing and chemical stability are important considerations. Their wetting powers are utilised in dyeing bleaching carbonising and anti-shrink processes in all of which they tend to produce greater uniformity of effect. In laundering new detergents provide a marked improvement in texture and handle in the low-temperature washing of wollens and silks.They are also useful for washing garments with fugitive colours since they can be used in the presence of acid or salt which minimises colour bleeding. They are now being developed for the laundering of all classifications by admixture with appropriate alkalies or other “builders” to ensure full efficiency. In engineering the new detergents find application in aqueous de-greasing and in wet grinding; also in acid pickling and electroplating where their acid and alkali stability is of value. Their powerful wetting properties have recently been applied to increase the efficiency of water used for dust-laying in coal mines and thus to reduce considerably the amount of water normally required.In the cosmetic and pharmaceutical trade the detergent wetting or emulsifying powers of the new materials are widely exploited e.g. in the so-called “soapless shampoos,” while their penetrating action is utilised in a number of cleansing or curative lotions. They are particularly valuable in the food industry for maintaining cleanliness of equipment and improving the effectiveness of sterilisation by removing completely and rapidly adherent fatty deposits in which bacteria breed. As horticultural wetting agents they increase the efficiency with which insecticides and fungicides can attack plant pests by increasing the penetration or ensuring even spreading of the toxic ingredients. Other applications of new detergents are in cement and concrete manu- facture and in the paper rubber fur and leather industries and an interesting use at present confined to the U.S.A.is for fire fighting where wetting agents enable the overall quantity of water to be reduced and increase its effective- ness against smouldering fires. The remarkable growth in doniestic use of new detergents is well illustrated by figures from the U.S.:Z. where production has jumped from 6,000 tons in 1941 to 125,000 tons in 1945 and 200,000 tons in 1947. Of the anticipated production in 1950 of 500,000 tons over 60 per cent. is destined for the domestic market. 220 j Introduction of these materials-to overcome the inherent disadvantages of soap encountered in hard water washing-has focussed attention on the fundamentals of detergency and has already established the value of adding inorganic and organic “builders” to enhance the dirt-removing properties of the final products.Little or no addition is required for washing goods normally handled at low temperatures (e.g. wollens silks nylons) but for the high-temperature washing of cotton linen and similar fabrics the addition of builders particularly the polyphosphates has proved to be of considerable advantage. In America these phosphates are in comparatively free supply and some of the best domestic detergents may contain up to 50 per cent. :and it is antici- pated that when the present shortage of phosphate “builders ” in Britain is overcome much greater availability of all-round domestic washing powders will result.Increased production and distribution of the new detergents has made it possible to offer products of high active content to the housewife at prices comparable with soap powders and it is significant that the major soap com- panies-in both U.K. and U.S.A.-now rank as the largest distributors of products based on new detergents for domestic use. World economy may well be influenced by these new materials because soap consumption and standard of living are closely related. In America where the standard of living is high soap consumption per head per annum is over twenty pounds while in highly-populated Asiatic areas it averages less than one pound. Increased standards of living in these latter areas will mean a greater demand for oils and fats for both food and soap; and with the large populations involved even a small increase in soap usage will represent a considerable proportion of world consumption.Reduced production coupled with increased world population has caused an annual deficit of about 4,000,000 tons of fats and fatty oils and the most optimistic economists estimate that it will be ten years before sufficient fats and oils are available to meet even the old pre-war standards. To meet the growing demand for cleaning materials therefore basic ingredients other than fats and oils are needed-particularly for increased standards of cleanliness-and petroleum as a source of basic raw materials for new detergents is a timely development.It must be realised however that although this development coincided with shortage of fats for soap manufacture large-scale plans for the production of petroleum-derived detergents had been made and practically completed long before such fat shortages appeared. Without these new detergents the standard of cleanliness-and by inference the health of the world-would have suffered considerably. With them a brighter and cleaner world lies ahead. FREE RADICALS AND HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY By Professor C. E. H. BAWN BSc. Ph.D. [Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section jointly with The Chemical Society and The University of St. Andrews Chemical Society at St. Andrews 25 February 19491 Recent trends in chemical kinetics have shown that complex reactions consist of a large number of simple steps and require the existence of simple intermediates which may be atoms ions or free radicals.Formalised reaction schemes have been produced to explain the processes of combustion thermal decomposition polymerisation etc. The logical development from this lies in the study of the free radicals themselves and it is this stage that is reaching its climax now. The four principal methods ot production ot tree radicals are 1. Thermal decomposition e.g. CH,N=NCH -+ 2CH + N hv 2. Decomposition by light e.g. C2H51-+ C2H5+ I 2,000 v. 3. Chemical change in the electric discharge e.g. H,O---- +OH+H 4. Reaction of an alkali metal atom with an organic halide (Polanyi) e.g. Na + RX -+ NaX + R.The first three of these methods suffer from the disadvantage that the radical is produced in the presence of an excess concentration of undissociated molecules. In method 4 on the other hand the product is inert and condi- tions can be arranged so that every molecule coming into the system is im- mediately decomposed. The production of free radicals may be detected by the method of Paneth which uses their reaction with metallic mirrors of lead antimony etc. Such hydrocarbon radicals may react in a number of ways. Three possible modes of reaction are :-1. Dimerisation e.g. CH + CH -+ C2H 2. Disproportionation e.g. 2CH -+ CH + CH 3. Thermal decomposition e.g. CH,CH,CH -+ CH + CH,=CH 4. Reaction of the radical with a molecule of RX the original halide (method 4).PHOTOTURBIDIMETRIC METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SULPHUR AS BARIUM SULPHATE THE SOLIDS CONCENTRATION AND THE RATE OF SETTLING OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS By J. 0. SAMUEL, M.Sc. F.R.I.C. [South Wales Section 28 February 19491 A novel feature of an apparatus (developed at the research laboratories of Unifloc Reagents Ltd. Swansea) for the turbidimetric examination of solids concentration and rate of settling of colloidal solutions is the inclusion of a detachable glass cell capable of lateral variations between wide limits and suitable for the examination of thin or thick fluid layers. Charging and dis- charging of the glass cell is carried out by suction and the light beam from a low-powered lamp is focussed on the cell and photo-cell by means of an optical arrangement.This arrangement minimises errors from variations in reflective and refractive properties of thc usual glass cells and from the position of the light source. Electronic devices using gas-filled Thyratron and triode valves can be used with the apparatus as means of self-recording the rate of settling of colloidal solutions to a preset standard of clarity. The cathode ray tube can also be employed in conjunction with suitable horizontal and vertical scanning time bases to follow visually the character of settling phenomena. In the technique of sulphur estimation by photoelectric methods using barium sulphate the strict control of precipitation in isopropyl alcohol/water mixture is very important.THE CHEMIST IN THE CHOCOLATE INDUSTRY By H. F. BAMFORD, M.A. F.R.I.C. [East Anglian Section 4 March 19491 The principal raw materials of chocolate manufacture are cocoa beans sugar and cocoa butter. For milk chocolate milk solids are kdded in the form of milk powder or crumb-a solid product obtained by the evaporation of a mixture of milk sugar and a little cocoa to a low moisture content. The chemist is consulted in regard to the purchase of these raw materials. The examination of cocoa beans is largely a physical one since the main criteria are flavour and aroma. Beans undergo a fermentation in the country of origin during which the colour and texture of the beans change and the flavour develops. Desirable features in addition to characteristic flavour are plumpness with minimum husk high fat content and freedom from mould and infestation damage.Cocoa butter should be free from foreign odours and have the correct physical properties. A hard brittle texture is desired which calls for a high proportion of solid glycerides. Cooling curves and other physical measure- ments give the desired information regarding the glyceride composition of the fat. After cleaning and grading the beans are roasted in rotary gas-heated roasters a process designed to develop aroma and colour remove moisture and volatile acids (chiefly acetic) and embrittle the shell and nib. Conditions of roasting are largely empirical and the chemist’s task is to attempt to define and standardise them.Tests are mostly organoleptic. The next process is the separation of shell a process which involves grading and aspiration of the roughly ground beans. The chemist can check the efficiency of these operations either by crude fibre estimations or by means of careful visual separation and estimation of husk present. After this the clean nibs are progressively reduced in stone or disc mills to a creamy liquid and a blend of suitable beans is made according to the type of chocolate required. For plain chocolate strong South American or Trinidad beans are blended with Gold Coast cocoa whereas milk chocolate calls for milder flavoured Ceylon or Samoa beans. Sugar is then added and the mixture ground in melangeurs and refiners until the particles are sufficiently small (less than 25 microns) to escape detection on the palate.Control of these stages is effected by microscopic examination a lycopodium technique having been found most accurate. “Conching” is the final operation-a prolonged low-temperature cooking operation which has a profound effect on the flavour of the chocolate. Three of the true taste senses are affected by chocolate viz. sweet bitter and sour. The aroma of course which affects the sense of smell contributes to the general flavour property. There is no evidence that the sweet and bitter properties are affected other than by the blending effect. The chief effects of the conching process are on the sour and astringent properties. Volatilisation and oxidation diminish both effects. Evaporation of water during conching reduces the apparent viscosity a factor which is finally controlled for covering and moulding purposes by the addition of cocoa butter or lecithin.The final moulding and covering operations call for a knowledge of the characteristics of the fat component. The rate of cooling must be controlled to produce the desired hard brittle texture or “snap,” a state obtained when the cocoa fat has fully crystallised forming large numbers of small crystals without unstable states. SEVENTY-FI RST ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING FRIDAY 29 APRIL 1949 The Seventy-First Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held at the Senate House University of London London W.C.1 on Friday 29 April 1949 at 2.45 p.m.Mr. G. ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. President occupied the Chair and 86 Fellows and 26 Associates were present. The Secretary (Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham) read the Notice convening the meeting. MI NUTES.-The Minutes of the Seventieth Annual General Meeting having been printed and circulated (JOURNAL 1948 111 142-152), AND PROCEEDINGS were taken as read. ANNUAL ACCOU NTS.-THE TREASURER: It is my duty on this occasion to present to you the Accounts for the year 1948 which you have now had an opportunity of seeing and I have no doubt of studying. My duty is lightened since the section of the Report of the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 Supplement 13-17 31-43) which deals with these matters is quite full and informative and there is in consequence very little for me to say.I would however focus your attention on one or two matters. If you turn to the Balance Sheet you will see that we have attempted to present this in the most informative way possible. Balance Sheets can be properly drawn up in many ways but we have taken the viewpoint that our members are not necessarily accountants and that we should attempt to make the Balance Sheet as simple as possible. It is for this reason that we are deducting each year the surrender value of the Redemption Fund from that of the Leasehold Building so that as the one item the Leasehold Building falls by reason of this deduction it is replaced by the Leasehold Property Redemption Policy. A few years before the date at which our lease runs out the Leasehold Property Redemption Policy will stand at the full amount of the valuation of the Leasehold Building of 31 December 1947.The only other matter on which perhaps I should comment is the high amount shown under Sundry Creditors which as explained is due to the fact that we had not on 31 December 1948 paid for the printing of the Register. The Balance Sheet shows the strong position of the Institute and we certainly do not think that the value of the premises has been over-stated. It may well be as years go on that we shall find that it has been under-valued. Turning to the General Income and Expenditure Account there is a deficit of L2,937 which you will remember was expected. In view of this deficit you will observe that it is not proposed to appropriate sums to reserve accounts such as the Intermittent Publication Reserve.This is of course what we normally do and we hope to make ample reserves for such purposes during the coming year. Now that our income will be increased in view of the increased subscriptions there will naturally be no loss in 1949 and indeed there will be a balance which will be used to strengthen our financial position generally and to permit further activities. The Special Accounts give an indication of the cost of certain activities outside those of the main ones of running the general affairs of the Institute the work of the committees etc. The deficit on the Examinations and Assessments Account may disappear in the present year in view of the increased examination fees.I should also like to draw your attention to the General Contingencies Reserve Account where there is an item of A91 8s. 3d. on adjustment of the New Zealand rate of exchange. In 1948 the New Zealand pound previously [ 224 1 worth about 16s. in sterling was re-valued at par. Income arising in New Zealand had previously been reduced to sterling before inclusion in the accounts. With the revaluation the increment of i91 8s. 3d. was created and this as you will see has been credited to the General Contingencies Reserve. Finally may I apologise for a minor mistake in the Report of the Council commenting on the Accounts. On page 14 paragraph 3 it is stated that there is an increase in income from annual subscriptions of L876 whereas this should be 4867 while of course the year should be 1947 and not 1948.During the year there have been a number of changes in investments following professional advice. If I may now turn to the Benevolent Fund Accounts the position is not very encouraging. We have this year for the first time presented the accounts in the form of income and expenditure accounts instead of receipts and pay- ments accounts. There is unfortunately a deficit on the year’s working in the current account of i707 although there is a positive balance in the capital account. What is alarming is the fact that if we are to continue to be benevolent our expenditure is likely to increase while the income may fail to keep pace. The receipts to date this year have been appreciably below last year’s and there is a real need for subscribers to the fund to make an effort this year if we are not to be faced with a serious deficit next year.We do not wish to and I think we shall not restrict our activities but obviously the position cannot continue as it is unless there is some change for the good. It is particularly difficult at present to appeal for increased subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund in view of the appeal which will shortly be made on behalf of the Residential Clubs for elderly people. For the time being we shall obviously have to be satisfied if the Benevolent Fund can hold its own so that its income will roughly balance its expenditure but even this will mean the making of a real effort and I appeal to everybody present to do what they can to help.It is not for me in presenting these Accounts to make more than passing reference to the financial arrangements which arise in connection with the Clubs for elderly people as the President will be dealing with this later in moving a special resolution but we intend to launch in the near future an appeal for a capital fund for this purpose. It is hoped that once the main capital fund is established there will be in this connection less call upon members except perhaps by way of bequests and we can then look forward to the time when we can again build up the strength of the Benevolent Fund. The other Accounts call for little comment. I shall be pleased to answer any questions but I now formally move the adoption of the Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948.MR. BERNARD It gives me very great pleasure to second this F. HOWARD resolution. As a former Treasurer although for only a very short time I can fully appreciate the enormous burden that Dr. Kent-Jones has borne in per- forming this work on behalf of the members of the Institute and if I may say so in a particularly difficult year. I do ask you to pass these accounts coupled with a tribute to our Treasurer as an appreciation of his efforts. THEPRESIDENT: The Report is now open for discussion. MR. GEORGEKING:I would like to say how glad we all are to have the accounts presented in such easily readable form. At the meeting a year ago I either proposed or seconded a resolution that the subscription of Fellows and Associates should be increased.That brought down on my head a volume of comment. Outstanding comment in the provinces was on an item which in this year’s accounts again stands out-salaries of staff. It is some years since I was a member of the Council but I know well the value of the staff and the hard work they do. I would like you to believe that in anything I have to [ 225 ] say I have no personal feeling in that matter; I know what the staff are worth. But it is pointed out on page 34 that the staff salaries are now L11,423. We are told that the membership of the Institute is 11,100 Fellows and Associates. We have a staff salary of L11,400 which the Treasurer threatens to increase. That has been observed by many of those Fellows and Associates of the Institute who do not attend this meeting (after all out of the 11,000there are very few here and those not here are the backbone of the Institute).Now that we have the accounts in this very readable form we are going to get comments of this nature. I would therefore like the President or the Council to make a considered statement on this particular item. THE TREASURER If there is a request from this meeting for the Council to make a reply to this I feel quite certain that the Council will be very pleased to do so but the answer is a relatively simple one. We all know that the cost of living has gone up. M’e all know that we have to pay adequate salaries in order to get the right type of people to look after our professional interests; that is what the Institute of Chemistry exists for.I have had-quite rightly with the approval of everybody-to increase the salaries so that we should attract to us the right type of person to lookafter our own professional interests. (“Hear hear.”) I do not think that the sum of L11,400 is at all excessive in view of the facts that I have given. Included in that sum is provision for superannuation which amounts to some Ll,200 and there is of course the pension to the past Secretary. The actual salaries only come to about L9,400. Quite frankly I see no way of reducing that sum at present; it may even have to increase but it will only increase as the activities of the Institute increase so that your interests can be better safeguarded.If it is the wish of this meeting that Council considers the matter and issues a formal statement I have no doubt at all the Council will be very pleased to do so but possibly the explanation of the facts that I have given to you may suffice. MR. A. L. RACHARACH: I would like to congratulate the Hon. Treasurer on having done something that I could not do which was to discover exactly what was the comment to which Mr. George King asked for an answer. The gist of Mr. King’s remarks was that we spent x11,400 on salaries and had 11,100 members. What of it? If the Council proposes to examine this matter further and to report on it they might care to make a simple calcula- tion. If they divide for each of the past years the total number of members into the total sum spent on salaries and then adjust this to the cost of living index I suspect they will find that there has been a decrease rather than an increase in expenditure on salaries per unit of membership.In any event the Institute is not a publishing body or a learned society but a professional organisation giving much service to the public and to its members and is therefore bound to spend more per member on salaries. If I understand the message that Mr. King brought from our colleagues in Birmingham I regard its reasoning as fallacious and its implication as wrong. I welcome what we spend on the salaries of our highly expert and essential staff and shall not be in the least uneasy if the amount increases. MR. HAROLD STEVENSON: There is an item on the income side of the Benevolent Fund Accounts “Annual subscriptions and deeds of covenant.” Could the Treasurer tell us how much of the L6Sl is received by deeds of covenant? THE TREASURER I am afraid I cannot give you the answer straight away but I shall be very pleased to announce it in due course.The main income is subscriptions which you see are L1,036. In addition to that there are certain annual subscriptions which are paid by bankers’ orders and some of those bankers’ orders take the form of deeds of covenant to get advantage of income [ 226 j tax. Offhand I cannot tell you the exact proportion but 1 should like to see more people guarantee for seven years a subscription to the Benevolent Fund so that we get the benefit from it.THEPRESIDENT: The Assistant Secretary has just informed me that he thinks it is something of the order of k300; he has made a rough estimate at the moment and he would not like those figures to be taken as exact. MR. HAROLD If there are 300 members who subscribed L1 per STEVENSON covenant it would come to about fT450. DR. M. A. PHILLIPS: I cannot help thinking that the Benevolent Fund should not really depend on the goodwill however good that may be of Fellows and Associates. I would like to have it minuted that the Council should consider putting this Fund on a much more permanent basis in the form of an insurance even if it does mean the raising of membership sub- scriptions. However much I am opposed to a raising of the subscription because times are hard I would be quite willing myself and I know a lot of other people would be to pay an increased subscription if that increased proportion would go not to a voluntary payment of a Benevolent Fund but to an insurance by which those who have need of it would be able to have this grant as a right and not as a sort of charitable concession.THEPRESIDENT: I believe I am right in saying that such a course even if it were commendable to the members as a whole is not possible on account of our Charter and By-Laws. I think that puts it out of court straight away. DR. M. A. PHILLIPS:Is it not allowed for in the terms of the new Charter? THEPRESIDENT: It is a moot point under the new Charter but I am rather doubtful. DR. M.A. PHILLIPS: Is it a question of principle that the Council is not trying to get powers? Does the Council agree in principle with my proposi- tion? If it agrees in principle would it try to incorporate it? I assume the Council is not against it in principle. May I make the position clear? As I understand it we THE TREASURER could not deal with this suggestion in the way it is put forward certainly under the old Charter. What we can do under the new Charter can be sympathetically examined. Under the new Charter we can do something for the Homes for Elderly People by advancing money as you will hear later on. So far we have run the Benevolent Fund on voluntary contributions and the people just give the money they feel they should purely as a gift. I should be very nervous myself of altering the whole character of the thing by earmarking so much of your subscriptions for a charitable purpose whether you like it or not; some people might like it some people might not.It is rather a dangerous precedent. Your observations will be considered in due course. MR. C. L. CLAREMONT: If I remember aright the BenevoIent Fund started after the previous war as a kind of memorial to members who fell. If you look at the subscriptions you will find that they amount to roughly k1,700 from 11,000 members; that works out to about half-a-crown per head per annum. Surely chemists ought to be able to do better than that; even if it was raised only to 5s. per head you would more than wipe out the deficit. THE TREASURER I am very grateful to Mr.Claremont because what he says is perfectly true but as I said before it is entirely a matter for the mem- bers what they will give. I cannot on this occasion do more than appeal to members to the best of their ability to increase their subscriptions to forward the very excellent work which the Benevolent Fund is doing. I must say that I agree entirely that I can see no reason why we should not have an increased income but that rests entirely with the members. [ 227 1 MR. R. F.INNES: As the voluntary principle is being taken away from us in a number of directions I would like to feel that in the Royal Institute of Chemistry it is maintained and encouraged. I am rather delighted to hear that the Benevolent Fund is on the wrong side because I am certain that surely will be a great stimulus to all of us to contribute to the Fund; this may in fact be a blessing in disguise; it may lead to a flow of subscriptions which will put it on the right side.THE TREASURER That is entirely my own view if I may say so. The motion for the adoption of the Annual Accounts was put and carried unanimously. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE PRESIDENT: It is now my duty to move the adoption of the Report of the Council. The Report has been set out at very great length and has been circulated to all members (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 Supplement). I therefore assume that you have all read it. That being so I propose to make no comment upon it. I formally move the adoption of the Report of the Council.PROFESSOR I feel much complimented in being asked to H. B. DUNNICLIFF second this Report and I know that you will wish me to congratulate the Council on the past year’s excellent record. It has been a year of progress; the number of Fellows increased by about 550 and the number of Registered Students rose to nearly 2,000. I am sure you will feel in complete harmony with the statement made in the Report that the latter class of membership should be encouraged as much as possible. It is the desire of this Institute that all young men and women who are proposing to enter the profession of chemistry should be associated with the Royal Institute of Chemistry. It is perhaps pertinent therefore to ask those coming into personal contact with young men and women who are engaged in chemical work to encourage them to become Registered Students if they are not so already.I wish to congratulate the Institute on the very considerable activities of its London and provincial Sections. I have been abroad for a great many years and I think it is just possible that I have not received all the papers sent to me partly on account of moving about and partly because of faulty war-time mails but I have been much impressed during the last two years since I have been home at the extraordinary range of activities which take place in the provincial and London Sections. I greatly admire the work they do because as one who has been frequently associated with the organisation of clubs and societies I know what a tremendous amount of labour it involves.The lists of tours lectures and entertainments which have been organised by all Sections of the Institute show much selfless and well-directed effort. The overseas centres also report progress with the possible exception of India which however is in a state of reorganisation. India and Pakistan were visited by our former President Professor Findlay last year and he has returned with proposals for increasing their interest and making their Sections more active than they have been in the past. A Committee has been formed to foster that objective. Another field of the Institute’s work on which I feel felicitation is due is the organisation of the Appointments Register. It is most useful for chemists who are seeking suitable employment to be able to come to their parent institution and to be given assistance in finding a suitable post.Through such a channel as the Appointments Register which must be linked with all depart- ments of education and industries in which chemistry is a prime factor the Institute is in a position to be of great value in directing or advising Fellows or Associates seeking new employment. The Directory of Consulting Chemists is also a very useful publication. [ 228 1 ,411 these activities on which we should congratulate the President and the Council have been developed with the assistance of a willing and competent staff. I am sure I shall be only echoing the wishes of those present if I say how much we as a body appreciate the devotion which the secretarial and other staff have shown to the lnstitute and its interests.(Applause.) I second the adoption of the Report. THEPRESIDENT: The Report is now open for discussion. MR. A. L. BACHARACH: On a purely formal point I take it that we are being asked to adopt the Report as amended in the manner indicated by the Hon. Treasurer a few moments ago? There being no discussion the motion for the adoption of the Report of the Council was put and carried unanimously. ELECTION OF OFFICERS GENERAL MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND SECRETARY CENSORS FOR I ~~~-SO.-THE read the following report of the Scrutineers:-“We have examined the voting papers and report as follows:- The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Officers was 1,973.The number of valid voting papers received for the election of General Members of Council was 1,968 and the votes were cast as under:-Leslie Herbert Lampitt 1,581; William hlurdoch Cumming 1,528; George Macdonald Bennett 1,472; Harry Baines 1,427; Frederick George Mann 1,424; Douglas William Hill 1,402; Ralph Clark Chirnside 1,397; Herbert William Cremer 1,382; George James Denbigh 1,373; Louis Hunter 1,371; Norman Booth 1,332; Harold Cecil Smith 1,330; Herbert Newton Wilson 1,326; Cyril Clifford Addison 1,325; Samuel Harry Jenkins 1,313; Freder-ick Measham Lea 1,310; Harold Burton 1,295; Frank George Young 1,280; Raymond Renard Butler 1,279; Wilfred Herbert Linnell 1,279; John Gaius Ashwell Griffiths 1,268; Frederick Percy Dunn 1,264; Mamie Olliver 1,256; Sir William Thomas Griffiths 1,243; Walter Idris Jones 1,239; Frances Mary Hamer 1,230; Harry Weatherall 1,201; Ernest Harry Rodd 1,187; David James Gibbs lves 1,103; Paul Frederic Holt 892.The number of valid voting papers received for the election of Censors was 1,873 and the votes were cast as follows:- Alexander Findlay 1,662; Gerald Roche Lynch 1,638; Sir Ian Morris Heilbron 1,457; William Wardlaw 1,357; Lewis Eynon 915. The following voting papers were disallowed according to the By-Laws:- 2 from Fellows and Associates whose subscriptions were in arrear; 6 in un-signed envelopes. The total number of papers received was 1,983.” THE PRESIDENT: I now formally declare the following to be duly elected to the specified offices:- President J.W. Cook. Vice-Presidents (6) F. Challenger H. Krall R. P. Linstead G. Roche Lynch J. A. Oriel E. T. Osborne. Hon. Treasurer D. W. Kent-Jones. General and District Members of Council (42) C. C. Addison H. Baines G. 31. Bennett H. E. Blayden N. Booth F. C. Bullock H. Burton R. R. Butler R. C. Chirnside H. W. Cremer W.M. Cumming G. J. Denbigh F. P. Dunn C. Forrester A. C. Francis J. G. A. Griffiths Sir William T. Griffiths Frances M. Hamer C. W. Herd D. W. Hill L. Hunter S. H. Jenkins E. M. Joiner W. Idris Jones L. H. Lampitt F. M. Lea A. G. G. Leonard W. H. 229 3 Linnell B. D. W. Luff T. Malkin F. G. Mann J. T. Marsh Mamie Olliver I. A. Preece H. C. Smith R. B. Strathdee D. Traill H.Weatherall W. D. Williams C. L. Wilson H. M. Wilson F. G. Young. Censors (4) Alexander Findlay Sir Ian M. Heilbron G. Roche Lynch W. Wardlaw. A vote of thanks to the Scrutineers proposed by the President was carried with acclamation. VOTE OF THANKS TO THE RETIRING OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL.-PROFESSOR R. A. MORTON:It gives me very great pleasure to propose a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of the Council for two reasons one is because I represent the inarticulate majority of the Institute who are unable to get to Annual General Meetings (I think this is my first since 1930) and another is that I think all of us Fellows and Associates are completely satisfied with the way the Council conduct the affairs of the Institute.I am one of the very few who has to be satisfied because as an Examiner. I am ineligible to do anything about it. I think we can say very safely that if rather more than 80 per cent. of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute fail to return their ballot papers there cannot be any active dis- satisfaction with the way in which the Institute is run. To put it in a more positive manner my feeling about the vote is that the members of the Institute have very great confidence in the Council. Most of us know that some of the things the Council does not do are almost as important and as wise as the things the Council does do. Many of us hope that the Censors will have nothing to do but we know that they have a great responsibility. I think I may say on behalf of all Fellows and Associates that we very greatly appre- ciate the services which have been given to the profession by the retiring members of Council and I would like to propose a very hearty vote of thanks to them.MR. GEORGE KING I would like to second that vote of thanks to the retiring members. Some of us who have served on the Council have been very proud to have served on a body which is perhaps one of the most businesslike of the councils serving chemists not only in this country but also elsewhere. \Ve do get things done without a lot of talk. It is some time since I was on the Council so I think I can say to those retiring members that we are very very grateful for the work which they have done; they have I know their own reward in the joy which it has always been to serve on the Council.I heartily second the vote of thanks to the retiring members. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. ELECTION OF AUDITORS.-THE PRESIDENT: The next business is to elect the Auditors and to fix the remuneration (if any) thereof. I will take first of all the present Auditors Mr. E. Q. Laws and Dr. I<. A. Williams. They are as you know Honorary Auditors. I am very pleased indeed to move from the Chair that they be re-elected. The proposal was carried with acclamatioiz. THEPRESIDENT: I now move that hlessrs. J. Y.Finlay Robertson and Co. Chartered Accountants be re-elected and that they be appointed at a fee of one hundred and fifty guineas. I have much pleasure in seconding that.The Auditors THE TREASURER do a very good job of work; they spend quite an appreciable amount of time at the Institute watching my activities and those of others. I am certainly very pleased to second the proposal. The proposal was put to the meeting and carried. MR. E. J. VAUGHAN: I have very great pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to the Auditors. I am not going to say anything about their work; 230 1 I think all members know what good work they do. We have a large yro- gramme in front of us this afternoon and so I will very sincerely thank the Auditors for the work which they have done. The vote of thanks to the Audators was carried. SPECIAL BUSINESS ITEM I-RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND. THEPRESIDENT: That concludes the ordinary annual business and I now pass to the special business.Let us first of all deal with motions (1) and (2) which I think we can quite easily take together. The Treasurer has already mentioned this question of Homes for Old People and the question of the method of finance which is now made possible through our new Charter. These two motions are accompanied by an explanatory memorandum setting out how we are going to deal with the matter. I now formally move:- (1) That the Council of the Institute be and are hereby authorised under the powers exercisable by the Institute under or by virtue of the new Royal Charter approved by His Majesty the King in Council on 4 March 1949 as and when such new Charter niay be granted to establish a Charitable Trust to be known as the Resi- dential Clubs Fund for the purpose (inter alia) of assisting &s may be thought expedient or desirable a Charitable Scheme known as Crossways Trust Limited or any other similar organisation constituted with the object of providing resi- dential houses and other accommodation and facilities for the benefit of persons who by reason of age or infirmity and the inadequacy of their means are in need thereof and in particular for the purpose of providing and maintaining or assisting in providing and maintaining such accommodation and facilities for members and former niembers of the Institute their wives widows and dependent relatives under a new Trust Deed to be framed in such terms and to contain such provisions as may be apfiroved by the Council of the Institute.(2) That pending the subscription of suficient monies to be provided by members of the Inslitute and others for the proposed new Trust to be known as the Residential Clubs Fund for the purposes of the said Fund the Council of the Institute be and are hereby authorised in exercise of the powers vested in the Institute under or by virtue of the new Royal Charter when granted to make available for the time being from the general funds of the Institute to the said Residential Clubs Fund when established (subject to repayment without interest out of such subscription monies) such sum not exceeding a total of L6,OOO as will enable that Fund to carry out any arrangements whereby the whole or part of such money may be subscribed or advanced to Crossways Trust Limited or other similar organisation to be applied for the benefit of members or former members of the Institute their wives widows or dependent relatives who are in need as aforesaid upon such terms as the Com-mittee administering the said Fund may approve.THE TREASURER I think the only thing you will want to hear from me is about the residential clubs scheme; we are really getting on with this project. We have joined in a Trust and the first club will be established in the very near future. A number of professional societies have got together and we have of course to provide funds. Very broadly speaking-you must not take this figure as exact-something like L1,OOO will be wanted to get a home for one elderly person.In order to get the thing going the Council decided to advance-and I emphasize the word “advance”-fl6,000 from Institute funds but we shall very shortly be launching a general appeal on behalf of this very excellent idea and that appeal being successful,-and we have every reason to believe it will be successful-then the Institute will be reimbursed. We are not appealing for annual subscriptions on behalf of these residen- tial clubs; we are appealing for a capital sum; and I do hope that when the appeal is made everybody will search their hearts to see what capital sum the! [ 231 3 can give in the same way as when we started up the Benevolent Fund. Then also. as we cannot hope to get quite all the money necessary you will have the alternative of giving money on loan at a fixed rate of interest so that instead of leaving your money in the Post Office Savings Bank or something else you can get similar interest possibly more (I have got to be very careful about “possibly more”) by advancing the money to something in which your own professional Institute is really interested.That gives you the broad picture. It differentiates clearly between the annual income which we want for the Benevolent Fund and this capital sum which we want for the homes for elderly people. That we shall get a fair amount of money for capital I have no doubt at all; we have already been promised sums. I myself feel when we make the appeal many people will give donations and more people will add to those donations much larger sums on which they will receive interest.That is the broad picture and the matter will be gone into in more detail later. THEPRESIDENT: The motions are now open for discussion. There being no discussion the motions were put and carried unanimously. SPECIAL BUSINESS ITEM 2.-AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS 43 AND 49. THEPRESIDENT: I now pass to the third motion. At a recent meeting of the Council it was decided to put this important resolution on the Agenda; there is again an explanatory memorandum. I now formally move That under the powers exercisable by the Institute under OY by virtue of the new Royal Charter when granted By-Law 43 of the By-Laws of the Institute be amended by adding to the existing By-Law after the words “any British subject” the words “or any citizen of Eire” and By-Law 49 of such By-Laws be amended by adding to the existing By-Law after the words “any British subject” the words (‘orany citizen of Eire,” such amendments to come into operation and take effect as soon as the same shall be allowed by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honour- able Privy Council.The motion is now open for discussion. DR.M. A. PHILLIPS: In view of the rather confused legal interpretation of the position of the citizens of Eire and in view of the fact that there has been no legal ruling given whatever and no precedent established in the Courts as to the standing of citizens of Eire under the Act which was passed by the Southern Ireland Government and its interpretation in Westminster I presume this resolution has been gone over extremely carefully by our own legal advisers and that there will be possibilities of having it amended if there is any alteration or definition made in British law between now and the next Annual General Meeting.THEPRESIDENT: I can assure you that it has been gone into with the utmost care. We are informed that this resolution is quite in order and so far as any future modification is concerned I should very much doubt whether this will be necessary. At the present time all people of British nationality are eligible. All we are doing is to make it possible for citizens of Eire to be eligible. If any juggling with Acts of Parliament makes the Irish British citizens again they then are doubly entitled to be members of the Institute.Ever since the Institute was in existence we have had Irish members and now simply because of the drafting of our By-laws we have not to exclude those who are already members but would have to exclude future ones. All we are asking you to do is to open the door whereby those future ones may come amongst us. MR. C. L. CLAREMONT: You have very skilfully skated over it all if I might venture to say so but the By-Laws say “any British subject.” In view of certain things that have happened in the last forty-eight hours we do not know 232 1 exactly what a British subject is and we certainly do not know what a citizen of Eire is. I am not being funny; it is perfectly correct. The British National- ity Act does not say “a citizen of Eire though not a British subject shall nevertheless not be an alien.” That is not what the British Nationality Act says at all.It says for certain purposes they will not be regarded as aliens. In view of all the circumstances that have arisen since the Council no doubt considered this matter I think this motion ought to be withdrawn or at any rate postponed until a future occasion. After all you cannot say as is stated here “the present proposal is not therefore to be regarded either as establishing a precedent for or as prejudicing the subsequent consideration of the admis- sion of citizens of any other State.” It does establish a precedent If you do this you cannot contract in on one thing and out on another. Sir Stafford Cripps himself in another connection said “YOUcannot have your cake and eat it.” Why should the Irish? I have nothing against the Irish as such as citizens of Eire but this seems to me to be a very very difficult legal and to some extent political matter which has been brought up.I personally feel very strongly that it should not have been proposed to-day and that it should be either withdrawn or postponed. MR. A. L. BACHARACH: I take the diametrically opposite view if only because it is entirely news to me that anything done in connection with Ireland can possibly constitute a precedent for anything. (Laughter.) We need to show a little common sense in this matter especially as we are a body of pro- fessional men. I might even dare to say scientific professional men but for some of the remarks I have heard.What we are asked to decide is whether or not we wish certain English-speaking chemists living within a clearly defined area to be members of our own professional institution. We are advised by our lawyers that we can agree to do this if we wish and I am sure that most of us do wish it. Questions about nationality and membership of the British Commonwealth and other constitutional and legal questions have nothing to do with us and we ought not to decide them even if we had any power to do so. We are not asked to create a precedent but to decide a specific issue. Let the future look after itself and let us pass this motion. DR. J. G. FIFE:It is with great regret that I oppose anything put forward by you Sir but on this matter I feel very strongly.Ever since this Institute has been founded it has bcen a fundamental rule that to be a member of the Institute you must be a British subject. In my opinion the status of a British subject is a very honourable one it carries with it certain responsibilities and it carries with it certain privileges. I see no reason why those privileges should be shared by citizens of Eire whose Government has chosen to leave the Commonwealth. (“Hear hear.”) We cannot object to them leaving the Commonwealth but as Mr. Claremont has said they cannot have their cake and eat it. The British Nationality Act of 1948 was passed before Eire became a Republic and I think there is very grave doubt as to the opinion expressed by the Government of the United Kingdom that these people are not aliens.May I say in that connection I am not alone. There was a letter in The Times and in the Daily Telegraph from Serjeant Sullivan K.C. a very distinguished Irish lawyer who stated specifically that in his opinion he was now an alien and he could no longer practise in the Courts in the United Kingdom. There are at least two possible interpretations. I do not think if we failed to pass this resolution we would be doing any injustice to members who are citizens of Eire because a citizen of Eire can declare himself a British subject; he may have to give up being a citizen of Eire but he has that alternative. There is one last point; if we pass this resolution it may well be a definite affront to our loyal members who are resident in Ulster; those men and women of that Province have sided with this country in good times and bad and I would not [ 233 1 like to have anything done by this Institute which may be interpreted as an affront to those of our members who are resident in Ulster.(Applause.) PROFESSOR J. W. COOK May I say a word in support of this resolution. It seems to me that the issue is perfectly clear and simple. ilie are not con- cerned with interpretations of the British Nationality Act. The only issue is “Do we or do we not want to allow our friends on the other side of the Irish Sea to remain in the Institute and to allow our colleagues as chemists an oppor- tunity to come in?” We understand they would like to remain associated with our Institute.Do we on this side of the Irish Sea wish to keep them in the Institute? I think that most of us do and therefore we should pass this resolution. MR. K. F. INNES: I am in sympathy with Dr. Fife and Mr. Claremont and not with our friends on the other side of the water whom we would normally like to see in the Institute but who are part of a body of people who denied us the rights of using the Irish ports in the Great War which was really sub- mitting us to a rather severe risk. Again there is the point about the people who belong to Northern Ireland; they evidently would be exactly in the same position as people in the South. We know that there is great feeling on this. A MEMBER:They are equally good Fellows. Mr. R. F.INNES: As Field Marshall Smuts said “You cannot be in the British Empire and not at the same time.” If our friends across the water have decided to leave the British Empire then I am afraid they have forfeited their right to expect membership of our professional bodies. Mr. HAROLD I do not think it is germane to the matter that we STEVENSON should raise political issues. Speaking for Manchester Manchester men have enough common sense to know what this motion is supposed to do. I accord-ingly support the motion. PROFESSOR Anyway the colleagues of ours whom we F. CHALLENGER wish to retain as members are probably in any circumstances not responsible -having far too much to do to bother with politics-for the rather Gilbertian situation which has arisen.MR. C. L. CLAREMONT I cannot call it Gilbertian as the last speaker did. But this resolution says that you will amend two By-Laws by adding “or citizen of Eire” if you read the By-Laws it says “that the Council may elect as Fellows.” I do not think your resolution affects those that are already Fellows. That is quite clear may I say that at once. The people THEPRESIDENT who are already members remain members. It is a question of new members only. MR. C. L. CLAREMONT: In that case there is all the more reason for not having this resolution. I can only suggest one alternative which you might prefer. In these days when so much is being thrown down the drain why not delete the words “British subject” and insert say “any person” in your By-Laws? The motion was put to the meeting and was carried.MR. H. 11. THORNTON: Might I say a word of thanks? I did not intervene in the discussion because I felt that in anything bearing on political factors I was starting at a very great disadvantage. It is the right of every citizen to criticise his Government to his heart’s content so long as he is at home but when he is abroad I think it is his duty to refrain from such criticism. It would be equally quite improper for me as a visitor to this country to criticise any decision of the British Government. I would therefore have found myself entering this discussion virtually gagged which is no way for any self- respecting Irishman to enter a political discussion! I do want to say a word of [ 234 1 thanks to the Council for dealing with this difficulty in the way they did when it arose and to this meeting for having passed this resolution.In the Dublin Section we are members because we want to be members of the Institute we want to continue to be members and we want those who follow us to have the same opportunities as we have had. On a point of order it is rather important. Might I DR. M. A. PHILLIPS suggest that the Council might consider between now and the next meeting or perhaps before then the position of those who are and will be subjects of the Government of India? THEPRESIDENT: May I say straight away that that is quite outside the purview of this meeting but if you like to write to the Secretary and ask him to bring it to the notice of the Council I have no doubt that can be considered in due course.THEPRESIDENT: It is now my duty to read to you my Presidential Address. MY. G. Roche Lynch then delivered his Presideiitial Address (see p. 164). THEPRESIDENT: In conclusion I would like to say a few words about the officers who have contributed so much to my term of office. I would especially express my grateful thanks to our Honorary Treasurer; knowing something of the labour which he has put into the Institute’s financial affairs and the success he has achieved I would give you one word of advice and that is to hold on to him and not to let him go. I would mention with gratitude the work he has done for the Sections and the complete examination that he has made of our finances which has not only resulted in an increase of the capital value of our assets but an increase in the interest therefrom To the Secretary and the Registrar I desire to pay the warmest tribute and to say with feeling that no President has had more loyal support and both have given of their best to the welfare of the Institute.bliss Cawston is very well known to you and words fail me to express my admiration for her whole-hearted work for the Institute. I well remember in 1928 when I first became an examiner seeing Miss Cawston busy on the top floor where the examinations were held cleaning beakers and doing all those things which are necessary for the conduct of a practical examination. I do not think that there is anything she would shirk doing if she felt that it was for the good of the Institute.I would desire to mention her contribution to the preparation of the Register which as I have said has been a hard task because without her knowledge and experience coupled with hard work this would have been an almost impossible task. Mr. Raymond relatively a newcomer has contributed much to the Institute’s affairs and the work on the improvement of the Journal may be attributed largely to him. I think that this sphere of his activities will be of the greatest importance. To Mr. Winder and Mr. Arnold and indeed to all the office staff I would express my appreciation and would say that I should doubt if any organisa- tion is better served and has a more loyal band of workers. There remains to mention my successor Professor Cook.I would offer my personal congratulations to him and I am sure that I can add those of the meeting here to-day but I would especially congratulate the Royal Institute of Chemistry on his acceptance of this office. Cook needs no tribute from me as you all know full well his remarkable career and I feel that the Institute in future years will be proud to record that one of its Presidents was Cook. would remind him that one of his predecessors in the Regius Chair of Chemistry at Glasgow was George Gerald Henderson also a Past President of the Institute so he has a standard to live up to. Professor Cook may I in my final words this afternoon say that I wish you every success and that I will do anything in my power to help you? i 23.5 .PROFESSOR J. W. COOK:May I thank you Mr. President-or should I say Mr. Past President because I am not quite sure at this moment just who is President?-very sincerely for the very kind terms in which you have referred to my election. I have already thanked the Council for doing me the very great honour of nominating me to this high office in the Institute and I should like now to give my sincere thanks to the members for confirming the nomination by electing me. I realise that it is in some measure a tribute to the office which I hold in the University of Glasgow. As you have just reminded me a predecessor in that office was in his day a very highly esteemed President of the Institute and on looking around one finds that the Scottish Universities have made a not insignificant contribution to the activities of the Institute; your own predecessor whom we are very glad to have amongst us this afternoon was Professor Findlay of Aberdeen.I was interested a few hours ago in looking at the original Charter which is displayed on the table of the Council Room to see that one of the original Vice-presidents of the Institute was John Ferguson who was the predecessor of George Gerald Henderson at Glasgow. This is a time of particular significance in the affairs of an institution such as this Institute. You in your address have drawn our attention to some of the important changes which have taken place and which must be considered. It is too early yet to see what is the appropriate answer to some of the problems which are confronting the Institute and which are going to confront the Institute.One thing is however quite certain and that is that the Institute is going to grow in stature and in influence. I should now like to express thanks to you on two counts; on the one hand for your service as President during the last three years and on the other hand for the delightful address to which we have just listened. I need say very little about your activities; those who are members of the Council and Com- mittees know them well. Ladies and gentlemen the Institute has been very fortunate in having had the guidance of Dr. Roche Lynch during these past three years. He has presided over the deliberations of the Council always in a very kindly manner and yet with firmness when occasion demanded giving us advice and pointing out to us occasions as Professor Morton said when some- times it is wiser to take no action at all than to do something.One of our Vice-presidents who is here this afternoon when he heard of my nomination to the office of President gave me some advice and warned me that I must not attempt to bully the Council. Dr. Roche Lynch never did that-and I am sure no President ever attempted to bully the Council-but by his guidance and wisdom he was always able to lead the Council. It is a matter of congratulation that we shall continue to have the benefit of his advice because he will remain as Vice-president. In regard to his Presidential address we have listened to it with great pleasure; the information which he has given us was very interesting and the way in which he has drawn attention to some of the many very important probleJns which will confront us and which we shall consider was very helpful.I shall not dwell on this any longer but ask you to express in the usual way your appreciation of the services of Dr. Roche Lynch during the last three years and of his Presidential address. (Applause.) The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. THEPRESIDENT: Thank you very much for that very kind ovation. There is just one other thing. It is clearly my duty and I am sure you will agree with me that we should ask the Secretary to convey to the Univer- sity of London our grateful thanks for the use of this Hall this afternoon.The proceedings then termiyzated. OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1949-50 PRESlDENT JAMES WILFRED COOK PH.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. VICE-P RESlDENTS FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.Sc. HANS KRALL B.A. MSc. REGINALD P.4TRICK LINSTEAD C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.R.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. JOHN AUGUSTUS ORIEL c.B.E. ni.c. M.A. BSC. ERNEST THOMAS OSBORNE O.B.E. M.A. HON. TREASURER DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT- JONES B.Sc. PH.D. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL CYRIL CLIFFORD ADDISON PH.D. DSc. F.INsT.P. Nottingham. HARRY BAINES D.Sc. HON. F.R.P.S. London. GEORGE MACDONALD BENNETT C.B. Sc.D. F.R.S. London. HERBERT EDWARD BLAYDEN B.Sc. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees-side) .NORMAN BOOTH B.Sc. PH.D. London. FREDERICK CECIL BULLOCK B.Sc. East Midlands and South Yorkshire. HAROLD BURTON PH.D. D.Sc. London. RAYMOND RENARD BUTLER M.Sc. F.I.I.A. Liverpool. RALPH CLARK CHIRNSIDE London. HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER C.B.E. M.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. London. WILLIAM MURDOCH CUMMING O.B.E. D.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. Glasgow. GEORGE JAMES DENBIGH M.Sc. Leeds. FREDERICK PERCY DUNN B.Sc. A.R.C.S. London. CHARLES FORRESTER K-i-H. PH.D. A.H.-W.C. F.INsT.F. A.M.I.CHEM.E. F.R.S.E. The Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. ARTHUR CLARENCE FRANCIS A.H.-W.C. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) . JOHN GAIUS ASHWELL GRIFFITHS B.A. PH.D. London. SIRWILLIAM THOMAS GRIFFITHS D.Sc. F.INsT.P. London. FRANCES MARY HAMER M.A. D.Sc. Sc.D.London. CLIFFORD WALTER HERD BSc. PH.D. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia. DOUGLAS WILLIAM HILL PH.D.. D.Sc. Manchester. LOUIS HUNTER PH.D. D.Sc. Leicester. SAMUEL HARRY JENKINS PH.D. D.Sc. Birmingham. ERIC MILLWARD JOINER BSc. A.C.I.S. Birmingham and Midlands. WALTER TDRIS JONES B.Sc. PH.D. M.I.CHEM.E. London. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT D.Sc. M.I.CHEM.E. London. FREDERICK MEASHAM LEA O.B.E. D.Sc. Walford. ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD B.Sc. PH.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. Eire. WILFRED HERBERT LINNELL PH.D. DSc. :London. BERNARD DUNSTAN M’ILKINSON LUFF Liverpool and North-West Coast. THOMAS MALKIN PH.D. D.Sc. Bristol and South-Western Counties. FREDERICK GEORGE MANN Sc.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Cambridge. JOHN THOMPSON MARSH M.Sc. F.T.I. Manchester and District.MAMIE OLLIVER M.Sc. Cambridge. ISAAC ARTHUR PREECE M.Sc. PH.D. Edinburgh and East of Scotland. HAROLD CECIL SMITH MSc. PH.D. Coventry. ROY BROWN STRATHDEE O.B.E. T.D. M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. Aberdeen and North of Scotland. DAVID TRATLL B.Sc. PH.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland. HARRY WEATHERALL Liverpool. WILLIAM DIJDLEY WILLIAMS B.Sc. A.M.I.CHEM.E. M.INsT.PET. Wales and the County of Monmouth. CECIL LEERUKN WILSON M.Sc. PH.D. Northern Ireland. HERBERT NEWTON WILSON Middlesbrough. FRANK GEORGE YOUNG PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. London. [Place names in italics refer to registered addresses of General Members oj Council; Roman lettering is used to indicate tevritories represented by DiscVict Members of Council.] 237 > CENSORS 1949-50 THE PRESIDENT ex-officio ALEXANDEKFINDIAY CBE MA D.Sc LLD SIR IAN'MORRIS HE~LB'KON~ F.R.S.6.s.o"Dsc *LL.~.; GERALD ROCHE LYNCH. O.B.E.. MTB.. B.S.. D.P.H. ' ~. WILIAhI WARDLAW C.B:E. D.Sd. ~ COMMITEES FOR 1949-50 COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL Finance and House Committee THE PRESIDENT AND THE HONORARY TREASURER* WITH H BAINES J. G. A. GRIFFITHS c. w. HERD D. w. HILL H. KRALL w. H. LINNELL i;. ROCHE LYNCH hl. OLLIVER AND J. A. ORIEL. Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee THE PRESIDEST G. ROCHE LYNCH*, E. T. OSBORNEt AND THE COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. Publications and Library Committee THEPRESIDENT WITH F. CHALLENGER* F. P. DUNK C. W. HERD D. W. HILL L. HUNTER S. H. JENKINS E. hl. JOINER €3. D. W. LUFF T. hIALKIN M. OLLIVER AND c.L. WILSON. Special Purposes Committee THEPRESIDENT* THE HON. TREASURER AND E. T. OSBORNE WITH AS MAY BE INVITED BY THE CHAIRMAN SUCH OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL TO PARTICIJLAR MEETINGS. STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Advisory Committee on Indian and Pakistani Affairs H. B. DUNNICLIFF A. FINDLAY C. FORRESTER H. KRALL* E. T. OSBORNE AND SIR JOHN SIMONSEN. Appointments and Economic Status Committee THE PRESIDENT N. BOOTH R. P. LISSTEAD* J. A. ORIEL E. T. OSBORXE and F. G. YOUNG WITH SUCH OTHER MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE AS MAY BE INVITED BY THE CHAIRMAN TO PARTICULAR MEETINGS. Benevolent Fund committee THEPRESIDENT AND THE HON. TREASURER* WITH THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE D. M. FREELAND AND E. hl. HAWKINS. Residential Clubs Fund Committee THE PRESIDENT AND THE HON.TREASURER* WITH THE FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE (MISS) E. A. M. BRADFORD AND E. M. HAWKIKS. Scientific Courses Committee F. CHALLENGER* WITH THE PUBLICATIONS AKD LIBRARY COM- MITTEE C. C. ADDISON N. BOOTH C. FORRESTER F. M. HAMER W. H. LINSELL I. A. PREECE AND D. TRAILL. AD HOC COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE Committee on Revision of By-Laws. THE PRESIDENT* WITH A L BACHARACH L V COCKS G E DODDS A. FINDLAY E. M. JOINER D. w. KEB+-JONES H. KRALL G. 'ROCHE LYNC'H E. T. OSBORSE. Membership Committee THEPRESIDENT AND THE CHAIRAIAS OF THE PUBLICATIOXS AND LIBRARY COMMITTEF (F CHALLENGER*) WITH L V COCKS A FINDLAY C W HERD E M JOIVEK w. IDRIS JOSES G. ROCHE LY'KCH T.' M'ALKIN 'R.' B. STKATHDEE' D. TR~ILL,'AND 'F. R WILLIAMS. Patents Committee D.H. HEY* W. H. BALLANTYNE F. B. DEHN G. DRIKG AND J. G. FIFE. * Indicates Chairman. t Indicates Vice-chairman. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON JOINT COMMllTEES The Chemical Council (for 1949) R. C. CHIRNSIDE A. FINDLAY G. ROCHE LYNCH AND THE HON. TREASURER. Joint Council of Professional Scientists H. W. CREMER A. FINDLAY SIB WILLIAM GRIFFITHS R. P. LIh'STEAD AND THE SECRETARY. Joint Library Committee (for 1949) A. L. BACHARACH H. BURTON H. W. CREMER AND A. FIKDLAY. Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY G.ROCHE LYNCH E.T. OSBORNE R. W. SUTTOK E. J. VAUGHAN WITH THE REGISTRAR. Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists A.L. BACHARACH J. W. COOK J. A. ORIEL AND E. T. OSBORNE WITH THE SECRETARY. Joint Committee with the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers on Contracts of Service N. BOOTH R. C. CHIRNSIDE J. F. J. DIPPY A. FINDLAY J. T. MARSH J. A. ORIEL E. T. OSBORNE F. ROFFEY W. WARDLAW AND F. R. WILLIAMS. Joint Committees on National Certificates (a) with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) H. V. A. BRISCOE R. C. CHIRKSIDE, H. W. CREMER A. FIKDLAY AND J. A. ORIEL. (b) with the Scottish Education Department J. W. COOK G. 1;. DODDS AND K.B. STRATHDEE (c) with the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) A. K.ADA!%@S AKD C. L. WILSOS. ; 238 ; REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES The Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (for 1949) A.FINDLAY AND H. J. T. ELLINGHAM The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act. 1933) Statutory Appointment G. KOCHE LYNCH The Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 D. H. HEY U.K. Food and Agriculture Organisation Consultative Committee A. L. BACHARACH The Headmasters' Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour K. L. COLLETT The National Committee for Chemistry of the Royal Society E. T. OSBORNE. The British National Committee of the World Power Conference J. G. KIXG The Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution G. M. BENNETT The British Chemical Ware Manufacturers' Committee dealing with Key Industries (Scientific Equipment and Materials) A. H. COOK The Oils Fats and Waxes Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute W.H. SIMMONS The Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes D. W. HILL. BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELL0WSHIP 1949-50 Chairman THE PRESIDENT Representatives of the Nominations Examinations and Insfitutions Committee G. M. BENNETT H. BURTON F. CHALLEKGER AND W. H. LINNELL. Examiners for the Associnteship D. H. HEY B.Sc. Ph.D. (LOND.) M.Sc. (WALES) D.Sc. (MANC.) THOMAS GIBSON PEARSON Ph.D. (DUNELM) DSc. (LoND.) Examiners for the Fellowship *Branch A.-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: WILLIAM WARDLAW C.B.E. D.Sc. (DUNELM). *Branch B.-PFYSICAL CHEMISTRY:R. G. W. KORKISH hl.A.Sc.D. (CANTAB.) F.R.S. CHEhfIsTRY D. H. HEY B.Sc. Ph.D. (LoND.) h1.k. (WALES) *Branch C.-~RGANIC D.%. (MANc.). Branch D.-BIOCHEhiISTRY R. A. MORTON Ph.D. D.Sc. (LIv.). Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRY INCLUDING h1ICROSCOPY OF FOOD AND DRUGSAND OF WATER GEORGE PH~RMACOLOCYMICRO)SCOPY C. H. HAMPSHIRE TAYLOR 0 bE. THERAPEUTICS AND C.M.G. M.B.' B.S. B.Sc. (LoND.)) hl.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. Branch F.-AGRICULTC.RAL R. 0. DAVIES M.Sc. (WALES). CHEMISTRY Branch G.-~NDVSTRIAL (GENERAL W. PRESTON hf.Sc. Ph.D. CHEMISTRY CmhircAL TECHNOLOGY) (LoND.) h1.I.Chem.E. Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. CHEMISTRY: Branch H.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL R. C. CHIRNSIDE AND J. HASLAM M.Sc. (VICT.). AND THE TREATMENT AND TRADE W. GORDON CAREY.Branch WATER SUPPLY OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS Oral Examinations H. V. A. BRISCOE D.Sc. (LoND.),Chairman; J. R. NICHOLLS C.B.E. D.Sc. (LoND.). * For candidates accepted under the old Regulations. HON. AUDITORS 1949-50 EDWARD QUEXTIN LAWS B.Sc. KENNETH ALAN WILLIAMS B.Sc. Ph.D. M.Inst.Pet. AUDITORS 1949-50 MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY ROBERTSOX & CO. Charfered Accountants. SOLICITORS MESSRS.MARKBY STEWART & WADESONS 6 Bishopsgate London E.C.2 BAN KERS THE WESTMINSTER BANK LTD. Bloomsbury Branch 214,High Holborn London W.C.1 SECRETARY HAROLD JOHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM B.Sc. 1'h.D. (LoND) A.R.C.S. M.I.Chem.E. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. REGISTRAR RONALD LESLIE COLLETT M.B.E. M.A. (CANTAB.) F.R.I.C. DEPUTY EXECUTIVE OFFICER LEONARD WILLIAM RAYMOND I.S.O.B.A. BSc. (LoND.) A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. PRINCIPAL ASSISTANT SECRETARY ISABEL CAWSTON ASSISTANT SECRETARY ASSISTANT REGISTRAR D. A. ARNOLD A.C.I.S. L. W. WINDER DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS FRIDAYS 20 MAY 17JUNE 16JULY 21 OCTOBER 18 NOVEMBER 16DECEMBER 1949;20 JANUARY 17 FEBRUARY 17 MARCH 1950. [ 239 THE SOCIAL SIDE OF THE ANNIVERSARY CELE BRATIONS (Contributed by a member of the London and Soutlt-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute.) When we look back in a few years’ time and think about the emergence of our lives from the drabness of war to a gayer and more graceful era the Annual General Meeting of 1949 and its associated functions will have a prominent place in our memories. The business side of the two-day pro- gramme is described elsewhere but it is inevitable that the excitements of official transactions and debates should be the province of that minority who at the time are taking their turn at guiding the Institute’s affairs.It was a happy and significant feature of the social events of the 1949 Anniversary that they served as a stage for the Institute as a whole. The success achieved has put the Institute in the debt of its friends first amongst whom must be reckoned its own servants. The staff of the Institute it was quite evident had surpassed themselves in energy and skill to make possible the entertainment of the members. Anyone who has had anything to do with the management of large-scale social events must have been struck by the apparently effortless smoothness of the arrangements.This means staff work of the first order. To the authorities of the University of London also must go abundant thanks. A very large part of its premises was placed at the disposal of the Institute its servants co-operated closely with the Institute staff and every- thing was done to surround the visitors with cordiality and dignity. While members were attending the Annual General Meeting in the Senate House of the University in the afternoon of 29 April a large party of their ladies-including many from outside London-went to a Dress Display kindly arranged by the British Rayon Federation at their house in Upper Grosvenor Street. Here they saw a wide range of modern fabrics displayed as apparel for diverse occasions or as furnishings.This interlude was greatly enjoyed and thanks are due to the Federation for organising such a fine display and for entertaining the party to tea. In the evening of Friday 29 April more than 500 members of the Institute and their ladies were received at a Conversazione in the Senate House by the retiring President Rlr. G. Roche Lynch and Miss S. B. Roche Lynch and by the President-Elect Professor J. W. Cook and Mrs. Cook. The guests proceeded up the magnificent ceremonial stairs to be received and then-guided by members of the Committee of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section who kindly acted as stewards-inspected the many rooms of Senate House which had been opened. Many features of the building attracted attention particularly the large decorative map of London in the Chancellor’s Hall on which are shown the locations of the various schools of the University The University Library was open and special collections of rare and interesting bindings were displayed.The range of books drawn to the attention of the guests must be taken as a compliment to their taste paid by the University Librarian a compliment all would be happy to acknowlcdge. Later the company moved to the MacMillan Hall for refreshments. A most attractive and generous buffet supper was served prepared entirely in the University’s own canteen. Every guest received constant and courteous attention from the University’s servants throughout supper. The Institute’s ow-n buildings were open at the same time.The coldness of the night may have prevented some of the members from crossing the courtyard but those who did were able to see much of the background to the Institute’s organisation. There was an excellent display of charts showing how the Institute has grown and how its members are distributed. The staff stayed on the whole evening to answer questions and there could be no doubt in the mind of anyone who went round that the Institute is fortunate in its permanent staff of all ranks. Throughout both University and Institute buildings the floral decorations were in excellent taste. If one is to sum up the Conversazione in one impression it is of the academic aspect of the Institute’s life. For once the vigorous pursuit of everyday affairs was left behind and the members refreshed their minds by assuming the cloak of dignity for a short hour.It is altogether proper that they should do so. Oq Saturday 30 April there was a number of visits to prominent labora- tories. The warmest thanks are due to the Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington and to the Directors of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. United Dairies Ltd. and The General Electric Company Ltd. for the hospitality provided. A wide range of chemical work was seen at each labora- tory. For example at the Glaxo Laboratories Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Dr. Macrae explained the functions of the laboratories and then showed the visitors work on synthesis of thyroxine radioactive tracers in penicillin and many physical methods of analysis.Here as elsewhere the tour was most enjoyable and informative and the hospitality generous. One feature marred all these functions-there were quite a few empty places. Seeing that many more requests had been sent in than could be met it seems a pity that those who changed their minds did not return their tickets so that others who had been disappointed in the ballot for places could have gone. On Saturday the Honorary Secretaries’ Conference was held. A notable service that these conferences have rendered the Institute of recent years is that they have eliminated that feeling of difference of outlook between London and the Provinces which was once so much in evidence. The meeting takes the form generally of friendly round table discussion with one’s mind solely on the interests of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry.An opportunity for more intimate discussion between individual Hon. Secre- taries and the Officers was provided during luncheon and at one or two small tea parties held after the conference. Again the arrangements made by the organisers were excellent. The Annual Dinner and Dance at Grosvenor Home was altogether delightful. Mr. Roche Lynch who was the Chairman and Miss Roche Lynch again received the guests. A telegram was sent to His Majesty the King Patron of the Institute in the following terms “May it please Your Majesty the President Council and Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry assembled at their Annual Dinner tender their loyal and respectful greetings to Your Majesty and express their grateful thanks for the new Charter which Your Majesty was graciously pleased to grant to the Institute on the fourteenth day of this month.” During the course of the evening the following reply was received from His Majesty’s Private Secretary and was read to the gathering “The King sends his sincere thanks to the President Council and Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry dining together this evening for the kind message of loyal greetings.His Majesty as Patron of the Institute wishes it all prosperity under its new Charter.” As at last year’s luncheon the speeches were few pointed and not too serious. In proposing the toast of The Royal Institute of Chemistry Lord Goddard Lord Chief Justice of England said that what mattered at a dinner was not r 241 1 what the food was like but what the man sitting next to you was like.He had never previously met the Institute but in the Courts they had a great admiration for its President. Mr. Koche Lynch had been a familiar figure there for many years he had been one of the most helpful witnesses one of the fairest witnesses and one of the most dangerous witnesses to cross-examine. He (Lord Goddard) always advised young men going in for the Law never to cross-examine Koche Lynch if they could help it-he was so dangerously fair1 Lord Goddard said he was delighted to have met so many members of the Institute and he wished it every success. Mr. G. Roche Lynch replying said that he was profoundly grateful to Lord Goddard for advising young men not to cross-examine him! He was very pleased and proud to have been President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry for the past three years.He had started as a medical man and later when the Institute received him into its fold he had vowed to do everything possible for its welfare. He had held some office in the 1nst:tute for the past 21 years and he looked forward to two more years’ service as a Vice-president. He was very glad that the Institute held these Anniversary Meetings. Last year’s meeting in Birmingham had been a great success and he hoped they would continue to hold them in London and in the large provincial cities in years to come. They did a great deal of good; they told the public what chemists were and what they stood for and brought home to everyone the importance of chemistry in every phase of daily life.Referring to the Presidential Badge which he had worn for the first time on the previous day Mr. Roche Lynch thanked all those who had so generously given the materials and their services to create such a unique and valuable jewel.* He then handed over the Badge to Professor J. W. Cook the new President amid loud applause. Professor Cook rising to propose the toast of “The Guests,” thanked Mr. Roche Lynch for the manner in which he had handed over the Badge to him. He recognised that the retiring President had set a standard difficult to attain. During the period of his Presidency the Institute had gone from strength to strength.They were delighted that so many distinguished guests had honoured them with their company. The Lord Chief Justice had given them much encourage- ment. Very many sister institutions were represented. They welcomed particularly the Vice-Chancellor of the University of London which had extended to them such generous facilities on the previous day. Professor E. C. Dodds Master of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries replied. It was a great privilege to respond for the guests a privilege he assumed was his because of the antiquity of the Company he represented He had enjoyed many years of friendship with the retiring President and with the incoming President. He thought the Institute was wise to have hospitable functions such as this it was important that occasions of this kind should be continued.Dancing followed to bring to a close a very successful programme. Those members who were fortunate enough to be in London for the Anni- versary will agree that it has again advanced the standing of the Institute and contributed to the closer union of its members. No community can be static nor can its advance be promoted solely by concentration on pro-fessional matters. The social aspect is subsidiary but essential. This year all those who were responsible for the programme and its execution deserve the praise and commendation of the whole Institute. * A description of the President’s Badge of Osee will be included in the next issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. [ 242 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 18 March 1949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-The Council learned with great satisfaction that at a meeting of the Privy Council held on 4 March H.M.The King had been pleased to approve the grant of a new Charter to the Institute in substitution of the original Charter of 1885 and the Supplemental Charter of 1944 and that the grant of the new Charter might be expected to be made before the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Professor Findlay for having taken the initial steps towards obtaining the new Charter and for having taken a leading part during his Presidency and since in furthering this important project. Professor Findlay described the new Charter as a landmark in the history of the Institute and referred particularly to the great opportunities it would provide for advancing the profession of chemistry.He expressed the hope that removal of any territorial designation from the title of the Institute would open up a wider scope for service to qualified chemists throughout the British Commonwealth and perhaps even beyond. At the request of the Dublin and District Section consideration was given to the position of citizens of Eire who were no longer ips0 facto British subjects as regards their eligibility for admission to membership or studentship of the Institute. Following discus- sion it was resolved by a majority to submit to the Annual General Meeting on 29 April a resolution to amend By-Laws 43 and 49 by adding the words “or citizen of Eire” after the words “British subject.” (See minutes of the Annual General Meeting p.232.) The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. H. G. A. Anderson for the valuable services he had rendered to. the Institute as Hon. Secretary of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section over a period of many years. It was noted that he would be succeeded in that office by Mr. W. G. D. Wright. The Council learned with satisfaction that steps were being taken to constitute the new South-Western Counties Section and that there was a move to form another Local Section of the Institute centred on Dundee. A report was received that all the Fellows nominated by the Council as Officers and General Members of Council and Censors (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 11 122) had accepted nomina- tion.The following were appointed to act as scrutineers in connec- tion with the ballot for the election of Officers and General Members of Council:-Dr. K. G. A. Pankhurst Mr. H. S. Rooke and Dr. H. G. Smith. [ 643 ] On a report by an officer of the Building Research Station on means for improving the acoustics of the Council Chamber it was agreed that the furniture be re-arranged as soon as possible in accordance with the recommendations and that the thanks of the Council be accorded to Dr. F. M. Lea for obtaining the report. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14 March) was largely concerned with the presentation of the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 1948 and a draft of the relevant section of the Annual Report of the Council.Recommendations on certain proposed modifications in the form of the Balance Sheet and resolutions relating to transfers to reserve accounts and “special activities accounts” and to the depreciation of certain assets were adopted. The section of the draft Annual Report of the Council dealing with Finance House and Staff matters was approved. Other parts of the Report of the Committee dealt with a pro-visional budget for 1949; membership matters including the removal of seven Associates who were in arrear with their annual subscrip- tions and had not replied to repeated requests for payment; a recommendation to purchase a new addressing machine; an estimate of the cost of display charts to be exhibited at the Anniversary Meetings.The Council adopted a recommendation of the Committee that in future any balance remaining in the accounts of a Local Section at 31 December in a given year be not deducted from the annual grant paid to the Section in respect of the ensuing year. It was recognised that this decision would enable Local Sections to use funds unexpended in any year towards financing their activities in the following year and thus give greater latitude to Section Committees in organising their programmes over successive years. It was agreed that in view of the improved scale of annual grants recently adopted and of this new concession Local Section Com- mittees should be able to keep expenditure within the amount of the funds available to them and should not endeavour to organise more events than could be effectively run with their resources.Only where there were exceptional reasons why a Local Section should incur expenditure beyond those resources should they expect to receive any supplementary grant. Applications for supplementary grants for such exceptional purposes should be made in advance and would be considered on their merits. Benevolent Fund.-The Report of the Benevolent Fund Com- mittee (14 March) referred inter alia to:-financial statements for the year ended 31 December 1948; draft of the Section of the Annual Report of Council on the Benevolent Fund; current cases; Residential Clubs for Old People.2-44 A loan of l15 was made to a Fellow in temporary financial difficulties due to impending change of occupation. The case of the widow of an Associate with four children two of school age and two who had only recently taken employment was reviewed in the light of further information on help being given by other members of the family and on the health of the two younger children. It was agreed that the regular grant previously made to the widow be maintained but that the case be kept under con-tinuous review owing to the probable failure of one of the other sources of support. It was agreed to continue for a further month a small grant to the wife of an Associate who had been in hospital following a nervous breakdown and had now resumed work but was not in a position fully to maintain his wife and children.The Council adopted a recommendation of the Committee that resolutions be submitted to the Annual General Meeting authorising the establishment of a Residential Clubs Fund under a new Trust Deed and giving power to the Council under the new Charter to transfer from the general funds of the Institute to the Residential Clubs Fund such sum as would enable that Fund to meet its im- mediate obligations until adequate resources had been secured from members and other well-wishers (see p. 231). It was agreed that on the adoption of these resolutions by the Annual General Meeting an appeal be made for financial support for the Residential Clubs Fund and that the Officers be charged with drafting such an appeal for issue at an appropriate time by the Residential Clubs Fund Committee to be set up to administer the Fund.Nominations Examinations and Institutions.-The Council received and adopted the Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (18 February) and an Interim Report of the Committee (18 March) and candidates recommended for election were duly elected to the appropriate grades. The name of the Borough Polytechnic London was added to the list of Institutions recognised for training candidates for the Asso- ciateship. The Council recorded its grateful appreciation of the work of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe retiring Vice-president as Chairman of the Sub-committee for Oral Examinations and expressed the hope that he would be willing to continue to act in that capacity.It was agreed that in this connection Professor Briscoe be appointed an Examiner. Mem bership.-The resignations of four Fellows and two Asso-ciates were accepted with regret. The deaths of three Fellows and two Associates were reported. [ 245 3 Status Privileges and Employment of Members.-The Council received a further report on steps being taken in conjunction with other bodies to further the interests of biochemists in hospitals. The concern of the Institute was not only with salaries but also with securing that hospital biochemists received such training as would enable them to give the best service in these appointments.It was agreed that Professor J. W. Cook and Professor F. G. Young be invited to act on behalf of the Council in further informal discussions with other bodies on these matters. A Special Committee was appointed to consider and report to the Council on the possibilities of closer co-operation with the British Association of Chemists in the interest of the profession with special reference to a report of the Joint Consultative Com- mittee of the B.A.C. and the Institute which had recently been presented to the Councils of the two bodies. Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (17 March) was largely concerned with the draft Report of the Council for 1948.Subject to certain minor amendments the draft Report was adopted for submission to the Annual General Meeting. It was resolved that subject to the concurrence of the Society of Maccabzans the Meldola Medal for 1948 be awarded to Ralph Alexander Raphael. On a report by the Assessor for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1948 that none of the six essays submitted by Registered Students was worthy of an award it was agreed that no award of of the Medal and Prize be made for 1948. Conclusion.-The President expressed thanks to the Officers and Members of Council for their co-operation and help during his term of office. Professor Findlay as one of the retiring Vice-presidents expressed on behalf of the Council cordial appreciation of the great work done by Mr.Roche Lynch during his Presidency which had been a period of outstanding advances in Institute affairs. The Treasurer voiced the thanks of the Council for the antique clock which the President had presented to the Institute and which had been mounted on the mantelpiece of the Council Chamber. Council Meeting 20 May 1949 Constitution al an d Ad mini strat ive Matte rs.-Great satisfaction was expressed at the fact that the new Charter had been granted on 14 April and had been available for exhibition to members at the Anniversary Meetings. It was resolved that copies of the new Charter be distributed to all corporate members of the Institute as soon as possible and that steps be taken to give publicity to the [ 246 ] amended title of the Institute and to make appropriate changes in the Seal.It was learned that the Committee on Revision of By-Laws was proceeding with its detailed work and a recommendation of the Committee that sections of the By-Laws dealing with “acts dis- creditable to the profession” be referred to the Censors for con- sideration and report to Council was adopted. The attention of the Committee was drawn to the resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting (see p. 232) to make citizens of Eire as well as British subjects eligible for admission as members or students of the Institute. On the understanding that the Committee was con-sidering the desirability of making any further relaxation of the nationality restriction on admission to the Institute it was agreed to refer to the Committee the following resolution submitted by the Dublin Section:- “That the Dublin Section recommends to Council that the new By-Laws be such that admission to membership of the Royal Institute of Chemistry be without nationality restriction.’’ The Council received the section of the Report of the Twentieth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections dealing with suggested changes in the constitution of the Council (see p.264) and noted with satisfaction that there was general agreement with the proposals put forward by the Council and with a suggested scheme for giving effect to these proposals except as regards the nomination and election of District Members of Council and their period of service.It was agreed that this section of the Report be referred to the Committee on the Revision of By-Laws with the request that in preparing their report to Council they take due note of the recommendations made by the Conference. Following the unanimous decision of the Annual General Meeting (see p. 231) to establish a new charitable Trust for the Institute to be known as the Residential Clubs Fund consideration was given to the terms and provisions of the draft of a Trust Deed prepared by the Solicitors to give effect to the resolutions passed by the Annual General Meeting. The terms of the Trust Deed were approved and the document was signed and sealed. The President reported on the success of the Anniversary Meetings of the Institute held on 29-30 April 1949.A tribute was paid to the work of the Secretary in making the arrangements and of the Principal Assistant Secretary and members of the Institute staff in putting them into effect. The cordial thanks of the Council were accorded to the authorities of the University of London for making available the facilities of the Senate House for the Annual General Meeting and the Conversazione and to the Directors of the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington Glaxo Laboratories [ 247 ] Ltd. The General Electric Co. Ltd. United Dairies Ltd. and the British Rayon Federation for giving permission for visits to their establishments and to their staffs for exhibiting features of interest to members. Grateful thanks were also expressed to the following members of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute who had kindly given their services as Stewards at the Conversazione Mr.Stanley Stevens (Principal Steward) Dr. Joane H. Bowes Dr. J. G. F. Druce Dr. Frances M. Hamer Dr. C. W. Herd Mr. T. McLachlan and Dr. Ridland Owens. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. D. W. Menzies for the valuable services he had rendered over a period of years as Honorary Secretary of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section. It was noted that he would be succeeded in this office by Dr. H. G. M. Hardie. Approval was given in principle to a proposed amendment of the Rule of the Liverpool and North-Western Section relating to the management of the Section and it was agreed that effect be given to this amendment pending the completion of a general revision of the Section Rules.The President reported that he had been present at the in- augural meeting of the South-Western Counties Section held at Exeter on 14 May and that the new Section was now formally const it uted. A petition was received from members in the Dundee area for permission to form a new Local Section to serve the Counties of Angus and Perthshire and that part of Fife lying north of Loch Leven and the river Leven. On the understanding that the proposal to establish this new Local Section had the support of the Com- mittees of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section and the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section the petition was accepted and the provisional committee was authorised to proceed with the constitution of the new Section.From a report .of the Advisory Committee on Indian and Pakistani Affairs (23 March) it was learnt with some disappointment that proposals to form five Local Sections of the Institute in the Dominion of India had not been put into effect except as regards the Bangalore Section which had been fully constituted. Con-sideration had been given by the Committee to means whereby further action in this matter might be stimulated and it was agreed to recommend publication in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the substance of the report on the profession of chemistry in India submitted by Professor Findlay to the Council on his return from that country. On the advice of Dr.Fowler it had been agreed not to proceed with arrangements for holding an examination for the Associateship in India in 1949 but to consider at a later date the practicability of doing so in future years. [ 248 1 Dates of Council Meetings in the session 1949-50 were settled (see p. 239) but a decision on the date and place of the Annual General Meeting 1950 was deferred. The Council then proceeded to appoint Committees and their Chairman and representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees and other bodies for 1949-50 (see pp. 238-9). In making these appointments it was decided to make no substantial changes in the personnel of the three Ad Hoc Committees of the Institute as these Committees were about to complete important parts of their work and were in course of preparing reports on these matters for sub- mission to the Council.It was also agreed that in view of the great diversity of subjects that came up for consideration by the Special Purposes Committee and by the Appointments and Economic Status Committee it would be desirable to appoint only a small nucleus of members of these Committees and to authorise their Chairmen to invite others to particular meetings at which subjects in which they were specially interested were coming forward for discussion. Dates were fixed for meetings of those Committees that were accustomed to meet at regular intervals. Finance House Staff and Membership Matters.-The section of the Report of the Twentieth Conference of Honorary Secretaries dealing with Local Section grants was received and the views of the Conference stated therein were noted.The last annual subscriptions paid by two Fellows over the age of seventy were accepted as Life Composition fees. The congratulations of the Council were expressed to Mr. H. B. Weeks Fellow on his having completed over sixty years of member- ship. The deaths of five Fellows three Associates and two registered Students were reported. Charitable Funds.-A statement was received on the constitution of Crossways Trust Ltd. and on the allocation to the Institute’s Residential Clubs Fund of nominations for three residents in the first Club to be established under the Crossways scheme. Authority was given to lend L3,OOO from Institute funds to the Residential Clubs Fund pending the acquirement by that Fund of adequate resources to meet its obligations to Crossways Trust and to any other organisa- tions with which the Institute might become associated for the provision of residential accommodation for elderly people.It was agreed that the Residential Clubs Fund Committee be asked at its first meeting to prepare and issue an appeal for financial support for the Fund. Nomi nations Examinations and Instit utions.-The Council received reports of the N.E. & I. Committee (18March and 20 May) [ 219 ] including reports of the Sub-committee for Oral Examinations and of the Board of Examiners (11 May). Elections to the Associate- ship and to the Fellowship were made in accordance with recom-mendations contained in these reports.The Council learnt with satisfaction that Professor H. V. A. Briscoe had consented to continue to act as Chairman of the Sub- Committee for Oral Examinations. Status Privileges and Employment of Members.-A statement was received on the implications of new regulations made by the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the call-up of science and engineering students completing full-time studies in 1949. The effect of these regulations was likely to be to limit the number of qualified chemists becoming available in the near future for employ- ment in industry and in view of the urgent need for increasing the supply of such chemists in the interests of the production drive it was agreed to consult with other organisations concerned in considering action that might be taken in the matter.A letter was received from Dr. J. G. Fife referring to features of the Patents and Designs Bills which were likely to affect the interests of chemists and to the prospect of the amendment of certain objec- tionable features being made in Committee in the House of Lords. It was agreed to take up through the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee any outstanding questions when the Bill reached the House of Commons. Discussion took place on a report of the Special Committee of the Institute on relations with the British Association of Chemists (13 April). It was decided that discussions with the B.A.C. on the general question of closer co-operation between the two bodies be not pursued further at present but that the Joint Consultative Com- mittee be kept in being to deal with specific points raised by either of the bodies.A letter was received from the Honorary Secretary of the Cape Section drawing attention to the disadvantage at which members of the Institute in South Africa were placed through not being able to insert a “business card advertisement” in the publications of the South African Chemical Institute as members of that Institute were permitted to do. It was agreed to refer this matter to the Censors for consideration in their examination of the By-laws relating to ethical practice. Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-The sections of the Report of the Twentieth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections not previously discussed were received and the section dealing with the development of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was referred to the Publications and Library Committee.The Council endorsed a recommendation by the Committee of the Manchester and District Section that the Sixth Dalton Lecture be given in Manchester by Sir Charles Goodeve O.B.E. F.R.S. on 24 November 1949. A proposal was received from Mr. L. A. Wiles Associate for the of inclusion in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIXGSinformation on the availability of unusual chemical substances required for research purposes. Proposals of this kind had been considered previously and the Council confirmed its earlier conclusion that the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS of the Institute would not be a suitable medium for the dissemination of such information even if arrangements for its collection could be made.Approval was given to recommendations of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education on the endorsement of National Certificates in Chemistry and Applied Chemistry in connection with the extension of the National Certificate scheme to chemical engineering. External Relations and Publicity.-The Council accepted a pro-posal by the Chemical Council that for 1948 the net maintenance cost of the Chemical Society’s Library be divided among the constituent bodies on the basis accepted for 1946. The contribution of the Institute was 42.3 per cent.and the amount due from the Institute in respect of 1948 was Ll,l88 19s. 4d. A letter was received from the Chemical Council referring to an Interim Report of the Committee of Enquiry on Publicity for British Chemistry set up by the Chemical Council in April 1948. It was agreed that as the proposals relating to publicity by means of the press were such as to need detailed consideration decisions on the matter be deferred until the next meeting of the Council. Statements were received on conversations with Dr. A. H. Spong a former Chairman of the Cape Section and on correspon- dence with Mr. F. J. T. Grigg Chairman of the New Zealand Section on relations between the Institute and the corresponding Chemical Institutes in their respective countries.It was agreed that means for closer co-operation among Chemical Institutes in the Common- wealth be further explored. Minutes of a meeting (4 April) of the British National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society) were received. The President agreed to accept an invitation from the Queen’s University of Belfast for a representative of the Institute to attend the commemoration of the centenary of the foundation of the University as Queen’s College Belfast to be held on 25-30 September 1949. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 26 April 1949. 1. The Second Interim Report of the Committee of Enquiry on Publicity for British Chemistry was approved. 2. It was reported that the composition of the Chemical Advisory Panel for the Festival of Britain 1951 was as follows:-Dr.R. P. Linstead (Chair- man) Dr. G. M. Bennett Dr. F. H. Carr Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Professor A. Findlay Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Professor E. I<. Rideal Dr. E. H. Rodd Dr. W. D. Scott. 3. Further consideration was given to a suggested Chemical Council appeal for funds for publication of scientific papers and for Abstracts and the maintenance of the Library of the Chemical Society. 4. The Council agreed to contribute the sum of L570 'is. 8d. towards the maintenance costs of the Library of the Chemical Society for 1948 and to ask the three Constituent Bodies the Faraday Society the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists and the Biochemical Society to contribute towards thc maintenance costs for 1949 on the basis of membership with due allowance for overlap.5. Joint Student Facilities under the Joint Subscription Scheme were granted to four applicants. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the University Union Aberdeen on 4 May with Dr. R. B. Strathdee in the chair. Mr. D. W. hlenzies resigned from the position of Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded him for his services during the past four and a half years. The office-bearers for the forthcoming year were elected as follows:-Chair- man Dr. R. 13. Strathdee; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Dr. H. G. M. Hardie; Hon.Auditor Mr. D. W. Menzies; Committee Dr. W. T. H. William- son Dr. M. B. Watson Dr. R. H. Thomson Messrs. J. E. Bowen E. A. Bradford and H. J. Gregson. No committee members from Dundee were elected in view of a proposal that Dundee and District should form a LocaI Section of the Institute separate from the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of which Dundee are at present members. On 5 May the Frankland Memorial Lecture which was originally delivered at Birmingham on 96 January was repeated by Dr. L. H. Lampitt at Univer- sity College Dundee. The chair was occupied by Principal D. N. Wimberley and at the close of the lecture Rlr. A Dargie proposed the vote of thanks. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 30 March 1949 in the Royal Avenue Hotel and the following officers and committee for 1949-50 were elected:-Chairman Mr.A. N. Adamson; Hon. Treasurer Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary Mr. C. S. i\lcDowell; Com- mittee Messrs. S. McConaghy B. S. Dunn R. Groves and J. McG. Jackson. On 5 May members visited the Ballyclare Paper Mills and were conducted on a tour of the Laboratories and Mill by RZr. P. Faichney who afterwards entertained them to tea. The thanks of the Local Section are due to Mr. Faichney who made the visit an outstanding SUCCCSS. [ 252 j The Local Sections of the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society held a meeting with the Micro-chemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists on 10 May.This joint meeting was very successful thanks to the efforts of Dr. C. L. Wilson who made all the arrangements. The following papers were read:-“Quantitative Inorganic Paper Chroma- tography,” by Dr. Alice Lacourt and co-workers read by Dr. Cecil L. Wilson; “Some Microchemical Problems associated with Plant and Animal Nutrition,” by Mr. Stewart McConaghy (Department of Agricultural Chemistry Q.U.B.); “The Microchemical Determination of Oxygen in Organic Compounds,” by Dr. W. T. Chambers (British Rubber Producers’ Research Association \Velwyn Garden City). Birmingham and Midlands.-Some 70 members attended the Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 30 March 1949 with Dr. H. C. Smith occupying the chair. The Committee’s Report which had been circulated and the Financial Statement were considered and duly approved.The new Committee was elected as follows:-Chairman Dr. H. C. Smith; Vice-Chair- man Dr. S. H. Jenkins; Treasurer Dr. D. 1%’. Parkes; Secretary Mr. E. M. Joiner; Committee Mr. G. Barnett Mr. F. G. Broughall Dr. H. Coates Miss R. M. Fentiman Mr. E. G. I<. Pritchett Dr. P. D. Ritchie Mr. Garfield Thomas Mr. L. A. Walker and Mr. R. J. Winterton; Assistant Secretary Mr. Frank Brown. Cordial thanks for their services were expressed to Mr. A. Churchman and Professor M. Stacey the retiring members of the Committee. Mr. J. H. Bennitt and Mr. S. A. M. Thompson were re-elected Auditors. At the conclusion of the business the film “htomic Physics” was projected. Judging by its enthusiastic reception the film was much enjoyed by an audience which by this time numbered more than 200.At a Section meeting held on 26 November 1948 Mr. E. M. Joiner Member of Council opened a discussion on “How can .Jourml and Proceedings be Improved ? ” Mr. Joiner said it was the desire of the Publications and Library Committee to recommend the improvement and enlargement of Journal and Proceedings as soon as circumstances were favourable and expressions of opinion by members would be helpful to the Committee in deciding future policy. The present Journal compared very well with its contemporaries but that did not mean that it could not be improved. A constructive critical approach was needed. The Journal was an important part of the Institute’s activities and had a wide publicity.It was a direct link between Council and the member- ship; indeed it could be used much more effectively than at present for this purpose. Often it provided potential members and students with first impressions of the Institute. If the present Journal was increased in size a part-time or full-time Editor would almost certainly be necessary. Some suggestions for improvement had already been made. These included (a)the introduction of professional matters of a controversial nature-and its corollary-a correspondence column (b) a feature on chemical education (c) the publication of notes on new chemical apparatus and other matters of this nature not included in other journals (d) the separate and more frequent publication of the more ephemeral matter.In the subsequent discussion the following suggestions were forthcoming (1) The proceedings of Council and local Committees should be more fully reported. (2) A larger type and a shorter length of line would be beneficial. (3) Book reviews should be included. (4) The Journal should be scrapped and essential material incorporated in Chemistry and Industry. (5)The impersonal tone of the Journal amounted to dignity run riot. (6) Page numbers should be [ 253 ] at the top. (7) Notes about prominent personalities in the chemical profession would be of much interest. (8) Overseas news would be welcome. (9) Safety precautions should be published. (10) Professional matters ripe for discus-sion should be ventilated in the Journal.Bristol and District.-All winter meetings of the Section were held jointly with The Chemical Society and the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and with the exception of the special Gloucester events took place in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Bristol. Attendances on the whole were very good with an average of 90 which justified the Com- mittee’s decision to hold meetings during the 1948-49 session at the later time of 6.30 or 7 p.m. On 13 January Dr. T. Malkin presided over a meeting at which Professor W. H. Linnell read a paper on “The Relationship between Constitution and Physiological Activity in Organic Compounds.” Following the lecture there was an excellent discussion and Mr.G. H. Moore proposed a vote of thanks. On 10 February Dr. F. H. Pollard local representative of The Chemical Society was in the chair and introduced the lecturer Dr. A. S. C. Lawrence of the University of Sheffield who spoke on “The Stability of Emulsions.” Following the discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. D. Eley. On 17 February the meeting was devoted to the Society of Chemical Industry Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Synthetic Fibres An Historical Survey of the Development of Some Synthetic Fibrous Materials,” which was delivered by Mr. H. V. Potter Chairman and Managing Director Messrs. Bakelite Ltd. Mr. E. H. Jones Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry presided. As is usual with Jubilee Memorial Lectures there was no discussion.The vote of thanks was proposed by the Chairman. On 3 March Rlr. E. H. Jones again presided and two papers were read one on “Cider Fermentation,” by Professor B. T. P. Barker and the other on “Wine Fermentation,” by Dr. P. F. Fraser. Considerable discussion arose after the lectures largely as a result of the local interest in fermentation processes. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. L. H. G. Barton Secretary of the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. On 17 March the Annual General Meeting of the Section was held. Dr. T. Malkin and Mr. F. P. Hornby retired from the Committee in rotation and Mr. R. Harrison (Gloucester) and Mr. E. G. Whittle (Bristol) were elected to fill the vacancies. Dr. T. Malkin as District Member of Council will remain an ex-officio member of the Committee.Mr. B. W. Minifie was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer and hlr. H. S. Howes and Dr. H. J. Willavoys were re-elected Hon. Auditors. At a later date the new Committee elected Mr. E. Lewis as the new Chairman of the Section. Following the Annual General Meeting Dr. Malkin in the chair introduced Mr. A. L. U’addams of Shell Chemicals who spoke on “Synthetic Detergents.” Following an interesting discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by hlr. E. Lewis. On 25 March a “Careers” talk and Brains Trust was held at Gloucester Technical College Gloucester. The following members of the Institute took part:-Dr. T. Malkin Messrs. E. H. Jones G. H. Moore E. Lewis B. W. Minifie. Mr. R. Harrison Gloucester made arrangements at the College and 125 schoolchildren and others \+-erepresent in the audience.A full report of the proceedings will be found on p. 188. Also on 25 March a meeting was held in Urch’s Cafe Southgate Street Gloucester. About 25 members of the Institute The Society of Chemical Industry and The Chemical Society assembled to discuss the possibility of arranging meetings in north Gloucestershire during the coming winter session. Members of the Plastics Institute were also present. Dr. T. Malkin took the [ 254 ] chair and made a short opening speech in which he gave the reasons for the meeting and said that the Committee would be pleased to have suggestions from the members present. Mr. E. H. Jones Chairman of the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry spoke on behalf of that body and hoped that the North Gloucester group would be able to hold joint meetings in the same way as the main part of the Section at Bristol.The meeting was then thrown open to discussion. Mr. Ellis asked how many members there were in N. Gloucestershire and Mr. Collins suggested that the present gather- ing might be the number to be expected at any meeting. Mr. Tribley suggested that a sub-committee should be formed in the area and on the proposal of Mr. W. Harrison seconded by Mr. Aldred the suggestion was carried. An exploratory sub-committee with powers to arrange meetings for the next session was then elected-representatives of the three Chartered bodies and the Plastics Institute being suggested as constituent members.Those elected were :-Royal Institute of Chemistry Mr. R. Harrison ; Society of Chemical Industry Mr. H. T. Tribley; Chemical Society Mr. Bradley; Plastics Institute Mr. T. Halse. At the close of the meeting the members partook of buffet refreshments and this allowed time for informal discussion. Cardiff and District.-At the Fourteenth Annual General Meeting held on 13 May 1949 the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman Dr. Julius Grant; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. G. Kerman; Hon. Auditor Mr. S. Dixon; Committee Mr. H. F. Adams Mr. S. J. H. 0. Chard Mr. G. H. Macadam Dr. N. M. Cullinane Mr. T. Evans and Mr. E. C. H. Lawrence. East Anglia.-On 4 March at Nonvich under the Chairmanship of Dr.Corran Mr. H. F. Bamford gave a lecture on “The Chemist in the Chocolate Industry.” (For summary see p. 223.) During the subsequent discussion criteria of quality the effects of lecithin in the mix and other aspects of the manufacture of chocolate were enlarged upon. At Ipswich on 11March Mr. E. 0.Philipps gave an interesting lecture on “Fatty Oils as Rau- Materials in Chemical Industry.” Mr. G. H. Whyatt occupied the Chair. The Annual General Meeting was held at Ipswich on 9 April when 25 members were present. The Hon. Secretary reported on the nine lecture meetings held during the session and thanked the members for their general support. The following Officers and Committee were elected for the forthcoming session:-Chairman Mr.R. S. Colborne; Hon. Treasurer Mr. T. P. Dee; Hon. Secretary Dr. J. Williams; Committee Dr. S. H. Edgar Messrs. B. J. Balfe H. F. Bamford F. Ellington H. A. Perry and P. J. Platt; Hon. Auditor Mr. G. H. Whyatt. A hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Chairman and members of Committe was proposed by the Hon. Secretary. Dr. Corran has been actively connected with the Section since its inception both as Secretary and finally as Chairman and Dr. Williams was able to testify from his own personal experience to the value of Dr. Corran’s efforts in both offices. The retiring members of the Committee (Dr. Swann and Mr. Cyril Hall) had also played their part and the good wishes of the Section were accorded Dr. Swann on his impending departure. Professor F.Challenger who attended the meeting gave an account of proposed improvements in the Journal and other publications of the Institute after which a discussion took place on these and other topics of general interest towhich Dr. C. W. Herd (District Member of Council) also contributed. The thanks of the Section to Professor Challenger voiced through Dr. Swann expressed the members’ appreciation of his visit. [ 255 ] East Midlands.-On 17 March a students’ symposium entitled “Careers in Chemistry” was held at Nottinghani Technical College. Dr. G. M. Dyson spoke on “Industrial Careers,” Professor L. Hunter on “Academic Careers” and Major A. Sumner on ‘‘Civil Service Careers.” Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Vice-president took the chair for this meeting which was attended by about 500 students and scholars.A full account of the symposium is on p. 185. On 31 hlarch at the Technical College Kottingham Dr. T. G. Pearson read a paper on “Physical Chemistry and Metallurgical Research.” A survey was given of the applications of physical chemistry to metallurgical problems arising from the manufacture of aluminium. The wide range of physico-chemical measurements described by the speaker offered ample scope for discussion which was both lively and searching. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Midland Hotel Derby on 28 April with Dr. H. H. Barber in the Chair. The following new Officers and Committee were declared:-Chairman Mr. F. C. Bullock; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. E. &I.Bavin; Committee Messrs. R. Davidson W. Hunter C. W. Korth G. F. Hall J. K. Rowlands C. F. IVard L. P. Priestley S. W. Atherley and Dr. G. M. Dyson. X lecture was then given by Dr. C. Whitworth on “Some Properties of Explosive Combustion in Gases.” During the discussion several speakers expressed the regret felt in the Section at the impending departure of Dr. Whitworth from the area and expressed the hope that he would return at some future date to talk to the Section on a similar topic. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Three meetings have been held in the hTorth British Station Hotel Edinburgh and one meeting in the University of St. Andrews in recent months. On 13 January Dr. T. K. Bolam Lecturer in Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh lectured on “Amphipathic Behaviour in Colloid Systems.” Mr.R. C. Chirnside spoke on 24 Feburary on the subject “Analytical Chem- istry Chemical Analysis and the Analyst.” The lecturer on 17 March was Dr. F. N. Woodward whose title was “Recent Trends in the Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products in North America.” These meetings were held in Edinburgh. On 25 February a very well attended meeting was held jointly with the University of St. Andrews Chemical Society in United College St. Andrews. Professor C. E. H. Bawn of the University of Liverpool gave a lecture entitled “Free Radicals and Hydrocarbon Chemistry” (for summary see p. 221). Members of the Section are asked to note that a Dinner-Dance has been arranged for the evening of Tuesday 29 November and will take place in Messrs.R. & T. Gibson’s Restaurant Princes Street Edinburgh. Tickets will cost 16s. each. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Sec- tion was held in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 18 March 1949 under the Chairmanship of Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. (Vice-chairman of the Section). The Minutes of the Annual General Meeting held on 27 February 1948 were read by the Secretary and adopted. Copies of the Committee’s report for 1948 had been circulated to all members and the Secretary added his thanks to the Secretaries of the other chemical bodies for their ready co-operation during the past year. The Secretary Mr. H. G. A. Anderson tendered his resignation and this being accepted the meeting elected Mr.G. W. Desmond \:right as the Hon. Secretary. [ 256 ] ’The new Committee was then declared as follows:-Chairman Mr. -4. I<. Jamieson; Vice-chairman Professor J. W. Cook F.H.S.; Hon. ’Treasurer Dr. A. C. Syme; Hon. Secretary Mr. W. C;. Desmond Wright; Committee Professor F. S. Spring Professor Hugh Nicol Professor J. Norman Davidson Dr. J. D. Loudon Mr. J. M. Malcolm Mr. D. M. Ross and Mr. ’CV. Watson. Dr. W. Good was re-appointed as Hon. Auditor. The Chairman paid warm tribute to the two retiring members of the Committee Mr. H. G. A. Anderson and Dr. J. C. Eaton. The meeting was then addressed by Professor J. Mi.Cook F.R.S.. who spoke on “The Fourth South American Congress of Chemistry,” giving a comprehensive survey of his experiences at the Congress.These proved most interesting as they were backed by historical and geographical sketches of the people and country of Chile. At the conclusion of the lecture acordial vote of thanks was expressed by 3lr. W.S. Ritchie. At a Committee meeting of this Section held on 5 April 1949 Mr. \Yilliam (;ibb Tvas appointed as Assistant Secretary. Huddersfield.-On 19 January in the Huddersfieltl Technical College Dr. G. M. Bennett C.R. F.R.S. gave a lecture entitled “Liquid Crystals.” The lecture was beautifully demonstrated and was an account of the unusual physical states of one-and two-dimensional order existing near the melting points of some organic compounds as manifested by the anisotropy of the melts.Members of the Sixth Form of Huddersfield College were welcomed to this lecture by the Chairman Dr. E. H. Goodyear. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. T. Ritchie and seconded by Mr. L. G. Cratchley. On 8 February at Fields Cafk. Huddersfield Dr. J. B. Firth Director of the North-Western Forensic Science Laboratory delivered a lecture entitled “Some Applications of Science in the Detection of Crime.” Members of the Borough Police Force were welcomed to this meeting. The lecture describing some of the methods by which criminal acts had been proved was copiously illustrated by lantern slides and lasted for about two hours. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. N. Hall seconded by Mr. Stopford and carried with acclamation. The 29th Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Icields Cafe Huddersfield on 16 March.Dr. B. H. Goodyear presided. The reports of the Hon. Treasurer (Mr. T. Ritchie) and the Hon. Secretary clearly indicated the healthy interest of members in the Scctional activities. The attendance at the five meetings held during the Session was not less than one-third the Section membership and two Works Visits and the Annual Dance had been strongly supported. Mr. R. Raw and Mr. T. Waterton were elected to the Committee in the places of Mr. T. Hanson and Mr. H. S.Pink who retired by rule. The vote of thanks to the retiring committee members was proposed by Mr. T. Simmons. It was noted that an entry for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize had been received from a Student of the Section and on the occasion of this the first entry from the Huddersfield Section the Committee were anxious to draw the attention of all Students in the Section to this competition.There being no other business the meeting adjourned. Immediately following the Annual General Meeting there was held an ordinary meeting to which the Chairman (Dr. E. H. Goodyear) welcomed lady lisitors. A programme of scientific films was shown which gave to the visitors some indication of the industrial work of scientists and in particular chemists. Leeds Area.-.A Symposium on “Physical Methods in Chemical Analysis” was held at the Bradford Technical College on 19 March 1949. The meeting 957 which aroused very great interest antl was exceptionally well attended was organised by the Bradford Chemical Society with the support of the Leeds and Huddersfield Sections of the Institute the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists the Textile Institute and the Bradford Textile Society.The following papers submitted by local chemists were discussed :-“Polarographic methods in the analysis of com-mercial hydrosulphites and related compounds,” by W.Furness; “Polaro- graphic analysis of sodium ethylenediaminetetra-aceticacid (Trilon B) ” by W. Furness P. Crawshaw and \V. Cule Davies; “The use of the Spekker photo- electric adsorptiometer in the determination of dermatitic dyestuff -inter- mediates,” by R. L. Elliott R. €3. Bentley and Miss J. J. Burns; “-4pplication of optical crystallographic methods in qualitative analysis.” by N.H. Harts-horne; “Partition chromatography applied to the analysis of the structure of wool,” by S. Blackburn; “Determination of the composition of binary mixtures by a dielectric method,” by IV. R. Moore; “=\ ncn. apparatus for measuring the density of fibres,” by S. H. Mhatre and J. 31. Preston. An exhibition and demonstration of apparatus by contributors and well- known manufacturers was held at the same time and proved very popular. Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool on 7 April. The Chairman announced the Committee’s election of Chairman and Vice-Chair- man for the next session. Since there had been an excess of nominations over Committee vacancies a postal vote was necessary; the voting papers were scrutinised during the meeting and the results are given below.Officers of the Section were elected on individual proposals from the meeting. The Hon. Treasurer Mr. G. W.Beaumont who was retiring dealt with the financial side of the Section’s activities and reported the position as satisfactory particularly the recent arrangement under which the Section grant would be received at the beginning of the year. The Committee’s election of the new Treasurer was announced. An amendment was proposed to Section rule (3) which is concerned with the management of the Section. In the amended rule there is provision for the co-option of representatives from areas other than Merseyside.Officers and Committee for the forthcoming session are as follows changes being in italics :-Chairman J. F. Clark; Vice-chairman M. Crawford; Hon. Treasurer B. D. W. Lujf; Hon. Secretary J. Ashley-Jones; Hon. Assistant Secretary N. Heron; Hon. Recorder G. P. Gibson; Hon. Auditors L. V. Cocks and P. N. Williams;Ex-officio H. IVeatherall and R.R.Butler (Members of Council) B. D. W.Luff (District Member of Council); Committee T. P. Hilditch C. ?V. Matthews S. Paul L. J. Burrage E. Reid Frank J. Smith G. H. Turner G. W. Beaumont Frederick J. Smith and J. Sowler. Subsequent to this meeting Members of Council have been elected two of whom are in the Section. There are therefore two vacancies in Committee to be filled to serve the terms of Messrs J.I;. Clark antl H. Weatherall. At the conclusion of the business of the Annual General Meeting a short address was given by the Secretary of the Institute Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham under the title “Service to Chemistry and Chemists.” There was a brief discussion afterwards in which hfessrs. B. D. W. Luff G. H. Turner B. H. Chorley N. Heron G. Ikin and H. Pritchard took part. A vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. L. V. Cocks and seconded by Mr. P. N. Williams. A special lecture was held at Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool on 5 May. It consisted of a repetition of one Section of last November’s con- ference on “Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” The lecturer was Dr. L. J. Burrage of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.General Chemi- cals Division Research Department Widnes. The well illustrated talk was [ 258 ] followed by an intcrtal for tea. There was a small exhibition of safety equipment that had been developed in the Research Department’s labora- tories. In view of the special nature of the subject a number of visitors were present and were welcomed by the Chairman Mr. H. Weatherall. A most profitable discussion took place afterwards. Three of Dr. Burrage’s col- leagues-Mrs. Dickenson and Messrs. McConnell and Barton-testified to the efficacy of the safety measures in the I.C.I. Laboratories at Widnes and a number of relevant questions were asked and answered. Those who took part in the discussion were Messrs. H. Weatherall E. T. Williams A.D. Scott E. Myer Killcross Mills Hewitt G. H. Bottomley and R. S. Robinson. Subjects discussed included :-smoking in laboratories the handling of oleum rubber gloves as an additional hazard in dealing with oily liquids face masks for persons with glasses the state of cleanliness in the laboratory. 9Ir. C. If-. Matthews proposed and Mr. A. H. Johnson (Safety Officer Messrs. J. Bibby and Sons Ltd.) seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Burrage for a most excellent lecture. Thanks was also expressed from the Chair to Mr. J. Ashley-Jones and Mr. N. Heron who had made the arrangements for the meeting. On 19 February a meeting was held at the Mining and Technical College Library Street Wigan. Owing to illness Professor Challenger was unable to be present and Miss M.I. Simpson lectured in his place under the title “Recent Work on some Sulphur Compounds in Plants and Animals” (for summary see p. 217). Mr. H. Weatherall Chairman of the Section introduced the lecturer. A brief discussion followed in which Messrs. Crosbie Winstanley Stuart and Harrison took part. Dr. M. Crawford proposed and Mr. Haigh a student of the College seconded a vote of thanks to Miss Simpson. Another meeting outside Liverpool took place on 2 March in the Muni- cipal Technical College Victoria Square JVidnes. hfr. Weatherall Chairman introduced Mr. J. F. Clark the Vice-chairman who discussed “Analytical Chemistry as a Profession.” vigorous discussion followed the lecture to A\ which Messrs. H. Weatherall X. Heron I;.R. Sherliker G.Stepto J. Ramskill and F. P. Johnson contributed. Mr. G. IT’hite proposed and Mr. I<. Housley seconded a vote of thanks to the lecturer. Several lectures have been arranged by the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee. Mr. V. Biske gave a lecture entitled “The Law and the Chemist,” on 26 January under the auspices of the British Association of Chemists. The Institute sponsored the lecture “Some Recent Studies in Diazo-Chemistry,” by Dr. H. H. Hodgson on 3 February (for summary see p. 208). On 12 February members of the Institute had an opportunity of hearing a lecture by Messrs. C. G. Hands and W. S. Norman on “Development in the use of Climbing Film Stills for Distillation of Heat Sensitive Materials,” arranged jointly by the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institution of Chemical Engineers Xorth-Western Branch.The Chemical Society arranged a special lecture on 24 February on “The Chemistry of Macrocyclic Molecules” by Professor Prelog. Finally a most comprehensive Demonstration of Scientific Apparatus was held on 30 March under the auspices of the British hssociation of Chemists. The series of lectures at Chester arranged jointly by the Institute of Petroleum Stanlow Branch the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry has been continued. Professor T. P. Hilditch gave a lecture on “Some Aspects of the Selective Hydrogenation of Fats” on 9 February (for summary see p. 214) and Slr. G. C. Eltenton lectured on 16 March under the title “Mass Spectrometric Determination of Free Radicles in Cracking and Combustion.” Members of the Institute were also invited to a number of lectures held outside Liverpool and arranged by the Society of Chemical Industry as [ 259 1 foll~Ju?,:-\\’isan 18 Januarj.“iLIicroclit.inica1 Method5 of .\naly4s,” b! 1;. 1’. Johnson; Lancastcr 21 January “Nitration,” by Professor C. I<. Ingold; Preston 2 February “The Use of the Infra-Red Spectroscope in Chemical Analysis,” by L. W. Morrison; Widnes 16 February “Vacuum Distillation,” by J. F. G. Winn; and Bangor 3 March “Some Aspects of the Mineral Nutri- tion of Crops,” by Professor T. \\‘allace. London and South-Eastern Counties.-Although we have in the past referred to the efforts which the Section Committee are making to extend their activities in outlying parts of the Section we did not appreciate the full extent of this expansion until wc saw the map illustrating these activities recently displayed at 30 Russell Square.Looking back over the Section’s programme we consider it significant that in a large number of instances the meetings have been held in conjunction with local scientific organisations. \Ye would for example include in this category the meeting on 8 March when the Section collaborated with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club to hear Professor A. .llbert deliver a paper entitled “I)rug-~Iction Ions and Neutral Molecules.” The Luton Scientific Association is another local association with which the Section enjoys cordial relationships as we were remined on 7 .lpril when the Section and the Association joined forces to hear Dr.E. Idester Smith on “Recent Developments in Biochemical Research.” The activities of the Kent Group have been discussed at some length in previous editions of these notes and once again we are pleased to report two meetings sponsored by this Group. On 31 March at Dartford Dr. E. C. \Vood spoke on the subject of statistics under the title of “Quantitative Common Sense and the Chemist.” On 25 April thc meeting at Gillingham was of particular local appeal to Kent chemists with Mr. R. Carter speaking on “Some Experiences of a Chemist in the Paper Industry.” 1,ondon and the suburbs can point to a varied series of meetings during March and April. It is surprising but nevertheless a fact that any talk on crime always attracts a large audience of peace-loving law-abiding citizens.-Maybe it’s the perpetual “schoolboy” in us whilst others lay the blame on that much maligned radio character “Dick Barton.” \Thatever the reason chemists seem to be no different from the rest of the community for a large audience attended at IYoolwich Polytechnic on 7 March to h~ar Dr. G. E. Tiirfitt speak on “Science in Criminal Investigations.” The Section’s annual joint meeting with the London Branch of the Institute of Physics was held on 16 March. The meeting was privileged to hear Professor F. J. XI. Stratton speak on “The Chemistry of Hot Stars,” followed by Mr. F. Hoyle on “The Physics of Hot Stars.” The meeting at nagenham on 22 March when 1)r.J. I.. lStlgar tleliverccl a paper on “3Iodern Methods of Organic Solvent Manufacture,” and that at Mitcham on 24 March when Dr. J. S. -\nderson spoke on “The Chemistry of Semi-conducting Solids” continued the high standard of meetings in London. It is our pleasant duty to report another joint meeting with the 1,ondon Section of the Society of Chemical Industry this was heltl on 4 April and was addressed by Dr. A. Forster on “Recent Developments in Explosives.” It has been the custom of this Section to hold a Symposium during April. This year two Symposia were arranged. The first on 30 March was a joint effort by the Section and the London Section of the British Association of Chemists and the 1,ondon Area Branch of the -\ssociation of Scientific Workers The subject discussed was “Part-Time Education in Chemistry.” Space does not permit us to do justice to this meeting but the importance attached to it both inside and outside the chemical profession may be judged by the space devoted to the report of the metting in the 7’inze.Y 1:‘tl~rafionalSupplemevi [ 880 ] The second Symposium very differen t in character but equally successful was held on 20 April and was devoted to “Standardisation in the Chemical Field.” The high standard of the papers delivered and the keen discussion produced a stimulating meeting.Manchester and District.-The -Annual General Meeting was held on 27 January 1949 at the Engineers’ Club Manchester. The Hon. Secretary Mr. .4.Carroll and the Hon. Treasurer Dr.E. Isaacs presented their reports reviewing the work and activities of the past session. The retiring Chairman Mr. S. R. Best after expressing his appreciation and enjoyment of his term of office introduced the new Chairman Dr. N. Burkhardt. Dr. Burkhardt in a graceful speech indicated the deep sense of honour which he felt in filling the position of Chairman. The Committee for 1949-50 is as follows:-Chairman Dr. h’. Burkhardt; Members of Council in the Section Dr. D. \V. Hill and Mr. J. T. Marsh; Members of Committee Dr. 31. Barak Mr. S. R. Best (late Chairman) Mr. Bolton Mr. H. M. Bunbury Dr. M. G. T. Burrows Dr. P. W.Cunliffe Mr. Dawson Dr. S. J. Fletcher Dr. A. E. M. G. Gillam Mr. Hill Mr. G. Osgood Mr. W.E. Portwood Mr. H. Stevenson Mr.Thomas Dr. P. F. R. Venables Mr. I;. Ward Mr. IYhiteley and JX. II-ilson; Hon. Secretary Ah-. A. Carroll Hon. Treasurer and :histant Secretary Dr. E. Isaacs. The eirening was rounded off in an interesting antl pleasant manner by a display of filmsthrough the courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries Film Unit. At a subsequent meeting of the Committee the following Sub-Committees n-ere formed :-Lectures Dr. Burkhardt (Chairman) Dr. Barak lh. Hill Mr. \\-hiteley; Student ActilTities Dr. Venables (Chairman) Dr. Gillam IrIr. Osgood Dr. Ward Dr. Wilson Summer and Social Mr. Osgood (Chairman) Dr. Fletcher Jlr. llawson; l’ublicity Mr. Portwood (Chairman) Ilr. Cunliffe 31r. Thomas. .I very interesting lecture was given to a combined meeting of the three Charteretl bodies at the Engineers’ Club on 2.1 February.’The lecturer was Ik. l<.1’. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. Director of tlie Chemical liesearch Labora- tory (D.S.I.K.) Teddington and his subject “Some liecent Developments in Inorganic Chromatography.” The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides exhibits ancl demonstrations ancl the audience greatly appreciated the opportunity of seeing chromatographic separation processes carried out. Questions \\’ere numerous antl varied. Dr. Burkhardt xvas in the Chair and at tlic conclusion i-oiced the thanks of those present for a L-ery interesting lecture. Another joint meeting was held on 10 March Lvith llr. Rurkhardt in the (‘hair. l’rofessor M.Stacey of thc University of Birmingham xave an inter-csting and stimulating talk on “‘l’he Chemistry of the 1)eoxy Sugars,” his lucid exposition of his subject being greatly appreciated..Ispecial meeting for liegistered Students was held in the Reynolds Hall of tlie Manchester College of Technology on 28 March for the purpose of dis- cussing and encouraging student acti\:itics. Dr. Hurkhardt v-ho presided introduced Mr. J . ‘J. Marsh (Member of Council) 111-. Venables (Chairman of the Sub-Committee for Student Activities) the Hon. Secretary and other members of the Section Committee. The Chairman said that this was so far as he knew the first occasion on which liegistered Students had been invited to take an actii-e part in the Section’s programme and briefly outlined some ideas for consideration and discussion.Dr. Venables eniphasised the importance of the professional and ethical aspects of chemistry both before ancl after qualification and \vent on to suggest such ideas as a Student Advisory Service meetings at which Students would give papers on chemica1 subjects visits of both a social and technical nature essay competitions etc. It was apparent by the quickness of the response and the number of ideas put forward and questions asked that the Students welcomed most heartily the prospect of taking an active interest in the Section. Works visits political and social aspects of science examination facilities educational anomalies and the need for co-ordination of ancillary subjects were all discussed and finally three Registered Students-Mr. Burgess Mr.Harris and Miss Wood-were elected as Student Representatives on the Standing Sub-committee. The evening came to a pleasant close with a display of films through the courtesy of I.C.I. Film Unit. Mid-Southern Counties.-The Annual General Meeting of the Mid-Southern Counties Section was held at Bournemouth Municipal Technical College on ‘7 May 1949. About 50 members of the Section were present and the Chairman opened the meeting by giving details of the elections of the Officers of the Section which were ratified unanimously. The Chairman then gave an outline of the activities of the Section during the past year and the proposals for the coming year. The Hon. Treasurer read the Financial Report which was passed unanimously. Mr. A. R. Burkin Southampton and Dr.K. 13. Webb Southampton were elected Auditors. The Chairman asked for comments ur suggestions regarding the running of the Section. None being forthcoming the Chairman remarked that it would appear that the members were satisfied with the way the Section was being run. As there was no other business the business side of the meeting was declared closed. The Chairman then introduced Mr. li. C. Chirnside -1l.lernber of Council who gave a very interesting talk on “Analytical Chemistry Chemical Analysis and the Analyst.” This talk was very well received and a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. G. H. Osborn who thanked Mr. Chirnside for coming down especially to give this very informative lecture. Tea was followed by a display of scientific films.Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-On the afternoon of April a very interesting visit bv about 20 merpbcrs was made to the potter!- works of Messrs. Pearson and Co. (Chesterfield) Ltd. at JVhittington Moor. A tour of the works which lasted over 2 hours enabled the party to follow the production of many types of stoneuare articles in common domestic and commercial use. Such operations as clay preparation moulding methods firing and glazing were watched with keen interest but it was the magic of the potters’ art at the wheel which particularly caught the imagination of the onlookers. Some of the more decorative ware rarely seen in our shops to-day was also exhibited. After the party had made its round of the works Mr. Pearson on behalf of the Company welconied the visitors who were then entertained to tea.The concluding event of the afternoon was a lecture by Mr. G. W. 31.Kees Works Manager on “ Raw Materials and Manufacture of Stoneware Pottery,” in which he traced the historical development of the art of pottery and showed some very beautiful modern specimens. After the discussion the Chairman Mr. G. E. Speight called upon Ur. K. -4. Mott to move a vote of thanks which he did in his most able manner expres- sing on behalf of the visitors his appreciation of the hospitality shown and the great amount of trouble taken to make the visit a success. This was supported by the meeting with general acclamation. i 262 3 Tees-side.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 26 April.The composition of the new Committee is Dr. M. P. Applebey M.B.E. Mr. J. S. Blackburn Mr. E. A. Blench Mr. H. M. Lowe Dr. G. Milner Dr. A. Robertson Dr. A. \T. C. Taylor and Dr. F. R. Williams. The new Hon. Treasurer is Mr. W. T. Elwell. The following were re-elected to the offices named Hon. Almoner Dr. G. I. Higson; Hon. Auditors Dr. E. R. H. Davies and Dr. H. Evans; Hon. Secretary Dr. A. R. Martin. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman of the Section Dr. M. P. Applebey and to the Officers and Committee for 1948-49 including the retiring members of Committee-Dr. -4.E. Callow Dr. J. S. Dunn Mr. G. S. Gowing Mr. J. L. Hewson and Mr. A. J. Prince-and the retiring Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. Parmella. At a subsequent meeting of the Committee Mr.E. A. Blench Works General Manager Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Rillingham Division was elected Chairman of the Section. Dr. F. R. Williams was elected Vice- Chairman of the Committee Mr. -4.E. Rout was re-elected Hon. Recorder and Mr. W. T. Elwell was elected Hon. Assistant Secretary-. Cape of Good Hope.-A symposium on “The Pollution of Kivers,” Lvas presented at a meeting of the Section held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town on 11 February 1949. Mr. A. L. Abbott Chair- man of the Section presided and about 80 members and visitors were present. Two papers were presented. The first by Dr. H. TVilson of the Water Treat- ment Section S.A. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research dealt with “Pollution of Rivers.” Dr.Wilson stressed the importance of making the most of South Africa’s meagre water resources by using the same water as many times as possible and quoted examples of what had been done in this direction overseas. He concluded by describing the C.S.I.R.’s plans for co-ordinating research on water treatment and sewage disposal in the Union. The second paper dealing with “The Fisheries Aspect of River Pollution,” was prepared by Dr. n. Hey of the Inland Fisheries Department Cape Province. As Dr. Hey was unable to be present the paper was read by Mr. Harrison. The symposium concluded with the showing of two sound films “Taken for Granted,” and “Clean Waters.” Members of the Section were invited to attend three meetings arranged by the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute.The first of these was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town on 25 November 1948 when Mr. IT. Seale-May General Manager of Marine Oil Refiners of Africa spoke on “Processing of Marine Oils.” The next meeting was held in the Athenaeum Trust Building Newlands on 27 January 1949. The speaker on this occasion was Professor G. C. Linder of the Department of Clinical Pathology University of Cape Town whose subject was “Chemical Methods applied to Clinical Medicine.” The third meeting was held at the *Athenaeum on 22 February when hh. C. C. Knock of the Metal Box Company of South .\frica gave a lecture on “The Bacteriological Problems Associated with the Preservation of Food in Cans.” Members of the Section were also invited to join an excursion to the Refinery of Messrs.Marine Oil Refiners of Africa at Simonstown. This was arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and took place on 19 February 1949. [ 263 j REPORT OF THE TWENTIETH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 30 April 1949 at 10 a.m. The Conference was held in the Institute on the day following the Annual General Meeting. Present.-Professor J. W. Cook President in the Chair; hfr. G. Roche Lynch retiring President; Professor F. Challenger Vice-president; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Dr. H. G. AT. Hardie (Aberdeen and North of Scotland); Dr. S. I<. I<. Jatkar (Rangalore); Mr.C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. R. \f-. Minifie (Bristol and District); Mr. G. 31. Kerman (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); nr. J. [Yilliams (East Anglia); Mr. 1:. >I. Bavin (East Midlands); Professor H. R. Sisbet (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Mr. IY.G. D. Wright (Glasgow and \Vest of Scotland); Mr. 1:. -1. Crouch (Huddersfield); Dr. W.H. Pedelty (Hull and District); Mr. W. A. TYightman (J,eeds Area); Mr. J. Ashley-Jones (Liverpool and North-Western); Mr. T. McLachlan (Idondon and South-Eastern Counties) ; Mr. A. Carroll (Manchester and District); Mr. G. H. Osborn (Mid-Southern Counties); Dr. J. 0. Harris (Yewcastle upon Tyne and Xorth-East Coast); Dr. J. W.Barrett (Xorth Wales); Mr.K. C. Barraclough (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. A. K. Martin (Tees-side) ;with the Secretary the Registrar the Deputy Executivc Officer and (for part of the meeting) the Principal Assistant Secretary. The President welcomed the Hon. Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections including Professor H. B. Xisbet Menzber of Council representing the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section; Dr. J. 'CV. Barrett Chairman of the North Wales Section and Dr. S. K. K. Jatkar Hon. Secretary of the recently constituted Bangalore Section. The President also expressed appreciation of the presence of the retiring President the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee (Professor Challenger) and the Hon.Treasurer. SUGGESTED CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNCIL The Conference had before it a memorandum which had been circulated on 1 February setting forth the results of preliminary consideration of the subject by the Council. This memorandum was in elaboration of the principles stated in the article in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 IV 209 except that it was now proposed that instead of there being two Vice-Presidents who had filled the Office of President (in addition to the six Vice-presidents already provided for) only the immediate Past President should serve as an additional Vice-president. It was agreed that while the Council as at present constituted was not unduly large any notable increase in its numbers might make it unwieldy.The proposed substantial increase in the ratio of District to General Members of Council was welcomed and the Council's suggestion for achieving this was considered satisfactory; namely by reducing the number of General Members of Council from 27 to 21 and raising the number of District Members of Council (including one nominated by the Council to represent the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad) from 15 to such number not exceeding 21 as the Council might from time to time determine. General agreement was expressed with the suggestion that in the first instance the number of District Members of Council be raised to 18 leaving scope for further increases (up to 21) to meet subsequent needs as the pattern of District organisation in Great Britain and Ireland developed.1 264 1 On the specification of electoral Districts it was recognised that provision could not be made for every Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland to become ips0 judo an electoral District for any such provision would restrict the formation of new Local Sections if the size of the Council were to be kept within reasonable bounds On the other hand it had already been agreed that every District should include the whole of the area of one or more Local Sections the District boundaries being conterminous with Local Section boundaries throughout but that provision should be made for the periodic adjustment of District boundaries as menibership of the Institute grew and as new Local Sections were constitutcd.It was agreed that such adjust- ments should be effected as necessary by thc Council by amending the Regula- tions for the election of District Members of Council it being understood that Committees of Local Sections affected would always be consulted about any such changes. General approval was given to the following principles on which variations of District boundaries should be made :-(a) Existing District boundaries should not bc altered without good reason. (b) Where changes were to be made there should be no attempt to obtain even approximate equality among Districts in respect of territorial area or of the number of Fellows and Associates having their registered addresses therein though some account would naturally be taken of thtw factors (at least to the extent of avoiding the exaggeration of existing disparities) as well as of relative inaccessibility from other Districts; thus a Local Section covering an area which was not easily accessible from the main centres of other Local Sections might bc regarded other things being equal as having a better claim to be constituted a separate District than a Local Section that was less isolated.(IS) The number of District Members of Council representing a District need not be limited as at present to one. Consideration was then given to an example of a scheme whereby the number of District Members of Council might be raised forthwith to 18 by amending the existing regulations in accordance with the above principles.The following conclusions were reached :-(i) That recognition of the combined areas of the Xewcastle upon Tyne and hTorth-East Coast Section and the Tees-side Section as a single District be confirmed. (ii) That the East Midlands Section be constituted as a separate District and that the Sheffield South Yorkshire and Korth Midlands Section (now associated with the East Midlands Section as a District) be linked with the Hull and District Section so as to constitute a District. (iii) That the MidSouthern Counties Section be attached to the Bristol and District Section with the new South-Western Counties Section (when formally constituted) to form a single District. It was agreed that the Officers of the three Sections should consult together on a scheme whereby the District Member of Council for the combined areas of the three Sections might be nominated.(iv) That the newly-formed North Wales Section be either constituted as a separate District (in view of its relative inaccessibility froni the principal centres of other Sections) or be included in the District at present consisting of the Liverpool and North-Western Section. It was agreed that the former proposal be adopted unless consultation between the Officers of the Sections concerned led to any alternative recommendation being submitted to the Council. L 265 1 (17) That two District Members of Council be allotted to the District consisting of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the East Anglia Section in view of the exceptional concentration of the members of the Institute in London and neighbouring towns.It was recognised that although a notable proportion of General Members of Council canie from the London District such members were elected on the basis of their concern with various branches of chemistry and its applications and without reference to where they happened to reside. Moreover the proposed decrease in the number of General Members of Council would make it more important that the London area should have more than one District Member; even with two it would be on a membership basis very greatly under-represented. According to this proposal the London and South-Eastern Counties and East -1nglia District would become a 5-member con- stituency every member of the Institute in the District being eligible to vote for two candidates in the event of a ballot.It was generally agreed to recownend that the Council proceed to implement the above proposals with such modifications if any as might seem appropriate as a result of further consideration by the Council in the light of the results of consultations among the Local Sections principally affected by the changes it being understood that the regulations to give effect to these proposals would be open to amendment from time to time. It was recognised that complete unanimity among Local Sections on a scheme of this kind could hardly be attained and that it would be desirable for the Council to adopt a scheme which had the general support of Local Sections and to put it into effect for a trial period.Following discussion of possible alternatives it was generally agreed to remmmend that the existing provisions for the nomination and election of District Members of Council should remain unchanged. Importance was attached to this conclusion because of the desire to avoid upsetting existing agreements between Local Sections forming part of a single District on methods of nominating the District Member of Council. X suggestion that such agreement might be fornialised was not accepted for it was appreciated that the Council would not wish to influence Local Sections in deciding the form of agreement most suited to their needs and that it would be sufficient to know that any disagreement could be referred to the Council for settlement.On a suggestion by the Council that the period for which Members of Council were elected should be three years instead of one it was agreed to recommend that this apply only to General Members of Council and that the existing provisions be retained for District Members of Council i.e. a District Member of Council should be elected for one year and be eligible for re-election except that after serving as a Member of Council for three successive years he should be ineligible for re-election (or for election except as an Officer) until the annual election in the District held next after his retirement. Retention of this provision would permit the continuance of existing agree- ments among Local Sections within a District whereby the District Member of Council was changed at intervals of less than three years.It was under- stood that the Council in amending the By-Law providing for the removal of any Member of Council who through inadequate attendance at meetings of the Council was held to have been unable to fulfil his proper functions as a Member of Council would make regulations to govern the exercise of this power. It was agreed to support the Council’s proposal to amend the By-Laws so as to provide for the immediate Past President to be ex ofiicio a Vice-President and for the President and the Vice-presidents to be elected for a period of two years and be ineligible for re-election (except that a Vice-Presi-dent could be elected President or Treasurer) until after the lapse of one year.[ 266 3 Discussion also took place on a question raised by the Tees-side Sectiorl as to the relation between District Members of Council and the Committees of Local Sections in the District. It was generally agreed that the difference between a District and a General Member of Council lay essentially in the method of his election rather than in any difference of function. A District Member of Council would be expected to exercise his own discretion in voting on matters before the Council but in doing so would naturally have in mind any special interests of members within his District. He should not be regarded however as the delegate of a particular group of members. It was desirable that a District Member of Council should keep himself informed about the views of Local Section Committees within his District and with this object should attend at least the Annual General Meetings of the Local Sections concerned.It was understood that the Council proposed to amend the By-Law which at present prevented a District Member of Council from being a member of more than one Local Section Committee though it was already possible and desirable to invite a District Member to attend all meetings of Committees of Local Sections within his District where there was more than one such Local Section. DEVELOPMENT OF “JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS” The Conference had before it a note on steps already taken or approved for the further development of this publication. General satisfaction was expressed with the proposals and with the way in which some of them had already been put into effect in Parts I and I1 of the JOURNAL for 1949.A memorandum was also received from the Hon. Recorders’ Sub-committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section submitting tentative sugges- tions on a number of points. Among the suggestions put forward at the Conference were the following:-There should be more general articles on subjects which have received attention from several Local Sections on the lines of the recent article on “Schoolchildren Chemists of the Future ”;more attention should be given to professional matters by means of articles and notes ; information of interest to teachers should be included for example through articles on methods of presenting particular aspects of chemistry; the interests of students should be more fully covered by means of examination papers with more extensive reports of examiners reviews of general text-books articles on the prospects of different types of employment and on how advice might be obtained on questions of concern to students.It was agreed to recommend that considera- tion be given to specifying more fully the materials for identification or report in the examinations for Branch E of the Fellowship. On the question of Reports of Local Section Meetings in the JOURNAL which had been specifically referred to the Conference it was generally agreed that the existing form of Local Section news columns was unsatis- factory.It was reported that the Publications and Library Committee was prepared to consider generally agreed proposals for modifying this feature of the JOURNAL. The present ruling was that the news columns should not contain reference to scientific matter dealt with in lectures as this was intended to be covered by lecture summaries in cases where material of general interest was concerned. It had not always been realised that the Committee was prepared to accept such summaries consisting of up to 1,300words and beyond that in special instances. On the other hand reports of meetings on pro- fessional matters could be included at some length in the news columns but in the absence of such reports those columns tended to become a mere catalogue of events with names of speakers and proposers of votes of thanks.It was suggested that either the content of news columns should be extended [ 267 I or that this feature should be abolished in its present forni and replaced for example by annual reports of Local Section activities and by general articles on subjects of current interest to a number of Sections. It was agreed that there was need for a revised scheme for the presentation of Local Section news summaries of lectures and other material in which Local Sections were interested and that the time was ripe for considering the whole question on a new basis. It was therefore recommended that a memorandum indicating possible lines of development be prepared by the Publications and Library Committee as a basis for discussion in the Sections and at the next Conference of Hon.Secretaries. When an agreed scheme had been produced for these and other features of the JOURNAL the Council would be in a position to consider the nature and extent of editorial assistance that might be required and the possibility of establishing more direct contact between the editorial staff and the work of the Sections. It was agreed that questions of the future typography and format of the JOURNAL would best be dealt with by the Publications and Library Committee in the light of observations received from Local Section Committees such as had already been communicated by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section these being matters on which professional advice would be required.It was generally agreed that monthly publication of JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS should be instituted as soon as conditions permitted and it was under- stood that this would probably take place as from the beginning of 1950. It was noted that copies of the article entitled “The Royal Institute of Chemistry its place among British Chemical Societies and Institutions ” were available for the use of Hon. Secretaries and that a pamphlet entitled “The Student and the Institute” would be issued shortly. At the instance of the Membership Committee the booklet “The Profession of Chemistry ” u as being revised. It was agreed that these publications would be useful to Hon. Secretaries in establishing contact with potential students and members. The Conference recornwended that a bound volume of J OLKNAL .IND PKO-CEEDINGS be supplied annually to the Hon.Secretary of each Local Section in Great Britain and Ireland. THE INTEREST OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE PROFESSION Consideration was given to means whereby the interest of schoolchildren in the profession of chemistry might be aroused and guided and recent experience of various types of approach was interchanged. The discussion covered Christmas lectures conversaziones and works visits as well as careers talks and stress was laid on the value of consultation with teachers and Local Education Authorities in the organisation of such events. ’ It was agreed to inquire about the possibility of copies of “Notes for Guidance on Careers in Science,” prepared by the Headmasters’ Employment Committee of the Ministry of Labour and National Service being supplied to Section Secretaries and that the Institute inform the Ministry of Education that Local Sections would be happy to collaborate with them and Local Education Authorities in matters of vocational guidance relating to chemistry.Local Section Committees would also make direct contact with Local Education Authorities where appropriate. It was appreciated that advice on certain questions commonly sought by schoolchildren might best be given through headmasters and headmistresses and that special consideration would have to be given to problems arising from the establishment of the new Certificate of General Education. LOCAL SECTION GRANTS Satisfaction was expressed with the revised scale of annual grants amount- ing to LSO per Section plus 2s.6d. per corporate member in the Section subject 268 I to a minimum total of i35 with the provision that where for special reasons accepted by the Council the printing of notices of meetings for a Section could not be effectively carried out in the Institute a supplementary grant might be made to cover the reasonable cost of such printing. Appreciation was also expressed of a recent decision of the Council that in future any balance remaining in the account of a Local Section at 31 December in a given year be not deducted from the amount of the annual grant paid to the Section in the ensuing year. As a result of this decision Local Sections would be able to use the funds unexpended in any year towards financing activities in the following year and would thus have greater latitude in organising their programmes over successive years.It was appreciated that with these im- proved provisions Local Section Committees should be able to arrange their annual programmes so as to keep expenditure within the amount of the funds available to them and to avoid planning more events than could properly be run with those resources. Only where there were special reasons for a Local Section to incur in a particular year expenditure beyond the amount of the funds available to them would they expect to receive a supplementary grant. It was agreed that a revised statement on Local Section grants and condi- tions of their expenditure was desirable.Such a statement would indicate the wide discretionary powers of Section Committees in incurring expenditure within the amount of their annual grant. On a question raised by the Birmingham and Midlands Section about the date of payment of Local Section grants it was understood that under the new decision of the Council it should be possible to make such payments by a specified date in each year. It was noted that arrangements had already been made for each Section to be provided with a continuing reserve to meet expenses in the first few months of each year until the grant for that year had been paid to them. OFFICE PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION (a) Resignation of Elderly Members.-The Committee of the East Midlands Section had expressed concern at a reference in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 I 36 to acceptance by the Council of the resignation of certain members who had retired from active work.It was reported that sympathetic con- sideration was given to cases of Fellows and Associates who after a long period of membership were unable to maintain their subscriptions after they had retired ; such resignations were not accepted without consideration of the individual circumstances. (b) Relations with other Societies.-Representatives of Local Sections exchanged information on procedure adopted in the organisation of joint meetings with other bodies. Diverse methods were adopted in different Sections in arranging such meetings. In several Sections all except business meetings were held jointly with other bodies and the expenses involved were shared.(c) Presentation of Membership Certi$cates at Local Section Meetings.-In 1947 it had been agreed that this practice be undertaken for a trial period by the Dublin and District Section. In the past year 11 Certificates had been received by the Hon. Secretary of that Section and of these 4 had been presented at Section meetings the other 7 having been forwarded by post. The arrangements had worked smoothly. Emphasis was again laid on the additional work that would fall on Local Secretaries and on the Institute office through the extension of this procedure especially to the larger Sections and on the risk of certificates being held up through non-attendance of newly-elected members at meetings and of such certificates going astray.It was agreed however that where a Local Section I269 particularly wanted to adopt the practice of presenting certificates at their meetings they should make special application to the Council. (d) Copies of Documents for Committee Members.-At the instance of the East Midlands Section it was agreed that duplicate copies of notices circular letters etc. be sent to Hon. Secretaries so that one might be available to their Chairmen. Requests for additional copies for the use of Committee members would be met. (e) Removal of Members from Section Areas.-On a point raised by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section it was agreed that it would be unneces- sary to inform Hon.Secretaries of the destination of members moving out of their Sections. The names and addresses of members moving into a Section area were always reported to the Hon. Secretary. The Conference adjourned for luncheon at 12.30p.m. and resumed at 2 p.m. On the motion of Mr. E. E. Ayling a cordial vote of thanks to Professor Cook for presiding at this. his first official meeting since becoming President and to Dr. Roche Lynch for having taken the Chair at the Conferences held during his term of office was carried with acclamation NOTES PERSONAL The following are included in the Birthday Honours list:- Order of Merit (0.M.)- Sir Robert Robinson M.A. LL.D. D.Sc. P.R.S. Fellow. Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (C.M.G.)- Charles Herbert Hampshire M.B.B.S. M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. Fellow. Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (C,B,E.)-John Ralph Nicholls D.Sc. Fellow. Oficer of the Most ExceZlent Order of the British Empire (0.B.E.)-Frank Ashcroft Martin BSc. Associate. George Adam Reay MA. B.Sc. Ph.D. Fellosw. Francis Leslie Rose B.Sc. Ph.D. Fellow. Oscar Walter Snow B.A. B.Sc. Fellow. Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M,B.E.)-Ronald Leslie Collett M.A. Fellow and Registrar. Thomas Harold Gant A.R.C.S. M.I.Chem.E. Fellow. Francis John McConnell Fellow. Dr. G. M. Badger Fellow has been appointed senior lecturer in organic chemistry in the University of Adelaide Mr. T. S. T. Chari. Fellow has been appointed Chief Chemist Central Revenues (Government of India) Central Revenues Control Laboratory New Delhi.Professor W. M.Cumming O.B.E. Member of Council Director of the School of Chemistry and “Young” Professor of Technical Chemistry in the Royal Technical College Glasgow has become technical director to The British Dyewood Co. Glasgow and will take up his duties in September. 1 270 j Mr. W. Morley Davies Fellow provincial director for the East Midland Province of the National Agricultural Advisory Service has been appointed senior education and advisory officer Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in succession to Dr. W. K. Slater Fellow. Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. Fellow has bcen appointed chair- man of the Standing Committee on Information Services set up by the Royal Society.Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Fellow has been elected an Honorary Fellow of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Professor M. G. Evans F.K.S. Fellow and Dr. Frank Roffey Fellow have been appointed to the Chemistry Research Board and Sir Cyril Hinshel- wood F.R.S. Fellow to the Fuel Research Board Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. The Earl of Halsbury Fellow has been appointed adviser to the Board of Trade on matters connected with the National Research Development Corporation of which he will become managing director when it is formally established. Mr. L. G. Jephcott Fellow has been appointed managing director of Jewel1 Plastics Ltd. Dr. R. Kerr Associate has resigned his position as head of the chemical and metallurgical division at the Research Department of Ascot Gas Water Heaters Ltd.,to accept an appointment in the Research Department of the British Oxygen Co.Ltd. at Morden. Mr. E. M. Learmonth Fellow chief chemist to British Soya Products Ltd. has been appointed to the board of directors of the company. Mr. N. H. Martin Fellow has been appointed to the University readership in chemical pathology tenable at St. George’s Hospital Medical School as from 1 April 1949. Professor J.W. McBain F.R.S. Fellow,whohas recentlyretired from thechair of physical chemistry at Stanford University California has been appointed to be the first director of the National Chemical Laboratory of India. Dr. Frank Morton Fellow has been appointed Reader in Chemical Engin- eering in the University of Birmingham.Dr. T. W. Parker Fellow has been appointed Deputy Director of Building Research in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. D. S. Payne Associate has been appointed lecturer in chemistry in the University of Glasgow. Dr. R. A. Raphael Associate Meldola Medallist I.C.I. Fellow Imperial College has been appointed lecturer in chemistry in the University of Glasgow. Dr. P. N. Sen Gupta Associate biochemist Vanaspati Research Scheme Ministry of Food India has been appointed biochemist to the Department of Anthropology Ministry of Education at the Indian Museum Calcutta. Sir John Simonsen F.R.S. Fellow Director Colonial Products Research Council has been chosen by the American Chemical Society as the first recipient of its Fritzsche award of a gold medal and 1,000 dollars.Dr. J. W. Smith Fellow has been appointed to the university readership in chemistry tenable at Bedford College University of London as from 1 October 1949. Dr. G. Swann Fellow. has been appointed research manager to Beck Koller & Co. (England) Ltd. Mr. George Tolley Associate has been awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study for one year at an American University. Dr. D. T. A. Townend Fellow has been appointed a member of a com- mittee set up by the Ministry of Supply under the chairmanship of Sir William Stanier in connection with the industrial applications of the gas turbine. Mr. John Wharton Fellow has been appointed technical manager at Courtaulds’ factory at Preston Professor F.G. Young F.R.S. Member of Council Professor of Bio-chemistry in University College London has been elected to the Sir William Dunn Professorship of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge as from 1 October 1949. SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL FUND The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund representing the Institute of Metals the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry have decided to make an award from the Fund for 1948 of 150 guineas to Arthur Stuart Clark Lawrence Ph.D. Sc.D. I;.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. in recognition of his research work in colloid science with special reference to lubrication and fuel oils. Awards from the Fund are made to British investigators in science as a mark of appreciation of distinguished work particularly in such fields as fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy in which Sir George Beilby’s special interests lay.In general the awards are not applicable to the more senior investigators but are granted as an encouragement to relatively young men who have done independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Arthur Stuart Clark Lawrence was born in London and educated at Christ’s Hospital. In 1920 he became junior lecturer and research assistant at the Royal Institution first to Sir James Dewar and in 1924 to Sir William Bragg attending evening classes at Battersea Polytechnic. Leaving in 1927 as a result of illness he published “Soap Films” in 1929 and was awarded a D.S.I.R.Senior Research Award to work in Cambridge in the Department of Physical Chemistry and later in Professor Rideal’s newly formed Laboratory of Colloid Science where he remained until 1942 working on various aspects of anomalous viscosity including joint work with Dr. Needham on myosin and on solubilisation and related topics. A long investigation was made of soap-oil systems during this period for the Fuel Research Division of the D.S.I.R. In 1939 researches on coal-in-oil suspensions and on coal tar were made for the Fuel Research Station. In 1942 Dr. Lawrence came to Imperial College London as head of the research team of the Joint Admiralty and Ministry of Supply Advisory Service on Lubrication. In 1943 he worked on de-icing ships and at the end of that year as Sub.Lt. (Sp)R.N.V.R. he carried out sea trials in a destroyer on northern convoy and was present at the Scharnharst engagement. On his return this contract was ended and he became a member of the Admiralty Chemical Advisory Panel Group I1 and carried out researches on emulsions of seawater in fuel oil and related problems including investigations in port areas and in H.M. Ships. Later he carried out successful large scale trials in certain battleships and port areas. In 1946 he became advisor on fuel oil to the Engineer-in-Chief Admiralty and was promoted Cmdr. (Sp) R.N.V.R. to investigate German naval oil fuel work In 1947 Dr. Lawrence was appointed Senior Lecturer in Chemistry in the University of Sheffield a post which he now holds.Lawrence holds the degrees of Ph.D. and Sc.D. (Cantab.) and is a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and of the Institute of Petroleum. He was a member of the Petroleum Board Chemical Warfare Committee and of various other advisory bodies. In Cambridge he was active in all photo- graphic and Film Society matters; in 1941 he published “The Scientific Photographer” and in 1916 was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Society [ 272 ] of Arts for a lecture on “The Future of Scientific l4lnis.” He is the author of numerous papers mainly on colloid topics published in the Pvoceedings of the Royal Society Ti.uwsccctio,is of the Faraday Society and other journals. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (2 March to 14 April 1949) Agriculture Soil Fertility.-On 7 March in reply to Mr.L)e la Bere OF AGRICULTURE THE MINISTER (Mr. T. Williams) Although certain fields suffered a decline in soil fertility due to over-cropping during the war the general level of fertility of our land is higher to-day than it was in 1930. One of the main objects of my Department is to raise the general level of soil fertility still further. Means to this end include the keeping of many more livestock which will increase the supply of natural manure ; improved drainage and tillage; the increased use of lime and phosphates; the substitution of good leys for poor grass and the more efficient control of weeds and pests. Festival of Britain.-On 8 March Ah. Philips Price asked the Lord President of the Council what organisation or organisations are to be charged with the responsibility of selecting suitable exhibits for the Festival of Britain 1951 with the object of demonstrating Great Britain’s contribution to civilisation in the field of Science.THE LORD PRESIDENT‘rHE COUNCIL 01 (Mr. Herbert Morrison) In order to ensure that the British contribution to science and technology should be worthily represented in the Festival of Britain 1951 I set up in May last year a special Council of Science and Technology to advise me on this aspect of the Festival. Sir Alan Barlow is chairman and the members are leading men of science and technology in Britain. The Council is advised by about 13 specialist panels. The selection of exhibits illustrating the results of British scientific achievement will be carried out by the Council in consultation with the Council of Industrial Design and the Festival organisation.Universities Extensions.-On 21 March in reply to a question by Mr. H. D. Hughes THE MINISTER OF \VORKS (Mr. Key) The total value of new building work licensed and authorised for Universities during 1948 was L1,388,500. I cannot give a precise figure for technical colleges but the total value of work authorised for further education during 1948 was about &1,750,000,most of which was for technical colleges and institutes. Universities Staffs (Salaries).-On 15 March Mr. Hardy asked thc Chancellor of the Exchequer if he is now in a position to make a statement about the remuneration of the non-medical staffs of universities.THE CHANCELLOR THE EXCHEQUER OF (Sir S. Cripps) Yes. I have accepted the view of the University Grants Committee that the increase of salaries which has become necessary in the Medical Faculties carries with it as a necessary consequence a revision of salaries in the other Faculties. The provision made for the universities in the Civil Estimates for 1949-50 will enable supplementary grants to be made for the purpose of readjusting non- medical salaries on the following basis as from the 1 October 1949:-(a) Professovs. The grants will be related to basic salaries of Ll,C;OO a year in universities and university colleges (in London Ll 650) with increased provision for supplementation allowing for a wider range of saIaries than hitherto.(b) Readers and Senior Lecturers. A range of salaries with varying maxima up to L1,600 a year. (c) Lectuvers. Scales rising generally from L500 to Ll,lOO a year. (d) Assistant Lecturers. Salaries ranging from L400 to L500. I273 ] MISCELLANEOUS Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1948.-Essays subniitted by six Registered Students-three in the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and one each in the South \\-ales Section thc Huddersfield Section and the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section+anie forward for considera- tion by the Assessor. The -4ssessor reported that none of the essys submitted \\as in his opinion worthy of an auard and the Council has accordingly decided to make no award for 1948.The Chemical Society.-Professor Harold Burton has been elected an Honorary Secretary of the Society in succession to Sir John Simonsen F.K.S. The Officers of the Society are now:-President Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.0.. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. E’. 1i.S.; Treasurer Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. B.A. F.R.I.C. ; Hon. Secretaries Professor D. H. Hey D.Sc. F.R.T.C. 1)r. A. King C.B.E. and Professor H. Burton D.Sc. F.R.I.C. REVIEWS Technical Publications. Year 1946. Pp. vii + 356. (New York Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) and Affiliated Companies 1947.) The President of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in a foreword says “On frequent occasions in scanning the technical press I have been gratified to run across the name of a company colleague at the head of some outstanding article,” and so there has arisen for the first time a publication that will it is hoped year by year indicate not only the original work of members of the New Jersey group but also give an annual survey of the wide diversity of the problems that come within the purview of the petroleum technologist.A general introduction is provided by E. V. Murphree (President of the Standard Oil Development Company) in which is detailed the organisation of the central technical body responsible for research development and engineering. The Research Division is concerned with product quality new materials and new processes. In particular the evaluation of fuels and lubricants is of great importance. Catalytic cracking butadiene production alkylation hydrocarbon synthesis are all problems more or less solved but intensive work is in progress on the application of newer physical techniques to the petroleum industry.Raw materials for synthetic rubber the development of butyl rubber the production of synthetic chemicals catalysts and catalysis hydrogenation and a multiplicity of similar projects are under consideration. From the view point of a professional chemist’s organisation perhaps the most interesting point brought forward by Mr. Murphree is the fact that no less than 600 trained university men are employed in the development organis- ation and that every attempt is made to place professional men inside the group if their interest turns out to be in marketing manufacturing or pro- duction rather than in research development or engineering.‘ In this the first volume of what it is to be hoped will be a long series no less than eighty papers are mentioned and of these twenty-three in the field of pure and applied science are reproduced in fuI1. Each paper is prefaced by a short biography of the author. The list is impressive and includes publications on Process Research Chemical Research Engineering Research Production Research Physical Research Performance Research Analytical Methods and Physical Data. [ 274 3 Not only is a compilation such as this of definite value to the outside technical world but it is perhaps of greater importance to the personnel of the particular company concerned. Recognition of the original work of a man by a known or reputable scientific or technical society is no doubt of the greatest value but the corresponding acknowledgment of achievement by his own company is perhaps not so common.A. E. D. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry. By J. Kewton Friend. 2nd Edn. (in one volume). Pp. XI-? 366. (London Charles Griffin & CO. Ltd. 1949.) 42s. net. This work was first published in two volumes one in 1932 the other in 1935. It has been abridged and revised and now appears in a single volume making it less bulky and unwieldy. The more elementary parts of the subject have either been omitted or considerably condensed so that in spite of the reduction in size it has been found possible to include important new matter. The author in his preface to the first edition wrote that to produce a textbook of Physical Chemistry for advanced students was a formidable task and advised those who did not think so to try it for themselves.The task of selecting the material and choosing the method of approach is certainly difficult and the author has been guided by what he has found to be most helpful to his senior students at the Birmingham Technical College. The field covered is very wide and the treatment of many topics is necessarily brief. The properties of gases solids and liquids and change of state are dealt with in the first nine chapters (116 pages) then follow chapters on solutions (32 pages) adsorption (13 pages) thermochemistry (8 pages) the law of mass action including reaction kinetics and heterogeneous equilibria (40 pages) combustion in gases (14 pages) electrochemistry (108 pages) atoms (54 pages) molecules (36 pages) optical properties including spectra (34pages) the colloid state (41 pages) catalysis (6 pages) and finally one on thermodynamics (30 pages).The approach is mainly experimental and factual and the point of view is sometimes rather classical-for example in the treatment of ionic equilibria where there is no mention of the generalised theory of acids andbases. Theoretical discussions are illustrated by practical examples. It was the intention of the author to avoid abstract theory as far as possible and perhaps that is why the book is weak on the thermodynamic side. It is surprising to find the chapter on thermodynamics relegated to the end and this in spite of the use of thermodynamic arguments and relations in some of the earlier chapters.Such arguments cannot be appreciated without a thorough understanding of the fundamental laws which are only briefly treated in the final chapter to which cross reference is made when necessary. The earlier introduction of thermodynamic ideas would also have provided a connecting link between some of the topics of the earlier chapters. The thermodynamic methods used are those based on cycles no doubt because they appear to be more concrete but this apparent simplicity is illusory and the student frequently finds them more dffficult to understand than the more direct and exact methods of Gibbs. Chemical potential is mentioned once but is not defined.There are no problems for the student to solve for himself although a few numerical illustrations are given in the text. There are no references to the literature but the names of investigators and dates are given so that the original work may be found if desired ; some guidance to further sources of information to monographs and review articles would have been valuable. The student who reads this book will find it a useful introduction to the topics treated and will be ready to go on to the larger and more specialiscd works. The price is high even when compared with recent American tcxts of similar scope. J. \Y.BELTON. Trace Elements in Food. By G. W. Monier-Williams. Pp. viii + 511. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.1949.) 30s. net. The many thousands of chemists who know of Dr. Monier-M’illiams’s work at the Ministry of Health where he held the post of Chemist-in-Charge of Food Research Laboratory will expect this book to be the last word on the determination of trace metals in foods. They will not be disappointed. Chapters 1 to 26 each deals with a different element including ail the obvious metallic contaminants of food the three heavier halogens some metalloids -arsenic antimony selenium-as well as two frank non-metals boron and silicon. Among the rarer elernelits that each have a chapter are molybdenum vanadium titanium and indium. The last two chapters are concerned with barium and strontium and with lithium and other nietals respectively and there is an adequate index of 12 pages containing ti0 to ti5 entries per page.Each chapter is furnished with its own Iibliography in which the authors’ names are arranged alphabetically. The many hundreds of chemists who have a inore direct knowledge even a personal one of the author’s interests will expect to find in this book many references to the parts played by the trace elements that occur in our foods. whether consigned there by nature or added by man and whether of known benefit or proven disadvantage. Thej-also \\ill not be disappointed thougli much of the information appears incidentally. At hazard one may call attention to the sections on “Copper as an Essential Element in Plant arid Animal Life,” in the very first chapter. Here we have 37 pages in which arc presented a considerable variety of topics.They include the part played b!-copper in the formation of haemoglobin and its invertebrate analogue haenio- cyanin the absorption excretion and retention of copper in the mammalian body and the minimum requirements for this essential clement ; copper fungicides; and by a neat inversion of subject which has hitherto been the effect of copper on foods a section dealing with the effect of foods on copper. ‘The relation of copper to the greening of vegetables and to the production of haze in wine is also discussed and there is an important sub-section on Copper and Public Health. This thoroughness is characteristic of every chapter; as might \{.ell be expected the one on lead is among the longest.This book is essentially a practical one. It deals with facts. The author as his many friends inside and outside the Institute know has never been much prone to speculation He has. for example in this book resisted the temptation to spin theories about the cause of selenium poisoning and has even refrained from putting forward the obvious suggestion-for which there is no direct evidence-that selcniuni acts by competitive inhibition of the sulphur in reactive thiol groups of proteins presumably enzymes. The operative words are for Dr. Monier-Williams those I have just used-“for which there is no direct evidence.” He does not put forward hypotheses for which there is no direct evidence. But he gives you the data on which you may if you are that sort of person build hypotheses with the certain knowledge that the data have been submitted by an expert who is much more than a practitioner of analytical chemistry.He is rather a chemist whose critical faculties and ability to distinguish valid data from invalid figures have been continuously sharpened by that practice and training in analytical chemistry of which he is an acknowledged master. ( 276 1 Xt this tinw in the history of 13ritish publishing it sho\ild I)e unnecessary to say that the production of the book is beyond reproach; a glance at the name of the publishers should lead one to expect this and this is what one finds. A. L. BACHARACH. Bacterial Metabolism. By Marjorie Stephenson. 3rd Edn. Pp. xiv + 398. (London Longmans Green & Co.Ltd. 1949.) 30s. net. It is a sad thought that the third edition of “Bacterial Metabolism” is the last we shall receive from the pen of Dr. Marjorie Stephenson. In her Preface she writes-“Bacterial Metabolism is now such a wide study that it is no longer convenient for one person to attempt to cope with all its branches.” In that phrase the author with characteristic honesty points to a weakness which is quite unavoidable in the single-handed presentation of such a vast subject. It is a peculiar virtue of this book that there is nothing plagiarised about it; there is never a suspicion that one is reading the collected summaries and discussions of various scientists on their respective work; the author has given her mind to the progress of the subject and her thoughtful exposition is thought provoking in the reader.The historical Introduction taken in conjunction with Harden’s introduc- tion to “Alcoholic Fermentation” in the same series of monographs gives biochemists a neat miniature of biochemical developments in the middle of the nineteenth century. The author with her keen historical sense is at her best in connecting the living scientific past with the advancing frontiers of knowledge. Something of the writer’s personality still lives for us in this Introduction. Xs we would expect the best chapters are those dealing with subjects in which the Cambridge School has been particularly active-Fermentation Nitrogen Metabolism and Enzyme Variation and Adaptation. The sections on Xitrogen Fixation and Autotrophic Bacteria are in all respects excellent much attention being given to questions of energy transfer.There are short sections on the Metabolism of Xucleic Acid and its derivatives and on Bacterial Photosynthesis and larger sections on Respiration Polysaccharides and Growth and Sutrition. The book contains many good things and it remains an invaluable guide to the genera1 reader provided he does not assume that in all its parts it reflects an equitable appraisal of the development of the subject and of the contribu- tions of different persons. The work of certain important groups of workers seems to the reviewer to be disregarded or inadequately recognised for example in the section on Growth and Nutrition in a chapter which contains much valuable information one would expect some reference to the work of Lodge and Hinshelwood and one misses the name of W.T. J. Morgan in the section on Bacterial Polysaccharides and so on. Nevertheless the author has examined and presented the subject as a whole in a stimulating and eminently readable book. FRANK c. H.4PPoLD. Principles of High-Polymer Theory and Practice. By A. X. Schmidt and C. A. Marlies. Pp. sii + 713. (Xew York McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. 1948.) 45s. This is a most ambitious book its title implies it aims to cover both the theory and practice of high-polymer science and technology. The science and the technology ha1.e grown phenomenally in the past decade. On the one hand the science noir.includes a vast amount of both organic and physical chemistry antl the technology goes all the way through physics antl chemistq [ 277 3 to detailed engineering practice. Thus to do justice to the subject in a matter of 700 pages is no easy task for nowadays not even two authors can possibly be familiar at first hand with all the facets of the subject. This book is written for the undergraduate and also for the post-graduate student. It is by its contents primarily written for the chemist and therefore in appropriate places matters not usually familiar to chemists such as the determination and the interpretation of the experiments on the properties of matter are dealt with in more than usual detail simply because the mechanical properties of high polymers have such an important bearing on their application.On reading through the book it is surprising how far the authors have got towards the goal of giving a generalised survey. The necessary scientific information on synthesis and also the determination of the size and structure of high polymers is gone into in remarkable detail. Furthermore it is not assumed that the basic physical chemistry is completely known and there is no harm in having it repeated in a form suitable for use with high polymers. This part occupies rather more than a third of the book and forms in a way the purely scientific discussion. Then follows a chapter on the manipulation of high polymers. The mechanical electrical and optical properties of the polymers can then be conveniently dealt with.Having prepared this back- ground the authors proceed to discuss separately the specific applications of high polymers in fibres rubbers surface coating agents adhesives and syn- thetic resins generally. In the latter half of the book the choice is very much a matter of individual taste. But perhaps the outstanding feature is the choice of numerical and quantitative illustrations. It gives the treatment a reality that might easily have been lacking in the desire for comprehensiveness. The volume is thus essentially designed for the student who is going to be concerned eventually in the practical application of high polymers. Yowa-days the science becomes a vital necessity for going about this business with a thoroughly sound background of knowledge.The book is produced in accordance with the usual high standard of the McGraw-Hill Book Company. H. M’.MELVILLE. The Plant Alkaloids. By T. A. Henry. 4th Edition. Pp. viii + 804. (London J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1949.) 63s. net. The Plant Alkaloids by Henry of which the fourth edition has nou appeared has become the standard work in English on this section of organic chemistry. The treatment follows in the main that adopted in the earlier editions but the preface opens with the remark that so much work has been published since the third edition appeared in 1939 that it has been necessary to rewrite much of the material comprised in the new volume and thus add greatly to its content. Even so however it is both satisfying and surprising to find the volume still easy to handle and in fact its 780 odd pages are not much bulkier than the first edition containing 450 published in 1913.This result has been achieved by use of thinner paper and each page now contains almost double the printed matter of a page of the first edition. The latter devoted 111 pages to alkaloids of then unknown constitution including the harmine strychnos lupin cryptopine and lobelia groups. The morphine group was treated in the “known” section on the basis of the Pschorr and Knorr formulae and what a wealth of ingenuity and effort went into this problem before Schopf’s elegant work in 1927 decided the issue between the then rival Robinson and Wieland formulae in favour of the former. The fact that all the above-mentioned groups now receive full and clear treatment is some indication of the great advance in the structural knowledge of alkaloid chemistry since the first edition appeared.r 278 1 This can be largely ascribed to the early work in this field by W. H. Perkin jnr. which has been so richly developed by Robinson since their first joint alkaloid paper in J.C.S. 1909 1977. That this advance continues is evident from the fact that in the latest edition it has only been found possible to include a number of important advances as stop-press items in the introduction. Amongst these are the Australian work on the alkaloids of acridine type and the ingenious suggestion of Woodward on the biogenesis of strychnine which has been adapted by Robinson to deduce a formula for emetine.Prominent amongst the important additions to the latest volume is the chapter on the alkaloids based on the tetracyclic sterol system. The inclusion here of the delphinium alkaloids for which the tricyclic diterpene skeleton has been claimed is unexpected and if lysine is the precursor of the isopentane system may herald a new chapter of alkaloids containing terpene ring systems. The great isoquinoline group however still dominates the volume and occupies pages 154-405. The method of treating this group makes it rather difficult for the non-specialist reader to grasp and appreciate the fact that a close structural relationship runs throughout this apparently forbidding structural story. This becomes clear however if the alkaloids are uprooted from their botanical connection which leads to such structurally related compounds as papaverine and hydrastine being treated on pages 182 and 162 respectively and treated together in their proper structural groups.Thus if instead of describing papaverine laudanosine and a few less ivell-knoma members such as the “benzylisoquinoline sub-group,” the whole was treated as sub-groups of the benzylisoquinoline unit then the structural relationship running through the whole chapter would be as clear as the isoprene character of the terpenes. The sub-groups suggested for this chemical treatise would then be (a)papaverine etc. (b) berberine etc. (c) cryptopine etc. (d)glaucine etc. (e) morphine etc.(f)emetine etc. (g) curare group. Whilst then the structural side of alkaloid chemistry is to-day an amazingly imposing if incomplete edifice the story of their biogenesis and function in the plant’is still very much of a mystery. -An essential preliminary to the unravelling of nature’s synthetic methods is of course the determination of the structure of the products produced and here the organic chemist has been conspicuously successful in solving the architectural problems involved. The suggestions first made by Robinson in his classical paper (J.C.S. 1917 876) and much extended since in other papers have received support from recent work particularly that of Cromwell on the results which follow the injection of various amines into plants. Furthermore the suggestions have led to the synthesis in the laboratory of many alkaloids under so-called physiological conditions.It is probable that the use of the isotopes of carbon and nitrogen M-ill lead to a precise knowledge of plant cell chemistry. The new volume is excellently printed and contains very few errors. It should find a place on the bookshelf of all who seek to understand and then extend plant chemistry. G. R. CLEMO. [ 279 ] EXAMINATIONS MARCH-APRIL I949 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under :-Eitfeyed Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Dr. T. G. Pearson and Professor 1). H. Hey. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington and at the University of Leeds theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the periods 4 to 9 April and 11 to 14 April 1949.Five candidates were examined at Rhodes University College Grahamstow-n South :lfrica. .. 120 30" For the Fellowship. Unless otherwise stated the examinations were held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of thc University of London South Kensington in the mcli beginning Monday 28 March 1949. Branch B Physical Chewistry. Examiner Professor R. G. M'. Surrish 1;.R.S. 111 the Department of Physical Chemistry University of Cambridge. 19 to 23 April inclusive .. .. 1 0 Branch C Organic Cheiiiistr?,. General Examiner Professor L). H. Hey . . .. 1 1 With special reference to High Polymers.Examiner Dr. E. H. Farmer F.K.S. .. .. 3 With special reference to Petroleum .. With specia2 reference to Fine Chemicals. .. .. 1 Examiner Dr. J. R. Kicholls .. .. .. I 0 Brumh E The Chewistry including i44icrom~~~, oj Food and Drugs ad of Water. Examiners Mr. G. Taylor O.B.E. and Dr. C. H. Hampshire . . .. .. .. .. .. 1.i Bvmtch F Agricultural Chemistry. Examiner Mr. R. 0. Davies. At University College ,\berystwyth . *. .. .. 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry. General Examiner Dr. W. Preston .. .. .. With speciul reference to Petroleum. Examiner Professor I;. H. Garner O.B.E. -It Abadan Iran.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 With speciul refeveuce fo Powev Sfutiuir Opei,ntioir ad Practice. Examiner blr.C;. \V. Hcwson. *At the Institute and the Rattersea l'ower Station.. I 0 Brumh I It'ntev Sibpply and the I'reafnrrwt of Sewage and Trade Eflztents. Examiner :Mr. W. Gordon Carey. ;It the Technical College Sunderland and in the Laboratories of 1. Nr. W. Gordon Carey. .. .. .. 1 1 [ 280 1 .$pPi.iaL L:‘xrit,ii ritrtion in Texfile Chemicfry. Examiner Mr. F. Scholefield. At the College of Technology Manchester . . .. I 1 Special Examination in Chemical Spectroscopy. Examiner Professor R. A. Morton. At the University of Liverpool . . .. .. 1 1 148 47 * Eleven candidates satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination except in the translation of foreign languages. t TIVOcandidates failed only in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Micro-scopv.EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONIlA Y 4 -4 PAIL 1949 10 a.rti. to 1 p.i~ (.4nswer F~VEquestions only. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Account for some of the physical and chemical properties of inorganic compounds in terms of the size and electronic structure of the constituent atoms or ions. 2. Describe how you would carry out FOUR of the following prepara- tions :-(u) chroniyl chloride from chromite; (h) potassium permanganate from pyrolusite ; (c) pure metallic titanium from rutile; ((2) uranyl nitrate from a mixed precipitate of ferric and uranyl hydros- ides; (P) potassium ferrocyanidc from gasworks “spent oside” containing Prussian blue ; (f) sodium cobaltinitrite from smaltite (Fe Ni Co).4s2.3. Describe the preparation of pure carbon monoxide. How may 3 trace of this gas be detected in air ? State the conditions under which carbon monoxide reacts with the following and formulate the reactions (a) chlorine (b) nickel (c) sodium hydroxide. 4. Outline the methods used in the production separation and concentra- tion of radioactive “tracer” elements antl give some examples of their use in solving chemical physical or biochemical problems. 5. lliscuss the statement that antimony seleniini tellurium antl iodine are “metalloids.” 6. Enumerate the chief naturally occurring compounds of calciuni. Describe the commercial preparation and applications of the following :-(a)metallic calcium ; (b)bleaching powder; (c) calcium cyanamide; (d)calcium carbide.7. Write an essay under ONE of the following titles*- (a) Ion Exchange Processes; (h) The Structure and Bond Characteristics of the Carbonyls of the Transition Metals. 2 lo 6 P.?tl. (-4ws‘uley F~VEy uestiom ody. Give formuhe apzd equatiojis where possible.) I. Very briefly explain the meaning of the following terms:-(a) free energy (b)chemical potential (c) fiigacity (d)activity (e)osmotic coefficient. 281 1 Explain fully how the activity of the solvent and non-vulntile solute in a binary solution may be derived from the results of accurate \yapour pressure measurements. 2. Describe and explain the characteristic features of the conduction of electricity through liquids (including solutions).Briefly enumerate the chief differences between the conduction of electricity through liquids and EITHER gases OR solids. 3. Discuss the principal factors affecting the stability of emulsions. Describe the tests you would apply to an emulsion of oil and water to deter- mine which constituent is the continuous phase. 4. Derive the Clausius-Clapeyron equation indicating the approximations made in the course of the derivation. Demonstrate how the vapour pressure of a pure liquid is altered by admitting an inert gas to the vapour phase. 3. Indicate (do not prove) the properties of EITHER the equilateral triangle OR the right-angled triangle that make it particularly useful for the graphical representation of three-component systems. Sketch triangular diagrams for the various possible types of system arising from the three components salt A salt B and water.Identify the phase fields and add an explanatory title to each sketch. Do not explain the full significance of each diagram but point out any features of particular importance. 6. Suggest possible methods mentioning essential experimental details for the determination of TWO of the following properties of nzolteiz sodium chloride :-(u) density (b) surface tension (c) viscosity (d) specific electrical conductivity. If you know the heat of formation and entropy of solid sodium chloride at 15"C. what additional data would you need to enable you to calculate the free energy of formation of the molten compound at its melting point? 7.Illustrate diagrammatically and briefly explain the principles under- lying the use of THREE of the following:-(a) McLeod gauge (b)Pirani gauge (G) one form of photoelectric absorptiometer (colorimeter) (d) one form of refractometer (P) Beckmann thermometer (f)Geiger-Miiller counter (g) one form of Thermistor. TUESDAY 5 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.v2. (Answer FOUR qwstions only.) 1. Compare and contrast the addition reactions of the following systems >C=C< ;>C=CH-CH=C< ;>C=CH-C=O. I 2. Discuss the evidence for the existence of ethyl acetoacetate in keto and enol forms and give examples to show how ethyl acetoacetate may be utilised for the preparation of (a) branched chain acids (b) diketones and (c) heterocyclic compounds.3. Describe the methods of preparation and properties of aromatic aldehydes ketones and acids containing a hydroxyl group in the ortho position. Show how these compounds may be differentiated from the corresponding ineta and para isomerides. 4. Review the methods which are available for the synthesis of the quinoline and isoquinoline ring systems and compare and contrast the prop- erties of atoms and groups attached to the heterocyclic and the homocyclic rings in these compounds. Give examples of natural compounds based on these two structures. 5. Discuss the evidence on which the accepted constitutions of THREE 6. Write an essay on the chemistry 04 starch iiud ccllulosc. 7. Indicate briefly how FOUR of the following compounds may be prepared of the following are based :-(a) phenolphthalein (h) caffeine (c) ascorbic acid (d)thyroxine (e) civetone.r 282 3 from readily accessible materials :-(a) triphenylethylene (b) 8-phenyliso-propylamine (c) /?-phenylglutaric acid (d) ethyl p-methoxyphenylacetate (e) 3-bromo-4-chlorobenzoic acid. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. Practical First Group. WEDNESDAY 6 .4PRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.117. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are 9zot required. Make cowcise szofes of yoiir eqberiments as they are made and where possible in fnbirlarform. Stnte your final conclusions clearly.) * 1. Solution (A) contains silver and copper nitrates. Determine the concentration of silver ions in grams per litre by the method prescribed.? (This exercise must be complefed to-day.) 2.Standardise the silver nitrate solution (C) by precipitating and weigh- ing the silver as silver chloride. (This exercise way be roitipleted to-uiorrotu.) 3. Identify by means of qualitative tests the ore (D). [(D) = Ilmenite OR Wolfram.] (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY 7 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete the standardisation of the silver nitrate solution (C) begun yesterday. 4. Determine the concentration of copper ions (in grams per litre) in solution (A) by the method prescribed.$ 6. Identify by means of qualitative tests the components of mixture (F) which contains two “insoluble” substances. [(F) = Barium sulphate and silica OR barium sulphate and alumina.] FRIDAY 8 APRIL 1949 10 a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. From the chlorobenzene provided prepare specimens (approx. 2 g.) of 2 4-dinitrochlorobenzene 2 4-dinitroaniline and 2 4-dinitrodiphenyl-amine. 2. Identify the substance (G). [(G) = Formanilide OR propionamide OR benzamide.] SATURDAY 9 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30p.ni. 3. (H) is a mixture of two organic compounds. Isolate a pure specimen of each constituent and identify them. [(H) = Salicylic acid and p-hydroxy- benzoic acid OR 2 4-dinitrophenol and p-nitrophenol.] 4. Report on the nature of the substance (I). [(I) = Technical triethan- olamine.] * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. f Not reproduced. $ Not reproduced. In the course of this exercise some candidates are known to have referred to an old edition of a standard text-book in which the amount of copper equivalent to 1 ml.N.sodium thiosulphate was wrongly stated. The Examiners made the necessary correction when assessing the results. [ 283 1 Il’r(icfitctl Set ond Groiip. MOND-4 Y. 11 APRIL 1949 10 u.~. to 4.30p.~ (Lengthydescviptiol-zs of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of yoztr experiments as they we made and where possible in tabular fornz. Stnte your final conclusions clearly.) * 1. Solution (J)contains the nitrates of silver and manganese. Determine the silver ion concentration in grams per litre by the method prescribed.t (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 8.Standardise the silver nitrate solution (L)by precipitating and weighing the silver as silver chloride. (Thisexercise r~nybe con./fAeierl to-mov~oic).) 3. ldentify by means of qualitative tests the ore (hl). ((11) :Mispickcl OR nickel g1ance.j (This exercise Inzist be covnplefed to-day.) TUESDA Y 12 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 $.in. Complete the standardisation of the silver nitrate solution (L)begun yester- day. 4. Determine the concentration of manganese ions (in grams per litre) in solution (J) by the method prescribed.t 5. Identify by means of qualitative tests the components of the mixture (P)which contains two “insoluble” substances. [(P) = Calcium phosphate and titanium dioxide OH lithium phosphate and stannic oxide.] 1. From the toluene provided prepare specimens (approx.2 g.) of 2 4-dinitrotoluene p-nitrotoluene and p-nitrobenzoic acid. 2. Identify the substance (9). [(Q)-Ethyl oxalate OK ethyl formate.] THURSDAY 14 APRIL 1040 10 u.w.to 4.30 p.m. 3. (R) is a mixture of two organic compounds. Isolate a pure specimen of each constituent and identify them. [(R)= fi-Nitrobenzoic acid and diphenyl OR ni-nitrobenzoic acid and nz-dinitrobenzene .-\ 4. Report on the nature of the substance S. [(S) = Technical oleic acid.] EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch B Physical Chemistry. TUESD.4 Y 19 ,4PRII- 1949 9.30 a.w. to 12.30p.iii. (,4iiswer FOUR qut-Ffions ONLY.) 1. Explain how the Alvogadronumber has been measured by (1) observa-tion of the Brownian movement and (2) determination of the distribution of the particles of a suspension under the action of gravity.2. Give a general account of the methods by which the bond energy of molecules may be measured. By what evidencr is the bond energy of the hydrogen molecule fixed at cn. 103 kcal. ? * This note wab repeatrd on each of thc tlirct. following papers. + Not reproduced. [ 2s4 ] 3. What is understood by the term “chain reaction”? Give a gencral account of the theory of branching chain reactions and describe how they can be recognised. Illustrate your answer by suitable examples. 4. Show how the first and second laws of thermodynamics are combined in the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and indicate the application of this relation- ship to chemical problems of affinity Explain the attempt to overcome its limitations by the conceptions of the Nernst heat theorem.6. Describe the phenomena attending the adsorption of gases on solids and show how they have been explained Correlate these processes of adsorption with the various types of heterogeneous gaseous reactions and discuss thcir mechanism. Give examples where possible. 6. Explain the assumptions on which the Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes is based. What relationship can be derived by means of this theory between the activity coefficient of a uni-univalent electrolyte and the ionic strength of the solution ? How can such a relationship be tested experi- mentally ? 7. Give a brief description of the glass electrode and its use in the determ- ination of pH.Indicate the limitations and advantages of the method. Assuming that the electrode consists of a membrane permeable only to hydrogen ions derive a relation between the potential of the electrode and the pH of the solution in which it is immersed. In what respects does the actual behaviour of the electrode deviate from the theoretical ? 2 lo 5 p.w. (,4?zswer FOUR questions 0NLY.j 1. Write an historical account of the theoretical and practical aspects of the liquefaction of gases. 2. Outline Einstein’s theory of the specific heats of solids and indicate briefly how it has been extended. Mention the more important aspects of specific heats in chemical theory and practice. 3. What information about photochemical reactions may be derived from a study of molecular absorption spectra ? Illustrate your results by reference to suitable reactions.4. Give an account of the general features of the kinetics of polymerisation of vinyl compounds and indicate the conclusions which have been drawn about the mechanism. How have these matters been studied experimentally ? 3. Draw diagrams showing the various types of equilibria exhibited by binary systems which give (n) continuous and (b) discontinuous series of solid solutions and indicate the nature of the various phase relationships and conversions. Give a short account of the experimental methods by which such diagrams are constructed. 6. Give a general account of thc modern theories of acids and bases including the phenomena of hydrolysis and the theory of buffer solutions.7. Discuss the structure and stability of the various types of lyophilic colloids. How would you determine (a) the isoelectric point and (h) the molecular weight of a protein colloid ? WEUSESUAY fo S.4 TURDA Y 20 to 23 -dPl?IL,1949 9 a.w. to 6.30 P.)IL. each day. 1. (a) Investigate the effect of neutral salts on the initial rate of the reaction between potassium persulphate and potassium iodide in slightly acid solution. i 286 J The overall reaction is 21-+ s,o,-= I + 2s04= and the rate can be followed by titrating the liberated iodine in 50 mI. portions of the reaction mixture with N/100 thiosulphate. Solutions of the following compositions are suitable M 200 m1.-KI + 100 m1.-M -K,S,O -+ 5 ml.2N acetic acid 20 20 AgNO i i XgNO (0.05X) Ag NH,NO,j Satd. SH4N0 iNH,NO (0.05X) -1g NH j where C is the concentration of the complex ion and CA~+ and CNH*are respectively the concentrations of free Ag+ and free NH (i.e. of Ag+ and NH not combined in the complex). Tt may be assumed that the E.M.F. of the The following procedure is suggested (u)Carry out a potentiometric titration of 50 nil. YjIO AgNO -+ 50 ml. N/10NH,NO with approximately N XH solution. Hence determine the ratio y/x and show that CA~+is negligible in comparison with the total (free + complex) silver concentration provided an appreciable excess of NH is present. (b) Measure the E.M.F. at 25* C. of say four cells in which soln. 2 has the composition given above and soln.1 has the following compositions Total hg = 0.005 0.01,0.02 0.05 3. Free NH = constant about 0.5 N. NO,-= 0-10 N (by suitable addition of NH,NO,). Determine x from the variation of E with [total Ag]. (c) Measure the E.M.F. of similar cells in which soln. 1 has the following compositions Total Ag = 0.01 N. NH4+ = 0.09 3. x0,-= 0.10N. Free NH = 0 0.08 0.04,0.08 0.16 . . . . . . ca. 1.0 Plot E against log CNH:,and show that the graph confirms your previous value of ylx. Calculate K from experiments (b) and (c). Branch C Organic Chemistry. IMONDAY 28 llf,4RCH 1949 10 ~.wz. to 1 P.PIZ. (Answev THREE quesfioizs ONLY.) 1. Discuss the evidence for the classification of reagents into electrophilic (or cationoid) and nucleophilic (or anionoid) types and show to what extent satisfactory theories have been developed on this basis to account for the phenomena of (a) aromatic substitution and (b) addition reactions of the carbon-carbon and of the carbon-oxygen double bond.2. Review the methods of preparation and properties of the organo- metallic compounds exclttdipzzg those containing magnesium. 3. Write an essay on EITHER the Vitamin 13 Complex OR Antimalarial Drugs 4. Write an essay on the chemistry of the chromones and coumarins. 5. Discuss the formation and stability of large rings. 6. Write an account of the history occurrence isolation synthesis and stereochemistry of the natural sex hormones. 2 fo 5 p.m. (Atzswev THREE questions ONLY.) 1.Write a review of the uses and limitations of electrolytic reactions in organic chemistry. 2. Review the methods available for the synthesis of heterocyclic com- pounds containing (a) two different and (b) two similar hetero-atoms in one ring. 3. Indicate how FOUR of the following reagents may be prepared and illustrate their uses in organic chemistry (a)aluminium tertiary butoxide (b) N-bromosuccinimide (c) lithium aluminium hydride (d) trimethylam-moniumacetohydrazide chloride (e) acetyl peroxide. 4. Review the chemistry of the anthraquinone dyestuffs. 5. Compare and contrast the phenomena of addition polymerisation and [ 287 ] condensation polymerisation. Give examples of both types and describe in detail the accepted mechanisms for addition polymerisation and the evidence on which they are based.6. Give an account of recent developments in the chemistry of the pro- teins and their degradation products. TUESDA Y and WEDNESDA Y 29 atad 30 M-dRCH 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the substance (A). [(A) = p-Aniinobenzenesulphonacet-amide.] 2. From the diphenyl provided prepare pure specimens (about 2 g.) of (a)4-nitrodiphenyl (b)2-nitrodiphenyl (c)4-aminodiphenyl (44-acetamido-diphenyl (e) 3-nitr0-4-acetamidodipheny1 (f)3-nitro-4-aminodiphenyl. (This exevrise may be continued on subsequent days.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY 31 MARCH and 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 P.m. each day. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. (B) is a mixture of p-toluidine and m-toluidine.Using a standard solution of potassium bromate determine the proportions of each present 4. Separate and identify the constituents of the ternary mixture (C). [(C) = Adipic acid p-bromophenol and triphenylmethane.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with Special Reference to Fine Chemicals. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. As for Branch C Organic Chemistry p. 287 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY to be amwered of which ONE must be EITHER (1) OR (2).) 1. The following substances are specified in a Purchase Tax 0rder:- (a) “dl-2-dimethylamino-4 4-diphenylheptane-&one”; (b) “3 4-dihydroxyl- I-(a-hydroxy- p-aminopropyl) benzene hydro- chloride.” Write down the formula of each and suggest methods for its synthesis.2. Describe the synthesis of any THREE of the following:-(a) pethidine hydrochloride (b) phenazone (antipyrin) (c) procaine hydrochloride (d) sulphonal (e) thyroxine (f) amphetamine (benzedrine). 3. Describe the preparation and properties of one important group of synthetic colouring matters which might be used in food. In what respects might such a colour differ when made solely for technical use? 4. Give examples illustrating the use of the reducing agents more com- monly employed in preparing fine chemicals. 5. Describe the production of saccharin and dulcin for use as sweetening agents. How-are their comparative sweetnesses relative to sugar determined ? 6. Give an account of the application in research on fine chemicals of:- (a) Chromatographic adsorption (b) The molecular still (c) Infra-red spectrography.7. By means of typical examples illustrate the use of FOUR of the following reagents in organic synthesis :-(a) dimethyl sulphate (b) diazomethane [ 288 ] (c) thionyl chloride (d) maleic anhydride (e) ethyl acetoacetate (f)p-toluene sulphonyl chloride. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY 29 and 30 March 1949 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. As for Branch C Organic Chemistry p. 288. THURSDAY and FRIDAY 31 MARCH and 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Complete yesterday’s exercise 2. 3. Determine the saponification equivalent of the ester (D). Separate the monobasic acid formed by hydrolysis and determine its molecular weight by titration. 4.Separate and identify the constituents of the ternary mixture (C). [(C) = Adipic acid pbromophenol and triphenylmethane.] Branch C Organic Chemistry with Special Reference to High Polymers MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. lo 1 p.m. As for Branch C Organic Chemistry p. 287. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Describe briefly the usual procedure for obtaining long-chain polymers from the following monomers indicating particularly the chemical nature of the initiation step (a)ethylene oxide (b) isobutylene (c)vinyl chloride and (d) ethylene. 2. Describe the scope for and the specific paths of reaction pursued in the production of condensation polymers from urea and formaldehyde discussing briefly the influence of the chemical structure and the physical properties of the polymers on the range of their industrial utility.3. Write a short essay on ONE of the following subjects (a)The reactive character of the methylol-phenol system (0,m p) and its reflexion in the resinification process which leads to phenol-formaldehyde resins ; (b) The manner of linking of the sugar units in cellulose and starches and the means available for breaking the links. 4. Discuss the advantages (if any) and the disadvantages (if any) arising from the presence of ethylenic linkages (repeated or occasional) in the chains of high-molecular polymers. Illustrate your answer with examples. 5. Give an account of methods for the production of halogenated long- chain polymers. Discuss the specific influence of the halogen atoms on the physical and chemical properties and on the utility of the materials.6. Give an account of the structural importance of sulphur as contributory to the production of useful properties in well known polymeric materials. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 29 MARCH to 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. As for Branch C Organic Chemistry p. 288. Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. 1. Discuss the standards of identity and purity for gelatine laid down in Section 1 of the accompanying copy of the Edible Gelatine Order 1948. [ 289 1 2. Write a short essay on either:- (a) The relative biological value of the various proteins OR (b) Methods for distinguishing between amino-acids.3. What are the characteristic constituents of water which cause corrosion or solution of the metals iron lead and zinc? What treatment would you apply to such waters? 11.30 a.m. to 1p.m. (THREE questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Discuss the methods of testing materials for injection for (a) sterility (b) absence of pyrogens. 2. Write an account of the pharmacological actions of EITHER morphine OR digitalis. 3. Write short notes on the pharmacology and therapeutics of (a) men-thol (b) methylthiouracil (c) picrotoxin (d) squill (e) sulphaguanidine. 4. Describe the principal effects of poisoning by (a) phosphorus (b) mercury. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Suggest definitions or standards for the following giving reasons for your views (a)white pepper (b)custard powder (c)curry powder (d)mustard flour (e) dried herbs and (f)coffee and chicory mixture.2. Outline the method you would employ to examine the contents of the crop of a chicken suspected of having been poisoned by the rat poison zinc phosphide contained in a poultry food. 3. Give short accounts of the application in routine food analysis of the following instruments :-Refractometer Polarimeter Polarograph Ultra-Violet lamp Spectrometer. 4. Discuss the composition of the present-day wheat flour. Review the alteration in grade of composition during recent years. Give your views on the use of “improvers.” What methods are employed for the detection and estimation of “improvers” ? 5.What methods would you employ to determine the amount of chloro- xylenol contained in a disinfectant consisting of an emulsion of pine oil chloroxylenol cresols soap and water ? TUESDAY 29 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the fish content of the fish paste (A). 2. Determine the amount of benzoic acid preservative in the fish paste (B). (The whole of the portion (B) must be used for the determination). [Benzoic acid = 500 parts per million.] (These exercises may be finished to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY 30 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday’s exercises 1 and 2. 3. Determine the amount of saccharin or dulcin in the soft drink (C). 4. Determine the percentage of coffee in the coffee and chicory mixture 5.The liquor (E) is a factory effluent said to destroy the activity of the THURSDAY 31 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. io 5 p.m. (D). [Coffee approximately 60 per cent.] [ 290 j micro-organisms in the biological filter-beds of a sewage disposal works. Analyse the liquor (E) for any possible cause. (This exercise may be finished to-morrow.) FRIDAY 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday's Exercise 5. 6. Isolate and prepare a stained miscroscopical slide of one of the colonies in the culture (F). Report any opinion that you may form from the micro- scopical examination. (Leave the prepared slide on your bsnch.) 7. Estimate microscopically the proportions of the two starches in mixture (G). 8.Identify the specimens (H) (I) and (J). SATURDAY 2 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of all microscopical examina<ions should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) 1. Make a microscopical examination of the powdered vegetable drug (K). Name describe and sketch the structures seen. Identification of the drug is not required. 2. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered vegetable drugs (L) (W,(N) (0)and (P). 3. Identify the alkaloidal poisons in the tablets (Q) and (R). Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 28 March 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY to bs answered.) 1. What are the principal changes that nitrogenous substances of animal and vegetable origin undergo in the soil? Indicate the extent to which these changes are influenced by the nature of the nitrogenous substances and the conditions in the soil.2. Discuss the availability to crops of the potassium and phosphorus present in soils as assessed by the laboratory methods in use for the quanti- tative estimation of these constituents. 3. Describe the main processes in the development of the soil profile. Explain what is meant by (a)podsols; (b)brown earths; (c)black earths. 4. Indicate the origin composition and use of the following manures:- triple superphosphate nitro-chalk muriate of potash steamed bone flour mono-ammonium phosphate. 5. What is meant by the exchangeable calcium of the soil ? Describe and explain the harmful effects on productivity that may follow the application of an (a)inadequate (b)excessive amount of lime.6. What are the main factors that determine the composition of (a)dung (b) compost? Show how the contribution made by each towards increased fertility is related to the amount and nature of the constituents they contain. 2 to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. In the light of present knowledge discuss the usefulness and limitations 2. What are the different forms of combination in which phosphorus of the routine methods of analysis of a feeding stuff. [ 291 ] exists in plants and animals? Discuss briefly the functions performed by these compounds. 3. Briefly describe the chemical changes that may be activated through the metallic contamination of milk. Mention and explain the action of other factors that can influence these changes.4. Summarise the evidence in support of the view that copper cobalt and iodine are essential constituents in the food of farm animals. 5. Indicate the composition and main properties of casein and albumin and explain their significance as food constituents. 6. Discuss the nutritive value of any three home grown foods used as substitutes for imported concentrates in the feeding of farm animals. Illu-strate how these home grown foods can be used by constructing rations for a 9 cwt. bullock to give a live-weight increase of 2 Ib. daily. TUESDA Y and WEDNESDA Y 29 and 30 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine (a)the pH (b)exchangeable calcium in the soil sample (A). Give your opinion as to the lime dressing required for horticultural pur- poses.2. Analyse the feeding stuff (B) and report fully on the sample. (These exercises may be completed on the following day.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY 31 MARCH and 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. each day. 3. Report on the sample (C) of milk. 4. Estimate (a)the nitrate nitrogen and (b) the citric soluble phosphate in manure (D). Branch G Industrial Chemistry with Special Reference to Petroleum. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer at least ONE question from Section A and attempt FOUR questions in all.) A. 1. Give an account of the duties and responsibilities you would be expected to undertake if appointed Safety Officer in a chemical works. 2. Discuss briefly the contribution made to the chemical industry by any TWO of the following:- Baekeland Castner Chance Tennant Muspratt.B. 3. What materials would you recommend for fabrication of plant for the undermentioned duties :-(a) Dilution of nitric acid to a 20 per cent. solution; (b) Washing of mineral oil with sulphuric acid; (c) Evaporator for strong caustic lye; (d) Heat exchanger for dilute hydrochloric acid. In each case discuss the advantages or limitations imposed on the designer by the nature of the material you select. 4. Prepare drafts of the following documents:- (a) A form to be completed in respect of all samples sent to your labor- (b) A plant record sheet to be completed by process operators in charge atory for examination; [ 292 3 of either (a) a still or (b) a steam raising plant with the object of maintaining chemical control.5. Give a description with simple sketches of three of the following pieces of equipment :-(a) Simple gear pump; (b) Some form of temperature recorder; (c) Water meter; (d) A system for the continuous observation of fluid specific gravity. 6. EITHER Describe the method of operation of any type of industrial filtration unit with which you may be familiar and give an account of the materials now available for filter media; OR Discuss the difficulties encountered in taking samples from bulk both of solids and liquids and indicate how you would attempt to overcome them.2 to 5 p.nz. (FIVEquestions ONLY to be answered.) 1. Write an essay on knocking with special reference to the effect of the constitution of hydrocarbons on their behaviour in the internal combustion engine. 2. List the chief solvents used in solvent refining processes for lubricating oil treatment and describe one process in detail with a line diagram. What are the most important solvents being used in the current solvent refining plants ? 3. Describe the development of infra-red analysis as a method for the determination of the hydrocarbons present in a mixture with particular reference to C hydrocarbons. Refer briefly to the use of infra-red analysis in plant control. 4. Write an essay on the development of catalytic cracking of petroleum with particular reference to one of these processes.5. What are the principal materials used as adsorbents in the refining of petroleum ? Describe briefly a modern continuous plant using adsorbents in the refining of lubricating oils. 6. Describe briefly the production of petrolatum from petroleum. Dis-cuss the difference in properties between a petrolatum wax and paraffin wax. 7. Describe the principal sulphur compounds present in crude petroleum and discuss their possible commercial uses. TUESDAY lo THURSDAY 29 to 31 MARCH inclusive 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. (Attempt TWO exercises one of which must be No. 1.) 1. Evaluate the given crude petroleum with respect to its gasoline and kerosine yield and prepare small samples of each of the products in a form suitable for marketing.2. Analyse the given sample of gas for n-butane and isobutane content. 3. Determine the viscosity and viscosity index of the given sample of lubricating oil. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Power Station Operation and Practice. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1p.wi. As for Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum p. 292. [ 293 I 2 to 6 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. How do acidity and excess alkalinity affect the corrosion of steel and what are the implications in the design and operation of boiler plant? 2. How may the presence of silica in boiler water affect boilers and turbines ? Discuss remedies. 3.Describe briefly the process of water purification known as “demineral- isation.” Supposing that a 200 MW closed feed station operating at 900 lb./sq. inch is to be erected and that you have been asked to choose between this pr4)cess and the evaporation of base-exchange softened water as a means of providing the 6 per cent. make-up water which may be required what are the technical and economic factors in which you would be particularly inter- ested and how would they influence your decision? How would the rest of the engine-room plant differ in the two cases ? 4. What are the chemical reagents which are commonly used for boiler water treatment? What are their functions and how do they act? TUESDAY 29 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1.Give an account of the degradation of turbine lubricating oils in service. 2. Give an account of the use of additives in turbine lubricating oils. 3. What steps have been taken to minimise the deleterious effects of chimney emissions ? Describe briefly the principles on which the appliances you mention are based. 4. Discuss the formation of sulphur trioxide in the furnace and gas passes of a boiler fitted with a travelling grate stoker. 2 to 5 9.m. (Answer the FIRST question and TWO others.) 1. Discuss critically the various methods of determining small concen- trations of oxygen in feed water. 2. Describe with the aid of diagrams feed water systems suitable for a two-shift station operating at 900 lb./sq. in. 3.What are the principles governing the operation of vacuum deaerators for power stations? Describe with the aid of diagrams the types of vacuum deaerators that are known to you. 4. Describe a suitable method of sampling and condensing steam in order to determine steam purity by a measurement of electrical conductivity. Supposing that the steam is contaminated with boiler salts and ammonia but not with carbon dioxide how would you use the laws of dilute solution to calculate the conductivity due to boiler salts if the equivalent conductance of ammonia at infinite dilution has not been calculated at concentrations lower than 10 milliequivalents NH per litre? WEDNESDAY 30 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Give an account of the combustion of carbon in boiler furnaces with special reference to theory.2. A sample of flue gases which was withdrawn from the air-heater outlet of a boiler fitted with a chain grate stoker gave the following results when analysed in a Haldane apparatus:- [ 894 ] Carbon dioxide . . .. . . 10.91 per cent. Oxygen .. .. .. . . 8.69 , On combustion :-Contraction .. .. ,. 0.16 , Carbon dioxide formed . 0.14 , Oxygen consumed .. .. 0.14 , Calculate the theoretical CO percentage on complete combustion with no excess air. Compare the result with the theoretical CO percentage calculated from the following analyses of coal and refuse and comment on the discrep- ancy assuming that the coal analysis fairly represents the coal fed to the grate :-Moisture .... .. 10-6 per cent. Ash . . .. .. . . 14.4 , Carbon . . .. .. . . 64.38 , Hydrogen .. .. . . 4.11 , Oxygen .. .. . . 4.48 , Nitrogen .. .. . . 0.96 , Sulphur .. .. . . 1.07 , Combustible in ashes and fly grits equals 2.5 per cent. of the weight of coal fired. The air contains 21-0per cent. oxygen by volume. 3. A boiler which requires an unusually large quantity of topping-up water when banked is suspected of leakage at expanded tube ends although there is no audible indication of leakage. You have been asked to explore the possibility of discovering leakage by comparing the water vapour contents of the flue gases at a number of stages through the boiler with each other and with the water-vapour calculated to arise from combustion.(a) Briefly describe methods of estimating the water vapour content of the gases; Criticise the validity of the comparison with special reference to (b) errors and to the magnitude of the leak. The boiler loading can be adjusted to suit your investigation. Use the analyses of Question 2 to illustrate your remarks. 4. Define the high and low heats of combustion of solid fuels at constant pressure and constant volume. Derive relationships between them. Outline a method of determining the heat of combustion of pure benzoic acid which is intended for use as a standard in the calorimetry of coal. 5. What changes do the mineral constituents of coal undergo during incineration? How has the method of determining ash in coal been modified in order to diminish disagreement between laboratories which may arise from this cause? 2 to 5 P.m.(Answer Question 1 and EITHER Question 2 OR Question 3.) 1. Plan an organisation to handle the chemical work (including routine investigational and simple metallurgical aspects) of a group of twelve power stations indicating briefly how you would allocate duties and responsibilities if you were free to do so in order to bring the maximum economic benefit to the group as a whole. You should take it that the group contains two new base load stations of 240 MW each operating at 900 Ib./sq. in. which are 60 miles apart but you are free to imagine the capacity steam pressure and location of the other ten stations. 2. Write a brief essay on the use of the microscope in the chemical and 3.Discuss the relationships between the type of firing equipment and the simple metallurgical work which arises in power station practice. r 295 1 characteristics of coal which affect its suitability for use with that equipment for ONE of the following:-(a) a travelling grate stoker; (b) a retort-type stoker; (c) pulverised fuel. THURSDAY 31 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 5 9.m. 1. Examine the sample of water (A) and recommend a method of treat- ment to provide make-up water for boilers operating at 1,350 lb./sq. in. The normal feed to these boilers is 97 per cent. return condensate and 3 per cent. make-up water. (Hand in your answey to this question at the end of the day.) 2. Determine the percentage of sulphate and phosphate in the sample (B) which is an external scale from an economiser.Comment on the possi- bility of cleaning the economise? by spray washing or steaming. (This exercise may be finished tomorrow.) FRIDAY 1 APRIL 1949 10 a.m. to 5p.m. Finish yesterday's Exercise 2. 3. Determine the carbon hydrogen and chlorine contents of the coal sample (C). Branch I Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Effluents. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1p.m. (Answer Question 1 and THREE others.) 1. The following analytical results were obtained upon examination of two samples of water (A) and (B). Sample A Sample B (parts per MILLION) Total solids dried at 180" C. .. .. .. 100 390 Ammoniacal nitrogen .... .. .. 0.05 0.005 Albuminoid nitrogen .. .. .. .. 0-14 0.060 Nitrite nitrogen . . .. .. .. .. nil nil Nitrate nitrogen .. .. .. .. .. 0.40 1.20 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate (4 hours at2Y C.) . . .. .. .. .. 11.9 0.1 Carbonate hardness .. .. .. .. 68 254 Xon-Carbonate hardness .. .. .. 3 61 Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.1 - 71.1 33.3 Sulphate (SO,) .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 34.7 Chloride (Cl) .. .I .. .. .. 10.7 46.0 Free carbon dioxide . . .. .. .. 4 25 Metals iron .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 nil Colour Hazen degrees .. .. .. .. 170 10 pH . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 7.4 48 hours at 37" C. Plate count on agar- .. .. .. .. 2,500 2 72 hours at 21" C. .. .. .. .. 10,000 5 Coliform organisms per 100 ml. .. .. (approx.)35 nil Report upon the suitability of each of these waters for a Public Supply giving reasons for your opinion.State in detail the treatment if any that you would advise to render each water suitable for this purpose. 2. State what you understand by simple chlorination chloramine treat- ment break point chlorination and super-chlorination with dechlorination. Which particular modification would you recommend for sterilising a swim-ming bath water ? 3. Discuss the principles of coagulation as applied to water purification illustrating your answer by reference to alum ferric salts and sodium alum- inate. What experiments could you make in the laboratory to ascertain the best type and amount of coagulant to be added to a particular water? 4.Discuss the possibility of using a sewage polluted river water for a public water supply. What treatment would you advise? 5. Describe the design and operation of a “sludge blanket” type of lime-soda water softening plant. Assume that such a plant softening 1 million gallons per day has to dispose of 30 tons of sludge containing 10 per cent. of solids how would you treat and dispose of this in a satisfactory manner ? 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer Question 1 and THREE others.) 1. State with full experimental details how you would determine in a ferruginous water (a)lead (b) copper (c) manganese. 2. Upon bacteriological examination a water is found to contain coliform organisms. What differential tests would you apply to ascertain the type of organism present ? 3.What do you understand by the term “aggressive” as applied to water ? How would you determine whether a water is aggressive and how would you render a water non-aggressive ? 4. Discuss and compare the two tests “Biochemical oxygen demand” and “Oxygen absorbed from acid permanganate.” 5. For what purposes are (a)trisodium phosphate and (b) sodium hexa- metaphosphate used in water treatment ? TUESDAY 29 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer Question 1 and THREE others.) 1. Discuss in detail the various criteria which enable you to judge the quality of a sewage effluent. . 2. Give an account of all the methods of sludge disposal with which you are acquainted stating the advantages and disadvantages of each method. 3. Write a short essay on the chemical and biological aspects of the self- purification of streams polluted with sewage.4. Discuss EITHER the possible effects of synthetic detergents upon the treatment of sewage containing them OR the question of the admittance of trade wastes into the sewers of a local authority. 5. How would you advise that trade wastes from any two of the following types of works should be dealt with (a)chromium plating works (b) gasworks (c) a vegetable canning factory ? [On the Tuesday afternoon a borehole supply of a Water Undertaking and a water supply pumped from a colliery were inspected and samples were taken.] WEDNESDAY to FRIDA Y 30 MARCH to 1 APRIL iizclusive 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make bacteriological examinations of two samples of water collected for that purpose.3. Analyse the sample of borehole water. [ 297 ] 3. Make a complete analysis of the colliery water calculate amounts of lime and other chemicals necessary to soften it and determine the iron and manganese therein. 4. Determine the chloride and thiocyanate content of the sewage effluent 5. Determine the total phosphate content of the water containing sodium hexametaphosphate. 6. Complete the bacteriological examination of the waters and in conjunction with chemical results obtained write reports as to their suitability for a Public Supply. Special Examination in Textile Chemistry with special reference to the Technology of Fibres including Bleaching Dyeing and Finishing Synthetic Fibres Etc.MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions ONLY.) 1. What are the principles applicable to all manufactured fibres which govern the attainment of high ultimate strength in the fibre? Give examples of the application of these principles in the manufacture of high-tenacity cellulose fibres. 2. Give an account of the work which has led to the elucidation of the chemical structure of cellulose. 3. Compare the behaviour of natural and of regenerated forms of fibrous cellulose in cold caustic soda solutions over the concentration range N to 10N. Discuss the technical significance of this behaviour. 4. What are the essential structural features in the molecule of a sub- stance showing a high surface activity? How are variations in this structure related to the conditions in the solution (temperature electrolyte concentra- tion etc.) at which optimum activity is manifested? How do you account for the fact that cation-active agents are not normally employed primarily for the purpose of facilitating wetting-out ? 5.Discuss briefly the significance of the following substances in the production of synthetic fibres of distinctive. properties :-(u) cyclohexanol (b) o-caprolactam (c) acetic anhydride (d) ethylene glycol (e) acetylene. 6. Suppose that you conceive an idea for a new dyeing process and that you desire to amplify your information in order to make use of data already available and also to satisfy yourself that your idea has not been anticipated. How would you conduct a search of the relevant literature with the above objects in view? 7.What procedure is required in order to obtain critical definition in a photomicrograph of the cross-section of undyed viscose filaments ? 8. Give an account of modern shrink-resisting processes and show how they are related to our present knowledge of the structure of the wool fibre and of the chemical constitution and reactions of wool protein. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions ONLY.) 1. An acetate warp satin after desizing and dyeing shows the presence of penodically-spaced narrow stripes in the warp direction which are more intensely coloured than the rest of the fabric. Discuss the probable causes of this effect and state what tests you would apply in order to ascertain how it had in fact occurred.[ 298 2. Discuss critically the requirements at each stage which would be necessary for conducting the bleaching of cotton piece goods on a completely continuous system. How far have modern developments progressed towards the realisation of such a process? 3. Outline briefly the theory of the determination of pH by an electro- metric method and describe the practical determination of this quantity in a solution containing an active oxidising agent. 4. Assess the importance of the recently discovered Alcian Blue 8G in the dyeing and printing of textiles. What is known of its constitution and how does this govern the methods suggested for its application ? 5. Discuss recent suggestions that have been made for determining the most favourable conditions for applying the direct cotton dyes in order to obtain (a) maximum levelness of result on a regenerated cellulose of variable adsorptive capacity (b) maximum levelness and penetration when dyed on closely woven fabrics or wound yarn packages.How are these tests based upon fundamental knowledge of the behaviour of these dyes ? 6. Discuss the application of synthetic resins in the finishing of textiles. 7. How may a loom-state viscose woven with tightly twisted weft yarns be finished to produce a material with a pronounced and uniform crepe? 8. Describe methods that have been introduced for conferring dimensional stability on woven textile materials. 9. Compare the advantages and disadvantages economic and technical of the screen block and machine methods of textile printing.TUESDAY to FRIDAY 29 MARCH to 1 APRIL inclusive 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of the dyebath (A) which has been used for dyeing a batch of woollen yarn in respect of dye content acid content and sulphate content. A pure specimen of the dye employed will be provided. 2. Report on the suitability of the hypochlorite solution (B) for the bleaching of a scoured cotton cloth by a process in which the time of treatment is specified as two hours. 3. Identify the fibres present in the sample of printed cloth (C) and the classes of dye used for its coloration. 4. The two specimens (D) and (E) have been offered at the same price as pure textile soaps suitable for scouring and crepeing acetate fabrics.Which of the two should be chosen as having the best competitive value? 5. Place the dyes (F),(G) and (H) in the order of their suitability for the uniform dyeing and full penetration of cotton and viscose yarns. Special Examination in Chemical Spectroscopy. MONDAY 28 MARCH 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions ONLY.) 1. Give an account of recent developments in spectroscopic equipment for the study of EITHER infra-red absorption spectra OR ultra-violet absorption spectra. 2. Discuss the general problem of light sources in spectroscopy and deal in detail with two or three important types. 3. Describe the various types of photographic plate used in spectroscopy. Discuss the principles governing the relationship between incident light intensity and blackening in the developed negative.r 299 1 4. Given a negative taken with a large quartz spectrograph and showing in juxtaposition (a)the iron arc (b) the spectrum of a new metal how would you determine the wave-lengths and intensities of the spectral lines of the new element ? 5. Describe the experimental methods available for determining Raman spectra. 6. Discuss the technical problems of spectroscopy in the region of the ultra-violet below 2,000A. 7. Explain in detail what is meant by FOUR of the following:-(a) polari-sation photometers (b) Littrow-type spectrograph (c) under-water spark (d) echelon cell (e) double beam instrument (f) reversion spectroscope (Hartridge) (g) micro-spectrography (h) molecular extinction coeficient and E 1',??,, (i) ionisation potential.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions ONLY.) 1. Write an essay on the methods available for determining quantitatively the impurities present in a relatively pure specimen of ONE of the following:- copper lead aluminium carbon. 2. Discuss the determination of trace metals in vegetable products or tissue. Refer briefly to the significance of such studies. 3. Give an account of some of the results obtained during the last decade in the study of infra-red absorption spectra of organic compounds and assess their value. 4. Describe the present position of ultra-violet spectrophotometry as an analytical tool with special reference to any ONE problem.5. Outline the theoretical aspects of the interpretation of ONE of the following:-(a) spectra of diatomic molecules (b) spectra of alkali metals (c) absorption spectra of the vapours of benzene and related substances (d) absorption spectra of poly-enes (e) absorption spectra of polycylic hydrocarbons. 6. Write an essay on works of reference and monographs in the field of chemical spectroscopy. Discuss also the problem of abstracting and indexing the literature of the subject. 7. Describe the problem of designing and equipping a spectroscopic laboratory in a research institution concerned with a wide range of problems. TUESDAY lo THURSDAY 29 to 31 MARCH inclusive 10 a.m. to 5 p-m. each day. 1. Report on the alloy (A) provided.2. Determine the absorption spectrum of the substance (B),and estimate its molecular weight given the spectra of substances (C) and (D). The nature of (C) and (D) will be disclosed after you have determined the spectrum of (B). REPORT EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIP FOR Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. The standard reached in answering the inorganic chemistry paper was generally good and a welcome feature was the demonstration of a good grasp of the fundamental principles and essential facts. There were however clear indications in many cases that candidates were far below the standard r 3001 and would have been well advised not to enter the examination without further study. The misuse of the terms “cation” and “anion” resulted in a surprising number of confused answers.Candidates would be well advised to use the terms positive ion and negative ion if the meanings of the shorter terms do not immediately spring to their minds. Many of the answers to Q. 4 and Q. 7 (b) showed a sound appreciation of the basic developments in the important fields concerned. The paper on physical chemistry continues to present more difficulty than that on inorganic chemistry apparently because basic principles have not been fully assimilated. About half the candidates attempted Q. 1 but none gave an accurate answer to the second part. The definitions of the important concepts “free energy,” “chemical potential” and “activity coefficient” were often loose and showed that the meanings were not properly understood.The answers to Q. 2 and Q. 3 and the standard bookwork comprising the first part of Q. 4 were well done. The rider to Q. 4,asking for a demonstration of the effect of an inert gas on the vapour pressure of a pure liquid was admittedly rather difficult and few candidates provided satisfactory solutions. In Q. 5 a number of candidates were unable to enumerate the useful features of the equilateral triangle and none chose the right-angled triangle. The second part of the question was very well answered. Only about 30 per cent. of the candidates were prepared to attempt Q. 6 which was included for those who like to exercise their native wit. It was not anticipated that the candidates would have met any of these determinations in practice and what was sought was an intelligent approach to the problems.Some of the answers showed good discrimination in selecting methods and ingenuity in experi- mental arrangements. The second part should have proved straightforward to all who attempted the question yet a few omitted it and others gave in- accurate answers. A large choice was deliberately presented in Q. 7 because it was realised that few candidates would have met with all the items either in the laboratory or in their reading. The least popular items were the McLeod gauge Pirani gauge and Thermistor. The principles underlying the use of the various refractometers described were not presented in a very satisfactory manner. In the inorganic practical examination the quantitative work was very good.Both in London and Leeds some candidates were misled by a misprint in an old edition of a standard text-book-1 ml. of N Na,S,O = 0.0357 g. Cu instead of 0.6357 g. Cu. The results were accordingly corrected and the candidates were not penalised. The same work is misleading over the standardisation of iron by potassium permanganate in the bismuthate method in that the removal of excess sodium bismuthate by filtration is omitted. This should not have led candidates astray but since candidates are under a stress some account was taken of this source of error in assessing the results. The qualitative work was on the whole much less satisfactory. Sulphur was frequently missed in Mispickel; titanium was missed in Ilmenite because candidates did not get the material properly into solution ; silicon frequently appeared as aluminium in the mixture (F);and in the corresponding mixture (P)some candidates even missed phosphate.It was evident that much more practice is needed in qualitative analysis particularly in the examination of mixtures containing insoluble constituents. Organic Chemistry. With the sole exception of the answers to the question on ethyl acetoacetate the standard attained in organic chemistry by most of the candidates was low. A comparatively large number were obviously out of their depth and appeared to have entered for the examination without having covered the necessary [ 301 1 ground. In Q. 1 many candidates had no conception of the special properties associated with a double bond between the cc and /3 carbon atoms with reference to a carbonyl group and in Q.3 considerable difficulty was experienced in suggesting methods for distinguishing between the ortho-hydroxy compounds and their meta-and para-isomerides. The answers on the chemistry of starch and cellulose were mostly very elementary in character and Q. 4 was done less satisfactorily than it might have been because many candidates compared the properties of the two rings in quinoline and isoquinoline whereas the question asked for a comparison of the properties of atoms or groups attached to the rings. The answers to Q. 7 were with a few exceptions very poor many candidates’ ideas on organic syntheses never extended beyond the Wurtz and Friedel-Crafts reactions which were applied without any discretion to the most unsuitable starting compounds.In the examination in practical organic chemistry the genera1 standard reached was more satisfactory. In the separation and identification of the constituents of a binary mixture the emphasis was on the method of separation rather than on the identification of the rather commonplace constituents and this reversal of the more usual procedure proved troublesome to many candidates. The identification of benzamide proved surprisingly difficult. Translations. The Board wishes to call special attention to the fact tLat no less than eleven candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in the translation of foreign languages particularly German.Candidates should realise that this transla- tion test is regarded as an important part of the examination. The Council does not now insist on a foreign language at the preliminary examination stage but candidates would be wise to study foreign languages at as early a stage as possible and to regard ability to consult foreign technical literature as an essential part of their training. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water. The theoretical work was generally well done. Sometimes however sufficient thought was not given to questions before commencing to answer them. The contents of the crop of a fowl would probably be in an incipient or even advanced stage of decomposition when received for analysis and any smelling test would be of little use; also evidence from examination for phosphorus would be doubtful.The practical work was uneven. The determination of benzoic acid in fish paste yielded disappointingly varying results even when allowance was made for the tendency to a low result due to the pressure of time. A similar variation occurred in the determination of the amount of coffee in the coffee and chicory mixture but here the time factor did not apply. On the other hand the routine determination of oil nitrogen moisture and ash in fish paste was generally well done. The estimation of potassium dichromate in a dirty effluent presented much difficulty. In therapeutics pharmacology and microscopy the general level of the work done by those candidates who passed was very satisfactory.In the microscopical work the identification of vegetable powders was on the whole well done and the results of the exercise which called for investigation and description of an “unknown” root were quite creditable. The identification of two poisonous alkaloids in tablets proved well within the capacity of most of the candidates. It is again necessary to stress the importance of giving sketches and details of procedure in the reports on microscopical investigations. I 302 1 PASS LIST EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP FOR Arthur Douglas Stuart Roland B.Sc. (Lond.) The Technical College Halifax. Barrow Evelyn Thomas Edward The Technical College Brighton.Birks Frank Thomas Woolwich Polytechnic London and University College Swansea. Bryant Kenneth Henry Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Camm Frederick Allen College of Technology Leeds. Cook Herbert Michael College of Technology Leeds. Elgar Derek John B.Sc. (Lond.) The Technical College Brighton. Fisher James Edwin The Technical College Brighton. Gardner Miss Joyce Elizabeth The Technical College Coventry. Gibbs Brian Montague B.Sc. (Lond.) The Technical College Brighton. Houghton Francis Richard Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Howard George Eric B.Sc. (Lond.) Battersea Polytechnic London. Jackson George Municipal Technical College Hull. Jenkins Henry Austen Technical College Cardiff. Kemp Alan Ronald The Polytechnic Regent Street London.Lovett Stanley Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. Maker Deryk Leonard University College Exeter. Matthews Roy Derek The Technical College Coventry. Maxwell George Edward Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. Moss Kenneth Bradford Technical College Central Technical College Birmingham Harris Institute Preston and Medway Technical College Gill ingh am. Murrell Clifford John The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Nava Harold Anthony City Technical College Liverpool. Norton Philip Douglas Merchant Venturers’ Technical College Bristol. Poppelsdorff Fedor The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Robinson Edward Leaver Blackburn Municipal Technical College. Shackleton. Ronald The Technical College Doncaster.Smith Kenneth Frederick Royal Technical College Salford. Spickett Robert Geoffrey William Woolwich Polytechnic London. Thompson Ronald John Harris Institute Preston and Northern Polytechnic London. Trappe Gordon Royal Technical College Salford. EXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP FOR Branch G Organic Chemistry. Rea Allen Arthur. Branch C Organic Chemistry with special reference to High Polymers. Greenhow Edward Joshua B.Sc. (Lond.). Holloway Maurice William B.Sc. (Liv.). Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs aud of Water. Bushnell Alexander Claud. Davison Stuart Herbert Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). Halliday James Henry. Hayes William Peatman B.Sc. (Lond.). Johnson John Terrence George. Marshall James Herbert Evan B.A.(Cantab.). Pike Ernest Richard. Staniforth Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). Turner Mervyn Edward Iknnant BSc. (Lond.). [ 303 i Branch F Agricultural Chemistry. Collins Frank Caldwell. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum. Burjorjee Hirjee Rustom M.Sc. (Rangoon). Branch I Water Supply and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade Efluents. Lester William Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.). Special Examination in Textile Chemistry. Gruschka John B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Special Examination in Chemical Spectroscopy. Thomas Leslie Charles BSc. (Lond.). ADDENDUM Examinations January 1949.-It is regretted that in the Examination Papers for the Associateship printed in JOURNAL 1949 11, AND PROCEEDINGS 134-137 the names of the substances set in the practical exercises were not stated.They were as follows:- P. 136 Q. 2. (B) = Lithium phosphate and sodium molybdate OR. Lithium fluoride and sodium molybdate. P. 137 Q. 1 (P)= Adipic acid OR phenylacetic acid. (Q) = Sodium tartrate OR barium citrate. (R) = p-NitrotoIuene and aniline OR p-toluidine and nitrobenzene. (S) = rvz-Nitrobenzaldehyde. THE REGISTER The letters preceding the names in the lists below indicate the Local Sections to which Members and Students are attached in accordance with the list of Local Sections which will be found on the inside back cover of this issue New Fe ilows (P) Blundell Laurence Walter M.Sc. (P) McCarthy Jeremiah Patrick (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. M.A.(Oxon.) Ph.D. (Rome). A.M.1.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. Polya John Bela Dr.Sc.Tech. (R) Fear Group Capt. Athol Henry,. Dip.Ing.Chem. (Zurich) BSc. (X.Z.). F.A.C.I. (0) Hampshire George Kenneth (I?) Pring John Norman M.B.E. M.A. (Oxon.). D.Sc. (Manc.). Hassall Professor Cedric Her- (P) Stephens Roderick Louis BSc. bert M.Sc. (N.Z.) Ph.D. (Lond.) B.Pharm. Ph.C. (Cantab.). (C) Topley Bryan M.B. (Oxon.). (P) Lee George William M.Sc. (Leeds) F.Inst. F. Associates Elected to the Fellowship (P) Ballard Cecil Walter B.Sc. (K) Burnet William Deas B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. (Edin.). (C) Bowcott Harold Joseph. (C) Bushnell Alexander Claud. Burjorjee Hirjee Rustom (N) Butcher Kenneth Leopold NSc. (Rangoon). BSc. (Lond.) Dip.Chem.Eng.[ 304 1 Chatterjee Durga Pada M.Sc. Marshall James Herbert Evan B.Met. D.Phi1. (Calcutta) B.A. (Cantab.). A.I.M. Marshall Peter Robert B.Sc. Collins Frank Caldwell. Ph.D. (Dunelm). Dagley. Stanley MA. B.Sc. Narayana-Iyer Subramania (Oxon.) MSc. (Lond.). M.A. (Madras) A.I.I.Sc. Davison Stuart Herbert Henry Nefdt Harry Mathys B.Sc. BSc. (Lond.). (S.A.). Ellis Bertram Stanley BSc. Pike Ernest Richard. (S.A.) D.I.C. Pressley Thomas Athol B.Sc. Gellman Alexander B.Sc. (N.Z.). (Lond.) . Price John William B.Sc. Greaves Edmund George Noel Ph.D. (Lond.). B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Rea Allen Arthur. Greenhow Edward Joshua Richardson George Gary M.Sc. B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.) A.I.R. I. Halliday James Henry. Ryder Samuel Edward ,411en Haselhurst Herbert William BSc.(Birm.). Reay B.Sc. (Durham). Sen Gupta Narayan Chandra Hawke Frank M.Sc. Eng. D.Sc. (Calcutta) . (Witwatersrand). Sharpe Clifford John. Hayes William Peatman B.Sc. Srinivasan Narasimha M.A. (Lond.). (Madras). Haywood Philip John Court-Staniforth Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). ney BSc. (Wales). Stanley Douglas Austen B.Sc. Holloway Maurice William (Lond.) M.B. B.S. M.R.C.S. B.Sc. (Liv.). L. R.C.P. Holt Fred O.B.E. MSc. Storrie Frederick Robert BSc. (Manc.). Ph.D. (Glas.). Howe Dennis John Thomas Taylor Alec B.Sc. (Lond.) B.Sc. (Lond.). A.M.I.I.A. Johnson John Terrence George. Thompson Robert Joseph Stan- Kerfoot Jack B.Sc. (Lond.). ley BSc. (Lond.) M.Inst.- King Miss Catherine Wilson Gas E. BSc. Ph.D.(Glas.). Thomson Ronald Hunter B.Sc. Kirkpatrick William Ford Ph.D. (Leeds) Dip. in Dyeing. A.H.-W.C. Turner Mervyn Edward Den- Lester William Frederick BSc. nant. B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.),M.1nst.S.P. Watson Mearns Bruce BSc. Lyth Rupert MSc. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Aberdeen). Dip.Bact. White Edward George MSc. (Witwatersrand). Re-elected Fellow McBain Professor James William M.A. (Toronto) Ph.D. (Heidelberg) F.R.S. New Associates (0) Addison William Eric B.Sc. (Q) Arnfield Robert Frank B.Sc. (Glas.). (Manc.). (P) Anstead Douglas Frederick (G) Arthur Douglas Stuart Roland B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Armitage Frank. (F) Arthurs Joseph M.Sc. (X.U.I.). (P) Armstrong Donald Maurice (P) Bache Herbert Josiah. Gray B.Sc.(Lond.). (P) Barrow Evelyn Thomas Edward [ 305 ] Berry Lionel James B.Sc. (Lond.). Birks Frank Thomas. Blacker Robert Pardoe B.Sc. (Wales). Bowes Philip Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Bright Norman Francis Henry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bristol). Brown Eric Richard Ph.C. Brown Robert A.H.-W.C. Bryant Kenneth Henry. Burrows Arnold Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Cachia Gerald Patrick B.Sc. (Lond.) . Camm Frederick Allen. Clark Victor Malcolm B.A. (Cantab.). Clements Henry. Collier Kenneth Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Cook Herbert Michael. Cox Richard George. Cumming Miss Eva Barbara B.Sc. (Glas.). Cutting Charles Latham B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). De Rycke Douglas Auguste Charles Ph.C. Deutsch Berthold Dip.Ing.Tech. (Vienna). Donaldson Daniel McIntosh B.Sc. (Glas.). Draper Alfred John Mountfort. Drewry John BSc. (Lond.) Dukes John Alexander. Dunbar Harold Jessup Douglas. Dunkerton Bertram Stanley BSc. (Lond.). Elgar Derek John BSc. (Lond.). Fisher James Edwin. Fowler Robert Thomas B.Sc. (Wales). Gardner Miss Joyce Elizabeth. Gee Granville Nicholas. Gellay Victor Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Gibbs Brian Montague B.Sc. (Lond.). Goodchild Anthony Grayson B.Sc. (Lond.). Gourley. Samuel B.Sc. (Glas.). Greenwood Robert Fred B.Sc. (Lond.). Guile David Peter Maurice M.Sc. (Wales) Gwyn -4lan Stratton B.A. (British Columbia). Hadley William Jackson B.Sc. (Birm.). Hale Clifford William. Hammond Edgar B.Sc.(Lond.) Harms Alfred Joseph B.A. (Cantab.). Hawthorn Albert Neil. Hesling Stephen BSc. (Leedsj Dip. Ing. Chem. (Lond.). Hewett Douglas Richard. Hewitt Charles Harold. Hilton Miss Ardene Claverdon BSc. (Lond.). Hodds Brian William Gordon B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Hollingsworth Brian Laurie B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Holmes George Edmund M.A. (Cantab.). Holmes Stanley Edgar. Houghton Francis Richard. Howard George Eric B.Sc. (Lond.). Howard Peter M.Sc. (Leeds). Howarth Arthur James Ph.C. Humphries Ellis Arthur. Hussain Anwar M.Sc. (Punjab). Jackson Norman Frederick. Jelly Lawrence Grenville. Jenkins Henry Austen. Karim Abul Qasim Mohammad Bazlul BSc. (Dacca) MSc. (Aligarh) Ph.D. (Lond.). Kenzie Raphael George.Kerr-h'luir Ronald John M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Kingsnorth Stanley William BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Kraj keman Andrew Jan Dip. Ing. Chem. (E.T.H.). Lee David John Austin B.Sc. A.K.C. (Lond,). Lee Harold Norman BSc. (Lond.). Lee Henry Ramsden B.Sc. (Sheffield). Lee Neville Douglas B.Sc. (Leedsf Dip. in Dyeing. Lewis John Augustus. Loughlin Rev. Wilfrid James B.Sc. Ph.D. (1,iv.). Lovett Stanley. Macdonald Frederick James. Maker Deryk Leonard. Mann Jack B.A. (Oxon.). Martin Alfred Stirling B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Mathers Cecil George B.Sc. (Aberdeen). Matthews Roy Derek. Maxwell George Edward. McCoubrey Arthur B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) M.P.S. McKee Robert Smith A.R.T.C. McNicol John Charles.McPherson Norman Spencer B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Mehta Fakirjee Sorabjee B.Sc. (Bombay) Ph.D. (Leeds). Mehta Himatlal Vrajlal B.Sc.- Tech. (Bombay) A.R.T.C. Milrnan Alwyn Darker B.Sc. (Lond. and Sheff.). Minton Arthur Sydney. Monigatti John David William M.Sc. (N.Z.). Morris John Douglas M.Sc. (Lond.). Moss Kenneth. Murrell Clifford John. Mutch John. Nair Ramannair Velayudhan M.Sc. (Travancore). Nava Harold Anthony. Norton Philip Douglas. Olivier Jacques Raymond BSc. (Reading) Dip.Agric. (Mauritius) Othen Clifford Warne M.Sc. Dip.Ed. (Wales). Owen John Thomas Roberts B.Pharm. (Wales) Ph.C. Owen Keith B.Sc. (Lond.). Pierce Mrs. Audrey Mary BSc. (Lond.). Poppelsdorff Fddor. Porter Miss Margaret Dora B.Sc.(Lond.). Poucher Charles Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Poulton Francis Cyril James. Powlesland Norman John B.Sc. (Lond.). Prescott John Roy. Rawlinson Sydney Bruce M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Raychoudhury Prodosh Chan- dra BSc. (Calcutta) MSc. Ph.D. (Dacca). [ 307 1 Robinson Edward Leaver. Roper Geoffrey Harold Dip. Chem.Eng. (Sydney). Roy Chowdhury Kali Pada MSc. (Calcutta). Samuel George. Secker John Segrue B.A. BSc. (T.C.D.). Seshadri Pennathur B.Sc. (Madras) A.R.T.C. Shackleton Ronald. Shellard Edward Joseph B.Pharm. Ph.C. Sheppard Malcolm Frederick BSc. (Lond.). Sherrington Leonard George M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Shrimpton Ronald Horace BSc. (Birm.). Sinclair Miss Violet Catherine BSc.(Glas.). Sly Rodney Alfred B.Sc.(Glas.) A.R.T.C. Smith Kenneth Frederick. Spickett Robert Geoffrey Wil- liam. Stephenson William Harold M.P.S. Ph.C. Dip.Bio-Chem. Sykes Harold B.Sc. (Lond.). Taylor Arthur. Thompson Ronald John. Thorne Walter Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M. Inst .GasE. Titterington William B.Sc. (Lond.). Topper Harry Hyman B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Trappe Gordon. Treharne Elgar Dennis Llewel- lyn B. A. BSc. (Sydney). Twichett Harry James B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). Vines Gordon David. Walker Edward Neil BSc. (Lond.). Walker Jack B.Sc. (Leeds). Walker James Fairweather B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Walker John Howard B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Wareham John Ferguson B.Sc. (Leeds). Watson Guy Harold Ralph B.A.(Cantab.). Whitfield Ronald BSc. (Lond.) . Williams Thomas Brinley (P) Wood Dennis Geoffrey Murray B.Sc. Dip.Ed. (Wales). B.Sc. (Lond.). Willis Raymond Albert B.Sc. (K) Wylie Joseph B.Sc. (Glas.). (Lond.). (X) Wynne Reginald George. Wolstenholme Arthur Wilks (P) Wyse William John B.Sc. B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). New Students Addicott Harold Frank Davey Leo. Simpson. Davies David Wyndham. Ainscough John Ralph. Dearden Jack. Allan George Graham. Denby Alan Hubert. Anderson Miss Joan Audrey Dixon Garry Michael Langston. B.Sc. (Lond.). Ducker Colin. Andrewartha Edwin Rees. Duckham Robert Henderson. Archer Derek Paul. Dwyer Terence. Armond John Walter. Elliott Fred. Arnold David Anthony. Elliott Walter Norman.Athersuch Douglas. Elliston Stanley Calvin. Ault Miss Elizabeth Margaret. Exelby Kenneth Ashby. Avery Kenneth William John. Farrar Sydney. Barradas Remigio Germano. Fitch George Roy. Basketter Leslie Thomas. Forshaw Edward Robert Baxter Peter. Antony. Beal Miss Rhona. Gadsby Donald. Beale Edward Worthy. Gale Robert Brian. Beckett Miss Marjorie Con-Garnett Victor. stance. Gaston Peter James. Beech Sidney. Gibbard Ernest John. Bellingham Douglas Curtis. Grieve David Imrie. Bentham Norman. Halewood Gerard. Bond John B.Sc. (Lond.). Hanley Jack. Booth Alan Neil. Hare George Raymond. Bowles Bryan John. Harper Norman Thomas. Boyd George Scott. Harrison John. Brackman Derek Samuel. Harrison John Carrol. Brightman Roy Edward.Hawkes Stephen James. Briscoe John Palmer. Hayward Frank. Broughton William Hewson. Hobbis Ronald Seymour. Brown David Arther. Hoey Charles Eric. Brown John. Holden Norman. Bryon John Patrick Holdsworth Roy. Buck William Stanley. Honiball Alan Edward. Butler Peter Alister. Howard Eric. Carter Eric Ralph. Howling Harold Lawson. Casajuana Brian Eric. Hudson Alan. Chaderton Kenneth Bernard. Hunt Eric Charles. Chadwick John Graham. Hunter Kenneth John. Clare James Frederick. Hymas Michael Bayard. Collins Raymond Frederick. Ingram Miss Patricia Ann. Collins Rodney Harry. James David William Francis. Cook John Edmund. J effard Reginald. Cowgill Eric. Kay Douglas Francis. Crook Laurence. Kenney Ronald Joseph. Currell Marshall Geoffrey.Knight Ian Barkell. Dadswell Peter. Lewis John Lawrence. Lithgow Thomas. Sage Colin Henry. Littler John. Saxton Brian Leonard. Long Geoffrey. Sherwin Ernest. Luscombe Miss Mollie. Shuttleworth Kenneth. Lyons Raymond Charles. Singleton Dennis Oswald. Marsh Graham John. Smith Peter Joseph. Mayes James. Smith William Joseph. McLintock Robert Paterson. Spence Robert Wilfred. Measures Ralph Michael. Stacey Miss Joan. Meston Alexander Marshall. Stevenson Miss Jean. Middleton Peter Edwards. Sutton John Doran. Minns Ronald Ernest. Swanwick John Douglas. Moore Derek Francis. Swift George Edward. Moore Peter John. Taylor Percy. Myrans Samuel Manfred Carl. Thomas Alwyn John Pugh. Neaves Anthony Harold. Toon George Arthur. Neill Aubrey.Toothill Colin. O’Neill Terence. Trawford Alfred John. Ormrod George Thomas Tucker Austin Ormonde. Wallace. Turton George Gerald. Owen Thomas Ionverth. Twyford Ian Teasdale. Pattison Johnson. Vale Norman Wilfred. Peacock John. Vaughan John Edwin. Pedder Denis. Wain John Gordon. Pedley Kenneth Albert. Wall Dennis Charles. Platt George Ronald. Wall Ronald James. Porter Alan James. Warren Howard Rend B.Sc. Rawdon Peter Douglas. (Wales). Reynolds John. Webb Miss Joyce Eileen. Rhodes Bryan Waller. m’est Hugh Frederick George. Richards Harold Rex. Wetherley Donald Edmund. Riddett Norman James. Whitfield Thomas Matthew. Robertson Peter. Wood Dennis William. Rothwell Eric. Re-registered Students Davies William. (0) Knight John Frederick Leslie B.A.(Cantab.). DEATHS Fellows Alfred Appleyard M.Sc. (Leeds). John William Hawley B.Sc. (Lond.) A.M.1.Chem.E. Frederick StanIey Kipping Ph.D. (Munich) D.Sc. (Lond.) Hon. DSc. (Leeds) F.R.S. Sir Robert Robertson K.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. (St. Andrews) F.R.S. Associates Walter Noel Bagshaw BSc. (Lond.). Cecil Wentworth Yearsley M.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Students Henry Alexander. Clifford Hordley Griffiths. [ 309 1 OBITUARY Henry Alexander a Registered Student of the Institute died on 2 April 1949 in his 22nd year. He was educated at College Lane School Elthorne Road School and Princess Mary Road School London Harrison Road School Leicester and The Gateway School Leicester. In 1943 he took a post as a laboratory assistant at the British United Shoe Machinery Co.Ltd. Leicester and in 1944 he obtained a similar appointment at The Gateway School. He studied meanwhile at the Leicester College of Technology and in 1946 entered upon a full-time course at the College. Alfred Appleyard died on 28 March 1949 in his 61st year. He entered the University of Leeds in 1907 with a West Riding of York- shire scholarship and graduated B.Sc. with 2nd Class Honours in Chemistry in 1910 and M.Sc. in 1912. From 1910-12 he was research assistant to Professor W. A. Bone at Leeds and then joined the staff of Rothamsted Experimental Station. In 1916 he became research assistant in the Admiralty Laboratory at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine working on the manufacture of acetone and butyl alcohol and in the same year was sent to develop the process at H.M.Factory King’s Lynn. In 1917 he was chosen by the Director of Propellant Supplies to go to India to organise a new acetone factory for the Government of India and was superintendent of the factory until 1921. After two years’ biochemical research at the University of Birmingham Appleyard was appointed in 1924 to the University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station at Campden as resident director. In 1928 he went to South Africa as managing director of Rhodes Fruit Farms Ltd. Groot Drakenstein. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1923. Walter Noel Bagshaw died on 12 April 1949 in his 64th year. Educated privately and at Ellesmere School Harrogate and Batley Grammar School he became an articled pupil to &lr.F. W. Richardson County Analyst to the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1903. He entered University College London in 1905 graduating B.Sc. of the University of London with 2nd Class Honours in Chemistry. After working from 1907 as assistant chemist to the West Riding Rivers Board he entered the Govern- ment Laboratory in 1911. In 1915 he was commissioned in the York and Lancaster Regiment and saw service in France being wounded in 1917. He was invalided from the service in 1920. He became chemist to G. & J. Stubley Ltd. Wakefield in 1921 and continued in their employment until his retirement in 1935. He took an active part in civic life and was an Alderman of the Borough of Harrogate.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. Charles Thomas Bennett died on 18 March 1949 in his 73rd year. He was educated at Wyggeston High School Leicester and was apprenticed to T. Howard Lloyd and Co. Leicester in 1891. Having studied at the Metropolitan College of Pharmacy he qualified as a chemist and druggist in 1898 and.obtained his Ph.C. a year later. In 1898 he entered the service of Wright Layman and Umney Ltd. as an analytical chemist and remained associated with the firm as chief analyst until the time of his death. From 1902 to €905 he studied at the South-Western Polytechnic Chelsea and [ 310 graduated B.Sc. of the University of London in 1905. Bennett was an expert on the chemistry of essential oils and served on the sub-committees responsible for monographs on these and related substances in the British Pharmacopoeia 1932 and 1948 and in three editions of the British Pharmaceutical Codex.He also contributed numerous articles to pharmaceutical journals and to Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1906 and a Fellow in 1909. John Cecil Cranston died in December 1948 in his 34th year. He was educated at Coombe Road Council School and Vamdean School Brighton and received his scientific training at Brighton Technical College graduating B.Sc. of the University of London with First Class Honours in chemistry in 1937 and B.Pharm. In 1937 he was appointed works and research chemist to May and Baker Ltd.at Dagenham. During 1946 he was with the Control Commission in Germany and in 1947 went to May and Baker (India) Ltd. Bombay. At the time of his death he was Branch Manager at Karachi. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1939. Sir Thomas Hill Easterfield died on 1 March 1949 in his 83rd year. He was educated at Doncaster Grammar School and began his scientific training at Leeds Technical College whence he obtained a Senior Foundation Scholarship to Clare College Cambridge. He took the science tripos and secured honours in chemistry and geology. He then went to the Continent to study at the Polytechnic School Zurich and the University of Wiirzburg where he gained the degree of Ph.D. In 1888 he was appointed a demonstrator in the chemical laboratory at the University of Cambridge and also a University Extension Lecturer.Lectureships in pharmaceutical chemistry and in the chemistry of sanitary science followed in 1894. Four years later he was appointed a Foundation Professor of Victoria College Wellington New Zealand. He held the chairs of Chemistry and Physics until 1909 when he was relieved of the latter. He continued as Professor of Chemistry but resigned this chair to become the first Director of the Cawthron Institute Nelson New Zealand in 1919. In recognition of his great services to Victoria College the title of Professor Emeritus was conferred upon him. Easterfield guided the policy and work of the Cawthron Institute with great enthusiasm and success until his retirement at the end of 1933 and contributed notably to the development of scientific research and its applica- tion to the primary producing industries in New Zealand.His services were recognised by the conferment of the K.B.E. in 1938. He was a Foundation Member of the New Zealand Institute (now the Royal Society of New Zealand) and was its PresidenL in 1922. He was for some years President of the Nelson Philosophical Society and in 1909 was president of the Chemical Section of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science. Always keenly interested in the work of the Institute in New Zealand he was for many years Hon. Corresponding Secretary. He did much to foster cordial relations between the Institute and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry of which he was sometime President.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898. Clifford Hordley Griffiths a Registered Student of the Institute was killed in a climbing accident on 4 April 1949 in his 20th year. He was educated at Winstone Road School and Holt High School Liver- pool and at the time of his death was a student at the Technical College St. Helens. [ 311 1 John William Hawley died in May 1949 in his 61st year. Educated at Musselburgh Grammar School he was apprenticed in 1904 to Messrs. Readman and Gemmell Analytical and Consulting Chemists Edin- burgh and was subsequently for two years with Messrs. Dott and Dougall. In 1912 he joined the Glasgow Corporation Chemical Laboratory as assistant to Mr.F. VI‘. Harris. He studied meanwhile at the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh and the Royal Technical College Glasgow. He served in the Glasgow University O.T.C. and on the outbreak of war in 1914 was commissioned in the Highland Light Infantry. He saw service in France from 1915 and was in command of the 15th Divisional School of Signalling. On demobilisation Hawley returned to his post with thc Glasgow- Corpora- tion. He graduated B.Sc. of the University of London and in 1923 passed the examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Branch E. In 1926 he was appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for Dumfriesshire and subsequently added the corresponding offices for Kirkcud- bright and Wigtownshire.Hawley was an Associate Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1923 and served as a Member of Council 1938 to 1941. George Winfield Hefford died on 25 February 1949 in his 78th year. He was educated at Leeds Modern School and received his scientific training at the Yorkshire College (now the University) Leeds graduating B.Sc. of the Victoria University in 1895 and B.Sc. of the University of Leeds in 1907. From 1896 to 1900 he was chemistry master at King Alfred’s School Wantage and from 1901 to 1908 at the Technical Institute and the County Technical School Stafford. After four years at Knaresborough School he went to Birmingham in 1913 and was one of H.M. Inspectors of Schools Technical Branch until his retirement in 1932.Besides being District Inspector in the midlands he conducted a course in advanced biology for secondary school staffs at Cambridge and was H.M. Inspector for this subject in training colleges in England. He was the originator of the Knaresborough scheme for rural education. Hefford was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1890 and a Fellow in 1895. James Hendrick died on 26 February 1949 in his 83rd year. His early scientific training was received at King’s College London where he graduated BSc. of the University of London with Honours in Chemistry and obtained the Diploma of A.K.C. In 1891 he became a lecturer in chemistry and chief assistant to Professor Kinch at the Royal Agricultural College Cirencester and three years later was appointed lecturer in agricultural chemistry at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College.In 1896 Hendrick became lecturer in agricultural chemistry in the Univer- sity of Aberdeen and chemist to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. At this time he was also Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst to several Local Authorities but resigned these positions on his appointment in 1912 to be the first Strathcona-Fordyce Professor of Agri- culture and Head of the Department of Agriculture in the University. He also became Director of Studies and Research in the North of Scotland College of Agriculture. He took an active interest in the foundation of the Rowett Institute for Research in Animal Nutrition and the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research being the first Chairman of Council of the latter.In 1938 he became President of one of the Commissions of the International Society of Soil Science. 312 J On his retirement in 1942 Hendrick was given the title of Emeritus Pro- fessor and in 1943 the University of Aberdeen honoured him with the degree of LL.D. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891 and a Fellow in 1894 and served as a Member of Council from 1904 to 1907. Frederic Stanley Kipping died on 1 May 1949 in his 86th year. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and the LycCe de Caen and studied science at Owens College Manchester and the University of Munich where he graduated Ph.D.He subsequently obtained the D.Sc. of the University of London and was made an Hon. D.Sc. of the University of Leeds in 1936. His first appointment was as chemist in the Manchester Corporation Gas Works in 1882. In 1885 he went to study in Germany and on his return spent three years as assistant to Perkin at the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh followed by six years as lecturer in chemistry at the Central Technical College South Kensington where he was associated with Armstrong Pope and Lapworth. In 1897 he was appointed to the chair of chemistry at University College Nottingham which he filled until his retirement with the title of Emeritus Professor in 1936. He was elected F.R.S. in 1897 served on the Council of the Society 1911-14 and was awarded the Davy Medal in 1918.He received the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1909 in recognition of his researches on organic derivatives of silicon which resulted in the resolution into optically active components of three compounds containing asymmetric silicon atoms. His many publications included the well-known text-books of which he was joint author with Perkin. Kipping was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1898 and served on the Council 1899-1902. Nagesh Laxman Phalnikar died on 15 July 1948 in his 34th year. From the Govindarao English High School Ichalkarnji Kolhapur State he proceeded to the Willingdon College Sangli and the Gujarat College Ahmedabad graduating BSc. of the University of Bombay in 1934 and M.Sc. in 1936. After holding posts as demonstrator in chemistry at the Gujarat College and Elphinstone College Bombay he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Sir Parashurambhau College Poona in 1938 where he remained until his death.In 1939 he gained the Ph.D. of the University of Bombay and was elected an Associate of the Institute of Physics in 1947. The National Insti- tute of Sciences India awarded him a Junior Research Fellowship in 1946. He published many papers in the field of organic chemistry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944. Sir Robert Robertson died on 28 April 1949 in his 81st year. Educated at the Madras Academy Cupar he received his scientific training at the University of St. Andrews graduating M.A. in 1889 and BSc. in 1890 and obtaining his D.Sc.in 1897. He was subsequently made Hon. LL.D. After two years as assistant to R. R. Tatlock City Analyst for Glasgow he entered the Royal Gunpowder Factory Waltham Abbey in 1892 working in the laboratory and subsequently being in charge of the manufacture of nitroglycerine. In 1907 he became superintending chemist in the Chemical Research Department of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich and rose to be Director of Explosives Research in which capacity he made contributions of the utmost value during the 1914-18 war. In 1921 he was appointed Government Chemist from which post he retired in 1936. In the following year he became Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry. [ 313 j On the outbreak of war in 1939 he returned to the Armament Research Department and continued there until 1946.Robertson was elected F.R.S. in 1917 and received the Davy Medal of the Society in 1944. He was President of the Faraday Society 1923-24 and President of Section B (Chemistry) of the British Association in 1924. From 1929 to 1946 he was Treasurer of the Royal Institution. For services during the 1914-18 war he was created K.B.E. in 1918. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897 served on the Council 1915-18 as Vice-president 1918-21 and as Censor 1921-32 and 1935-46. Edward Tyghe Sterne died on 2 February 1949 in his 60th year. He received his general education at Ontario Collegiate Institute and his scientific training at Queen’s University Kingston Ontario and the Univer- sity of Chicago graduating B.Sc.of Queen’s University. During the 1914-18 war he held a commission in the Canadian Army before becoming chief chemist to the Imperial Munitions Board in Canada. After a short residence in this country as European representative of Shawinigan Waters and Power Company he joined the firm of G. F. Sterne and Sons chemical manufacturers at Brantford Ontario in 1921 and remained associated with them as chemical director and later as Vice-president and General Manager until the time of his death. He was also president of Sternson Structural Specialties Ltd. and president and treasurer of Sternson Laboratories Ltd. besides being connected with many other companies. Sterne took an active part in the work of the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association and was a member of the Research Council of Ontario a director of the Ontario Research Foundation and a member of the Canadian Safety Council.During the recent war he was released by the company to become Director of Explosives for the Allied War Supplies Corporation and subsequently Controller of Chemicals Departmefit of Munitions and Supply and Adminis- trator of Chemicals for the Wartime Prices and Trade Board. For his services he was awarded the O.B.E. He took a keen interest in the work of professional organisations was a Fellow and Past President of the Chemical Institute of Canada and a past president of the Registered Professional Engineers of Ontario. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. Cecil Wentworth Yearsley died on 8 April 1949 in his 48th year.He received his early education at Sneyd Green School and Hanley High School Stoke-on-Trent. He was an assistant analyst to the Stafford Coal and Iron Co. Ltd. from 1918 to 1927 and studied meanwhile at the North Staffordshire Technical College graduating B.Sc. of the University of London in 1926. He gained his M.Sc. in 1932 for a research on the distribution and determination of chlorine in coal. In 1927 he became a technical assistant in the Coal Survey branch of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research at Stoke-on-Trent and was transferred to the Birmingham Coal Survey Laboratory as a senior technical assistant in 1932. On the transfer of the Coal Survey to the National Coal Board in 1947 he continued on the Birmingham staff as a Scientist.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1942. c 314 3 ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINATIONS-see 9.ii. RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FOR THE ELDERLY AND PROCEEDINGS, As already reported in the Editorial in JOURNAL 1949 11 83 the Institute through its newly constituted Residential Clubs Fund has joined with a number of other professional bodies in the “Crossways Trust” for providing residential accommodation for elderly members their wives or their widows (and possibly other dependent relatives) in clubs where they may enjoy the amenities of a hotel at a substantially lower charge (not exceeding L3 10s. per week) than normally prevails at present. The first club under the Crossways scheme has now been established at West \Northing Sussex and three places in it have been allotted to the Institute’s Residential Clubs Fund.Elderly members and/or their elderly dependents who wish to be con-sidered for residence in this first club should notify the Secretary of the Institute forthwith giving particulars about themselves for reference in confidence to the Residential Clubs Fund Committee at its next meeting. THE LIBRARY During the recent rearrangement of the Institute’s Library several books were found to be missing. In past years books were available on loan and their return was sometimes overlooked. Will any member who has a book belonging to the Library kindly return it as soon as possible. Books may not now be borrowed from the Library but unfortunately some recent additions have nevertheless been removed without authority and not returned.In this connection it should be noted that many surplus books were sold through the trade during last year. The above remarks do not apply to books carrying the Institute’s book-plate which may have been purchased by members from second-hand booksellers during 1948. WARNING NOTICE Members are warned that a lady who claims to be related to a distinguished deceased Fellow has been visiting a number of well-known chemists and has obtained sums of money from them on a variety of pretexts. The Benevolent Fund of the Institute is available to assist genuine cases of distress amongst the dependents of deceased members. Any member who may receive a call from this lady is therefore asked to refer her to the officers of the Institute.IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1949 AND 1950 Symposium on Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.-To be held at St. Andrews 23-30 July 1949 (see p. ii and Ieaj-let accompanying Part I). Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress.-The Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress convened by the Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions will be held in Great Britain from 9 to 23 July 1949 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Tizard G.C.B. A.F.C. F.R.S. The chief object of the Congress is to afford an opportunity for scientists engineers and others concerned with the mining and metallurgical industries to meet and discuss technical progress and problems including the develop- ment of the mineral resources of the Commonwealth.The programme will be divided into three parts:- July 9 to 12 in London-Inaugural Meeting Government Reception Banquet at Guildhall excursions and visits. July 12 to 17-Technical Sessions in Oxford. July 18 to 23-Visits to industries and places of interest centred on Cardiff Cornwall Edinburgh and Newcastle upon Tyne. Further information may be obtained on application to The Joint General Secretaries Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress 436 Salisbury House Finsbury Circus London E.C.2. Second International Congress of Crop Protection.-The Second Inter- national Congress of Crop Protection will take place in London from 21 to 28 July 1949 under the presidency of The Rt.Hon. Viscount Bledisloe P.C. G.C.M.G. K.B.E. F.S.A. The Congress will be organised in six Sections (1) Insecticides (2) Fungi-cides (3) Plant Growth Regulators (4) Toxicology of Crop Protection Sub- stances (5) Methods of Application (6) Analytical Methods and Standardisation. In addition to the meetings of Sections there will be Congress lectures and visits to research stations and laboratories. Fee for the Congress L2. Further particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Honorary Organiser Second International Congress of Crop Protection 56 Victoria Street London S.W.1. The First International Congress of Biochemistry will be held at Cambridge from 19 to 25 August 1949. The initiative has been taken by the Biochemical Society and the International Union of Chemistry has accorded official recognition to the project.The Vice-Chancellor and Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge have promised their full support. Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. will be President of the Congress. Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. is Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Honorary Organiser is Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin 56 Victoria Street London S.W.1 from whom further particulars and forms of application for membership may be obtained. The fee for the Congress is L2. Early application is essential if accommodation in a college is desired. The Congress is being organised in twelve Sections:-( 1) Animal Nutrition and General Metabolism (2) Micro-biological Chemistry (3) Enzymes and Tissue Metabolism (4) Proteins (5) Clinical Biochemistry (6) Structure and Synthesis of Biologically Important Substances (7) Cytochemistry (8) Bio-logical Pigments Oxygen Carriers and Oxidising Catalysts (9) Hormones and Steroids (10) Chemotherapy and Immunochemistry (11) Plant Bio- chemistry ( 12) Industrial Fermentations including brewing production of solvents antibiotics and vitamins.British Association for the Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will be held this year at Newcastle upon Tyne from 31 August to 7 September under the presidency of Sir John Russell O.B.E. F.R.S. The president of Section B (Chemistry) is Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. who has selected as the subject of his presidential address “Influence of studies of combustion on the progress of chemistry.” Subjects of symposia or discussions to be held by Section B include The propagation of flame; the nitrogen cycle in nature; fluorine the element and some of its newer compounds; the combustion of carbon; chemistry and the food supply.Among the visitors from overseas who are expected to contribute papers are Professor J. H. Quastel F.R.S. (Montreal) and Professor Dr. A. I. Virtanen (Helsinki) both in connection with the symposium on the nitrogen cycle in nature. Particulars of the meeting may be obtained from the Secretary British Association Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. I316 3 Second Oil Shale and Cannel Coal Conference,-The Second Conference on Oil Shale and Cannel Coal will take place in Glasgow during the week beginning 3 July 1950.At the same time the James Young Centenary will be celebrated by a Young Memorial Lecture. The technical sessions of the Conference will be in three sections A -Geology and Mining; B-Retorting Refining and Uses of By-products; C-Economics and Statistics. There will also be an all-day visit to a sliale mine and shale oil refinery. Registration forms (which should be returned not later than 1 September 1949) and further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary The Institute of Petroleum 26 Portland Place London W.l. The Fourth World Power Conference will be held in London from 10 to 15 July 1950. Study-tours will proably be arranged for the following week.The theme of the Conference will be “World Energy Resources and the Production of Power. ” Division I will deal with Energy Resources and Power Developments Division I1 with Preparation of Fuels and Division I11 with Production of Power. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. F.R.S. has accepted the Chairman- ship of the Conference The office of the British National Committee is at 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy has arranged a Symposium on The Refining of Non-Ferrous Metals to take place at The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate St. James’s Park London S.W.1 on Thursday and Friday 7 and 8 July 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day.An invitation to attend the Symposium is extended to all interested persons. Further particulars and form of application for tickets (free of charge) may be obtained from the Secretary Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Salisbury House London E.C.2. A list of 19 papers has been prepared. They will not be read at the meeting. Preprints will be available free to members of the Institution and at a charge of i1 per set or Is. 6d per paper to non-members. The 22nd International Congress of Industrial Chemistry organised by the SociCt6 de Chimie Industrielle in conjunction with Spanish chemical industries will be held at Barcelona from 23 to 30 October 1949. The Congress will comprise 25 Sections and there will be works visits and excursions. Full particulars may be obtained from the Secrktariat SociCtC de Chimie Industrielle 28 rue Saint-Dominique Paris (VIIO).The Society of Dyers and Co1ourists.-A Symposium on “Photochemistry in Relation to Textiles” will be held at Harrogate from 22 to 24 September 1949. The Symposium is open to non-members of the Society. Full particu- lars may be obtained from the General Secretary Society of Dyers and Colourists 32-34 Piccadilly Bradford Yorkshire. Particulars of the following have been received:- Courses in Microche mistry at Battersea Potytech n ic.-Post-graduate lectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will be held under the super- vision of Dr. P. F. Holt during the 1949-50 session as follows:- Autumn Term (26 September to 16 December 1949) Inorganic Qualitative Analysis.Spring Term (9 January to 31 March 1950) Organic Microchemical Methods. i 317 ] Summer Term (24 April to 14 July 1950) Quantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis. Fee 10s. per Term. Further particulars and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic London S.W.ll. Post-graduate Summer School in X-ray Crystallography at the University of Leeds.-A post-graduate course in X-ray crystallography will be held in the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry University of Leeds from 29 August to 10 September inclusive. The lecturer will be Professor E. G. Cox Dr. G. W. Brindley Dr. N. H. Hartshorne Dr. G. A. Jeffrey and Mrs. M. R. Truter. Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd Memorial Fund.-A Fund is being established under this title to provide for a Travelling Fellowship to enable scientists engaged in the study of subjects underlying leather technology to spend a year at Universities in the British Commonwealth or the United States.Dr. Jordan-Lloyd was a prominent member of the Institute and was a Vice-President at the time of her death. Members who would like to pay a tribute to her memory by subscribing to the Fund should send contributions to the office of the Fund Leather Trade House Barter Street London W.C.1 making cheques payable to the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association and crossed ‘‘Dr. Jordan-Lloyd Memorial Fund.” MI SCELLANEOUS Technical State Scholarships 1949.-The Ministry of Education announces that the award of Technical State Scholarships will be continued in 1949 upon the same general lines as in 1947 and 1948.These Scholarships to the number of not more than 100 will be offered to students from Technical Colleges and other Establishments for Further Education to enable them to pursue full- time degree courses or courses of equivalent standard at Universities Univer- sity Colleges or Technical Colleges. Full particulars of the conditions of entry and method of application for these Scholarships are given in the explanatory leaflet (Form 1 U.T.) copies of which and of the form of application (Form 2 U.T.) may be obtained from Principals of Establishments for Further Education or from the Ministry of Education Curzon Street House London W.1. Applications must be sub- mitted by candidates through the Principal of the Further Education Establishment concerned and must reach the Ministry of Education not later than 30 June 1949. British Standards I nstitutio n .-B.S. 1547 1949-Flameproof Industrial Clothing (Materials and Design)-prepared by the Personal Safety Equipment Standards Committee has been issued recently. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street Westminster London S.W.1 price 2s. net post free. The Coal Tar Research Association has leased premises at Gomersal near Leeds for its Research Station and expects to move its headquarters from 9 Harley Street London W.l in June. The Gas Research Board has now established its headquarters at The Abbey Southend Road Beckenham Kent.Mineral Oil in Food.-The Minister of Food has made the Mineral Oil in Food Order 1949 to prohibit the use of mineral oils as an ingredient in the manufacture of food for sale to the public. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. 1949 July 1 PHYSICAL SOCIETY(Colour Group) Visit to Lewis Berger and Sons Ltd. Paint Manufacturers Morning Lane Homerton London E.9 at 2.15 p.m. OF MININGAND METALLURGY: 6 INSTITUTION Second Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture “The Effect of Impurities on the Properties of Metals.” Dr.C. H. Desch F.R.S. at The Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l at 5 p.m. (Admission free without ticket.) 7-8 INSTITUTION Symposium on the Refining OF MININGAND METALLURGY of Non-Ferrous Metals. At The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate St. James’s Park London S.W.l at 10 a.m. each day (see p. 317). 8 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to the Printing Packaging and Allied Trades Research Association Leatherhead Surrey at 2.30 p.m. EMPIRE CONGRESS(see p. 315). 9-23 FOURTH MININGAND METALLURGICAL OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY: 11-15 SOCIETY Annual General Meeting and other events in Manchester. 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to the Royal Mint Tower Hill London E.C.3 at 1.45 p.m.15-16 BRITISHRHEOLOGISTS’ CLUB Conference on the Rheology of Thickened Liquids. At the University Edgbaston Birmingham. 16 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Social Outing to Hastings. 20 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Teneplas Ltd. Insulators Upper Basildon Berks at 2.30 p.m. 20 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (London Section) Visit to the Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge (2.30 p.m.).. “The Organisation of Chemists.” Mr. H. L. Howard in the Physical Chemistry BuiIding Cambridge at 6 p.m. INTERNATIONAL (see p. 316). 21-28 SECOND CONGRESSOF CROPPROTECTION 23-30 The Institute Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries,” arranged by the Scottish Local Sections at St.Andrews (see p. ii). 26 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Carreras Ltd. Hampstead Road London N.W.1 at 2.15 p.m. 29 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY. Meeting at Dundee. August 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Yardley and Co. Ltd. Lavender Fields and Distilleries nr. Hunstanton Norfolk. Leave Liverpool Street Station at 8.20 a.m. 16-27 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL MICROSCOPY. SUMMER IN ELECTRON CONGRESSOF BIOCHEMISTRY 19-25 FIRSTINTERNATIONAL (see p. 316). 31 August-7 September FOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE Annual BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF Meeting at Newcastle upon Tyne (see p. 316). Septem bet- OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: 22-24 SOCIETY Symposium.23 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Leeds. SOCIETY [ 319 ] GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on pp. ii and 316.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-An Appointments Register is maintained by the Institute through which Fellows Associates and some senior registered students can be informed of vacancies. Facilities are afforded by this Register free to authorities and firms requiring the services of qualified chemists. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of whicn the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on weekdays (Satudays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the $ slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can maintain on favourable terms their membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and also if desired of the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with sub- stantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS 1945 Part IV P.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1949 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes should notify the Secretary AND PROCEEDINGS of their requirements. Covers for the years 1939 to 1949 inclusive are avai table. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register.All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. r 320 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300159

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY ~ ~~ PART IV I949 EDITORIAL The Report of the Royal Commission on the Press has not unnaturally received a “good press,” for the vindication of the honour of the industry against imputations of corruption could not fail to cause satisfaction to the Press itself. It is to be hoped however that amid the rejoicings over the main conclusions of the Commission some attention will be given to the comments and suggestions on standards of reporting. It is admitted in the Report that charges of triviality and sensationalism have not always been undeserved by the popular newspapers and as The Times remarks “Few journalists will dispute the conclusion that the Press as a whole has not done everything that might reasonably be expected of it to help in shaping the mind and taste of democracy.” Few ordinary citizens will endorse the conclusion of the old lady who after reading a summary of the Report remarked “So everything I have read in the papers in the last 50 years has been true after all!” Scientific people have long been critics of the Press in this respect.Scientific aspects of current affairs are commonly ignored by the popular Press or if attention is paid to them at all they are referred to in such a garbled form as to be incomprehensible or misleading. Even the “quality” papers-we are indebted to the Commission for this distinguishing term-are by no means beyond criticism in this respect and much concern has been expressed by scientific societies and institutions about the casual way in which scientific matters are handled.It has always seemed strange to us that whereas experts are employed in reporting financiai and sporting matters-to name only two fields of specialised journalistic activity-anything relating to science seems to be left to any available reporter. One trembles to think what would happen if a report of a football match were written by someone with no knowledge of the rules of the game or of the numerous technical terms necessarily involved. Journalists themselves are inclined to answer this charge by asserting that the public interest in scientific matters as such [ 321 3 is relatively small and that anything scientific is necessarily incom- prehensibIe anyhow unless it can be given some sensational significance.We believe that in this as in other fields editors including those of the “quality” papers under-rate the public intelligence and range of interest and would be surprised if they realised how the scope of what every schoolboy knows has widened since the days of Macaulay. There is reason to believe that in these times every schoolboy-and indeed every schoolgirl-knows more about electrical circuits than about con jugations of irregular (or possibly regular) Latin verbs and has a more immediate interest in the interaction of metallic sodium and water than in the arbitrary interventions of the Greek gods in the affairs of long-suffering mortals! Whether this is a good thing or not the fact remains that schoolchildren are quick to realise the garbled nature of most reports on scientific developments in the popular Press and it seems to us that those responsible for the production of our newspapers cannot afford to ignore the derision with which the coming generation of citizens is apt to greet their efforts.A more serious complaint by scientific people is that apart from the distortion of the simpler facts of science there is a wide- spread lack of understanding of the whole basis of scientific ideas and of scientific method. Many journalists fail to appreciate that science is concerned primarily with elucidating the laws of nature. Some write about it as if its purpose was to disturb or prevent the operation of natural laws and hence that its outlook is inhuman or even “contrary to nature.” A very general lack of understanding of the nature of a chemical change leads to the frequent recurrence of such headlines as “Silk Stockings made from Coal”-with the implication that coal itself has somehow been drawn out mechani- cally into transparent threads which by working the machine backwards might revert to the original form! The aims and methods of scientific research are generally completely misunderstood.It is assumed that penicillin was something deliberately “invented” to satisfy specific human needs and that someone having conceived the idea of an atomic bomb had then only to apply reasonably good craftsmanship to making one. It seems to us that in these matters the Press is out of touch not only with its more youthful readers but probably with the majority.The teaching of physics and chemistry in schools was becoming established before the first war when “science wings’ ’ were being added to existing educational buildings and the main demand for science graduates was as schoolteachers. Since then the extent and perhaps the quality of such teaching in schools has been greatly developed and it is now probably true to say that most men and women under about 45 years of age have had an [ 322 1 opportunity of picking up some elementary scientific facts and of acquiring a general though perhaps rather vague idea of scientific principles and methods. The case of those over about 55 years of age may be quite different for unless they showed some exceptional leaning towards science they would not in the majority of schools have received any encouragement to study it; indeed any enthusiasm they might have had would probably have been severely damped unless they were prepared to be classed as “barbarians.” It may well be that those responsible for the editorial side of newspapers are for the most part in the higher age group and we may therefore look forward to a considerable and possibly sudden change in outlook as younger men move up into their chairs.However this may be it must be admitted that among the sciences chemistry is one of the most difficult to present to a non-specialist audience and much must be done by chemists themselves if the achievements of their science are to be made known to the intelligent citizen.We may be grateful therefore to the Chemical Council which as reported elsewhere in this issue has put forward preliminary suggestions by its Committee of Enquiry on Publicity for British Chemistry on how to deal with the problem. It is right and proper that the Institute should co-operate closely in making these suggestions effective but that in agreeing to do so it should consider carefully how to achieve the best results from the stand- point of the profession of chemistry and of the public. Our own reflections on this important question are put forward without prejudice to the outcome of the discussions which are now proceeding. First it would seem that one of the most promising approaches would be through the Sunday papers in the “quality” class which already devote large amounts of space to literary artistic and musical topics.They clearly do not shrink from providing articles and reviews in those fields of a kind which may be expected to raise the standards of taste and interest of a limited but important body of readers and there should be little difficulty in extending this practice by the inclusion of columns devoted to scientific affairs. Articles on purely scientific topics at this level should do much to provide a background of understanding and to pave the way for the discussion of more specialised subjects. At the other extreme however we feel that little service to the public and none to science is given by the inclusion of snippets of scientific information in sensational news items especially where such information is obtained over the telephone just before the paper is put to bed-and often after the unfortunate scientist has already gone there! Such information can hardly fail to be garbled or at least unbalanced and busy people should not be bothered to provide it.Scientific news of importance does not in the nature [ 323 1 of things “break” suddenly and a better understanding between journalists and scientists should make many of these supposedly urgent enquiries unnecessary. Between the carefully prepared informative article and the “hot news” item there is a’ wide field for presenting scientific matter as such in the Press.But it seems to us that a still more valuable service would be to secure that the scientific aspects of general topics discussed in the newspapers should be brought out in proper relation to their social economic political and general human aspects. It may well be that many readers would not be attracted by articles of an obviously scientific nature for there is still a widespread prejudice that anything scientific is ips0 facto incomprehensible. But the average newspaper reader who is primarily concerned with news about current events and develop- ments has a right to expect that in the writing of “leaders” and other articles in the “quality” papers as much trouble will have been taken to get the scientific side right as has been devoted to the presentation of other aspects.At present one finds seemingly erudite commentary on such subjects as the East African ground nuts scheme for which the writer would have been wise to consult scientific people as well as the “experts” in other relevant fields. It is in our view a danger that scientific information may come to be regarded as something separate from what the layman calls commonsense knowledge and that science itself may be treated as something outside the scope of or even antagonistic to the humanities. Perhaps the most important objective should be to remove the barrier which many of the older generation of educated men still feel exists between them and science. The member of Parliament who when asked his opinion of the Atomic Energy film which he had just seen replied that it was interesting but scientific-and therefore he could not be expected to understand it-was adopting an attitude which is still common even among people who would never admit to a lack of appreciation of art or music or to an inability to understand the complex jargon of the race course or the stock exchange.Our first and perhaps main task should be to break down this barrier whether it arises from prejudice or from the persistence of the fashions of an earlier age by showing that science is not an esoteric cult but an important component in the structure of our common affairs and that scientific ideas form an integral part of the pattern of our thoughts. [ 324 1 SILVER JUBILEE IN THE MIDLANDS By E.M.. JOINER B.Sc. F.R.I.C. A.C.I.S. (Hon. Secretary Birmingham and Midlands Section) EARLY DAYS. In 1948 the Birmingham and Midlands Section celebrated its Silver Jubilee; it seems appropriate therefore to review the activities of past years and to revive the memories of its early days. On 22 January 1923 some ninety members attended a meeting of local Fellows and Associates held in Birmingham to discuss the formation of a Local Section of the Institute. Professor G. T. Morgan was elected to the Chair and Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow acted as Secretary; the Registrar of the Institute Mr. R. B. Pilcher addressed the meeting and explained the work which a Local Section could do emphasising the importance of promoting friendly relations between chemists.A provisional committee was elected and commenced operations almost at once; it consisted of Professor G. T. Morgan Dr. J. A. Newton Friend Dr. D. F. Twiss Dr. A. Slator Dr. W. H. Glover Dr. W. Wardlaw Mr. M. P. Booth Mr. O’Shaughnessy and Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow. Although this is now regarded as the real beginning of the Birmingham and Midlands Section an attempt had been made some five years earlier to get a Section going. There are records to show that an inaugural meeting was called for 13 November 1918 by Mr. F. C. A. H. Lantsberry. However little progress seems to have been made although some meetings were held and subscriptions were collected which eventually were paid over to the re-formed body. The provisional committee attacked its work in a vigorous manner and the initial dispositions having been made it was soon replaced bya permanent committee which drewup an attractive programme for the remainder of the session.At that time the Section boundaries were even more extensive than they are at present including much of the area now allotted to East Midlands. Contact was established with Professor F. S. Kipping who was anxious for his students to be admitted as Associates at a meeting in Nottingham travelling difficulties making it impossible for them to attend Birmingham meetings. A compromise was reached and a meeting was arranged in Derby. As Professor Kipping died only a few weeks ago (May 1949) it is fitting to recall this evidence of the importance which he always attached to the Institute and to its status and aims.[ 325 ] It is typical of those distant times that a request should have come from the Liverpool Section for a Conference between members of the Institute and the Council so that the rank and file could get to know the governing body. The Birmingham Committee thought this was unnecessary and withheld support. However a Conference was eventually held at York on 10 and 11 July 1925. Another suggestion which received no support in Birmingham was a proposal by the North-East Section that the Institute Council should be elected entirely by Sections-a hardy annual which has its adherents even to-day. That the Section pursued an energetic policy in these early days was largely due to the Chairman Professor G.T. (later Sir Gilbert) Morgan and the untiring efforts of the Secretary C. A. F. Hastilow. The Section lost the services of Professor Morgan when he was appointed Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory of the D.S.I.R. and about the same time Mr. Hastilow vacated the secretaryship although he continued to serve on the Committee eventually becoming the first District Member of Council for Birmingham and Midlands. The service Mr. Hastilow rendered to the Section may be estimated by this extract from his report. “The financial position is satisfactory and the Section now being fairly launched it is hoped that the continued interest and support of members will enable it to be of real service to Fellows and Associates resident in the district.” There is no doubt that in spite of all the initial difficulties and set-backs of the early days the foundations were well and truly laid and now support a structure that is proving attractive to a steadily increasing number of chemists.The efforts of pioneers may easily be overlooked but it must be remembered that the facilities which we now enjoy were not easily attained but had often to be fought for and won in face of considerable opposition. There was much professional controversy in those days and considerable discussion ranged around such subjects as the con-solidation of the profession an improved status better pay for the chemist and the desirability of building a Chemistry House. It was agreed by the Local Section that there should be close co- operation with the British Association of Chemists and it was also thought desirable that members should be entitled to wear a distinctive gown and hood.These are views which some members still hold but little progress has resulted in either matter; however they are both topical. It is interesting to recall that Mr. A. Chaston Chapman F.R.S. (elected President in 1924) when addressing the Section suggested to members that the three essentials for success in their profession were (1) a love of the subject (2) a sound con- stitution (3) a small private income. It was not perhaps surprising in the circumstances that chemists were demanding better pay! [ 326 1 PRE-WAR. Professor G. T.Morgan was followed as Chairman by Professor A. R. Ling of the Department of Industrial Fermentation in the University of Birmingham and the Section at this stage settled down to a steady programme of lectures and social functions. Among the latter smoking concerts were held at frequent intervals. In general the lectures were given by men of high attainments in the profession of chemistry or in kindred subjects. This feature by now has become traditional in the Birmingham Section. Chief among the subjects discussed and the lecturers were “Chemistry of Life,” by E. C. C. Baly F.R.S.; “Pernicious Anaemia,” by J. Kaufmann M.D.; “The Nature of Protoplasm,” by W. Styles F.R.S.; “Vitamin Research,” by J. C. Drummond; “pH,” by J. B. S. Haldane F.R.S.; “The Constitution of Hops,” by F.L. Pyman F.R.S.; “The Photosynthesis of Carbohydrates,” by J. F. D. Shrewsbury; “The Metabolism of Seaweed,” by P. Haas; “Colloid Structure,’’ by Dorothy Jordan Lloyd; “The Synthesis of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons,” by A. C. Chibnall; “Fermentation,” by A. Harden F.R.S.; “Physical Atomic Weights,” by F. W. Aston F.R.S.; “Enzymes,” by E. F. Armstrong F.R.S.; and “The Alkaloid Group,” by Robert Robinson F.R.S. Early records show that the Section while eagerly pursuing scientific knowledge was also in the forefront of much of the current professional controversy. It did not hesitate to be critical of the Council’s activities; in fact it did not pull its punches in any direction. It is duly recorded in the minutes of the Committee that a proposal was made to invite Mr.R. L. Collett (then Assistant Secretary) to lecture before the Section on the subject of “Why the Institute has failed.” Unfortunately the sequel is not reported although no doubt Mr. Collett’s reply would have made good reading. A further proposal which must have sounded optimistic even in those days was a motion for the reduction of Institute expenditure to permit of a reduced subscription. Looking back on those times it is truly amazing how much service was rendered at so little expense to the members by those zealous servants Pilcher and Collett . Amongst the social activities of this period was the first Summer Excursion to Bidford-on-Avon in 1932. Four years earlier the Jubilee of the Institute had been the occasion of a Section Dinner in Birmingham while three years later in 1935 the Jubilee of the Charter was similarly celebrated.These dinners and other functions of a social nature were usually held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. George King the local secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry and a Fellow of the Institute rendered notable service in this dual capacity at these joint events. [ 327 3 As newsprint was in better supply then than it is now much useful publicity resulted from these functions which were frequently attended not only by prominent chemists but by representatives of other professional bodies and the civic authorities. In 1934 the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize was awarded to a student of the Section Mr.Leslie Rose of Coventry; it is of interest to note that since that award Mr. Rose has pursued a successful career and is now a Fellow of the Institute. Quite recently he delivered a lecture before the Section. Among the well-remembered meetings of this era was a demon-stration of micro-methods developed at the University of Birmingham by Professor Haworth and Dr. Hirst; this demonstration did much to popularise this technique among prominent Birmingham chemists. A few years later the Section was instrumental in arranging for a course in micro-chemical met hods at the Central Technical College Birmingham and as a result of the efforts of Dr. J. C. Duff some 30 to 40 members received valuable initial training in this work.Another notable meeting was the symposium on “The Chemical Industry in the Midlands,” at which a number of local chemists gave a brief account of the industries with which they were con- nected. About this time the Section was much occupied in discussing a Supplemental Charter which was rejected at a Section meeting- a verdict which was subsequently endorsed by the membership at large on the result of a postal ballot. In 1935 support was accorded to a proposal for a union of chemical bodies. This proposal had already received support in Belfast and in London and the principle was again reaffirmed in Birmingham in 1941. Subsequently it received backing from some 400 or more chemists many of them leaders of the profession who signed a letter addressed to the Editor of Chemistry and Industry.This demand has not yet been met. The Section also declared itself in favour of the election of Associates to the Institute Council; as an earnest of these democratic proposals a year previously it had elected an Associate as the Chairman of the Section for the first time. He was Mr. J. R. Johnson and a fine Chairman he proved to be; unfortunately he did not outlive his term of office. WARTIME. The outbreak of war occasioned a temporary break in activities but it was of short duration and it was followed by a remarkable phase during which interest increased meetings were better attended and members in common with the population generally lived more desperately and attended to their duties more devotedly.c 328 1 During 1940 the death occurred of Sir Oliver Lodge a former Principal of the University of Birmingham. The Section was represented at the Memorial Service in Birmingham Cathedral by the Section Chairman J. R. Johnson. Sad to relate J. R. J.-as he was popularly known-survived Sir Oliver by only a few weeks. His premature passing in the prime of life was a severe blow to the Section for he had taken a prominent part in both its professional work and social activities. In respect for his memory his friends collected a small sum which enabled them to purchase an ophthalmoscope for his daughter who was a medical student at the University. J. R. Johnson was succeeded as Chairman by T. H. Gant and under his chairmanship the Section activities made rapid progress.Despite the preoccupations of the war support was forthcoming for the election of Associates to the Council of the Institute and for the introduction of a third grade of membership; and preliminary talks were started on the possibility of erecting a Technical House in Birmingham. There was and still is a dearth of meeting houses and committee rooms for scientific societies in Birmingham. Since the war this shortage has been accentuated by the increased activities of all professional bodies and by the extension of the work of the Extra-Mural Department of the University. Gant’s enthusiasm for a Technical House was evidenced by his gift of a lectern to the Section. The reading desk still remains to be housed and only slight progress has been made in this project.In 1944 the Section Committee organised a course in chemical engineering which was attended by more than 100 chemists who received their instruction from Mr. E. Woollatt of Liverpool during four week-ends. So popular was this course that it was repeated two years later again with an attendance just over the 100 mark. At the conclusion of the war with the cordial co-operation of Professor E. K. Rideal two courses in colloid science were arranged at Cambridge. Each course lasted for a week and was attended by 100 chemists drawn largely from research associa- tions universities and industries throughout the country. Apart from the value of the course itself supplemented as it was by a full copy of the lecture notes the social contacts between individual chemists were of inestimable value.The pleasant surroundings and the quiet atmosphere of Cambridge made a deep impression on all those who attended and the memory will last a long time. The pioneer work which the Section did in this way aroused much interest and it is noteworthy that this new field of post-graduate education has been explored a good deal during the last couple of years. During the wa social functions were necessarily very restricted but when they could be arranged they were much enjoyed despite c 329 I the restrictions and limitations which were necessarily imposed. Several dances were held and as a result about Q25 was contributed by the Section to the Institute’s Benevolent Fund.Christmas lectures for schoolchildren were arranged in 1944 in co-operation with the science masters and mistresses of the Secondary Schools of Birmingham and district. These lectures were delivered by Dr. J. A. Newton Friend-a man cast for the r61e if ever a man was! By carefully staged demonstrations and his natural eloquence he captivated an audience of some 1,400 children. These lectures have now become an established feature in Birmingham although subsequent experience has shown the desirability of delivering them to a more restricted age group. The Section boundaries extend over seven counties and hitherto contacts with the outlying areas had been very poor. An attempt was therefore made to awaken the interest of Coventry chemists in the affairs of the Section.That this was done was in a large measure due to the enthusiasm of Dr. H. C. Smith of the Coventry Technical College. With his co-operation the Committee arranged the first Section meeting in Coventry and it is of interest to recall that the lecture was delivered by Mr. G. Roche Lynch while the Chair was occupied by Lord Henley a member of the Section and a former member of Council. Shortly afterwards the Coventry Chemical Society was formed and has since proved itself a most virile body. A joint meeting of the Section and the Coventry Chemical Society is now a recognised annual event. A parallel venture has also borne fruit in Wolverhampton where there is an annual joint meeting with the flourishing Society of Applied Science.The Section has also visited Stoke-on-Trent where cordial relations have been established with the British Ceramic Society which has its headquarters at the North Staffordshire Technical College. In addition to these arrangements the Summer Excursion has been revived. Rothamsted Agricultural Research Station and the Campden Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station have recently been visited. Social functions have been arranged as occasion demanded sometimes in co-operation with other chemical bodies notably those represented on the Midland Chemists Committee; among the best remembered of these is the Victory Celebration Party held in May 1946. The arrangements included a luncheon a garden party and a dance.Between 600 and 700 people attended. The function was successful socially and financially. Reference has already been made to the tradition which has been established of securing lecturers of the highest standing for Section meetings. It has also been the Committee’s policy to arrange for lectures which had particular local interests or were [ 330 1 likely to be attractive for special reasons. Under these headings must be included “Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting Steel,” by W. H. Hatfield; “Chemical Ciphering,” by M. Gordon C. E. Kendall and W. H. T. Davison-both published as monographs by the Institute-and a notable lecture and demonstration at Coventry on “Micro-Chemistry,” by R. Belcher. POST-WAR. One of the most notable events in the Section’s history and one which will be fresh in the mind of the reader is the holding of the Annual General Meeting’of the Institute in Birmingham in April 1948.That the honour of entertaining the President Council and members on the occasion of the first annual meeting ever held in the provinces should fall to this Section in its Silver Jubilee year was a source of great satisfaction to the Committee and members. Included in the celebrations was an Exhibition intended to portray the varied activities of chemists in the Midlands. This was arranged with the co-operation of many industrial firms the University and Technical Colleges; more than 1,500 people attended including several large parties of children from local schools.Very useful publicity was obtained chiefly with the aid of a brochure prepared for the occasion. About two years ago the death was recorded of Professor Percy Faraday Frankland C.B.E. F.R.S. a former President of the Institute and one-time occupant of the Mason Chair of Chemistry in the University. As he was one of Birmingham’s best-known chemists it seemed appropriate that some effort should be made to perpetuate his memory; the Section Committee therefore agreed with the approval of Council to try to establish a memorial lecture in his honour. Although all the funds desired have not yet been obtained sufficient support has already been forthcoming to ensure that the lectureship will be endowed. The frequency of the lecture will depend on the further support which may be made available.It was hoped that the inaugural meeting might be arranged to coincide with the Silver Jubilee celebrations; subsequent events made this impossible and the lecture was eventually given on 26 January 1949 by Dr. L. H. Lampitt one of Frankland’s former students. This event therefore may be regarded as the starting point in the next 25 years of the Section’s history. Those present at the lecture and the Frankland dinner will agree that an auspicious beginning has been given to this new era to which we look forward with a confidence born of past history. t 331 I THE TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY IN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS A Survey of present-day practice By E. W. MOORE BSc. A.R.I.C. Senior Science Master Thorne Grammar School 1.THE MAIN SCHOOL In this article attention will be confined to the chemistry which is taught between the ages of about 11 and 16 years that is to what has been called the School Certificate level but what with the introduction of the new General Certificate of Education in 1951 will be termed the “Ordinary” level. In a subsequent article we shall consider chemistry teaching in the Sixth Forms that is to what has been the Higher School Certificate and what in 1951 will be known as the “Advanced” and “Scholarship” levels. It does not seem likely at present that this revolution in the examination system will produce any great changes in the methods of teaching chemistry in schools though it may well have an effect upon the age at which specialisation for advanced studies is commenced.It is therefore profitable to consider the methods which are current practice in the schools. Science teachers are sharply divided into those who believe in the General Science approach and those who believe that a better training is given by studying the separate sciences and from time to time argument runs high on this perennial topic. Some schools attempt a mean course by arranging General Science courses for the first two or three years followed by a formal study of one or more of the separate sciences usually in the last two years. Others have parallel courses in either General Science (often for the weaker pupils) and in one or more of the separate sciences. To obtain a satisfactory picture of the chemistry teaching in the Grammar Schools it is well to examine the aims and the methods adopted by the two extremes of thought.Those who favour the Pure Chemistry approach believe that in chemistry we have a unique opportunity for illustrating the inductive method of science and that such a study can profitably be undertaken by pupils between the ages of 11 and 16 years. The development of the Atomic Theory is certainly one of the greatest achievements of the human intellect and it is contended that even an elementary study of it has great cultural value and provides a valuable discipline for the mind of the young student. Thus from the beginning the chemistry course is designed to lead to important generalisations and to a synthesis of the Atomic Theory.Much stress therefore is laid on precise quantitative work. 332 1 It is usual to verify the laws of conservation of mass constant composition and often of multiple proportions to determine the equivalents of a number of metals and to develop the conception of equivalence to include the volumetric analysis of acids and alkaIis. On this stoichiometric basis is laid the first conception of Dalton’s Atomic Theory. A sufficient number of gas reactions are studied volumetrically to make possible the generalisation of Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes To the Dalton atom is then added the conception of the molecule and the Hypothesis of Avogadro. Molecular weights of vapours are now determined but it is not usual at this stage to consider the determination of molecular weights by any other methods.The deduction of atomic weights is of course essential to the full development of the Atomic Theory and the methods of Cannizzaro and of Dulong and Petit are usually discussed though it is probably rare for any school course actually to perform the series of experiments necessary for the satisfactory deduction of a single atomic weight by the former method and for the latter teachers have usually to be content with equivalents determined in the chemistry lessons and specific heats determined in the physics lessons. Probably the best expositions of this method are to be found in E. D. Goddard’s Fundamental Experiments in Chemistry and G. Fowles’ Lecture Experiments in Chemistry.The critics of this pure chemistry approach contend that the arguments involved are too tenuous and too difficult for the average Grammar School pupil really to appreciate that few pupils at this age are capable of sustaining an argument which takes several years to develop that it is more likely to produce satisfaction in the mind of the teacher than comprehension in that of the pupil and that such courses acquire significance only if pursued to an advanced level in the Sixth Form or beyond. They argue that such academic courses are designed for the few who will proceed to specialist courses in science and that for the majority of pupils the time so spent in the schools could be more profitably employed. It is essential that the chemistry course should be supported by work in physics and very few schools can find time to do both these except by the exclusion of biological studies.Turning to more specific points it appears inevitable that the preoccupation with chemical reactions selected to illustrate the Atomic Theory means that after the preliminary air and water studies great stress is laid upon the study of the non-metallic elements and on reactions involving gases. Again it may be argued that it is possible at this stage to perform only a few experiments carefully selected for their manipulative simplicity [ 333 1 to illustrate the gravimetric laws and that there is a grave risk that pupils may believe that their experiments have established what in fact they have only verified in a few highly selected instances.As presented at this stage Dulong and Petit’s method for atomic weight determination comes dangerously near to being a circular argument; and while it readily lends itself to a variety of suitably simple arithmetical problems it is doubtful whether these are of any great value or whether the significance of the method is ever really appreciated. Those who favour the General Science approach start from the assumption that it is not the business of the Grammar Schools to train specialists or technicians but to provide a liberal education for all pupils an education which will equip them for the duties of citizenship and to assume the responsibilities of leadership. The part that science should play lies in imparting such knowledge and developing such habits of thought as will give them an intelligent appreciation of the scientific age in which they live.The contention is that it is possible both to achieve this aim and also to lay an ade- quate foundation for future specialisation in any branch of science. Scientific studies should therefore be broadly conceived ranging over the three main branches biology chemistry and physics and not excluding reference to such subjects as geology astronomy etc. School courses which are confined to more or less academic studies of chemistry and physics (or even as was common some years ago say heat and light) are strongly deprecated. Quoting from the Report of the Science Masters’ Association on “The Teaching of General Science” (1936) “General Science is a course of scientific study and investigation which has its roots in the common experience of children and does not exclude any of the fundamental special sciences.It seeks to elucidate the general principles observ- able in nature without emphasising the traditional division into specialised subjects until such time as this is warranted by the increasing complexity of the field of investigation by the developing unity of the separate parts of that field and by the intellectual progress of the pupils.” It is clear that in courses with so wide a sweep depth must be sacrificed to breadth and it follows that those who subsequently specialise in chemistry must commence their specialist studies with a smaller equipment of chemical knowledge than the others who have followed in the lower school a course in pure chemistry.Nevertheless some experienced science masters claim that such pupils actually achieve better results immediately in their Sixth Form specialist courses. The narrowness produced by over-specialisation is perhaps one of the major intellectual defects of the present age and the longer that specialisation can be delayed the better. c 334 1 General Science courses aim in the early stages at showing the unity of science. Lessons are not differentiated into physics chemistry biology etc. and they are often taken by a single teacher and increasing numbers of schools are equipping un-differentiated laboratories for the elementary courses.The chemical content as we have said is more limited than in the Pure Chemistry courses and no attempt is made at a formal study of the Atomic Theory. Symbols formulae and equations are used as tools; reactions may be explained qualitatively in terms of atoms and molecules and even of ions but no attempt is made to justify these concepts logically. On the other hand much use is sometimes made of the so-called “Activity Series” of the metals- their sequence in order of their tendency to displace hydrogen from water or acids. This series provides a useful basis for systematking the study of the metals e.g. in relation to their extraction the stability of their compounds and their everyday applications as well as in explaining reactions at electrodes during electrolysis.The wide differences in properties between a compound and its cont- stituent elements is partly accounted for by supposing that the “activity” of the element has been used in producing the compound. While it is true that far less quantitative work is performed it would be untrue to suppose that it is completely ignored. Solubilities equivalents and simple gas analyses for example are usually included. Measurement indeed is recognised as funda- mental to all the physical sciences but whereas in pure chemistry quantitative work is largely directed to the Atomic Theory in General Science this need is not felt and measurements leading quickly to important generalisations are found to be more numerous in the physics parts of the syllabus.Again the range of substances for study is no longer selected primarily to develop the Atomic Theory but rather to illustrate the chemistry of everyday life and of the major chemical industries. Thus after air and water studies the chemical work may include such topics as the natural resources of the earth the winning of metals chemicals of importance in agriculture the utilisation of atmospheric nitrogen simple electrochemistry and most courses include some study of the simpler organic compounds. The critics of the General Science approach have been numerous and vociferous and they have included the Council of the Institute (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1937). It has been frequently contended that in the attempt to achieve breadth the General Science courses have been so overloaded that thoroughness has to be sacrificed; that in order to cover the ground practical work by the pupil must largely be replaced by demonstration work by the teacher; that quantitative work for example in chemistry [ 335 1 has to be reduced; and that the courses become “popular” in the worst sense.They maintain that pupils trained on such superficial courses develop slip-shod habits of thought and are ill-equipped to pursue specialist courses. These two schools of thought are still engaged in heated con- troversy (see for example School Science Review No. 103 1946 and No. 107 1947) but there are excellent teachers in both and it is probable that tby produce equally good results in their human material.Chemistry is still one of the most popular subjects among those which are presented for the Higher School Certificate. The weaker teacher of science whatever his pedagogical persuasion is tempted to take the easier path and demonstrate too much. The better teacher whether he take the academical approach or the General Science approach presents almost every lesson as an in- vestigation-a small research to be conducted by the class which he directs. Rarely does he find it necessary to demonstrate; as for example when he needs to teach some manipulative skill such as the use of the chemical balance. Experiment is the basis of his teaching. Whenever possible experiments are conducted by the pupils at their benches but inevitably-for example when the experiments are too dangerous or too costly-many must be conducted at the lecture table.The work however is still an investigation in which the class participates in everything except the actual manipulation and even in this the teacher sometimes invites individual pupils to share. Such lecture experiments which are not demonstrations may have great value. All pupils improve their laboratory technique by observing the skilled experimenter and some whose abilities are not manual may acquire a better appreciation of the scientific method from this vicarious experimenting. Whether we consider the young pupil as the citizen of the future or as the future professional chemist it is probable that the benefits he derives from his early scientific training should be measured more in terms of the sentiments he develops than of the actual knowledge he acquires.The boy first enters the chemistry laboratory full of curiosity and with a thrill of anticipation and the science master has an initial advantage over his colleagues in almost every other subject. The successful teacher grasps this advantage nourishes this interest in the many and inspires the few to find in science their vocation. c 336 1 A CHART ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BRANCHES OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY First published in a paper submirtcd lo [he Royal Society Scienflfic Information Conferencc 1948. Reproduced wilh minor rnodrfication by permiision oj rhe Royal Sociery.THE RELATIONS BETWEEN CHEMISTRY AND OTHER BRANCHES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY By H. J. T. ELLINGHAM PH.D. A.R.C.S. M.I.CHEM.E. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. Most chemists are aware of the extent to which their science is linked up with other branches of natural science and of the importance of its applications in almost all fields of technology. It is natural however that the chemist who is mainly concerned with some particular aspect or application of chemistry should be most interested in the relations within his own specialised field and may not fully appreciate the special position that chemistry occupies among the natural sciences and their derived technologies- a position which arises from the fact that chemistry forms a bridge between the physical and the biological sciences.The accompanying chart which was first prepared some years ago in a more primitive form to illustrate the relationships between the sciences was subsequently elaborated in 1948 to serve as a background on which to portray among other things the scope of the various abstracting services in this country and was published as part of a paper on “Divisions of Natural Science and Technology” in the report of the Royal Society Scientific Information Conference 21 June to 2 July 1948. This form of the chart with minor amendments has been reproduced here at the request of the Publications and Library Committee of the Institute with a view to making available to a wider circle of chemists a general picture of the ways in which their science impinges upon other sciences and is relevant to their applications.In this chart the main divisions of pure science occupy the central panel ranging downwards from Mathematics through Physics and Chemistry and by way of the Inorganic and Organic sub-divisions of the latter to Geology and Biology respectively. On each side of this central panel lie the most nearly related branches of technology thus Physics is flanked by Civil Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Physical Chemistry by Chemical Engineering; Inorganic and Organic Chemistry by the corresponding fields of applied chemistry and in the case of the former also by Metallurgy; similarly Geology is linked up with Metallurgy and Mining and Biology with Medicine and Agriculture.The chart 1 337 3 is constructed so that in most instances the branches of technology shown on the outer edges of the two side-panels are closely related to one another. These edges could therefore properly be joined by wrapping the chart around a cylinder thus Mechanical and Electrical Engineering would thereby be justifiably brought together; so also would the two areas which it has been convenient to assign to Chemical Engineering. By suitable modification of the lay-out it would be possible to allow for the chart to be spread over the surface of a sphere thereby enabling the area of each science to make contact with those of all other sciences and tech- nologies with which it is at all closely connected instead of-as at present-with only those which appear to be most nearly related.It should be emphasised that the chart in its present form is not claimed to give anything approaching a complete picture of all the relationships that exist. Even in the selection of titles for inclusion in the chart there is a measure of arbitrariness but an attempt has been made to insert the titles of all branches of science and technology that are of sufficient importance to form the fields of work of separate societies and study groups or of periodical publications. In particular no claim is made that the sizes of lettering used for these titles or of the areas allotted to particular subjects are representative of their relative importance. These are matters on which opinions would differ widely and although the views of several experts in different fields have been obtained there is no reason to believe that finality has been even approached.On the other hand the titles given in the chart are reasonably representative and it is believed that they cover most of the fields at present recognised as subjects for study. A major difficulty in the arrangement of these titles in any two-dimensional representation is that they belong to sub-divisions of science and technology which it has been found convenient to recognise but which have arisen from diverse systems of classification. Thus in the field of chemistry itself the primary division into inorganic and organic chem-istry is on a different basis from the division into physical chemistry and what may conveniently be described as “preparative and structural chemistry.’’ These two sets of sub-divisions cut across one another and in this type of diagram this feature can be appro- priately indicated by writing the two sets of titles in different directions on the chart.In general an attempt has been made to write the titles of dissimilarly based sub-divisions at different angles on the diagram. Relationships of one kind are thus indicated by parallel titles and those of different kinds by titles at angles to one another. Closeness of relationship is normally shown by proximity but where this is not practicable an attempt has some- times been made to indicate connections between more distant [ 338 1 titles by writing one at such an angle that it is directed towards the other.Thus “Detergents” points towards “Surface Energy” and “Surface Chemistry.” A major purpose of the chart is to draw attention to the various border-line subjects that have grown up between the main fields of the individual sciences for it is in these regions where one science impinges on another that the greatest activity is commonly witnessed. Biochemistry is a good example. It will be appreciated that even the main branches of science owe their recognition as individual fields of study to what has been essentially an evolutionary process rather than the result of any attempt at rational planning. Thus whereas astronomy and geology clearly arose from the need to separate particular regions of the universe for convenience of study physics and chemistry owe such individuality as they still retain to the desire to deal separately with certain phenomena of general significance.The boundaries between the main divisions of science are therefore by no means rigid. Considerable areas of biology are being invaded by the biochemist and the organic chemist ; large parts of chemistry have become the subject of investigations by physicists while certain aspects of physics are in course of becoming the purview of the mathematical philosopher. The same fluidity is observed within the areas of the sub-divisions of science and technology and for this reason no importance should be attached to the lines shown on the chart.The whole field of natural science and technology is properly one and the divisions and sub-divisions that we customarily use are adopted merely for convenience at a particular time for nobody can be actively concerned with the cultivation of more than one or two small plots in this vast field- and it is necessary to use titles to identify such plots. THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE INSTITUTE Since the publication of the Register of Fellows and Associates for 1948 analyses have been made of some of the information contained in that very useful volume and members may be interested in the results of these enquiries. The Register which referred to the position at 31 March 1948 contained the names of 10,744 corporate members of whom 3,695 were Fellows and 7,049 Associates.There were also at that date over 1,500 registered students but the names of these were not included. By the end of 1948 the numbers of Fellows and Associates had risen to 3,769 and 7,391 respectively giving a total corporate [ 339 1 membership of 11,160; the number of registered students had increased to 1,912. Statistics reported in this article refer to 31 March 1948 except where otherwise stated but those given as percentages will not have altered appreciably since that date. 00 ggf The above chart of membership statistics shows how the numbers of Fellows Associates and total corporate members have varied since the foundation of the Institute in 1877. The sharp rise in the number of Associates towards the end of the 1914-18 war is noteworthy and may be ascribed largely to the introduction in 1917 of new Regulations whereby suitably qualified candidates [ 340 1 could be admitted to the Associateship without having necessa.rily to take the Institute’s Examination.A further notable change in the slopes of the curves especially of those for Fellows and for Registered Students also occurred during the 1939-45 war and there is little doubt that those war-time increases in the rate of growth of membership are partly due to the wider recognition accorded in these periods to the importance of chemistry in the life of the nation. The inset chart of Appointments Register Statistics should be studied in conjunction with the recent article by the Registrar (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 180).DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHICAL OF MEMBERS Information on this subject is readily obtained from the Geographical Index to the Register. Considering first the members resident outside Great Britain and Ireland their total number was 1,286 out of 10,774 representing just under 12 per cent.-a not inconsiderable proportion-and their distribution among countries was as follows:- India (without Burma Ceylon an d Pakistan) .. 371 Union of South Africa .. .. *. .. .. 219 Australia .. .. .. .. .. .. 130 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 United States of America .. .. .. .. 71 Canada .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 Other countries in Asia .. .. .. .. 137 Other countries in Africa .. .. .. .. 78 Countries in Central and South America (including the West Indies) .... .. .. .. 73 Other countries in Europe (including the Channel Isles) .. *. .. .. .. .. .. 41 Other parts of the world . . .. .. .. 6 1,286 Apart from the six countries specifically mentioned above no individual country overseas has more than 35 corporate members resident in it. Local Sections are functioning in three of the four overseas countries with the largest populations of members-India South Africa and New Zealand. In India the proposal to replace the former Indian Section by five Local Sections based on the principal centres of activity has not proceeded beyond the establishment of the Bangalore Section and the acceptance of a petition for the [ 341 1 formation of a Northern India Section based on Delhi.In South Africa the Cape Section is active only in the Cape Province where there were 72 members of the Institute at 31 March 1948. In New Zealand and in South Africa Local Sections of the Institute exist alongside indigenous professional chemical bodies-t he New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the South African Chemical Institute. A Local Section of the Institute was operative in Malaya before the war but has been in abeyance since the country was overrun by the Japanese. The number of corporate members listed in the Register as resident in Malaya was 23. In some countries where there is no Local Section of the Institute (as well as in New Zealand and India) Honorary Corresponding Secretaries have been appointed.A list of these officers is given on p. x of the Register. The whole of the area of Great Britain and Ireland is covered by Local Sections and any member having his registered address in any part of these islands is ips0 facto a member of the appropriate Section. The numbers of corporate members in each of these Local Sections at 1 January 1949 were published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 I 46 while the corresponding figures for 31 March 1948 are shown on the accompanying sketch map. This map-which in its original form was exhibited at the recent Anniversary Meetings-also indicates the distribution of members among the principal centres of population conventional signs being used to represent cities and towns with over 100 members 20 to 100 members and 10 to 19 members.From this it is clear that the two regions with the highest concentration of members are (i) London and its satellite towns (ii) Manchester Liverpool and neighbouring towns in South Lancashire and North Cheshire. In these two regions are concentrated respectively over 30 per cent. and over 15 per cent. of the whole membership of the Institute; together they account for well over half the members resident in Great Britain and Ireland. The London and South-Eastern Counties Section which includes Cambridge Oxford and Reading as well as the towns around London contains practically 40 per cent. of the members in Great Britain and Ireland. Next in order of membership of Local. Sections come Manchester and District (9-0 per cent.) Liverpool and North-Western (8-9 per cent.) Birmingham and Midlands (7.2 per cent.) Glasgow and West of Scotland (5-2per cent.); each of the other Local Sections in Great Britain and Ireland contains less than 4 per cent.of the corporate members in the two islands. This map should be of considerable value in guiding the future development of the Local Section and District organisation of the Institute for although this organisation should not be based solely- or perhaps even mainly-on the number of members in particular c 342 1 localities such data are not without significance in this connection. Moreover to those who know the transport facilities in various parts of the country the map will afford a useful indication of how relations between local organisations might best be developed and extended and what new centres of Institute activity might be established.AGESOF MEMBERS AND THEIR PERIODS OF MEMBERSHIP No information about ages can be derived from the Register but the returns made by members in connection with remuneration statistics provide valuable data (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 11 101). Thus it is seen that of 8,319 Fellows and Associates in employment who gave the required particulars in October 1947 the percentages in various age groups were as follows:- Age group . . 21-25 26-30 31-35 3640 4145 Percentage . . 7.5 13.5 19.9 14.7 15.6 Age group .. 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 over65 Percentage .. 12.4 7.3 5.4 2.5 1.2 The peak comes in the age group 31-35 and it appears that about half the “active” members are under 40 years of age and less than 10 per cent.over 55. There is no doubt that the Institute consists largely of relatively young men and women-probably more so than other bodies of similar age and size for the great majority of present members were elected after 1917 when the conditions of admission were radically modified. An examination of dates of admission given in the 1948 Register shows that only 580 of the present members were elected before 1917 and only 783 (under 7.3 per cent.) before 1918. It is true that many of mature age were elected after that date but the majority in every year have been young people who had recently qualified for admission.OCCUPATION OF AND REMUNERATIONMEMBERS The Register is a mine of useful information about occupations and we are indebted to Miss Cawston our Principal Assistant Secretary for following up her work in the preparation of the Register by extracting the statistics given below. Of the 10,744 entries in the Register 8,693 descriptions (80 per cent.) were found suitable for analysis the remainder relating to members from whom no particulars of occupation had been received or who had retired or otherwise ceased to be active in the profession of chemistry. In view of the diverse descriptions of -occupations of members resident overseas it was thought desirable to limit the [ 343 1 present analysis to the 7,728 (nearly 72 per cent.) members actively engaged in professional work in Great Britain and Ireland.The results are as follows percentages being based on the 7,728 entries used for the purpose:- Industrial Firms Seventeen firms each employing more than 25 members .. .. .. 1,747 Other industrial firms .. .. 2,913 4,660 =60.30/ Government Departments Ministry of Supply .. .. .. 319 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research .. .. .. *. 93 Admiralty .. .. .. .. 78 Department of Government Chemist 55 Ministry of Agriculture .. .. 37 Other Departments .. .. 203 f. 785 =10*2yo Universities and Colleges (staffs) .. 765 = 9.9% Schools (teachers) .. .. .. 507 = 6.6% Public Utility Organisations and Nationalised Industries Gas Undertakings .... .. 111 National Coal Board .. .. .. 61 Sewage Drainage River Boards and Water Undertakings .. *. 44 Electricity Undertakings .. .. 34 Railways .. .. .. *. 30 -280 = 3.6% Public Analysts and Consultants . . 270 = 3.5% Research Associations .. *. .. 218 = 2.8% Hospitals (including those attached to Universities) . . .. .. .. 105 = 1.4% Local Authorities (including Education Departments but not staffs engaged in teaching) .. .. .. .. 43 = 0.6% Miscellaneous .. *. .. .. 95 = 1.1% 7,728 The data confirm the impression previously gained that about 60 per cent. of members of tile Institute are employed in industry. That Government Departments and Universities and Colleges should follow next with 10.2 and 9.9 per cent. was also expected but the figure of 6-6per cent.for teachers in schools is higher than many had c 344 1 0 8 3 [ 345 1 anticipated. It will be noted that Public Analysts (mostly part- time) and Consultants account for only 3.5 per cent. of the total whereas at one time they formed the largest single group in the Institute. Information on the remuneration of members has been provided in the above-mentioned report on the subject (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 11 101). The accompanying diagrams show (a) the percentage of Fellows Associates and total corporate members receiving remuneration above any given amount; (b) the average remuneration of “active” members in relation to age. It is noteworthy that the average remuneration increases approximately linearly with age up to the point at which the number of members concerned ceases to be large enough for statistical purposes.REMS. I800. 1 700-ROYAL 1NSTlTUTE OF CHEMISTRY REMUNERATION STATISTICS- I948 (1. and P.. 1948. II 103-5 Tables 1-3) 1600-I soo-1400-/ 1300-1200-1100-1000-900-AVERAGE REMUNERATION,AGE OF “ACTIVE ” MEMBERS 800-Fellows -0 A Associates -a 700-fellows and Associates Q--0 600-500 The Presidential Badge of Office,-An article describing the characteristics of this unique badge and the investigations involved in its production has been prepared. Publication has been held over however to a later issue of the Journal so that the article may be accompanied by an appropriate photograph.THE ORGANISATION OF OTHER PROFESSIONS* IV. THE PHARMACEUTICAL PROFESSION By F. W.ADAMS,B.Sc. Ph.C. A.R.I.C. Barrister-at-Law Secretary and Registrar The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Historical. Pharmaceutical practice in some form or other is one of the most ancient branches of human activity and until the seventeenth century its course in Britain had been broadly parallel to that followed in other countries although the apothecary as the practitioner of pharmacy was then called had not acquired the privileged position which his continental counterpart enjoyed. With the grant of a Royal Charter to the Society of Apothecaries in 1617 giving exclusive rights to its members to prepare administer and sell medicines in London it looked as though the future of pharmaceutical practice in Great Britain would be similar to that in continental countries.Soon however British pharmacy began to diverge from the traditional line of development. Later in the century quarrels between the physicians and the apothecaries on the question of the encroachment of each on the other’s preserves resulted in a High Court decision in 1703 which gave the apothecaries the right to under- take medical as well as pharmaceutical work though not to charge fees for the former. Protected by this verdict the apothecaries throughout the eighteenth century came increasingly to engage in medical practice as well as dispense physicians’ prescriptions and deal generally in medicines until by the Apothecaries Act of 1815 their position was regularised and they were permitted to charge fees for medical attention.Eventually they became fully absorbed into the medical profession. During this long period of transformation of the apothecaries matters did not stand still pharmaceutically in other respects. Gradually a new class of persons preparing and supplying medicines and dispensing physicians’ prescriptions began to take shape and by 1841 it was sufficiently well-defined to provide the basis for a permanent organisation in the form of the Pharma- ceutical Society of Great Britain. Two hundred years during which the position of the pharmacist might have been consolidated had been occupied by a process in which his identity became merged with that of the medical practitioner while the movement of events generally during this period had created a situation which rendered the building-up of a pharmaceutical profession a formidable task.The view that pharmacy needed to be regarded as a specialised and protected calling appears to have declined as changes occurred in political and economic thought and although subsequent history shows that an increasing measure of recogni- tion has been accorded to pharmacists the ground lost earlier has not yet been fully regained. The timeliness and importance of the task which the founders of the Pharmaceutical Society set themselves was recognised by the granting of a Royal Charter of incorporation within two years of the Society’s foundation. The objects of the Society were defined as “advancing Chemistry and Pharmacy and promoting a uniform system of Education of those who should practise the same and also for the protection of those who carry on the business of Chemists and Druggists and that it is intended also to provide a Fund for * Previous articles in this series are (1)“The Medical Profession” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 V 209; (2) “The Legal Profession (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 111 132); and (3) “The Architectural Profession” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 I 8).c 347 1 the relief of the distressed Members and Associates of the Society and of their Widows and Orphans.” Membership was to be open to persons who were or had been in business on their own account or who complied with the examination requirements laid down for membership.Associateship without right of holding office or being present at general meetings was to be open to assistants who passed the appropriate examination. The Society was to be governed by a Council of 21 persons elected from and by the members. The Pharmacy Act 1852 continued the work begun by the foundation of the Society. This confirmed the position of the Society and its examination system and set up Registers of Pharmaceutical Chemists Assistants and Apprentices or Students to consist in the first instance of all persons who were at the time of the passing of the Act respectively Members Associates and Students of the Society and thereafter of persons who passed the prescribed examinations.A Registrar was to be appointed by the Council to maintain these Registers. Registration under the Act was distinct from membership or associateship of the Society and registered persons were free to join the Society in their appropriate categories or not as they saw fit. Apart from consolidating the Society the most important aspect of the Act was the control it introduced over the use of the titles “pharmaceutical chemist” and “pharmaceutist.” These were permitted to be used only by persons who were registered as pharmaceutical chemists under the Act. It was also made an offence for anyone not a member of the Society to describe himself as such. The next stage was in 1868 when regulation of the sale of poisons was introduced by the Pharmacy Act of that year.A Register of Chemists and Druggists was set up admission to which was open to persons who passed what had hitherto been the Assistant’s Examination of the Society. The appointment of examiners for the Chemist and Druggist examination had to be confirmed by the Privy Council and provision was made for an officer appointed by the Privy Council to be present at every examination. The right to “sell or keep open shop for the retailing dispensing or com- pounding Poisons ” or to use the titles “Chemist,” “Druggist ” or “Chemist and Druggist” or “Dispensing Chemist or Druggist” was reserved for the use of persons registered under the Act as Chemists and Druggists or under the Act of 1852 as Pharmaceutical Chemists; to the use of the latter the additional title of “Pharmacist” was reserved.Failure “to conform with any Regulation as to the keeping or selling of poisons made in pursuance of this Act ” and “to compound any medicines of the British Pharmacopoeia except according to the Formularies of the said Pharmacopoeia” were made offences. Requirements regarding labelling of poisons and a Schedule of substances to be regarded as poisons for the purpose of the Act were laid down. The Council of the Society was empowered to make additions to the Schedule subject to the approval of the Privy Council. The Schedule which was divided into two parts contained 15 substances or classes of substances 10 of which were in Part I and could be sold only if the purchaser was known to the seller and an entry was made in the Poisons Register and signed by the purchaser.These two Acts by establishing statutory qualifications and by restricting the use of certain titles and the sale of certain poisons to qualified persons determined the main lines of pharmaceutical legislation as it exists to-day. They have been followed by an Act to amend the Pharmacy Act 1868; the Pharmacy Acts Amendment Act 1898; the Poisons and Pharmacy Act 1908; the Pharmacy Act 1929; the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933; the Pharmacy and Medicines Act 1941 ; and the Medical Practitioners’ and Pharmacists’ Act 1946. Other legislation affecting pharmacy includes the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875,and the Food and Drugs Act 1938; the Dangerous Drugs Acts r 348 3 1920-32; the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 and the Penicillin Act 1947.Legislation such as the National Health Insurance Acts and the National Health Service Act though dealing with much wider issues have had important effects on pharmaceutical practice. The Law of Pharmacy The following is a summary of the present legislative control of pharma ceutical practice as a result of the changes brought about by these Acts. The retail sale of poisons in Part I of the Poisons List or of preparations including dispensed medicines containing them can be undertaken only by "authorised sellers of poisons " on registered premises and effected by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. Every person registered as a pharma- cist that is to say whose name appears in the Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists or the Register of Chemists and Druggists is by virtue of that fact a member of the Pharmaceutical Society.He is required to pay to the Society a registration fee at present two pounds and an annual retention fee at present two pounds which takes the place of the membership subscription payable by members before 1933,'when membership of the Society was voluntary and no fees were chargeable for entry in or the retention of names in the Registers. The fees are determined by byelaw; there is no limitation on the amount of the registration fee but the retention fee may not exceed two pounds. There are two main classes of poisons which are prescribed respectively in Parts I and I1 of the Poisons List. Part I contains substances which are used mainly for medicinal purposes; Part I1 contains substances used for other purposes and which can be sold under certain conditions also by persons other than authorised sellers of poisons.Although its provisions have been modified in various degrees by rule for different categories of poisons the main legislation requires a poison to be sold only to a person known by the seller to be a person to whom the poison may properly be sold and particulars of the sale to be entered into a book and signed by the purchaser. The poison must subject to modification by rule bear the name of the poison its proportion in the case of a preparation the word poison and the name and address of the seller. The Secretary of State for Home Affairs is the authority determining the contents of the Poisons List but he acts only after consultation with or on the recommendation of the Poisons Board.This body consists of 16 members appointed as to one by the Home Secretary one by the Secretary of State for Scotland two by the Minister of Health one by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries five by the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society one by the Royal College of Physicians of London one by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh one by the General Medical Council one by the Royal Institute of Chemistry and one by the British Medical Association. The Government Chemist is also a member and the Home Secretary has power to appoint additional members. Conditions modifying or adding to the provisions of the main legislation relating to substances in the Poisons List may be prescribed by Rules made by the Home Secretary after consultation with or on the recommendation of the Poisons Board.Rules have been made dealing with such matters as the storage transport labelling and containers of poisons the persons to whom and the purposes for which poisons may be sold the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons the colouring of poisons the making and preservation of records of sales the sale of certain poisons only in accordance with the prescription of a medical practitioner dentist or veterinary surgeon and the form of such prescriptions and the supply of poisons from and in hospitals. I 349 1 An authorised seller of poisons is a pharmacist or a body corporate carrying on business which comprises the retail sale of drugs provided that in every set of premises where the business is carried on it is so far as concerns the retail sale of drugs under the personal control of a pharmacist whose name and certificate of registration is conspicuously exhibited in the premises.In the case of a body corporate the business as a whole must so far as concerns the keeping retailing and dispensing and compounding of poisons be under the management of a superintendent who must be a pharmacist. In the matter of titles the provisions already mentioned remain u naltered except that bodies corporate which are authorised sellers of poisons may if the superintendent is a member of the board of the body use the titles chemist druggist chemist and druggist dispensing chemist or dispensing druggist in the same way as registered persons.They may not however use the titles pharmaceutical chemist pharmaceutist and pharmacist which remain personal titles. The word pharmacy is limited in its use to premises owned by pharmacists or bodies corporate which are authorised sellers of poisons. The title chemist is now only limited in its use if employed in connection with the sale of goods by retail. The existence of the ownership of pharmaceutical businesses by bodies corporate is due to a High Court decision in 1880 when it was held that as a body corporate was not a person within the meaning of the Pharmacy Act 1868 it was not prevented from “keeping open shop” for the sale of poisons or using restricted titles.Parliament did not deal with this situation until 1908 when the measure of control over such bodies above described was laid down by the Pharmacy and Poisons Act. As mentioned earlier in order legally to sell poisons in Part I of the Poisons List the sale must be effected on registered premises. Every authorised seller of poisons must cause all the sets of premises where his business so far as it relates to the retail sale of drugs is carried on to be registered. The register is kept by the Registrar of the Pharmaceutical Society and a fee not exceeding three pounds (at present two guineas) must be paid for registration and annually to retain the premises on the register.There is no restriction on the distribution or number of the sets of registered premises which an authorised seller of poisons may possess. While the Pharmacy Acts do not provide specifically for the dispensing as distinct from the sale of a dispensed medicine containing a poison to be undertaken by or under the supervision of a pharmacist this effect is produced by the provision that the normal requirements of records and labelling of poisons apply to such dispensed medicines unless the compounding is done by or under the direct and personal supervision of a pharmacist. Notwith-standing the above provisions a medical practitioner may supply his patients with medicines containing poisons. Control over the production of medicines containing poisons is limited to the requirement that the manufacture of those for use in the internal treatment of human ailments must in general be under the supervision of a pharmacist or a member of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.Legal restrictions on the production and distribution of pharmaceutical products not containing poisons are not extensive. The Therapeutic Sub- stances Act imposes complete official control over the manufacture for sale of certain substances which cannot be adequately tested chemically and the Penicillin Act restricts the dispensing and sale of penicillin to qualified persons; advertisements for articles used in the treatment of certain diseases are pro- hibited and articles which are recommended as medicines must bear a disclosure of their active principles or ingredients and in certain cases can only be sold by authorised sellers of poisons but generally speaking the manufacture and sale of medicines not containing poisons may be undertaken freely.[ 350 I The purity and potency of pharmaceutical substances is controlled mainly by the British Pharmacopoeia which is accepted as a presumptive standard for legal purposes. It is published by the General Medical Council in accord- ance with the provisions of the Medical Act 1856 and the Medical Council Act 1862. The first British Pharmacopoeia which appeared in 1864 has been followed by six others the latest being published in 1948. Since 1928 the book has been produced under the direction of the General Medical Council by the Pharmacopoeia Commission which is appointed by the Council on the recommendation of a Selection Committee consisting of four persons nominated by the General Medical Council two persons nominated by the Medical Research Council and three persons nominated jointly by the Councils of the Pharmaceutical Societies of Great Britain Ireland and Northern Ireland.The practice of pharmacy in hospitals is not subject to any direct restric- tions as to the qualification of persons who may be engaged in it. The requirements relating to dangerous drugs in hospitals limit in general the custody and dispensing of such articles to medical practitioners or pharmacists but otherwise no qualification is required by law for undertaking pharma- ceutical work in hospitals.The Phaymuceutical Society Some indication has already been given of the changes in the structure and powers of the Pharmaceutical Society since its position was confirmed by the Pharmacy Act 1852. The requirement introduced in 1933 that every pharmacist should by virtue of his registration as such be a member of the Society made membership coincide with the class of persons eligible for membership ;previously the number of pharmacists who became members was about two-thirds of the total number. Thus the Society is now fully representative of those whose interests among other objects it set out to serve at the time of its foundation. The grade of Associateship had been discontinued in 1898 when chemists and druggists were given the full status of members and the title “pharmacist,” both hitherto reserved to Pharmaceutical chemists.The original distinction between members and associates as principals on the one hand and assistants on the other had long since disappeared and henceforth the higher educational attainments and the right to exemption from jury service of pharmaceutical chemists were the only differences remaining between them and chemists and druggists. In addition to being a body whose purposes are laid down in its Charter the Society is the statutory examining registering inspecting and disciplinary body for pharmacy. By the Act of 1933 its Council now includes three members appointed by the Privy Council thus increasing the number to 24. These additional members have the same status as the elected members.They serve for four years the elected members for three one-third of the latter retiring each year. The elected members are all elected by the votes of the membership as a whole. Local organisation within the Society takes the form of branches into which the whole of the country is divided. This system was introduced in 1922 and the number of branches at present is 135. There is a tendency for the larger branches to divide to produce more compact branch areas. Branches are self-governing and are provided by headquarters with funds based on the numerical size of the branch. They receive additional assistance through the payment of expenses of headquarters speakers. Two branch representatives’ meetings are held each year; one on the day following the Annual General Meeting of the Society in May the other in connection with the British Pharmaceutical Conference which is held during the summer.i 351 3 The earlier meeting is devoted primarily to the discussion of motions submitted by the branches the later one to matters of more interest to Conference members generally. The branch representatives’ meeting has no formal status in the Society‘s constitution but its decisions are considered by the Council and a report made to a subsequent meeting on matters in which the Council have been asked to act. The Society has a Scottish Department with headquarters in Edinburgh and a Resident Secretary. The department provides facilities for the Scottish members deals generally with matters of special interest to them and is the centre for the Society’s examinations in Scotland.It is administered by a committee elected by members resident in Scotland. In its capacity as the representative body of pharmacists the Society aims to assist in the formulation of public policy on pharmaceutical matters and is concerned to improve the efficiency and raise the standard of professional behaviour of the pharmacist to ensure the adequate recognition of the pharmaceutical qualification and generally to further and protect the pro- fessional interests of its members. Economic matters are mainly the concern of other pharmaceutical organisations. The Society’s interest in education was manifested in its earliest activities.The School of Pharmacy which developed fom the course of lectures instituted in the first days has remained throughout the intervening period as an important centre of pharmaceutical education and for many years it was the only one. Its original chemical laboratory is said to have been the first one open for public instruction in chemistry in this country. Recently following discus- sions with the University of London of which it has been a School since 1924 the College of the Pharmaceutical Society as it has been latterly called has become an independent institution with a governing body on which the Society and the University are represented and resumed its former name. The Society has a Library and a Museum of Materia Medica in London and a Library in Edinburgh.It publishes two periodicals-the weekly Pharmaceutical Journal its official organ and a paper of general interest and the monthly Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology devoted primarily to the publication of research papers review articles and abstracts-two standard works of reference-the British Pharmaceutical Codex and the Extra Pharmacopoeia- the National Formulary (jointly with the British Medical Association) the Pharmaceutical Pocket Book and a number of specialised works. The British Pharmaceutical Conference which meets annually for the reading and discussion of science papers is held under the aegis of the Society but its membership is not confined to pharmacists. The Society’s Benevolent Fund and War Aid Fund provide financial assistance to those in need.A convalescent home for members is maintained in the country; a small charge is made to visitors the remainder of the upkeep costs being paid from the Benevolent Fund. The enforcement of the Pharmacy Acts is in the main a duty of the Pharmaceutical Society and it is required to appoint inspectors for the purpose who must be pharmacists. As this duty may involve criminal proceedings the Society finds itself in the case of offences being committed by pharmacists engaged in prosecuting its own members in the Courts of Summary Jurisdiction. This is a unique state of affairs among professional bodies and‘ creates an unusual relationship between the Society and its members. At present there are nine inspectors for the whole country and they periodically visit pharmacies to ascertain whether pharmacists are in personal control and their certificates exhibited records are properly kept and the storage of poisons is in order.They make special visits to investigate and report on alleged breaches of the Pharmacy Acts by authorised sellers of poisons and others and give evidence in any proceedings which may result [ 352 1 from the consideration by the Council of the reports of these special investi- gations and of their routine visits. The inspectors have powers of entry examination and enquiry. A pharmacist may cease to be qualified by failing to pay his annual retention fee and a body corporate by ceasing to employ a pharmacist superintendent but disqualification may also be brought about by the action of the Statutory Committee of the Society.This consists of five persons appointed by the Council and one who is the Chairman appointed by the Privy Council. The Privy Council member must be a person having practical legal experience. The Statutory Committee is not a committee of the Society’s Council and is not responsible to that body. Its powers are derived directly from the Act of Parliament. The Committee is empowered to direct the Registrar to remove the name of a pharmacist if he or any person employed by him in the carrying on of his business has been convicted of any such criminal offence or has been guilty of such misconduct as in the opinion of the Statutory Committee renders him or in the case of an employee would if he were a pharmacist render him unfit to be on the register.In the case of a body corporate which has been convicted of an offence under the Pharmacy Acts or any member of the board or officer or employee of which has been con- victed or been guilty of misconduct in circumstances similar to those which might lead to the removal of the name of a pharmacist from the register the Statutory Committee may direct that the body corporate cease to be an authorised seller of poisons and be disqualified for such period as may be specified in the direction or that any or all of its premises be removed from the register and disqualified for such period as may be specified n the direction. There is a right of appeal to the High Court against a direction of the Statutory Committee.The regulations of the Statutory Committee provide for an inquiry before any such direction is given and it cannot be given without the concurrence of the Chairman. A reprimand and admonition may be issued by the Chairman without an inquiry or by the Committee after an inquiry. An inquiry must be opened in public but may be continued in private. The Committee have power to restore names removed by them. In view of its special place in the development of pharmaceutical organisa- tion the position of the Pharmaceutical Society has been discussed at length but there are several organisations serving separate interests connected with pharmaceutical practice to which attention should be drawn. For many years after its formation the Pharmaceutical Society was the only national body concerned with pharmacy and the setting up of other bodies in comparatively recent times reflects the development of specialised interests.The membership of the National Pharmaceutical Union and the Scottish Pharmaceutical Federation consists of proprietors of pharmacies whether pharmacists or bodies corporate. The larger bodies corporate have their own organisation the Company Chemists’ Association. A committee of the National Pharmaceutical Union on which the Company Chemists’ Association and the co-operative societies are represented acts on behalf of the owners of pharmacies in negotiations with the Government concerning terms of service for participation in the National Health Service.The Guild of Public Pharmacists has a membership composed of pharmacists employed in hospitals and other public services while the National Association of Women Pharmacists is concerned with the welfare of women pharmacists who constitute about 11 per cent. of the total number of pharmacists. The Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry is the representative body of the pharmaceutical manufacturing firms. All these organisations are well supported by the persons or bodies for which they cater. Employee organisa- tion has made little progress among pharmacists though several trade unions accept pharmacists as members. [ 353 1 Education and Employment Reference has been already made to the foundation of the Society’s School.Later a number of private schools came into existence and instruction in pharmacy was given in certain technical institutions and two universities but it was not until after the First World War that pharmaceutical education began to be organised on a national scale. As the result of developments since then there are at the present time 16 technical or university institutions recognised by the Society for giving instruction for the Pharmaceutical Chemist and Chemist and Druggist Qualifying Examinations and two tech- nical colleges and one privately-owned school for the Chemist and Druggist Qualifying Examination only. A much larger number of technical colleges is recognised for the Intermediate Examination. The most recent changes in the examination requirements took place last year.Until then the require- ments for the Pharmaceutical Chemist and the Chemist and Druggist Quali- fying examinations respectively had maintained a difference of standard between these two examinations through the various examination changes which had taken place since 1868. Latterly the distinction took the form of a two years’ final academic course for the former and a one year’s similar course for the latter. In future there will be the same two years‘ final academic course for both examinations so that in practice the distinction between the pharmaceutical chemist and the chemist and druggist will ultimately disappear. It is hoped that the legislative changes necessary to establish one statutory register in place of the present two will be made thus removing a difference which has no substantial legal significance.There are three stages in qualifying as a pharmacist. Preliminary.-For registration as “Apprentice or Student ” the applicant must offer examination results which satisfy the requirements of matriculation at the University of London or those for an attestation of fitness of the Scottish Universities Entrance Board obtained by passing the Senior Leaving Certificate Examination of the Scottish Education Department in which mathematics has been passed at the Higher Grade or the Preliminary Examina- tion of the Scottish Universities Entrance Board. Intermediate.-The Intermediate Examination consists of written and practical papers in chemistry physics and biology.A candidate must have been registered as “Apprentice or Student ” and have attended an approved course of three terms at an approved teaching institution. He must have completed the work of the course to the satisfaction of the governing authority of the institution. A person may be deemed to have passed two or all of the subjects by presenting (a) a Higher School Certificate showing the subjects in question passed as “principal,’’ “main” or “group” subjects; (6) a certificate of having passed in the required subjects the first or intermediate examination for a degree in Arts or Science of any University in England or Wales or of the corresponding examinations of any Scottish or other approved university. Final.-Candidates for admission to the Chemist and Druggist or Pharmaceutical Chemist Qualifying Examinations are required (1) to have passed or be deemed to have passed the Intermediate Examination ; (2) to have undergone since passing the Intermediate Examination or being eligible to present themselves in one subject only a period of practical training of not less than two years under approved conditions in a pharmacy hospital pharmaceutical department or manufacturing [ 354 1 pharmaceutical laboratory and under approved Articles of Pupilage endorsed by the Registrar (the practical training may be taken after the candidate has sat the final examination in which case Articles of Pupilage are not required and a period of one and not two years suffices); (3) to have attended an approved course of instruction of two sessions of three terms each at an approved institution.The subjects of the examination are pharmaceutical chemistry pharmaceutics pharmacognosy physiology and forensic pharmacy with written and practical papers in all subjects except the last which has a written paper only. A certificate of having passed the examination is not given to any successful candidate unless or until he has reached the age of 21 years. It will be seen from the above that the minimum period required for qualification is five years if the practical training precedes the final examina- tion and four if it follows that examination. The Society’s examinations are conducted by two Boards of Examiners one for England and Wales and one for Scotland.Candidates are free to chose by which Board of Examiners they will be examined. Examinations in England and Wales are held in various centres; those in Scotland in Edin- burgh only. Members of the Boards are appointed by the Council of the Society subject to the approval of the Privy Council. There is a joint inspectorate of the Society and the University of London to inspect and make recommendations concerning the approval of teaching institutions where courses are held for the Pharmaceutical Chemist qualifying examination and the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree of the University of London. Provision is made in the examination regulations to approve degrees in pharmacy of British universities for exemption of their holders from any or all of the subjects of the final examination.There are at present six universi- ties granting such degrees-Glasgow Leeds London Manchester Nottingham and Wales-and they are all recognised for all subjects except forensic pharmacy. The policy of the Society is to encourage the establishment of university degrees in pharmacy and students to proceed by this route to qualification. Provision is made in the examination regulations for the present two years’ final course to be increased to three years at the discretion of the Council of the Society. There are three universities-Glasgow London and Nottingham-with a three years’ final course for their pharmacy degrees and Leeds has a third year for those taking honours. The large majority of the 25,000 pharmacists practise their calling in pharmacies as proprietors managers or assistants.There are approximately 14,700 pharmacies in Great Britain. Compared with the position in countries where the number of pharmacies is limited the number is high in relation to the population. Of this number 8,200 are owned by pharmacists and 6,500 by bodies corporate. The ratio of proprietor pharmacists to managers tends to decrease showing the increasing proportion of pharmacies falling into the category of branches. Though the ownership by a pharmacist of more than one pharmacy is not unusual bodies corporate have been mainly responsible for the development of multiple ownership. Health Insurance and Health Service legislation has made substantial changes in the extent to which the dispensing of medicines is undertaken in pharmacies.At the time when the Pharmaceutical Society was founded the supply of dispensed medicines was largely in the hands of medical practitioners and this state of affairs continued until the passing of the National Health c 355 1 Insurance Act. This provided that medicines required under the Act should be supplied from pharmacies and dispensed by or under the supervision of pharmacists except in rural areas where the patient had the choice of getting his medicines from the doctor or a pharmacy this adding considerably to the amount of dispensing undertaken by pharmacists. As the same principle is applied in the National Health Service Act pharmacies have now become the main source of supply of dispensed medicines required for general practitioner treatment.In the event of health centres being extablished and pharma- ceutical services being provided in them such services must be given by pharmacists.. The two other principal sections of pharmaceutical activity are hospital and manufacturing. The number of pharmacists employed in hospitals has increased substantially in recent years but there are still hospitals including some large general hospitals where there are no pharmacists employed and many smaller or specialised establishments which need at least pharma- ceutical supervision. Under the National Health Service this state of affairs is expected to be remedied as time goes on. For this reason and the expected expansion of the hospital service under the new system there is likely to be continued growth in the scope for the employment of pharmacists in hospitals.Pharmaceutical industry in its development from its origins in the pharm- acy has become increasingly varied in the range of work undertaken by the pharmacists engaged in it and they are to be found filling many different kinds of posts in the production research analytical distribution and other departments of manufacturing and wholesale houses. CHEMISTRY AND THE MANUFACTURER By W. A. JOINER MSc. A.M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. Chairman New Zealand Section Royal Institute of Chemistry [An address delivered at Dunedin on 25 August 1948 at a Joint Annual Conference of the Section and of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry.] Manufacturing industries in New Zealand may be divided roughly into two categories (1) those in which standard raw materials e.g.metals plastics etc. are imported and fabricated into useful articles by mechanical means and (2) those in which raw materials obtained in this country or imported are adapted and processed. Industries in the first group require very little from the services of the chemist. Most if not all the chemistry connected with them has already been done e.g. metallurgy synthesis of plastic materials etc. The further industry ventures away from purely mechanical fabrication the greater the necessity for the services of the chemist. The r81e of the chemist in industry is familiar to all and I do not propose to deal extensively with this subject now.Perhaps it is as well to point out however that in many industries which may at first glance appear to be very largely mechanical the application of chemistry can play an important part if such industries are to be operated in the most efficient way. These remarks apply for example in the metal industries-in the making and casting of alloys and in metal finishings (electroplating and protective or decorative coating of materials). r 356 I The services of the chemist are necessary to industry in three ways:- (1) In the control of the quality of raw materials including fuel and in checking quality throughout the various stages of manufacture; in two words-process control ; (2) in the application of new processes either for more efficient production or for extending the range of manufactures of the industry concerned ; (3) in research and the development of new processes arising from research.These three functions of the chemist are connected with the state of technological development of an industry. Before the application of new techniques and before the results of research and development can be properly utilised it is necessary that some form of process control should be in operation not only to ensure efficient and trouble-free functioning of an industry but also to provide a standard by which the value of new techniques or the results of research can be assessed. Although manufacturing industry in this country has made great advances in recent years especially under the pressure of war conditions I am afraid that in many industrial plants the value of what the chemist can do even in the simplest field of process control is not by any means yet fully appreciated.Such a statement does not of course apply to all as there is in some of the industrial undertakings of this country a very great appreciation of the value of applied science and it is encouraging to note the enthusiasm with which a few manufacturers are supporting scientific work in their own industries. Some idea of the progress in the application of chemistry in industry in this country can be formed from an examination of the 1937 and 1947 register of members of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.In 1937 53 chemists were directly engaged in industry of a total of 152 members of the Institutes. In 1947 the corresponding numbers were 104 and 340. Thus the number of members of the Institutes working in industry has almost exactly doubled in 10 years although the proportion of the total remains roughly the same. In concluding these general remarks which state something which is familiar to many of you but which I think can still bear some repetition I should like to emphasise that no PYocess industry of any pretensions whatever can afford in the long run to do without the services of the chemist either as a consultant or as a full-time employee (depending on the size of the industry concerned).In the field of research and development the important part to be played by the chemical engineer must not be overlooked. While the chemical engineer has much to do with ensuring the efficient design and smooth running of process equipment perhaps his most important sphere is in the development and application of new processes. It seems still necessary to point out that a chemical engineer is not merely one who has acquired some knowledge of chemistryand engineering and may be neither a good chemist nor a good engineer. While he must of course have a knowledge of the fundamentals of both these sciences and of other things besides he differs I think from the engineer and the chemist chiefly in his approach to the problems which confront him.While retaining the functional attitude of the engineer he must since he is concerned not only with structures and machines but also with the physical and chemical changes of materials keep in close touch with the fundamentals of the chemistry and physics involved in his work. As an example in the development of a new process use is often made of pilot plant as a stage in the translation of the process from the laboratory to industrial scale operation. Too often the pilot plant is regarded by the chemist only as a means of obtaining a large sample of some new material [ 357 I and by the engineer as a means of trial and error experimentation The chemical engineer’s attitude is or should be that such pilot plant is primarily a means of attaining data on plant design and on the process in question which cannot be obtained by other and cheaper methods.It may be of interest to quote some remarks by the Rt. Hon. Lord Moulton speaking of the chemical engineer more than 25 years ago. He said “Re- member his task is this; he has to achieve the same result as the chemist; he has to do all that the chemist could do under the favourable conditions that obtained in the laboratory and he has to get these results although he no longer enjoys the advantages which originally enabled the chemist to attain them. In spite of abandoning all these aids he has to be content with nothing less than the same success.” I should add to Lord Moulton’s remarks that in addition the chemical engineer has to make the process pay.Many industries in this country could benefit from the services of chemical engineers and I should like to express my admiration of those chemists whose foresight has resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive course in chemical engineering at Canterbury College. Great things may be expected from this development in the future. I have mentioned the three different ways in which the chemist or scientist can be of value to industry. Owing to the comparatively small size of many industrial units in this country it is to be expected that in such smaller units only services in the first category-process control and trouble shooting- could be afforded at present by individual firms. We have noted a two- fold increase in the number of chemists employed in industry over the last 10 years and I should think it likely that most of these are employed in this way.However if we were to be content with this state of affairs we should be ignoring the means of future progress. How then can industry benefit from the second and third kinds of service which the chemist can give- development and research? I think one answer is by co-operative research. You will remember that towards the end of the First World War the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was established in the United Kingdom and that one of its functions was to foster research in industry on a co-operative basis between groups of industry and the State. The Government at that time voted l1 million to provide for the setting up of research associations in a number of industries.From that beginning 36 important industries now have research associations with a total annual income of L1.7 million and most of these receive grants through the D.S.I.R. The value of such co-operative research for our own industrial progress was perceived when the D.S.I.R. was established in this country in 1927 and since that time research associations have been formed for the primary industries-dairy wheat tobacco hops and for manufacturing industries- leather and footwear woollens and pottery. Two others-for the laundry industry and for the fertiliser industry-are in process of formation. It will be noted that all these involve the services of the chemist. Until recently the direct scientific assistance which the manufacturing industries have had from the Government has been mostly through research associations.Now however the policy of Government assistance has been widened by making as far as possible the services and resources of the various branches of the D.S.I.R. available to industry. This means that the Dominion Laboratory now undertakes where possible work for industry in addition to its primary functions of service for Government Departments and research on projects of national interest. It must be made clear that in its work for industry the D.S.I.R. does not wish to usurp the functions of the private consultant. Work which can be done by consultants and work of a routine or control nature is not normally r 358 1 undertaken by the Dominion Laboratory.Some such work has at times to be performed when there is no one else to do it but it is considered that control work should be done by the manufacturers themselves or arrangements be made by say a group of firms to support a chemist of their own. I am of the opinion that the use of the permanent services of the D.S.I.R. for direct work for industry should be regarded as only a stage in the development of the application of science to industry and should be regarded chiefly as a means of encouraging industry to employ its own scientific staff either individually or co-op era tivel y . Most of us realise that to be of maximum use to any industry the chemist must actually be in the industry itself.He must not only be able to deal with specific chemical jobs as they arise but he must also be acquainted with the whole technology of the industry and many other aspects besides. Never-theless I think it only fair to state that on numerous occasions valuable assistance has been given to industries by the laboratories of the D.S.I.R. at a cost which is very small compared with the continuing benefits received by such industries. The research association has I think proved most successful in this country. It must be admitted that early in the establishment of some there was scepticism in the minds of manufacturers as to their usefulness but it has been most encouraging to see how enthusiastic members of associa- tions become after they have been working together for some time.If anyone is still sceptical I would recommend him to talk things over with a member of one of the associations which has been established a few years. To my mind one of the great advantages of the research association lies in its independence. An association of this kind while receiving Government assistance virtually belongs to the industry concerned and its work is directed by the industry for its own good. Until recently research associations have been operated within the organisation of the D.S.I.R. with the freedom of management just mentioned. Now however it is possible to extend this freedom by making them incorporated bodies with power to engage staff accumulate finance fix salaries and do other things which would be difficult within the Public Service organisation.In addition to having their own laboratories research associations have all the resources of the D.S.I. R. available to them. It may be considered that some groups of industries are as yet too small to have chemists in their own works or to support a research association. In such circumstances there is still another way in which groups of industries of this kind may avail themselves of the services of science. Recently consideration has been given to the possibility of a group of industries main- taining a research worker in one or other of the laboratories of the D.S.I.R. to work on some common problems of the industry concerned. Such a scheme has not yet been worked out and I do not know if it would be possible but I know that one or two industries have been considering the idea although they have not so far made formal approaches to the D.S.I.R.An idea such as this might well be considered by our University Colleges. So far I have talked a good deal about the D.S.I.R. and its part in industrial research but I have no doubt that the University can exert a very important influence in the scientific development of industry in this country. I cannot speak for those in the University but I feel they would agree with me when I state that the university should guard against becoming in any sense a technological institution. To my mind the functions of the university are education and research and I mean these words to be inter- preted in their widest sense.While I realise that the university must have the utmost freedom in the choice of its research work and while I do not think that it should be concerned with the day-to-day problems of applied c 359 1 science might I suggest that there is a very wide field for investigation which is connected with our industrial development and that some of the more fundamental problems are worthy of the attention of the best research minds which we have in this country? Close relations between industry and universities have yielded very fruitful results overseas and we have some good examples of such collaboration in the relations which exist between the Dairy Research Institute and Massey College and between the Woollen Mills Research Association and the University of Otago.It seems to me that to the research worker in the university who is extending the frontiers of pure science the added knowledge that he is also taking a share in the progress of his own country must give an increased satisfaction COST OF RESEARCH. I suppose the standard by which any industrial undertaking must be judged is whether or not it will pay and as industrial research cannot be carried on for nothing it is natural that those who are responsible for the business and financial side of industry should need some evidence of the value of scientific research. Industry is becoming less and less dependent on the individual skill and labours of the craftsman and advances in technology as a result of scientific research have provided new tools for production.The tendency to regard these new tools as sufficient in themselves must be guarded against and the attitude of the craftsman must still be preserved in their use. Just as these tools have sprung from advances in scientific knowledge so their effective use depends on the continued application of such knowledge. Whether it is always realised by those engaged in industry or not it is I think true to say that the methods of most modern industry are founded on scientific research in some way or other and unless scientific research is carried on continuously there is a very great risk of reaching a state of technological bankruptcy. There has been a renewed appreciation of this fact in Great Britain where industry is now spending a sum of the order of L30 millions a year on research within its own establishments equivalent to about 2/3rds of 1 per cent.of the annual value of British manufacture. The extent of the awakening to the value of research can be gauged when this figure is compared with the pre-war expenditure on research which in 1938 was just under L5+ millions. I have no means of estimating what the corresponding figures are in this country. I can only guess that the amount spent on research here is very much smaller in proportion. It might be argued that with huge sums being spent overseas there should be no need to spend money here as all the results can be used here. Most people now realise however that we have our own peculiar industrial condi- tions and while we have available much of the results of research overseas these cannot be made use of effectively unless scientific staff is employed in or by industry in this country.It may be interesting to quote an example of the cost of operating a research association in this country. The total income of the Association I have in mind is at present itj3,000 half of which is subscribed by industry and half by the Government. The subscriptions of member firms range from about k75 to L500 per annum depending on their size. These subscriptions do not by any means represent all the expenditure of these firms on research or scientific work since a number of them maintain their own staffs of chemists. And here it should be stated that the industries which will receive the most benefit from the research work being done will in the long run be those with scientific staffs of their own.[ 360 3 Expenditure on such a scale as I have quoted represents only a beginning and I feel sure that those who have embarked on such an enterprise will wish to spend more and more as the years go by. However the example given does indicate the modest scale of the expenditure required for one industry to get going with an effective programme of research. There must be few worth-while industries which could not afford expenditure on such a modest scale. We have reviewed very briefly the ways in which the chemist can serve industry the scientific resources available for the assistance of industry in this country and the parts to be played by chemists in industry in the University and in the D.S.I.R.It might be gathered from what has been said that the responsibility now rested on the manufacturer to use these resources for the improvement of industry for the good of himself and of the country generally. If I have created such an impression I must hasten to remove it. At the present time and for some years ahead the responsibility for the application of chemistry in industry is perhaps rather more that of the chemist than of the manufacturer. The industrialist is responsible for the organisation of industry for the pro- duction of goods for transport and for the buying and selling. He may realise in a general way how much modern industry owes to chemical science but may not be aware that in his industry there is anything for the chemist to do.He will appreciate at once that a chemist is needed in making sulphuric acid but may find it hard to understand that a chemist should assist in making sponge-cake. It is not his job to know chemistry. That is the job of the chemist and it is also the job of the chemist to make it plain to the manu- facturer how he can use the services of chemistry. I have no fears about the chemist’s ability to do the first part of his job but I cannot feel so confident about the second part. I am concerned about the apparent inability of many chemists to com- municate their thoughts and ideas or even to write plain straightforward English. I say “apparent inability” because I cannot believe that chemists are really incapable of writing decently.The trouble seems to lie in the fact that many of us are more interested in doing things than in writing or talking about the things we have done; but apart from the fact that to write well is worth doing for its own sake it is surely worth while that we should try to make the meaning of our work plain to all educated people. Professor R. S. Hutton says in a recent number of the new journal Research “The art of communicating abstruse matters in an understandable way seldom if ever attains success without much hard work and practice. Even T. H. Huxley who is famous for the lucid style in which he wrote and lectured was in his earlier years very weak in his power of expression.It is reported that he appreciated this handicap and set himself deliberately to overcome it. He often wrote his essays six times before he was satisfied. .” I once knew a university lecturer who told his students that they could expect to get no marks in their class problems if they made mistakes in arithmetic no matter how well they had grasped the principles involved. His attitude was of course that they were expected to have learned to calculate accurately before coming to the university and that a man who did not think it worth-while to check his calculations could hardly been entrusted with important work later on no matter how much scientific knowledge he might possess. Does not the same principle apply in writing? Perhaps the universities can do something to help although the appreciation of clear expression should have been formed by the student long before he has reached the university stage.It is often said that the chemist’s place is at his bench and this is certainly r 361 1 the best place to do chemistry. If however the chemist is to play his proper part in the progress of industry he must be prepared to assume wider responsi- bilities and from time to time come out of his laboratory and tell others what he is doing. The work of the chemist must be judged by educated people outside his profession by the way in which he communicates his ideas and makes plain the results of his work. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND THE CHEMICAL PROFESSION By Professor W.WARDLAW, C.B.E. DSc. F.R.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section 19 January 19491 The origins of the Technical and Scientific Branch of the Ministry of Labour go back owing to considerable foresight on the part of the authorities to early 1939 when a professional committee of 28 representing inter alia chemists and other scientists was set up to conserve scientific man-power in the event of an emergency; a Chemical Sub-committee under the Chairman- ship of the late Professor J. C. Philip was formed. In 1940 voluntary registration of chemists physicists and other scientists was commenced and the Royal Institute of Chemistry gave valuable assistance for chemists; a first pool of some 5,000 chemists was thus obtained. In 1941 the Government set up an Inter-Departmental “Technical Personnel Committee,” under the Chairmanship of Lord Hankey and in view of the possibility of hostilities being prolonged an assessment of the pool of scientists was made and practical encouragement for example by way of bursaries was given to younger men.In 1941-42 the question of de-reservation of scientific man-power arose and this was referred to the Central Register authorities who had been re- sponsible for the registration of scientific man-power. The Joint Recruiting Boards on which were represented the Services the Universities and the Ministry of Labour of which the Central Register was a part were set up before the outbreak of the 1939 war and were con- cerned with the deferment of young scientists and their allocation to the Forces or civilian employment.There is some evidence that the American authorities whose deferment policy relating to scientists was very rigid (in fact scientific deferments in the United States were the exception rather than the rule) recognised that the alleged “lavish” deferment policy in this country had been completely justified. In the post-war period the Ministry of Labour through its Technical and Scientific Branch has a number of important functions. In particular it is available to give help and advice to qualified scientists who wish to avail themselves of its assistance. It is especially concerned to be helpful to ex-Service men who will leave the Universities and Technical Colleges during the immediate post-war years.In association with Lord Hankey’s Technical Personnel Committee the Technical and Scientific Branch of the Ministry of Labour is holding an enquiry into the supply and demand position so far as it affects professional chemists and in the near future a Report should be available on this important subject. It is hoped that this publication will be read widely by chemists and potential chemists. [ 362 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF HOT STARS By Professor F. J. M. STRATTON, O.B.E. D.S.O. D.L. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section and the London Branch Institute of Physics 16 March 19491 It was to the chemists that we looked at first for the identification of the absorption lines in the reversing layers of the atmospheres of the sun and stars and it was Professor Miller of King's College London who collaborated with Mr.Huggins (later Sir William Huggins P.R.S.) in his early visual observation and identification of the lines of stellar spectra. After the photo- graphy of the Balmer series of hydrogen by Huggins the next landmark was the identification of the lines of helium in the late nineties 30 years after the line D had been found in the sun by Norman Lockyer. The Pickering series occurring in some of the hotter stars were found by Fowler in 1913 in a tube containing hydrogen and helium and ultimately in the light of Bohr's theory identified by him as due to ionised helium. (The stellar line 4686 of He+ had been obtained in the laboratory in a helium tube by C.P. Butler in 1909). Gradually the enhanced lines of the elements so-called by Lockyer and A. Fowler because they were strengthened in the spark spectrum compared with the arc spectrum were recognised as due to atoms in various stages of ionisation the old symbols p.Fe p.Ti etc. standing for proto-iron proto- titanium gave place to Fe+ Ti+ or Fe++ Ti++ etc. It was the work largely of Alfred Fowler to recognise by the use of the condensed spark the successive stages of ionisation found for silicon nitrogen oxygen and carbon in the hotter stars. Saha's transformation of Nernst's equation in physical chemistry C$A+B-U to the form Ca + Caf + e -U led to an equation connecting the degree to which a gas was ionised with its temperature and pressure; in the hands of R.H. Fowler and Milne this led to the determination of the ionisation temperatures of the reversing layers of the stars of different spectral classes. This work in its turn played a part in the study of the abundance of elements in the stars and in particular to the recognition of the high preponderance of hydrogen in stellar atmospheres. Much higher temperatures were subsequently found for the central stars of planetary nebulae when Bowen identified the lines of the unidentified nebular spectra as forbidden lines of O++ excited by radiation from the central star. Temperatures up to 50,000" K. were found for such stars while similar evidence for novae in their later stages indicated temperatures running up to 90,000' K. as shown by the emission of the lines of N+++f in ,the gaseous envelopes.Another important celestial spectrum still defying the chemist's identi- fication is that of the super-nova which may be 300,000,000 times as bright as the sun and shows a spectrum of broad bright bands which slowly shift to the red :there is a very puzzling weakness in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum. When next a super-nova appears in our galaxy we shall need the help of the chemist the physicist and the radio-astronomer to elucidate the complex phenomena that it will offer for our understanding. r 363 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF SEMI-CONDUCTING SOLIDS By J. S. ANDERSON, Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section at Mitcham Junction 24 March 19491 Semi-conductors are solids which exhibit electronic conductivity increasing exponentially with temperature.They are of interest to chemists because semi-conductivity as shown by compounds such as the oxides and sulphides of the heavy metals depends on minute departures from ideal composition and is highly sensitive to changes in the equilibria affecting these imperfections. The Physical Background of Semi-conductivity Typical "impurity " semi-conductors owe their conductivity to easily ionised impurity centres or impurity centres acting as electron traps (and leaving mobile positive holes). These impurities are most generally an excess of one component of a compound. The relation between conductivity and the equilibrium of a crystal with its environment can be related to the thermo-dynamics of the real crystal.Wagner (1933-39) developed this viewpoint and substantiated it with a limited range of evidence. Whilst for some rather simple cases (e.g. elements such as Ge) the modern theory seems satisfactory the subject as a whole shows some quite unexplained anomalies. One such is the temperature-dependence of the thermo-electric effect of some impurity semi-conductors (e.g. SnS Cu,O). Another problem concerns the relative r6le of surface and bulk-phase processes in the creation of conducting centres. Reactions creating impurities take place initially and instantaneously at the surface. It is not clear whether the observed conductivity and properties of such substances as ZnO or PbS are determined solely by the surface layers of the particles and by intercrystalline contacts the interior of each particle being either effectively non-conducting or else quasi-metallic.Where as in Cu,O there is a chemically detectable range of composition one might find both surface and bulk conduction as dis-tinguishable processes. Comparison of compact macrocrystalline specimens with thin films leaves this uncertain. The R61e of Semi-conductors in Chemistry The importance of surface atom layers and of intergranular contacts in semi-conductor systems makes them very sensitive indicators of chemical reactions which occur on the surface of a crystal and change the surface composition. Such reactions include reduction and roasting processes and heterogeneous catalysis.Reactions which have been observed and studied include the reduction of metal sulphide surfaces containing an excess of sulphur (SnS and PbS) with consequent diminution in conductivity. On exposure to oxygen the I' resulting clean " sulphide surface chemisorbs oxygen and its conductivity is restored. At slightly elevated temperatures the decay of conductivity reveals another reaction-oxidation of the sulphide surface. Similar results have recently been described by Garner and Gray for the chemisorption of oxygen and of carbon monoxide on cuprous oxide. In this case the catalysed oxidation of carbon monoxide can be followed. A model for typical oxidation and reduction processes can be based on these observations. [ 364 1 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGICAL RESEARCH By T.G. PEARSON, Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. [East Midlands Section at Nottingham 31 March 19491 Metallurgy is a technology involving the principles and techniques of a number of basic sciences and in particular mathematics physics and chemistry. In each aspect of metallurgy the factual content is particularly concerned with the extraction and behaviour of metals but the underlying principles used to classify the facts and the techniques used to investigate the phenomena are those of mathematics physics and chemistry. The research school of metallurgy is therefore at its healthiest when its members include individuals who are mathematicians physicists and chemists by training but metallurgists by inclination or adoption.This is not to say that the specialist trained metallurgist does not also find his place in the team. The particular advantages conferred by his training are however perhaps most useful in the actual technological applications of metallurgy rather than in the discovery of new metallurgical knowledge. The metallurgist with pre-graduate training in the rigid discipline of one of the more basic sciences and with post-graduate specialised training in metallurgy is just as likely to be well equipped as a research worker as the man whose entire training has been based on a less thorough study of the wide range of sciences touching the study of metals. Physical chemistry is no more a self-contained branch of science than is metallurgy but a man can not be regarded as a trained physical chemist unless he has assimilated the essential aspects of physics and chemistry as a whole.In addition physical chemistry has this to be said for it that it provides both the theoretical and practical background necessary for think- ing and working quantitatively with substances and it is this quantitative aspect combined with its peculiar chemical content both theoretical and practical which is the basis of its especial usefulness as a background for the pursuit of research in any field involving the study of the transformation of matter of which metallurgy is a particular example. This is illustrated by a few of the contributions made to the development of aluminium metallurgy by physico-chemical techniques. A study of the fundamentals underlying the Bayer process involved precise physical measure- ments on caustic soda and sodium aluminate solutions and the interpretation of the results using the principles of kinetics thermodynamics and the theory of strong electrolytes.A study of equilibria occurring in molten salts and of the electrochemistry of the processes occurring at the electrodes has led to a considerably clarification of the processes underlying the operation of the aluminium reduction furnace (Trans. Faraday SOL,1947 No. 1 307). The application of the elegant vacuum gas analytical techniques developed by C. E. Ransley and his co-workers has shed considerable light on the inter- actions between aluminium gases such as hydrogen and alloying additions and impurities in the aluminium (e.g.C. E. Ransley The Analyst 1947 72 504; C. E. Ransley and H. Neufeld J. Inst. Met. 1948 74 599). In the analytical field an essential aspect of almost all metallurgical research purely physico-chemical techniques are now predominant in routine analysis and are being more and more used for special purposes in the more difficult analyses often involved in metallurgical investigatory work. Thus in determining traces of sodium in aluminium and its alloys it has been found that the best preliminary separation of the sodium is achieved by distillation in a high vacuum. In spectrographic analysis the development of a reproducible spark source for the special applications of the aluminium industry was the joint effort of a physical chemist and a physicist working in close collaboration (C.Braudo and H. R. Clayton J. SOC.Chem. Ind. 1947 66 259). [ 365 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 17 June Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-It was learned that all but three of the members invited at the previous meeting to serve on Committees and Joint Committees had accepted. The list as amended was approved for publication in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS (%? Part 111 P. 237). Approval was given to the Rules of the South-Western Counties Section which had been prepared by the Officers of the Section and accepted by the Inaugural General Meeting. Provisional approval was given to draft Rules prepared by the Organising Committee of the proposed new Dundee and District Section subject to these Rules being adopted by the Inaugural Meeting of the Section to be held in the autumn.On the under- standing that the proposed title of the Section would be acceptable to members in the area it was agreed that this title be adopted. Recommendations by the Cape Section were accepted for amending Section Rules 1 and 6 referring respectively to the title of the Section and the responsibility for the handling of its funds. A proposal by the Committee of the Dublin and District Section on joint administrative arrangements for printing and circulating notices of meetings of the Section and of cognate bodies in Eire was approved in principle. It was agreed that if such a scheme became operative the Section would be allowed to claim reasonable expenses outside the ordinary annual grant for its share of the printing costs.A cordial invitation was received from the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section for the Annual General Meeting of the Institute to be held in Glasgow in 1950 with a suggestion that the meeting should take place on 31 March 1950 so as to follow immediately after the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society in Edinburgh on 30 March. Subject to confirmation that it would be possible for the financial statements to be prepared in time it was agreed that the invitation of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section be gratefully accepted. [Note.-An assurance on this point has since been received and acceptance of the invitation has therefore been confirmed.] A letter was received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section suggesting that in circulating particulars of candidates for election as General Members of Council information be given in respect of retiring members eligible for re-election on the number of their attendances at Council meetings and their membership of Council Committees.In the opinion of the Committee the provision of such information would materially c 366 1 assist members of the Institute in deciding which candidates would best serve their interests and the interests of the Institute. It was recalled that in considering a similar proposal in connec- tion with revision of its constitution the Council had already agreed that reporting merely the number of attendances of Members of Council at Council meetings was likely to be misleading as the number of such attendances gave an incomplete indication of the services rendered by Members of Council.Moreover it was recog- nised that if the proposals now under consideration for the amend- ment of the constitution of the Council were approved this question would not arise as each General Member of Council would be elected for a period of three years and would thereafter not be eligible for re-election until after the lapse of one year. It was agreed therefore that no action be taken on the suggestion to report attendances at Council meetings. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (13 June) covered a wide range of subjects including expenses of the Anniversary Meetings 1949; legal expenses in connection with the new Royal Charter; the Institute’s share in the cost of maintenance of the Chemical Society’s Library; insurance of the new Presidential Badge of Office; estimate of income and expenditure for 1949; a recommendation for amending the scale of Examiners’ fees for practical examinations; revision of the accommodation charges for the Associateship Examination by the Royal Technical College Glasgow ; recommendations for the reinstatement and the re-election of members; a recommendation for the purchase of additional office equipment.On the recommendation of the Committee it was agreed to appoint Mr. and Mrs. Street as resident housekeepers with effect from 4 July 1949 and it was unanimously resolved to eApress to Miss Cawston Principal Assistant Secretary the cordial thanks of the Council for the heavy additional work which she had under- taken in maintaining the operation of the canteen service since the resignation of the previous housekeepers in April.The Report was then adopted. Charitable Funds.-A Report was received that the Residential Clubs Fund at its first meeting (27 May) had given attention to the form of an appeal for financial support of the Fund to be issued as soon as possible to all members. It had been agreed that consideration of applications for residence in the first of the Clubs established under “Crossways Trust” be deferred until a notice had appeared in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (see 111 249) calling attention to the fact that three places in this Club had been allotted to the Fund.c 367 1 The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (13 June) was adopted. The Report dealt inter alia with Accounts for the period 1 January to 31 May 1949; current cases; holidays for children. The Committee drew attention to the notable decrease in the income of the Fund in the first five months of the year in comparison with the corresponding period in 1948 and the Council expressed the hope that all members would endeavour to provide such additional support as they could to this worthy cause. The circumstances of six current cases were reviewed and it was agreed to continue the help which had been given during the past few years to a widow aged 85 and to a Fellow aged 52 suffering from disseminated sclerosis.A further loan to cover emergency hospital expenses was made to a Fellow who had suffered a recurrence of an illness. The grant of El2 per month paid since March 1948 to a widow with two young children was increased to f14 per week in view of the decrease in her receipts from other sources. It was agreed that there was no longer need to continue a temporary grant to the wife of an Associate who had had a nervous breakdown in 1948 but had now recovered sufficiently to take a full-time appointment. The Committee reported that of k3,509granted as loans during the whole period of existence of the Benevolent Fund kZ,196 had been repaid k743 written off or converted into grants leaving f1570 outstanding.As a result of recent appeals substantial repayments had been made during the last few months and promises of further sums had been received. The thanks of the Committee had been accorded to the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section for a contribution of k21 9s. 9d. representing a profit made at a recent dance held by the Section in aid of the Fund. A further sum of f16 3s. 8d. was received through Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. as royalties on the sales of the American edition of What Industry Owes to Chemical Science. The Committee had agreed to continue the scheme of holidays for children of regular beneficiaries on the same lines as were adopted in the last few years.Mernbershi p.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee of 20 May with subsidiary Reports by the Chairman of the Committee and by the Registrar were adopted and elections to the Fellowship and Associateship were made in accordance with the recommendations. On an Interim Report of the N. E. & I. Committee (17 June) it was agreed that registration of students at Birkenhead Technical [ 368 1 College be accepted and that training at that College be accepted in respect of the first two years of part-time study. The congratulations of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to members whose names appeared in the Birthday Honours List (see Part 111 p. 270). The President referred particularly to the satisfaction felt by all chemists at the conferment of the Order of Merit on Sir Robert Robinson President of the Royal Society.He also expressed the congratulations of the Officers and Council to Mr. R. L. Collett Registrar on his appointment as a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. It was reported that lists had been prepared of present members of the Institute who had been elected prior to 1918 and it was agreed that the congratulations of the Council be sent to the following members who had completed 60 or more years of membership:-Leonard Dobbin elected in 1880; E. F. Herroun E. E. Johnson T. B. Marriott A. J. Spiller R. T. Thomson Thomas Turner Rowland Williams and W. P. Wynne elected in 1887; S.H. Collins A. J. De Hailes Walter Hogben E. E. H. Thorne H. B. Weeks and E. A. Werner elected in 1888. The Council then devoted considerable time to the discussion of proposals submitted by the Membership Committee for raising the status of the Institute’s qualifications. It was agreed that further consideration be given at the next meeting of the Council to these far-reaching proposals of the Committee. Status Privileges and Employment of Mem bers.-A statement was received on further consultations with officials of the Ministry of Fuel and Power on the position of part-time Gas Examiners following nationalisation of the industry. Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (2 June) which was adopted dealt inter alia with Lectures Monographs and Reports; books received for review; acceptance of a proposal by the Royal Society whereby lectures and monographs would in future be accompanied by a synopsis of their contents; the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111.External Relations and Pu b1icity.-Consideration was given to a letter from the Hon. Secretary of the Chemical Council setting forth proposals by the Committee of Enquiry on Publicity for British Chemistry and inviting the co-operation of the Institute. It was agreed to join with other chemical bodies in providing the Chemical Council with information which might facilitate the preparation of articles on chemical topics in- a form suitable for publication in the weekly and daily press.It was also agreed to accept an invitation from the Chemical Council for the Institute c 369 1 to act as a centre to direct enquiries from editors to appropriate experts on the understanding that such enquiries should be made wherever possible in writing and that members of the Institute should not be troubled by telephone enquiries in connection with items of “hot news.’’ The Council was of opinion that the publica- tion of articles on chemical topics in some of the more prominent of the weekly papers should serve a useful purpose in educating the public and in keeping them informed about developments in chemistry and welcomed the steps which the Chemical Council proposed to take to this end.It was recognised however that in any such scheme it would be necessary to establish a closer under- standing with editors so that the help which could be given by scientists might be used in the best way for the benefit of science and the community. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Birmingham and Midlands.-On 22 April at a Joint Meeting with the Midland Metallurgical Societies a lecture was delivered by Dr. W. H. J. Vernon O.B.E. entitled “Metallic Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.” An audience of some 250 people listened to Dr. Vernon and a lively discussion followed. Mr. W. E. Ballard occupied the Chair and the vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. S. H. Jenkins. A visit to the British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd.at Rugby took place on 15 June. About 40 members and friends from Birmingham and Coventry inspected the Lamp works the Laboratories and the Luminescence Section and at the conclusion of the tour enjoyed the hospitality of the Directors. The party then proceded to the College of Technology and Art where they were received by the Principal Mr. W. Cooper. After an inspection of the college laboratories a Section meeting was held and Mr. R. Snadow delivered a lecture on “Silicones” to an audience of about 80 persons. Mr. George King proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer and reference was made to the efficient demonstrations which accompanied a lecture of outstanding merit. This was the first time a Section meeting had been held in Rugby and it proved a happy occasion for all concerned.Mention should be made of Dr. J. S. Wignall’s cordial co-operation in the arrangements made. Bristol and District.-On 25 June members of the Chemical Society the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry visited the University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station at Campden Gloucestershire. The main party of members and friends travelled by coach from Bristol and were joined by others at the Research Station where they were welcomed by Mr. F. Hirst Director Mr. W. B. Adam and Dr. Gillespy. The visitors were divided into three groups which were in turn shown the various laboratories and experimental canning plant. Mr. Hirst gave an account of the practical side of canning and the developments which had taken place in recent years in canning machinery.Mr. Adam explained the general work of the Research Station and referred especially to the statistical methods of Quality Control which were used to assess the sterility and quality of manufacturers’ products. Dr. Gillespy gave details of the bacteriological problems which arise and emphasised the necessity of determining the r 370 1 minimum time and temperature conditions for each type of can in order to obtain sterility without overcooking. After the tour of the Station the party took lunch at the King’s Arms Campden and at the end of the luncheon Mr. Adam gave a short talk on the history of the town of Campden and offered to conduct the party over the church in the early afternoon.This was very much appreciated. Mr. Lewis Chairman of Bristol Section of the Institute proposed a vote of thanks to the staff of the Research Station and to Mr. Adam particularly for the additional trouble he had taken to give the party an insight into the antiquities of the town. Later the coach party returned via Painswick where tea was taken and the Stroud valley. East Anglia.-Note.-The text of the paper on “The Analytical Charac- terisation of Alkyd Resins,” by Dr. N. W. Hanson read before the Section on 17 December 1948 has been published in the Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association 1949 32 137. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The joint summer meeting of members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Glasgow on 13 and 14 May 1949.A Dinner was held in the Royal Technical College on 13 May at 6 p.m. This was preceded by an informal reception in the Staff Common Room of the College where the guests were received by Professor W. M. Cumming O.B.E. and Mrs. Cumming. About 60 persons were present at dinner including Mr. C. A. and Mrs. Oakley Professor W. M. and Mrs. Cumming Professor J. M. and Mrs. Robert- son and Mr. A. R. Jamieson. At the conclusion of the dinner the guests adjourned to a lecture room where as Chairman of the meeting Professor Cumming voiced the regret of all at the death of Mr. J. G. Hawley County Analyst Dumfries. He then called on Mr. Oakley Scottish Regional Officer of the Board of Trade to deliver his address on “Scotland’s Industrial Future.” Mr.Oakley discussed Scotland’s industrial future in the light of her industrial past. He traced the industrial development of Glasgow Edinburgh Dundee and Aberdeen and showed how the centre of industry had in the past moved to the West Coast. The industrial estate was an important factor in future development. There was a growing resistance to the Government policy of attracting firms into the development areas. A number of American firms however had opened branch factories in the areas and thus an American depression might have some influence on Scotland’s future. Mr. Oakley felt that the centre of Scottish industry was destined to move East towards the Fife coalfields and Edinburgh.After a vigorous discussion Professor Cumming moved a vote of thanks to the speaker. This was heartily accorded. On the morning of 14 May the party travelled by train and steamer to Millport to visit the Marine Biological Station where they were welcomed by the Director Mr. Ford and were then allowed to wander at will through the Station inspecting the various exhibits and demonstrations on view including various types of sea weeds copepods and other sea animalculae shown under the microscope exampIes of the various devices for sampling and recording the temperature of sea-water at depth a paravane-like device for taking samples of plankton and a depth recorder. The aquarium of the Station proved an attraction. A buffet tea was served in the Library after which Dr.I. V. Hopper on behalf of those present wished Professor Cumming success in his new venture in chemical industry as technical director to the British Dyewood Co. Glasgow. Professor Cumming thanked the assembly for their wishes c 371 1 and moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Ford Dr. Orr Dr. Marshall Dr. Barnes and the other members of the Marine Section for the pains they had taken in producing such an interesting exhibition. He also thanked the Joint Sub-committee who had organised the outing. The party returned to Glasgow by steamer. During the month of June three Works Visits were arranged for the members of this Section. At each visit about 25 members were present. The first on 7 June was to the British Silk Dyeing Co.Ltd. Balloch where members saw the various processes involved in the cr6ping and dyeing of silks rayons and other kindred materials. This was an unusual but extremely interesting visit. The second visit was on 16 June to the Glasgow Corporation Provan Chemical Works. Here the by-products of the city’s gas works are processed and refined and the various unit processes which were inspected were of interest to all concerned. Lastly on 29 June a party visited the Tanneries of Messrs. W. & J. Martin & Co. Ltd. Bridgeton Glasgow at which members were shown the processes involved in the preparation of varieties of leather from the preparatory soaking and liming through the chrome tanning to the drying and finishing of the product. At the close of the visit the members were invited to afternoon tea by the Directors.The Section is greatly indebted to the courtesy and co-operation of the firms concerned who helped to make the visits of practical value and interest. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Summer Programme of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section offered a very generous bill of fare in the shape of works visits; all shades of interest seem to be covered. For those interested in pharmaceuticals there were two visits to Burroughs Wellcome and Co. Ltd. Dartford Kent and a visit to Pharmaceutical Specialities (May and Baker) Ltd. Dagenham Essex. In the field of so-called “heavy industry” there were visits to British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Cricklewood Bevans Cement Works Northfleet Kent R.and A. Kohnstamn Ltd. Randak Tannery Beckenham Kent and possibly one of the most interesting Stewart and Lloyds Ltd. Steel Works Corby Northants. A visit of a rather different character was that to the works of Kodak Ltd. Harrow. The function of the chemist in public utility undertakings was not forgotten and was adequately demonstrated in the visit to the West Middlesex Main Drainage Works at Mogden Isleworth. A function of a different kind but none-the-less successful was the Golf Meeting at the South Herts. Golf Club. The contest took place for the Govern- ment Laboratory Challenge Cup and the whole afternoon proved a very pleasant social function. Manchester and District.-The Annual Ladies Evening was held on 27 April at the Engineer’s Club Manchester.The theme of the meeting was “Colour in the Home,” and the programme included a popular lecture on this subject an exhibition emphasising the part that colour plays in everyday life and a Display of Films. The Chairman Dr. G. N. Burkhardt after welcoming the ladies present expressed the wish both of himself and of the Committee to present to the retiring Chairman Mr. S. R. Best some more concrete tribute than is usually accorded. This took the form of a book voucher and its recipient was both touched and gratified with this novel termination of office. Dr. Burkhardt then introduced the Lecturer Dr. Thomas Vickerstaff of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. In an easy informal and humourous way Dr. Vickerstaff succeeded in entertaining interesting and instructing the audience of over 200 and both his lecture and his apt illustrations by [ 372 1 means of colour charts lantern slides and lighting effects were greatly appreciated.After the lecture the members and their ladies were able to avail them- selves of a running buffet and to inspect the exhibitions which by the kindness of four Companies were on view. The Clayton Aniline Co. showed various dyeing processes as applied to skins leather and fabrics and a demonstration of dyeing by means of screen printing was ably given by Mr. J. L. Dunlop. The Geigy Co. Ltd. demonstrated the use of moth-proof dyes and attracted much interest with their exhibit of living and magnified specimens of the adult and larval forms of the clothes moth woolly bear and black carpet beetle.The Dunlop Rubber Co. showed a variety of colourful rubber articles- dolls water bottles toys shoes capes gloves etc.-with a special demon- stration of the dyeing of balloons. The I.C.I. exhibit under the supervision of Miss Tyrell showed the appli- cation of dyestuffs to aluminium and perspex ware. In addition there was a demonstration by Mr. Holmes of the selective dyeing of three types of fabric when dipped into a composite dyeing bath. The evening was rounded off in an interesting way with four films shown by the kindness of the Central Office of the Ministry of Information. South Wales.-On 11 March members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by The Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society held at University College Swansea with Professor C.W. Shoppee presiding. Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S. The Government Chemist lectured on “The Function of Sulphuric Acid in Aromatic Nitration” (an account of the lecture has appeared in Chemistry and Industr-y 1949 pp. 235-237). A very successful meeting was held on 26 March at the Swansea Vale Works of the Natiqnal Smelting Company Ltd. a subsidiary of Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd. by the kind invitation of the Works Manager Mr. G. P. Fenner. Members and their guests were entertained at lunch by the Works Manage ment and were then conducted on a short tour of the works. They then assembled with Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. presiding for a discussion on “The Training of Chemists for Industry.” Dr.W. G. Hiscock Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd. in opening the discussion first outlined a specification for the type of man required in industry and then discussed his training which was divided into three stages school pre-graduation and post-graduation. For pre-graduation the training should be of a general nature rather than too specialised and this he thought was best achieved by direct entry into a University taking the normal Honours Chemistry course but with attendance at lectures and the attainment of certain standards in other subjects such as physics mathematics geology etc. with particular attention to the art of self-expression. Following graduation training within industry was desirable with a period of induction followed by vocational courses management training etc.(The full text of Dr. Hiscock’s address has been published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 Part 111 pp. 191-9). Principal Sir Frederick Rees University College Cardiff emphasised the need to extend technical training particularly in rural areas where because of the lack of industrial outlook students tended to proceed to the professions rather than to seek an industrial career. The function of the secondary technical school was an important one. Even in the university there was r 373 1 sometimes a tendency for graduates to play for safety in seeking employment and it was necessary to introduce scientists to management ideas. Mr. R. B. Southall National Oil Refineries Ltd.stressed the need for careful selection and considered that two types of men were required the research type and the works chemist type. He thought that the first three years in industry should be regarded as a training period and that “training within industry” was performing a very useful function. Principal J. S. Fulton University College Swansea expressed the view that a university training should be as general as possible with science students learning something of the humanities and arts students gaining some knowledge of scientific ideas and methods. He described the experiment instituted at Swansea this session of requiring all freshmen to write a series of essays which were read and discussed with members of the staff. For liaison with industry he thought that industrialists should sell their wares and inform students of the various careers in industry which were open not only to scientists but also to all graduates.At the request of the Chairman Mr. T. B. Williams and Mr. Morris spoke of their experiences as graduates entering industry. After a brief reply by Dr. Hiscock Professor J. E. Coates proposed and Mr. E. Thornton seconded a vote of thanks to the speakers. Mr. R. 0. Bishop supported by Professor C. W. Shoppee then expressed the thanks of the meeting to the Management of the National Smelting Company for entertaining the members and visitors and to Mr. Fenner and his staff for making such excellent arrangements for the meeting. SubsequentIy those present were entertained at tea.The Thirty-first Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 22 April at the Central Library Alexandra Road Swansea. Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. presided. The Annual Report and Financial Statement was received and adopted. In the Report special mention was made of the formation of the North Wales Section the holding of a meeting arranged primarily for teachers of chemistry and the discussion on “The Training of Chemists for Imdustry.” Officers and members of the Committee for the ensuing Session were elected as follows:-Chairman Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E.; Hon. Secretary Mr. E. E. Ayling; Committee Professor C. W. Shoppee Dr. I. Jones Messrs. R. G Cox G. P. Fenner R. H. Jones and D. L. Phillips. Messrs. J. W. Adye and M. L. Hughes were re-elected as Hon.Auditors. Mr. Dudley Williams District Member of Council then gave an account of Council activities during the past year. He referred specially to the revision of the Charter and By-Laws particularly in relation to the proposed changes in the election and constitution of the Council the formation of new Sections and the issue of the Register. Mention was made of the work of various Committees such as the Membership Committee the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee the Publications Committee in AND PROCEEDINGS, relation to the development of the JOURNAL the Finance Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee with reference to the question of Residential Clubs for Old People. After a discussion on points which had been raised the Chairman thanked Mr.Williams for his report. South-Western Counties.-The Inaugural Meeting of the Section was held at the Washington Singer Laboratories University College of the South- West Exeter on 14 May 1949. The meeting was preceded by a luncheon at the Rougemont Hotel at which the President and the Secretary of the Institute and Dr. T. Malkin the Chairman of the Bristol and District Section were entertained as guests of the Section; some 16 members of the Section acted as hosts. [ 374 I The Inaugural Meeting which was attended by about 20 members commenced at 2.30 p.m. with a business meeting at which the President of the Institute Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was invited to take the Chair. The President opened the meeting by wishing the new Section success but he hoped nevertheless that it would not grow too rapidly because any great expansion of membership in this area could result only from such an intrusion by industry that the natural beauties and amenities of the region might be impaired.Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham the Secretary of the Institute addressed the members on the functions of Local Sections and then offered the Rules which had been drawn up by a provisional committee to the members for their acceptance. The Rules were unanimously approved. After the President had declared the result of the postal ballot for the election of the Committee the following officers nominated by the Committee were elected unanimously :-Chairman Professor H. T.S. Britton; Vice-Chair- man Dr. L. H. N. Cooper; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr. C. V. Reynolds. Professor Britton then took the chair and after thanking the President and the Secretary for their good offices declared the business meeting closed. The members adjourned to the lecture theatre where they were joined by a number of friends to hear the President deliver the Inaugural Lecture entitled “Chemical Activities in Chile.” In his address Professor Cook described the impressions that he gained during his visit last year to the Chemical Congress at Santiago. He stressed in particular that very little research in pure science was in progress in the Universities of Chile and that the greatest emphasis was on the application of chemistry to industry. His accounts of the country and of the living standards of the peasantry were particularly vivid and gave the audience an exceptionally clear idea of the prevailing social conditions in Chile.The meeting concluded with a few words of appreciation by Professor Britton followed by a vote of thanks to the President proposed by Dr. E. Vanstone and seconded by Dr. L. H. N. Cooper. After the meeting the officers and members of the Committee entertained the President and Dr. Ellingham at an informal tea at Deller’s Cafe. Cape of Good Hope.-The Twenty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Athenaeum Newlands on 29 April 1949. Nineteen members of the Section were present. The following officers and committee members were elected for the year 1949-50:-Chairman Mr.A. L. Abbott; Hon. Secretary Dr. H. M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth; Committee Members Dr. P. A. E. Kamerman Mr. H. W. Schirach and Dr. F. Sebba; Hon. Auditors Mr. F. E. A. Leibbrandt and Mr. W. H. Seath. After the formal business of the evening the Chairman Mr. Abbott addressed the meeting on “The Treatment of Industrial Wastes.’’ Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting of the Western Province Section of South African Chemical Institute which was held in the Drawing Office of Cape Explosive Works Ltd. Somerset West on 29 March. Mr. H. J. R. Durr of the Division of Entomology spoke on “Insecticides -Past and Present.” Members of the Section were also invited to join an excursion arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society to the factory of the National Portland Cement Co.at Philippi on 4 May. Many availed themselves of the opportunity and spent a very instructive afternoon going over the factory. New Zealand.-The 22nd Annual Meeting was held in the Council Room of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on 14 March 1949 [ 375 J Mr. W. A. Joiner Chairman of the Section presiding. In the annual report it was noted that the Section membership was 90 (32 Fellows 58 Associates) an increase of 5. The Joint Annual Conference with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held at Dunedin from 24 to 27 August 1948 and was attended by 151 members of the two Institutes. Mr. W. A. Joiner delivered the Presidential Address on “Chemistry and the Manufacturer” (see p.356). Twenty-three papers were presented in six symposia and there were a number of Discussion Groups. Visits were made to laboratories and industrial works there was an exhibition of apparatus and books and the Conference ended with a very successful dinner. The Joint Employment Register had issued 16 circulars. Of the vacancies advertised in New Zealand 33 were in industry 58 in Government Service and 19 in the University. Standard methods of analysis in use in various New Zealand laboratories had been under review since 1945 and sub-committees were still working on particular problems. The joint scheme for sending food parcels to Britain had been continued and letters of thanks had been received from the Institute and individual recipients.The following Officers and Committee for 1949-50 were elected Chairman Mr. F. J. T. Grigg (Wellington); Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Mr. N. H. Law (Wellington); Auditor Dr. J. K. Dixon (Wellington); Committee Mr. F. H. V. Fielder (Auckland) Dr. H. R. Whitehead (Palmerston North) Mr. G. A. Lawrence Mr. M. L. H. Stewart (Wellington) Dr. H. 0. Askew (Nelson) Dr. R. 0.Page (Christchurch) and Mr. D. H. Keys (Dunedin). Dr. Dixon was thanked for organising the food-parcels scheme. The meeting expressed thanks to Mr. W. A. Joiner for his services as Chairman for two years and to the retiring Secretary Mr. R. L. Andrew. NOTES PERSONAL Mr. G. E. Bessey Fellow Director of Research to the Research Council of the British Whiting Federation will direct the work at the laboratories recently established at Bedford.Dr. Donald Burton M.B.E. Fellow has been appointed Hon. Treasurer of the International Union of Leather Chemists’ Societies. Mr. A. Harvey Fellow is Hon. Secretary of the Union. Mr. A. S. Carson Associate has been appointed lecturer in inorganic and physical chemistry in the University of Leeds. Dr. G. H. Cheesman Fellow has been appointed Secretary of the Commis- sion on Inorganic Nomenclature of the International Union of Chemistry. Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. Fellow is retiring from the Sir William Dunn chair of biochemistry in the University of Cambridge. Dr. R. Child Fellow has relinquished the post of director of the Coconut Research Scheme Ceylon which he has held since 1932.Mr. G. W. Douglas Fellow has been appointed Director of Research of the Australian T>eather Research Association. Mr. Harold Edwards Fellow has been elected Vice-president of the Liverpool Metallurgical Society. Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed Director of the Salters’ Institute of Industrial Chemistry in succession to the late Sir Robert Robertson F.R.S. Fellow. c 376 I Mr. E. A. Evans Fellow has been appointed a member of the Oil Consumers’ Council by the Minister of Fuel and Power. Professor C. S. Gibson O.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow has retired from the chair of chemistry at Guy’s Hospital Medical School which he has held since 1921. Dr. A. T. Green O.B.E.Fellow has received the degree of D.Sc. honoris causa of the University of Leeds in recognition of his services to the science of ceramics. Dr. G. A. D. Haslewood Fellow has been appointed to the University chair of biochemistry tenable at Guy’s Hospital Medical School University of London as from 1 October. Leverhulme Research Fellowships for 1949 have been awarded to Mr. S. H. Higgins Associate for the purpose of research into the history of the bleaching industry and to Mr. J. T. Kendall Associate to study electronic conduction in homopolar crystals. Mr. 11. R. C. Pratt Fellow. has accepted an appointment with the Ministry of Supply to lead a research group in the chemical engineering division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell.Dr. W. S. Rapson Fellow present Director of the National Chemical Research Laboratories of the C.S.I.R. in Pretoria has been appointed to the chair of organic chemistry at the University of Cape Town where he was formerly senior lecturer. Mr. T. F. E. Rhead Fellow has been appointed scientific adviser to the West Midlands Gas Board. Dr. G. Swann Fellow has been appointed research manager to Beck Koller and Co. (England) Ltd. at Speke near Liverpool. ROYAL AUSTRALIAN CHEMICAL INSTITUTE His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to grant the use of the prefix “Royal” to the Australian Chemical Institute. The Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry has expressed to the Royal Australian Chemical Institute congratulations and cordial good wishes on receiving this distinction.SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (26 April to 3 June 1949) Atmospheric Pollution.-On 2 June Mr. Shurmer asked the Minister of Health if in view of the inconvenience and deleterious effects on the health of residents in the central areas of Birmingham especially those who suffer from respiratory ailments by fumes from metallurigcal processes and excessive smoke from factory premises he will consider granting greater powers to the Corporation to deal with constant offenders by way of increased penalties. THE MINISTER OF HEALTH (Mr. Bevan) The maximum fines are fixed in Part 111 of the Public Health Act 1936. When the time comes for revision of public health legislation their adequacy will be considered. In reply to further questions by Mr.Longden MR. BEVAN said that the Annual Reports of the Chief Inspector of Alkali Works were a record of the steps constantly being taken to abate the nuisance. At the moment it was not intended to review the law on this matter. [1 377 1 National Research Development Corporation.-On 10 May Mr. Blackburn asked the President of the Board of Trade whether he has yet appointed the members of the National Research Development Corporation; and from what date the Corporation will commence to operate. THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOARDOF TRADE (Mr. H. Wilson) As 1 said in the answers I gave to questions on this subject on 14 March and 27 January we have had a good deal of difficulty in finding the right men to direct the unusual and difficult work which the Corporation will have to do and I am not yet in a position to announce the appointment of the Chairman or any member of the Board except the Managing Director.The Corporation cannot therefore yet come into existence since under the terms of the Act at least six Directors including the Chairman and the Managing Director must be appointed for it to do so. I am however glad to be able to announce that Lord Halsbury [Fellow] now Research Manager and Works Manager of Decca Record Co. Ltd. has accepted my invitation to become the Managing Director of the Corporation as soon as it can be set up. In order to assist me in handling the many problems involved I have in the meantime appointed Lord Halsbury as Adviser to the Board of Trade on matters connected with the Corporation.This appointment will date from 1 June and will continue until the Corporation is formally established. [It has since been announced that Sir Percy Mills K.B.E. has accepted the Chairmanship of the Corporation and that five other directors have been appointed:-Professor P. M. S. Blackett F.R.S. Sir John Duncanson Sir Edward Hodgson K.B.E. Mr. W. E. P. Johnson A.F.C. and Sir Edward de Stein. The Corporation came into formal existence on 28 June.] Patents and Designs Bill.-During the Report Stage of this Bill (30 May) an amendment was made designed to permit the payment of compensation where inventions were sterilised under the secrecy clauses of the Bill. There would be a statutory obligation on the competent authority to consider an ex gratia payment in such cases.Plant Disease (Fertilisers).-On 12 May Mr. Collins asked the Minister of Agriculture if he will appoint a committee to inquire into the causes of increase in plant disease the possible connection with the greater use of artificial fertilisers and the comparative results achieved by the Indore and similar methods depending on the biological basis of soil fertility. THE MINISTER (Mr. T. Williams) No Sir I am advised OF AGRICULTURE that there is no evidence that the increasing use of so-called artificial manures has had the effect that is suggested. I would add that scientific opinion is unanimous that the so-called artificial fertilisers should be supplemented by the addition to the soil of organic materials such as dung and compost or by the ploughing-in of grass and clover swards.Productivity.-On 13 May during the Adjournment debate Mr. Albu referred to the need for raising the standard of production engineering in this country and suggested that more production technologists should be turned out and that we should press on with the recommendations made in the Percy and Barlow reports for an adequate system of Technological Colleges. Mr. W. Shepherd mentioned the need for more leadership in industry particu- larly at a relatively low level. Mr. Eric Fletcher said that one of the most urgent tasks before the country to-day was the application of scientific research to the practical problems of industry. He also drew attention to the passages in the First Report of the Committee on Industrial Produc- tivity as to the possibility of increasing our agricultural output by the better use of grassland.r 378 1 SECRETARY In the course of his reply,. THE PARLIAMENTARY TO THE MINISTRYOF LABOUR(Mr. Ness Edwards) said that anyone working in a nationalised industry to-day had an opportunity of getting a scholarship to go into the best technical colleges and universities in order to train for leadership in industry. Science Degrees Scottish Universities.-On 31 May in reply to a question SECRETARY by Mr. M. Macpherson THE FINANCIAL TO THE TREASURY (Mr. Glenvil Hall) gave the following figures:- FIRSTDEGREESAWARDED IN THE SCOTTISH IN PURESCIENCE UNIVERSITIES I Academic Years ~~~ __I_~ Institutions 1937-38 1938-39 1945-46 1946-47 1947-48 I I ~~ Aberdeen University ..18 10 31 27 45 Edinburgh University .. 41 30 56 57 80 *Glasgow University. . .. 116 111 95 123 162 St. Andrews University including Dundee University College .. 55 43 71 87 109 ~--Totals .. .. 230 194 253 294 396 *The Degrees awarded to students of the Glasgow Royal Technical College are included in these figures. STUDENTS UNIVERSITIES FULL-TIME IN THE SCOTTISH WHO BEGANA COURSE LEADINGTO A FIRSTDEGREEIN PURESCIENCE 1 Academic Years Institutions 1946-47 1947-48 Aberdeen University .. .. .. .. 63 63 70 Edinburgh University .. .. .. .. 111 120 148 *Glasgow University .. .. .. .. 222 213 286 St. Andrews University including Dundee University College .. .. .. .. 71 123 117 519 621 * Includes full-time students at the Glasgow Royal Technical College. Technical and Scientific Man-power.-On 26th May in reply to a question by Mr. Boyd-Carpenter THE MINISTER OF LABOUR (Mr. Isaacs) The number of appointments filled through the technical and scientific register during the 12 months ended 9 May 1949 was 2,505. Technical Information Services.-On 12 May Mr. Dumpleton asked the Lord President of the Council to what extent the Intelligence Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has been strengthened as recommended by the Panel on Technical Information Services of the Committee on Industrial Productivity. [ 379 1 THELORDPRESIDENTTHE COUNCIL(Mr.H. Morrison) The staff of OF the Intelligence Division has been steadily built up since the war and now numbers 50. The estimates now before Parliament provide for increasing the staff to 59. It is my intention to strengthen it further as recommended by the Panel on Technical Information Services. Technology.-On 12 May in reply to questions by Mr. Philips Price and Mr. Morley THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION (Mr. Tomlinson) The regional and national organisation of advisory councils recommended by the Report of the Percy Committee has been set up and the National Advisory Council is at present considering the various questions raised by recent Reports. In particular it is examining the problem of the status of technical colleges and the qualifications to be awarded to students from them.Until I have received the advice of the Council I am unable to reach any decision in this matter. In the meantime other important recommendations in the Reports such as those relating to the development of national colleges and awards to students are being carried out as circumstances permit. UN ESC0.-The general position of UNESCO was debated briefly in the House of Commons on the Adjournment on 29 April. Mr. Crawley put forward a number of considerations. He suggested that UNESCO had been the target of much irresponsible and unjust criticism. In fact however quite a lot of useful work had been done during the past three years. There had been the surveys to find out what books and educational facilities remained in war-damaged countries and steps had been taken to repair these losses to a considerable extent.With regard to long-term work there had been some useful conferences but he doubted whether it was a proper function of UNESCO to go directly into the field of education. In the field of science Mr. Crawley suggested that UNESCO had done valuable work by arranging for the exchange of information the standardisa- tion of scientific terms and making available scientific literature. He hoped however there would be no overlapping with other organisations such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation. Replying to the debate THE PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY TO THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (Mr. Hardman) agreed that in the scientific field UNESCO had done extremely good work.Nearly 1,000 scientists had been permitted to travel annually from all countries to meetings which they would not other- wise have been able to attend. There had also been useful publication of international scientific bulletins and contributions to the upkeep and func- tioning of international laboratories etc. He thought it was of tremendous value that experts in the sciences and the arts and teachers should get together and be able to discuss their particular problems. It was essential to break down the barriers which separated one country from another. BOOK REVIEWS British Chemical Nomenclature. A. D. Mitchell. Pp. viii + 156. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1948.) 21s. net. Chemists have always been fond of using trivial names to denote their compounds and there is a marked tendency in some chemical literature to perpetuate-and even extend-those trivialities which have probably been born as “laboratory slang.” This is very regrettable indeed one might say inadmissible in the journals published by the various scientific societies.[ 380 I I refer to such “hybrids” as tosyl (for toluenesulphonyl) pipsyl (for p-iodophenylsulphonyl) mesyl (for methanesulphonyl) menaphthyl (for naphthylmethyl) menaphthone (for methylnaphthaquinone) and trityl (for triphenylmethyl). When to use and when not to use such names is clearly indicated in Dr. Mitchell’s timely and extremely valuable book. Part I of British Chemical Nomenclature is a brief account of the general principles of nomenclature and Part I1 describes in about 25 pp.their application to inorganic chemistry; particular reference is made to the rules formulated by the International Union of Chemistry (I.U.C.). Part 111 comprises the remainder of the book and is concerned solely with organic nomenclature. In this connection a general and historical introduction is followed by an account of various conventions; then follows a discussion of various types and groups of compounds. Here again the I.U.C. rules are mentioned and also Patterson and Capell’s “RingIndex” (by which Dr. Mitchell obviously sets great store!). This section also contains some extremely useful tables of the radicals commonly used in organic chemistry simpler heterocyclic ring systems and the trivial and systematic names of various groups of compounds (e.g.purines hydroxyanthraquinones naphthylamine- and naphthol-sulphonic acids fatty acids amino-acids) . It is only natural that the greater part of the book should be devoted to organic chemistry with its multiplicity of ring systems and chains of different atoms but the reader must not conclude that the equally vexed question of inorganic nomenclature is thereby neglected. It is apparent from most articles on chemical topics that “conventions” used in nomenclature are not generally understood by the majority of chemists. Much useful guidance is in this book. If writers of papers are in doubt as to what is a trivial name or when a name is anomalous they would do well to consult the appropriate section; unequivocal answers will not always be forthcoming but sufficient information will be there for guidance.Furthermore Dr. Mitchell’s comments on differing notations (e.g. British and American) form a valuable part of the book. When a new edition is called for the reviewer hopes that the author will extend his comments so that they become recommendations! It would be convenient-in fact it is really essential-to have recommendations on for example the numbering of all the atoms in a ring system and also on the wider usage of the “oxa-aza” convention. The book is very well produced and free from misprints (one on p. 64 is fortunately clarified by the accompanying text). It is perhaps too much to hope that all the 11,000 and odd members of the Institute will purchase this book; yet all engaged in the writing and teaching of chemistry whether organic or inorganic should possess a copy.H. BURTON. The Chemistry of Penicillin. Editorial Board H. T. Clarke J. R. Johnson Sir Robert Robinson. Pp. 1094. (Princeton University Press; London Geoffrey Cumberlege Oxford University Press 1949.) L9 9s. net. This monumental volume contains virtually all that was learned of the various penicillins their occurrence isolation assay characterisation and degradation during the collaborative investigation by industrial and academic laboratories in Great Britain and America from 1942 to 1947; included also are the results of attempted syntheses of the penicillins and their degradation products embracing extensive exploration in several hitherto little-known fields of heterocyclic chemistry and comprehensive accounts of the contribu- tions of X-ray crystallography infra-red spectrometry and other physical methods.This monograph presents the considered results of some 700 reports of which it is the final medium of publication; except for a small volume of results from laboratories which worked independently-much of their work duplicating that in this monograph-and for a few recent contributions practically all our chemical knowledge relating to penicillins and attempts to synthesise them is to be found within the covers of this volume the scope of which is thus wider than its title might suggest. The individual chapters have been compiled from the original reports by British or American authors selected for their special experience in their respective fields; as might be expected their widely differing styles approaches and subject matter have resulted not unhappily in the descriptive sections of the chapters being markedly heterogeneous in form.Some authors have contented themselves with brief factual statements others have given much fuller accounts while preserving a direct relation to the original reports and occasionally authors have written most scholarly critical essays which are not so immediately related to the sources of information used. Each chapter contains full experimental details of the work described the presentation of which is substantially uniform throughout and strongly reminiscent of the Journal of the American Chemical Society.Superficial examination of this volume might well suggest criticism; it might be asked for example what justification there is for considering the chemistry of the different penicillins in different chapters (the discussion on benzylpenicillin indeed extends over several) why a key degradation product penicillamine is not dealt with until Chapter XVI or why apparently extraneous chemistry is included at all. Though there are a few features which are regrettable (e.g. the comparative weakness of the subject index and the lack of a formula index) it must be remembered that the purpose of this monograph is not to present a critical and artificially orderly review of the subject for the general reader but to publish a stupendous bulk of material which would be less conveniently available if dispersed among the usual scientific journals.The object of the Editors has been in fact to make the presentation reflect as far as possible the influence of the individual contributions on the general trend and effort of penicillin work; to have attempted with the detail required and with the converging and diverging contributions of some 40 laboratories to present accounts of a more conventional kind showing for example the emergence of penicillin structures as a result of steady stepwise degradation of complex molecules to simpler ones would have resulted in inextricable confusion. The complexity of this story is due not merely to the unique nature of the penicillin structure and its transformations but also to the fact that the chemical background of unfamiliar heterocyclic systems had perforce to be elaborated as it was required; chemists generally will be grateful for the mode of presentation adopted.This is a volume which apart from minor blemishes calls for superlative praise. Most durably and worthily produced absolutely indispensable as a constituent of chemical literature an entirely praiseworthy outcome of the prodigious if now inconspicuous labours of the Editors it is above all a vivid reflection of and a magnificent tribute to a memorable international effort to solve a problem of outstanding moment to humanity at large. A. H. COOK. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry.Alfred W. Stewart and Hugh Graham. Seventh Edition. Vol. 11 pp. ix + 447; Vol. 111 pp. xi + 387. (London Longmans Green and Co. Ltd. 1948.) Vol. I 35s. net; Vol. 11 38s. net. No introduction is needed to this well known work which in successive editions over the past forty years has reviewed the main developments of organic chemistry. It is now sixteen years since the previous edition first appeared and Dr. Graham a colleague of the late Professor Stewart for many c 382 3 years has undertaken the heavy task of revision. This has resulted in considerable expansion of many sections of the older edition and the addition of several entirely new chapters. The old Volume I which is now mainly of historical interest has not been reprinted and the old Volume I1 has been expanded to Volumes I1 and 111 which include inter alia sections on carbo- hydrates pectic substances and alginic acid (new) terpenes alkaloids antho- cyanins depsides and tannins lignans (new) in Vol.11 and bile acids sterols vitamins hormones cardiac aglycones porphyrins (new) azaporphyrins (new) high polymers (new) deutero-compounds (new) abnormal valency stereochemistry (new) in Vol. 111. The range of subject matter is thus extremely wide and with one or two unexpected omissions e.g. penicillin and nucleic acid chemistry covers on the constitution and synthetic side at least most of the work likely to be dealt with in honours degree courses. Most of the new and indeed many of the older chapters-e.g. carbo-hydrates vitamins hormones the diphenyl problem-are excellent readable accounts but doubts may be expressed regarding the relevance of the title of the work to many sections.Thus Chapter XI11 of Vol. I1 on the natural synthesis of vital products deals mainly with the views of Collie and of Robinson about the period 1907-1917 and is unchanged from at least the 1927 edition. Stimulating as these views were thirty years ago they hardly come in the category of recent advances. Similar objections can be made to the first chapter of Vol. I1 and the final three chapters of Vol. 111 all of which could be discarded with advantage. To a lesser degree other chapters are not so up-to-date as would be inferred from the preface and appear to have had little revision since the sixth edition of 1936.A number of given structures accepted at that time are now known to be incorrect (copaene cadinene strychnine) and further it is no longer usual to write glucose with all the hydroxyl groups on the same side (Vol. 11 pp. 41 and 42). The work appears to be reasonably free from errors of detail; a careful examination brings to light only about a dozen mistakes in the great mass of formulae and an occasional confusion in the use of the terms quaternary and tertiary carbon atoms. The style as always with Stewart’s books has that lucid quality which makes for pleasant and easy reading but if this work is to regain the position it once held among students it must undergo ruthless pruning and further revision. Some slight reduction in cost would also assist the process.T. MALKIN. Crystals and X-rays. Kathleen Lonsdale. Pp. 199. (London G. Bell & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 21s. net. This book “is designed to interest those who do not now use X-ray crystallography but who might well do so; and to instruct those who do use X-ray crystallographic methods without altogether understanding the tool that has been put in their hands” and the publishers more specifically describe the first class of readers as industrial administrative and technical staffs. If the author succeeds in interesting industrial administrators it will not be as a result of the conscious design of the book-only a very enlightened industrial- ist for example will be convinced by a design which in a chapter on the importance of the study of crystals allocates more space to resonance than to analytical chemistry-but because an infectious enthusiasm for the subject shines through nearly every page.Mrs. Lonsdale modestly hopes that readers will pass on to more comprehensive books but although some excellent larger works are available none is likely to excel the one under review for conciseness combined with accuracy nor for sustained interest; moreover I think most experienced X-ray crystallographers would agree that a full I 383 1 appreciation of the subject can be obtained only by practical experience and personal contact. Mrs. Lonsdale pays tribute to the inspiring leadership of Sir William Bragg the effect of which is visible in several flourishing schools of X-ray crystallography in this country; it is to be hoped that administrators whose interest is engaged by her book will not rest content with adding one or two monographs to their libraries but will appreciate the vital importance of personal contacts between their research workers and those of the academic institutions engaged in this field.Non-specialists are likely to be influenced more by the spirit of this book engendering a desire to get to know more about the work of a class of scientists whose leaders can write with such skill and enthusiasm than by the detailed contents. Mrs. Lonsdale has achieved a remarkable feat of condensation in less than zoo pages; almost every topic of importance is mentioned and only rarely has brevity of treatment been accompanied by any lapse from the strictest accuracy but full comprehension of such a condensed account can naturally be achieved only by considerable effort.Teachers will see through- out the book paragraphs or even single sentences (e.g. “stereographic projec- tion of the essential planes provides a neat way of representing the 32 crystal classes”) summarising topics which as they know from experience most newcomers to the subject assimilate only after some discussion and an hour or so of hard thinking. In the handling of some subjects too teachers may think that the sequence of presentation is not that most suited to the beginner. This book is therefore likely to be of most value in detail to post-graduate workers both academic and industrial; no better advice could be given to the many such who are in danger of not seeing the wood for the trees of their own limited research topics than to study this book and assure themselves that they have a full understanding of the whole of it.In a book of such small compass it was perhaps a mistake to entitle the last chapter “The Importance of the Study of Crystals” and to endeavour in it to say something about a dozen major subjects in chemistry mineralogy metallurgy and biology. Chemists will probably regard this as the least satisfactory chapter; they will feel that the book as a whole bears ample witness to the importance of the subject and that the last chapter might well have been confined to one or at most two applications which appealed to the author treated in more detail.(Without increasing the size of the book this chapter could well be enlarged at the expense of an earlier section on generation of X-rays). As it stands it gives an impression in marked contrast to the rest of the book and particularly to the preceding chapter on extra-structural studies of having been written largely with a sense of duty. Mrs. Lonsdale’s writing is not only accurate but pleasant to read and it would be ungenerous to draw attention to the few errors (none of which is serious) in a wholly admirable book; but an author who can adorn a section on parallel perspective drawings with such a phrase as “looking down from a little above and slightly to the right like a benevolent Conservative government” will perhaps admit to nodding when she wrote “the elements themselves of course crystallise in quite a surprising variety of ways” (my italics).The book is remarkably free from misprints and provided with many well chosen illustrations ; many of the text diagrams however would be improved considerably by being printed on better paper. E. G. Cox. Methods of Quantitative Micro-Analysis. Collected and edited by R. F. Milton and W. A. Waters. Pp. viii + 599. Figs. 169. (London Edward Arnold and Co. 1948.) 60s. net. The aim of the Editors of this book has been to present a carefully-chosen collection of the more generally useful microtechniques which have been 384 1 thoroughly tested from the practical point of view. Because of the wide and rapidly increasing field of apparatus and technique available nowadays to the analytical chemist who must deal with small quantities of material such selection is necessary if the information is to be presented in a single volume of reasonable size.As far as possible the contributors have endeavoured to deal with the sources of error and manipulative difficulties in detail while presenting more straightforward material as briefly as is consistent with clarity. Following a general introduction Part I deals with gravimetric apparatus and general microchemical technique. The balance and the technique in- volved in its use are covered thoroughly and in a way which will readily be followed by workers who are applying microchemical methods for the first time.The special characteristics of filtration and drying operations on the small scale are described and illustrated while other methods of separation are not ignored. Finally notes are given on the use of eight of the more important organic precipitants and the section is rounded off by a table summarising suitable gravimetric procedures for the determination of 22 metals. Part 11 concerned with organic microanalysis deals with elementary analysis the determination of metals in organic compounds the determination of molecular weights and of selected organic groups. A table giving references to a wide selection of methods for the determination of organic groups is included. In Part 111 volumetric analysis an introductory section summarises useful information on the wide range of modern indicators available.A considerable selection of volumetric apparatus is described in some detail and a short section stresses some important points of technique. The remainder of this part details some 35 volumetric methods inorganic and organic illustrating many varied applications. A table summarises a further selection of methods 35 in number which can be used for the determination of inorganic ions. Part IV comprising almost one-third of the book deals in the widest sense with colorimetric analysis-nephelometry and fluorimetry receiving brief mention. Principles sources of error techniques and a range of avail- able apparatus both visual and photoelectric are all discussed. Rather more than half the section is devoted to the description in considerable detail of individual procedures for numerous inorganic ions and organic compounds.Tables give references to further estimations. Electrochemical methods are dealt with in Part V the range of methods discussed covering potentiometry polarography and amperometry electro- deposition and conductometric analysis. Brief reference is also made to coulometric analysis and electrophoretic techniques. Each of the topics dealt with in detail includes a discussion of principles apparatus and repre- sentative applications followed by tables giving references to further pro- cedures. In Part VI gasometric methods are divided into two broad categories firstly those methods which have been developed by chemists often by reduction in scale of classical procedures for analytical purposes; in the other class those methods which developed first by biochemists or physiologists for specialised problems may nevertheless be employed by the analytical chemist.Once again full descriptions of representative apparatus and techniques and of individual applications are given. The general plan of the book is excellent and something of this nature has been badly needed. It is well produced and very competently illustrated. All practising and aspiring microchemists will find it most valuable. The [ 385 1 main criticisms which the reviewer has are two. In the first place the whole tenor of the book encourages the impression that microanalysis is the analysis of milligram samples rather than a series of techniques applicable over a wide range which includes both milligram and centigram procedures.This suggestion may not and certainly should not have been intended but it is nevertheless frequently implicit. Secondly the references throughout the text if more comprehensive would have made the work even more valuable as a book of reference. It is of course possible that the contributors have confined themselves only to those methods with which they were familiar and which they could therefore recommend. If the choice must indeed lie between critical and catholic then this is laudable. But perhaps some method could have been found of including the further references even with the clear indication that they were the result of casting a wide net.In this connection too an index of authors would have been useful. The subject index is divided into five sections which do not correspond with the main sections of the book. This makes it somewhat complex in use at times and presents no outstanding advantage over a purely alphabetical arrangement. CECILL. WILSON. The Preparation Properties Chemical Behaviour and Identification of Organic Chlorine Compounds. By E. H. Huntress. Pp. xxv + 1,443. (New York John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1948.) L8 5s. od. net. The present volume of 1,443 pages is the third publication of this type which the author who is Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has presented to his wondering and slightly stunned colleagues.His first work was entitled A Brief Introduction to the Use of Beilstein’s Handbuch der Organischen Chemie. This was followed by Indenti-fication of Pure Organic Compounds Tables of Data . . . Compounds of Carbon with Hydrogen or with Hydrogen and Oxygen produced in collaboration with the late Professor Mulliken. The author is therefore a recognised authority on chemical literature. In the years prior to 1939 it was to Central Europe that we looked for monumental complications and critisms of “the industrious Germans” were sometimes expressed by those who while profiting by the labours of the compilers felt that they themselves at any rate could never undertake such work. In recent years it would appear that many in the United States have succumbed to the fatal attraction of this type of literary work to judge from the number of books of this kind which have recently come to our notice.The author refers to the valuable assistance given by his three secretaries but does not appear to have had any other collaborators. This only increases our wonder at the surely devastating amount of hard labour involved in the preparation of this stupendous production. Like the other works to which we have referred this handbook will prove most useful and timesaving. It presents in an accessible though owing to the unavoidable condensation somewhat unattractive form the most recent information in this particular field. The author points out that over 25 per cent. of the compounds described have been prepared so recently that they do not appear in the Fourth Edition of Beilstein’s Handbuch or in its supplements.In the case of the remainder references to the appropriate volume and page of Beilstein are given. The author emphasises however that the book is entirely independent of Beilstein. He has moreover been able to include references to papers published as Iate as 1947. The scheme under which the compounds are listed is described in an introductory chapter. Without going into details it may be mentioned that the arrangement of the compounds is based on m.p. in the case of solids and 1 386 1 on b.p. and density in the case of liquids. Every compound has been assigned a “location number.” The significance of this “arbitrary” location number is discussed in the introduction.Its use greatly simplifies cross references. The first half-dozen solids listed are pentachloroacetone m.p. 2.1” 2 5-dichlorotoluene m.p. 5* 9-chlorotoluene m.p 7.So 1,l-dichloropropanol m.p. 8” o-chlorophenol m.p. 8.5”,and di-/3-chloroethyl carbonate m.p. 8.5”. These are however only cited under “Solids” and references are given to the section on Liquids where they are dealt with in detail. The eighth compound is cinnamyl chloride m.p. 8-9”. Consideration of this occupies three pages. Possible confusion in nomenclature with cinnamoyl chloride is mentioned its tendency to undergo anionotropic change during reaction is emphasised and numerous methods of preparation and reactions are briefly indicated with the appropriate references.This treatment is followed for all compounds through- out the book densities and refractive indices being recorded. The arrange- ment of references to patents and their abstracts has received much attention. There are five indexes based on empirical formula percentage of chlorine molecular weight chemical type and alphabetical name. In every case the location number is cited. In conclusion it should be stated that in the preface the author emphasises an unusual feature of the book-what may be called “negative entries.” “Definite knowledge that a particular reaction has not been reported or that an individual compound does not appear in the systematic literature is often of real value. The term ‘unreported’ as used in this book signifies that the compound in question cannot be found by systematic use of the usual index sources.” FREDERICK CHALLENGER.Introduction to Statistical Mechanics. G. S. Rushbrooke. Pp. xiii + 334. (London Oxford University Press 1949.) 21s. net. Historically the development of Statistical Mechanics has followed three main lines of progress. The first of these is the most fundamental in that it involves the theoretical relationship between thermodynamic variables such as temperature and entropy and the corresponding statistical concepts of distribution modulus and probability. In view of the basic importance of thermodynamics for describing phenomena these correlations with statistics are of philosophical as well as of metrical interest.Two other interdependent lines of development can be summed up as the progressive formulation of more powerful and more elegant mathematical techniques for the construction of partition functions and the formulation of “working models” of various physico-chemical systems which combine as far as possible mathematical rigour with physical insight. An introduction to statistical mechanics would not normally deal very extensively with the basic foundations of the subject. The relative importance given to the more mathematical or the more practical aspects of statistical calculations depends on the author’s objectives. Dr. Rushbrooke’s book is stated to be intended primarily for the physical chemist. Its main purpose is to deal in an introductory way with the methods and techniques of statistical mechanics rather than to provide a summary of all of even the simplest results which follow when these techniques are applied in specific problems.Although the correspondence between observational measurements and particular models is discussed in some instances the prac- tical aim of interpreting experimental measurements is pursued only inci- dentally. The book can be recommended as an introduction to the more mathematical aspect of statistical mechanics. It records clear patient and stimulating teaching methods. A valuable description is given of the three main [ 387 1 procedures of statistical calculations. This development of the subject should be particularly useful for those who intend to go on to read more extensive texts and original papers.Examples are included to exercise the student in the mathematical methods discussed in the text. A feature whose treatment seems somewhat artificial in an elementary text of this kind involves the so-called “classical phase space”; “classical” methods are included in the text for the sake of mathematical illustration but their discussion is not at all thorough. The exclusion from this book of statistical mechanics based on quantum statistics was probably made on the grounds that other mathematical techniques are more useful in the rangeof phenomena of interest to the physical chemist. However some readers might find the derivation of classical statistics as a limit to Einstein-Bose or Fermi-Dirac statistics physically more satisfactory than the treatment given in Dr.Rushbrook’s text. It may be questioned whether every “serious physical chemist” will in fact have the time to proceed to more advanced texts. Particularly for physical chemists with an experimental bias there still appears to be need for an elementary treatment of statistical mechanics in which the mathematical techniques are described with clarity and economy and which deals more systematically with the art of constructing models useful in the interpretation of physico-chemical measurements. But Dr. Rushbrooke and the Oxford University Press are to be congratulated on this valuable contribution towards the problem of making statistical mechanics more readily accessible.In the field selected by the author the book is likely to commend itself to a wide range of readers. A. R. UBBELOHDE. A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds. By G. Malcolm Dyson. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix + 138. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 10s. 6d. net. This book is described in the author’s preface as “a definitive proposal for an international system for delineating and enumerating organic structures”; later on it is stated that the system it describes is to be submitted to the International Union of Chemistry for approval and may be used in compiling a new “Lexicon of Organic Compounds.” For these reasons alone apart from its great intrinsic interest it calls for close study by all organic chemists who are interested in the future of their subject.Most organic chemists in this country will have met Dr. Dyson’s notation system in the abbreviated form in which it was presented at a lecture in 1946 (Royal Institute of Chemistry Monograph 1946) and many will have studied it more closely in the first edition (1947) of the present work. The second edition is a complete revision of the first and is for all practical purposes a new work; the many changes have rendered the earlier tentative expositions obsolete and to some extent even misleading. Technically the book is well printed and very free from typo- graphical errors; it is unfortunate that a book so likely to receive heavy use is not more stoutly bound. The first two chapters present in a convincing manner the necessity for some system of notation and enumeration which can be accepted internation- ally as a basis for all future indexing and collating of data on organic com- pounds.The third chapter outlines the new system; it is intended to be an elementary introduction to the subject for beginners and as such the reviewer found it disappointing. It seems doubtful if anyone completely new to the system would follow it properly on the basis of this chapter alone; something better is needed for the next edition. Chapters IV to VII give a complete and definitive account of the new system with all the rules required for the ciphering of any possible organic compound. The general principles of the 1946-7 system are unchanged but several important amendments [ 388 1 improvements and extensions have been introduced.In particular the nota- tion of ring systems has been entirely changed with the happy result that many of the special symbols which added to the arbitrariness of the original scheme have been eliminated; another very welcome addition is a method for ciphering high polymers. Chapter VIII is concerned with the spoken language of the Dyson system and outlines proposals for converting the ciphers into speakable form; this new spoken language is not a beautiful one but is no uglier than that currently used in Beilstein for example. In the final chapter the use of the new notation with punched cards and mechanical devices in recording and sorting chemical information is briefly discussed.This book is the grammar of a new language which all organic chemists may find themselves compelled to learn Before this happens it is essential that its claim should be carefully and publicly compared with those of any possible competitor. The reviewer knows of only one such-the system due to Gordon Kendall and Davison (RoyaE Institute of Chemistry Monograph 1948)-and feels it his duty to make some comments on the relative merits of the two systems as they appear to one who has no special knowledge of either and who has never found the learning of a foreign language an easy or congenial task. Such an average chemist must accept the claims of the authors of both systems that they are unambiguous and universally applicable. Granted this the reviewer must confess that he finds the Dyson system much the more difficult; “working from the book” in both instances he finds it easy to work the Gordon-Kendall-Davison system but has no confidence in his ability to use the Dyson system.The reason for this is to be found in the many rules which govern the Dyson system as compared with the few which govern the other. It may be that the convenience of the indexer and his machines has been allowed to complicate the Dyson system to the disadvantage of the eventual user of the index; if this is so it should be remembered that the ordinary user’s interests are of paramount importance in such matters and steps should be taken to bring about as much simplification as possible. The Royal Institute of Chemistry performed a very great service to organic chemistry when it first introduced both these systems to the chemical public.It now has a further opportunity to be of service by arranging a public debate between the exponents of the two systems at which the British chemical public could express its views on the matter; such a debate could not fail to be of great assistance to the Committee of the International Union of Chemistry which has shortly to decide on the language of the organic chemistry of the future. Whatever the outcome organic chemistry must ever be indebted to Dr. Dyson for having been the first to show that it is possible to evolve a workable system for the unique notation and enumeration of organic com- pounds. H. N. RYDON. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Atomic Energy Year Book.Ed. John Tutin. Pp. xx + 237. (London TempIe Press Ltd. 1949.) 21s. net. “Analar” Standards for Laboratory Chemicals. Fourth Edition (Revised and Enlarged). Pp. xviii + 302. (London The British Drug Houses Ltd. and Hopkin and Williams Ltd. 1949.) Tables of Scattering Functions for Spherical Particles. Pp. xiii + 119. (FVashington United States Government Printing Office 1948.) 45 cents. The Petroleum Handbook. Third Edition. Compiled by members of the Staff of the Royal Dutch-Shell Group. (London The Shell Petroleiim Co. Ltd. 1948.) First Report of the Committee on Industrial Productivity. Cmd. 7665. Pp. 31. (London H.M. Stationery Office 1949.) 6d. net. [ 389 1 THE REGISTER New Fellows (X) Bremner John George Mac- (P) Hesselberger William Max kay B.A.B.Sc. D.Phi1. Ernst Dr. Phil. (Munich) (Oxon.) A.I.M. Associates Elected to the Fellowship Beater Bernard Edwin B.A. (S.A.). (0)Bennett John Garner B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). (P) Bracken Arthur B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (K) Brownlie Isaac Allan B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. (M) Casson Frank David B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Cooke Thomas Henry B.Sc. (Birm.). Davies Norman Robert B.Sc. (Lond.). (X) Dutton William Leslie. (0)Earlam William Trevor BSc. Ph.D. (Liv.). (P) Evans Ronald Major B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. (P) Feather Richard Campbell M.A. (Oxon.) Dip.Bact. B.Sc. (Lond.),M.I.Chem.E.F.I.I.A. (S) Galleymore Harry Reginald M.A. (Cantab.) A.M.I. Chem. E. (P) Garside James Eric M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Lond.). (G) Gibson Mitchell B.Sc. (Leeds). (D) Harding John David Der- mott. {T) Jackson Eric Robert Buck- ley M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.), A.M.1.Chem.E. (P) Jamieson Morris M.A. (Glas.) B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (P) Kerr Horace M.Inst.Gas E. (K) Knox Robert. (F) Lipman Cyril B.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm.). Martin Sidney Launcelot Hiam M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (P) Morton Ian Douglas M.Sc. (N.Z.) Ph.D. (Cantab.). (P) Riley Dennis Parker M.A. B.Sc. Ph.D. (Oxon.) Ph.D. (Cantab.). (P) Robson Thomas David B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.D. (St. An-drews) M.1nst.F.(P) Seal Eli M.Sc. (Wales). (P) Sharp Louis Kenneth B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) Ph.C. (K) Simpson George Kirkwood B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.). (P) Smith Frank Edward. (P) Swedler Charles Henry A.M.I.Chem.E. M.1nst.F. Tenniswood Charles Robert Sydney M.Sc. (Dunelm.). (Q) Thompson Leonard M.Sc. Tech. (Manc.) F.T.I. (P) Webber Harold Frank Philip B.Sc. (Lond.). Whalley William Clarence Roy M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (D) Whelan Patrick Francis M.Sc. (N.U.I.). (0)Wilde William Kenneth M.Sc. (Wales). (0)Wood James Herbert. (D) Woodcock David M.Sc. Ph.D. (Dunelm.). (0)Woodhead Maurice B.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds) Dip.Ed. (Lond.). 390 1 New Associates (P) Bailey Alan Vincent B.Sc.Eng. (Lond.). (Q) Bancroft Eric. (A) Boyd George Scott A.H.- M7.C. (P) Broadbridge Donald Fred- erick. (B) Carson Miss Isabel B.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Chappell Peter Lyndsey M.Sc. (N.Z.). (Q) Chari Kothapalle Sreenivasa B.Sc. (Madras) Ph.D. (Manc.). (0)Clements Peter Graham B.A. (Cantab.). (P) Dark William Alan B.Sc. (S.A.). (U) Datta Dilip Kumar M.Sc. (Calcutta). (0)Davies Frederick Bernard B.Sc. (Manc.). Durie Robert Arthur B.Sc. (Sydney). (H) Fletcher William Edmund B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (P) Grew Edward Leon B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Q) Housley Alfred B.Sc. (Manc.). (C) Humphreys Gwilyn Thomas Jones B.Sc.(Wales). Ingles Owen Graeme B.A. M.Sc. (Tasmania). (S) Inskip George B.Sc. (Dunelm.). (X) Jones David Gwyn B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Kreft Gerhard B.Sc. (Cape Town). (X) Lahiry Nripendra Lal B.Sc. (Calcutta) M. Sc. (Dacca). (P) Mehta Daras Nessenvanji, M.Sc. (Bombay) M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Meltzer Daniel B.Sc. (Cape Town). (0)Morrell Miss Joan Elizabeth B.Sc. (Liv.). Nayudamma Yelavarthy B.Sc. (B.H.U.) M.S. (Lehigh). Padmanabhan Salpradan B.A. (Madras) (B.H.U.). (P) Portchmouth Arthur lips A.M.Inst.Gas E. (J) Pryde Alan Millam W.C. M.Sc. Phil-A.H.-Raj agopalan Ramachandra Ayyar B.Sc. (Rangoon) Ph.D. (Bombay). (Q) Robertson Patrick Sinclair B.Sc.(Edin.). Roy Pankaj Kumar M.Sc. (Calcutta). Strasser Peter Hermann Alois M.Sc. (Melbourne) A.A.C.I. (C) Taylor Mrs. Dorothy Joan B.Sc. (Birm.1. (X) Watson ' George Arthur A.R.C.S. (H) Wilson Royce Robert. (C) Wood Barrie B.Sc. (Birm.). (P) Woods Sydney Derek B.A. (Oxon.). Re-elected Associates (C) Atkinson John Barnes B.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Bloom Edward B.Sc. (Lond.). (0)Chamberlain George Hum-frey Neville B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Cantab.). (G) Coupe Geoffrey. [ 391 (Q) Crosse Daniel Gray B.Sc. (Glas.). (N) Dowson Norman Francis B.Sc. (Lond.). (L) Gaunt Joseph Frank B.Sc. (Leeds). Kuntzen Harold Eric New Students (0) Alexander Peter Andrew.(0)Mattbews Alfred. (P) Attaway Peter John. (X) Meek William Stephen. (N) Brearton Denis Stanislas. (P) Newnham John Leathern (P) Buttler Frank George. Matthew. (E) Byles Charles Humphrey Gil- (Q) Ogden Malcolm Donald. bert. (P) O’Shaughnessy Miss Edith. (P) Clark Douglas John William. (P) Pain Roger Harry. (P) Coxon Philip. (P) Penney Edsel Raymond. (0) Davies Peter Richard. (K) Philip Maxwell Charles. (C) Fry David Philip. (V) Phillips Clifford Kenneth. (V) Gibbs Peter Harrington. (P) Putnam Ernest William. (N) Hartley Raymond Anthony. (P) Raum Alaric Louis Jeffrey. (P) Hayden Kenneth David. (P) Roxbrough John Leonard.(C) Hooper John Frederick. (P) Ryan Ernest John. (Q) Hulme Alan Frederick. (K) Shepherd Thomas. (0) Ireland James Leslie. (D) Smith Derek John. (C) James Frederick William. (N) Smith Dennis Longley. (M) Kirby Leonard. (E) Smith Stanley Taylor. (X) Laird Harold. (P) Stone Walter Roger. (P) Layzell Robert John. (P) Sumpter Geoffrey. (D) Lewis Miss Judith Margaret. (P) Towers Leslie George. (N) Lill John Arthur. (P) Trevor Henry George. (C) Lole Eric Albert. (0)Twomey Bartholomew John. (H) Lyner Fielding. (P) Ward Roy James. (P) Mason Leslie Frederick (W) Wickings John Arthur. Alfred. (Q) Wilson Peter Malvern. (D) Massey William Haydn. (M) Witty Alan Ronald. Change of Name Sylvia Minahan B.Sc.Associate to Laverton-on re-marriage. Creighton Shane Malet Duggan B.Sc. A.R.C.S. Associate to Creighton Shane Malet-by deed poll. DEATHS Fellow Herbert William Bolam B.Sc. (Edin) Ph.D. (Leipzig). Rhys Pendrill Charles T.D. M.D. (Berne) L.M.S.S.A. Vincent Edwards. Edgar Henry Rider Salmon. Herbert Frederick Stephenson A. R.C.S. Associates William Alan Cash. Amiya Kumar Ghose B.Sc. (Calcutta) M.Sc. (Lucknow) Dr.-Ing. (Dresden). Frank Edward Whitmore B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). [ 392 1 COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification.1949 August 29 FARADAY SOCIETY:Discussion on “Lipo-Proteins.” At the Department of Pharmacology The Medical School The University Birmingham. 31 August-7 September FOR THE ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE Annual BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF Meeting at Newcastle upon Tyne. September 16-17 SOCIETY OF LEATHER TRADES CHEMISTS Annual Meetings at the University of Leeds. 17 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands and Bristol District Sections) Visit to the Royal Forest Factory of Messrs. H. W. Carter & Co. Ltd. Coleford Glos. 22 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Chemist and Rubber Cables.” Mr. B. B. Evans at the Technical Institute Darnley Road Gravesend at 7.30 p.m. 22-24 SOCIETY Symposium. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS 23 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting at Leeds.28-30 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Symposium on “Amino Acids and Protein Hydrolysates,” opened by Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. at 6 p.m. on 28 September in the Senate House University of London W.C.l. October 3 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Paper and Pulp Manufacture as a Chemical Industry.” Dr. J. Grant at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. 5 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) and BRITISH As-INDUSTRY SOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(London Section) “Research on Iron and Steel Production Plant-The Application of Chemical Engineering Principles to Industry.” Dr.A. H. Leckie at the Wellcome Research Institution 183 Euston Road London N.W.1 at 7 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Modern Methods of Soap Manufacture.’’ Mr. A. H. Charlton J.P. at the South-East Essex Technical College Longbridge Road Dagenham at 7 p.m. 7 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section jointly with the Physical Methods Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the University of Sheffield Chemical Society) Papers on “Polarographic An;Flysis.” Messrs. G. H. Osborne L. Airey A. A. Smales and W. Furness in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. c 393 I October 12 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Quanti-tative Common-Sense and the Chemist.” Dr.E. C. Wood in the Small Hall Community Centre Slough at 7.15 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Biochemistry of Egg-Shell Formation.” Professor C. Tyler at Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3 at 7 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Plastics and Corrosion.” Dr. H. Barron at the County Technical College Dartford at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Rockets and Chemistry.” Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. Film “Rocket Flight.” At the Wellcome Research Institution 183 Euston Road London N.W.1 at 6.30 p.m.Special General Meeting (see p. ii) at 5.30 p.m. Lecture 21 THEINSTITUTE on “The Development of Chemical Processes,” by Dr. F. Roffey at 6 p.m. (see p. ii) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1. 22 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting at King’s College Strand London w.c.2. 28 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Chemo-therapy and Essential Trace-Metals.” Professor A. Albert at the University Chemistry Laboratory Pembroke Street Cambridge at 8.15 p.m. ANNOU NCE MENTS EXAMINATIONS-see p. ii. INSTITUTE LECTURE-see p. ii. RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FOR THE ELDERLY As already reported in the Editorial in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 11 83 the Institute through its newly constituted Residential Clubs Fund has joined with a number of other professional bodies in the “Crossways Trust” for providing residential accommodation for elderly members their wives or their widows (and possibly other dependent relatives) in clubs where they may enjoy the amenities of a hotel at a substantially lower charge (i3 12s.6d. per week) than normally prevails at present. The first club under the Crossways scheme has now been established at West Worthing Sussex and two of the three places in it allotted to the Institute’s Residential Clubs Fund have been filled. Elderly members and/or their elderly dependents who wish to be considered for the remaining place in this first club should notify the Secretary of the Institute forthwith giving particulars about themselves for reference in confidence to the Residential Clubs Fund Committee.WARNING NOTICE It is brought to the attention of members of the Institute that a Mrs. Winifred Roche Ann Scott Russell was convicted at the Woolwich Police Court on 10 March 1949 of obtaining money by false pretences and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment. It is believed that this lady claims to be related to a distinguished deceased Fellow of the Institute. Members are reminded that the Benevolent Fund of c 394 1 the Institute is open to assist genuine cases of distress among dependents of deceased members and they are advised to refer any requests for assistance to the Secretary of the Institute.IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1949 AND 1950 Faraday Society Discussion on Lipo-Proteins.-A Discussion on Lipo-Proteins will be held in the Department of Pharmacology The Medical School The University Birmingham from mid-day 29 August to 4 p.m. 31 August 1949. Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. will give a General Introduction and the discussions will be divided into three Sections (1) Physics and Chemistry of Lipo-Protein Association; (2) Lipo-Proteins in the Blood; (3) Lipo-Proteins in relation to Cell Structure and Metabolism. Full particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Assistant Secretary The Faraday Society 6 Gray’s Inn Square Gray’s Inn London W.C. 1. Early application is desirable. British Association for the Advancement of Science.-The Annual Meeting of the Association will be held this year at Newcastle upon Tyne from 31 August to 7 September under the presidency of Sir John Russell O.B.E.F.R.S. The president of Section B (Chemistry) is Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. who has selected as the subject of his presidential address “Influence of studies of combustion on the progress of chemistry.” Subjects of symposia or discussions to be held by Section B include The propagation of flame; the nitrogen cycle in nature; fluorine the element and some of its newer compounds; the combustion of carbon; chemistry and the food supply. Among the visitors from overseas who are expected to contribute papers are Professor J. H. Quastel F.R.S. (Montreal) and Professor Dr.A. I. Virtanen (Helsinki) both in connection with the symposium on the nitrogen cycle in nature. Particulars of the meeting may be obtained from the Secretary British Association Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. International Scientific Film Association Congress.-The Third Inter-national Scientific Film Congress will be held in Brussels from 30 September to 5 October 1949. In conjunction with the Congress there will be a Scientific Film Festival. Enquiries should be addressed to the Scientific Film Associa- tion of Great Britain 4 Great Russell Street London W.C.1. The 22nd International Congress of Industrial Chemistry organised by the SociCte de Chimie Industrielle in conjunction with Spanish chemical industries will be held at Barcelona from 23 to 30 October 1949.The Congress will comprise 25 Sections and there will be works visits and excursions. Full particulars may be obtained from the Secretariat SociCte de Chimie Industrielle 28 rue Saint-Dominique Paris (VIIO) . Second Oil Shale and Cannel Coal Conference.-The Second Conference on Oil Shale and Cannel Coal will take place in Glasgow during the week beginning 3 July 1950. At the same time the James Young Centenary will be celebrated by a Young Memorial Lecture. The technical sessions of the Conference will be in three sections A-Geology and Mining; B-Retorting Refining and Uses of By-products; C-Economics and Statistics. There will also be an all-day visit to a shale mine and shale oil refinery. Registration forms (which should be returned not later than 1 September 1949) and further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary The Institute of Petroleum 26 Portland Place London W.1. r 395 1 The Fourth World Power Conference will be held in London from 10 to 15 July 1950. Study-tours will probably be arranged for the following week. The theme of the Conference will be “World Energy Resources and the Production of Power.” Division I will deal with Energy Resources and Power Developments Division I1 with Preparation of Fuels and Division I11 with Production of Power. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. F.R.S. has accepted the Chairman- ship of the Conference. The office of the British National Committee is at 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2.SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES The Society of Dyers and Co1ourists.-A Symposium on “Photochemistry in Relation to Textiles” will be held at Harrogate from 22 to 24 September 1949. The Symposium is open to non-members of the Society. Full particu- lars may be obtained from the General Secretary Society of Dyers and Colourists 32-34 Piccadilly Bradford Yorkshire. Society of Chemical Industry Food Group Symposium on Amino Acids and Protein Hydro1ysates.-The Symposium will be held in the William Beveridge Hall the Senate House University of London W.C.1 on 28-30 September 1949. Following an opening address by Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. at 6 p.m. on 28 September papers will be presented at sessions beginning at 10.30 a.m. and 6 p.m.on 29th September and at 10.30 a.m. 2.30 and 6 p.m. on 30 September. Applications for registration (fee 10s.) should be made as soon as possible to “Amino Acids Symposium,” Society of Chemical Industry 56 Victoria Street London S.W.1. Post-graduate Summer School in X-ray Crystallography at the University of Leeds.-A post-graduate course in X-ray crystallography will be held in the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry University of Leeds from 29 August to 10 September inclusive. The lecturers will be Professor E. G. Cox Dr. G. W. Brindley Dr. N. H. Hartshorne Dr. G. A. Jeffrey and Mrs. M. R. Truter. Courses in Microchemistry at Battersea Polytech nic.-Post-graduate ectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will be held under the super- vision of Dr.P. F. Holt during the 1949-50 session as follows:- Autumn Term (26 September to 16 December 1949) Inorganic Qualitative Analysis. Spring Term (9 January to 31 March 1950) Organic Microchemical Methods. Summer Term (24 April to 14 July 1950) Quantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis. Fee 10s. per Term. Further particulars and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic London S.W. 11. Courses at Chelsea Polytechnic.-The following courses are announced:- (1) Biochemistry.-Four groups of five lectures on Biochemistry will be given by Dr. E. M. Crook and Dr. F. L. Warren during the Autumn and Spring Terms on Monday evenings beginning 3 October. The lectures are designed for students who have a knowledge of chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of general biochemistry.Fee for the whole course 30s.; for each part 7s. 6d. [ 396 I (2) The Chemistry and Technology of Fats.-A series of nine post- graduate lectures on “The Laboratory and Commercial Methods of Separat- ing Fats and Fatty Acids” will be given during the Autumn Term on Friday evenings beginning 14 October. The course has been planned and arranged to meet the demands of post-graduate students research workers industrial chemists and others interested in the subject. Fee for the course 15s. (3) The Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water.-A special course of lectures and practical work based on the syllabus for the Fellowship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry Branch E will be given for 1st year students on Tuesdays and Thursdays during two complete sessions beginning 27 September.Responsible Lecturer Mr. R. G. Minor; Lecturer in Materia Medica Mr. E. S. Mayer; Lecturer in Bacteri- ology Mr. A. W. G. Chetham; Assistant Lecturers and Demonstrators Mr. A. J. M. Bailey and Mr. V7. R. Rankin. Course Fee for each Session L3 3s.; Laboratory Fee 5s.; Membership IS. Further particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Courses in Milk Processing and Control at Chelsea Polytechnic.-A course of study for the examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute in Milk Processing and Control will be re-commenced on Monday 26 September 1949.The Final Course Section B will be covered in two sessions’ attendance of two evenings a week Microbiological Control Mondays 6.50 to 8.30 p.m. Chemical Control Fridays 6.30 to 8.30 p.m. Further particulars may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Poly- technic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Courses of Lectures at Acton Technical College.-A course of twelve lectures on “Certain Aspects of the Modern Chemistry of Oils and Fats” will be given during the Autumn Term on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. 1. Five lectures on Analysis of Fats and Fat-containing Materials by Dr. K. A. Williams Dr. J. H. Hamence and Mr. C. Whalley (23 September to 21 October). 2. Two lectures on Synthetic Fatty Acids and Synthetic Fats by Mr.P. N. Williams (28 October and 4 November). Two lectures on Drying Oils by Dr. L. A. O’Neill (11 and 18 November). 3. Three lectures on Some Aspects of the Biochemistry of Fats by Dr. F. L. Warren (25 November to 9 December). A two-year course on “The Chemistry and Technology of Plastics,” intended for students who have attained at least the Higher National Certifi- cate in Chemistry Chemistry of Plastic Materials on Thursdays 6.30-9.30 p.m. beginning on Thursday 22 September 1949; Technology of Plastic Materials on Fridays 2-5 p.m. Further particulars and registration forms may be obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3. Post-graduate Courses at Birmingham Central Technical College.-(1) Twelve lectures on “Physical Methods for determining the Size and Shape of Macromolecules in Solution,” by Dr.G. A. Gilbert on Friday evenings beginning 7 October. r 397 3 (2) Ten lectures on “Fundamentals and -4pplications of Heat Trans- mission,” by Dr. S. J. Green Dr. R. Long and Mr. R. Scott on Wednesday evenings beginning 12 October. (3) Post-graduate course in “Chemical Works Organisation,” on Monday Thursday and Friday evenings throughout the Session. Further particulars and forms of application for admission to the Courses may be obtained from the Registrar Central Technical College Suffolk Street Birmingham 1. Course in Brick Manufacture at the Imperial College of Science and Technology.-A short course of 16 lectures in “Brick Manufacture,” designed for technical men in industry will be held in the Royal School of Mines South Kensington from 26 to 30 September.Fee for the course L4. Further particulars may be obtained from the Deputy Registrar City and Guilds College Exhibition Road London S.W.7. MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1950 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 3 1 December 1949 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1949. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted.The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” Beil by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work. Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice.In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1950 and the administrators-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions-will there-fore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 3 I December 1949.All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.l. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize I949.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1950 of a Medal and Prize (LJO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 [ 398 1 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public s@it and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 3 I December 1949 and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful cpmpetitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition I949.-1n 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd, offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare.The object of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. AppIications to compete for the Prize for 1949 are invited under the following conditions:- 1. The 1949 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1949. 2. The 1949 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experi- mental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare.A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition providing that the conclu- sions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. William Jessop & Sons Ltd. Brightside Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31 December 1949 (a)A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b)two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.I 399 1 4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application.6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. MISCELLANEOUS Dr. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd Memorial Fund.-A Fund is being established under this title to provide for a Travelling Fellowship to enable scientists engaged in the study of subjects underlying leather technology to spend a year at Universities in the British Commonwealth or the United States. Dr. Jordan-Lloyd was a prominent member of the Institute and was a Vice- President at the time of her death. Members who would like to pay a tribute to her memory by subscribing to the Fund should send contributions to the office of the Fund Leather Trade House Barter Street London W.C.l making cheques payable to the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association and crossed “Dr.Jordan-Lloyd Memorial Fund.” Chemical Society Library.-From 16 July to 30 September inclusive the Library will be open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily except during the first fortnight in August when it will be closed for revision and cleaning. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDUM In the Report of the Council for 1948 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 SUPPLEMENT, p. 23) acknowledgment was made of help given in connection with the Examination for the Associateship held at Bangalore in March 1948. In addition to Dr. G. J. Fowler Professor H. S. Jois and Messrs. G. Narayan and S. Siddappa should have been mentioned.Journal and Proceedings 1949 111 It is regretted that in the list of Representatives of the Institute on Other Bodies (page 239) the following entry was inadvertently omitted:- The Scientific Film Association Appraisals Committee F. L. ALLEN; Sciences Committee D. M. FREELAND. It is also regretted that the name of A. D. Mitchell D.Sc. (Lond.) Assistant Examiner was omitted from the list of Members of the Board of Examiners. Page 301 para. 4 line 4. For 0.6357 g. Cu read 0.06357g. Cu. GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on pp. ii and 394.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-An Appointments Register is maintained by the Institute through which Fellows Associates and some senior registered students can be informed of vacancies.Facilities are afforded by this Register free to authorities and firms requiring the services of qualified chemists. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service should communicate with the Registrar. Lib raries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays (Satudays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post.Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can maintain on favourable terms their membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and also if desired of the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with sub-stantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS, 1946 Part IV P. 148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1949 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes should notify the Secretary AND PROCEEDINGS of their requirements. Covers for the years 1939 to 1948 inclusive are available. Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far aspossible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections.In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. I 401 I PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE MONOGRAPHS LECTURES AND REPORTS. “Ludwig Mond F.R.S. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net *“Precious Metals.” H. Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net.“Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Chemistry and Clothing.” D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “A New Not:tion for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems. Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts. G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet.F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” First Henderson Memorial Lecture. Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. Ph.D. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Counting Calories.” Sir Jack Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry.” H. J. Emelkus D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. ?“Nutritional Requirements of Man in the Light of War-time Experience.” Sir Jack Drummond DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. $“The Determination of Alcohol.” J. R. Nicholls DSc. F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. §“Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment.” Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.C.P. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s.net. **“Some Applications of Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” A. W. .Johnson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. *“The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications.” George Taylor F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. “Chemical Ciphering A Universal Code as an Aid to Chemical Systematics.” M. Gordon M.Sc. A.R.I.C. C. E. Kendall B.Sc. A.R.I.C. and W. H. T. Davison B.A. (1948.) 4s. net. Proceedings of a Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.” Published jointly by The Irish Chemical Association awd The Royal Institute of Chemistry. (1948.) 5s. net. “The Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington.” R. P. Linstead C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. “The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry.” M.Stacey Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.” (1948.) 7s. 6d. net. $“Through Chemistry-Adornment.” C. J. T. Cronshaw B.Sc. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. M.I.Chem.E. F.T.I. (194?;) 3s. net. “Percy Faraday Frankland. First P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture. L. H. Lampitt D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. (1949.) 3s. net. “Anaesthetics.” H. B. Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. A.H.-W.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.E. (1949.) 3s. net. Report of a Conference on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” (1949.) 5s. 6d. net. OF FELLOWS REGISTER AND ASSOCIATES,1948. 10s. net. FOR OF STUDENTS Gratis. REGULATIONSTHE ADMISSION ASSOCIATESAND FELLOWS. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Six Parts annually. (Available to Members only.) * Streatfeild Memorial Lectures.t Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. 8 Dalton Lectures. Tatlock Memorial Lecture. ** Meldola Medal Lecture. [ 402 J

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300321

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART V I949 ~~ ~ EDIT0RIAL RAW MATERIALS To the chemist in his professional capacity all things are chemical. Every portion of the material universe-living or non-living animal vegetable or mineral in earth sea or air-is to him an aggregation of chemical substances which by suitably selected mechanical physical or chemical processes can be separated from one another and obtained in a pure state. Moreover every such chemical substance obtained from natural sources is itself capable of undergoing chemical change and is thus a potential raw material for the produc- tion of other substances including a growing range of synthetic products unknown in nature. Concern has frequently been expressed at the growing rapidity with which man is drawing upon the capital resources of raw materials present in the earth especially on those mineralised products of former vegetable and animal life coal and petroleum.In a paper before the British Association for the Advancement of Science last year Professor J. D. Bernal directed special attention to the dwindling accessible resources of certain chemical elements such as sulphur phosphorus tin and lead which are among the key elements in the material structure of our civilised life. Conservation of raw materials is one of the major problems of the world to-day- one which calls for the application of science and particularly chemistry not only in preventing wastage of capital assets but also in providing improved methods for obtaining the material resources of the world in appropriate forms and directing their applications into the channels for which they are most suited.The working out of the richer ores of many metals has led to improved methods of concentrating poorer deposits. It has also led to a reconsideration of the purposes for which particular metals are employed and hence to progressive changes in domestic and industrial practice. The great abundance of alumino-silicates in the eaI th’s crust and of magnesium salts in the sea may result in a more exten- sive replacement of iron and steel by aluminium magnesium and their alloys for a variety of constructional and other purposes; the present shortage of economically workable lead ores is already [ 403 1 causing a swing over to other metals for purposes where the peculiar physical and chemical characteristics of lead are not of critical importance.The utilisation of plastics as alternatives to metals in certain applications is an example of a change to a different class of material and it is generally admitted that in some instances alter- native substances of an entirely different character may be more appropriate for particular purposes than those which perhaps through accidents of historical development or pressure of com-mercial interests have hitherto been employed. Conservatism in the user often takes a long time to break down but when once he has become accustomed to seeing familiar objects made of a new material he often becomes equally resistant to further change even when the new material is not demonstrably the most appropriate.To the chemist there is nothing immutable in the custom of using certain animal and vegetable materials primarily as food for man or beast. He has no prejudice against the utilisation of agricultural products as raw materials in chemical processes-and not merely in those fermentation processes which convert what is undeniably good to eat into something which a majority consider good to drink! From the scientific point of view there is nothing inherently wrong in using what are normally regarded as food crops as the raw materials of chemical industry or even in certain circum- stances as fuel. Indeed it has been maintained that in the long run it might be wiser to conserve our capital resources of coal and petroleum and to base the chemical industry of the future as far as possible on materials that can be derived from annual crops.What-ever merit there may be in what our American friends call "chemurgy "-a word which we have never liked-the present world shortage of food which seems likely to persist for a con-siderable time makes us wary at present of diverting to industry anything which is reasonably edible. The prejudice against using the casein from milk for making shirt buttons has now a more rational basis than it had in former days of abundance. During the war other factors influenced the pattern of our utili- sation of raw materials-the shortage of shipping space aggravated by sinkings and the special demands on materials for munitions of war-and much consideration was given to the use of more easily available alternative materials and to the prevention of waste.Since the end of hostilities the need to limit expenditure in dollars and other hard currencies has produced a situation which is in many ways similar and the First Report of the Committee on Industrial Productivity recently issued indicates the importance that is being attached to the general question of developing home resources of raw materials and to the problems involved in reducing the depend- ence of the United Kingdom on imported materials particularly from dollar sources. These are the main concerns of the Committee's [ 404 1 Panel on Tmports Substitution and have involved the consider at'ion of improved or alternative means of meeting our national require- ments for food as well as for the raw materials of industries on which the economy of the country depends.It is good to find that the world-wide aspect of the better utilisation of raw materials is being studied by a scientific conference on the conservation and utilisation of resources which opened at Lake Success on 17 August under the auspices of the United Nations. Sectional meetings are being held under the general headings of:- forestry; water; soils crops and livestock; fisheries and wild life; fuels; power; minerals. The Conference is concerned with the improved utilisation and conservation of materials the development of relevant techniques and their applications to particular areas especially the less developed countries as well as with the economic costs and benefits of such techniques and their inter-relations.The terms of reference are very wide and we may hope that the examina- tion of this broad field in its manifold aspects may lead at least to the emergence of agreed principles that will guide the nations of the world in drawing up their individual plans with due regard to the general needs of mankind. At various times we have ourselves been interested in comparing the relative amounts of the various raw materials produced annually in the world with a view to bringing into better perspective the scale of problems of conservation and utilisation of commodities in general by including in one schedule all raw materials irrespective of whether they are normally used directly for food or wholly or partly in the service of industry or agriculture.It seemed desirable to include not only true (primary) raw materials but also products such as base metals cement and sulphuric acid which are the raw materials of other industries. Before the war reasonably reliable figures for the annual world production of most commodities were available especially through League of Nations reports though it was difficult to secure information about certain materials largely used locally by the producer; this applies for example to wood of grades not suitable as saw timber and used mainly as firewood as well as to meat and certain annual crops that are largely consumed by the growers.With these reservations the following figures in millions of metric tons per annum referring to 1935 (or to a year between 1935 and 1939) may be of interest. As one might expect the lead was taken by coal (1,140),with petroleum (226) as a poor second while potatoes (221) were a perhaps unexpected third. These were followed by lignite (188) and milk (180). The list continued with wheat (150) iron ore (l42) rice (133) maize (116) steel (99),pig-iron and ferro-alloys (77.4),oats (68.3) cement (62.7) barley (49-7),wood (saw timber) (48.6) rye (46) millet (Xi),salt (31.2) paper and board (24) wine (21.2) beer (19.8) wood pulp c 405 1 (1 94),cane sugar (1,5.5) apples (13) ~ulpliuri(~ aicl ( 1 2-5),cotton-seed (I lag) phosphates (natural) ( I 1-7) soya bearis ( I 1 -5).'I'hen followed in the range from 10 down to 2 million tons such miscel- laneous materials as beet sugar pyrites ground nuts newsprint paper oranges cotton (ginned) basic slag manganese ore rape seed linseed butter china clay tobacco pears bananas potassium salts (as K,O) sulphur coffee nitrogen compoiinds (as N in synthetic and by-product compounds). Meat appears to come somewhere in this last group but for reasons given above this may give a false impression of the output of this now scarce commodity. It will be noted however that so far no textile fibre other than cotton and no non-ferrous metal has appeared in the schedule.The next in the forrner class were wool (1-71) and jute (1-32); in the latter copper (1.53),closely followed by lead and zinc at 1.38 and 1.33. It is curious to find that grape fruit (1.08)was a little ahead of crude rubber (0.89)and tea (0.84) ! Such familiar metals as tin and nickel came much lower in the list at 0.014 and 0-075 while silver (0.0069) gold (040093) and the platinum metals (0*0000l2)were found towards the end of the schedule. It is well known that some of the more precious and seemingly rare metals are in fact relatively abundant in the earth's crust but so widely disseminated as to make their extraction difficult and costly. The relatively large scale of production of cereals may seem to suggest that notable amounts of chemical products might be obtained from such materials by a proportionately small increase in the area of cultivation or the yield.Here however the problem is bound up with the provision of adequate supplies of fertilisers and with the successful combating of pests as well as with the avoidance of soil erosion or losses of fertility through climatic changes or lack of co-ordination of policy in the production of various crops of livestock and of forests. In all these matters the chemist has an important and perhaps a dominant part to play in the future. The need for pooling scien- tific and technological information and experience is becoming generally recognized and we print in another part of this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIXGS an Interim Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on what has come to be called "President Truman's Fourth Point "-a call for intensifying and sharing American technological knowledge for the benefit of the under- developed areas of the world.With a growing world population seeking progressively higher standards of life attention is naturally turned to areas where the resources of nature have hitherto been inadequately harnessed and in some instances have hardly been assessed either in respect of their mineral contents or of their potentialities as sources of animal and vegetable materials. THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND THE PROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN By Professor ALEXANDERFINDLAY, C.H.E. M.A. I).%. T,L.I>.At the time of my visit to India in the winter of 1947-48 there were some 400 Fellows and Associates of the Institute in the whole hub-continent. For a number of years there had been a fairly steady if not great flow of applications by Indian graduates for election to the Associateship without further examination ; but few candidates passed through the gate of the Institute’s examinations. A number of India’s most eminent chemists were neither Associates nor Fellows of the Institute and it is not possible to form any estimate of the proportion of qualified Indian chemists who sought or gained admission to membership of the Institute. Such member- ship awarded as it was by an outside body independent of local institutions was recognised and held in high esteem by govern- mental and other appointing bodies as a guarantee of high scientific qualification and professional integrity.The Associateship or Fellowship of the Institute moreover was prized as a badge of membership of a fraternity of chemists (now over 11,000in number) extending beyond and transcending national frontiers and political differences. An Indian Local Section of the Institute had been in existence since 1934 but it is obvious that owing to the size of the country a single Section a small number of whose members niet together only once a year could not be effective in maintaining a feeling of solidarity and of creating and pursuing a common aim or purpose. No adequate opportunity moreover could be provided for the discussion of matters of scientific and professional interest and importance for performing the functions to which reference will be made later or for helping and guiding chemists to make their proper contribution to the welfare and prosperity of their country.This fact had indeed been realised by members of the Institute in India and in 1946 and 1947 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 p. 93; 1947 p. 121) the suggestion had been made that while there might continue to be only one Central Sectional Committee for India Branches should be set up in different centres at which frequent meetings of the members of the Institute perhaps in co-operation with similar Societies might be held. A resolution to this effect was approved at the meeting of the Local Section in January 1947 hut owing to the unsettled conditions in the country to imperfections of the Register] etc.no action was taken. [ 407 1 Besides the Indian Local Section an Tnclinn A(l1im-y Conimittcc has also been in existence for many years. It is the duty of this Committee to examine the qualifications of Indian candidates for election to the Associateship without further examination and to report to the (‘ouncil their opinion of the eligibility of each candidate for election. The Hon. Secretary of this Committee has long been Dr. G. J. Fowler who has also acted as Hon. Corresponding Secretary in India. From time to time requests have been received by the Council that examinations for the Associateship should be held in India.Although the Council has been willing to hold such examinations the number of candidates has been very small. At the request of a large number of prospective candidates it was decided however to hold an examination during the winter 1947-48 and an examination was in fact held at Rangalore in March 1948. Only six candidates appeared. THEFUTURE THE INSTITUTE INDIA OF IN AND PAKISTAY Although at the date of my arrival in India no action had been taken on the resolution passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Indian Local Section in January 1947 I found that interest in the work and organisation of the Institute was not dead. On the contrary I found even in the first few days of my visit in Bombay that there were a number of our members who were anxious to have an active organisation which could arrange for the meeting together of the chemists in a particular area for the discussion of matters of professional importance and for the promotion of the aims and activities of the Institute.Such an organisation also would be able to give advice guidance and help to younger chemists to discuss with them the advantages to be derived from membership of a great professional body and to act as a centre of information regarding the examinations conducted by the Institute and the Regulations for admission as corporate members (Associates or Fellows) or as Registered Students. Complaint was made that the work of the Institute was insufficiently known and that there was no one to whom younger chemists could go for guidance or to whom they might apply for information.It became clear to me therefore during the earlier weeks of my visit that the most important thing to be done was to make the Institute a really live and active organisation which was of course the purpose of the resolution of the Annual General Meeting of the Local Section to which reference has already been made. Instead however of having one Local Section and a number of Branches as had been proposed by the Chairman of the Local Section it seemed to me preferable that there should be a number of independent [ 408 1 Local Sections set up in various centres where considerable numbers of chemists were to be found. These Local Sections could com- municate direct with Headquarters in London as do Local Sections in Great Britain.By this means each Local Section would be given a feeling of independence and sense of responsibility. Moreover as the Local Section would be in direct touch with the Council in London it would be led to realise that it was a vital part of a living organisation and that it was in a measure the representative of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in its own particular area. It would also qualify for receiving at least the minimum grant of k35 (say Rs. 450) per annum towards the expenses of the Section. At the Annual General Meeting of the Indian Local Section at Patna in January 1948 I suggested that to begin with four Local Sections should be set up at Bombay Calcutta Delhi and Madras or Bangalore to serve as centres in west east north and south India respectively.These would replace the existing Local Section which would be dissolved. This suggestion was approved unanimously by the members present and Bangalore was selected as the centre of the Local Section for south India. Conveners were appointed to take the steps necessary to have these Local Sections constituted after the general approval of the Council had been obtained. Last year a fully constituted Local Section was formed in Bangalore under the chairmanship of Dr. G. J. Fowler and at its inaugural meeting an address was delivered by Sir Alfred Egerton. A petition for the formation of the Northern India Section centred on Delhi has been approved by the Council (subject to the formulation and approval of Rules) and a petition for the formation of the Western India Section with headquarters at Bombay will come before the Council in October.It is hoped that a petition for the formation of a Local Section for Eastern India based on Calcutta will soon be received. At a later time when I visited Madras in March 19-18 the chemists in that area expressed the desire to have a Local Section in Madras. There is a fairly large number of members including several very well known and senior Fellows resident in Madras and its neighbourhood and I found the chemists there very interested in the idea of a professional body in India. It seems to me to be most desirable that a Local Section should be established in such an important area and an application for permission to constitute a Local Section there would I am sure receive the cordial approval of the Council.Until I reached Lahore I did not know whether the chemists of Pakistan in Western Punjab and Eastern Bengal would be willing to join the Local Sections set up in the Dominion of India say at Delhi and Calcutta respectively. It was made quite clear to me however both at Lahore and at Dacca that this was not possible [ 409 1 under present conditions ; and chemists expressed the desire to have their own Local Sections. With this desire every sympathy should be shown and on behalf of the Council I promised the chemists of Pakistan that the Institute would give every assistance desired in the organisation of a professional body.Although there is not at present any centre in Pakistan where there is a sufficiently large number of chemists to constitute a Local Section the special position of Pakistan has been recognised by the Council by the appointment of Professor Bashir Ahmad Lahore as Honorary Corresponding Secretary to give help and guidance to chemists in Pakistan and to maintain close touch with Headquarters in London. The setting up of Local Sections in the Dominion of India and later it is hoped also in Pakistan is of importance for the advance- ment of the profession of chemistry and the promotion of the welfare of chemists. It is also of importance in order that the Council may through them be able to obtain the considered views of the chemists of India on the organisation and machinery of the Institute and its further development in India.While the Sections have full freedom to arrange their own activities within the framework of the con- stitution of the Institute reference may be made to some of the functions which the Sections might perform. The Local Sections can act as has already been indicated as a centre of information about the aims and activities of the Institute a centre to which younger chemists can go for advice and guidance regarding their training and where they can receive information about the examinations of the Institute and the Regulations for admission to membership of the Institute. The Local Sections moreover can do much to maintain the interest of younger chemists by means of meetings where they can receive stimulus and encourage- ment from senior chemists by the discussion of various professional problems by lectures delhrered by chemists of standing inside and outside the area of the Section and by visits to works or research laboratories.There are liowever larger questions of national importance which officers and members of Local Sections would do well to consider. Thus in consultation with industrial firms government laboratories etc. they might consider the advisability of encouraging younger chemists with qualifications below those required for the Associate- ship of the Institute to continue their training or their studies with a view to improving their status and it might be securing full qualification by passing the examinations of the Institute.The importance of providing for such further instruction and training was repeatedly raised during my visit to India and the assistance of the Institute was asked for. In this connection I would refer to the collaboration of the Ministry of Education in Great Britain and the Royal Institute of Chemistry in awarding National Certificates in [ 410 1 Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry. The Local Sections of thc Institute in India would in my opinion be doing a work of the highest importance for the welfare of their country if they would in consultation with their own educational authorities consider whether a scheme for the award of National Certificates similar to that existing in Great Britain might not also be instituted in India.While in the past the high standard of qualification demanded for membership of the Institute has been recognised and held in high esteem by Departments of the Government and others requiring the services of chemists the Institute has never really functioned or been recognised as the professional body of chemists in India. In the scheme outlined by Dr. Forrester in 1947 for the constitution of an Indian Section with Branches it was clearly envisaged that the Institute through its Local Section and Branches should assume the responsibilities and functions of a professional body. Whatever developments may take place in the direction of establishing an indigenous professional body for chemists in India members of the Institute in their Local Sections-it may be in consultation also with chemists who are not members of the Insti- tute-should be active in considering how the Royal Institute of Chemistry can act or can gain recognition by public authorities and others as a professional body representing the chemists in India.The future success of the Institute and of the profession of chemistry in India will depend very largely on the energy and enthusiasm of'the members of the Local Sections and especially of the officers of these Sections. A Special Advisory Committee on Indian and Pakistani Affairs was set up in London last year by the ('ouncil and it will be the duty of that Committee to keep in close touch with the work of the Local Sections in India and to give them whatever help they can.Meanwhile it is of importance to consider whether and in what way the examinational and other machinerv for the election of Associates and Fellows should be altered or modified so as to make it more suitable to conditions obtaining in India. EXAMINATIONS Hitherto although the Council has been prepared to hold examinations for the Associateship in India the number of candi-dates has been very small. Even at the examination in March 1948 in Bangalore eleven candidates paid the fee of L5 5s. but only six appeared for examination. In spite of this fact it was suggested to me on more than one occasion that examinations should be held not only at one but at several centres. I always replied that I had no doubt that the Council would be prepared to consider requests for the holding of examinations at one or several centres provided the number of candidates was sufficiently large.[ 411 J It was brought to my notice tlmt appointing bodies freqiiently asked Associates of the Institute who were candidates for an appoint- ment whether they had gained the Associateship by examination or by election on the basis of.university qualifications. While as I pointed out the Council could not hold the view that a chemist who had gained the Associateship by passing the Institute’s examination was necessarily more highly qualified than one who had been elected by the Council on the basis of university or other qualifica- tions there are no doubt some in India as in Great Britain who seem to hold a contrary view.1do not however attach importance to this. The relatively small number of candidates for the Institute’s examinations may be due to the fact that in the past no great need had been felt for increasing the number of highly qualified chemists or for encouraging chemists in Government and industrial labora- tories with only B.Sc. qualifications to improve their status. Under present conditions however it may be found desirable to encourage such chemists to continue their training or their studies and to sit the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. To this end the Local Sections may make a valuable contribution through the advice and guidance which they can give to the younger chemists and through their activity in promoting and maintaining interest in the science and profession of chemistry.This is a matter to which the attention of Local Sections should be drawn and if as a result there should be a sufficient demand for the holding of examinations either in several centres or even in one centre such demand should be given very sympathetic consideration. I would also suggest that if an examination is held only at one centre consideration shoiild be given to the question whether it should not be at one of the more populous centres in the north-Bombay Calcutta or Delhi-rather than at Bangalore. It was pointed out to me on various occasions that potential candidates were restrained from offering themselves for the Insti- tute’s examination because they were ignorant of the standard of knowledge required and there was no one from whom they could obtain advice.There is I think a considerable amount of truth in this. While 1 do not know how one can define the standard of qualification required except perhaps by general reference to some recognised university standard I hope that there will be in each of the Local Sections one or more members university professors or others who will be prepared to advise candidates as to their fitness to sit the examination. This would be a service of very great value and some guidance of a general character could if it were desired be given to such advisers from London. On the subject of examinations I should like to say that the following expression of opinion was given to me by Dr.Fowler “The conditions for holding the examination were quite esceptionallg fa\.oiirable in Bangalore but even so a great deal of care and arrangement was necessary both there and in Imidon. hesitate to think of examinations being held at various centres likely to satisfy all enquirers with the possibility-only too evident- of negligible turn-up. At least let there be further experience in one centre preferably maybe other than Bangalore.” ELECTIOK TO THE AssocIA’rEsHIP WITHOUT FURTHER EXAMINATION There exists an Advisory Committee in India the Hon. Secretary of which is Dr. G. J. Fowler. Applications for election to the Associateship are sent to the Hon. Secretary who after assuring himself that the application form has been properly completed and that the candidate has complied with the Regulations obtains the opinions of the referees.The candidate’s papers along with the opinions of the referees are then circulated among the members of the Advisory Committee. From his study of these each member of the Committee forms his opinion of the eligibility of the candidate for election independently of the other members of the Committee. In cases of doubt a member of the Committee may suggest that the candidate be submitted to an oral examination. There is no c.onsultation among members of the Committee. When an oral examination is suggested the Hon. Secretary makes arrangements for this. The opinions of the several members of the Committee are forwarded to London together with the result of any oral examination.These reports are very carefully considered by the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee before a decision on an application is reached. I was informed by the Hon. Secretary that the Advisory Com- inittee does not accept any degree per se as entitling a candidate to election to the Associateship and even when two candidates hold the same degree one may be recommended for election the other not. The Advisory Committee is guided by the character of the referees’ reports and by the impression gained from a scrutiny of the candidate’s papers. The result of any oral examination which may be held is I understand communicated to the members of the Advisory Committee and in certain special cases the papers may be re-circulated.It does seem to me however that the method suffers from the defect that the members of the Committee act independently and not by joint consideration. To arrange for this would no doubt be impossible on account of distance and expense. In connection with the work of the Advisory Committee there must always arise the question of the relative standards of the degrees of different Universities. Views expressed regarding this were somewhat conflicting some maintaining that the standards r 413 3 were etfecti\dy tliv same other\ tlia t the standarcis ixried and in any case were too low and tended to get lower. One could not escape the impression that there is at least some truth in the second Tkw.Again it was suggested that the Council should draw up a list of university degrees which would be regarded as equivalent in standard to the Associateship and the holding of which could be taken as entitling the candidate to election to the Associateship. While it might be possible if thought desirable to indicate generally some university standard for the Associateship it would be inad- visable in my opinon to draw up a list of approved degrees. If candidates are uncertain whether they have attained the standard required for the Associateship they should seek advice fronl members of Local Sections as already suggested or from their teachers who should be able to advise them. In a number of cases the desire was expressed that the Advisory Committee should be done away with and that applications from Indian candidates should be dealt with direct by the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee as in the case of British and other Dominion candidates.This is a suggestion which is at least worthy of consideration provided that it is coupled with the requirement that all candidates shall undergo an oral examination or some other test laid down by the Council. If such an oral exam- ination were introduced then I think that it might be necessary for the Council to draw up some guiding instructions for the examiners. Some regard it as desirable that even if the Advisory Committee is retained every candidate should be submitted to oral examination.Whatever views may be held regarding the working of the Advisory Committee it would be unwise to alter or modify the existing machinery without first seeking the advice of the Local Sections in India and of the Advisory Committee itself. THEYKOFESSION OF CHEMISTHYin. INI)IAAND PAKISTAK This Report so far has been concerned with the awakening of general interest in the work of the Institute and the improvement of its organisation in the interest of its members. A larger and more important matter had however also to be considered namely the setting up of a strong professional body of chemists in India and Pakistan and the part which the Institute might play. Highly valued as the Institute's qualifications are one has to remember that the Institute does not enjoy the official recognition which it receives in Great Britain.Moreover while the feelings of the Indians towards the British have perhaps never been more cordial than at present and while there is a widespread desire to have the [ 414 1 help and guidancc of the British there exists quite understandably a considerable sensitiveness against any forcing or apparent forcing of British institutions on them. It did not seem to me that the idea of a professional body similar in function and authority to the Institute had yet taken any firm root in India. At one time the formation of an Indian “Gazetted Service” of chemists had been mooted and an Institution of Chemists (India) was established and there was talk of the affiliation of this body to the Society of Chemical Industry.It was also thought by some that this Institution might develop into the professional body of chemists. At the conference at Patna however it was recognised by the leading chemists present that it could not do so for some time to come at least and when I offered the help of the Institute and suggested that an Indian professional body might be built up on the basis of the Institute’s organisation the majority of those present approved the suggestion. I emphasised repeatedly that if this course were adopted there could be no lowering of the standard of qualification. (I may say here that nowhere did I ever hear any desire expressed or suggestion made that standards should be lowered. On the contrary the desire was to maintain or raise standards and a hope was expressed that the Institute might help in doing this.) It should always be borne in mind that although the great majority of chemists in India are as I believe in favour of building up a professional organisation on the basis of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and are desirous of receiving the help of the Institute they look forward to the creation in due course of an indigenous autonomous Indian Institute or professional body.How this desired goal is to be reached what exactly is the path which one must follow is the problem which has to be solved. Even when the indigenous proCessiona1 body has been established however there will I hope and believe be a desire on both sides for close and cordial collaboration between the Indian professional body and the Royal Institute of Chemistry and for a reciprocity in service to their members.However these matters may develop in the future I should like to look forward to the time when the Royal Institute of Chemistry-the oldest professional body of chemists in the world- may perhaps become the centre of a “Commonwealth” of free autonomous professional bodies of chemists extending it may be even beyond the limits of the British Commonwealth of Nations. I should not leave it unmentioned that there are some chemists in India who being perhaps more interested in the science than in the profession of chemistry are inclined to favour the American type of organisation for chemists and would bring all chemical scientific and professional activities under the Indian Chemical Society.did not however find this view at all widely held. c 415 1 Throughout the remainder of my tour after the conference at Patna my main task was to arouse interest in the idea of a profes-sional body by drawing attention to the many important tasks which it would have to carry out and the responsibilities which it would have to assume prescribing and maintaining standards giving advice to Government Departments and others on matters involving the activities of chemists the raising of the prestige of chemistry etc. I then put before my hearers the decision which had been reachcd at Patna and this decision seemed to meet with general approval.In some places not a little enthusiasm was shown and several chemists qualified to be Associates or even Fellows indicated their intention of applying for membership of the Institute. While I believe that at the time of my visit a considerable amount of interest in the organisation of the profession was aroused it still remains to be seen how long that interest will be maintained and whether enthusiastic words will develop into effective action. Very much will depend on the energy and enthusiasm of the Local Sections the full constitution of which has still to be effected. If the majority of Indian chemists remain firm in their present intention to build up an Indian professional body on the basis of the Royal Institute of Chemistry then it is clear that the Institute will have to undertake very serious responsibilities.It must in fact be accepted that until an indigenous and autonomous organisation is brought into being the Royal Institute of Chemistry will in effect be the professional body of chemists in India. Moreover if this professional body is to be really effective and to represent the general body of qualified chemists in India members of the Institute in India must endeavour to bring as many as possible of the qualified chemists in India into membership of the Institute. In seeking to do so however it is most important to emphasise that the inspiring force must be not the expansion of the membership of the Institute but the strengthening and promotion of the profession of chemistry in India.In any recruiting campaign which may be initiated help should be given by the Council and its appropriate committee. It will be necessary to maintain close touch with the Local Sections and to feed them with all our literature relative to the services of the Institute and to its activities on behalf of chemists. If as I hope the Institute is by the desire of the chemists of India to be called upon to become for the present the professional body in India then it must be prepared to assume in close collabora- tion with Indian chemists the same responsibilities as it has assumed in Great Britain. This it will be able to do only if it receives some sort of recognition informal or official by the people or authorities with which it will have to deal.This I think may not be too difficult to obtain but careful consideration will have to be given to the question of how the necessary recognition is to be sought and how the Institute in India is going in practice to carry out its responsibilities. There are a number of matters on which action may be asked for at a fairly early date. It will be necessary I think to set up a small body of chemists in India members of the Institute to act as a liaison between the Council in London and the professional body in India; to consider all matters concerning the activities of chemists and to inform the Council of all matters in which action may be necessary. This Indian Council of the Institute might be constituted by the chairmen of the Local Sections and others e.g.members of the Advisory Committee who might be nominated by the Local Sections although the Council in London might reserve the right also to appoint members. It is unnecessary to emphasise the importance of the widespread desire of the chemists of the Dominions of India and of Pakistan to build up their professional organisations on the basis of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. By so doing they will be building from the very start on an experienced and highly esteemed organisation which demands for membership a recognisedly high standard of scientific qualification. A great opportunity of service to the profession of chemistry in India and Pakistan is now being offered to the Royal Institute of Chemistry.I hope it will be seized with enthusiasm. THE TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY IN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS A Survey of present-day practice By E. W. MOORE B.Sc. A.R.I.C. II. The Sixth Form Science teaching in the Sixth Forms apart from some General Science courses designed for pupils specialising in Arts subjects is directed mainly to the Higher School Certificate (or as it will be after 1950 the General Certificate of Education “Advanced” level) and to Scholarship examinations for University entrance. Most Sixth Form pupils therefore are potential university students and although some do not achieve their objective these examina- tions rightly or wrongly do determine the content of most of the teaching. There is thus a common core adopted by all teachers of chemistry and Sixth Form courses in different schools show less radical divergences than are commonly met with in the lower Forms.All schools follow a more or less specialised and systematic course of inorganic organic and physical chemistrv. [ 417 1 The objectives of the pupils are professional and vocational and Sixth Forms are composed generally of the better intellectual products of the Lower School and of pupils who have developed special interests or aptitudes for one particular subject or group of subjects. Furthermore these pupils have reached a degree of maturity when they are ready for more intensive studgr and able to undertake effective private study. While it would be wrong to deprive these young students of some measure of the specialisation for which they are eager it is important in planning Sixth Form courses as a whole to see that this does not result in a narrowing of the mental outlook and most schools insist on some cultural activities outside the science studies.The starting point for the chemistry courses depends on whether in the Lower School Pure Chemistry or General Science has been taught If the former then an elementary knowledge of atomic and molecular theories can be assumed and some of the early lessons will be devoted to a revision and extension of these funda- mental theories. An initial difficulty often encountered arises from the fact that the Lower School teaching is necessarily somewhat rigid and incomplete and the mind of the Lower Sixth pupil has first to be “loosened up”; it is not uncommon to find that his first reaction is a weakening of his faith in the knowledge he already has when he comes to realise the limitations of the fundamental laws-constant composition conservation of mass etc.-which he has probably regarded not as limited generalisations but as final and immutable Laws of Nature.This of course is a healthy state of mind though it calls for skill on the part of the teacher to establish a new and broader confidence. If however the pupil has a General Science foundation he will probably have no knowledge of the inductive arguments of the Atomic Theory. It is for this reason that he is sometimes supposed to start with a handicap; but on the other hand he has little to unlearn and he is better able by now to appreciate these arguments and to grapple with them quickly.In addition they can now be presented though for the first time in a much more complete form. It sometimes happens that a Form is composed of both these classes of pupil and in that case the teacher’s difficulties are only too apparent. While in the larger city schools first and second year (and frequently third year) pupils are taught as separate Forms in some of the smaller County Schools all these groups have to be taught in a single Form and often with indifferent equipment. Again the difficulties are obvious and the pupils’ chances of successful progress are seen to be as much a matter of geography as of their own abilities. [ 418 I We will now consider some of the issues arising from the develop- ment of each of the three main branches of the subject and after- wards touch upon some further particular and general matters.Inorganic chemistry at its worst may become a welter of more or less disconnected facts concerning the preparations and properties of the elements and their compounds; and some text-books are apparently written on these lines. It is necessary therefore to employ some systematising devices if chemistry is not to become an intolerable burden on the memory and to lose most of its value as an intellectual training. Most commonly used of course is the Periodic Classification of the Elements though by itself few teachers find this to be adequate; far too many anomalies are encountered among the elements and their compounds.Another device of somewhat limited application (often used in conjunction with the above) is to base the study upon the Electrochemical Series of the Elements. This is particularly suitable for considering the extraction of the elements themselves and for a comparative study of their simpler compounds. It also leads readily to such general topics as oxidation and reduction. Most teachers however find no single method satisfactory and after the idea of the Periodic Classification has been inculcated at an early stage it is rapidly developed to include electrical theories of the structure of atoms to the point at which the three main types of valency linkages can be freely used.As the course develops inorganic chemistry is supported by the whole structure of physical chemistry. Inorganic substances are then dealt with in their periodic groups though not necessarily in numerical sequence. Some commence with say the electro-negative halogens follow this with the electro-positive alkali metals and so work later to the more complex substances in the middle groups. Whatever course is adopted inorganic substances present many exceptions to rule and inevitably examinees find much to be memorised. We shall consider later what provision is made for securing practical familiarity with the substances studied. Over the past twenty-five years physical chemistry has assumed greater and greater importance in Sixth Form courses. Though the major topics such as kinetic theory law of mass action thermal and ionic equilibria are often dealt with independently they are widely used and exemplified in all subsequent work.Indeed physical considerations are now universally regarded as the foundations of all systematic chemistry. Organic compounds are so admirably conformable to rule that the presentation of this branch of the subject is free from one of the major difficulties attending the study of inorganic compounds and most pupils appreciate and enjoy the beautiful logic of the study. There are two main lines of approach. The former begins with a [ 419 1 common substance such as alcohol and from a study of its properties and those of its simple derivatives evidence is deduced for the full structural formulae of their molecules based on the quadrivalence of the carbon atom.This was the method employed by the earlier writers such as Cohen. The other approach proceeds immediately to the notion of homologous series and studies classes of compounds usually beginning with the paraffins and following a more logical though less practical sequence. There is however little divergence in subsequent practice and organic chemistry develops as a study of the characteristic properties of typical groups or radicals. A fairly average allocation of time to chemistry at the “Advanced” level in the Sixth Forms of Grammar Schools is about seven periods of forty or forty-five minutes per week for two years (often extended to a third year for pupils seeking scholarships).The proportion of this time which can be devoted to practical work in the laboratory is less than most teachers feel is desirable if the pupil is to know and not merely know about the whole range of substances covered by his syllabus. It is a very common and justified complaint of examiners that many candidates display little practical familiarity with the substances they discuss. This difficulty is aggravated by the fact that while some schools are fortunate enough to possess Sixth Form laboratories in many schools one chemistry laboratory has to serve for all stages of the work throughout the school. Again some of the topics which have been studied in the past do not readily lend themselves to practical work in school laboratories; there is however a tendency to exclude these from more recently published syllabuses.Finally there is the problem confronting all teachers of co-ordinating laboratory work with the theoretical instruction-a problem which is some- times ignored in university courses. None of these problems is amenable to easy solution. It is to be feared that in some schools practical work is heavily weighted in favour of qualitative and volumetric inorganic analysis which are the only parts tested in practical examinations. Conscientious teachers however include much else besides. Qualitative and volumetric analysis properly taught familiarises the pupil with a wide range of inorganic substances and illustrates many important principles concerning ionic reactions.It is usually supplemented by a range of inorganic preparations and reactions performed either by the pupil or by the teacher. In addition experiments illustrating the main principles of physical chemistry and the chief types of organic compounds are included. Teachers have realised that the methods employed in their university courses are frequently unsuitable for school use where experiments must generally be completed within the limits of [ 420 3 eigllty-or ninety-minute periods. They have cxerciwd their ingenuity in devising simple and speedy methods by which the pupils themselves can establish or illustrate most of the important principles. Innumerable examples of these are to be found scattered throughout the volumes of the School Science Review and through the many text-books written by schoolmasters.The large-scale preparation and purification of a comparatively few organic compounds has given place to the small-scale or the test- tube preparation of a wide range of unpurified compounds. Methods of purification are illustrated in a few typical cases only. It has always been realised that in so practical a subject great importance should attach to the practical examination. In the past however the Higher Certificate examination has been confined as has been said to simple qualitative and volumetric inorganic analysis; and in the latter quite specific instructions are often given for carrying out the operations. Even in this limited field of experiment therefore little is left to the initiative of the candidate and the work is assessed almost entirely upon the accuracy with which the operations are conducted.This arises owing to the difficulty otherwise of producing any standardised scheme of marking. Examinations as a whole and practical examinations in particular tend to suffer from this defect that they test what can readily be measured; and the teaching is influenced in that stress is laid upon those parts which are likely to be tested. Thus at this stage practical examinations while they encourage the acquisition of habits of precision and accuracy in a limited field tend to discourage that adventurous spirit of research and enquiry which is the essence of any experimental science.Scholarship examinations for the older Universities also have their influence in all but the smaller schools. Here however the effect is a different one and is occasioned by the relatively very high degree of specialisation required to attain the standard they set. Many chemistry text-books written for the scholarship candidate professedly treat the subject up to Pass Degree standard. The examinations being competitive and designed to select only the very best pupils to some extent this high standard is inevitable. But from the School’s point of view their effect is often deleterious; the teacher is unwilling to deprive his pupils of all chance of competing for these scholarships and consequently he is tempted to press them as far as they can go.The result is that for many their specialist knowledge is bookish and incompletely assimilated and those wider aspects of culture with which the mind of the young student should also be busied are sadly neglected. No review of Sixth Form work in chemistry would be complete without some discussion of a problem which affects chiefly the older teachers. Chemistry is a living subiect and its boundaries are r 421 1 ever widening-indeed rapidly wiclening. Thc Sixth Form teacher cannot stagnate he cannot rest content with the knowledge he gained in his university years. Few indeed would wish to do so and it is part of the joy of his work that the teacher has a motive for keeping himself abreast of modern developments over the whole range of his subject.But he always faces the problem how modern should he be in the presentation of his subject? How near should he sail in the wake of the great ship of progress? Should his presentation of ionic theory stop at Arrhenius or at Debye and Hiickel? Should valency go on to Lewis and Langmuir or to Sidgwick and Yauling? It is not so much a question of how deeply should he go as of how soon should he adopt in an elementary way the newer outlook. There is of course a danger that in following too closely he may attach importance to what is unsound and ephemeral; but he cannot altogether escape the problem. What is new research to-day may be in the examination syllabus twenty years hence. Many of course adopt an historical development of such topics and indeed many make much of the History of Chemistry.They use it not only to keep the more modern developments in proper perspective and to give some conception of the degree of reliability of modern “knowledge,” but also because of the many opportunities it offers to inspire the young student to emulate the great chemists of the past in their selfless search for truth. It will be seen from this very rapid survey that the problems confronting the teacher of Chemistry are numerous and stimulating ones. It must be ground for satisfaction that so many cultured unselfish and outside their profession largely unknown men have devoted themselves to the task of raising Sixth Form chemistry to its present high standard of achievement and popularitv.SYMPOSIUM ON “RECENT ADVANCES IN THE FERMENTATION iNDUSTRIES” Held at The University of St. Andrews 25-30July 1949 The Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry arranged a second refresher course taking this time as the subject “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.” Again the Symposium was very successful and attracted a large number of chemists from Great Britain and Ireland and a sprinkling from New Zealand South Africa India America Denmark Holland and Italy. The subject of fermentation and the subsequent distillation of the prod- ucts is one which has engaged chemists and before them alchemists [ 422 1 for many ccntiirics. The lectiircs at St. Andrcws covered edible and potable fermentation products industrial fermentation and the microbiological advances dealing with the assay of amino acids and penicillin.An important feature of the week’s activities was that the Biochemical and Physiological Societies arranged to hold their meetings in Dundee and St. Andrews on 29 and 30 July and those attending the Institute Symposium thus ha-d the opportunity of attending the discussions of the other two societies. The week afforded an opportunity for many old friends to meet and for others known to each other hitherto only through their work and their reputation to become personally acquainted. The circumstances were pleasing the atmosphere of the Symposium was cordial arid it was set amidst the historic natural beauty of St. Xndrews with its colleges and ancient buildings world famous golf courses swimming pools and the long stretch of sands reaching out to the estuarj.of the Eden. Dr. David Traill the Convener of the Symposium introduced the Principal of the University Sir James Irvine C.B.E. LL.D. D.C.L. D.L. F.R.S. who opened the Symposium and in his own inimitable way created the right atmosphere for the week’s delibera- tions. The first part of the Symposium dealt with Edible and Potable Fermentation Products. The Chairman was Mr. C. K. Mill and the lectures included :-I ‘Yeast,” Mr. A. Olsen ; “Materials encountered in Malting and Brewing” (a) “Carbohydrates,” Dr. I. A. Preece (b) “Proteins and Amino Acids,” Dr. L. R. Bishop; “A Comparison of British and Continental Brewing (Brewery) Fermentation,” Nlr.Erik Helm; “Panary Fermentation,” Dr. L). ?V. Kent- Jones. The second part of the Symposium dealt with Industrial Fermen- tations and the President Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. took the chair as Mr. John Rogers was unfortunately indisposed. The lectures included:-“The Production of Industrial Alcohol frotn Molasses,” Mr. E. R. Dawson ; “Acetone-butanol Fermentation,” Mr. E. Gill; “Other Industrial Fermentations,” Dr. G. G. Freeman; “The Use of Fungal Amylase in the Industrial Production of Alcohol and Alcohol Products,” Dr. R. W. Jackson. The subject of the third part of the Symposium was Microbio- logical Advances. Professor D. H. Everett was Chairman. The lectures included:-“Some Aspects of Fungal Metabolism,” Ilr. J. H.Birkinshaw; “Micro-biological Methods of Assay of Vitamins Amino Acids etc.,” Dr. E. C. Barton Wright; “The Assay of Peni-cillin with particular reference to the Micro-Chromatographic Technique,” Mr. C. R. Bond; “Aseptic Technique in Industrial Scale Fermentation,” Dr. A. Parker. On Friday 29 July by kind permission of Messrs. George Younger & Sons Ltd. a number of members visited Younger’s Brewery at [ 423 1 Allotl under the guidance of Mr. A. (‘lark 1)oiill. The party wcrc entertained to lunch by the firm Messrs. George Younger & Co. and spent a very enjoyable day. One hundred and thirty members registered for the Symposium and the attendances were very good throughout the week. At every lecture the chemistry theatre was packed to overflowing.The discussions were lively and showed that every aspect of the subject was of considerable interest to those attending. Throughout the week the social side was not forgotten. Professor John Read F.R.S. lectured on “Historic St. Andrews” on the Sunday evening in a most fascinating and interesting style. His lecture was followed the next afternoon by a tour of the more historic parts of St. Andrews. Bus tours were arranged around the East Neuk of Fife with its picturesque fishing villages its ancient churches and its fertile plains. Another tour included Falkland Palace and the Norman Church at Leuchars. On the Wednesday evening a dinner was held under the Chairman- ship of the Convener. The toast list included “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” proposed by Mr.C. K. Mill to which the President Professor J. W. Cook replied. “The University of St. Andrews” was proposed by Mr. John Rogers Deputy Chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and Principal Sir James Irvine replied. Dr. Dewar proposed the toast of “The Guests” and a visiting American scientist Dr. R. W. Jackson of Peoria responded. “The City of St. Andrews” was proposed by Mr. Elliot Dodds and the Provost replied. The dinner was a very happy function. A golf match was held on the famous Eden Course on 26 July as well as several putting matches and a tennis tournament. The Committee would like to express their appreciation of the help which they received from the Principal of the University and from Professor John Read and the University Staff.The facilities of the University were generously placed at the disposal of the Institute and in the warm sunshine St. Andrews looked its best. The committee of the Scottish Sections of the Institute which organised the Symposium include Dr. David Trail1 (Convener) Professor J. W. Cook Mr. Elliot Dodds Mr. W. J. Skilling Mr. Douglas Lloyd (co-opted) and Mr. A. R. Jamieson. ’The Committee would like to express their appreciation of the valuable work carried ont by the Secretary Mr. Jamieson. PRESIDENT TRUMAN’S FOURTH POINT REPORTOF THE PARLIAMENTARYSCIENTIFIC INTERIM AND COMMITTEE JULY,1949 Preamble President Truman first mentioned the “Fourth Point ” in his Inaugural Speech (20 January 1949).It may be summarised as a call for intensifying and sharing American technological knowledge for the benefit of under-developed areas of the world. The President invited other countries ‘‘to pool their technological resources in this undertaking.” He also referred to the necessity of co-operating with other nations in fostering capital investment in areas which needed development. Subsequent interpretations have made it clear that the programme is intended to be directed primarily to the relatively under-developed areas of the world in Asia Africa and Latin America and that the primary effort and contribution to this development must come from the people themselves in those areas. On 15 March the matter was discussed at a meeting of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee when statements were made by Mr.D. R. Rees-Williams M.P. (Under Secretary of State for the Colonies) Dr. Alexander King (Lord President’s Office and formerly British Scientific Liaison Officer in Washington) and Sir Ias Heilbron F.R.S. At the end of the discussion arising out of these statements it was agreed :-“That this Committee welcomes the proposal in President Truman’s recent inaugural speech for the more extensive employment of American technological aid and capital for the benefit of backward areas of the world and also the assurances that this plan is to be applied in co-operation with other nations. “The Committee also proposes itself to set up a Sub-committee of British Parliamentarians and Scientists to give further detailed considera- tion to the plan and to make specific recommendations as to how British science and technology can most effectively co-operate therein.” This Sub-committee has prepared the following draft Interim Report :-General lhere are two main spheres in which the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee can appropriately offer useful suggestions with regard to the implementation of the Fourth Point.The first sphere is political. President Truman in his speech referred to the need for co-operation between the United States and other countries in the implementation of his plan. There would be great advantages therefore in the opinion of this Committee if the British Government could at an early opportunity issue some statement to indicate the value which it places upon the President’s proposals and the precise steps which it is proposed to take to give all the assistance that can appropriately be given by this country and the Commonwealth in carrying the plan into effect.When the Marshall Aid Plan was first announced the British Foreign Secretary immediately called a meeting of all countries likely to become participants and an organisation was in consequence set up with which the American Government could deal. The results of that bold initial step need not be re-stated here. [ 425 3 It is true that the implementation of President Truman’s. Fourth Point does not lend itself so precisely to such a scheme but it does seem essential that Britain and other countries in the forefront of science and technological development should be first in the field to offer their ready assistance in the carrying out of the plan.Up to date it appears to have been left mainly to the various organs of United Nations to find ways and means of implementing the plan. The Council of Food and Agriculture Organisation for instance is at present engaged in examining the whole question of technical aid for economic development. But there would appear to be a good case for bilateral as ~efl as multilateral co-operation so far as the Fourth Point is concerned; and in this connection we would refer with interest to the fact that the President of Brazil recently visited Washington to see President Truman and to discuss with him an extensive programme of development in Brazil under the Fourth Point programme.There is moreover a special responsibility upon Great Britain in this respect. 1. As the leading Colonial l’ower in the world it is incumbent upon us to discuss ways and means by which the scheme can be utilised to assist in the speeding up of plans for improving conditions in undeveloped areas within our own Empire; 2. As regards the development of backward areas in tropical zones generally Great Britain has long and deep experience which can usefully contribute to the world-wide implementation of the President’s plan ; and 3. Scientific collaboration between Great Britain and the U.S.A. was a noteworthy feature of the last world war and there is accordingly abundant proof that British and American scientists and technologists are able to work most effectively together for the benefit of mankind.For these reasons special efforts should be made to ensure at the earliest opportunity the fullest Anglo-American co-operation in the implementation of the Fourth Point. The first recommendation of this Committee is therefore that conversations should be initiated with the Government of the U.S.A. at the earliest stage (1) To ascertain how British science and technology can collaborate to the fullest possible extent in the world-wide campaign involved and also (2,) To consider the best means by which American technology and capital can be enabled to assist our plans for improving the conditions of under-developed areas within British Colonial territory.The second sphere is scientific. The Sub-committee considered a number of specific scientific and technological projects which could benefit immediately from Fourth Point Rid. Several of these are outlined below as examples only since the list is not intended to be exhaustive. The Sub-Committee has confined itself to projects of a scientific nature. Several members suggested trade and industrial projects for inclusion in the list but these are felt to be outside the particular province of the Sub-committee and would be better put forward by other organisations. In whatever way the Fourth Point Programme is discussed a number of general factors sooner or later make their appearance. These general factors cannot be ignored since the success or failure of the whole Programme may depend upon them.The Sub-committee feels that it cannot discuss these general factors exhaustively but that some reference should nevertheless be made to them so that they are not lost sight of. These factors are outlined at the end of this report. I& of Projects 1. Geological Survey. The value of adequate geological surveys in undeveloped territories is already well known and the Colonial Office is taking vigorous steps to extend such surveys at the present time. Much aerial survey work is being done and as is usual the ground survey is lagging far behind. It is important to realise that much valuable geological information can be obtained by stereoscopic examination of air photographs by geologists who have been specially trained in this work.This new and special technique of photo-geology provides a valuable first line of attack in all kinds of country where the exposed surface strata form topographical features as it gives a bird’s-eye view of the geology and enables a subsequent ground survey to be carried out to maximum advantage and with a minimum of time and effort. It is therefore important that an adequate number of photo-geologists should be employed in order to speed up the geological survey of the undeveloped territories. 2. Tsetse Eradication Schemes. There are various means by which the tsetse-fly can be attacked and of these bush clearing and spraying of insecticides by means of aircraft are the two most important and promising methods.It is known that all species of tsetse require shade of varying degrees for their survival; many thousands of square miles of tropical Africa are covered by bush and scrub which shelter this insect and these stretches of country are denied to man and his domestic animals. In some areas the tsetse has spread owing to the presence of suitable bush and has squeezed the human population with their cattle and other animals into smaller and smaller areas with resultant soil erosion and other evils. Bush clearance is therefore an immediate necessity for the eradication of the fly and the agricultural development of these areas. This can be achieved by mechanical means using the latest type of bulldozer and similar equipment. American aid in the form of suitable heavy bush clearing equipment would be most useful.The supply of helicopters and other suitable aircraft for the spraying of selected tsetse-infested areas is another important need which could be supplied in accordance with President Truman’s Fourth Point. The proposal to supply bush clearing equipment and aerial spraying equipment should be supple- mented by suitable technicians to carry out the work and to train Africans. 3. Production of Animal Fodder. Without a very great improvement both in the quality and in the quantity of fodder in the Middle East no general advance in animal husbandry is possible. This is a project well suited to joint development by Britain and the U.S.A. This country excels in pasture plant breeding and in pasture manage- ment-under British conditions.The U.S.A. which possesses climatic and soil conditions more closely resembling those of the Middle East can produce more suitable fodder species and varieties than are available in this country. Middle East science has little experience of control and direction of research although good individual work has been done. The establishment of research centres in pasture development under joint Anglo-American directorship but staffed largely by nationals of each country shoulti ultimately lead to rapicl progress in food production. 4. Development of Irrigation Schemes. The lack of water is often the main cause of the backward nature of a country and it is therefore of primary importance in many instances to provide c 427 3 water or to improve to the fullest extent the present sources of supply before any material development can be niatle in the prosperity of the country and the standard of living of its people.The great needs for watcr are for (1) human consumption (2)maintenance of livestock and consequently the provision of meat for feeding the people (3) irrigation of the land for the raising of food crops. It is recommended therefore that attention be given to schemes for (1) Providing water from underground sources (2) Conserving water from periodic rainfalls (3) Utilisation of existing rivers. In areas where no water is at present available a survey might be made to ascertain whether underground water supplies exist and could be made available.In countries where there is a rainfall over a short period on the high ground for instance the possibility of erecting dams for preventing the wastage of such water and turning it into irrigation channels might be under- taken. Irrigation of adjoining lands from existing rivers is another possible line of development. The first consideration in ensuring a good water supply would be to improve the primary living conditions of the people and by fostering crop production remove the dangers of periodic starvation conditions. As a natural sequence the possibilities of developing production industries for export trade would then come into consideration and if brought into being would raise the standard of life in the country.Drainage In many lands there are areas of swamp wliicli are not only a menace to life but if suitably drained would provide considerable acreage for the produc- tion of crops for local consumption or export. The drainage of such axeas is in many cases bound up with the eradication of pests detrimental to human and animal life and the problem of developing such areas by drainage should be considered in connection with the proposals for eliminating tsetse fly malarial mosquitoes and other pests. 5. Medical Research to Encourage Euvopean Immigration. While there is a good deal of general medical research being carried out in Colonial territories much remains to be done towards eradicating the principal diseases and ailments from which European immigrants suffer when taking up residence in tropical or sub-tropical territories.This is a specially rich field for Anglo-American co-operation the results of which should lead to a greatly improved flow of scientists technicians and specialists and their families to the backward areas. 6. Survey of Crops. From the point of view of plant pathology the most practical first step would be a survey of the conditions of the most important crops in backward countries. Thus a good idea could be obtained of their present yields and of the factors which are limiting yields. It is necessary to know which are the most important pests and diseases and also what increases in yield could be expected from the application of disease control measures and by the use of fertilisers.After the surveys field experiments would be needed in the different countries and these would call for the appointment of a permanent staff drawn from the Commonwealth or the U.S.A. c 428 I 7. I ’filisatioPiof Tropical Timibevs. Increased provision should be niade for research on the utilisation of tropical timbers. There is much tropical timber at present fairly readily available but for which there are not sufficient commercial outlets. Additional utilisation officers should be appointed to the Forest Departments in the Colonies. In particular there is need for more forest botanists to make proper botanical surveys of the forest trees in backward areas so that the full extent of the resources may be more accurately gauged.8. Stttdy of Disease Vectors. I\ fuller biological study 011 the spot and in the field is urgently required on vectors of disease-notably insects and ticks. The economic and efficient use of the new insecticides can only be achieved when more is known biologically ~ and ecologically. In food production and food conservation the same is true -biological and ecological work is of first importance. Monographs on major \i-orld-wide pests such as maize stock borer and American bollworm-this last a pest of many crops from cotton to citrus-are urgently needed. The Com- mittee notes that the Colonial Office is just making a start with termites. 9. Shortage of Technologists. The shortage of technologists is well known both in America and Britain.Britain could make a specially valuable contribution. We could ensure an increased supply of technologists by embarking now upon the necessary training schemes in this country. The supply of technologists could indeed he one of our main contributions to the Fourth Point Programme if only plans arc made now for their training and subsequent careers. There is a particular shortage of trained chemists and the call-up of scientists for national service is likely seriously to reduce the number of newly- clualified chemists available in the future. The position of chemists is particu- larly difficult because there are no chemical jobs available in the Forces as there are for engineers and medical doctors. In. ,4nnual Report on Colonial Research 1947-48 Command 7493.The research projects listed in this Annual Report should be reviewed in order to ascertain which could be most rapidly helped forward by Fourth Point Aid. At the same time a separate review should be undertaken to see which projects are most likely to be of use to other countries and which could therefore be offered as a positive contribution to the general Aid Programme. 11. -4rnerican Scientific Developnients. Similarly the Annual Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Co-operation should be studied to ascertain which projects could be made most use of in the Colonial Empire. To quote but onc example the conversion of coffee-bean pulp into appetising cattle feed has been developed at a co-operative experimental station in El Salvador where American and Salvadorean research workers have been collaborating.Thib development should be made available to Empire coffee-growing areas such as Kenya without delay. General Factors The Committee feels that it must emphasise the following general factors upon which the success of any Fourth Point Aid Programme must rest. In a short report it is impossible to discuss these factors exhaustively and indeed it would not be appropriate for the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee to try to do this. The following outlines are therefore only intended to be “signposts ” indicating the principal complementary factors. ~ 1 . f Cu-o~t.ruti??r l:u/crpisc Preside,nt Truman has stated that the de\.elopment should be “a LO-operative enterprise in w-hich all nations work together through the United Nations and its specialist agencies wherever practicable.” This does not presumably mean that the whole of the development should be administered through a single international organisation.Such an organisation would be unwieldy and would fail to take into account regional allegiances already in existence. Thus whilst the United States has considerable interest in South America the \Vestern European countries and in particular this country are specially concerned with Africa. Britain’s major part might therefore be the implementing of development in Africa. Each country making a major contribution should be given its own sphere of Fourth Point influence.2. Need for Ptxopev Planning. Without proper planning development may deteriorate in to mere exploita- tion. Foreign investments requiring extensive guarantees of the kind at present under discussion (see for example The Econonzzst 21 May 1949 p. 937) may well lead to subsequent trouble if not carefully planned and controlled. On the other hand commencement of action clearly need not await a complete cut-and-dried plan. Any plan must be regarded as an organic and developing whole subject to extension modification and revision. Mistakes there will undoubtedly be; the important thing is to recognise them and correct them as soon as possible. 3. Xeed for Research. New application of existing scientific knowledge and the development of new scientific knowledge will both be required particularly in the medical and agricultural fields.In the industrial field the technical problems are likely to be similar to those encountered in industry in already developed countries. The research required therefore involves expansion and reorientation of certain scientific activities in the developed countries. 4. Need jo. Surveys. Proper planning requires not only scientific knowledge but also relc vant factual information such as is provided by surveys of various kinds. Thesc surveys must be organised and pressed ahead as a matter of urgency. If thi5 is not done much of the early work will be conducted without adequatc background information. 5. Scientists and Technologists. We must attract and train competent scientists and technologists for the above tasks.Already the scarcity of scientists and technologists has made itself felt in America. The scarcity in Britain is probably more acute. The Colonial Ofice has recently proposed the employment of some American geologists and geodetic engineers in British Colonial Territories in Africa. The question must be asked why this country is not capable of furnishing these men. One explanation is that the posts in the ordinary Colonial Service have not hitherto been made sufficiently attractive having regard to the hard life and considerable risks to health that employment in the tropics entails particularly in an undeveloped country such as Africa. 6. Native Education. No schemes of development can be effectively and economically carried out without the creation of an educated native population capable of playing an [ 430 ] increasing part in tlic planning and execution of tlic \-ai-ious scheines and iii their administration \\.hen they are running.There is therefore an urgent need for building up local education services. Such education should in certain respects have a more scientific and technical bias than has frequently been the case in the past. 7. Soczological and Political Requirements. President Truman has stated that “the aim should be to help the free peoples of the world through their own efforts to produce more food more clothing more materials for housing and more mechanical power to lighten their burden.” \Ve must recognise that technical development is not in itself enough.The impact of technical development on any human society is now recognised to be very profound. The strains are likely to be greater and the situation more complicated when the development is imposed wholly or partially from outside and at a speed greater than in the past. It is therefore important to study and plan the sociological development of the communities in parallel with their technical development. This in itself is a major research project and one that is as yet relatively uncharted. 8. Population Problems. The extension of the knowledge of preventive medicine and its wider application in themselves create problems of population. The high birth rates of medically backward countries are offset by high mortality rates and any sudden change in these latter rates is likely to lead to rapid increases in the size of the populations thus to some extent nullifying the advantages of tech- nical progress.Better education and a general raising of the standard of living are believed to be controlling factors but a great deal of human suffering may well be averted if the inherent dangers of the situation are squarely 5aced. 9. Racial Problems. In the past many racial problems have arisen through encouragement of immigration to satisfy demands for labour often of a special type e.g. negroes in America Indians in Africa Chinese in Malaya. The resolution of these existing problems will demand all our skill and we must guard against the creation of fresh problems of the same type in the future.10. Administrative Complexity. Considerable administrative complexities may be expected. It is important however to avoid the delay caused by insisting on the creation of a perfectly tidy administrative machine. If Fourth Point Aid is given promptly to one or two projects which can be seen to clearly qualify for it administration can follow on behind. The experience gained in organising these initial projects will point the way for the better administrative organisation which must eventually follow. In this connection the valuable work being carried out by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs indicates how administration can be kept simple and at the same time effective. c 431 1 LECTURE SUMMARY THE PROBLEM OF NITROGEN FIXATION By Professor Y.R. DHAR,D.Sc.,I;.I<.I .C. [Bangalore Section 1 July 19491 The industrial aspect of nitrogen fixation was developed through the efiorts of Cavendish Crookes Ostwald Birkeland and Eyde Nernst and especially Haber and Bosch. Knowledge of microbiological nitrogen fixation is chiefly due to the work of Hellriegcl and Willfarth Beijerinck ancl Winogradsky. In Allahabad the physico-chemical and photochemical aspects of nitrogen transformations have been extensively investigated. “Energy materials ” such as carbohydrates glycerol and even cellulose fats and organic acids and their salts have been found to undergo oxida.tion in air at the ordinary temperature in presence of sunlight or artificial light and the velocity of oxidation is accelerated by the addition of substances such as silica titania iron oxide zinc oxide both in sterile and non-sterile conditions.Glucose is oxidised in air according to the equation C6H&6 + 60 = KO + 6H,O + 676 k.cal. The energy liberated is greater than that required for the combination of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen according to the equation N + 0 + 43.2 k.cal. = 2N0 and there is consequent formation of nitric oxide and fixation of nitrogen. Dhar and his co-workers* have shown that the million tons of molasses a by-product of the lndian sugar factories could best be utilised in doses varying from 1 to 10 tons per acre for fixing nitrogen not only in ordinary soils but in alkaline soils requiring reclamation.Sot only the energy of oxidation but also the solar or artificial light falling on the soil is utilised in fixing nitrogen. Experiments show that nitrogen increase in soil receiving sunlight is double or more than double the amount obtained in the dark though the Azotobactev numbers are much greater in dark than in light. In improving the nitrogen status of a medium it is not necessary to add nitrogenous manures; instead energy materials like cellulose carbohydrate or fat when added to the medium are oxidised and the energy liberated fixes nitrogen. For carbonaceous enera materials Dhar and his co-workers utilised in their experiments different sugars starch glycerol butter ghee (melted and clarified butter) and cellulosic substances like farmyard manure wheat straw and leaves of plants.The velocity of oxidation with cellulosic materials and fats was found to be less than with carbohydrates and glycerol. Substances like oxides of iron aluminium chromium calcium phosphate and ferric phosphate when mixed with energy materials caused more nitrogen fixation in light than in dark under both sterile and non-sterile conditions. It is interesting to note that with these materials the amount of nitrogen fixed per gram of carbon oxidised-the efficiency of nitrogen fixation-is greater than with soil because all soils contain some combined nitrogen which decreases nitrogen fixation. The total nitrogen content of an Allahabad soil increased from 0.038 per cent. to 0.200 per cent.after three applications of cow manure while on the addition of ammonium sulphate to such soils the nitrogen status did not improve. These results are exactly of the same type as those obtained in the classical Rothamsted experiments with farmyard and artificial manures. * N. R. Dhar Presidential address National Academy of Sciences India December 1935 3; ibid. 1946 15 15; 1948 16 6. Cf.Nature 1936 p. 629. [ 432 1 Plant physiologists have calculated that 35 billion kilograms of cellulose arc added to the earth per annuni. If PO per cent. of this cellulose is oxidisecl in a year and if only 15 milligrams of nitrogen are fixed per gram of carbon oxidised as in our experiments with cellulosic materials 82.5 million metric tons of nitrogen are likely to be fixed annually on the surface of the earth from the oxidation of cellulose.Of this half is likely to be caused by the absorption of solar light. In other words over 40 million tons of nitrogen are fixed per year on the earth’s surface due to light absorption. It is of interest here that in 1937 only 3.54 million metric tons of nitrogen were fixed all over the world by nitrogen industries. Hence it appears that light and this type of nitrogen fixation are the chief source of the nitrogen content of the soil. The Rothamsted view that the symbiotic bacteria in legumes are the source of soil nitrogen is not supported by Allahabad experiments and even the Rothamsted results in which the beneficial effect of farmyard manure persisted in grass plots forty years after its application are in disagreement with the theory that legumes are the source of soil nitrogen.It is well known that legumes leave a residual effect only for three or four years whilst that of farmyard manure is more lasting; moreover legumes do not exist in all fields. The well-known Woburn experiments in which the dung of animals fed with decorticated cotton cake was not found better than the dung of animals fed with corn have been satisfactorily explained by the fact that there is more nitrogen fixation with the corn-fed dung than the cake dung. The value of farmyard manure is due not only to its nitrogen content but also to its power to fix nitrogen from the oxidation of its carbonaceous constituents. Hence the influence of light on nitrogen fixation in nature appears to be next in importance to food production and photosynthesis in the plant kingdom.AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS Following the passing of a Resolution at the Annual General Meeting on 29 April 1949 for the amendment of By-laws 43 and 49 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949,111,232),the proposed variations in these By-laws were duly submitted for approval by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council and on 15 September 1949 were allowed by Their Lordships in the following form:- In By-law 43 after the words “any British subject” insert “or any citizen of the Republic of Ireland.” In By-law 49 after the words “any British subject” insert “or any citizen of the Republic of Ireland.” The word “Eire” in the original Resolution has been replaced by the words “the Republic of Ireland” in conformity with the change made in the official designation of the State concerned since the date of the Annual General Meeting.The result of these amendments to the By-laws is to make citizens of the Republic of Ireland eligible for admission as Fellows Associates or Registered Students of the Institute in spite of the fact that they are no longer necessarily British subjects [ 433 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 15 July 1949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-It was agreed to confirm acceptance of the cordial invitation of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section to hold the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in Glasgow on 31 March 1950 and the Council learned with pleasure and satisfaction that arrangements for this and related anniversary meetings were already being discussed with the Officers of the Section Consideration was given to the need to give notice in JOURKAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part v of vacancies among District Members of Council for 1950-51 and it was decided to submit to a Special General Meeting to be held on 21 October 1949 recommendations for such modifications of the boundaries of electoral Districts as would remove anomalies that had arisen through the formation of new Local Sections since the rules were last published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1943 V 198-200.It was agreed to submit to the Special General Meeting a resolution to provide at least for- (a) confirmation of recognition of the combined areas of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section and the Tees-Side Section as a single electoral District; (b) the constitution of the East Midlands Section as a separate District and the association of the Hull and District Section with the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section as another District ; (c) attachment of the Mid-Southern Counties Section to the Bristol and District Section and the South-Western Counties Section to form a single District.It was recognised that if these proposals were adopted by the General Meeting and the Regulations revised accordingly the number of District Members of Council would be increased by one. This would represent a first step toward realisation of the plan to increase the number of District Members while decreasing the number of General Members of Council; further steps would need to await revision of the By-Laws.In view of the fact that the proposals to be submitted to the Special General Meeting had already received general approval by the Twentieth Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections (30 April 1949) it was agreed to advise the Committees of the Sections concerned to proceed on the assumption that the resolution would be passed by the General Meeting and on the understanding that all members of the Local Sections involved would be informed [ 434 ] of the outcome of the Gcneral Meeting immediately after it had been held so that adequate time would be left for nominations of Fellows as District Members of Council to be made before the final date 12 December 1949.[Note.-Rules applying to the nomination and election of District Members of Council are printed in this issue of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS (bee page 450) together with a schedule of Districts from which nominations may be made if the resolution to be submitted to the Special General Meeting is adopted by that Meeting. 1 Following receipt of a report on the constitution and objects of the Athenaeum Trust established in Cape Town the Council agreed to the participation of the Cape Section of the Institute in this organ- isation which had been set up to facilitate the activities of scientific societies in the Cape Province.A request was received from the East Midlands Section for permission to present Membership Certificates at meetings of the Section to newly-elected Fellows and Associates having their registered addresses within the area of the Section. It was recalled that this subject had been raised at several Conferences of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections during the past few years and that at the Twentieth Conference (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111,269) divergent views had been expressed about it. The results of a trial of the practice by the Dublin and District Section had not been unfavourable although only four out of eleven Certificates forwarded to the Hon. Secretary of that Section had actually been presented at Section meetings.At the Twentieth Conference emphasis had been laid upon the additional work that would fall on Local Section Secretaries and on the Institute office if the practice were adopted especially in the larger Sections and on the risk of Certificates being held up through non-attendance of newly-elected members at meetings or of Certificates going astray. It had been agreed therefore that where a Local Section particularly wanted to adopt the practice of presenting Certificates at their meetings they should make special application to the Council. In considering the application from the East Midlands Section the Council took the view that as the award of Membership Certi- ficates was made by the Council it was a duty of the Council to furnish members with their Certificates as soon as possible and with a minimum risk of loss.It was felt that this duty could not be properly delegated to Local Sections even if this could be ddne readily and effectively and it was concluded that any advantages that might result from the adoption of the practice were out-weighed by the disadvantages including expenditure of time of the office staff which could be more usefully applied to the realisation of other projects which were agreed to be of special importance. [ 435 1 On these grounds it was unanimously decided not to accede to the request of the East Midlands Section or to entertain other applica- tions from Local Sections for permission to present Membership Certificates at their meetings.In reaching this decision the Council was appreciative of the desire of Local Sections to receive new Fellows and Associates with due ceremony and agreed to suggest to Local Sections that this result might be achieved by other means such as the provision of a Section Membership Book which would be signed by new Fellows and Associates on their first attendance at a Section Meeting when they were formally welcomed by the Chairman. The Council received with satisfaction a report that the Inaugural Meeting of the new Dundee and District Section would be held in Dundee on 14 October 1949. Discussion took place on an Interim Report of the Committee on the Revision of By-Laws (15July) and it was agreed that under powers given by the new Charter provision be made for the establish- ment of a class of Honorary Fellows the number of such Fellows not to exceed 20 at any time their election to be by the Council and no restriction in respect of nationality or the nature of their attainments to be placed on their eligibility.On the question of possible relaxa- tion of the nationality restriction on admission to ordinary member- ship of the Institute a recommendation submitted by the Com- mittee was amended to read “That By-Laws 43 and 49 be amended so as to provide for the admission of British subjects and citizens of countries within the Commonwealth and of citizens of such other countries formerly within the Commonwealth as may from time to time be prescribed by a General Meeting.” This amended recom- mendation was carried nem.con. and it was agreed that the conclusion be referred back to the Committee on the Revision of By-laws for incorporation in their general report to be presented to the Council in October. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (11 July) referred inter aZia to accounts for payment ; recommendations for re-election to the Associateship and for acceptance of the last annual subscription paid by a senior Fellow as a Life Composition fee ; expenses for the delivery of the first Frankland Memorial Lecture in Dundee on 5 May; disposal of funds belonging to the former Malayan Section ; staff matters ; house matters including proposals for improving the acoustics of the Council Chamber and the external appearance of the building.Charitable Funds.-The Report of the Benevolent Fund Com-mittee (11 July) which was adopted dealt mainly with action taken on current cases and with the Holidays for Children Scheme. Grants totalling Q60 10s. for holidays for 22 children belonging to eleven [ 436 ] farnilies had been made and autlwrity was given for providing UJ) to a further ,tllO in respect of two young children belonging to another family whose holiday arrangements were not yet settled. In the Report of the Residential Clubs Fund Committee (11July) reference was made to developments in “Crossways Trust” and to the form of an Appeal for financial support for the Residential Clubs Fund which had been drafted for circulation to members of the Institute.Procedure for nominating residents to the first of the Residential Clubs at Worthing was approved. Mem bership.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (1 7 June) with subsidiary reports by the Chairman of the committee and by the Registrar were adopted and elections to the Fellowship and Associateship were made in accordance with the recommendations. On an Interim Report of the Committee it was agreed (a) that the name of the Plymouth and Devonport Technical College be added for an initial period of two years to the list of Institutions recognised for training and that the matter be then reviewed in the light of improvements suggested bv the visiting committee ; (b)that the University of Natal which was previously a constituent College of the University of South Africa and is now a separate entity be formally recognised as a centre for training.Letters of thanks were received from members to whoiii con-gratulations on the award of public honours had been sent. Further discussion took place on various aspects of proposals previously submitted by the Membership Committee on raising thc status of the Institute’s qualifications (cj. JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS 1949 IV 369). It was agreed to refer the whole matter back to the Membership Committee for reconsideration in the light of the discussions by the Council and of the general acceptance by the Council of certain specified principles. Status Privileges and Employment of Mem bers.-A letter was received from the Hon.Secretary of the East Midlands Section referring particularly to the concern felt by the Committee about the position of members of the Institute in nationalised industries. The Council received information on the present relations between the Institute and the organisations of nationalised industries and it was agreed that a confidential statement on the subject should be made by the Registrar at the next Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections. It was learned that in view of the detailed consideration already given in the House of Lords to numerous points raised on the Patents and Designs Bill it was unlikely that any amendments of substance to the Bill would be obtainable in the House of Commons [ 437 1 but that a iiuii1hi-of Mernbers of P'arliarnt~iitIiad becii nude duly aware of outstanding issues and that the interests of the chemical profession would be adequately supported.Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-The report of the Publications and Library Committee (14 June) dealing mainly with routine matters 'was adopted. L%pproval was given to the action of the Manchester and District Section in inviting Sir Charles Goodeve to deliver his deferred Sixth Dalton Lecture in the autumn of 1950 and in not arranging any alternative lecture for November of this year. Cordial approval was given to a proposal by the London and South-Eastern Counties Section to organise a Summer School in 4nalytical Chemistry during a suitable week in August or September 1950.It was understood that the School would include four indepen- dent courses to be run concurrently on special fields of analysis with accommodation for 36 persons at each course. A suggestion that consideration might be given to duplicating the courses if the nuniber of applications warranted was referred to the Committee of the Section. It was agreed to coniniunicate with the Civil Service Com- missioners about the status of the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry in relation to other qualifications in view of the omission of that Certificate from among the qualifications prescribed as normally acceptable to the Commission in connection with the appointment of Assistant Experimental Officers.The first Annual Report of the Joint Committee for the award of National Certificates in Chemistry and Applied Chemistry to students in Northern Ireland was accepted and recommendations for the award of Certificates to seven candidates were approved. It was reported that at the final meeting of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians on which the Institute had been represented consideration had been given to modifications and extensions of the Interim Report including syllabuses of proposed courses of instruction. The Committee had concluded that the general views expressed at the Conference convened in 1946 by the Association of Scientific Workers the Association of University Teachers and the British Association of Chemists could be put into practical effect by inviting the City and Guilds of London Institute to act in consultation with appropriate bodies such as were represented on the Committee as the examining body for nationally recognised Certificates in laboratory arts and techniques.The Committee considered this to be the best way in which to co-ordinate and extend the existing schemes of training and education. It was further concluded that it would be unnecessary to summon a further conference to receive the Final [ 438 ] Ktyort of the Coininittee and that subject to the concurrence of the original three convening bodies the Committee be dissolved and the papers handed over to the City and Guilds of London Institute. In reaching these conclusions the Committee had satisfied itself that the City and Guilds of London Institute would be in a position to secure authorit9tive advice from scientists and technicians on the detailed development of courses of the various kinds that might be required for the training of technicians in science laboratories as well as to conduct examinations on a basis that would command general confidence.At the same time the Science Technologists Association (or any professional institute that might be formed from it) would remain free to prescribe appropriate standards of training and experience for admission to its own membership or grades of membership and for this purpose to attach such weight as it thought fit to certificates issued by the City and Guilds of London Institute or by any other bodies in the general field of work of science laboratory technicians or in particular laboratory arts and techniques.External Relations and Publicity.-Cordial congratulations and good wishes of the Officers and Council were ordered to be conveyed to the Australian Chemical Institute on the grant by His Majesty the King of the prefix “Royal” to the title of that Institute. The confirmed minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council held on 26 April (see abstract JOU~ISAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 252) were received. It was reported that Mr. H. Weatherall had accepted appoint- ment as representative of the Institute on British Standards Institu- tion Technical Committee OSC/5-Soaps for domestic use.It was agreed to nominate Professor W. Bradley as a representa- tive of the Institute on the newly-constituted British Biological Stains Commission. The draft of an address of congratulation was approved for presentation by the President at the celebrations on 25-30 Sep-tember 1949 of the centenary of the foundation of the Queen’s University of Belfast as Queen’s College Belfast. A report was received from Mr. R. B. Pilcher on arrangements made between the Commissioners of Russell Square and the Holborn Borough Council whereby a lease of the Square would be granted to that Council for a period of 25 years with permission to improve the amenities. f 439 1 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Birmingham and Midlands.-As a result of the Christmas Lecture.5 for School-children organised by the Section in co-operation with Science Masters and Mistresses of Birmingham and District Grammar Schools the sum of L15 10s.7d. has been donated to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Hull and District.-Mr. R. C. Chirnside (of The General Electric Co. Ltd. and an examiner for the Institute) visited us on 9 January to deliver a lecture entitled “Analytical Chemistry-Chemical Analysis and the Analyst. ” The innovation of tea and biscuits preceding the lecture was well received and added to the success of the meeting. The meeting on 9 February was held jointly with the local section of thc Oil & Colour Chemists’ Association when Mr. P. N. Williams (of Lever Bros.1,td.) gave a lecture entitled “Synthetic Fats,” describing by slides and samples the types of synthetic fats developed in Germany. On 24 February members the Chemical Society joined with us to r\elconie Professor Michael Polanyi F.R.S. at the University College and to hear hi5 philosophical discourse on “The Nature of Scientific Convictions.” Following the lecture Professor Polanyi was entertained to dinner by Professor Brynmor Jones Chairman oi the Section and several members of the Section Com- mittee were able to accept the invitation to be present. Those also present included Professor and Mrs. Espinasse and Mr. K. C. Moore (Director of Education for Kingston-upon-Hull) . Mr. A. L. Bacharach (of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd.) was our guest and lecturer at the meeting on 14 March.“The Production and Use of Laboratory Animals” was his subject and the lecture was developed around an outstanding collection of lantern slides. The subject was of special interest to those with a knowledge of biological and biochemical assays. We were glad to welcomc. several members of British Cod Liver Oils (Hull and Grimsby) Ltd. and to return the hospitality afforded when Mr. Bacharach and the Chairman and Hon. Secretary were shown around their Marfleet factory and entertained to tea. The Annual General Meeting of the Section took place on 9 May and was followed by a lecture by Professor Alexander Findlay entitled “New Lamps for Old Chemical Industry and Natural Resources.” Mr. A. P. Backshell Dr. A.Cheshire Mr. A. J. Goodall and Mr. I,. H. Smith were elected to the vacancies on the Committee. The meeting also elected the following Officers:-Hon. Treasurer Mr. R. S. Howard; Hon. Auditor Mr. S. J. Porter; Hon. Secretary Dr. W. J. Pedelty. It was agreed to continue full co-operation with other local societies in the publication of a joint programme and to hold two meetings on days when late transport is available to take members back to Lincolnshire. A very interesting and enjoyable works visit took place on 1 September to the new factory of British Titan Products Ltd. at Pyewipe Grimsby. The local section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association joined us on this visit. The visitors were received by Ur. A. Bowman and Mr. K. R. Hansford who outlined the processes employed.The party was then con- ducted through the factory. At the conclusion of the tour lunch was served at which Mr. S. J. Reed on behalf of both societies expressed the sincere thanks of all those present. Dr. Bowman on behalf of thc Company responded. The success of the visit was contributed to by the excellent arrangements made for us by the Company. The Committee at its meeting on 1 September elected Mr. A. P. Backshell as Chairman of the Committee and Section for the 1949-50 Session. Mr. Backshell welcomed Dr. A. Cheshire Mr. A. J. Goodail and Mr. L. H. Smith who were attending their first meeting after election. It was decided to arrange a social event for March 1950. Mr. W‘. E. Bibby has kindly consentcd to minute Section meetings and to write up accounts for publication.[ 440 I NOTES PERSONAL Dr. A. H. Cook Fellow has been appointed assistant director of the Brewing Industry Research Foundation. Dr. T. F. Dixon Fellow has resigned the chair of biochemistry in the Royal Faculty of Medicine Baghdad Iraq and has been appointed biochemist to the Institute of Orthopaedics Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital London. Sir Wallace hkers C.B.E. Fellow has received the honorary degree of D.Sc. from the University of Durham. Professor W. Bradley Fellow has accepted nomination as representative of the Institute on the newly-constituted British Biological Stains Commission. Mr. Denis I. Duveen Fellow lately Joint &[anaging Director of Ashe T,aboratories T,td, London has been appointed President of the Reinitz Soap Corporation Long Island City New York.Mr. Ronald Hicks -4ssociate has been appointed sewage works chemist to the Auckland Metropolitan Drainage Board New Zealand. Professor H. \V. Melville F.R.S. Fellow has accepted an invitation by the British Electricity Authority to serve on the Electricity Supply Research Council. Dr. F. Morton Fellow has been appointed to the second chair of chemical engineering in the University of Birmingham. Dr. I. A. Preece Fellow has been appointed editor of the Journal of the Institute of Brewing in succession to Mr. Julian L. Baker Fellow who has resigned through ill-health. Mr. E. E. Quinton Fellow who has been works director of Dunlop (South Africa) Ltd.at Durban since 1942 has been appointed general work! manager of the factory of Dunlop Rubber Co. Ltd. at Speke Liverpool. I>r.H. N. Rydon FelZow has been appointed reader in organic chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology TTniversity of T,ondon. ~~~_______~ ~ THE REGISTER DEATHS Fellows Alexander Thomas Cameron C.M.G. M.A. D.Sc. F.C.I.C. Robert Owen Eames B.Sc. (Wales). John Naish Goldsmith MSc. (Manc.) Ph.D. (Heidelberg). Samuel Davenport Fairfax Harwood M.A. (Cantab.). Wilfred Hermann Hoffert M.A. R.Sc. (Oxon.) F.Tnst.Pet. Archibald Carswell Melville. Gordon Hobbs Piper B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.) Ph.D. (Lontl.). Associates George Frederick Harrison B.Sc. (N.U.I.) A.R.C.Sc.T. Raymond Arthur Lowry B.Sc. (Lond.).Registered Student Kay Johnstone Steele. REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1948-FU RTHER CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDUM P. 139. EVANS, Benjamin Beardmore. For A. 1918 read A. 1921 P. 2998. MERRY,John Bentley. For A. 1924 read F. 1924. I?. 313. MURDOCK,Eric Thomas. Before A. 1942 add (c). c 442 3 BOOK REVIEWS A General Survey of The British Pharmacopoeia 1948. A series of lectures by members of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission 1933-1948 and other authorities. Pp. 79. (London ’The Pharmaceutical Press 1949.) 5s. 6d. net. The General Medical Council was authorised by the Medical Act of 1858 to publish “The British Pharmacopoeia” and to alter amend and republish it as often as necessary. The first edition appeared in 1864 and was a unification of the processes and descriptions of the Pharmacopoeias of London Edinburgh and Dublin.Apart from Addenda new British Pharmacopoeias appeared in 1867 1885 1898 1914 1932 and 1948 and each succeeding edition became less of a formulary and more of a book of standards. The transformation is now almost complete. The work of compiling the Pharmacopoeia is entrusted to a Pharmacopoeia Commission which is assisted by a large number of Committees. To quote from Dr. Hampshire the Secretary of the Commission “the endeavour is made to produce a book which will represent the latest achievements of medical science and clinical research while at the same time recognising many older forms of medication which are still in frequent use and still require control.” The Commission has concentrated on drugs of fundamental importance the selection being made on clinical and pharmacological grounds and the form according to best pharmaceutical practice.The edition of 1948 differs con- siderably from that of 1932; it is larger and the new matter is important. In order that the numerous changes should be brought to general notice as quickly as possible the Pharmaceutical Society arranged a series of lectures given by members of the Commission and other authorities who had taken part in the production of the new Pharmacopoeia. These lectures with some added relevant matter comprise the present Survey. They cover “The British Pharmacopoeia 1948 ’’ Pharmaceutical Preparations Parenteral Injections and Tablets Chemical Substances-Part I Chemical Substances-Part 11 Crude Drugs and Biological Substances.This Survey is not a puff for the B.P. It is a plain statement of facts with explanations and criticisms. No Pharmacopoeia can be perfect since it must wait for satisfactory evidence of the claims of new substances before including them and must delay the exclusion of substances of little value till there is general agreement. These two factors are subject to a further time lag due to the production of a printed volume. The lecturers recognise this and their criticisms are constructive and will doubtless be considered by the Pharma-copoeia Commission before another issue. The Pharmacopoeia is more than familiar to many chemists and each new one has to be scrutinised to note the alterations and additions.This is not an easy matter with a book of nearly 1,000 pages. The survey presented by experts in these lectures is invaluable for obtaining an insight into the changes and developments and the whys and the wherefores. No one reads a Pharmacopoeia solely for pleasure. But such a survey as the present can be perused with considerable delight because of the sidelights which are thrown upon medicine pharmacy and chemistry as well as upon the individual substances which can now almost be regarded as nationalised. J. R. NICHOLLS. A Text-book of Pharmacognosy. By G. E. Trease. 5th Edition. Pp. viii + 811. (London Bailliere Tindall & Cox 1949.) 30s. net. The old Muteria Medircc like tnany other older studies has been broken up into several specialised subjects ; one of these is Pharmacognosy.This subject is a scientific study of the history of (in the sense of a completc story about) crude drugs from the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In spite of spectacular advances in chemotherapy and in the synthesis of remedial substances we still rely to a considerable extent on the vegetable materia medica as is evidenced by the appearance of this 5th edition of Trease’s text- book three years after a reprint of the 4th. Pharmacognosy includes the study of all the raw materials from the plant and animal kingdoms which supply the medical man with remedial substances; opium ergot ipecacuanha penicillium spp. and so on. Besides these there are a number of crude drugs with a purely pharmaceutical (as distinct from therapeutic) use-such ancillary materials as gums and waxes agar talc and cochineal-and materials with cosmetic or technical uses e.g.musk chamo- mile henna shellac and dragon’s blood. Furthermore the study of the natural fibres which produce surgical dressings of the commercial starches and of the vegetable insecticides is included. As most of these materials are vegetable in origin a study of them involves a fair amount of applied botany. ,4 large part of this text-book is therefore occupied with descriptions of the macroscopical and frequently the micro- scopical characters of crude drugs arranged in order of Phyla and families. For the more commonly used drugs drawings and photographs are included.These descriptions assist in identifying crude drugs and also in detecting adulteration ;wherever possible a short description of the common adulterants of each drug is given. The botanical and geographical sources cultivation and method of preparation are also described and there are short accounts of the active constituents. In order to give general guidance in this botanical part of the subject short chapters are included on microscopical technique the cell quantitative microscopy and the cultivation coIIection and storage of medicinal plants. The correct identification of a crude drug should be followed by its “evaluation” and in this book are further chapters on constituents the extraction of drugs and their evaluation including methods of fluorescence and chromatographic analysis.There are also short chapters on enzymes and insect pests whose presence often leads to a considerable loss in value of the drug. The author’s aim is to cover the requirements of students reading for pharmaceutical examinations ; hence the book is not a series of exhaustive treatises on each crude drug. Nevertheless there is ample information and many references which should make this book of value to any who handle crude drugs and their pharmaceutical products. J. W. FAIRBAIRN. The Physical Principles of Gas Liquefaction and Low Temperature Rectifica- tion. By M. Davies. Pp. viii + 205. (London New Y’ork and ‘loronto Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 25s. net. Although modern methods of gas separation are based upon physical principles which were recognised and employed by Linde and Claude more than 50 years ago important technological developments leading to greatly improved technical efficiencies have since taken place.These are due almost entirely to a close study of the factors involved in the application of thermo- dynamic cycles to processes operating on a large scale and it is by reason of the emphasis given to this aspect of the subject that Dr. Manse1 Davies’ book has a special significance. The author treats gas liquefaction and rectification as problems in applied thermodynamics and constantly reverts to those practical considerations which have a bearing on plant operation and design. The first four chapters of the book deal with the fundamental theory of gas liquefaction as illustrated by well-known processes of isenthalpic and isentropic cooling.The relevant thermodynamic relationships are clearly stated and an [ 443 1 early opportunity is taken of introducing thermodynamic charts as a con- venient means of working out changes in systems undergoing phase separation. Chapter V contains an excellent account of the reciprocating expansion engine and of the expansion turbine which has now largely superseded it ;the succeeding chapter discusses the design and operation of heat exchangers and accumulators and the general problem of heat leakage. Chapters VII and VIII describe the practice of air separation and include a full theoretical analysis of the rectification process.In the present state of our knowledge it is perhaps inevitable that any book on gas separation should devote a disproportionate amount of space to air. In the final chapter however the author discusses other systems and shows that the methods and plant used in air liquefaction are of general applicability. The book is well illustrated and contains a number of useful thermodynamic charts for air. D. M. N. Photographic Emulsion Technique. By T. Thorne Baker. 2nd Edition. Pp. xiii + 341. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 38s. net. The author in his introduction states that “This book is intended not only to be a guide to practical emulsion making but as a text-book for technical students industrial chemists and photographers generally who are anxious for their own reasons to prepare emulsions of some special type.” In its 16 chapters the book contains much that is valuable for anyone setting out to make photographic emulsions.The main operations involved are all described often at length. There is too a bibliography at the end of each chapter which will enable the reader to take up the trail among the original literature. Yet the book is unsatisfactory. The straightforward arrangement of the work in emulsion making is not clearly described. For example the washing of an emulsion must be learned by reading three rather widely-spaced groups of paragraphs which occur in the wrong order. The relation between cause and effect recipe and quality is very sketchily shown. Much of the writing is obscure the following quotation being one of many examples “U’hile it has been shown by Trivelli and Smith that in certain precipita- tion series the straight-line relationship between the speed and the average grain size is a special case of a simple exponential function the different curvatures of these relations with difjceerent gelatins suggests tentatively that the sensitivity distribution over the same grain-size frequency range is variable.” S.0. RAWLING. Simple Organic Practice. By H. Middleton. 1’1’. viii + 172. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1949.) 7s. 6d. This book provides a systematic two-year course in practical qualitati\ e organic chemistry suitable for candidates preparing for the General Certificate of Education (Advanced and Scholarship levels) the Ordinary National Certificate Intermediate Science and the Pre-Medical Examinations.The first half of the book deals with the preparations and reactions of the simple organic compounds and the second half with the identification of the commoner organic compounds. The treatment of the preparations is sys- tematic commencing with aliphatic monohydric alcohols and ending with diazonium salts. The preparation of each group of compounds is introduced by a useful theoretical summary and each of the general methods is illustrated by the preparation of a suitable example-not always the obvious one e.g. nt-xylene is chosen for sulphonation rather than benzene. [ 4.44 1 Refore beginning to work through the practical course the student must be assumed to have commenced the reading of some theoretical organic text- book (e.g.the first line of the text refers to “Ethyl alcohol and some of its higher homologues”) but granted this the book will provide him with an excellent training in organic technique; he is unlikely to gain the false impres- sions that he is dealing with isolated specific cases and will realise that the methods he practises are of wide generality. Nothing is more discouraging to the student than to carry through the comparatively lengthy operations of most organic preparations only to achieve a hopelessly inadequate yield ; but the author has given very precise antl tletailed instructions for the conduct of each experiment and if these are followed carefully even though working with very little supervision the student is unlikely to experience many failures.Quite adequate warnings are given of the dangers that may be encountered and these warnings are repeated each time the dangers occur so that the student may safely deviate from the order of the text. It still happens largely owing to the influence of the older standard text- books that students spend many hours in the preparation and purification of considerable quantities of a single compound and their progress is slow antl costly in materials. In this book relatively small quantities are employed and numerous test-tube reactions are given ; thus taking an example at random in the preparation of aniline the author employs one-sixth of the quantities given by Cohen and about one-third even of those given by Mann and Saunders in their more recent book.There are very useful notes on yields and on the measurement of quantities. For the latter reasonable precision both for weights and volumes is obtained quickly by the use of given depths in a &-in. test tube and quantities are also referred to in terms of a pin-head (“trace”) or a rice grain (“R.G.”). Those who are familiar with Middleton’s excellent ‘‘Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis” will recognise Part I1 as a greatly abridged version of this book. The abridgment provides an admirable scheme for the rapid identifica- tion of a limited number of compounds by applying some half-dozen tests to assign them to their class and by particularising the member of the class by determining physical constants of the original substance (referred to through- out as O.S.) and of one of its derivatives.In a few instances identification is carried out by chemical tests only e.g. sugars or in the case of some acids and bases by the determination of equivalent weights. For the detection of elements by Lassaigne’s test sodium is not employed but in place of it an alkali-sugar mixture for halogens and sulphur and in some cases nitrogen and an alkali-zinc mixture for nitrogen are used. A useful explanation of the mechanism advantages and limitations of this method is included. An index of compounds is given but an index of organic processes as in the author’s earlier book might usefully have been included.The book is perhaps written with the needs of the Technical College student in mind but it is equally suitable for use in the VIth Forms of Grammar Schools ; indeed it is a book which all teachers of chemistry at this stage qhould examine. E. W. MOORE. r 445 I OBITUARY Herbert William Bolam died recently in his 78th year. Educated at Leith High School and the Royal High School Edinburgh he was apprenticed to Dr. Drinkwater at the Edinburgh School of Medicine from 1888 to 1891. After working for over a year in the chemical laboratories of the University of Edinburgh where he graduated B.Sc. in 1892 and for some months as research assistant to Professor Purdie in the University of St. Xndrews he was awarded an 1851 Kxhibition Scholarship and studied at the University of 1,elpzig from 1893 to 1896 graduating Ph.D. in 1896. licturnint to Scotland Bolam was irom 1896 to 1902 research asAtant to l’rofessor A. Crum Brown. He was also assistant lecturer in chemistry at I.eith Technical College 1898 to 1900 and principal lecturer 1900 to 1904. From 1903 to 193-1 he lectured in chemistry at Queen Margaret College in the lrniversity of Glasgow. In 1915 he was appointed lecturer-examiner in cheiiiistr!. in the University and bccame a member of the Senate in 1923. He was elected a Fellom of the Institute in 1918. William Alan Cash was killed in a motoring accident on 7 July 1949 in his 48th year. He received his early education at Seedley Council School and the Muni-cipal Secondary School Salford and in 1919 entered the employment of National Dyes Ltd.He studied at the Xanchester College of Technology from 1919 to 1924 obtaining the Associateship of the College and passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute. In 1926 he took up an appointment with National Titanium Pigments Ltd. and was engaged in research and production. He resigned this post in 1930 to enter the employment of Iioneo Ltd. In 1934 he went to British Titan Products Co. Ltd. becoming works manager in 1939 and assistant general manager in 1944. He was deputy managing director of the Company from 1947. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1925. Rhys Pendrill Charles died on 2 August 1949 in his 80th year. He received his early education at Llandovery College and studied subic- quently at the City and Guilds of London Central Institute._After a four-years’ apprenticeship to Dr. Morgan Public Analyst for Swansea he was for a short time assistant chemist to the Swansea Haeniatite Iron Co. beforc starting a private practice at Neath. He became Public Analyst to Brecon- shire and the Boroughs of Carmarthen Neath and Methyr Tydfil. About 1909 he came to King’s College London and qualified in due course (Lond.) and J1.D. (Berne). He established a consulting practice as L.M.S.S~A4. in pathology in Harley Street but continued to hold appointments as-Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst. During the 1914-18 war he served with the London Regiment and rose to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel.He was awarded the Territorial IDcxcoration. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1893. Robert Owen Eames died on 26 August 1949 in his 60th year. Educated at the Friars’ School Bangor and at Ruthin he entered the IJniversity College of North Wales graduating B.Sc. in 1911. From 1912 he was for three years assistant analyst at the City Laboratory Liverpool. In 1915 Eames entered the research department of Lever Brothers Ltd. Port Sunlight and a year later was appointed research chemist to British Dyes Ltd. at Huddersfield. During 1917 he was Safety Tnspector under the Home Office and Ministry of Munitions for the explosives section c 446 3 of tlic Company and was suhsequmtlv p'crsonal assistant to the managing director.Froin 1929 to 1935 he held research appointnients with the British Dyestuffs Corporation (Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.). He retired owing to ill-health in 1935 and settled at Caernarvon where for some years he continued to practise chemistry. He was for nine years a Councillor for the Borough of Caernarvon. He was elected a Fellow of the Tnstitute in 1920. Vincent Edwards died on 9 July 1949 in his 87th year. He entered Uni\.ersity College Jmndon in 1878 to stritly for the metlical prc'fession ancl subsequently became a student at St. Mary's Hospital but ImL to abandon medicine on account of deafness. He then turned to chemistry and worked successively under Professor Attfieltl at the Pharmaceutical Society's I,aboratory as a pupil of Professor Horsley antl as pupil assistant to Professor Heaton at Charing Cross Medical School.He was for seven years chemist to the Dublin and ll'icklow Manure Co. I,td. and then chief chemist for 20 years to Lawes' Chemical hlanure Co. Ltd. Barking. After holding an appointment with British Organic Nitrog-en Co. I,td. at Chester he was controller of the laboratory of British Milk Products Co. I,td. (Cleeve Bros.) in London until 1923. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1896. Amiya Kumar Ghose died on 28 February 1948 in his 41st year. He received his early education at Rarisar Zilla School the South Suburban School Calcutta Krishnagar Collegiate School ancl Calcutta Hindu School. lcntering the Autosh College he graduated B.Sc.of the University of Calcutta in 1927 and in 1930 obtained his M.Sc. in the Ilniversity of Lucknow. He later went to 5tudy in Germany and was awarded the degree of Dr.-Ing. of the Technische Hochschule Dresden. Mean- hile he was for one year a research chemist in the Research Institute of Sir U. N. Brahmachari in Calcutta and subsequently senior chemist in the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. Calcutta. On his return from Europe he was chief chemist and manager to National Laboratories Ltd. Calcutta for a year before going to Burma in a similar position in the Burma Chemical Corporation Lid Rangoon. On the occupation of Rurnia by the Japanese he returned to India antl after a short period with the Amritsar Distillery Co Ltd. he nas appointed in 1942 deputy chief chemist to 'l'ata ('hemicals I,td.Mithapur where he continued until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1945. john Naish Goldsmith died on 26 August 1949 in his 75th year. He was educated at Tunbridge IVells Grammar School and proceeded to Owens College Manchester graduating B.Sc. with Honours in chemistry in 1894 and subsequently M.Sc. He went to Germany in 1894 and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. of the University of Heidelberg in 1898. From 1898 to 1907 he was chemist to the British Xylonite Co. at Manningtree and in the following year established a consulting practice in Chancery Lane London. He was retained by several well-known firms and was frequently engaged in patent cases and the Chancery Courts.After his retirement from active chemical practice in 1935 he contributed numerous articles to the latest edition of Thorpe's Dictionary of -4pfdied Chemistvy arid took a notable share in proof-reading and indexing successive volumes of this work. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917 and acted as Examiner in the chemistry of paints and varnishes for the Fellowship on sevc~al occasions. [ 447 1 George Frederick Harrison died on 20 August 1949 in his 66th year. After receiving his early education at Carmichael School and the Grammar School Cork he studied at the Royal College of Science Dublin from 1902 to 1905 gaining the Associateship of the College in applied chemistry and being awarded a silver medal.In 1937 he was awarded the degree of B.Sc. of the National University of Ireland. After a year as science master at the Grammar School Cork he became in 1906 chemist to W. and H. M. Goulding Ltd. sulphuric acid and fertiliser manufacturers. He rose to be chief chemist and remained actively associated with the firm for the rest of his life. He was elected an Associate of the institute in 1918. Wilfred Hermann Hoffert died on 1 August 1949 in his 58th year. He received his early education at Highgate Grammar School Whitgift Grammar School Croydon and Manchester Grammar School. In 1911 he entered Jesus College Oxford with an Open Exhibition in Natural Science and graduated B.A. with First Class Honours in chemistry in 1914. On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was commissioned in the Manchester Regiment and was wounded in the Gallipoli campaign.In 1917 he was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps as an Experimental Officer and in 1918 was a member of the British Aviation Mission to America. He was mentioned in despatches. After demobilisation he was granted a research fellowship of the Salters' Institute of Industrial Chemistry and returned to Oxford where he obtained the degree of BSc. in 1920 for a thesis on the chlorination of toluene. After a short period as tutor in chemistry at Christ Church Oxford Hoffert was appointed senior research chemist to Howdler and Rickerdike Eagle Chemical IT-orks Church T,ancs. In 1922-23 he was research chemist at IT M. Fuel Research Station Greenwich and in the latter year was appointed Senior Research Chemist to the Joint Research Committee of the National Benzole Association and the University of Leeds.In 1936 he became Chief Chemist to the National Benzole Company Limited a position he held until the time of his death. He was a Fellow of the Institute of Petroleum. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922 and a Fellow in 1929. Raymond Arthur Lowry died on 27 July 1949 in his 39th year. He was educated at the Strand School Elm Park London and enterecl the service of the Anglo-Persian (now the Anglo-Iranian) Oil Company Ltd. in 1929. From 1929 to 1933 he attended evening classes at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute and graduated B.Sc. of the University of 1,ondon with First Class Honours in Chemistry in 1933.He continued as petroleum chemist in the Company's research establishment at Sunbury-on-Thames until the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1934. Edgar Henry Rider Salmon died in 1947 at Cachoeira Brazil in his 78th year. He received his scientific training at Finsbury Technical College from 1885 to 1888. After short periods with the Electrical Power Storage Co. Ltd. Poplar and the London TT'hite Lead Manufacturing Co. Ltd. he went to Brazil in 1891 as chemist to the Brazilian Extract of Meat and Hide Factory Ltd. Cachoeira Rio Grande do Sul with whom he remained until 1895. After some years in this country he returned to Brazil about 1904 and engaged in pharmaceutical practice. In 1907 he established a pharmacy at Santo Eugenio Uruguay.He returned to Cachoeira in 1929 and spent the remainder of his life there. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1891 and a Fellow in 1896. c 4413 1 Gordon Hobbs Piper died on 27 July 1949 in his ilbt year. He was educated at King Alfred School Streatham and St. Paul’s School London and proceeded with a leaving exhibition in science to Merton College Oxford where he graduated B.A. with Second Class Honours in chemistry in 1932 and was awarded the B.Sc. degree for research. From 1932 to 1934 he was a research student at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and obtained the Ph.D. degree of the University of London. After three years as research chemist to the British Cast Iron Research Association and a short period with Roneo Limited he commenced business on his own account.In 1940 he was appointed an Experimental Officer (Chemist) at the Chemical Defence Research Establishment Porton and in 1942 became research chemist and rubber technologist to the British Rubber Manufacturers’ Research Association Croydon. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1932 and a Fellow in 1947. Roy Johnstone Steele a Registered Student of the Institute died in December 1948 in his 40th year. He was educated at Rochester Technical School and in 1926 was appren- ticed to Fraser & Chalmers Ltd. at Erith. In 1928 he commenced part-time study at Medway Technical College Gillingham and in 1931 became a student- assistant at the College rising to be senior assistant and demonstrator.In 1939 he entered the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory \Test Drayton. Herbert Frederick Stephenson died on 19 July 1949 in his 80th year. He was educated at Dulwich Old College and in 1886 proceeded to the Royal College of Science with a Royal Exhibition being awarded the Associateship of the College in 1889. In the latter year he became chief assistant to Professor C. E. Groves chemist to the Thames Conservancy. He was also for many years analyst for the Rotherhithe Gas IVorks and the .lcton Urban District Council and a gas examiner for the County of London. Stephenson subsequently succeeded to the office of chemist to the Thames Conservancy and the Port of London Authority and held these appointments until his retirement in 1945.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. Frank Edward Whitmore died as the result of a mountainecring accident in Switzerland on 25 July 1949 in his 27th year. He received his early education at Westminster Koad School and the Grammar School Handsworth Birmingham and entered the University of Birmingham in 1941 graduating B.Sc. with First Class Honours in chemistry in 1943. He continued at the University with a teaching scholarship and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. for X-ray crystallographic research in 1!146. He \vas subsequently granted a research fellowship in radiochemistry. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1944. 449 1 ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINATIONS-see p. ii. RESIDENTIAL CLUBS FUND APPEAL The attention of members is drawn to the printed Appeal and relevant forms that were sent to them under separate cover during September.Particulars of the Residential Clubs scheme for elderly members and their wives or for their widows have been given in the Editorial to JOURNAL AND ~'ROCEEDINGS 1949 I1 (p. 83) and persons wishing to be considered for nomination for residence in the first of these Clubs were invited to notify the Secretary (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 IV 394). The scheme as envisaged is an extensive one and it is expected that some tens of thousands of pounds will soon be needed for obtaining nomination rights in other properties as they are acquired. It is hoped therefore that all members-and their wives-will make such donations as they can to thc Fund and will also consider advancing additional sums as loans.Further copies of the Appeal and the forms will be sent on request. NOMINATION AND ELECTION OF DISTRICT MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Fellows and Associates are reminded that for the election of District Members of the Council to take office from 31 March 1950 nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday 12 December 1949. In accordance with the By-Law 30 (l),the Districts were defined by thc lnstitute in General Meeting held on 7 March 1921 amended on 1 March 1923 on 1 March 1935 and on 1 Narch 1937 and subject to the adoption of a resolution to be submitted to a Special General Meeting to be held on 21 October 1949 (see enclosed notice) the Districts will be defined as follows for the purpose of the election of District Members of Council for 1950-51 and for future years until these definitions have been further amended :-Reference nuiiiher Naiiics and reference letters of 1,ocal Sections whose areas of District.constitute the territory of the District. lZ@nnd. 1. Birmingham and Midlands (C). 11. Bristol and District (D); Mid-Southern C'ounties (13); South-Western Counties (W). 111. ]Cast Midlands (H). IV. Leeds Area (N); Huddersfield (L). v. 1,iverpool and North-\Vestern (0). VI. London and South-Eastern Counties (P); 1Sast Anglia (G). RIanchester and District (Q). 1711. VIII. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (S); Tees-side (X).IX. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands (U); Hull and District (RI). Wales and the County of Moiamouth. South Wales (V); Cardiff and District (E); North Wales (T). [ 450 1 Sroilicn (2. 1. Aberdeen and North of Scotland (A); Uundee and Dis- trict (FF). 11. Edinburgh and East of Scotland (J) 111. Glasgow and West of Scotland (K). Northern Ireland. Belfast and District (€3). Republic of Ireland. Dublin and District (F.) Overseas. [Covering all areas outside Great 13ritain and Ireland]. The following Rules apply to the nomination ant1 election of District Members of Council I. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District in Great Britain or Ireland as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may as such nominate one candidate for such election or if there be more than one T,ocal Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly or consult in other agreed manner for the purpose of nominating one candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election and shall be in the following form :-“lye the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry do hereby certify that A.B. of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in uur estimation a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. The Member of Council for the Overseas District is elected by the Council. IT. (1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each District in Great Britain and Ireland in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81 a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District and the balloting list shall indicate which if any of the candi- dates has been nominated by the Committce or Committees of the r,ocal Section or Sections in the District.(2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate. (b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member addressed to the Secre- tary at the office of the Institute so that it be received not later than the first post on the Monday immediately preceding the third Friday in January in the year for which the election is being held.[ 451 J TIT. (1) The envclopcs containing the 1)alloCing list slisll on the day before the third Friday in January in the year in which the election is held be opened by two Scrutineers neither Members of the Council nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened with notice of that purpose. (2) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at the meeting on the third Friday in January convened with notice of that purpose. (3) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and in any case of an equality of votes the Council shall decide the matter by ballot.(4) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to Members and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting any candidate who would otherwise have been elected has died or has withdrawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected or if there be no such candidate the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule IV. (5) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to Members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting.IV. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings owing to death resignation removal or otherwise shall be filled by the election by the Com- mittee of the Local Section in the District concerned of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting or adopt such other pro- cedure as may be agreed among them for the purpose of such election. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for the Overseas District such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. Those whose names are given in italics will have completed three successive years’ service on the Council and will retire in accordance with By-Law 23. England I. Eric Millward Joiner B.Sc. A.G.I.S. 11. Thomas Malkin Ph. D. D.Sc. )I , 111. Frederick Cecil Bullock B.Sc. IV. Arthur Clarence Francis A.H.-W.C. I v. Bernard Dunstan Wilkinson Luff. I VI. Clifford Walter Herd B.Sc. Ph.D. It )) VII. John Thompson Marsh MSc. F.T.I. VIII. Herbert Edward Blayden BSc. ) ,) IS. [Previously part of other Districts]. Wales. William Dudley Williams R.Sc. A .M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.Pet. Scotland I. Roy Brow% Strathdee O.B.E.T.D., M.A. R.Sc. P1t.D. 11. Isaac Arthur Preece M.Sc. Ph.D. I1 , 111. David Traill B.Sc. Ph.D. Northern Ireland. Cecil Leeburn Wilson M.Sc. Ph.D. Republic of Ireland. Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. Overseas. Charles Forrester K-i-H. Ph.D. A.H.-W.C. F.Inst.F. A.M.I.Chem.E. F.R.S.E. [ 452 1 MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1950 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1949 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1949.No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London IY.C.1,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” Beilby Memorial Awards.-From thc interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1950 and the administrators-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions-will there-fore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 31 December 1949.A11 communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Iioyal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C. 1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1949.-Registered Students arc informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1950 of a Medal and Prize (Ll0 10s.) for the best essay’ not exceeding 3,000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of agc at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject.The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for thc 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946,111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 31 December 1949 and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed [ 453 1 by the Council on I\ hose repvrt the t otincil \2-ill decdr \\ hcthcr dn(l to H lion1 an award shall be made. The award mill not be mad? more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1949. In 1945 Mtssrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institutc a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare.‘Thc object of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for cxperiniental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial ITelfare. Applications to compete for the Prize for 1949 are invited under the following conditions :--I. The 1949 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1949. 2. The 1949 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experi-mental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare.A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition providing that the conclu- sions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (K. C. Barraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Brown Firth Research Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4) to reach him on or before 31 December 1949 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b)two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collab- orators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate..i. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide thc Prim between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received.5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for intenicw in connection with his application. 6. ’i’he Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Course of Lectures at Acton Technical College.-A course of twelve lectures on “Certain Aspects of the Modern Chemistry of Oils and Fats” will be given during the Autumn Term 1949 on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. [ 454 j ‘I he remaining lectures are :-’Two lectures on Micro-analysis applied to Oils and Fats by Mr. C. Wha.lley (14 and dl October). Two lectures on Synthetic Fatty Acids and Synthetic Fats by Mr.P. N. ‘Ll’illiams (28 October and 4 November). Two lectures on Drying Oils by Dr. I,. A. O’Neill (1 1 and 18 November). Three lectures on Some Aspects of the Biochemistry of Fats by Dr. 1:. L. Warren (25 November to 9 December). Further particulars and registration forms may bc. obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton l,ondon W.3. A series of special advanced courses on Plastics to be held during the Session 1949-50 began 20 September. ’The alternative courses which have been arranged to cover the requirements of the Associateship of the Institutc of Plastics will be of value to industrial chemists and engineers engaged in the plastics and associated industries. They comprise a two-year course on the Chemistry and Technology of Plastics and a two-year course on Plastic Tool and Mould Design.Further particulars and registration forms may be obtained as above. Courses in Microchem ist ry at Battersea Polytech nic.-Post-graduate lectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will bc held under the super- vision of Dr. P. F. Holt during the 1949-50 session as follows :--Autumn Term (26 September to 16 December 1949) Inorganic Qualitati\,e Analysis. Spring Term (9 January to 31 March 1950) Organic Microchemical Methods. Summer Term (24 April to 14 July 1950) (Juantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis. Fee 10s. per Term. Further particulars and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic London S.W.11. Post-grad u ate Courses at Birmingham Central Technical College. -(1) Twelve lectures on “Physical Methods for determining the Size and Shape of Macromolecules in Solution,” by Dr. G. A. Gilbert on Friday evenings beginning 7 October 1949. (2) Ten lectures on “Fundamentals and Applications of Heat Trans- mission,’’ by Dr. S. J. Green llr. R. Long and Mr. R. Scott on Wednesday e.i.enings beginning 12 October. (3) Post-graduate course in “Chemical Works Organisation,” on Monday Thursday and Friday evenings throughout the Session. Further particulars and forms of application for admission to the Courses may be obtained from the Iiegistrar Central Technical College Suff olk Street Birmingham 1. Post-graduate Course in Analytical Chemistry at The College of Tech-nology Bristo1.--A special course of six lectures on “Some Recent Develop- ments in Analytical Chemistry,” by Mr.W. P. Thistlethwaite will be given in the Lesser Hall of the College on Fridays 14 October 18 November. 16 December 1949 13 January 10 February 10 March 1950 at 7.15 p.m. Fee for the course i2 2s. Early application should be made to the Registrar College of Technology Unity Street Bristol 1. Courses at Chelsea Polytechnic.-The following courses are announced :-(1) Biochemistry.-Four groups of five lectures on Biochemistry to be given by Dr. E. M. Crook and Dr. F. L. Warren during the Autumn and Spring Terms on Monday evenings began 3 October 1949. [ 455 1 The lectures are designed for students who ha\-e a knotvledge of chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of general biochemistry.Fee for the whole course 30s.; for each part 7s. 6d. (2) The Chemistry and Technology of Fats.-A series of nine post-graduate lectures on “The Laboratory and Commercial Methods of Separating Fats and Fatty Acids” will be given during the Autumn Term on I:riday evenings beginning 14 October 1949. The course has been planned and arranged to meet the demands of post- graduate students research workers industrial chemists and others interestcd in the subject. Fee for the course 15s. (3) The Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water.-A special course of lectures and practical work based on the syllabus for the Fellowship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry Branch E to be given for 1st year students on Tuesdays and Thursdays during two complete sessions began 27 September 1949.Responsible Lecturer Mr. R. G. Minor; Lecturer in Materia Medica Mr. E. S. Mayer; Lecturer in Bacteriology Mr. A. \Y.G. Chetham; Assistant Lecturers and Demonstrators Mr. A. J. M. Bailey and Mr. W. R. Rankin. Course Fee for each Session k3 3s.; Laboratory Fee 5s.; Membership Is. (4) Dairy Technology.-Two series of lectures on special aspects of Dairy Technology (each series comprising four lectures) will be given in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre on Tuesdays at 7.16 p.m. First series 15 November to 6 December 1949. Fee 5s. Second series 14 February to 7 March 1950. Fee 5s. The lectures are designed to provide up-to-date information for persons holding managerial or executive posts in the dairy industry for dairy labora- tory workers food chemists Public Health Officers Public Analysts and others of professional standing interested in milk.Further particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Imperial College of Science and Technology.-A course of ten lectures by Dr. J. H. Burgoyne on “Gaseous Reactions leading to Ignition” will be given in the Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Department on Mondays beginning 10 October 1949 at 2.30 p.m. There will be an introductory lecture by Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.K.S. Fee for the course L2 12s. 6d. Application for admission should be made to the Deputy Registrar City and Guilds College Imperial College Exhibition Road South Kensington London S.W.7.A further course on “Ignition and Flame Propagation in Gases” will be given on Monday afternoons in the Spring Term 1950. Post-Advanced Courses in Chemistry in the Merseyside Area.--Particulars have been published of lectures to be given during the 1949-50 Session at thc City College of Technology Byron Street Liverpool the Municipal Technical College Gamble Institute St. Helens the Southport Technical College Mornington Road Southport the Municipal Technical College Victoria Square Widnes and the Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Details may be obtained on application to the Principal at any of the above Colleges.Special Courses at the Northampton Polytechnic.-A course of twelve lectures on Ceramics their Production Testing and Utilisation to be given on Wednesday evenings at 7 p.m. began 5 October 1949. [ 456 3 Section &-Two iectnres on ihr l’rotluction of Ceramics;. Section B-Seven lectures on the ’I-esting of Ceramic.; ant1 the Deter- mination of their Constitution. Section C-The Utilisation of Ceramics. Fee for the course 21s. 12 course of 21 lectures on Kecent Trends in Fuel Technology will be given on Tuesday evenings at 7 p.m. from 4 October 1949 to 7 March 1960. Fee for the course 30s. Full particulars of the above courses may be obtained from the Head of the Department of -4pplied Chemistry Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street I .ondon E.C.1. Courses at Sir John Cass Technical Institute :-(1) (’ourse of eight lectures on Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Antibiotics by Mr. F. A. Robinson on Friday evenings began 7 October 1949. i;ee €or the course Ll. A further course in this series on Kecent Developments in the Chemistry of Vitamins and Analgesics will be held on Friday evenings during the second term. (2) Course of nineteen lectures on Chemical Plant The Operation of some Unit Processes on Friday evenings began 7 October 1949. Fee for the Course i1 10s. (3) Course of lectures on Advanced Organic Chemistry (Part II) by Mr. A. G. Lidstone on Wednesday evenings throughout the Session beginning 12 October 1949. Fee for the Course i2. (4) Course of twenty-four lectures on Statistical Methods m Scientific and Industrial Research by Mr.D. R. Read. (a) Twelve lectures on Mathematical Statistics on Monday evenings at 6.45 p.m. began 26 September 1949. (b) Twelve lectures on Design of Experiments on Monday evenings at 6.45 p.m. beginning 9 January 1950. Fee for the whole course LZ. (5) Course of twelve lectures on Industrial Law by Mr. Eric Walker Barrister-at-law on Thursday evenings at 6 p.m. began 29 September 1949. Fee for the course Ll. (6) Course of ten lecture-demonstrations in Microchemical Analysis suitable for analysts and advanced students of chemistry. Lecturers Mr. D. W. Wilson and Mr. F. Holmes. On Thursday evenings beginning 19 January 1950. Fee for the course LI 10s.Applications for further particulars of the above courses and enrolment forms should be made to The Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Course of Lectures on the Design of Experiment.-The ninth series of Post-graduate Lectures under the auspices of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association will be given at 6.30 p.m. on Thursdays 6 13 and 20 October 1949 in the Lecture Theatre of The Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street J,ondon W.l by Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. on “The Design of Experi- ment the Development of Experimental Methods and Theoretical Ideas in a Field of Research.” Admission by ticket only (price 10s. for the course) obtainable from Mr. John Hannaford O.C.C.A. Aldwych House Aldwych London U7.C.2.[ 457 3 Electronics Symposium.-A symposium on the .application of Electronics to research and industry will be held by the Electronics Section of the Scientific Instrument Manufacturers Association at the Examination Hall Queens Square London W.C.1 from Wednesday to Friday 2-4 November 1949. Admission by ticket obtainable on application to the Secretary of the Association 17 Princes Gate London S.W.7. University of London.-.4 course of three lectures on “The Chemistry of the Transuranics and Other Newly-Discovered Elements” will be given by Professor H. J. EmeEus F.R.S. in the Chemistry Theatre University College Gower Street London W.C.l on Mondays 31 October 7 and 14 November 1949 at 5.15 p.m. Admission free without ticket.A course of three lectures on Biochemistry dealing particularly with Biologically Labile Methyl Groups will be given by Professor V. du Vigneaud on 28 and 31 October and 2 November 1949 at 5.30 p.m. in the Meyerstein Theatre Westminster LMedical School Horseferry Road \Vestminster London S.W. 1. MISCELLANEOUS Congress on Analytical Chemistry.-A representative gathering of chemists and others interested in the modern developments of analytical chemistry has met under the chairmanship of Sir Robert Robinson O.M. P.R.S. to consider the desirability of holding an international congress on the subject in Great Britain. A General Committee and an Executive Committee have been formed to proceed with the organisation of such a Congress which is planned for the summer of 1952.A grant towards the preliminary expenses has been made by the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chem- ists and it is hoped to have the support of many other bodies to whom the development of analytical chemistry is vital. The Hon. Secretary of the Congress is Mr. R. C Chirnside F.K.I.C. Kesearch Laboratories of The General Electric Co. Ltd. Wembley Middlesex. The Chemical Society Research Fund -The Research Fund of the Chemical Society provides grants for assisting research in all branches of chemistry about i700 per annum being available for this purpose. Applications from Fellows of the Society will receive prior consideration. ipplication forms may be obtained from the General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 and should be returned not later than 1 November 1949.Scholarships for Technology in the United States.-About fifty post- graduate scholarships for the study of technology at universities and techno- logical institutions in the United States are being offered to students in Great Britain who hold a good honours degree in pure science or technology and are now working in industry or research associations or are teachers in universities or technical colleges. Successful candidates will be expected to take up their awards in February 1950. Full particulars may be obtained from the University Grants Committee 38 Belgrave Square London S.W.1. British Standards Institution.-B.S. 1561 1949-Silver Anodes and Silver Salts for Electroplating-prepared by the Chemical Engineering Industry Standards Committee has been published recently.Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street lj-estminster London S lV.1 price 2s. net post free The Institution acts as the agent in the IJnited Kingdom of all overseas national standards organisations For all information about home and overseas standards application should be made direct to the Institution at the above address. [ 458 ] COMING EVENTS ’l‘hc follo\ving list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. October 10 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Leather its Constitution and Properties.” Dr.M. P. Balfe at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Some Aspects of Respiration in Bacteria.” Mr. E. C. Baskett at the Cathedral Hotel Salisbury at 7.30 p.m. 1 1 THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Aromatic Nitration.” Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. at Field’s CafC Westgate Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Some Aspects of Kespiration in Bacteria.” Mr E. C. Baskett at the Municipal Technical College Bournemouth at 7.30 p.m. TIIEINSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South-Western Section) Visit to Works of English China Clays Lovering Pochin and Co.Ltd. at Lee Moor and Marsh Mills. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) “Biological INDUSTRY Polymerisation with special reference to Polysaccharide Synthesis.” Professor M. Stacey at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Croup) “Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Phenolic Resins.” Mr. S. R. Finn Dr. N. J. L. Megson Mr. E. J. W. Whittaker at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION CHEMICAL “The Preparation of Ammonia OF ENGINEERS Synthesis Gas from Wood Fuel in India.” Mr. I<. W. Rutherford and Mr. I(.Ruschin in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m.ASSOCIATION SHEFFIELDMETALLURGICAL “Britain’s 13nergy -A New Conception.” Sir Claude D. Gibb C.B.E. F.R.S. at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield at 6.15 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “(&anti-tative Common-Sense and the Chemist.” Dr. E. c. Wood in the Small Hall Community Centre Slough at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Microbiological Panel) : SOCIETY INDUSTRY “Aspects of the Mineral Metabolism of Micro-organisms.” Dr. D. J. D. Nicholas Dr. S. W. Challinor and Dr. A. Pollard in London. iNsTITUTE OF FUEL (Scottish Section) Annual General Meeting. Films at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders 39 Elmbank Crescent (;lasgow C.2 at 6 p.m. INSTITUTE “Bitumen Horizons.” Mr.A. W. Jarman, OF PETROLEUM at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. [ 459 3 October 13 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Biochemistry involved in Egg Shell Formation.” Professor C. Tyler at Acton Technical College High Street Acton London \2‘.3 at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) “Industrial Health INDUSTRY Hazards.” Dr. T. A. Lloyd Davies in the Chemistry Department The University Woodland Road Hristol 8 at 7 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION(Scottish Section) Lecture and Film on “Modern Processing of Oils and Resins.” Mr. H. C. Worsdall at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Dundee and District Section) Inaugural Meeting. CHEMICALSOCIETY (jointly with the University College of Exeter Scientific Society) “Diffraction of Neutrons by Crystals.” Dr.Kath- leen Lonsdale F.R.S. in the Washington Singer Laboratories Prince of Wales Road Exeter at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL “The Nature of Solution.” Professor ANDERSONIAN SOCIETY W. €7. K. Wynne- Jones at the Royal Technical College George Street Glasgow C.l at 3.30 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Plastics and Corrosion.” Dr. H. Barron at the County Technical College Essex Road Dartford at 7.30 p.m. ALEMBICCLUB “Compounds of the Inert Gases.” Mr. H. M. Powell in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford at 8.15 pm. 18 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group jointly with tlic INDUSTRY Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Fertiliser Society) “Fertiliser Analysis with special reference to Available Phosphoric Acid.” Dr.E. M. Crowther Mr. G. Taylor O.B.E. Mr. W. C. Hanson and Dr. J. H. Hamence in the Chemistry Department Imperial College of Science and Technology Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY INSTITUTION (Scottish Section) “Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Mr. Mann at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders 39 Elmbank Crescent Glasgow C.2 at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Electrostatic Hazards in Chemical Industry.” Professor E. G. Cox at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7.15 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Rockets and Chemistry,” by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths; Film ‘‘Rocket Flight.” -It the Wellcome Research Institution 183 Euston Road London N.11’.1 at 6.30 p.m. SocrETY OF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section and Food INDUSTRY Group) “Agricultural Chemistry in Northern Ireland.” Professor R. G. Baskett O.B.E. in the Agricultural Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Newcastle Section) “Antifouling Paints.” Mr. 0. D. Hunt in the New Chemistry Building King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. CLUB “Occupational Diseases.” Dr. James at The Univer- ALCHEMISTS sity Glasgow W.2 at 4 p.m. [ 460 I October 19 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Absorption Spectrophotometry applied to Metallurgical Analysis.” Mr.E. J . Vaughan in the Medical Theatre The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section jointly with the Pharma- ceutical Society of Northern Ireland) “The Use and Production of 1,aboratory Animals.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Rooms of the Pharmaceutical Society 73 University Street Belfast at 8 p.m. ?’HE INSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section) Meeting at the Tech- nical College Plymouth. C,HEMICAL SOCIETY:Tilden Lecture “Acetylene and Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science ant1 Technology South Kensington London S.W.7 at 7.15 p.m.CHEMICAL (jointly with the University College of Hull Chemical SOCIETY Society) “The Mechanism of Drug Action.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. SOCIETY: CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “The Scattering of Light by Solutions.” Dr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S. in the Lecture Theatre Department of Chemistry The Univer- sity Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. OF MININGAND METALLURGY: INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly T>ondon W.1 at 5 p.m. 21 THE INSTITUTE: Special General Meeting in the IAecture Theatre London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street Idondon W.C.1 at 5.30 p.m.Special Lecture “The Development of Chemical Processes.” Dr. Frank Roffey at 6 pm. following the above meeting. (See leaflets enclosed.) THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Recent Macromolecular Adventures with the Electron Microscope.” Professor W.T. Astbury F.R.S. at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the Birmingham University Chemical Society) “The Oxidation of Aldehydes in Solution.” Professor C. E. H. Bawn in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with The Institute Mid-Southern Counties Section and the Chemical Society University College Southampton) “Medical Aspects of Radiation Chemistry.” Dr.Edson in the Physics T>epartment University College Southampton at 7.45 p.m. 22 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting at King’s College Strand T,ondon w.c.2. 24 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group jointly with the Institute of Brewing London Section) “The Microbial Synthesis of Fats.” Professor H. Lundin in London. October 25 SOCiETY OF (.;HEM LCAL ~NUIJSTKY (c‘hemical ISnginecring (iroup) “Chemical Engineering Problems in the Sea-Water hfagnesia Process. ” Mr. H. W. Thorp and Dr. W. C. Gilpin in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS (Scottish Section) “The Linking of Science and Craftsmanship in Textile Printing.” Mr.K. J. Hannay at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 26 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section jointly with the Plastics Institute) “Phenolic Plastics.” Mr. N. J. L. Megson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Technical College Gloucester at 7 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (liood Group Kutrition Panel ant1 INDUSTRY Agriculture Group) “Genetic Factors affecting the Nutritional Value of Animal Products and Crops.” 1)r. J. Hamnioncl and Mr. li. f-I. Richens in T-ondon. ALCHEMISTS’ CLUB “Kinetic Studies and Aromatic Substitution.” Professor Brynmor Jones at The University Glasgow W.2 at 4p.m. 27 CHEMICALSOCIETY: “Editing for the Chemical Society.” llr.K. S. Cahn in the Chemistry Lecture ‘Theatre The University I,iverpool at 4.30 p.m. C,HEMICALSOCIETY “The Chemistry of Metallic Oxides.” Dr. J. S. Anderson in the Chemistry Department IJniversity College l-)undt.c at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Aromatic Nitration. ” Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. at University College Cardiff at 7 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-13astrrn Counties Section jointly with Cambridge University Chemical Society) “Chemotherapy and Essential Trace-Elements.” Professor A. Albert at the University Chemistry Laboratory l’embroke Street Cambridge at 8.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The Art of Making Sulphate of Ammonia.” Dr. 81. P. Appleby M.B.E. in The University Glasgow at 3.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with The Institute South Wales Section at University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society) “Aromatic Nitration.” Professor C.K. Ingold F.R.S. at University Collegc Swansea at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) Visit to Beet Sugar Factory Felstead Essex. INSTITUTEFUEL(Scottish Section) “Fuel Efficiency on the Firing OF Floor.” Demonstration at Aberdeen at 6 p.m. 31 -ALEMBIC CLUB “Microwave Spectroscopy.” Professor E. Bright IYilson Junr. in the Physical Chemistry I,aboratory Oxford at 8.15 p.m. November 1 THE IKSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Some Nutritional Problems concerning Bread.” Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones. 2 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Biologically Active Phenazine Derivatives. ” Mr. J. G. Belton in the Department of Chemistry Universitv College Dublin at 7.46 p.m.462 1 November 3 ’I‘HEINST~XLJX~.: (1,oncion arid South-Lastern C‘ounties Sectiun) “Careers for Chemists.” 1)r. N. Booth at Brighton Technical College Brighton at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London vc’. 1 at 7.15 p.m. CfrEnfIcAL SOCIETY (jointlywith The Institute Rristol and District Section and the Society of Chemical Industry Rristol Section) “What is a Chemical Bond?” Professor C. A. Coulson in the Department of Chemistry The University SVoodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.111. (‘HERI~CAL SucTizTY (jointly with the University of Sheffielcl Chemical Society) “Some -1spects of the Organic Chemistry of Fluorine.” l>r.C. I\-.Suckling in thc Chemistry Lecture ’Theatrc ‘The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 4 P HE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section and Food Group) Visit to Messrs. Huntley and Palmers Ltd. Heading at 2.30 p.m. “Some Recent lrends in Bakery Research.” Dr. J. €3. hl. C,oppock at The University Reading at 5.30 p.m. BODIESIN XORTHERN CHARTEREDCHEMICAL IRELAND:Joint Xnnnal I>inner in the Royal A\renue Hotel Belfast. 7 SocirrY OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (1,onclon Section l;ood Group and Agriculture Group) Jubilee Memorial 1,ecture “The Cow-Mankind’s Benefactress.” Mr. E. B. Anderson at The Royal Institution Albe- marlt Street Idondon W.1 at 6.30 p.m.8 ‘I’HE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) ‘‘Careers for Chemists.” Dr. N. Booth at Norwoocl Technical Institute Nor- wood London S.E.27 at 7 p.m. TNSTITUTION OF CHEMICALENGINEERS (jointly with Physical Society Low Temperature Group) “Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures.” In the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. BRADFORD CHEMICALSOCIETY:‘‘The Evaluation of Transformer Oils.” Dr. J. .A. Ham at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 9 ‘rHE ~NSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “By Sea and Air to South American Oil.” Mr. J. S. Parker at the County School Ridgeway Road Isleworth at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section jointly with The Chem- ical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Manchester Section) Symposium on “Some Chemical Aspects of Atomic Energy,” by mem- bers of the Chemistry Division Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell.In the Chemistry 1,ecture Theatre The University Man-Chester at 10.30 a.m. 10 THISINSTITUTE (with the co-operation of the Imperial College Chemical Society) Meldola Medal Lecture-“The Synthesis of Purine Nucleo- tides.” Dr. James Raddiley (Meldola Medallist 1947) in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 5.30 p.m. (See leaflet enclosed.) [ 463 1 Novernber 10 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with West Ham Municipal College Chemical Research Club) “By Sea and Air to South American Oil.” Mr.J. S. Parker at West Ham Municipal College Romford Road London E.15 at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with the University College of Hull Chemical Society) “Surface Films.” Professor N. K. Adam F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “Organic Compounds of Fluorine.” Professor M. Stacey in the Lecture Theatre Department of chemistry The University Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. II SOCIETY OF CHEhIICAL INDUSTRY (Fine Chemicals Group) :“The Chemistry of Antihistamine and Related Drugs.” Dr. D. W. Adamson in the C‘hemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Strand T,ondon W.C.2 at 7 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with The Institute Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section and the Society of Chemical Industry) Tilden Lec- ture “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 12 BIOCHEMICAL Symposium at the Idondon School of Hygiene SOCIETY and Tropical Medicine. 14 SOCIETYOF CHEMrcAL ~NDUSTRY(Yorkshire Section jointly with Brad- ford Chemical Society) “Rotproofing.” nr. E. Race at the ’Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p m. 15 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and I hstrict Section) Social Evening and Film Show in the Grand Hotel. 16 THEINsTITuTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting followed by discussion of Section and Institute affairs.At the Royal Society of Medicine I Wimpole Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group and Newcastle Section) “Planning and Design of a Chemical Factory.” Dr. G. F. Whitby at Newcastle upon Tyne. 17 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) :“Some Aspect of C’arbohydrate Chemistry.” Professor E. T,. Hirst F.K.S. at the (’ollege of Tech- nology T,eicester at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The I>evelopment of Chemical Processes.” Dr. F. Roffey at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY : CHEMICAL Centenary I~xture “Radiation Induced Polymerisa- tion.” I>r.M. Magat in the Lecture Hall The Tnstitution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate London S.W.1 at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the OF hfINING AND METALLURGY Geological Society Rurlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5 p.m. 18 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Sonic Aspects of Chromatography.” Dr. Neil Campbell at the Koyal ’Technical College Glasgow at 7.16 p.m. r 464 7 November 18 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual Uinner. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Dinner-Dance at the Connaught Rooms Kingsway London W.C.2 at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with the University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society) “The Formation and Reactions of Free Radicals in Solution.” Professor M.G. Evans F.R.S. at University College Swansea at 5.30 p.m. 19 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) “The Growth of the Chemical Industry in the Manchester District.” Mr. N. Swindin at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 21 ALEMBIC CLUB “Synthesis of Nucleotides.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford at 8.15 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club) “Leather Its Constitution and Properties.” Dr. M. P. Balfe at The Cherry Tree Welwyn Garden City at 8 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group jointly INDUSTRY with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the British Iron and Steel Research Association) “Submerged Flame Combustion.” Mr.N. Swindin in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 33 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological Panel) “Recent Work on the Bacteriology of Pasteurisation.” Mr. E. B. Anderson and Dr. L. J. Meanwell in London. ALCHEMISTS’CLUB “Chemurgy.” Dr. I?. N. Woodward at The Univer- sity Glasgow W.2. at 4 p.m. INSTITUTE 84 ’IHE (Bristol and District Section) “The Production and Use of Laboratory Animals ” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemistry Department The University Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Brains Trust-“The Chemical Protection of Crops.” At Medway Technical College Gardiner Street Gillingham at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Northern Ireland Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture-“Photography in the Service of the Scientist.” Z)r. H. Baines. in the Technical College Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) Social Evening and Film Show at Urch’s Caf6 Gloucester. CHEMICALSOCIETY (jointly with The Institute South-Western Counties Section and the Society of Chemical Industry) “Corrosion Inhibitors.” Dr. U. R. Evans F.K.S. in the Washington Singer Laboratories Prince of Wales Road Exeter at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Modern Theories of Chemical Valency.” Sir John Lennard- Jones K.B.E. F.R.S. in The University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m.SOCIETY: CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Building King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL (jointly with the Chemical Society University College SOCIETY Southampton) “Macro-Molecular Studies with the Electron Micro- scope.” Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. 465 ] November 28 THE~NSTITUTE(London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with Woolwich Polytechnic Scientific Society) “The Minor Constituents of Coal.” Dr. A. C. Monkhouse at Woolwich Polytechnic London S.H.18 at 7.30 p.m. 29 SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS (Physical Methods Group) Annual General Meeting. “The Mass Spectrometer.” Dr.J. G. A. Griffiths in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensing- ton London S.W.7 at 6 p.m. ~NSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Scottish Section) “Latex Testing.” Dr. Paton at 25 Charlotte Square Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Scottish Section) “The Dyeing of Nylon in Unions with other Fibres.” Mr J. G. Grundy at St. Enocli Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. 30 CHEMICAL Symposium on “Fluorine Chemistry,” arranged by SOCIETY Professor H. J. Emcldus F.R.S. In the Lecture Theatre The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London jV.1 at 2.30 p.m. and 1 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Recent Advances in the Physical Chemistry of High Polymers.” Dr. G. Gee at Tinil ersity College Cardiff at 7 p.m.December 1 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section jointly with the Cheniical Engineering Group) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Photography in the Service of the Scientist.” Dr. H. Baines in the Chemistry Depart-ment The University TYoodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. 2 CHEMICAL BODIESIN GLASGOW. Rainsay Chemical Dinner. 5 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section jointly with the Hull Section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association) “Absorption Spectro- photometry.” Ah-. N. H. E. Ahlers at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Fibreglass.” Mr. A. ill. Robertson at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m.6 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “The Nature of Scientific Con-viction.” Professor M. Polanyi F.R.S. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “Under-ground Corrosion of Ferrous Metals Causes and Prevention.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon and Dr. K. R. Butlin in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadill? Tnndon M7.1 at 5.30 p.m. 7 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group jointly with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists) “Properties of Pectin and its use in the Food Industry.” Dr. J. N. K. Jones Miss M. Olliver Dr. V. L. S. Chorley and Mr. R. W. Xoney in London. 8 PLASTICS (Scottish Section) “Acrylic Plastics with special INSTITUTE reference to their use in Building and Lighting Appliances.” Mr.R. Dew at the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders 39 Elmbank Crescent Glasgow C.2 at 7 p.m. 1466 ] December 9 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Meldola Medal Lecture-“The Synthesis of some Natural Products by the use of Acetylenic Precursors.” Dr. R. A. Raphael (Meldola Medallist 1948) at The University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) “A Synthesis of L-Thyroxine.” Dr. B. A. Hems in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Strand London W.C.2 at 7 p.m. OF ENGINEERS 10 INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) “The Composition of Fractionating Column Products under Various Reflux Conditions.” Mr.J. S. Forsyth and Mr. N. L. Franklin at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Chemistry of Bioluminescence and its Importance in Animal Behaviour. ” Dr. H. A. Klasens at Philips Electrical Ltd. New Road Mitcham Junc- tion at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Poly-merisation by Friedel-Crafts Catalysts.” Dr. A. G. Evans in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS: OF CHEMICAL “Fluid Flow through Granular Beds.” Dr. J. M. Coulson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY:“Some Applications of Chemistry to Wool Textiles.” Mr.G. E. Styan at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY I4 SOCIETY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “The Nation’s Manufactured Foods-Soups as Food.” In London. 15 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section). “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry.” Professor John Read F.R.S. at the Technical College Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) “The Rheology of Building Materials.” Mr. A. G. Ward in the Lecture Room Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents 17 Knights-bridge London S.\V. 1 at 6 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ L\SSOCIATION (Scottish Section) “Improved Film-forming Materials from Dehydrated Castor Oil.” Mr.R. Wilson at St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION AND METALLURGY: OF MINING Meeting in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W,1 at 5 p.m. 1G BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Guy’s Hospital London. SOCIETY [ 467 1 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices Yelating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on pp. ii and 450.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-An Appointments Register is maintained by the Institute through which Fellows Associates and some senior registered students can be informed of vacancies. Facilities are aSforded by this Register free to authorities and firms requiring the services of qualified chemists.Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays (Satudays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute.The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Su bscri pt ion Arrange m en ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can maintain on favourable terms their membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and also if desired of the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with sub- stantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS 1945,Part IV P.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1949 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. I. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL in annual volumes should notify the Secretary AND PROCEEDINGS of their requirements.Covers for the years 1939 to 1948 inclusive are available. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.[ 468 2

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300403

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PART VI I 949 EDIT0RIAL PROFESSIONAL BODIES In English Law we understand there is no simple and clear- cut definition of a crime. The best that can be done is to list those offences that may form the subject of criminal proceedings. A similar difficulty arises in trying to define a profession and here perhaps we may similarly fall back on enumerating those “gainful occupations” whose practitioners have established a “professional body” to co-ordinate and develop the services they render to the public and to the State. This does not take us very far and it is fortunate that the average man has a fair idea of what constitutes a profession-as he has of what is a crime. The older professions such as medicine and the law have long held an honoured place in the community and many others including some whose services are of less direct significance to individual members of the public are now recognised as playing an essential part in the maintenance of the well-being of the populace and in the development of industrial and administrative activity.In the attainment of this position the professions owe much to the varied types of professional bodies that have been established by their members. Mr. Roche Lynch in his presidential address this year indicated the origins and lines of development of some of our existing pro- fessional bodies and emphasised their essentially English character. It certainly seems that the nature and purpose of these bodies their forms of constitution and modes of operation are in many respects peculiar to Britain and the British Commonwealth.Moreover during the past few years a series of articles on “the organisation of other professions”-dealing so far with medicine the law archi- tecture and pharmacy-have appeared sporadically in this Journal and many members have been interested to learn of the similarities and differences between the institutions established in these fields. Conversations with members of these and other professions such as dentistry physics engineering metallurgy surveying and account- ancy have led us to attempt to analyse the varied functions exercised by professional institutions. [ 469 I It appears that few of these bodies are exactly alike in their constitutions and functions and that each has some individuality in the way it operates.This is perhaps what one would expect in a group of British institutions that have grown up from diverse origins over varying periods of years to meet needs that have altered as the social and economic life of the community has developed. Even those that are most akin such as the three great engineering bodies the Institutions of Civil Mechanical and Electrical Engineers probably exhibit some differences in outlook if not in structure due to their different ages and the divergent interests of their members arising for example from the differing extents to which these members are engaged in private practice in Government service or in industry.The fact that most of the older bodies are incorporated by Royal Charter whereas some of the younger ones are registered under the Companies Acts does not in itself seem to affect the way in which they operate. Possession of a Royal Charter places upon a body a definite obligation to put the interests of the public foremost in all its actions but this concern with the well-being and protection of the community is one of the principal characteristics of all professional bodies. Another important feature of most of them is that membership is voluntary the only exceptions being where it has been found desirable in the public interest to insist that the right to practise certain professions notably pharmacy shall be contingent on membership of a specified professional body.This voluntary principle which applies in bodies such as the British Medical Association as well as in most of the others mentioned above is in general a source of strength for the fact that a large majority of appropriately qualified practitioners in such fields elect to belong to the professional body provides an assurance that its activities and services will be maintained and developed in the best interests of the community. All professional bodies that are recognisable as such appear to exercise functions coming under at least two of the following headings education; qualification; publication; registration and discipline; protection. Probably none of them covers the whole field of these activities completely but some such as the Law Society the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and the Royal Institute of British Architects come very near to doing so.Some bodies concentrate on certain functions appropriate to their con- stitutions to the partial or complete exclusion of others; thus the Institutions of Civil Mechanical and Electrical Engineers appear to be principally concerned with education qualification and publica- tion whereas at the other extreme the British Medical Association which is not itself a qualifying body would probably regard protec- tion as one of its principal functions. In such cases there are r 470 1 often separate bodies charged with providing the services not afforded by the main professional body.Thus in medicine regis- tration is the function of the General Medical Council qualification (at least in part) of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of Surgeons and of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists while the publication of new knowledge is to some extent in the hands of learned societies such as the Royal Society of Medicine. In our own profession we are well aware of the important role of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and numerous more specialised societies such as the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists the Faraday Society and the Biochemical Society in the publication of original work in pure and applied chemistry. The articles on the organisation of other professions which have appeared in this Journal illustrate the extraordinary range of the extents to which the activities and services required by different professions are concentrated under one organisation or dispersed among several.In the field of education the majority of professional bodies exercise at least an indirect influence as for example by prescribing standards and conditions of training and by recognising only those courses and those institutions that satisfy them. In this respect our own Institute has had a considerable influence on the teaching of chemistry especially practical chemistry in this country and the importance attached by technical colleges to securing the Institute’s recognition of their courses is a measure of that influence. In several professions the professional body not only prescribes the syllabuses of courses but also appoints examiners.In others the professional institution itself maintains and operates schools for the training of aspirants to the profession. Until recently the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was an important example of this. One of the commonest characteristics of professional bodies is their right to bestow a recognised qualification on persons who by examination or otherwise have been proved competent to practise the profession. Corporate membership of such bodies-sometimes in specific grades-is often designated by “letters” or in other ways that serve to indicate to the public the persons who are so qualified. Where the professional body itself. does not confer a qualification membership of it is restricted to those who have attained a recog-nised qualification from other sources.Thus membership of the British Medical Association is open only to those who are registered medical practitioners and have been admitted as such by the General Medical Council. By this means professional bodies exercise one of their most important functions that of protecting the public or the employer against the unqualified or inexperienced person. It is realised however that in many of the professions-especially those which may be described as “the learned professions”-qualifications [ 471 1 of recognised standing may also be bestowed by universities and in such cases it is common for the professional body to accept a univer- sity degree in the appropriate subjects as satisfying at least part of its own requirements for admission to corporate membership.Generally however the extent to which those requirements are satisfied depends on the class of the degree and on the university from which it is derived and most of the bodies impose other requirements such as a period of proved experience in the practice of the pro- fession submission to a part of their own examinations or the presentation of a thesis or other record of original work. In all the professions the standards of admission to corporate membership tend to be raised and it is one of the most important duties of the qualifying bodies to ensure that their corporate membership connotes a standard of knowledge and skill appropriate to the current stage of development of the profession.All the professional bodies issue publications if only a “house journal” containing a record of the business of the institution and of matters of direct concern to the members. Most of them go further than this by the publication of one or more periodicals containing articles on developments in professional practice and articles or papers dealing with the advancement of knowledge and experience in the field. Publications of this latter type often have a world-wide reputation and provide the medium through which major contri- butions to the advancement of fundamental and technical knowledge are made known. Such publications may also include abstracts of papers published elsewhere as well as reviews annual reports of progress and the like.It is in this field of “publication” that our own Institute’s services are least complete for this is the purview of the societies already mentioned. Through its series of Lectures Monographs and Reports however the Institute is playing an increasingly important part in the publication of matters of scientific and professional interest outside those covered by its Journal and Proceedings. It is noteworthy that in physics where the publication of new knowledge in the pure science is the main business of the Physical Society (apart from the Royal Society) the professional body the Institute of Physics issues the JownaZ of ScientiJic Instrzments and has embarked on the publication of a new periodical dealing with advances in applied physics.Most of the other professional bodies concerned with scientific fields of work are also “publishing bodies” in the true sense of the term. Thus the British Medical Association publishes scientific periodicals and a valuable abstract journal in addition to its well-known professional publication the Britislz Medical JozwnaZ. Closely con- nected with the function of publication is the holding of meetings for the reading of papers or the discussion of matters of concern to the profession and all the professional bodies participate to a greater or [ 472 I less extent in organising such activities. It is recognised that these meetings are valuable in providing means for the personal exchange of ideas and mutual criticism of work for few can continue for long to make substantial contributions to the advancement of their profession without the stimulus afforded by personal contacts with their fellows.In some of the professions especially those with close relations with individual members of the public registration of practitioners is required by statute. Thus in medicine dentistry and architecture there are respectively the General Medical Council the Dental Board of the United Kingdom and the Architects Registration Council exercising this function. Two professional bodies the Law Society and the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain are themselves statutory registering bodies acting in respect of solicitors and pharmacists respectively.In most of the other professions there is not the same degree of official control but the professional bodies themselves maintain and publish registers of their own members and like the statutory bodies exercise discipline over the members by suspending or excluding any that are found guilty of “unprofessional conduct.” Some of the bodies have laid down detailed codes of ethical practice and most have set up disciplinary organisations-such as the Censors in our own Institute-to enforce obedience to recognised standards of pro- fessional conduct. Sometimes there is also an “ethical committee” which gives advice and may publish statements from time to time on the implications of the ethical code. In chemistry there is no statutory registration but the Register of the Institute serves to provide the public with a list of chemists who are not onIy of recognised competence but also committed to upholding a code of professional conduct.By such means the public is protected against the unprincipled as well as the incompetent practitioner in the profession. Under the heading of “protection” are included a variety of services designed to assure to the individual member the status and conditions of work necessary to enable him to perform his duties in a satisfactory manner. Most of the principal professional bodies are prepared to give on request advice on such matters as terms of contracts of service and general conditions of employment or practice and such advice including that of our own Institute is not only available to members but is also frequently sought and accepted by Government departments, by industrial employers and in recent times by the organisations of the nationalised industries.Many of the bodies also exercise an influence on the conditions of employment through the operation of an Appointments Register or the publication in their journals of advertisements of suitable posts open to members of the profession. A recent article in this Journal [ 473 1 by our Registrar provides an account of the operation of this service for chemists. In some cases the professional body is more deeply involved in protecting the member against unfair exploitation of his professional skill and experience.Thus the professional institute may even be recognised as the representative negotiating body on salaries and conditions of employment for the profession; it is well known that the British Medical Association has acted in this way in connection with the establishment of the National Health Service. There is nothing to prevent a professional body being recognised for this purpose but it has to be realised that such a body not being registered as a trade union cannot compel members of the profession to accept or to act in accordance with decisions arrived at as a result of negotiations on their behalf. It is evident however that in this field of protection the professional bodies may become engaged in activities related to those of trade unions and questions are raised as to how far the former can effectively safeguard the interests of their members in such matters under present conditions.U7hile opinions differ on the desirability of attempting to bring the professions within the scope of trade union organisation it is in our view unfortunate that in some occupations and in some spheres of employment pressure is being brought to bear on pro- fessional men to join a trade union. We find it difficult in any event to reconcile the basis of trade unionism with the ideals and objectives of the professions. Thus a trade union may have among its prin- cipal objects “the imposition of restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business” and the provision of “benefits for its members.” Such concern as it may have for the welfare of the public is incidental and not inherent in its constitution as it is in that of a professional body.Over long periods of years professional bodies have striven to establish high standards of competence and ethical conduct and can claim thereby to be in the best position to know the conditions of service that are essential to enable their members to discharge their duties effectively. Moreover the work of professional men depends largely on their individual qualities- skill judgment originality-and does not readily lend itself to being organised on a basis similar to that applied to manual workers. It is clear however that if the professional bodies are to continue to play the part they should in ensuring that the public industry and the State receive the full advantage of the results of professional training and experience it is essential that they should become even more representative than some of them already are by the inclusion of all who are qualified for admission to their corporate membership and are prepared to abide by the code of professional ethics enjoined.[ 474 1 From o tronsporency on Ektochrome Film THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY PRESIDENT'S BADGE OF OFFICE THE PRESlDENT’S BADGE OF OFFICE For some time it has been felt that the provision of a suitable Badge of Office for the President of the Institute to wear on formal occasions would give an additional indication of the dignity and importance of this Office.In considering the matter the Council was concerned to provide a Badge that would be distinctive in form and character and representative of developments in various fields of chemistry so that there would be no question of this emblem being mistaken for those worn by civic dignitaries or the Masters of City Livery Companies. The general principles of a suitable design were suggested by Mr. G. Roche Lynch during his term of Office as President and with modifications in certain directions following discussions in Council a generally acceptable design was elaborated. A short description of the resulting Badge of Office will be of interest to members of the Institute. The Badge itself consists of a wheel of gold with twelve spokes each of which is composed of a different non-tarnishable white metal.The centre of the wheel is occupied by a hexagonal medallion bearing the figure of Priestley in enamel. The metals used for the spokes of the wheel are as follows beginning from the upper vertical spoke and proceeding in a clockwise direction :-palladium cobalt zirconium iridium niobium tungsten platinum molybdenum tantalum rhodium titanium and nickel. Thus the four platinum metals occupy the north south east and west positions and the intermediate positions are occupied symmetrically by (in order) the transitional metals nickel and cobalt; group IV metals titanium and zirconium; group V metals tantalum and niobium; and group VI metals molybdenum and tungsten. Tantalum and tungsten have been put on the opposite sides of the vertical axis so as to balance the weight as these spokes are nearly twice as heavy as the corresponding molybdenum and niobium spokes.This arrangement is not only symmetrical but takes account of the slightly differing colours of the metals showing a gradual change from the pure white of palladium to the rather steely appearance of tantalum and niobium and back to the greyish- white of platinum. For purposes of identification the chemical symbols of these metals are engraved on the back of the gold ring at the point of contact with it. The Badge is suspended from a collarette which has been woven specially in the form of a wide ribbon the inner lengthwise strip consisting of nylon yarn whilst the two outer strips are of cellulose acetate yarn; the weft is entirely of viscose yarn.The whole ribbon has been dyed with the earliest of the synthetic dyes Mauveine first prepared by U’.H. Perkin in 1856. [ 475 Every component of the Badge and the collarette thus has ;1 special chemical significance. The central figure of Priestley the discoverer of oxygen and the inventor of soda water has long been incorporated in the Seal of the Institute and is the established symbol of the Institute’s activities. The surrounding hexagon is of course symbolic of benzene and of the great industry that has been built up around aromatic organic chemistry. The gold wheel and the spokes of the various precious and untarnishable metals are representative of the outstanding part played by chemistry in the discovery and characterisation of the less common elements and of the development of their metallurgy and applications in industry.Another field of inorganic chemistry is represented by the enamels with which the central part of the Badge is adorned. The fabrics of which the collarette is composed are the direct products of chemical synthesis and symbolise the amazing changes which research in this field of organic chemistry has brought into everyday life. The choice of the original Mauveine as the dye for the ribbon was made so as to avoid having to find grounds for selecting any of the thousands of other dyes and colouring matters which have since flowed from our chemical laboratories to brighten this somewhat drab world.For this unique emblem of Presidential Office we are indebted to the generosity of three organisations for the provision of rare and precious metals and their preparation in the appropriate forms to Messrs. Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. through the good offices of one of their Directors Mr. D. McDonald F.R.I.C. and with the advice of their Chief Chemist Mr. A. R. Powell F.R.I.C.; for the preparation of the synthetic fibres and their weaving and dyeing with Mauveine to form the collarette to British Celanese Ltd. through the goodwill of two of their Directors Mr. G. H. Spilman F.K.I.C. and Mr. W. A. Dickie F.K.I.C. ; for advice on the design of the Badge for furnishing the remaining materials and for the fabrication of the Badge to Toye & Co.Ltd. through the goodwill of Mr. H. G. D. Toye a Director. The gratitude of all is due to these three firms who through the personal interest of their respective Directors have enabled the Institute to make available to successive Presidents an emblem that is surely unique and which will add lustre to their high Office. The preparation of the Badge has involved considerable pre- liminary investigation and the application of special techniques and the following notes kindly supplied by representatives of the firms concerned give some indication of the work entailed. Mr. A. R. Powell of Johnson Matthey & Co. Ltd. writes- “All the metals in the rods are in the highest state of purity it is possible to obtain; in fact they are all of our ‘Specpure’ grade.To produce them in this high state of purity it was necessary to [ 476 3 start from the very purest materials produced by chemical refining processes and to avoid melting; consequently all the metals were made by some variation of powder metallurgy. The sole exception to this is zirconium which was made by the Van Arkel iodide decomposition process-but even this starts with a crude zirconium powder. The methods used for the production of the metal powders covered a fairly wide field of powder metallurgy technique. “The four platinum metals of course were produced by thermal decomposition of their salts for iridium and platinum ammonium chloroiridate and chloroplatinate were the salts used ; for palladium and rhodium the ammino salts dichlorodiamminopalladium and chloropentamminorhodium chloride.The powders obtained were pressed into bars which were sintered in hydrogen and then reduced by forging swaging and drawing to rod. “Nickel and cobalt were purified by chemical processes the cobalt via hexamminocobaltic oxalate followed by ignition of this salt to cobalt oxide and the nickel via ammine purification to eliminate cobalt and then by crystallisation and thermal decom- position of the chloride with steam. The oxides obtained by these two processes were reduced at low temperatures to give a loose powder which was pressed into bars sintered in hydrogen to remove the last traces of oxide and then forged swaged and drawn into rod. It is interesting to note that the method used for cobalt is the only way in which we have found it possible to obtain cobalt pure enough to be cold-worked into rod wire or sheet.Cobalt is much more difficult than nickel to work since it is a hexagonal metal at ordinary temperatures. “As already mentioned the zirconium was produced by thermal decomposition of zirconium iodide on a zirconium wire followed by swaging of the wire down to rod of the requisite diameter. The titanium was prepared by magnesium reduction of titanium tetra- chloride under carefully controlled conditions to obtain a remarkably pure product which has less than 0.1 per cent. of oxygen and only minute traces of other impurities. This powder was pressed into a bar sintered in a very high vacuum and then carefully forged and swaged to rod with intermediate annealing in high vacuum.“The tantalum was produced by electrolysis of fused potassium fluotantalate and the resulting powder was washed dried pressed into bars and sintered in high vacuum at a temperature of about 2,600’ to 2,700”C. The bars were then forged re-sintered and cold-worked to rod. Niobium was produced from niobium powder made by reduction of niobium pentoxide with niobium carbide in a vacuum furnace. The resulting powder was pressed into rod and re-sintered in a high vacuum to complete the reaction between carbide and oxide and the metal then cold-worked down to rod. Both these metals were made for us by the Fansteel Corporation of [ 477 1 America as there are as yet no facilities available in this country for doing the necessary operations to produce these metals.“Molybdenum and tungsten were prepared by the well-known method of reduction of the oxides in hydrogen followed by pressing sintering in hydrogen and hot-working to the necessary dimensions. “The two metals on either side of palladium at the top and the two on either side of platinum at the bottom are nickel and cobalt and molybdenum and tungsten representing four of the most important steel-strengthening metals ; they are also of con-siderable industrial importance in the electrical engineering and electronic industries. The remaining four metals apart from the platinum group represent the most modern advances in metallurgy. All have to be produced by a vacuum technique and all are highly resistant to corrosion by dilute mineral acids.The properties of tantalum are now very well known. Niobium is still something of a metallurgical curiosity but seems to have a future if sufficient supplies become available. Titanium and zirconium promise to be very important metals of the future if problems associated with their production can be solved economically for their ores are extremely abundant. Another point of interest about these four metals is the fact that they produce like molybdenum and tungsten extremely hard carbides which are utilised in the manu- facture of cutting tools; they are also remarkably resistant to acids but have an extremely great affinity for all gases except inert gases; they cannot therefore be used at temperatures much above 300” to 400°C.” The following particulars about the ribbon were furnished by Mr.A. S. Bell of British Celanese Limited:- “The ribbon is composed of cellulose acetate and nylon con- tinuous filament yarn in warp stripes with a weft of continuous filament in viscose. It was dyed in one bath with Mauveine. “The dyestuff was prepared in our laboratories the Mauveine used being substantially that claimed by Perkin in E.P. 1984 (1856) and described by him in J.C.S. 1862 14 232 and in Proc. Roy. SOC.,1863 12 713. It was prepared by oxidising a mixture of aniline and the toluidines in aqueous solution as the sulphates using sodium dichromate as oxidising agent at room temperature.The crude product was filtered and washed well with water to remove inorganic salts extracted repeatedly with benzene to remove resinous matter and the colouring matter was finally isolated by extracting with 25 per cent. aqueous methylated spirit. The colour was obtained as the free base. A control sample of Mauveine was kindly supplied by the Colour Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds and was used as a standard of reference. “Two treatments were found to be necessary before dyeing (1) pre-setting to ensure stability of the nylon in the dye bath c 478 1 and (2) mordanting to improve the affinity of the viscose. The pre-setting treatment is necessary as nylon in comparison with cellulose acetate has a relatively large extension for small loads.In this case the ribbon was treated under slight tension in steam at 150°C. for one hour. This ensures the stability of the nylon during subsequent processing. Preliminary dyeing trials with Mauveine showed the free base to have a good affinity for both the cellulose acetate and the nylon but less affinity for viscose. It was therefore necessary to apply a small amount of mordant to the viscose to ensure adequate cover for this fibre. This was achieved by the following process:-The ribbon was wetted out in water and treated with 0.2 per cent. Tanninol B.M. (calculated on the weight of the ribbon) for half an hour at 80"C. It was then washed off in water and treated in a bath containing 4 ml./litre acetic acid at 20" C.for five minutes. "The dye-bath was prepared by dissolving 1per cent. Mauveine base in ethyl alcohol and pouring it into the requisite amount of water. The ribbon was introduced into the bath at 20" C. and dyeing was continued for one hour during which time the tem- perature was raised to 80°C. The ribbon was then washed in water and dried. "During the finishing of the ribbon a moirit effect was produced on the acetate rayon portion. The ribbon was subjected to a pressure of 350 lb. per square inch for 10 seconds at 115"C. Two thicknesses of the ribbon face to face were used the moiri effect being obtained by the ribs forming an interference pattern brought about by the deformation under pressure at the points of inter- section. The nylon having been woven in a satin weave escaped the moire and remained by contrast plain." Finally Mr.H. G. D. Toye of Toye & Co. Ltd. Regalia Manufacturers has sent the following commentary by his foreman in charge of the work of preparing the Badge:- "We have had a great many intricate and interesting jobs during the past century but none more so than the making of the jewel for the Royal Institute of Chemistry. To be called upon to produce a jewel from thirteen untarnishable metals nine of which we had never worked and one or two only just discovered was a shock but difficulties are only made to be overcome so we got down to it. We knew nothing of the tenacity ductility or malle- ability of the majority of the metals. Neither did we know to what temperatures they could be submitted nor what solders could be used.Several of the metals were more brittle than glass and we could neither turn thread nor solder them and so had to devise special tools and the interior of the badge which of course cannot be seen is something like a good clock movement. This is rather a coincidence as we were only able to get it 'clocked in' [ 479 3 about two hours before it was presented. We are glad to know it has given satisfaction.” To the production of this Badge of Office there has gone much scientific knowledge and experience some magnificent craftsmanship and a wealth of enthusiasm for overcoming unusual difficulties by the development of special techniques. To all who co-operated in this considerable task the thanks of the Institute are due and it will be a matter of special satisfaction to all members that the job was finished just in time to enable Mr.Roche Lynch who originated the idea of the Badge to wear this beautiful emblem at the Annual General Meeting the Conversazione and the Annual Dinner before passing it on to his successor in office. SCIENCE AND ADULT EDUCATION By P. F. R. VENABLES BSc. Ph.D. Dip.Ed. F.R.T.C. (Principal Royal Technical College Salford). The interesting and important Editorial on “Science and the Press,” in the August issue of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS provokes further thought on science and education and not less by its assumptions than by its implications. Adequate attractive but authentic treatment of science in the press is obviously very desirable indeed essential for all the reasons given in the Editorial.But this will never be enough in itself and it is doubtful whether it will ever be the chief means of stimulating and maintaining a real understanding of science. Radio and television especially could be as effective in this direction. Even so much more will need to be done to provide a firm basis for a wider and more continuous interest in matters scientific and still more important to inculcate a scientific attitude of mind to the problems developments and opportunities of modern life. The Editorial mentions the cumulative effect of science teaching in the schools since the first world war “the extent and perhaps the quality of such teaching in schools has been greatly developed and it is now probably true to say that most men and women under about 45 years of age have had an opportunity of picking up some elementary scientific facts and of acquiring a general though perhaps rather vague idea of scientific principles and methods.” It would be very easy to over-rate this effect-quite apart from the large assumption that all took their opportunity-confined as it must be in the main to those who have passed through the grammar schools.Only some 10 to 15 per cent. of the younger population will have had any real science education at school; some 85 per cent I 480 1 will have had little or none and this poses an enormous problem in itself-the problem of making good so serious a deficiency.This is the first major problem which clearly must first be tackled at school probably not on the old lines of teaching physics and chemistry with the normal academic approach but rather by peace- ful penetration of the somewhat despised “general science” into many parts of the curriculum. But to this basic problem is added another no less formidable. Even if the lack of science education at school were made good the fact would still remain-unless we realise it and act accordingly- that the great majority leaving school at 15 or at most 16 have no further education of this kind. In addition to the very small minority who go to the universities a small proportion of young people who are engaged in technical occupations have some science education in part-time technical studies.For the rest this lack of scientific education continues and this is likely to remain true for a very long time though the position may improve when the County Colleges are established. The picture would be depress- ing or challenging enough with a static background but it has in fact the rapidly changing one of all the developments of science and their social consequences. We must not attempt to put old heads on young shoulders and to solve all the problems through the schools or even through the County Colleges. Some problems and especially the social issues are beyond the comprehension of their pupils and properly belong to adult education. It might be thought that because there is among adults plenty of interest in modern scientific marvels there is no great cause for concern.But this interest does not betoken an increasingly scientific attitude of mind and without this attitude such marvels are apt to bear the magical and irrational appearance of a series of special creations a temper of mind fully compatible with the growing popularity of astrology. We have noted the enormous lag in education to meet the pressing problems of to-day in endeavouring to remedy which the inoculation of a scientific attitude of mind will be of critical importance. But it will be too late to wait for the results of trying to instil a scientific attitude in the rising generation against the adverse influence of an adult generation not so minded. Moreover some understanding of the aims and methods of science some awareness of its social implications and above all a clear appreciation of the necessity for freedom in science in a planned society on the part of the adult population (certainly of an effective part) are vital to the future of science itself.The desperate fate of science in Nazi Germany and the seeming remoteness of the Lysenko controversy should not lull us into feeling “It can’t happen here”! So we must tackle at once with a far greater sense of urgency than is generally apparent r 481 1 at the moment the difficult task of creating through adult education a scientific outlook on science on social economic political and personal problems. It was for these and many other cogent reasons that two years ago at Dundee the Council of the British Association asked the Education Section to consider the problem of stimulating more interest in science among adults.A committee to explore this question was therefore established jointly by the then National Foundation for Adult Education (now the National Institute) and the British Association. An account of the discussion of the Report which took place at the British Association at the Newcastle meeting is given in Natztre page 608-9 8 October 1949. The Report itself is published in the Journal of the British Association The Advalzcement of Scieme Vol. VI No. 22 July 1949 pp. 131-146 and is now published separately by the National Institute. The Report begins by considering briefly the considerable development of adult education since the first world war and stresses the disproportionately small increase of science in adult education (as distinct from vocational technical education).After reviewing the content of science in this sphere and examining the difficulties which have so severely limited its development the Report empha- sises repeatedly one problem-the major problem which is perhaps the main reason for dealing with the Report at some length in this JOURNAL. The Fellows and Associates nf the Institute are engaged in a wide variety of occupations and only about 16 per cent are engaged in teaching of one kind or another. It is hoped that the remaining 84 per cent. will not cease to read further because they think it is not their concern when it is stated that the main problem is one of staffing.It is true that full-time tutors will be needed in far greater numbers than now but the total number will always remain small compared with the number of part-time tutors required which is why the interest and active support in their leisure time of chemists and other practising scientists is of vital importance. Indeed the position is no different from that in technical education where visiting specialists play an indispensable part contributing directly to the realism of the training of students from their day to day experience. But the majority of tutors in adult education are arts graduates with no training in and little sympathy for science and it is not surprising that this side of the work has not prospered.The Report states that “Our informants have been in striking agreement as to the cardinal importance of teachers. Where tutors able to combine scholarship with understanding of the special difficulties . . . have been available student demand has been stimulated and difficulties of accommodation and equipment have not proved insuperable. It is the old story.that teachers [ 482 J are more important finally than niceties of accommodation . . .” “The importance of the tutor’s personality is not a new discovery . . . (but) . . . it is depressing to find a second generation of responsible field workers making the same comments as their predecessors as to the rarity with which these personalities are forthcoming.” There is general agreement that tutors must be scientists with a thorough grounding in one or more special disciplines though this is only a beginning.“ ‘The social approach to science makes especial demands upon the tutor who will need to be widely read outside his own subject and able to recognise frankly his vested interest in the scientific outlook . . . Today the frontiers between Natural Science on one hand and psychology economics and philosophy on the other are often vague and difficult of definition . . . . Some men of science will consider it inappropriate to discuss these disputed fields in advance of a more complete study of them by the methods of science. But students will persist in bringing forward wide-ranging issues in which science is involved.’ ‘Scien-tific workers when participating in adult education are not authorities addressing their professional equals but expositors serving the needs of laymen.Their position closely resembles that of the political commentator attempting to assist public understanding of current affairs. Indeed they may even prove to be more effective as tutors if they share some of the difficulties experienced by their students when surveying the territory of science.’” The development of science classes and interests is dependent on “‘the missionary job of interesting people as individuals and as groups and it is never easy. Scientists must not expect adult education organisations to provide ready-made audiences they must come in and help with the difficult missionary work.”’ Part-time pioneering is indispensable.One reason advanced to account for the failure of scientists to come forward for this part-time work is that the education of scientists is defective in important par- ticulars. It is alleged to be too intensely specialised to be devoid of a wide consideration of the social implications of their work and to be scarcely touched by the humanities. These are serious matters which were considered by the Committee on Post-war University Education set up by the British Association whose Report was published in January 1944. Assuming all these criticisms to be true we must nevertheless not fall into the error of supposing the position to be wholly desperate.On the contrary there is a limit to what can ever be done in a student’s course and later experience in the world at large and more leisured reading remedy many of the defects. This rich maturity of experience and outlook is undoubtedly present among the members of the Institute but there is probably not the awareness of the need for [ 483 3 teachers or there is the unwillingness of the specialist already referred to. The same applies to professional scientists at large and also to science teachers and it is noteworthy that special efforts have been made to interest these latter in this work. The Report rightly stresses that “If tutors in history economics sociology are to show in their teaching ‘a due regard for the methods nature and consequences of scientific discovery,’ they will have to familiarise themselves with the full meaning of these terms.This applies with special force to resident and organising tutors who . . . are by training almost invariably ‘non-scientists,’ and who at present tend to treat the natural sciences as subjects outside their competency to promote.” “A test case of some urgency is provided by the UNESCO ‘Food and the People’ project deliberately chosen as the main topic on which to focus debate in 1949.” This topic has an immedi- ate appeal to everyman but to give it more than a passing import will require “a full liaison between ‘natural’ and ‘social’ scientists. It is the first attempt on a large scale to convert what has hitherto been a vocational matter for (some) scientists into a non-vocational matter for everybody.” Assuming that our scientist is interested there is always the danger that he will want to teach science only in the way he was taught it within the usual academic classifications and with full academic discipline.Some academic courses will be required but for the majority they will be inappropriate and ineffective. This is borne out by enquiries made into the demands likely to be forthcoming for courses of which details are given in the Report. A course on “Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry” ranked as low as position 19 out of 23 with a group which already showed some interest in science. The first nine places were occupied by the following:-( 1) Medicine] Disease and Health (2) Future Advances] (3) Applications of Science to Industry (4)Psychology (5) New Discoveries and Theories (6) Pure (non-useful) Biology (7) Applied Biology and Agriculture (8) Astronomy (9) Science of Everyday Things.There were significant differences of interest for men and women. Well illustrated lectures on such topics will evoke a reasonable response given a good tutor and provided there has been ample preparation and attractive publicity prefer- ably including a stimulating exhibition. It is of course possible to make a great splash with eminent lecturers but even with a famous scientist whose name is a household word the response is not vastly increased. It is too much of an occasion and we attract at most the half-converted and touch but the fringe of the problem.There are those who argue that science is only for the significant minority and can never be grasped by the majority. We need not c 484 1 acquiesce in so limiting a hypothesis until social and educational influences have been fully brought to bear on the problem; otherwise we shall ascribe to heredity defects due to environment. But we shall need to use the whole armoury of modern aids to education to overcome the apathy and transmute the irrational feelings towards many urgent present-day problems. Apart from the apathy we have also to recognise that the very prestige of science produces an inhibiting sense of awe-“Not for the likes of us!” “It’s too compli- cated and quite beyond me,” “It’s all very wonderful but.. . .” Such direct courses of lectures both academic and more general as those already mentioned should be held whenever possible but they will never be sufficient. A more subtle indirect approach is essential with science introduced incidentally through more immedi- ate day to day matters within the comprehension of the student. Tutors must be able to introduce scientific topics from the daily press from the home and from work. For example a stimulating discussion can be had beginning with an enquiry as to what at home would not be there without science (electric light gas) what has been much improved by science (water supply) what so far has been little touched by science (design building) what science could still do to improve things at home (heating).Similarly for industry those in the group who are engaged in fundamentally scientific industries can be encouraged to give an account of their work and so through all grades looking for the influence of science actual and potential. It is rare that the daily newspaper gives no starting point for a discussion guided to a consideration of the nature of science what scientists do and how what we would like them to do from the physical to the biological and social sciences. A parents’ discussion group with a lively interest in examinations can be led to I.Q’s and psychology to selection tests in the forces vocational tests industrial psychology science in industry to science on the spot in war and peace what it has done and still might do how it might be abused and how we should like it to be used.Whatever the starting point the skilful tutor in course of time can lead the discussion to cover the significant contributions of science again both actual and potential in the following food production and use ; living conditions and health ; communications ; dissemination of ideas; art ; leisure and recreation ; industrial progress; welfare; governments ; ideas and beliefs. No tidy ’ologies to start with no wealth of academic classifications displayed for the embarrassment of the unenlightened but a beginning always within the experience of the student. Plainly a purely verbal treatment will be inadequate and as already remarked modern visual aids will be used wherever desirable.Visits to industrial works research centres power stations farms recovery plants reservoirs and so forth can be arranged to see science in [ 485 1 action. And given the right kind of tutor it can all be done without a lowering of standards to the trivial and superficial. One possible misconception should be dealt with in conclusion. To urge the need to inculcate a scientific attitude of mind is not to argue for a wholly scientific education which is as irresponsible and unreal as to exalt exclusively the virtues of a classical one. The roots of a contemporary culture need not be mutually destructive; what is needed is not less of a scientific and more of a classical or aesthetic education but more of all or rather a synthesis of all appropriate to the needs of the age.And we are brought back once again to the urgent need for tutors of the right quality in much greater numbers for both full-time and part-time appoint- ments for “tutor-pioneers” as they are called in the Report. In the endeavour to make the Report as widely known as possible the meeting at Newcastle decided to invite the co-operation of the other sections of the British Association. No less desirable is it to make the Report known more widely to scientists through their profes- sional institutions and associations and the writer is grateful to have this opportunity of commending this Report to members of the Institute. It is earnestly to be hoped that the problems dealt with in the Report and indeed the really greater provision of adult education will receive the urgent attention they deserve and that tutors will readily be forthcoming.To fail in this will greatly increase the likelihood of having to face the dread consequences of “too little and too late” in preparing our civilisation for the atomic age. SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE CHEMIST AND RUBBER CABLES By B. B. EVANS B.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.I.R.I. [London and South-Eastern Counties Section at Gravesend 22 September 19491 For an understanding of the technology of rubber and allied materials the chemist must reinforce classical organic chemistry by modern physical conceptions because while the former will explain some of the properties of natural and synthetic rubbers the physical properties upon which depend the technology of the materials in the factory and their subsequent use are a consequence of their long chain structure.Rubber in its raw state is tough and relatively intractable due to the interweaving of the long chains; its softening by mastication which is a necessary preliminary to the incorpora- tion of vulcanising and other ingredients is due essentially to chain shortening by oxygen fission; subsequent vulcanisation in which the compound is changed from a plastic to an elastic state arises from the cross-linking of the chains by the vulcanising agents usually but not necessarily sulphur so that the chains resist deformation and return to their original position when the deforming force is removed. c 486 1 Somewhat similar remarks apply to compounding and reinforcing agents for although these must be free from undesirable chemical constituents- e.g.copper and manganese which would catalyse oxidation and electrolytes in the case of ingredients intended for dielectrics-the reason why com-pounding ingredients are used is to impart special physical characteristics to the compound; all these effects again depend on the particle shape and size and the nature of the surface of the materials. Improvements in rubber cables have arisen from chemists' work on the development of organic accelerators of vulcanisation anti-oxygens and various types of carbon black for reinforcement. It is probable that organic accelerators function by modifying the nature of the sulphur-carbon linking but the practical results which follow their use are that rubber-sulphur ratios can be much reduced and the time of vulcanisation considerably shortened thus improving the ageing of the vulcanised rubber and reducing the effect on the tinned copper conductor.Organic accelerators for dielectrics must be chosen with care however so as to avoid decentralisation of the conductor during the early stages of cure adhesion of vulcanised rubber to the conductor which would lead to difficulties during installation of cable and the lowering of insulation resistance below values specified in I.E.E. Wiring Rules and B.S.7; they must naturally be free from undesirable physiological effects on the operatives. Deterioration in both electrical and physical properties of rubber arises from oxidation.In certain types of installation this can be countered by preventing access of air to the rubber but the more usual step is to include an anti-oxygen in the compound phenyl-/3-naphthylamine being a common example. It is believed that anti-oxygens decompose the peroxide formed in the early stages of rubber oxidation and so prevent the subsequent chain reaction. A big improvement in the protection against mechanical damage imparted by heavy duty sheathing used on trailing cables for mines has followed the replacement of earlier mineral reinforcing agents by the various grades oi carbon black this being due principally to the very small particle size of the latter. There is no product commercially available which is synthetic rubber in the sense of being a man-made reproduction of the natural product.Most of the so-called synthetic rubbers are more correctly described as long-chain polymers usually amenable to manufacturing technique similar to that employed for natural rubber produced from monomers chem-ically related to butadiene but often containing substituent or additive chemical groupings which confer superiority over natural rubber in particular respects such as resistance to oil fire and weather. During the war some of these notably a special washed dielectric grade of American G.R.S. (butadiene-styrene co-polymer) Polychloroprene (poly-merised chloro-2-butadiene) and Thiokol (polymerised ethelene tetrasulphide produced in this country) were used as substitutes for natural rubber after the loss of Malaya but the only one now used is Polychloroprene in which the chlorine content renders the material self-extinguishing and oil-resistant.Examples of its use are as a component of a fire-resisting dielectric in ship wiring cables; in place of natural rubber for the fire-resisting heavy duty sheath on trailing cables in coal mines; as a body-fat resisting sheath for miners' cap lamp flexibles; and a fire- and oil-resisting covering on aircraft cables. The latest silicone rubbers although very weak mechanically have extremely good resistance to temperatures even as high as 150" C. due to the silicone-oxygen linking of the backbone of the long-chain polymers; they are finding special applications in high temperature ignition cables for aircraft the wiring of brick kilns etc.LEATHER ITS CONSTITUTION AND PROPERTIES By M. P. BALFE,B.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [Hull and District Section 10 October 19491 The main stages in the manufacture of leather from skins are the liming process which removes the hair and opens up the structure of the fibres and the tanning process. A variety of tanning agents are used each for its own particular kind of leather. The two most important are the natural vegetable tannins and basic chromium salts. Formaldehyde and a number of other materials are used in lesser amounts. Most leathers contain about 15 per cent. of moisture. Vegetable tanned leathers contain from 30 to 50 per cent. of tannin.Chrome-tanned leathers contain about 10 per cent. of the basic salts and other tanning agents are present in their respective leathers in amounts ranging from 1 to 10 per cent. Most leathers receive an applica- tion of oil or grease in amounts ranging from 2 to 20 per cent. Skins are built up of interweaving fibres of the protein collagen. The long polypeptide molecules of the protein are in part held in an orderly array by cross bonds (hydrogen bonds between appropriate atoms in the molecules) and are in part randomly kinked. Most tanning agents are probably held to the protein by hydrogen bonds to peptide links or to terminal groups of side chains in the amino-acids about half of which can take part in hydrogen bonding. Formaldehyde probably forms covalent N-C bonds with side chain amino groups.Since most tanning agents are polyfunctional they increase the strength of cross-linking in the protein structure; when large amounts of tannin are deposited however some is held on already tanned protein and some is deposited in capillary spaces. Leather is resistant to removal of the tanning agent or to other deleterious effects by water or other media with which it may come in contact under normal conditions of use. It is resistant to the enzymes. e g. of the bacteria which cause decay of moist untanned skin. The additional cross-linking in the protein structure caused by tanning is reflected in an increase (by as much as 50" C. in some cases) of the temperature at which the material shrinks in water.When untanned skins or certain kinds of leather are dried the capillaries collapse and the details of the fibrous structure are lost. This change is undesirable and the collapse of the capillaries is usually prevented either by filling them with tannin or by depositing a film of oil in them; other methods can be used but are of minor technical importance. Most of the properties for which leather is valued in use are physical properties and most of the tests to assess its suitability for various uses are therefore physical tests. The list of these properties is too extensive for summary. The physical properties of leather are derived partly from proper- ties of the collagen molecules partly from the build-up of the molecules into fibres partly from the interweaving of the fibres in the structure of the skin and partly from changes brought about during the conversion of skin to leather.Variations between different kinds of skins or between different areas in skins of certain kinds govern the choice of raw material for any particular kind of leather. Variations which may arise during processing are not so great as those of natural origin but must nevertheless be strictly controlled because they determine the quality of the leather produced from any given raw material. 488 ] LIBRARY FACILITIES Requests are frequently received in the Institute Office for the loan of books and periodicals or for advice on sources of information on various subjects. It is thought therefore that it may be useful to state more fully than is done under “General Notices” in every issue of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS what library facilities are offered to Members and Registered Students to supplement those afforded by the technical section of their local Public Library or by the libraries of universities technical schools works or other in5titutions to which they may have access.THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYLIBRARY The Institute makes an annual contribution (_/1,053in 1948) to the main- tenance of the Library of the Chemical Society and in return Members and Registered Students have full reading and borrowing rights. The Library is open on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.) except on public holidays. Most of the books are available for loan with the exception of purely reference works (dictionaries and encyclopaedias) and some rare or out-of-print volumes.Periodicals can be borrowed only if the Library possesses duplicates of which it has many. If a journal cannot be lent the Librarian will quote for the supply of a photostat copy of the paper required. The normal period of loan for a book or bound periodical is one month but this may be reduced to seven days if the volume is requircd by another reader. No immediate renewal of loans is permissible. If a borrower cannot visit the Library to borrow a book he may apply by post or by telephone or by sending a messenger bearing a signed request. A book asked for by telephone is sent on the same day if possible but the request must be confirmed in writing without delay.Books may not be sent or taken out of the British Isles but for the purpose of this Regulation the Republic of Ireland is considered as being included. All communications should be addressed to the Librarian The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1. Telephone numbers REGent 1675-6. Borrowers should state that they are Fellows Associates or Registered Students of the Institute. THE SCIENCE LIBRARY The Library of the Science Museum Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 is open to Members and Registered Students of the Institute on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 5.50 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Reading tickets may be obtained at the entrance to the Library or by writing to the Director of the Science Museum.Facilities for borrowing books and periodicals may be secured through the Office of the Institute. Those wishing to borrow should call or write to the Registrar Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 giving full particulars of the book (title and author) or periodical (year volume part and pages) they require. A requisition form will be made out in duplicate in this office and handed or sent to the applicant who will be required to sign both copies and send or take them to the Science Library. The Library has issued a list of about GO periodicals that cannot be lent including many published in America and on the Continent of Europe. The Library also maintains a Photocopy Service full particulars of which may be obtained from the Director of the Science Museum at the address given at the head of this section.Briefly those making use of the Service are required to purchase special requisition forms at k5 per pad of 50 or 3s. for a single form. Each requisition is \-alid for an article of up to 20 pages or extract of np to 12 pages from onc publication. 489 1 This Service is available for securing copies of material in periodicals including those on the non-loanable list (see above) to which copyright restrictions do not apply. The use of the Service is strongly advised also for other periodicals. Many British copyright periodicals have given the Library “blanket” permission to copy; in other instances individual application for permission to copy is required.Members who nish to make more than occasional use of the borrowing or photo-copying facilities of the Science Library are advised to write to the Director for full particulars. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON By the courtesy of the Goldsmiths’ Librarian Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute may make use of the Library of the University of London in the Senate House W.C.1 (entrance in Malet Street). The Library is open on weekdays during Term from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. (Satur- days 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). In vacation periods the Library is closed at 6 p.m. Application for permission to use the University Library must be made in the first instance to the Office of the Institute. A recommendation form will be provided; on presentation of this at the Library a Reader’s or Borrower’s ticket will be issued.Copies of the Library rules may be obtained from the Assistants in the Library. THE PATENT OFFICE LIBRARY This Library which is open to the public daily from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.),is situated in Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane London W.C.2. In addition to the official records of Patent Applica- tions and Specifications the Library contains a very extensive collection of scientific and technical periodicals including the journals of the principal societies for pure and applied chemistry in this country and abroad. As the shelves are largely accessible to the reader, the Patent Office Library is particularly valuable for purposes involl-ing reference to a large number of periodicals.Visitors are admitted on signing the attendance book in the entrance hall. Books may not be borrowed from the Library. THE INSTITUTE LIBRARY The Library at 30 Russell Square is a small reference Library maintained largely for the use of examination candidates and for consultation on pro- fessional matters. It contains upwards of 1,000 volumes with author and subject indexes. There are sets of certain British and American scientific journals (see list in Jourptal and Proceedings 1946 280) as well as recent issues of some other periodicals that are not kept permanently. In addition there are a few books of historical interest not included in the catalogue. Since Members and Registered Students have the very adequate loan services detailed above the Council has decided that books and periodicals may not be borrowed from the Library except in very special circumstances.The permanent Officers of the Institute are not in a position to advise as to sources of information on specialised subjects nor may they undertake literature searches on behalf of Members. The Library is open for reference purposes from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.). In order to avoid unnecessary correspondence Members and Registered Studcnts are asked to note the information contained in this article and to follow the instructions given when they wish to make use of the various 1,ibrary facilities that are at their disposal. c 490 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 October 1949 Constitutional and Ad mi n ist rative Matte rs.-Arrangements made for holding a Special General Meeting of the Institute at 5.30 p.m.on 21 October under authority previously given were approved (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 434 450; VI 497). The Council accepted with regret the resignation of Dr. L. H. Lampitt as a General Member of Council which he had tendered on medical advice. It was agreed that the regrets of the Council be expressed to Dr. Lampitt at the loss of his services on the Council and at the circumstances that had led thereto. A casual vacancy was declared and notice given that consideration would be given to filling it at the next meeting of the Council.A report was received that the Privy Council had allowed the changes in By-Laws 43 and 49 adopted at the Annual General Meeting 1949 (JOURNAL AXD PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 232-5) subject to the replacement of the word “Eire” by the words “the Republic of Ireland” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 433). The District Member of Council for the Republic of Ireland expressed the satisfaction of the Committee of the Local Section with this action which restored to citizens of the Republic eligibility for admis- sion to corporate membership and studentship of the Institute. The Council received a draft report of the Committee on Revision of By-Laws which included recommendations on changes of substance to be made in the By-Laws. It was agreed that as the draft report was to be discussed at the Conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections on 22 October (see p. 509) and members of Council should have further opportunity of sending in written comments on the proposals detailed consideration of the report be deferred until the next meeting of Council. A report of the Censors referring inter alia to proposals for revision of Chapter IX of the By-Laws (“Censors”) was approved subject to clarification of the intentions affecting the amendment of By-Law 57. It was agreed that this report be attached to that of the Committee on Revision of By-Laws when the latter had been approved for passing over to the Solicitors as a basis for re-drafting the By-Laws. Satisfaction was expressed at the formal establishment of the new Dundee and District Section on 14 October (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 IV 366). A petition was received from members in Western India for permission to constitute a Local Section to serve the area com- prising Bombay Baroda Ahmedabad Kirkee Poona Central India and Rajputana. It was understood that meetings had already [ 491 1 been held in the area and had aroused considerable interest among members. The Council expressed satisfaction at this further outcome of the discussions held with Indian members by Professor Findlay during his visit to India and gave approval to the request to constitute a new Local Section for the specified area. A petition was also received for permission to form a new Local Section to be known as the Stirlingshire and District Section and to serve the area of the Counties of Stirling Clackmannan Fife (west of Culross) and West Lothian (west of a line drawn through Linlithgow and Bathgate).Assurances having been received from the Committees of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that they raised no objection to the proposal the petition was accepted subject to agreement being reached with the Committees of those adjoining Sections on the exact position of the boundaries between them and the new Section. Approval was given to a proposal by the Committee of the Belfast and District Section for an addition to be made to the Section Rules to provide for the appointment annually of an Hon.Recorder and for the member so appointed to be ex o$cio a member of the Section Committee during his period of office. A statement was received from the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section on the rules drawn up by the Committee for regularising the procedure of Local Sub-committees that had been in operation for some time for facilitating the organisation of meetings and social events at centres within the Section area but outside the metropolis. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 October) was adopted. On the recom- mendation of the Committee arising from an examination of the accounts for the St. Andrews Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries,” it was agreed to advise the Publica- tions and Library Committee to secure such abbreviation of the papers presented as would keep down the cost of publishing the Report of the Symposium to about E250.The last annual subscriptioris paid by six Fellows over 70 years of age were accepted as life composition fees. It was decided that no general variation in the normal scale of life composition fees could be allowed in favour of women Fellows in spite of the earlier age of retirement of women in many types of employment. On the recommendation of the Committee it was agreed however that the last annual subscription paid by every Fellow who had been a corporate member of the Institute for 50 years or more be accepted as a life composition fee and that in future a com-munication be sent to Fellows on completion of that period of c 492 3 corporate membership conveying the congratulations of the Officers and Council and announcing their acceptance as Life Fellows.The Committee had considered conditions under which purchases of office equipment might be made for the use of Local Sections and the Council adopted its recommendation that capital expenditure on such purchases should be incurred only under the authority of the Council and should then be charged to Institute funds only the amount of the annual depreciation of the value of the equipment being charged to the account of the Local Section concerned. This procedure would serve to ensure that records were kept of any equipment purchased for the use of Local Sections and avoid the cost falling on the Section accounts in any one year.Estimates were received of the cost of reconditioning the exterior of the Institute’s building and authority was given for the woodwork to be painted glazed tiling to be washed and the Portland stone to be cleaned by the water-spray method. Charitable Funds.-In the Report of the Residential Clubs Fund Committee (17 October) it was stated that in response to the Appeal L1,142 had so far been received as donations and ,52,260 as loans the latter including ,51,580 on which interest had been disclaimed. It had been agreed that as after paying for printing and postage of the Appeal the Fund had over L3,OOO in hand the loan of L3,OOO from Institute funds be repaid forthwith.Although the sums so far received had thus served to meet immediate obliga- tions it was recognised that much larger amounts would be required for the development of the Residential Clubs scheme and con-sideration was therefore given to the form of a further Appeal to be issued in due course. A Report was received on developments in relations with Cross- ways Trust Limited and on the operation of the first of the Residential Clubs established under that Trust at West Worthing. Two nominees of the Institute (amarried couple) were already in residence at this establishment but no other applications had yet been received from members or from widows of members for consideration in selecting the third nominee of the Institute.Conversion of the property had not yet been completed however and there were not for the present any vacant rooms. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (17 October) was received and approval was given to a proposal to maintain the total contribution to Reed’s School for 1949 at L200 but to specify that this should represent a donation of LlOO and an instalment of LlOO towards the purchase of a bursary (L300)which would provide for the education of any one child that might be nominated in the future. c 493 1 It was reported that in 1949 grants under the scheme for Holidays for Children amounting to Q85 10s. (as compared with L177 10s. in 1948) were made to a total of 22 children belonging to 11 families. The regular grant to the widow of an Associate who died in 1947 leaving three young children was increased from L1 10s.to fT2 per week as from 1 October 1949 in order to give additional help to meet the needs of the children. On the other hand the regular grant to the widow of a Fellow who died in 1932 had been terminated as it had been found possible for her needs to be met from other sources. The widow had expressed her gratitude for the help provided by the Fund over the past 15 years and her satisfaction at knowing that the grant hitherto paid to her would now become available for the benefit of others especially widows with young children. A statement of account for the period 1 January to 30 September 1949 showed that income from subscriptions including annual subscriptions (many under deed of covenant) was up by L46 on 1948 but that donations were down by L136 representing a net decrease of ;590 on receipts.Expenditure on grants including regular grants was up by Q6 showing that the general position of the Fund was much less satisfactory than in 1948. Mem bership.-Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee including reports on cases considered at the meeting on 15 July a Report by the Chairman on further applications for election to the Associateship a Report by the Interviewing Sub-committee and a Report by the Registrar on applications for registration of Students were received together with an Interim Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee for 20-21 October.The recommendations contained in these Reports were adopted and elections to the Fellowship and the Associateship made in accordance with them. The deaths of sixteen fellows five Associates and one Registered Student were reported. A tribute was paid to the memory of Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. a former President of the Institute who died on 18 October. Status Privileges and Employment of Mem bers.-Statements were received about further developments in discussions with other interested bodies on the status of biochemists in hospitals and about matters taken up with the Local Government Examinations Board and the Civil Service Commissioners on the status of the examinations of the Institute and of the Ordinary National Certificate in Chemistry respectively.c 494 1 Publications Library and other Educational and Scientific Matters.-Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (15 September and 20 October) were received dealing inter alia with lectures monographs and reports; development of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS; the issue of a Students’ Leaflet; the next edition of the Register of Fellows and Associates. The Committee reported that it would not be practicable to make JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS a monthly publication in 1950 but that this would be done as soon as possible. Further consideration had been given to the desirability of changing the page size of thc Journal with appropriate alterations in the layout and typography. The Committee was concerned that in making any such change the new size should conform with current practice in similar periodicals and should be such as to meet the needs of advertisers in view of the agreement to resume carrying advertisements as soon as possible.It would not be wise therefore to introduce any change without careful consideration of these factors and a decision might have to be deferred beyond the time at which it could be adopted for 1950. The Council agreed that provision be made for the publication of a new issue of the printed Register of Fellows and Associates in 1950. Reports were received of the Joint Committees for National Certificates in Chemistry with the Ministry of Education England and Wales and with the Scottish Education Department.These Reports were approved subject to a minor adjustment in one paragraph of the latter. (See p. 512). The Council was not prepared without further consideration to accept a suggestion by the Ministry of Education that a repre-sentative of the Association of Technical Institutes and one joint representative of the Association of Principals of Technical Institu- tions and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions should serve on the Joint Committee for National Certificates in Chemistry. A report was received that in accordance with the recom-mendations of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians that Committee had been dissolved and the City and Guilds of London Institute had been invited to act in consultation with appropriate bodies as the examining body for nationally recognised certificates in laboratory arts and techniques (cf.JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 438). It was agreed to nominate Dr. H. Baines Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham and Mr. R. C. Rogers to act as representatives of the Institute on the Exploratory Committee that was being set up by the City and Guilds of London Institute in this connection. [ 495 1 I. 1 lie Couiicil indicated its preparedness to accept an invitatioil that might be received from the Scientific Film Association to appoint representatives to discuss with the Association and other interested bodies means for providing films and other visual aids for use in the teaching of chemistry with special reference to instruc- tion in laboratory techniques.[Note.-An invitation on these lines has since been received and accepted.] External Relations and Publicity.-Minutes of the Royal Society’s National Committee for Chemistry (18July) were received referring iitter alia to data tables; XVth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry; Commission on (’odification; the Preparatory Conimission on Analytical Chemistry. A letter was received from the Royal L4ustralian Chemical Institute expressing the appreciation of the President Officers and Council of that body of congratulations sent by the Council on the bestowal of the title “Royal” on the Australian Institute. An invitation for the President of the Institute for the time being to be an honorary member of the Coke Oven Managers’ Association was received with satisfaction and accepted.It was reported that Mr. S. G. E. Stevens had been duly appointed on the nomination of the Institute as a member of the governing body of the Norwood Technical College. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 25 October 1949 1. The Council heard with great regret of the death of Sir Robert Pickard who served as Chairman of the Council from September 1935 to November 1935 and as Honorary Treasurer for 1944-46 inclusive. 2. 1;urther consideration was given to the suggested appeal by the Council for funds for publication of scientific papers and for abstracts and the maintainance of the Library of the Chemical Society.3. It was reported that Mr. 1;. t’. Dunn had been appointed a repre-sentative of the Society of Chemical Industry on the Council in the place of Dr. L. H. Lampitt who had resigned. 4. The Report of Council and the Statement of Accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948 were approved. 5. Certain changes in the prices of publications for 1948 proposed by the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry were approved for application under the joint subscription scheme. 6. A grant of L2,OOO was made to the Bureau of Abstracts. 7. Joint Student facilities were granted to three candidates. [ 496 1 SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING 21 October 1949 The meeting was held in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London IV.C.1 at 5.30 p.m.on Friday 21 October 1949. The chair was occupied by the President Professor J. W. Cook Ph.D. D.Sc. Sc.D. F.R.S. and there were present 53 Fellows and Associates including 39 who were not members of the Council. The Secretary read the notice convening the meeting as follows:- Notice is hereby given that a Special General Meeting of the Institute will be held in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1 on Friday 21 October 1949 at 5.30 p.m. to consider and if approved to pass the following Resolution :-“That in accordance with the provisions of By-Law 30 (1) of the By- Laws of the Institute for the purpose of the election of District Members of Council to take office on 31 March 1950 and in future years until otherwise determined by a General Meeting this meeting hereby determines and defines the following Districts:- Reference Names and reference letters of Local Sections number of whose areas constitute the territory of the District.District. England. I. Birmingham and Midlands (C). 11. Bristol and District (D); Mid-Southern Counties (R) ; South-Western Counties (W). 111. East Midlands (H). IV. Leeds Area (N); Huddersfield (L). V. Liverpool and North-Western (0). VI. London and South-Eastern Counties (P);East Anglia (G). VII. Manchester and District (Q). VIII. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (S); Tees-side (X).IX. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands (U); Hull and District (M). Wales and the County of Monmouth. South Wales (V); Cardiff and District (E); North Wales (T). Scotland. I. Aberdeen and North of Scotland (A); Dundee and District (FF). 11. Edinburgh and East of Scotland (J). 111. Glasgow and \Irest of Scotland (K). Northern Ireland. Belfast and District (B). Republic of Ireland. Dublin and District (F). Overseas. (Covering all areas outside Great Britain and Ireland).” In moving the Resolution on the notice the President explained its purpose and implications and then declared the meeting open for discussion. There being no discussion the President put the Resolution which was carried without dissentient. The meeting was then closed.r 497 1 ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The opening meeting of the winter session 1949-50 was held in Marischal College on 27 October and was attended by about 70 members and friends. Dr. Strathdee presided and introduced the speaker Dr. G. K. Fraser of the Rlacaulay Institute for Soil Research Craigiebuckler who gave an address on “Peat.” Dr. Fraser gave an account of the formation of the different varieties’of peat which occur in Scotland discussed their chemical analysis and com-position and described the various uses to which peat can be put. The address provoked a lively discussion and the meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the speaker proposed by Dr. W. T. H. Jlrilliamson.A meeting was held on 11 November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Marischal College Aberdeen. This meeting although held jointly by the three chartered chemical bodies was primarily a Tilden lecture sponsored by the Chemical Society. Professor K. &I. Barrrr occupied the chair and introduced the speaker Professor E. R. H. Jones of the Universityof Manchester who gave a talk entitled “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” The lecture was profusely illustrated by lantern slides and provoked a number of questions from members of the audience. Professor JV. 0. Kerniack proposed the vote of thanks to the speaker at the close of the meeting. Belfast and District.-On 21 September Dr. N. P. Inglis of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.Billingham Division gave a ATery valuable review of “Developments in Ferrous Metallurgy.” ,4t a meeting with the Northern Ireland Section and the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry on 19 October at which Mr. A. L. Bacharach Chairman of the Food Group presided Professor R. G. Baskett O.B.E. spoke on “Agricultural Chemistry in Korthern Ireland,” giving a detailed and interesting account of the work and achievements of the Agri- cultural Faculty during the past 26 years. On 20 October a joint meeting with the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland was held at which hlr. A. L. Bacharach gave a lecture entitled “The Uses and Production of Laboratory Animals.” Mr. Cowzer was in the chair. Birmingham and Midlands.-On 19 October at a Section Meeting in Bir- mingham a lecture entitled “Absorption Spectrophotometry Applied to Metallurgical Analysis” was delivered by Mr.E. J. Vaughan. This lecture was delivered at the request of Council and is intended to form the basis of a new monograph on the subject. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was warmly accorded in the motion of Dr. J. S. Wignall. Prior to the lecture the Chairman Dr. H. C. Smith referred to the death of Sir Robert Pickard and the meeting stood in silence as a tribute to his memory. Sir liobert said the Chairman was an outstanding chemist who had successfully applied academic knowledge to industrial problems. His loss would be keenly felt in Birmingham where he received his early training and where he was always a welcome figure.Members would recall that as recently as last January he had undertaken the journey to Birmingham to preside at the first Frankland Lecture. This effort had called for great courage-a quality this great leader had never lacked. Mr. R.D. Matthews Associate has been awarded the Spencer Travelling Scholarship which he intends to use at Delft Holland where he is to pursue his studies in analytical chemistry. hlr. Matthews is at present employed as a Works Chemist by Powderloys Ltd. and he received his training at the Coventry Technical College. r 498 J Birmingham and Midlands and Bristol and District.-On 17 September members of the Local Sections of the Institute the Society of Chemical industry and the Chemical Society visited the new factory of Messrs.H. W. Carter and Co. Ltd. Fruit Juice Cordial and Canned Fruit Manufacturers near Coleford Glos. The party from Bristol travelled by coach to Gloucester where they were received at the Technical College by the Principal Mr. R. S. Reed and Mr. R. Harrison Head of the Science Department. Here they were joined by members of the Section residing in North Gloucestershire and another party from the Birmingham Section. In the hour before lunch some members were shown around the Technical College while others visited the Cathedral. Lunch was taken at Berni's Restaurant and afterwards all members proceeded to Coleford. At Messrs. Carter's factory the parties were met by Ur. Vernon Charley Technical Director and Chief Chemist of the firm who gave a short introductory talk on the works and factory organisation and then divided the visitors into groups for the tour of the various departments and laboratories under the guidance of Mr.IT7. IT'. Reid (head of the Research Department) Miss Xyres and Mr. A. R. Phipps (in charge of the chromatography and pectin sections) and Mr. N. F. Bridgewater (in charge of technical control and development). The all-stainless steel equipment for extraction and concentration of fruit juices of all types was seen and described in detail whilst the processing of rose hips into a high vitamin C syrup was seen in operation. The canning and bottling departments were examined and the visitors were then allowed to walk at will through the four laboratories. After the factory tour the party was entertained to tea after which Mr.E. H. Jones proposed a vote of thanks on behalf of the Bristol group. Mr. E. M. Joiner spoke for the Birmingham members and said how pleased they had been to co-operate in arranging the joint visit with the neighbouring Rristol Section. Dr. Charley in reply said that this was the first visit of any scientific body to their new factory and he hoped that he and his staff had made the visit instructive and enjoyable. On leaving the works the coaches made a detour through Symonds Yat and Ross-on-W'ye. At the latter town there was a short stay while the Bristol and Birmingham parties bade farewell. Dundee and District.-The Inaugural General Meeting of the Dundee and District Section was held in the Staff Common-room of University College on 14 October 1949.A very pleasant evening was initiated by a friendly cup of tea over which many of the members met for the first time. The business of the meeting consisted of two parts. The first centring round the retirement of the Provisional Committee which had carried out the preliminary work connected with the formation of the Section was presided over by Dr. Robert Roger who in welcoming the company pleaded for really active membership of the Section. Mr. Andrew Dargie then gave a survey of the events leading up to the formation of the Section dating from the inauguration in 1930 of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section of which the Dundee area was formerly a part and of which he was for 17 years a Committee Member.This was followed by secretarial and financial reports by Mr. W. S. Liddle and by recommendations from the retiring Provisimal Committee voiced by Mr. H. A. Watson on whose motion the Draft Rules of the Section were adopted. 1 4t)!l Mr. John Merry was appointed Scrutineer and the following were elected Chairman Mr. Andrew Dargie; Vice-chairman Dr. Robert Roger; Honorary Secretary-Treasurer Mr. W.S. Liddle (address 287 Blackness Road Dundee) ; Committee Messrs. -4lexander Hood D. M. G. Lloyd G. F. P. Parsons H. L. Parsons H. A. Watson; Honorary Auditor Mr. N. B. B. Johnstone. The second part of the business was conducted under the chairmanship of Mr. A. Dargie and was devoted to discussion on the forms of activity which the Section would engage in or sponsor during the Session 1949-50 and to suggestions for the consideration of the new Committee.Mr. Dargie finally thanked L)r. Roger and the Provisional Committee for their stewardship and all those who had contributed to the success of the evening. Mr. H. L. Parsons proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairmen. The first meeting of the new Committee followed. East Midlands.-The 1949-50 Session opened with a joint meeting with the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists (Microchemistry Group) on 22 September at Nottingham. Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd. very kindly invited the visitors and the committee of the East Midlands Section to lunch and to a tour of their laboratories. This visit was greatly enjoyed by all and the thanks of the party were expressed to Messrs.Boots for their hospitality. A symposium on “Microbalances” was held in the evening at the Notting- ham Technical College and was attended by a very large audience. Mr. R. Belcher Chairman of the Microchemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts who was introduced by Mr. F. C. Bullock Chairman of the East Midlands Section took the chair at the meeting. Papers were given by Dr. G. F. Hodsman on “Microchemical Balance Design,” Mr. D. W. Wilson on “Maintenance and Precision of Microbalances” and Dr. C. L. Wilson on “The Ultra Microbalance.” The papers led to a brisk discussion and eventually the chairman was forced to apply the closure in view of the late hour.In conjunction with this meeting leading manufacturers had arranged an exhibition of micro-balances in the Technical College. This aroused considerable interest and was visited by a large number of members and guests. After the meeting members of both groups met at an informal dinner at the Victoria Hotel with Mr. I;. C. Bullock in the chair. This proved to be a most enjoyable function and a fitting end to a very successful opening meeting. On 19 October a meeting was held at the Midland Hotel Derby when Professor E. G. Cox spoke on “Electrostatic Hazards in the Chemical Industry.” The speaker showed how electrostatic charges originated on plant and personnel and discussed how they might be efficiently sent to earth (for a summary of this lecture see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 11 99).The meeting was well attended and many questions were put to the lecturer. So far this Session the Committee has held two meetings on 19 September and 3 November. At the Special General Meeting of the Institute on 21 October it was formally agreed that the East Midlands Section should henceforth constitute a separate District. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-At a joint meeting with the Edinburgh Section of the Society of Chemical Industry held in the North British Hotel Edinburgh on 20 October a Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society was delivered by Mr. E. B. Anderson under the title “The Cow-Mankind’s Benefactress.” Professor S. J . Watson presided. Professor H. Nicol of the West of Scotland Agricultural College proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer.[ 500 1 Glasgow and West of Scotiand.-Ai meeting of the Section WL~ licld in the Royal Technical College Glasgow on 21 October. Mr. A. R. Jamieson was in the chair. -2 lecture was delivered by Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. of the University of Leeds on “Recent Macro- molecular Adventures with the Electron Microscope.” The lecture was well illustrated by a large number of slides of electron micrographs. A lively discussion followed the lecture and the meeting was brought to a close after a vote of thanks proposed by Professor H. Nicol had been accorded by the large audience. Huddersfie1d.-On 21 June about 25 members and friends enjoyed an evening visit to the site of the new Digley Reservoir at present under con- struction by the Huddersfield Corporation Waterworks Department.The party was conducted on a tour of the works by Mr T. Waterton (member of the Section Committee) who very ably explained the method of construction and indicated the properties of the water which would eventually be supplied by the reservoir. An evening visit was paid to the Ovenden \I’ood Brewery Halifax of Messrs. Samuel Webster and Sons Ltd. on 21 September when a party of 30 members was conducted through the various departments of the Brewery. The first lecture of the 1949-50 Winter Session was given on 11 October at Field’s Cafe Westgate Huddersfield by Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. who took as his subject “Aromatic Nitration.” The lecturer gave a very lucid account of the recent work which has led to present theories of the mechanism of aromatic nitration and his exposition was much appreciated by an audience of 65 members and their guests.ILlr. E. A. C. Crouch proposed and Mr. K. Raw seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. Hull and District.-The 1949-50 Session was opened on 10 October with a lecture by Dr. M. P. Balfe of the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association entitled “Leather its Constitution and Properties” (for summary see p. 488). Mr. A. P. Backshell was in the chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. A. Cheshire and seconded by Dr. W. H. Pedelty. Leeds Area.-On 25 October a joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds.Mr. G. Brearley Chairman of the Section presided and Dr. H. Baines of the Kodak Research Laboratory gave a lecture on “The Chemist in the Photo- graphic Industry.” (A summary of this lecture was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 V 253.) A large audience greatly appreciated Dr. Baines’ lucid exposition and the beautiful colour photographs which he showed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor F. Challenger and seconded by Dr. E. R. Clark. Before the meeting there was a display of films at which Dr. G. A. Jeffrey President of the Leeds University Chemical Society presided and to which Dr. Baines contributed a short film illustrating the use of high speed photo- graphy in the detection of faults in machinery.At the Annual General Meeting of the Section held at the University of Leeds on 14 November 1949 the Chairman Mr. G. Brearley welcomed the President of the Institute. Professor Cook expressed his pleasure at meeting the members of the Leeds Area Section and spoke of the benefits which the Institute received through closer contact with the Local Sections through the Hon. Secretaries’ Conferences. He also displayed the presidential badge of office which had come into being following upon a suggestion made by this Section in 1947. It was much admired by the members most of whom were seeing it for the first time. [ 601 J ’1lie Keport and Financial Stdtoiiieiit 1%crc atfoptcd. l’roiosbor iV.Bradley 31r.P. A. Briucoe Dr.W. Cule Davies and 7th. W. R.A. D. Moore were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. M’oodmanseywere re-elected as Hon. Auditors. X vote of thanks to the retiring committee members was moved by Mr. Trefor Davies seconded by Jlr. C. H. Manley and carried with acclamation. Professor Cook then gave a lecture on “Synthetic Analgesics and Anti- spasmodics.’’ Recent developments in this important field were presented with great skill and clarity and the lecture was much appreciated by a large audience. -2 vote of thanks to the President was propowl by Professor Challenger and seconded by Mr. G. J. Denbigh. Liverpool and North-Western.-,I joint meeting under the auspices of the Local Section of the Institute was held on 1 November at the Wigan Mining and Technical College Wigan.The Chairman Mr. J. 1;. Clarke introduced Professor H. Bassett Director of Research Peter Spence & Sons Widnes who delivered a very interesting lecture entitled “Some Problems of Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature.” Messrs. Crawford Woodhead Foley and Longton made notable contribu- tions to the ensuing discussion. Mr. Foley proposed and Mr. Milner seconded a vote of thanks to Professor Bassett for his lecture and for his part in stimulating the discussion. Another joint meeting was held on 3 November in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University of Liverpool. The meeting was informed’ that the Committee had sent a letter to Ur. I?. Gibson expressing thanks for his services as Hon. Recorder for the past seven years and regretting that ill-health made it necessary for him to relinquish his office.It was also made known that hlr. G. Harding had already filled the vacant office and was now the Hon. Recorder for the Section. The Chairman Mr. J. I;. Clarke thcn introduced the President of the Institute Professor J. \V. Cook F.R.S. who delivered a lecture entitled “Synthetic Plnalgesics and -4nti-Spasmodics.” In a preamble Professor Cook expressed his pleasure at giving his first lecture in Liverpool to a chemical society and on bcing able to wear the President’s Badge of Office at the meeting. During the discussion which followed the lecture interesting contributions were made by the Chairman and by Messrs. Morton \Vhalley Dunne Biske and others.Dr. Whalley proposed and Professor Morton seconded a vote of thanks to the President for his lecturc. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The Autumn Session opened with a meeting at Gravesend on 22 September when Mr. B. B. Evans read a paper entitled “The Chemist and Rubber Cables” (for summary see p. 486). This meeting is of particular interest in the light of the Section’s attempts to stimulate actil ity in local groups outside London since the lecturer is a chemist in the Gravescnd district and his subject concerned one of the largest local industries. Four joint meetings with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry ha\-e been arranged for this Session. The first of these was held in London on 3 October with the Society as the hosts when Dr.J. Grant read a paper on “Pulp and Paper Manufacture as a Chemical Industry.” The second joint meeting with the Institute as hosts was held on 17 October at the Dartford Technical College by courtesy of Dr. Gyngell and the Kent Education Committee. Dr. A. C. Monkhouse Chairman of the London Section 602 1 of the Society of Chemical Industry presided supported by Mr. T. McLachlan Hon. Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section of the Institute. The Chairman in his opening remarks expressed great pleasure in opening this the first joint meeting of the two bodies to be held outside London He then introduced Dr. H. Barron a well-known authority on plastics who delivered a paper entitled “Plastics and Corrosion.” There was a good discussion after the lecture at the close of which Ur.H. I. Stonehill proposed the vote of thanks to 1)r. Barron. Mr. 13. R. Monk on behalf of the Institute welcomed members of the Society of Chemical Industry to the first joint meeting in the Kent area and thanked Dr. Gygnell and Mr. Barr for making the arrangements. We sometimes hear our fellow chemists complain that the “man-in-thc- street” takes for granted so many of the necessities of life which the chemist provides for him. The tables were turned at Dagenham on 6 October when in the South-East Essex Technical College Mr. A. H. Charltnn read a paper on “Modern Methods of Soap lklanufacture. ” Many chemists present who had regarded soap manufacture as a mere matter of saponifying fats and oils were surprised at the intricacy of the process.On 12 October we were pleased to receive a return visit from Dr. B. C. Wood who until recently was a member of the Section Committee. His visit on this occasion was to Slough where he read a paper entitled “Quantitative Commonsense and the Chemist.” Our thanks are due to Messrs. Mars Ltd. who acted as hosts and provided hospitality for this meeting. We were also pleased to welcome for a second time Professor C. Tyler who read a paper on “The Biochemistry Involved in Egg Shell Formation” (for a summary see JOURNAL AKD PROCEEDIXGS, 1949 111 210) at Acton Technical College on 13 October and Professor A$. Albert who spoke on “Chemotherapy and Essential Trace Elements” to a joint meeting of the Section and the Cambridge University Chemical Society at Cambridge on 28 October.The meeting held in London on 19 October possessed a certain bitter-sweet quality. The paper “Rockets and Chemistry,” read by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths the Section Chairman and followed by the two films “Operation Back-Fire” and “Rocket Flight,” provided a unique subject for the evening but there was a feeling of regret that Dr. Griffiths’ paper marked the termination of his tenure of office as Chairman of the Section. Manchester and District-Contrary to the usual way in nature most scientific societies go into a state of hibernation during the summer months. This criticism however can hardly be levelled at our Section since thc Social Sub-Committee have provided us with many interesting and enj oyablc visits and outings.These included visits to the Red Tower Lager Brewery Ltd. Manchester (a very suitable summer for snch a visit !) British Vesada Ltd. (Viscous) Littleborough an underground xisit to the National Coal Board’s Nook Colliery Astley (we descended the shaft to the at that time rare and strange accompaniment of rain thunder and lightning) The Lanca- shire Steel Corporation Irlam (to some of usa humblingand somewhat awesome tour) and two separate visits to the intricacies of Odham’s Press Ltd. Manchester. Our best thanks must go to the Social Sub-Committee who arranged the programme and to the managements of the various organisa- tions who received us so courteously and conducted us so efficiently.In addition a delightful day trip was made to Chester enjoyable at anv time doublv PO in glorious weather and with well-planned arrangement.. [ 503 I In the meantime the Programme Sub-committee had been busy and a very attractive programme for the Winter Session has been arranged. Members will have received a full list of the lectures to be given. The \Tinter Session opened very appropriately with an address by the Chairman Dr. G. X. Burkhardt. Mr. J. T. Marsh who presided said that Dr. Burkhardt as senior lecturer in chemistry and tutor to the Faculty in the University of Manchester could have chosen any one of a very wide variety of subjects for his lecture. It was characteristic that he chose to describe his researches on “Some Aldehyde-amine Condensates”-a subject of great interest because of the applicability of these substances as rubber plasticisers.The lucid exposition was greatly appreciated and evidently thought-provoking judging by the searching questions asked particularly with regard to the problems of the rubber industry. The first of a series of meetings which it is hoped to hold outside Manchester took place on 1 Kovember at the well-appointed Municipal Technical College Bolton. The Chairman and Committee looked forward with not a little interest and anxiety to the response to this innovation but due in large measure to the enthusiastic support of the Convener Dr. Stoddart Head of the Chemistry Department the meeting was a great success. Dr. Burkhardt was in the Chair and a large audience listened with pleasure and interest to Dr.F. Fairbrother’s address on “The New Outlook in Inorganic Chemistry.” In an absorbing way he pointed out that the seemingly enhanced position of organic as compared with inorganic chemistry did not imply that the latter was sinking into oblivion or that it was already defunct. On the contrary it indicated merely a waiting period whilst new tools for a fresh onslaught were made. These tools are now available and whereas in the past the chemist sought new elements as a botanist sought new plants now he procures them by synthesis. Such tools and such approaches to inorganic chemistry now give greater and clearer insight into such problems-to quote only two examples-as the energetics of reactions and the why and wherefore of valency bonds.The lecturer captured the attention of his audience and answered numerous questions at the end of his discourse. On 7 SolTember another “outside” meeting was held at the Central Library Stockport. In spite of appalling weather Dr. Balaban (Director of Research Pharmaceutical Laboratories Geigy Co. Ltd. Manchester) who was Con- vener had attracted a good audience to hear an address by Dr. G. N. Dyson on “A System of Chemical Nomenclature.” No doubt many chemists are familiar already with some of L)r. Uyson’s views but it is one thing reading about them and another thing listening to nr. Dyson himself expounding them in his clear and indeed witty manner. It is not surprising that the subject provoked many questions-not least from the students present ! There would appear to be no doubt that these two meetings outside the ManChester City boundary were very successful and members are requested to give their attention to the circular-letter about this venture from the Chairman Dr.G. N. Rurkhardt. The first meeting in 1950 is on Wednesday 25 January and is the Annual General Meeting at which we shall have the pleasure of an address by the Secretary of the Institute Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham. Members are asked to pay particular attention to the arrangements for this meeting since they differ to some extent from the usual procedure. South Wales.-The first meeting of the Session. on 28 October was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea with Professnr C.\V. Shoppee presiding. Professor C. K. Ingold [ 504 J l;.l<.S. lccturcci to an audience Oi about 120 011 “.ironlatic Sitration,” describing the evidence obtained by physico-chemical studies which led to the identification of the nitronium ion as the nitrating agent and to the eluci- dation of the mechanism of the nitration process. Cape of Good Hope.-Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society at the Athenaeum Newlands on 10 June. Mr. W. H. Seath gave a lecture on “A Chemist in the Cereal Mill,” and this was followed by two short films “The Story of Bread” and “The Story of Wheat.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend two meetings arranged by the Western Province Section of the South African Chemical Institute.At the first of these which was held at the Athenaeum h’ewlands on 7 June Dr. M. Lanchen gave a lecture on “Rationalisation of Organic Chemistry.” The second meeting was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town on 14 July when Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth spoke on “The Industrial Potentialities of South African Seaweeds.” Sir John Cockroft C.B.E. F.R.S. Director of the A\tomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell recently visited the Union to give a series of scientific and popular lectures on Atomic Energy. Members of the Cape Section were invited by the University of Cape Town to attend two lectures given by Sir John at the University.In his first lecture on 6 September Sir John dealt with “The Application of Nuclear Reactors to Power.” The second lecture on 8 September was entitled “The Development of High Energy Particle Accelerators and their Application to Nuclear Physics” and included an account of the Betatron. A meeting of the Section was held in the Department of Chemistry University of Cape Town on 16 September. The speaker on this occasion was Dr. D. A. Sutton who gave a most interesting lecture on “Varnish Chemistry.” Dr. Sutton who was formerly at the Paint Research Station at Teddjngton has come to South Africa to join the staff of the National Chemical Research Laboratory in Pretoria. Members of the Section were invited to attend a meeting arranged by the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and held at the Athenaeum New-lands on 23 September.Dr. J. E. C. Mullen who is also a newcomer to South Africa and \Tho was previously with the National Institute for Research in Dairying addressed the meeting on “Milk Enzymes and their Practical Application in the Dairy Industry.” Members of the Section were also invited to attend a meeting held at the University of Cape Town on 18 October under the auspices of the South African Chemical Institute. Professor W. Pugh gave a lecture on “High Vacuum Technique of Chemical Manipulation.” REPORT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTI0NS 22 October 1949 The Conference was held in the Institute at 10 a.m.Present.-Professor J. \V. Cook President in the Chair; Professor F. Challenger Vice-President Chairman of the Publications and Library Com- mittee; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Hon. Treasurer; Mr. J. T. Marsh District Member of Council Manchester and District; Dr. H. G. M. Hardie (Aberdeen and North of Scotland); Mr. C. S. JlcDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M. Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. B. W.Minifie (Bristol and District); Mr. G. M. Kerman (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Mr. W. Stewart Liddle (Dundee and District) ; Dr. John Williams (East Anglia); Mr. E. M. Bavin (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edin- burgh and East of Scotland); Mr. W. G. D. Wright (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Mr.E. A. C. Crouch (Huddersfield); Mr. M. Lovett (representing Lceds Area); Mr. S. J. Porter (representing Hull and District); Mr. J. Ashley- Jones (Liverpool and North-TYestern) ;Mr. T. McLachlan (London and South- Eastern Counties); Mr. Arthur Carroll (Manchester and District); Mr. G. H. Osborn (Mid-Southern Counties); Dr. J. 0. Harris (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Dr. S. R. Illingworth (North Wales); Mr. K. C. Barraclough (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. C. V. Reynolds (South-Western Counties); Dr. A. R. Martin (Tees-side); with the Secretary the Registrar and the Deputy Executive Officer. The President welcomed the Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Local Sections and referred particularly to the presence of hfr.W. Stewart Liddle the Honorary Secretary of the newly-constituted Dundee and District Section. DEVELOPMENT OF JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS In giving further consideration to this subject (cf. JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS 1949 111 267) the Conference had before it a memorandum from the Publications and Library Committee prepared at the request of the previous Conference. The discussion was opened by the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee who drew attention to steps already taken to improve the Journal and indicated the possible lines of further development under consideration by the Committee. Widespread approval had been expressed of the changes already made including the resumption of editorials the increased number of special articles the introduction of book reviews and the greater proportion of matter set in the larger type.The Council had decided to make the Journal a monthly publication as soon as possible and regretted that there was no prospect of this greater frequency of publication being established in 1950. The Council had agreed also to resume acceptance of advertisements in the Journal and was exploring means for putting this decision into effect at an early date. The Committee had given much consideration to the desirability of adopting a different fount of type and possibly a larger size of page. A decision on the latter question might be affected by the interest of advertisers in securing certain minimum amounts and proportions of space as well as by the desirability of conforming with recommendations designed to reduce the very large number of diverse page sizes and type areas in periodicals.The relative importance of these factors was not yet clear however and further information was being obtained from [ 506 1 authoritative sources. ‘The Coininittee was naturally anxious to avoid making any change in page size without being fully satisfied that the new format would meet present and prospective requirements over a considerable period of years for frequent changes in size would be disturbing to members and would raise difficulties with advertisers and printers. Moreover if other major changes were to be made it was clearly undesirable that they should be introduced in a piecemeal fashion.In the ensuing discussion diverse opinions were expressed about possible alterations in page size. Those against any such change maintained that the present size was convenient as the Journal could be readily carried in the pocket and that any alteration would upset the appearance of the run of bound xdumes on a shelf. Also if the size were notably increased individual issues might become unduly flimsy and less attractive. Others were prepared to see an alteration in page size if the Journal would thereby be brought into line with the publications of cognate bodies or if any advantage would be gained in securing advertisements. X view put forward by the Treasurer was that a change in size might cause more members to open and read the Journal and thus appreciate the important improvements in its contents and lay-out that had already been made; he believed that many members had lost the habit of paying much attention to the Journal and would only realise the extent of the development that had taken place if th’eir attention were attracted to it by a change in format.It was suggested however that this result might be achieved at least in part by altering the colour or design of the cover and in this connection it was suggested that a list of the more important contents should be printed on the front cover. It was agreed to recommend that these possibilities be explored and that the views expressed about page size be referred to the Publications and Library Committee for further consideration in the light of expert advice.It was generally agreed that the appearance and readability of the Journal would be improved by further extension of the use of larger sizes of type and that this would permit if not require the adoption of a larger page size in order to preserve balance. Much could be done also by a better arrange- ment of the material in the Journal especially by providing for the principal articles to begin at the top of a page. On the question of the content of the Journal considerable discussion took place on the calendar of coming events. On the one hand it was suggested that the present arrangement made it difficult to discover what meetings were to be held in particular localities or under the auspices of particular Local Sections of the Institute and a proposal was made that the Local Section activities columns should include under the heading of each Section a list of its coming events followed by reports of meetings already held.On the other hand it was maintained that the present complete calendar of coming events was useful to members who moved about the country and were interested in attending meetings on particular subjects in different localities. Attention was drawn to the diversity of practice among Local Sections in the extent to which their programmes were prepared in advance. Even where this was done at an early date it was impossible to avoid errors due to subsequent changes that often had to be made especially with a Journal that was published only in alternate months.Announcements of coming events in the Journal was not therefore an alternative to circularising all members of Local Sections with notices of individual meetings shortly before they were due to be held. As a compromise between these conflicting opinions it was agreed to recommend that the present schedule of coming events in calendar order be retained with suitable modification but that Local Sections be permitted if they so desired to include also a list of their forthcoming meetings under r 507 1 Local Section Activities. It was suggested that the form of the general calendar of coming events be modified by printing the particulars in the following sequence date place time subject speaker and sponsoring body and by using heavy type for meetings sponsored by the Institute or its Local Sections.It was generally agreed that articles on matters of professional interest should be encouraged and that reports of meetings held by Local Sections on matters of general interest should be considered as the basis of some of these articles. Diverse views were also expressed on the reporting of scientific matter in the Journal but the balance of opinion was in favour of the retention of lecture summaries provided that these were sufficiently informative and dealt with subjects likely to be of interest to a wide range of members including those overseas. It was agreed that if such lecture summaries were to be useful they must not be too condensed.On the other hand where the subject was of sufficient importance consideration should be given to full publication in the series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. It was concluded that in general a lecture summary should be between 1,000 and 1,500 words with a possible extension to 2,000 words in special cases. It was noted that the developments envisaged would entail a progressive increase in the work to be undertaken in the office and this might in due course entail the appointment of a full-time editor. RELATIONS WITH EMPLOYING BODIES A general discussion took place on relations with employing bodies especially those of the nationalised industries arising out of the following resolution by the Committee of the East Midlands Section which had been referred to the Conference by the Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 v 437):-“This Committee feels concerned about the position of members in nationalised industries particularly as regards recognition of the Institute as the negotiating body and would welcome a frank and explicit statement by the Council on its attitude to this matter.” In accordance with a decision of the Council the Registrar made a confidential statement on existing relations between the Institute and the organisations controlling the principal nationalised industries.The Council had decided that as the Institute was a qualifying professional body and was not and could not be registered as a Trade Union it did not seem desirable for it to claim to represent the staff side on any negotiating body such as a Whitley Council.The function of the Institute was rather to act as an advisory body in the interests of the profession as a whole which included both employees and employers and steps had been taken to secure the position of the Institute in this capacity. These services had been appreciated by the National Coal Board which had sought and had agreed to seek in the future the advice of the Institute on matters affecting the status of chemists in its employ. Useful contacts had also been made with the appropriate employing authorities concerned with British Railways and with the nationalised gas and electricity industries and the Institute was represented in discussions that were taking place on the status of biochemists in hospitals under the National Health Service.Much had been done to ensure that the status of the Institute’s qualifica- tions was properly understood and that the need for appointing persons with appropriate qualifications to various posts was recognised. Complaints about conditions of service whether made by individuals or by groups of members were always taken up with the employing authorities and in such [ 608 1 matters the unprejudiced interest of the Institute was generally recognised and careful attention paid to its advice. It was believed that by these means the Institute could be most effective as the professional body for chemists and that its position would not be strengthened by claiming to represent the staff side in direct negotiations concerning salaries and conditions of employment.In summing up the President affirmed the view of the Council that the professional and economic interests of qualified members of the profession should be adequately served by their professional body and that the trade union type of organisation which had been built up for the benefit of manual workers was not in general suitable for professional men and women. Where individual members wished or found it expedient to join trade unions there was no objection to their doing so but in such cases it was clearly preferable for them to join an organisation in which they would not be outnumbered by people engaged in very different avocations. Recent discussions with the British Association of Chemists on the desirability of closer co-operation between that body and the Institute were not being pursued further because it was felt that in view of their necessarily different approaches to economic matters such co-operation would be liable to weaken the influence of both.It was recognised however that as the concern of the B.A.C. was entireIy with chemists it should be more able to look after the interests of chemists than a trade union catering for other types of workers. It was realised that some pressure was being put upon chemists in certain industries to join trade unions and this was raising a number of problems which were under consideration by the Institute’s Appointments and Economic Status Committee. The thanks of the Conference were expressed to the Registrar for his statement and it was agreed that in view of the importance of the subject it be discussed again at a future Conference.It was agreed to recommend that the Appointments and Economic Status Committee be urged to proceed with its work on the lines indicated by the President. On a question raised by the Leeds Area Section as to procedure to be followed by members who found themselves in difficulties with their employers the Registrar reported that advice on such difficulties and on the terms of contracts of service was given to numerous individual members and that any member in difficulty should communicate with him. It was hoped shortly to reach agreement with the Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers on the issue of a document entitled “Notes on Terms of Engagement of Chemists,” and the Registrar himself was preparing an article on certain aspects of the subject embodying the results of his experience of the problems on which he had been consulted.REVISION OF THE BY-LAWS OF THE INSTITUTE The Conference had before it a draft report of the Committee on the Revision of By-Laws which had been submitted to the Council on the previous clay. In this Report was set forth the substance of the proposed changes without any attempt to express them in the form of amended By-Laws. It was recognised that agreement on the substance of the changes desired should be reached before referring the matter to the Solicitors and the proposals in the draft Report were then considered one by one except those relating to the Council and Officers which had already been examined in detail at the previous Conference (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111 264).With regard to the general proposal to avoid including in the By-Laws provisions about matters of detail that could appropriately be dealt with in regulations or standing orders it was agreed to recommend that standing orders affecting the business of Local Sections should be included in the [ 509 3 Secretaries’ Handbook. Following discussion on a point raised by the Leeds Area Section it was agreed that no specific mention be made in the By-Laws of the duties or responsibilities attached to any particular administrative officer of the Institute unless this were necessary so that the Council might be free to vary the titles duties and responsibilities of such officers without a change in the By-Laws being required.It was agreed that in framing the By-Laws governing the proposed election of a limited number of Honorary Fellows of the Institute no attempt be made to define more closely the persons who would be eligible for admission to this category but that it be made clear that corporate members of the Institute itself were not excluded. Doubt was expressed of the wisdom of making express provision for the exclusion of registered students or other non-corporate members from attendance at General Meetings for the transaction of official business as it seemed that such attendance might form a useful part of a student’s education.It was agreed however not to make any recommendation in the matter as it was realised that at large meetings it might not be possible to segregate corporate members from students and others who were not entitled to vote. It was agreed to recommend that if it were found necessary to specify in the By-Laws an upper limit of the amount of the life composition fee for Fellows that upper limit should be expressed as a multiple of (say 40 times) the current annual subscription. The proposition that no member be allowed to belong to a Local Section other than that in which his registered address lay was opposed on the ground that some members found it easier to attend meetings in a neighbouring Section while others wished to belong to the Section comprising their business address which they did not wish to giveas their registered address.It was explained that the former difficulty was tnet by arranging for members to receive on request notices of meetings in a neighbouring Section-a practice already adopted to meet the wishes of individual members. It was agreed that consideration be given to the latter difficulty with a view to providing for special cases. EDUCATIONAL MATTERS The question of means for educating the public in chemical matters had been raised by the Birmingham and Midlands Section and the Committee of that Section had indicated its intention to arrange as an experiment public lectures by carefully selected speakers designed to inform the public on the nature of the scientific method and to combat misunderstandings and ignorance about the purpose of science.Reference was made to the series of Dalton Lectures established by the Manchester and District Section with a view to arousing the interest of the educated layman in scientific matters. These lectures had already attained a high reputation and were attracting a growing number of members of the public. Reference was also made to the work of bodies such as the Royal Society of Arts in the more general scientific field and it was noted that the Treasurer of the Institute would be giving the next series of Cantor Lectures on the subject of “Bread.” It was generally agreed that such methods of interesting and educating a larger section of the public about chemistry in its incidence on the daily lives of people were to be commended and represented an important function of the Institute.A question was raised by the East Midlands Section on the effect of the introduction of a three-subject Intermediate examination in the University of London on the exemption of those who had passed that examination from further examination in the ancillary subjects required for admission to the Associateship of the Institute. The Registrar explained that such candidates would comply with the Institute’s requirements if they proceeded to the university degree as they had for that purpose to take at least one subject at “subsidiary” level. [ 510 3 In proposing a vote of thanks to the President for presiding at the meeting and to the Treasurer and to Professor Challenger Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee as well as to the administrative officers of the Institute for their attendance at the Conference Mr.Joiner referred to the fact that this would be the last Conference to be attended by Mr. Elliot Dodds and Mr. McLachlan in their capacity as Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. He paid a tribute to the value of Mr. Dodds’ contributions to these Conferences over a long period of years and expressed gratification that he had been the first Honorary Secretary to be elected a Vice-president of the Institute. He referred to the heavy burden that had been borne during the past three years by Mr. McLachlan as Honorary Secretary of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section and to the great progress that the Section had made during that period through his indefatigable activities and administrative ability.In expressing his appreciation of what had been said Mr. McLachlan indicated that he was giving up the Honorary Secretaryship of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section with mixed feelings and stated that he knew of no other institution in which the Council and the members looked more to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for advice and help in conduct- ing and developing activities. He cordially seconded the vote of thanks to the President and other honorary officers and to the administrative officers. who had contributed so largely to the success of these Conferences. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation and acknowledged by the President.BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED BUT NOT REVIEWED Aids to Biochemistry. By E. A. Cooper and S. D. Nicholas. 4th edition. Pp. viii + 244. (London Baillihre Tindal & Cox. 1949.) 5s. net. Experimental Plastics for Students. By C. A. Redfarn and A. Allcott. Pp. 90. (London Iliffe & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 10s. 6d. net. A Bibliography of Dyeing and Textile Printing. By L. G. Lawrie. Pp. 143. (London Chapman 62 Hall Ltd. 1949.) 15s. net. Science in Adult Education. Interim Report of the Committee established jointly by the National Foundation for Adult Education and the British Association. Pp. 16. (London National Institute of Adult Education 79 Wimpole Street W.1. 1949.) 1s.British Standard 186 1949 Cast Iron and Enamelled Cast Iron Steam- jacketed Pans for the chemical and allied industries. (London British Standards Institution 24-28 Victoria Street S.W.l.) 2s. 6d. net post free. British Standard 1581 1949 Vitamin D in Oil for poultry-feeding purposes (Types 200 and 400). (London British Standards Institution.) 2s. net post free. British Standard I121 1949 Methods for the Analysis of Iron and Steel. Part 12 Silicon in acid-resisting high silicon iron. Part 13 Chromium in iron and steel. Part 14 Copper in carbon and low-alloy steels. (London British Standards Institution.) Each part 1s. net post free. British Standard 1427 1949 Tests for Water used in Steam Generation. (London British Standards Institution.) 75.6d. net post free. r 511 1 NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Abstract of the Report of the Assessors for the year 1948-49 There seems to be some lack of understanding as to the general standard connoted by National Certificates in Chemistry. The Assessors therefore think that a statement on this subject may be of value. Ordinary National Certificate The final examination for this Certificate is normally taken at the end of a three years’ part-time course. Candidates may be exempted from the first year if they hold (i) a Matriculation Certificate covering chemistry physics and mathematics or (ii) a First School Certificate with a credit in chemistry and at least a pass in physics and mathematics. It is interesting to note that in 1948 no less than 322 out of a total of 538 candidates were able to avail themselves of this concession.They may also be exempted from the second year if they hold (i) a Higher School Certificate with chemistry as a principal subject and with mathematics and physics as either principal or subsidiary subjects or (ii) a University Intermediate Science Certificate which includes chemistry and physics. All candidates however must do the third year’s work. Successful candidates at this examination attain a standard in theoretical and practical chemistry particularly organic chemistry which is definitely higher than that represented by chemistry as a principal subject in the Higher School Certificate. Higher National Cevtijcate According to thc Rules the standard to be aimed at for this Certificate is that of a Pass Degree of a University and the Assessors are definitely of opinion that in chemistry this standard is attained.It seems clear to the Assessors that any public statement which might appear to equate the standard of a Higher National Certificate with a Higher School Certificate is unjust to a large number of competent students who have attained the much higher standard which the former represents. I. INTRODUCTORY Four schools submitted candidates for the first time in thc Senior Grade and one school in the Advanced Grade. The number of entries received in the Senior Grade was 774 of whom 535 passed compared with 539 entries in 1948 of whom 341 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 258 candidates of whom 203 passed.In 1948 there were 200 candidates of whom 152 passed. Of the 258 candidates 222 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 203 successful candidates 181 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. GENERAL In the Report last year it was stated that in general the questions which were submitted by the various centres were very appropriate to this examina- tion and covered the approved syllabus. This year the Assessors feel that the situation is not quite so satisfactory and they wondered in a number of instances how far the proposed question papers were really attaining the 512 1 objectives which most examiners set ttiemselvcs. Stated briefly it inay be said these objectives are :-(a)To set questions which are within the approved syllabus and cover each part of the syllabus in a fair proportion.(h) To word the questions so that it will be difficult for a candidate to reply with an entirely stereotyped answer. (c) To ask questions which a really good candidate should answer well and the weaker candidates not so well. There are far more candidates this year and naturally the number of weak candidates is greater. In assessing the marking of the scripts the Assessors had cause to reflect that stuffing candidates with chemical facts is an unprofitable business. Candidates may earn low marks because they are unfamiliar with the syllabus of work or because they do not appreciate the significance of the questions they are asked.In addition such candidates not infrequently cannot spell cannot think and cannot present a coherent argument. The authorities should restrain obviously ill-prepared candidates from attempting this examination. It is a testimony to the skill of the majority of those responsible for suggest- ing examination papers for the National Certificate Examinations that the results seem to place the candidates in the order the teachers themselves would put them. For some years now the Assessors have noticed that in very few cases have the teachers concerned felt impelled to plead with the Assessors that the candidates who have failed have not done themselves justice in the examination. To sum up it is important for all concerned to try and ensure now and in the future that there is no variation in the high standard of training and achievement which the award of the National Certificate denotes.111. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-The standard reached in this section of the examination was generally good and there was ample evidence that the better candidates had a good grasp of fundamental principles and essential facts. Many candidates seemed very reluctant to represent chemical reactions by equations. Frequently a lengthy written account could have been clarified by suitable examples. There is no doubt candidates could produce more suitable answers to questions by an appropriate use of formulz equations and selected examples. Possibly certain candidates refrain from the use of these devices in the hope that by omitting them they will not disclose their ignorance.The Frasch process for the extraction of sulphur is described in most textbooks but there is no doubt that many candidates found difficulty in explaining it. The mechanism of the reduction of nitric acid by metals is still somewhat obscure but there is no support for theviewthat you can prepare hydrogen from copper and nitric acid as stated by a number of candidates. From certain answers it appeared that the candidates were very puzzled as to how bromine could be isolated as a commercial product. They appreciated that bromine can be liberated from a solution containing magnesium bromide by the action of chlorine but the next stage in the process of winning the bromine was little known.Some candidates knew that carbon monoxide is sparingly soluble in water but dissolves readily in either an ammoniacal or hydrochloric acid solution of cuprous chloride. The reason for this however was not always clear from the candidates’ answers. Advanced.-The work here continues to maintain a high standard on the whole. Modern advances are kept in mind and structural inorganic chemistry has obviously been incorporated into the chemistry teaching as an integral part of the inorganic chemistry course. c 513 1 1V. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY On the whole physical chemistry seems to present more difficulty to the candidates than the other branches of the subject. Some very good work was done but there were cases where the candidate had obviously made little progress.Incidentally the marking of the scripts was done with care and in very few cases indeed was it necessary for the Assessors to make any appreci- able re-adjustment of the marks awarded by the teachers. There are a few comments which the Assessors would like to make on particular points. In equations the ions were not infrequently given the wrong charges. Solubility product and pH were not always understood. Calculations were often marred by arithmetical errors and some erroneous ideas were held as to the size of the particles of colloids. Simple applications of the phase rule did not always give the correct conclusions whilst explanations of the meaning of optical activity led many candidates into very deep waters.In spite of such short- comings which are typical of any large group of candidates or of similar examinations there is no need for pessimism. V. PRACTICAL AND PHYSICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY The standard of the practical work is in general very satisfactory. It is not possible to say much more than this for with such a large entry of candi- dates some are outstanding in the quantitative work and others more success- ful in the qualitative exercises. However the results were not always given in a concise and clear form and some improvement in the set-out of the practical work could be achieved without making the report a stereotyped document. VI. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-With but few exceptions the various schools and colleges are providing a sound introduction to the study of organic chemistry the influence of which is reflected in the good quality of the answers to the various examina- tion papers.Candidates are gaining a better grasp of fundamentals and many of them possess a good working knowledge of basic facts and principles. This is reassuring since it is clearly desirable that the foundations should be firmly and securely laid soundness is more important than extent. Adzuznced.-In this grade also the general position is satisfactory and shows a steady improvement. The standard and scope of examination papers are usually fair and reasonable. It seems unreasonable to expect candidates to cope with such topics as the constitutions of alkaloids vitamins A and C and bicyclic terpenes like camphor or a discussion of the evidence on which the cyclic structure of glucoseis based.The orderly and detailed presentation of material requisite for a proper comprehension of subjects of this degree of complexity must inevitably consume a large proportion of the limited time at the disposal of part-time students-time which should be put to its most effective use-and so if this course is adopted the time available for the generalised treatment of large and important groups of compounds and the study of standard reactions and processes will be restricted. If a middle course is followed and such specialised topics as those mentioned above are dealt with in other than an unhurried detailed and systematic manner then their value as a mental training is lost; time has been unprofit- ably spent and the student is left with a mass of facts and details which he is unable to co-ordinate.A survey of some of the answers indicates that this latter course may have been followed and that as a consequence memory is attempting to overcome lack of understanding. [ 614 3 It should be emphasised that this criticism is of limited application but its obvious importance must be its justification. The grounds of the criticism are not difficult to remove if it be realised that the various analytical and synthetical procedures used in the examination of complex structures usually have their counterparts in the study of simpler compounds and that these simpler examples might with advantage replace the more complex in a teaching curriculum.It is apparent that some students are still being taught that in reactions typified by the interaction of methyl iodide with sodionialonic ester there is produced an intermediate compound containing the methyl group attached to oxygen which subsequently undergoes an isomeric change. The weight of evidence against this view is so overwhelming and is by now so widely known that there is no justification for presenting it to students. Some answers dealing with the structure of diazo-compounds and the uses of these compounds in synthesis were of a sketchy character this is an import- ant subject from both the theoretical and practical standpoints and is well worthy of thorough treatment. VII.PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY ORGANIC In general the exercises set were suitable and were well carried out a large proportion of the results reached a high standard and indicated careful and methodical teaching. Similar favourable remarks cannot always be made about the way in which the results of the practical examinations are presented sometimes it is difficult to ascertain the actual results concealed in the body of untidy notes and on occasions even to decipher the writing. In a few cases it was noted with approval that an examiner had deducted a few marks for bad writing and ill-arranged notes. Candidates should understand that a clearly written and orderly account of their experiments is an integral part of a practical examination. In all cases the inference to be drawn from an experimental test should be stated.In a fairly large proportion of cases it is evident that far too much significance is attached to colour reac- tions useful as these may be for purposes of confirmation. A crystalline derivative characteristic of the principal reactive group of a compound should be prepared whenever possible; e.g. from a naphthol the benzoate rather than the picrate. In spite of recent reports recommending the contrary several colleges persist in including a quantitative exercise-e.g. acetyl or saponification value-in the practical organic examination. This results not infrequently in a candidate doing relatively little of the essentially organic work and makes assessment difficult. It is desirable that the quantitative exercise should be such that it can be performed in about one-third of the examination period and carry not more than 25 per cent.of total marks. VIII. TECHNOLOGICAL SUBJECTS Most of the examination papers indicated that the candidates had received careful and detailed instruction in the various branches of applied chemistry. But as has been noted in previous years many candidates with high marks in the purely descriptive papers and routine exercises have not acquitted themselves nearly so well in the theoretical papers and in consequence have failed. IX. PHYSICS Papers in Physics were submitted by twelve schools for the Ordinary Certificate. There were 105 candidates in theoretical and 67 in practical physics. Three schools held no practical examination.r 616 1 lkeory Papcrs.-ln most schuols tlw skiidaid I\ as sitlsiactorp. 1lic majority now divide the question paper into sections corresponding to the branches of physics and require a minimum number of answers from each section. The papers generally contained a satisfactory number of numerical examples. In some schools the most unpopular questions and the ones most badly answered were those of physicochemical interest such as electrochemistry and properties of solutions; the same occurred last year. A few schools showed improvement as compared with last year. Some-times the distribution of answers was very uneven. In a two-section paper taken by 13 candidates 12 obtained on an average much higher marks for answers on light than on electricity; this reflects unevenness in the instruction.In questions on Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis an “electro-chemical equivalent” was often given as a datum. This really has no theoretical significance and it is preferable to give the atomic weight (when there is no question about the equivalent e.g. copper in copper sulphate); the student should know the value of the faraday = 96,500 coulombs. Students should also know that the gas constant R is the quotient of two well-known constants namely 22.41273 litre-atmospheres so that it is unnecessary to give the figure 0.082 litre-atmospheres as a datum. Practical.-Schools usually allow three hours for two exercises but one allows four hours which is.all to the good. Whilst most schools now give fairly reasonable weight to accuracy of experimentation in marking the practical work some still give a pass for work in which a grossly inaccurate result is obtained.In one case 63 per cent. of the total mark “for result” was given when a candidate found a surface tension of 34 dynes/cm. the correct value being 23 dynesicm. Measurements were frequently given without saying how they were made. The instruction regarding the direct entry of observatioizs in the answer book is still widely disregarded e.g. the height of the rise of a liquid in a capillary tube was stated but not the two actual readings of the travelling microscope and similarly a manometric height. Mean values (e.g. the diameter of a wire) were sometimes stated but not the actual observed measurements.The importance of training in the correct recording of labora- tory work must again be strongly emphasised. Neatness and order though desirable are not so important as the direct entry of what was actually done of actual measurements and of all calculations. In some cases the left-hand page labelled “rough work” and crossed out contained the direct observations and calculations. As frequently pointed out students appear to be seldom instructed in the matter of significant figures. In both written and practical work calculated results were very commonly given to more significant figures than the data warranted. For example the E.M.F. of a cell was found to be 4,’3,9= 1.0256 volt; the specific heat of a liquid was found to be 0.8734 cal./gram when one of the data involved was the specific heat of a piece of brass stated to two significant figures; in a question requiring the calculation of surface tension by the method of capillary rise data were given to one or to two significant figures but the teacher’s own solution was stated to four significant figures.This sort of thing is of course commonly due to the use of four-figure logarithms. The Assessor urges teachers of even elementary physics to give constant attention to this important matter. GeneVal.-Most schools now send in their draft examination papers with copies of syllabus marking schemes and solutions of numerical examples etc. in excellent form as regards both written and practical examinations. In the latter case some schools give very useful returns of the grading of marks according to the extent of deviation from the correct result ; this should always be done.In one or two schools the teacher gave most useful comments on the practical work carried out indicating how he had judged the work. c 516 1 NATIONAL CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (SCOTLAND) Abstract of the Report of the Assessors for the Year 1948-49 There were 135 candidates for the Ordinary Certificate of whom 97 were successful. For the Higher Certificate there were 51 candidates of whom 33 were successful. The number of candidates has increased steadily during the last few years as the following figures show:- Ordinary. Higher. 1946 .. *. 35 23 1947 .. . . 76 22 1948 .... 99 22 1949 .. .. 135 51 I >iovganicChenzistvy.-The knowledge of inorganic chemistry displayed by the candidates was wide in range. Candidates were generally well read in the outlines of technical and metallurgical processes but in some cases -a minority-were less well acquainted with the chemical properties and reactions of common metallic compounds. The manufacture and properties of steel or the production of producer and water gas were often correctly discussed in detail while questions on the preparation and reaction of common inorganic salts were avoided or badly answered. In the course for the Ordinary Certificate the aim should be to obtain a firm grasp of outstanding facts and principles. Some technical and especially some metallurgical processes as set out in an elementary exposition provide little material illustrating such principles unless their discussion is carried to a stage beyond the scope of a third year syllabus and the facts such processes embody may not have much chemical significance.The papers of the last few years as well as of this year have made it clear that students would do well to be far more familiar than they are with the Periodic Table and to use it as framework for the facts they learn. h careful and detaiIed study of the reactions of the common metallic salts to a variety of analytical reagents in the course of learning qualitative analysis is well known to be an excellent introduction to inorganic chemistry. Full use of this approach does not seem always to have been made.If it had been candidates would not have written for instance as too many did that silver nitrate and potassium iodide reacted only at high temperatures. It is significant in addition that those who described the standardisation of a hydrochloric acid solution all proposed to use sodium carbonate but that very few mentioned any measures necessary to ensure its having a calculable composition; the great majority stated merely that so much should be weighed out and left the matter there. Organic Chemistry.-The work done for the Ordinary Certificate was very good and calls for little comment. In describing technical matters students in this subject often tend to err in a direction opposite to that they take in inorganic chemistry and to show too little knowledge of the ordinary sources of such common substances as oxalic and acetic acids; nor do they always realise how great a difference there often is between a laboratory and a technical process in organic chemistry.There should certainly not be undue emphasis on the latter but technical processes for the more common organic substances are often fully worthy of note for they provide good illustrations of important reactions. 1.517 ] Questions in which the derivation of a composition from given data and the inference of the constitution of the substance from stated reactions are called for were not on the whole well done and were avoided where possible by many students although the calculation was more often attempted successfully.Carefully designed questions of this kind are valuable and their use could well be extended. One such question might well be compulsory if it dealt with a familiar class of compound and had sufficient sections to allow the average student to give at least a partial answer. In courses for the Higher Certificate much care and detailed instruction had evidently been given with excellent results. There had clearly been less specialisation on particular groups of compounds and more emphasis on general instruction than has sometimes been the case. Too much specialisation is to be avoided for part-time students. Questions involving the electronic theory of organic reactions were well answered but some students showed a certain confusion due rather to too much information than to too little.To present a perspicuous and useful account of these theories is far from easy. A careful and studied selection of outstanding agreed principles certainly repays the very considerable trouble it involves. Physical Chemis&y.-The standard attained in physical chemistry has risen in the last few years more especially in the Ordinary division. Much very good work has been done in both divisions It has become usual to set a higher proportion of questions each of which involves (a)a statement of principle or theory (b) a calculation. In the Ordinary division (b) is well done far more often than is (a).Kumerical questions do not add to the real difficulty of a paper at this stage; if fewer are set the average of marks awarded always falls.This points to the real difficulty of teaching physical chemistry-to obtain a firm grasp of any principle and an exact understanding of its use. If this is achieved the candidates demonstrate it by answering satisfactorily the (a)parts of the question in words. Correct answers to (b) mean little by themselves except the recollection of formulae. It is some-times suggested that candidates for the National Certificate at this stage lack power of expression adequate to writing accounts of the ideas of physical chemistry. It is the Assessor’s opinion based on the papers he has read that this disability is now comparatively rare. Failure to comprehend is far more common. In the Ordinary division many students had very vague ideas on equivalent conductivity thinking it varied proportionately with dilution and were confused about co-ordinate valency.The definition of the principle of mass action always requires careful attention. The traditional method of basing it on opposed reaction velocities is rather apt (unless explained with more detailed kinetics than an elementary course allows) to leave the student with the impression that the velocity of gas reactions can always be calculated in this simple way at points removed from equilibrium. For the Higher Certificate there were some excellent papers although the standard reached was very varied. Understanding of thermodynamical principles has improved. Answers to questions on the constitution of the atom would sometimes have been clearer if the student had received less information rather than more.The historical method if followed at all should be followed with much caution for candidates whose time is limited. The outstanding need as already mentioned in connection with organic chemistry is for a clear and selective presentation of the established results. BOOK REVIEWS The Power and Limits of Science. A Philosophical Study. E. F. Caldin. Pp. vii + 196. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. This is a book which one can heartily recommend. Its aim as the author states it is “to put before the reader a view of science and its relation to other forms of knowledge based on a study of its method; and to sketch a view of the place of science in life corresponding to this estimate of its place in thought.” In these days when exaggerated claims for the dominance of science in human affairs are sometimes loudly trumpeted; when moreover as many believe much of our thinking has gone wrong owing in no small measure to an over-emphasis of the scientific mood; it is of the highest importance that there should be a fuller understanding of what the “scientific method” means; of the kind of knowledge to lvhich its application can lead; and of the existence of other rational approaches to knowledge.For students of science especially whose studies have become far too narrow and highly specialised it is important that they should strive to obtain a wider and clearer understanding not only of the power but of the limits of science and of its relation to other fields of human experience life and learning.For these reasons this book by hlr. Caldin is to be warmly welcomed. Perhaps the University of Leeds which is so fortunate as to have on its scientific staff one so competent to act as a guide will give a lead to other universities in the institution of lectures or discussions on the subjects covered by Mr. Caldin’s book. After a more general discussion of the method of physical science and the scope of physics the author enters on a more philosophical examination of the inductix-e method and its presuppositions; science and truth; science and a priori knowledge; metaphysics and science. The treatment is broad but also exact and clear.The inductive experimental method by which science seeks to attain truth-the collecting of facts the “ordering” of the facts into generalised laws and the interpretation of these laws by a conception not contained in the data of esperience-rests on the assumption or what the author calls the metaphysical presupposition that there is order in natnre. One used to speak about the uniformity of nature. The truth moreover which the scientific method reveals is not an absolute truth but is defined by the author as the correspondence of our laws and theories with reality. The discussion of the inductive method of natural science is followed by an interesting survey of the complementary relationship between science and metaphysics. The author does not define metaphysics but his clear discussion of “the methDd of reflection on the general principles that are needed if experience is to be intelligible” will introduce a region of thought with which perhaps many students of science are unfamiliar but of which it is important that they should have an understanding.In the concluding portion of his work the author discusses Beauty and Science; Ethics and Science; Society and Science through which we are led into the realm of values and judgments which are of supreme importance for the individual and for the regulation of human relationships; a realm however to which the scientific method is not applicable. These chapters all students of science should ponder deeply and also the conclusion to which the author comes that in this science-conscious era a new synthesis of knowledge is necessary in which we must include ethics and metaphysics and “decline to replace them by pseudo-scientific substitutes.” ALEX.FINDLAY. C BlQ ] Biochemical Preparations. Vol. I. Iierbest E. Cartcr Editor-in-Chief. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 20s. net. Many years have now gone by since the appearance of the first volume of Organic Syntheses. That publication has now reached a state bordering on perfection and has become indispensable to organic chemists. The only disadvantage is that in consequence reference to the original literature has become almost unnecessary. No doubt much time is saved and better results are obtained but the young research worker will suffer somewhat from the lack of the earlier discipline and will often miss the illuminating reference which was sometimes discovered by accident in turning the pages of the Berichte or the Anizalen.BiocJiemical Prefiarations will no doubt in years to come create a similar state of affairs in biochemistry. Here especially accurate details for the synthesis or extraction of a natural product are particularly important and the editorial and advisory boards are to be congratulated on the decision which has now borne fruit in this valuable production. The experimental details provided by the various contributors have been checked independently in another laboratory. Substances available commercially are included only if they illustrate useful techniques or if they afford to students training in handling a natural product of a peculiar type.A list of preparations of biochemical importance which have already appeared in Organic Syntheses is provided. The preparation of azobenzene-p-sulphonic acid and its use in the separation of alanine from the glycine and serine resulting from the hydrolysis of silk is described. No mention is made however of the use of the azobenzene- sulphonyl derivatives of amino-acids in adsorption chromatography. It is mentioned that this sulphonic acid has been prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzene with waste sulphite liquor. The introduction of the sulpho- group in aqueous solution is of considerable interest. In describing the isolation of lycopene from tomato-paste the details of the final purification involving chromatographic adsorption on slaked lime and final elution with acetone are very useful.Other examples of the isolation of a natural product are the separation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide from yeast and of lysozyme from egg-white. The isolation of this pure protein by adsorption on bentonite and elution with aqueous pyridine is based on very recent work and the book shows evidence throughout of the modern viewpoint of the editors. Ten pages are devoted to the preparation of di-potassium glucosephosphate from tetra-acetylglucosidyl bromide. The phosphate group is introduced by means of silver phosphate and the composition of the resulting mixture determined by potentiometric titration a device which is again employed to control hydrolysis to the monophosphate.The fundamental importance of the hexose-phosphoric acids justifies the considerable space devoted to this preparation. The lapse of time only increases our wonder at the advances which have been made through the pioneer work of Harden and Young a biochemical research which ranks in significance with that of Moseley in the field of atomic structure. One minor point may be mentioned. The use of charcoal washed by acid is frequently recommended. We can emphasise the importance of the acid treatment as we have known preparations to be completely ruined by the alkali or phosphate present in “adsorbent charcoal.” All workers on natural products will no doubt look forward with pleasure to the appearance of the next volume.FREDERICK CHALLENGER. r 520 J Colloid Chemistry. H. B. Weiser. 2nd Edition. Pp. x + 444. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 44s. net. This the 2nd edition of a well-known textbook reproduces much of the first with some enlargement due to reference to recent work. It covers descriptively a great deal of ground touching on scientific and many technical aspects of most classes of phenomena conventionally and not very firmly glued together by that word “colloid.” Nearly one-third of the book deals with surface chemistry including adsorption wetting of solids by liquids and contact catalysis In the rest of the book hydrophobic colloids receive the largest share of attention and the account of hydrophobic sols of naturally insoluble substances is as good as can be found in any book of moderate compass.The author has himself made notable contributions to this field. Only on historical grounds is criticism of this part of the book justified the reader would not guess how familiar hydrophobic sols-then expressively called “pseudo-solutions”-were before Graham’s time and Selmi is not even mentioned in the author index. The rest of the book does not come up to the same standard; the lyophilic colloids are rather sketchily treated despite their immense industrial and biological importance and the brief account of colloidal electrolytes is badly out of date. The importance of the “critical” concentration at which soap- like substances in aqueous solution change from typical rather insoluble uni-univalent electrolytes to colloidal solutions containing very soluble ionic micelles with very abrupt changes in conductivity and osmotic properties is not made clear the work of Hartley and of several recent American workers is ignored.Almost the only indication that the author has paid attention to recent papers is the acceptance of the view temporarily current in certain quarters but almost certainly erroneous that the ionic micelle is laminar not spherical in shape. No attempt is made to marshal the evidence so that the reader can form his own opinion of the constitution of these solutions the author seems merely to hand on the views which McBain held before the significance of exact recent work gained acceptance.In discussing the mechanism of detergent action four so-called factors are mentioned but far the most important-wetting of the solid by detergent in preference to greasc -is omitted. Too much of the book has this uncritical “scissors-and-paste” quality selecting one or two bits of work on a subject without integration into a coherent description often ignoring the best work. In accordance with convention colloid chemistry is held to include surface chemistry and whilc numbers of scarcely explained isotherms and other data on adsorption are reproduced the distinction between physical adsorption chemisorption and electrostatic adsorption is not really made clear.J. K. Roberts’ work on adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen by tungsten probably by far the most accurate ever done is not even mentioned. There is a brief section on separation of minerals by flotation written as if frothing agents were the most important tools of the process; although collectors are just mentioned no attempt is made to explain their action and the reader is not likely to realise the fundamental importance of contact angles. Wark’s classical work is ignored. Physico-chemical theory is weak the “proof” of Gibbs’ adsorption equation would not now be accepted by a student properly grounded in thermodynamics and the only form of the equation quoted is the simple one invalid except for only two components and with a peculiar definition of surface excess which is not given.The field is wide and difficult for any single author to master and expound it might have been better to include r 521 1 only those parts of surface chemistry which are directly important to colloids. Industrial “plastics,” perhaps wisely are not dealt with. Nevertheless the book is likely to be useful for it is a “presidential” survey of a wide field and is very good on the hydrophobic colloids. Its quality as a descriptive textbook does not seem so good as that of several published 20 or more years ago but its range is greater than any except Freundlich’s. For thorough modern physico-chemical theory the student will need Alexander and Johnson’s Colloid Science. S. K. ADAM. The Chemistry and Technology of Enzymes.Henry Tauber. Pp. viii + 550. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1949.) 60s. net. This book consists of two equal parts chemistry and technology respec- tively the latter being a revision of the author’s previous book Enzywic Technology (1943) but brought up to date. At the time of the latter’s appearance many reviewers suggested that a survey of the chemistry of the enzymes should be added. This has been done by taking small passages from the former book and incorporating them with much new material into the first part of this new book. A useful general chapter mainly on kinetics and factors influencing enzyme action is followed by chapters on the respective enzyme groups including carbohydrases phosphorylases proteolytic enzymes etc.the proteolytic enzymes alone receiving a comprehensive treatment running to ox-er 60 pages. The various groups of oxidising enzymes follow receiving a modern and adequate treatment. Many actual methods of preparation (e.g. of crystalline enzymes synthetic products of enzyme action such as amylopectin etc.) and analytical methods are described. In these and other ways the author keeps his descriptive matter in close touch with the experi- mental basis on which it rests. The technology of enzymes deals partly with industrial fermentation processes involving the use of micro-organisms and partly with the production and uses of enzymes themselves. The former industries include alcohol and yeast manufacture brewing the production of antibiotics mould and bacterial fermentations both old ones such as vinegar acetone-butanol and modern ones such as 1-2 :3-butylene glycol etc.The latter include among others the role of enzymes in bread making applications to dairy products dehydrated foods textile leather and other industries. Welcome chapters are those on the use of enzymes in medicine and on the microbiological assay of vitamins-for of course to-day to deal with enzymes involves dealing with certain vitamins. Returning to the technical processes of production the description of those in general use is often followed by suggestions for improvement which have been made from time to time. The section on antibiotics is rather brief for such a subject but an adequate treatment would have resulted in an inflated and unbalanced book.The same could be written of the section on brewing where only a selection could be given of what is known in each part of the subject. However only reputable work is cited. There is a long bibliography to each chapter and a few quite good illus- trations. One or two misprints such as “formal” titration scarcely merit mention. It is an excellent book and should be of use alike to the student and the technologist. H. H. HOPKINS. The Adsorption of Gases by Solids. A. R. Miller. Pp. ix + 133. (Cam-bridge The University Press 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. In 1939 the late J. K. Roberts published a monograph entitled “Some Problems in Adsorption,” which described some developments in theory and experiment in the monolayer adsorption of gases and solids.The work described was contributed to in particular by Dr. Roberts and his colleagues and the book carried the impress of an original and very active mind. It has now been added to by Dr. Miller and republished under the title “The Adsorption of Gases on Solids.” The book retains however the format and content of Dr. Roberts’ monograph and one could have wished to see his name also on the title page. The seven chapters are devoted respectively to experimental methods; the theory of heat of adsorption with interaction between adsorbed molecules; l-ariations of potential energy over the surface of an adsorbent; the process of formation of adsorbed films; evaporation processes with special reference to the formation of atomic hydrogen; some other types of adsorption; and finally dipole interaction between adsorbed particles.The experimental work discussed deals primarily with adsorbed films 011 tungsten filaments-especially hydrogen. One may wonder what develop- ments might have followed had Dr. Roberts been spared to apply his techniques to other surfaces and sorbates. Iliorkers in this field may have noted how difficult it is to predict the behaviour of one kind of surface from experiments however careful performed on another kind. On the theoretical side the methods of statistical mechanics have been freely used and provide some penetrating analyses of the properties of adsorbed films. This revised edition may be recommended as heartily as its predecessor.R. M. BARRER. A Survey of General and Applied Rheology. G. Mi. Scott Blair. 2nd Edition. Pp. xv + 314. (London:. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 40s. net. The 1st edition of this book was published in 1943 and was reprinted two years later under austerity conditions. The author and publishers have taken the opportunity offered by the new edition to increase the number of pages by 118 and the price by 21s. Cid. About half of the increase in length is accounted for by the introduction of one- or two-line summaries of some 400 papers under seven general headings and also the inclusion of a bibliography of some 1,350 references. These features certainly increase the value of the book considerably although as a large number of the names occur in triplicate under summaries bibliography and index it would seem that some economy should have been possible by another arrangement.The other main alteration is in the chapter on “Ideal Materials,” which is enlarged and divided into two. Partly owing to university examination requirements the subjects of elasticity and hydraulics are treated separately in engineering curricula and have therefore had textbooks of their own and the method of presentation does not always follow on the same lines in each subject. This tends to make the student unnecessarily confused. The author here gives a short summary of the tenets of the theory of elasticity in relation to its bearing on rheology which is not only helpful but might be still further expanded.The “viscosity index” is referred to as a rare case where the “principle of intermediacy” has been used in industrial practice. The use of a standard [ 623 3 “good” and a standard “bad” to define limits is also employed for example for octane and cetane numbers of oil fuels; even our temperature scales started in a similar manner. On the psychological side the passion for giving simple things a complicated title sometimes obscures the fact that no or very little real advance has been made in the subject. I will requote from the chapter on “Gestalt Psychology.” “There is a law in Gestalt psycholog$ which states that the free energy associ- ated with a Gestalt or alternatively its complexity will tend to run down to the lowest level consistent with the circumstances.This is known as Wertheimer’s Law of Pragnanz and is very clearly parallel to the Second Law of Thermo- dynamics and very reminiscent of the ‘First Theory of Minimum Strain Energy’.’’ Surely this is very reminiscent of the witch doctor the wise man of the tribe who shows his audience water falling from a high level to a low level and explains it in similar phrases. The tribe having listened in awe to his discourse finally troop out into the night thinking that at last they have been permitted to penetrate into the inner secrets of human existence. Have they? If anyone who has not known the value of this book from its 1st edition thinks he would like to know more about rheology 1suggest he pick up a copy and I guarantee that he will find plenty to interest him whatever his approach to the subject may be.M. B. DONALD. Synthetic Perfumes Their Chemistry and Preparation. R. F. West H. J. Strausz and D. H. R. Barton. Pp. viii + 380. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1949.) 70s. net. There are a number of books in the English language on the application and uses of synthetic perfumes and flavouring materials but accounts of the preparation of the basic materials themselves are largely scattered throughout organic chemical literature. In this volume we have the methods of prepara- tion of these synthetic products concisely collected together and with adequate references to the literature. There are ten chapters on hydrocarbons alcohols aldehydes ketones and lactones ethers esters phenols nitrogen-containing compounds and miscellaneous with a short introduction on perfumes in general and an appendix of trade names.There is also an addendum devoted to recent work on large ring ketones and lactones irone and the violet perfumes. Certain essential oil constituents such as citral linalol and citronellol are included with their properties and methods of isolation. In some cases however omissions occur in this respect; e.g. in the preparation of heliotropine from safrole via iso-safrole it would have been useful to have given the methods of isolating safrole and its sources either from sassafras oil camphor oil etc. or synthetically. There is also no mention in the book of terpeneless essential oils.There are interesting remarks and tables on the preparation and properties of the propionates butyrates and iso-butyrates valerianates and iso-valerianates chiefly used as flavouring agents although some other materials of this class such as diacetyl (an important flavouring constituent) are not mentioned in the book. The azeotropic distillation method for the prepara- tion of esters is scarcely mentioned the older processes being chiefly.described. Details are given of the acetals soap-resistant perfumes and there are remarks on the macrocyclic lactones. A considerable amount of space is devoted to the recent chemistry of the menthols ionones civetone muscone exaltone and the artificial musks. The methods for the preparation of vanillin might have been extended in view of the importance of this [ 524 3 synthetic no mention is made for instaiice of tlic hydrvcy-anic acid rllctlloci cf.D.R.P. 189,307). The so-called higher fruit aldehydes C.14 C.16 etc. are well described. In this connection on page 207 in the production of y-1.2-amylbutyrolactone n-heptaldehyde (100 g.) and malonic acid (100 g.) could not possibly give 190 g. of nonenoic acid; 137 g. is the theoretical yield. The preparation of phenylene ethylene glycol from styrene is described on page 62 but there seems to be a discrepancy in the amount of sodium hypo- chlorite given which probably should read 74.5 parts and not 974.5 parts as stated. A slight error occurs on page 136 seven lines from the bottom of the page where “choral” is written for “chloral.” Generally our observation is that the historical side rather overshadows the technical aspect which although not serious to the student somewhat lessens the value of the book.It seems as if occasionally the authors themselves are somewhat perplexed by the existence of conflicting data (cf. linalyl acetate) as one may note that the method of Bartram for linalyl propionate etc. is not regarded as satisfactory for linalyl acetate. The book is very readable and covers together with interesting remarks regarding properties methods for the production of practically the whole range of synthetic perfumes and many flavouring materials as well. S. B. TALLANTYRE. J. JACKSON. Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1948.Vol. 45. Pp. 379. (London The Chemical Society 1949.) 25s. net. The rapid development of chemistry into an ever-increasing number of what are in spite of correlating inter-relationships essentially specialist fields is reflected in the fact that no less than 22 separate authors have been called on to contribute to the latest volume of the Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry. Selection of topics to be reviewed becomes an in- creasingly difficult problem and omissions are bound to occur. In conformity with recent practice most of the sections take the form of brief review articles (covering several years) on special topics a policy which has certain advantages but which may require reconsideration now that the new journal Quarterly Reviews is an established publication.Topics thus reviewed include the new field of radiation chemistry the structure of aqueous solutions of soap-like substances the kinetics of homo-geneous thermal gas reactions the rapidly expanding field of homolytic (free-radical) reactions the insecticidal constituents of pyrethrum flowers the diterpene resin-acids colchicine and related derivatives of the hypothetical seven-membered ring structure tropolone whilst the section on heterocyclic compounds deals with aziridines (ethyleneimines) and brings the review of biotin the pterins and related growth factors up to date. A rather undue proportion of the limited space available for an account of recent work on organic sulphur compounds is given to an account of the hydrogenolysis of sulphur compounds by means of Raney nickel.The large section devoted to biochemistry reflects the enormous activity in this field and the great power of the new weapons of partition chromato- graphy and isotopic indicators the latter revealing a hitherto unsuspected importance of small molecules in biosynthesis. Recent developments in the chemistry of insulin and the chemotherapeutic approach to the problem of tuberculosis are also summarised. In the analytical section the brief review of new advances in the fields of emission spectrography flame photometry and volumetric analysis covers the whole period of the war years On the other hand the section on inorganic chemistry frankly departs from the method of special topic reviews and deals with progress in the whole field on the basis of periodic table group classifica- tion of elements whilst the useful review of new general methods and reactions in organic chemistry for the short period 1946-48 is both comprehensive and concise.Some may prefer that the Reports should give a summary of the year’s advances in all major chemical topics but granted the present policy no single chemist is competent to judge either the completeness ‘of the reviews or the basis of the selection of topics when such a wide and varied field of chemical research has to be covered. Indeed the value of the reports lies in this very fact since they enable a chemist to keep abreast with advances in the broad field of chemistry as a whole and to view his own specialist interests in a proper perspective and the contributors to this volume have earned the gratitude of all chemists by their fulfilment of a very arduous and difficult task.J. W. BAKER. Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics. Harold Davis. 5th Edition. Pp. xiv + 1100. (London Baillihre Tindall & Cox 1949.) 30s. net. The untimely death of A. 0. Bentley in 1943 prevented his participation with Dr. Davis in the preparation of this edition. This revision is therefore the work of Dr. Davis in collaboration with Dr. M. W. Partridge and the late A. 1. Robinson. The new edition maintains the general form of the earlier edition but has been expanded by about 100 pages. Some pruning of material which is rather outside the scope of the subject such as the section on biological assays has enabled the reviser to include matter of more immediate interest.Part I gives a short history of the British Pharmacopoeia. Part I1 is on the general principles involved in pharmaceutical operations. Sections on solutions osmotic pressure ionisation viscosity surface tension colloidal systems emulsions evaporation and distillation indicate the importance of physical chemistry in modern pharmacy. Part I11 is on pharmaceutical manufacturing including chapters on materials of construction and on the main processes used. Pharmaceutical manufacturing developed from the methods used by the pharmacist at the back of his shop and for many years the same methods were used on a larger scale.Latterly manufacturing pharmacists have adopted methods and plant from other branches of chemical industry and have developed new processes suited to their own problems such as the freeze-drying of penicillin. Part IV is concerned with dispensing and deals mainly with the traditional practice of the pharmacist in the small-scale preparation of pills ointments emulsions etc. Part V is devoted to microbiology. A short general account of bacteria and moulds is given follow-ed by chapters on disinfection anti- biotics sterilisation vaccines and sera and the preservation of pharmaceutical products. The arrangement of the chapters in this part might be improved. One would expect disinfection sterilisation and preservation to be treated consecutively whereas they are separated by chapters on antibiotics and on vaccines and sera.Part VI deals with surgical dressings sutures and ligatures. Part VII is a systematic study of official pharmaceutical preparations. “Bentley” is the only large textbook published in this country which covers the whole field of pharmaceutical practice. It is chiefly intended for students and in a book covering such a wide variety of subjects much of the information is necessarily rather superficial. Nevertheless all the important facts are there and are clearly and concisely told in readable English. c 526 1 Non-pharmaceutical readers will realise that modern pharmacy is not merely a matter of dispensing the correct doses of drugs into a medicine bottle or of rolling pills.To-day pharmacy provides many problems which can only be solved by a profound knowledge of chemistry and more especially of physical chemistry. Dr. Davis is to be congratulated on the way he has carried out the revision. He has impressed on the book the stamp of his wide knowledge of the practice of pharmacy. Errors and misprints are remarkably few. The book is indispensable to pharmaceutical students and can be confidently recommended to those who wish to gain acquaintance with the methods and scope of modern pharmacy. NORMAN EVERS. Metallurgy for Engineers. E. C. Rollason. 2nd Edition. Pp. viii + 339. (London Edward Arnold & Co. 1949.) 16s. net. Engineers and metallurgists do not think of metals and alloys in the same way.To the former they are pieces of material possessing certain physical or mechanical properties that make them suitable for use in structures or engines. To the metallurgist they are more or less complex aggregations of atoms arranged in a variety of patterns and forms the arrangements being varied consciously in order to produce the properties that engineers demand. Users of metal are interested principally in the ends while metallurgists are concerned with the means to those ends. A book on metallurgy for engineers might be expected therefore to expound these means to the user. Dr. Rollason does not follow this plan-in fact he frankly disavows any intention of doing so. In the preface to the second edition of his popular book he reiterates that it is “a concise factual summary which should largely avoid the necessity for a student to take notes while a lecturer is providing the detailed introduction to and the background of the subject.” Having made this declaration he is able to replace a logical treatment with a cata- logical leaving the engineering reader to seek elsewhere for the expIanation of the subject.Metals and alloys rather than metallurgy is the theme of this book. Regarded in this way the book is of undoubted value; in fact it is very well done. The multitude of metallic materials that are or might be used in modern engineering is dealt with in an ordered manner. Iron and steel copper aluminium nickel magnesium and their alloys; all are described factually something being written about most of them-rather on the lines of those lecture notes which the book is intended to replace.The enormous ground covered compels the treatment of each topic to be brief and didactic. The picture is painted in black and white without any of the appropriate shades of grey. But a clear picture emerges that is likely to be of greater assistance to those sitting for examinations-and the book is avowedly written chiefly for them-than to those practising as engineers. Besides dealing faithfully with the different groups of metallic materials the author provides a reasonably extensive treatment of thermal equilibrium diagrams and their interpretation of deformation and annealing of heat treatment and of the solidification of metals. He also gives useful instruction on the macroscopic and microscopic examination of metals and alloys instruction which is quite ample for the needs of an engineer.Corrosion is dealt with adequately as are the metallurgical aspects of the jointing of metals. The more important additions made in this edition deal with the new modes of heat-treatment deriving from “S-curves”; hardenability; creep behaviour -as demanded by components of jet engines and Orowan’s conception of brittle fracture. [ 527 1 As has been said the book is well done. The syllabus covered is too large to permit except occasionally of a complete examination and presentation of the various topics but an enormous bulk of information is packed intoa small compass. This is a handy book for those needing factual data on metals and alloys; it is well illustrated and should prove to be very useful to students provided always that the teacher or lecturer postulated by the author is at hand.LESLIEAITCHISON. A New Dictionary of Chemistry. Edited by Stephen Miall and L. Mackenzie Miall. 2nd Edition. Pp. ix + 589. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 60s. net. The fact that a 2nd edition of this Dictionary has been called for is in itself a tribute to its usefulness. The work of the senior author can be seen in the short biographical notes of famous chemists whose names occur throughout in their proper alphabetical position; these add greatly to the value of the book. An unusual but helpful feature is the table of physical constants for some organic compounds which concludes the volume.Many new entries will be found in this edition such as penicillin and plutonium and the editors must have had great difficulty in deciding what to include and what to omit so as to keep the size within reasonable’ limits. It is difficult however to understand why “acetoxime” finds a place whereas “benzaldoxime” does not. Moreover under the entry of “aldoximes,” specific reference is made only to aliphatic and not to aromatic aldoximes. A cross-reference to “isomerism” would be helpful. The reproduction and drawings of crystal structure which appear in several places might well be improved when another edition is called for. These are however minor points and the volume can be recommended as a useful book of reference.F. P. DUNN. Technology of Plastics. B. Lionel Davies. Pp. xi + 421. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1949.) 37s. 6d. net. The author states that “this book is intended for the use of students in technical colleges and others desiring a broad knowledge of plastic materials their processing and properties.” The field covered within 421 pages is ambitious and attempts to embrace the history structure preparation and utilisation of polymers some of which such as rubber do’not strictly fall within the accepted definition of “plastics.” The book is successful in its originality of approach and in the numerous excellent diagrams and illustrations in the text. It is well done on the techno- logical side particularly in connection with moulding processes mould design and fabrication techniques with which the author is obviously very familiar.It is unfortunate from the student’s point of view that the same cannot be said for the other sections of the volume. The effort to simplify the basic principles of polymer formation and properties has led to various ambiguities. The historical and general information provided is frequently open to objection. For example few workers would accept the view that ethylene polymers as understood nowadays have been known since 1900; that ethyl cellulose came into popular use in 1922; that the development of silicones must be attributed by implication solely to Dow Corning Co.; or that cashew nut shell liquid is derived from the West Indies (this should of course be Western India).On the more fundamental and chemical side serious inaccuracies also exist. Thus on p. 25 it would be more correct to say that thermoplastics may show [ 528 I evidence of the existence of crystals on stretching rather than to state categorically that they do. It is a serious slip to claim that cellulose acetate is less hygroscopic than nitrocellulose while the generalisation about the connection between degree of etherification of cellulose and solubility surely needs modification. The conception of “triangular” linkages on p. 145 is confusing rather than helpful; the mechanism of polymerisation of diallyl compounds is faulty; the statement that vinyl chloride is polymerised under pressure is surely incorrect; and the proportions of phthalic anhydride and glycerol needed to make a glyptal have been reversed.The section on rubber also shows certain omissions and mis-statements; notably the absence of any reference to nitrile rubbers; the mention of 200” C. as a temperature at which properties are retained which is misleading; and the comment that sodium is used in the polymerisation of GR-S. In addition many of the chemical equations need revision in order to remove minor inaccuracies. So long as such points are borne in mind the book is well worth keeping for general reference purposes. It is however more likely to be of value to those wishing to obtain a picture of the technological side of plastics than to those already engaged in the industry who seek to understand the fundamental background of the subject.N. J. L. MEGSON. Papermaking. Compiled by the Education Committee of the Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association. (London The Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association 1949.) 6s. net. This book has been prepared under the direction of the Education Committee of the Technical Section of the Paper Makers’ Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. They decided to prepare “a relatively elementary general account of paper- making covering its history processes and applications . . . addressed primarily to the younger members of the industry.” There are 12 chapters; and more than a dozen people each an expert in the section dealt with have collaborated to produce this book which should have a wide appeal and will be particularly useful to students preparing for the City and Guilds examinations in papermaking.The following are the main subjects dealt with The historical development of papermaking the fibrous materials of papermaking the nature and uses of paper methods of pulping methods of bleaching and cleaning beating and auxiliary operations the operation of paper machine the manufacture of boards finishing and “after-treatment,” the papermill laboratory. There are 75 illustrations which are a valuable aid to visualising the items described in the text. . An excellent reading list is provided although this would be improved by the addition of the cost of each book. A list of papermaking terms and a glossary have also been included.The inclusion of a section dealing with the production of heat and power would be a desirable feature in future editions. The following points seem to call for comment. On p. 67 Chapter IV the use of a sand or wood-wool filter for caustic soda solution is mentioned. A bed of graded marble chips would be more satisfactory. Page 70 Chapter V . . . “because the logs are usually bought by volume heavy timber is more profitable.” This statement should be qualified as heavy timber may suffer a greater loss by logs sinking in transit if water transport is used while the cost of transport will be greater if the use of road or rail is necessary. r 529 I On p. 181 Chapter XII the following sentences occur “The principle of the chemist-buyer is in most ordinary mills of any size an undesirable one because the laboratory should above all be impartial in its outlook.Moreover the chemist may be fully aware of the technical value of a particular material but he may not necessarily be capable of striking a good business bargain which may have to take other important factors into account.” It is unfortunate that such controversial opinions should be expressed in a book of this kind. A buyer who is not “capable of striking a good business bargain” is unlikely to retain his position whether he is also a chemist or not. On p. 182 Chapter XII it is said that “the ball mill used in the laboratory beats by hydration whereas the mill beater cuts and fibrillates the fibres.” This refers presumably to the Lamp& mill; otherwise the pebble mill would have been mentioned.H. A. Harrison has shown in his research work on beating (PVOC. Tech. Sect. P.M.A. 1931 XI 286) that the Lamp& mill cuts the fibres to a greater degree than the mill beater. On p. 201 “Mottling-a Silurian effect in which the contrasting fibres are relatively short large in number and lightly dyed.” It is considered that a better definition would be “a white or lightly-dyed paper containing 1 to 10 per cent. of heavily dyed fibres.” This book provides a lucid concise and authoritative survey of British methods of papermaking and will be appreciated not only by papermill workers but by salesmen and the members of associated trades. PETERFAICHNEY.Surface Tension and the Spreading of Liquids. R. S. Burdon. Pp. xiv + 92. (Cambridge The University Press 1949.) 12s. 6d. net. The first edition of this book appeared in 1940 as a Cambridge Physical Tract. It has now been revised and issued as a Cambridge Monograph on Physics although “no attempt has been made to do more than extend the tract by including some account of work published in recent years.” The difficulties of writing a book of this size on such a wide and ever- expanding topic are obvious and it is not surprising to find that some aspects of the subject have been omitted or referred to in barest detail. The choice of what to leave out must of course rest with the author and will to a large extent be governed by his own interests in the subject.The sections dealing with the physics of mercury surfaces receive therefore fairly full treatment and amply justify the author’s claim that “emphasis has been placed on things not in textbooks and where uncertainty exists or progress is being made.” The sections dealing with the nature of surface forces measurement of surface tension (other than by the sessile drop which is peculiarly suited to the measurement of the surface tension of mercury) and the spreading of films on water surfaces are far less complete and the reader will have to refer to the standard texts on surface physics and chemistry for much of the desirable detail not only of practical methods but also of fundamental theory. For example no reference is made to Sugden’s application of Bashforth and Adams’ treatment of curved surfaces to the capillary rise method of measuring surface tension nor is there any reference to the use of a micrometer syringe for measuring drop volumes (possibly the most convenient of all methods for measuring surface tension and capable of an accuracy of 0.1 per cent.).The section dealing with monolayers on water is short but touches the more important aspects of the subject. A few examples of the types of surface film referred to might have been given. For instance Fig. 14 p. 59 which presumably refers to the expansion of myristic acid is not identified in any way. The reviewer is a little puzzled by the statement on p. 70 that “stable [ 530 1 monolayers on the surface of water have no measurable effect on the total rate of loss of water by evaporation” since Rideal Langmuir and more recently Sebba and Briscoe have shown that both expanded and condensed monolayers can retard the rate of evaporation of water considerably.There is a chapter on the wetting of solid surfaces which deals fairly fully with lubrication flotation and the measurement of contact angles although no mention is made of Ablett’s rotating cylinder method which is of more direct application to many industrial processes than the simple plate method. These observations are of minor consequence compared with the major aim of the book-to give the non-specialist an introduction to the subject -which Dr. Burdon accomplishes in a most readable fashion. This little book which can easily be read in an evening will provide the would-be student of surface physics or chemistry with very good company.The printing and binding is of the usual standard expected of the Cambridge University Press and misprints are few. K. G. A. PANKHURST. Technology of the Fischer-Tropsch Process. B. H. Weil and J. C. Lane. Pp. xii + 248. (London Constable & Co. Ltd. 1949.) 22s. 6d. The ahthors of this work Heads of the Technical Information Divisions of the State Engineering Station at Georgia School of Technology and of the Gulf Research and Development Company respectively have set out to produce a comprehensive review of the literature and patents covering the Fischer-Tropsch process. The result of their efforts is something new and quite invaluable in this field; for the literature of the Fischer-Tropsch process has now reached formidable dimensions.To have produced so concisely such a clear coherent and complete review is therefore an achievement. The subject is presented in four parts each of which corresponds with one of a series of four articles published by the authors in the Petroleum Refiner during 1946. These are (i) synthesis gas its production and purifica- tion; (ii) the conditions catalysts and reaction mechanisms of the various syntheses; (iii) the products; and (iv) the economics of the processes in relation to the national economy of the United States. Three sources of synthesis gas are considered namely coal-burning producer plants underground gasification and reforming processes in which methane from oil measures coal measures petroleum processing or coal carbonisation is oxidised with steam carbon dioxide or oxygen.Extensive bibliographies are given of the first and third methods of gas production but there is naturally less to offer on underground gasification. The chapter on purification of synthesis gas may be of interest as much outside as inside its nominal sphere since it conveniently collates a great deal of information on the many processes for removing H,S and other forms of sulphur from gases a subject of interest in the gas industry at large. The second section opens with a chapter on reaction mechanism. It is interesting to reflect not only upon the great progress which has already been achieved without any complete understanding of fundamentals but also upon what might be possible with little additional knowledge.Perhaps the same thought may apply to the chapter on catalysts which incidentally is the longest in the book; it is supported by 100 literature references revealing in notable fashion how thoroughly all nations have been interested in the possibilities of the process. A further short chapter gives an account of the contributions made by German science as far as has been revealed by official missions since the war. The third section dealing with products and by-products summarises the former devoting one chapter to each of five ranging from gaseous fuels r 531 1 to lubricants. A final chapter covers by-products by which are meant materials derived from further treatment of primary products; examples are the fatty acids produced from waxes and from these in turn the edible fats and soaps.In the last section the economics of the process are reviewed rather specifically in relation to the background of the United States. The availability of natural gas is obviously a determining factor; and aspects of the processes based upon coal are dismissed in relatively few pages concluding with the rather vital topic of steel requirements estimated at 8.9 to 14.3 tons per barrel of gasoline per day. A “confidential but qualified informant” is however quoted as “guessing” that these figures may be several times too high1 For the processes based upon natural gas the steel requirement is said to be some 2.8 tons per barrel per day.Appendices occupy nearly a quarter of the volume. They comprise an apparently very complete catalogue of all the relevant patents in all countries of some 170 official reports including those of missions to ex-enemy countries and finally a supplementary bibliography which must bring the total number of literature and patent references in the book to something well above 1,000. In a foreword H. H. Storch likens the book to an “incomplete moving picture of the erection of a building or cathedral with faithfully recorded sound effects.” In so far as there is much more to be understood and to be done about the Fischer-Tropsch process this “moving picture” must inevitably be incomplete.But as regards the present “state of the art” the picture given does appear to be complete and also clear. The volume is recommended to the reader generally interested and particularly to libraries concerned with fuel chemistry. D. T. A. TOWNEND. PAPERS READ AT MEETINGS OF LOCAL SECTIONS Full typescripts of the following papers read at Meetings of Local Sections of the Institute have been deposited in the Library and may be consulted or borrowed by Members and Registered Students on application to the Deputy Executive Officer. The papers are arranged in order of date of delivery. Except where otherwise stated they were read at meetings of the London and South- Eastern Counties Section. If a summary has been published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, the reference is given.1946. 1. Belfast. “The Manufacture of Pulp and Papcr.” By P. Faichney. 2. “Science as a Career.” By A. M. Ward. 3. “Water Supplies Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects.” By ?V. Gordon Carey. 1947. 4. “Recent Advances in Atmospheric Pollution Research.” By A. C. Monkhouse. 5. New Zealand Section. “Coal as a Source of Energy in New Zealand.” By W. A. Joiner (1948 p. 92). 6. “Some Aspects of Chemistry in relation to Agriculture.” By A. H. Lewis. 7. “Scientific Problems in Feeding a Modern Army in the Field.” By J. King (1948 p. 254). [ 632 3 1948. 8. Edinburgh. “Practical Aspects of Wetting and Detergency.” By E. S. Paice. 9. “Science and Parliament.” By H. N.Linstead (1948 p. 216). 10. “The Chemist in the Flour Mill.” By C. W. Herd (1948 p. 258). 11. “The Chemistry of Packaging.” By G. L. Riddell. 12. “The Performance of Paint Films.” By C. H. Young. 13. “Methods of determining Molecular Weights of Polymers.” By G. R. Cornish. 14. “Radioactivity Measuring Apparatus.” By Denis Taylor. 15. “P32as a Tracer in the study of Phosphorus Metabolism in the Laying Fowl.” By T. G. Taylor. 16. “General Applications of Tracer Technique.” By T. B. Rymer. 1949. 17. “Part-time Education in Chemistry.” Summary of a Symposium. NOTES PERSONAL Mr. A. Alcock Fellow has been appointed Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for the City of Salford. Professor A.J. Allmand M.C. F.R.S. Fellow will retire from the Daniel1 chair of chemistry at King’s College London at the end of the 1949-50 session and will be succeeded by Professor D. H. Hey Fellow. Dr. L. C. Bannister Fellow is leaving British Insulated Callender’s Cables Ltd. to join the Research and Development Department of the British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Dr. F. W. Clulow Fellow Head of the Department of Science and Manage- ment in the London School of Printing and Kindred Trades has been appointed Director of the Department of Printing and Photographic Technology in the Manchester College of Technology with effect from 1 January 1950. Mr. D. Crowley Associate has been elected President and Mr. W. V. Griffiths A ssociata Vice-president of the Irish Chemical Association.Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. Fellow has been elected Harveian Librarian of the Royal College of Physicians. Dr. C. Forrester Kaiser-i-Hind Medal F.R.S.E. has been appointed Deputy Chief Fuel Engineer to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. Lord Halsbury Fellow has been appointed a member of the Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Dr. K. R. Hill Associate has been appointed to the chair of pathology in the University College of the West Indies Jamaica. Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. FeZlow has been appointed President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for its meetings to be held in Birmingham 30 August to 6 September 1950. Mr. E. J. Holland Associate has been appointed commercial manager of Theodore St.Just & Co. Ltd. Whitefield. Manchester. hlr. H. H. Jones J.P. Fellow has been nominated as a Sheriff for the County of Caernarvon. r 533 1 Mr. H. Lewis Fellow lately Director of Disposals Ministry of Supply has joined the staff of the London office of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Mr. H. L. Parsons Fellom has been appointed a director on the board of J. T. Inglis & Sons Ltd. Dundee. He is also technical director of Low & Bonar Ltd. Dr. G. V. Raynor Fellow has been appointed professor of metal physics in the University of Birmingham. This is one of two new professorships in the Department of Metallurgy. Dr. P. D. Ritchie Fellow Head of the Department of Chemistry Bir- mingham Central Technical College has been appointed to succeed Professor W.M.Cumming O.B.E. Fellow in the Young chair of technical chemistry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow and will take up his new duties on 1 January 1950. Dr. R. H. Stokes Associate Meldola Medallist (1946) has been awarded the degree of D.Sc. in the University of New Zealand. Early in 1950 Dr. Stokes will take up an appointment as lecturer in chemistry in the Univer- sity of Western Australia. Nr. J. A. R. Stoyle Associate has been appointed Government Chemist Nigeria. Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. Fellow Meldola Medallist has been awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society. Dr. J. I;. Williams Associate has been appointed chief chemist to the newly-formed Hosiery and Allied Trades Research Association.I NSTlT UTE LECTURE Dr. Frank Roffey gave a lecture on “The Development of Chemical Processes” before a large audience of members of the Institute and visitors in the Lecture Theatre of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street W.C.l on 21 October 1949. The President Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was in the chair. Introducing the lecturer he said that Dr. Roffey’s work in the Ministry of Supply during the late war brought him constantly in contact with scientists industrialists and Government officials and he had succeded in correlating their varied interests with conspicuous tact and efficiency and in establishing effective liaison with the technical departments of other Ministries. After graduating B.Sc. of the University of London with 1st Class Honours in Chemistry in 1927 Roffey spent a year in research under Professor W.E. Garner of the University of Bristol and was awarded the Ph.D. degree. In 1928 he was appointed research and works chemist in Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. and later took charge of the Experimental Station at Sutton Oak. In 1939 he was appointed Chemist (administrative) in the War Depart- ment and on the formation of the Ministry of Supply became its Deputy Director of Scientific Research; in 1942 he was given the title of Controller of Chemical Research. After the war Dr. Roffey was appointed to his present post of Controller of Research and Development to the Distillers Co. Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1939 and a Fellow in 1942.From 1946 to 1949 he served on the Council and was acting chairman of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee during Professor Findlay’s absence abroad. At the conclusion of the lecture a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Roffey on the proposition of Mr. H. W. Cremer C.B.E. A full report of the lecture is being prepared for publication at an early date in the Institute’s series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. 1 634 1 MELDOLA MEDAL LECTURE Dr. James Baddiley delivered a Meldola Medal Lecture on “The Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides,” on 10 November 1949 in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the Royal College of Science (Imperial College of Science and Technology) South Kensington before a large audience of members of the Institute and of the Imperial College Chemical Society.Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. President of the Institute in introducing Dr. Baddiley said that the Meldola Medal was awarded to him in 1947 but owing to his absence in Sweden it had not been possible to arrange the lecture earlier. At the conclusion of the lecture Professor Cook expressed warm apprecia- tion to Dr. Baddiley and in presenting him with the Medal wished him success in his future career such as had attended many previous recipients of the award. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (21 June to 30 July 1949) Agriculture (a) Grassland Development.-On 30 June Mr. Philips Price asked the Minister of Agriculture whether in view of the Report issued by the Committee on Industrial Productivity suggesting that a 20 per cent.increase in meat production in this country could be obtained within the next few years if our grassland were developed by means of improved manage- ment and more intensive application of fertilisers he will state what steps are to be taken to achieve that objective. THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE (Mr. T. Williams) I assume that my hon. Friend intends to refer to the possible increase of 20 per cent. in the total yield of the grassland in this country mentioned in para. 62 of the First Report of the Committee on Industrial Productivity (Cmd. 76665). As stated in the Report this was a recommendation of the Imports Substitution Panel which has been accepted as a basis for Government policy; such an increase in yield is the aim of the Grassland Development Campaign initiated in January 1948.(b) Sheep Dipping.-On 30 June Mr. Hurd asked the Minister of Agricul-ture if his Department has tested the effectiveness and economy of spraying sheep with D.D.T. and similar preparations compared with using arsenical dips as a means of destroying parasites and preventing scab infection; and if he intends to amend the sheep dipping regulations to take account of new knowledge. THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE (Mr. T. Williams) I am advised that D.D.T. is not effective against sheep scab and that under farm conditions spraying even with preparations that are effective would not normally give such good control as dipping. The regulations (which relate only to sheep scab) have been amended to permit single dipping (in place of double dipping) with dips containing certain of the preparations but I do not propose to amend them to permit spraying.Education .-The shortage of science teachers was discussed during the examination of the Scottish Estimates by the Standing Committee on Scottish Bills which commenced its sittings on 28 June. Pvlr. Thomas Fraser Joint Under Secretary of State for Scotland admitted this and pointed out that the difficulty was that so many individuals with scientific qualifica- tions were being attracted away into industry. He was afraid that they would have to wait until industry and commerce had reached saturation point. r 535 1 In presenting the Ministry of Education’s Estimates in the House of Commons on 5 July Mr.Tomlinson MINISTER OF EDUCATION referred to the difficulty there had been in obtaining sufficient teachers of science. Referring to the suggestion that salaries were inadequate Mr. Tomlinson pointed out that competition from industry including the nationalised industries had been one of the most important factors in producing this shortage; but he expected this competition to diminish in due course. Meanwhile it was impossible to consider the salaries of science graduates in isolation; it was a matter for the Burnham Committee and he did not feel justified in intervening in its discretion. On the general question of technical education the Minister pointed out that the need for proper facilities was now more widely recognised but the reforms were bound to involve a fairly lengthy process.In 1948 final plans for technical education projects costing nearly f;2 million in all and another k3&million worth of preliminary plans were approved. Meanwhile a great debt of gratitude was owed to the staffs of technical colleges who were now dealing with more students than at any previous time. In 1948 practically 8,000 Ordinary Kational Certificates and just over 4,500 Higher National Certificates were granted as against 4,000 and 1,300 in 1939. The Minister said that he was going ahead with the establishment of national colleges of technology wherever industry was prepared to co-operate. Five were open at the moment and three more were approved in principle.Other problems had yet to be solved in the higher technological field but they were being considered carefully by the National Advisory Council on Education in Industry and Commerce in consultation with the University Grants Committee. Industrial Diseases.-On the 28 June Mr. Touche asked the Minister of National Insurance whether the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council have yet completed their consideration of the Dale Report; and what recom-mendations they have made for the extension of the list of prescribed industrial diseases. OF NATIONAL (Mr. J. Griffiths) As I said in THEMINISTER INSURANCE my reply to my hon. Friend the Member for Wigan (Mr. R. Williams) on 25 January the Advisory Council have given me their views on the general matters which I referred to them.As regards the second part of the question beryllium poisoning has been added to the list of prescribed diseases and I am at present considering a recommendation about certain forms of cancer among nickel workers. Industrial Research.-Speaking in Committee of Supply during a debate on Scotland (Industry) on 7 July THE SECRETARY OF STATE Mr. Woodburn said that more Scottish firms ought to be realising that their future and the future of Scotland depended to a large extent on industrial research. He continued There are signs that this fact is being increasingly realised in Scot- land. It is estimated that we have roughly doubled the number of scientists engaged in industrial processes during the last eight years but we are still not employing enough graduates of Scottish universities and technical colleges so many of whom have to leave Scotland to go to jobs elsewhere.To be prosperous Scotland needs many more of them at home. The spread of scientific information will be of great benefit even to small industries. We shall never make proper use of our raw materials in our own country without this knowledge being applied. The Government are making their own contribution to the drive. Directed by the Lord President of the Council a great mechanical and engineering research laboratory with smaller stations on fuel building and road research is being established in the [ 536 3 new town of East Kilbride and this has been followed up by the appointment of experts from the Government departments concerned with research contracts to committees of the Scottish Council (Development and Industry).This Council is engaged in exploring ways and means of bringing knowledge of new research techniques to the attention of Scottish firms. Work is already coming to Scotland as a result of these efforts. Insecticides and Fungicides.-On 7 July Mr. Driberg asked the Lord Presi- dent of the Council if he is aware of the large number of commercial insecticides and fungicides containing dangerous poisons now offered for sale to fruit- growers and smallholders; and what steps are taken by his Department in conjunction with the Ministries of Food and Agriculture to test fully and over a considerable period of time the effects of these products on plants and on human beings.THELORDPRESIDENT (Mr. H. Morrison):The Agricultural OF THE COUNCIL Research Council and the Medical Research Council are aware of the potential dangers of the indiscriminate use of some of the new insecticides and fungi- cides and there is a special Toxicity Sub-committee of the Research Co- ordinating Committee on Insecticides a body appointed jointly by the Medical Research Council the Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search and the Agricultural Research Council which arranges for the examina- tion of new materials. As to the effect of insecticides and fungicides on plants active and continuing research is in progress at several Agricultural Research Institutes. In regard to the effect on human beings the Agricultural Research Council works in close collaboration with the Toxicology Committee of the Medical Research Council.The inquiries of that Committee include long-term studies. Training of Technologists and Scientists.-On 28 July Mr. M. Philips Price asked the Minister of Education to what extent he estimates that the present arrangements for the training of technologists in this country are sufficient to meet the increasing demands which arise from the programme of Colonial Development and which will arise if Great Britain is to co-operate adequately with the United States of America in the implementation of President Truman’s Fourth Point; and what collaboration there is to be with the United States of America in the training of their technologists here or the training of British technologists in the United States of America.THEMINISTER OF EDUCATION (Mr. Tomlinson) As my hon. Friend is aware steps have been taken and are contemplated for improving and extending facilities for technological training in this country. At present the plans for technical assistance towards the economic advancement of under- developed countries are still under consideration by the United Nations Organisation and the specialised agencies. It is therefore impossible to gauge what the increased demands will be. In general however I have no reason to doubt that the arrangements in this country are capable of meeting reasonable demands. As regards the other part of the Question I would refer my hon.Friend to the answer which will be given him to-day by my right hon. Friend the Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Mr. Philips Price Will my right hon. Friend bear in mind the great importance of the American offer of co-operation in colonial development and the relative inadequacy at present of trained technologists for this purpose? Mr. Tomlinson That is being kept in mind. Also on 28 July Mr. Philips Price addressed a similar Question to the Financial Secretary to the Treasury. [ 537 1 SECRETARY (Mr. Glenvil Hall) The THE FINANCIAL TO THE TREASURY Report of the Committee on Scientific Manpower recommended that the annual pre-war output of scientists from the universities should be doubled by 1955. That Committee in framing their estimates of the future demand for scientists took account of the needs of the Colonial Service.The pre-war numbers of university students in science and technology were nearly doubled by 1947-48 and numbers have continued to rise since then. I am satisfied that no greater expansion would have been practicable without a sacrifice of quality. As to the sccond part of the Question arrangements have just been concluded for sending 50 British scientists and technicians to the United States with the assistance of the Economic Co-operation Administration for two years of graduate study. EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1949 ABSTRACT OF THE REPORT OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS Examinations were held as under :-Entered Passed For the Associateship. Examiners Dr.T. G. Pearson and Professor D. H. Hey. The examination was held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington and at the Royal Technical College Glasgow theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the week beginning Monday 12 Sep-tember 1949 . . .. .. .. .. .. 116 37" For the Fellowship. Unless otherwise stated the examinations were held in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensington in the week beginning Monday 19 September 1949. Branch C Organic Chemistry. Examiner Professor D. H. Hey . . .. .. 1 0 Branch E The Chenzistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs a?lzd of Water. Examiners Mr. G. Taylor O.B.E. and Dr.C. H. Hampshire C.M.G. .. .. .. .. . . 10 7? Branch G Industrial Claentistry with special reference to Petroleum. General Examiner Dr. W. Preston. Special Examiner Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. At the University of Birmingham . . .. .. 1 1 Branch I$ General Analytical Chemistry. Examiners :Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Mr. J. Haslam . . 2 0 130 45 * Six candidates completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and 9 candidates failed in part only of the examination. t One candidate completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in that part in which he had previously failed. [ 538 ] EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP MONDA Y 12 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m.(Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where flossible.) 1. Give an account of allotropy making special reference to sulphur carbon and ortho- and para-hydrogen. 2. Enumerate the naturally occurring compounds of lead and describe the extraction of the element. Outline the preparation and properties of lead peroxide and basic lead acetate. 3. Describe the preparation and properties of FOUR of the following:- (a) periodic acid (b) telluric acid (c) sodium perborate (d) arsenic pentoxide (e) amorphous silicon (f)“nitrogen iodide.” 4. “Aluminium gallium and indium form a group whose members are closely related the variation in properties being in accordance with the Periodic Law.” Discuss this statement. 5. Compare the properties of the fluorides of typical non-metallic elements with those of the chlorides and hydrides of the same elements.6. Outline the methods available for making ONE of the following deter- minations :-(a) phosphorus in sodium phosphate (b)silicon in sodium silicate. Indicate the chemistry underlying the chosen process. Draw up a scheme for the gravimetric analysis of a dolomite containing silicon aluminium and iron. 7. EITHER (a) Write an essay on isomerism in inorganic compounds; OR (b) Discuss with reference to examples the classification of crystal lattices into (a) ionic (b) homopolar (c) molecular and (d) metallic types. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where fiossible.) 1. Outline the principles underlying TWO of the following operations :-(a) steam distillation (b) solvent extraction of a solute from aqueous solution (c) purification by fractional crystallisation.2. Explain with the aid of examples the mechanism underlying the action of buffer solutions. How would you prepare a dilute buffer solution of pH 4.70 from sodium acetate and acetic acid? The dissociation constant of acetic acid is 1.75 Assume that the activity coefficients are unity. 3. Write concise explanatory notes on (a)the Weston cell (b) the calomel electrode and (c) a salt bridge. Briefly explain with the aid of a diagram how using these and ancillary equipment you would determine the potential of an electrode consisting of zinc immersed in zinc sulphate solution.4. Explain what is meant by a reaction of the first order. Describe how the reacting molecules in a unimolecular reaction can acquire their activation energy in collisions although the process is kinetically of the first order. 5. Explain how the study of optical spectra has increased our under- standing of EITHER (a) atomic structure OR (b) molecular structure. 6. Write explanatory notes on THREE of the following:-(a) Schultze-Hardy rule (b)gold number (c) electroviscous effect (d)Hofmeister (lyotropic) series (e) thixotropy. 539 1 7. State the second law of thermodynamics and use it to prove Carnot's theorem that all reversible heat engines operating between two given tempera- tures have the same efficiency. How is this law used in chemistry ? 8.State the meaning and indicate the applications of the following:- (a) Hess's law of constant heat summation (b) heat of combustion (c) Kirch-hoff's equation. Calculate the heat of hydration of calcium chloride by 6 molecules of (a) liquid water and (b) water vapour at 18"C. using the following data:- Integral heat of solution of anhydrous calcium chloride in 400 g.mol. of water at 18"C. = -18 kcal./mole; integral heat of solution of calcium chloride hexahydrate in 394 g.mol. of water at 18" C. = + 4.55 kcal./mole; heat of vaporisation of water at 18" C. = 585 cal./gram. TUESDAY 13 SEPTEMBER 1949; 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions ONLY.) 1. Give ONE method for the preparation of each of the acids of general formula COOH.(CH,),.COOH where n = 1 2 3 or 4.Indicate how the physical and chemical properties of these acids vary with the value of n. Show how malonic acid may be converted into (a) crotonic acid (b) cyclo-propanecarboxylic acid and (c) isobutyric acid. 2. Define the term Specific Rotation. Outline the conditions in a mole- cular structure which give rise to the existence of optical activity. Illustrate your answer with examples. 3. Describe the methods of formation properties and reactions of the nitroparaffins. 4. Give the names and formulae of the more important amino-acids illustrating the different types encountered in the hydrolysis products of proteins. Outline the general methods for the preparation of amino-acids and show how these acids or their derivatives may be converted into poly- peptides containing two or more amino-acid units.5. How has the structure of naphthalene been established? Starting with naphthalene how would you obtain cc-naphthol p-nitronaphthalene a-naphthoic acid naphthionic acid and a-naphthoquinone ? 6. Outline the evidence upon which the constitutions of TWO of the following compounds are based :-(a) cholesterol (b) quinine (c) camphor (d) vitamin A. 7. Write an essay on EITHER (a) polymers and polymerisation OR (b) vat dyes. 2 to 2.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 14 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. (Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they aye made and where fiossible in tabular form.State yourfinal conclusions clearly.) * 1. Solution (A) contains the sulphates of nickel and chromium dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid. Determine the concentrations in grams per litre of (a) nickel and (b) chromium. Approximately decinormal solutions of potassium permanganate and ferrous ammonium sulphate are provided. (The chromium determination must be completed to-day. The nickel dekr- mination may be completed to-morrow.) * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. 540 1 2. Analyse qualitatively the mixture (B). [(B) = Nickel formate cobalt sulphate cadmium sulphate and copper sulphate OR nickel citrate cobalt sulphate aluminium sulphate and iron sulphate.] (This excercise must be completed today) THURSDAY 15 SEPTEMBER 1949; 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. Complete the determination of nickel begun yesterday. 3. Solution (C) contains sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Determine the concentration of each in grams per litre. Approximately decinormal hydrochloric acid is provided. 4. Identify the substance (D). [(a)= Sodium phosphomolybdate OR potassium silicotungstate.] FRIDAY 16 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The sample (E) is a mixture of bases derived from an experimental methylation of aniline. Report on the nature of this sample and make a quantitative estimation of the constituents present. [(E) = Aniline + methylaniline OR methylaniline + dimethylaniline.] 2. From the benzyl cyanide provided (20g.) prepare and submit pure specimens of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide P-nitrophenylacetic acid and p-amino- phenylacetic acid.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) SATURDA Y 17 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete exercise 2 begun yesterday. 3. Identify the constituents of the binary mixture (F). [(F) = p-chloroacetanilide + methyl p-nitrobenzoate OR p-bromoacetanilide + methyl 9-nitrobenzoate.] EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP Branch C Organic Chemistry MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AnswerTHREE questions.) 1. Review the uses and limitations of photochemical reactions as pre- parative methods in organic chemistry. 2. Give a concise account of the chemistry of cholesterol and discuss the relationship between cholestanol epicholestanol coprosterol and epi- coprosterol.Outline the progress which has been made towards a total synthesis of cholesterol. 3. Write an essay on the chemistry of EITHER (a)the phthalocyanines OR (b) chlorophyll. 4. Give an account of the chemistry of the aporphine group of alkaloids. 5. Summarise the reactions and uses of the peroxides of organic acids. 6. Illustrate with the aid of examples how kinetic studies have contri- buted towards the elucidation of the mechanism of organic .reactions. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer THREE questions.) 1. Write an essay on the chemistry of acetylene with special reference to its uses in the commercial synthesis of aliphatic compounds. 2. Give a concise account of the chemistry of the thiazole oxazole and pyrazole ring systems.3. Review the chemistry of EITHER (a) the steroid sapogenins OR (b) carcinogenic hydrocarbons. 4. Write an essay on abnormal reactions of Grignard reagents. 5. Write a critical review of the evidence for the existence of free organic radicals as intermediates in reactions in the gaseous and liquid phascs. 6. Give some account of the views which have been put forward on the synthesis of organic compounds in plants and animals. TUESDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make a systematic investigation of the reduction of the oxime of cyclohexanone provided with the object of finding the optimum conditions for its conversion to cycZohexylamine. Use as wide a variety of reducing agents and experimental conditions as time permits.(This exercise may be extended over four days.) 3. Identify the compound (A). [(A) = Sodium formaldehyde-sulphoxyl- ate.] WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY 21 and 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. Continue exercise 1 begun yesterday. 3. From the /3-naphthylamine provided prepare and submit pure specimens of l-nitro-2-naphthylamine,6-nitro-2-naphthylamine and %nitro- 2-naphthylamine using the method of Hamilton and Saunders. (This exercise may be conzpIeted to-morrow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEhfBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete exercises 1 and 3. 4. Report on the nature of the compound (B) and if possible identify it. [ (B) = l-Phenyl-3 3-dimethyltriazen.] Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water.MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. The accompanying notes on field and laboratory investigation are extracted from an official memorandum on food poisoning. (1) Comment on the general “field” procedure outlined in these notes. (2) Describe the initial steps which you would take on receipt of the specimens in the chemical laboratory in the way of preparation for analysis. (3) Outline the scheme of chemical analysis which you would adopt. [ 542 FIELDAND LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Speed is essential in the investigation of an outbreak of food poisoning. Medical practitioners should be reminded that when food poisoning is first suspected steps should immediately be taken to ensure that no vomit or left-over food is thrown away.A sanitary inspector sent to begin the investigation of an outbreak should concentrate on preventing any further consumption of suspected foods and on arrangcments for the collection and conveyance to the laboratory of samples of these foods as well as specimens of vomit and faeces from the persons affected. Any left-over remnants of these foods however small should be taken at once to the public health laboratory. A summary of the circumstances of the outbreak revealed by the initial investigation should be sent as soon as possible to the laboratory concerned because a knowledge of the interval between the time when the suspected food was eaten and the onset of symptoms of the illness will be a guide in the search for the causative agent i.e.chemical poison staphylococci salmonellae or other micro-organisms. Chemical Poisoning. If acute poisoning by a heavy metal is suspected it is most important to secure specimens of the vomit as well as of suspected food. Should any of the cases prove fatal the stomach and its contents together with a portion of the liver should be reserved for examination. Discovery of the mode of contamination of the food with chemical substances may necessitate the examination of packages bags or containers from which the food has been taken (e.g. for evidence of staining with a chemical agent such as arsenical weedkiller; for traces of tar oil in barrels and drums subsequently used for edible oils). Samples of all suspected articles should be obtained for laboratory investigation.It may also be important to exsmine in the laboratory cooking utensils such as galvanised iron pans in which acid fruits have been boiled or powders whose identity is in doubt and unusual types of cleaning material or polish that has been used. ,411 such samples and articles should first be taken to the public health laboratory and the bacteriologist there after excluding the likelihood of bacterial food poisoning will pass them on to a Public Analyst for chemical examination. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 11.30 a.m. to 1 P.m. (THREE questions ONLY to be answered.) 1. State briefly the principles of the biological assay of digitalis. What chemical methods are available for assaying this drug? 2.Write brief notes on the pharmacology of the following drugs and indicate their therapeutic uses :-(a)neostigmine bromide (b) dicoumarol (c) stramonium (d)stilboestrol (e) potassium antimony1 tartrate. 3. Discuss the official requirements for penicillin and its preparations. 4. Write an account of the pharmacology and therapeutics of EITHER quinine OR adrenaline. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. Review the methods used for chlorinating water supplies. 2. Discuss briefly the chemistry of oils and fats in relation to their Discuss the significance of the successive changes that have taken place in these methods. How would you determine (a)free residual chlorine (b) combined residual chlorine ? [ 543 1 identification by analysis.3. Describe (a) the Hortvet freezing-point apparatus (b) the method of standardising its thermometer. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the freezing-point for detecting the presence of added water in milk. 4. What colouring matters are prohibited in foods? Explain in detail how you would examine a food for prohibited colouring matters. 5. Describe the essential features of the methods for determining any THREE of the following:- (a) the “original gravity” of beer (b) the Kirschner value in a fat (c) the amount of “higher alcohols” in a spirit (d) the “biochemical oxygen demand” in an effluent. TUESDA Y 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the moisture ash and to;tal creatine and creatinine in the meat extract (A). (This exercise may be finished to-morrow.) 2. Examine the water (B) for metallic contamination. WEDNESDAY 21 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday’s exercise 1. 3. Report on the self-raising flour (C) concerning the taste of which a complaint has been made. THURSDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 4. Report on the dried milk powder (D). 5. The ingredients in the chocolate couverture preparation (E) are stated on the label as follows:-sugar fat cocoa whey powder flavouring. Report your opinion on the correctness of this statement. (Both exercises may be finished to-mowow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Finish yesterday’s exercises 4 and 5. 6. Identify the specimens (F) (G) (H) and (I). SATURDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Reports of all microscopical examinations should be accompanied by annotated sketches.) I. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered vegetable drugs (JIB (K) (MI* (N). 2. Determine the proportion of sulphathiazole in the specimen of urine (0). 3. Identify the drugs in the tablets (P) and (Q). r 544 1 Branch G Industrial Chemistry with Special Reference to Petroleum. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer at least ONE questionfrom Section A and attempt FOUR questions in all.) A 1. Discuss the scientific and economic implications of a possible national- isation of chemical industry in this country.2. Discuss critically the provisions of the Alkali Act and indicate if in your view a case can be made out for its revision. B 3. What treatment or materials would you recommend for the following duties :-(a) a column for distillation of 70 per cent. sulphuric acid; (b) a pump for dilute hydrochloric acid; (c) the transport of liquid oxygen; (d) the protection of structural steelwork in a chemical factory; (e) a flooring materia1 for an area subject to oil spillage? Comment on the physical properties of the materials you suggest. 4. Describe with the aid of diagrams and sketches if necessary equip- ment for THREE of the folIowing duties:- (a) the analysis of flue gases; (b) the determination of very low concentrations of EITHER carbon monoxide OR hydrogen sulphide; (c) the continuous separation of two immiscible ' liquids of different specific gravity; (d) the measurement of pH with automatic recording.5. Discuss critically the various forms of packing which are now used for tower filling. When making enquiries for supplies what data would you ask manufacturers to give? 6. EITHER Make suggestions regarding the size furnishing and layout of a small works general purposes laboratory to accommodate a chief chemist four assistants and clerical staff; OR Discuss the recent developments in the design of high efficiency laboratory fractionating columns.MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions io be answered.) 1. Write an essay on the manufacture of chemical products from petroleum referring to the more important groups of products and in par- ticular to the aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Discuss methods of manufacture for increasing the yield of kerosine and gas oil (middle distillates) from crude petroleum for the production of aviation fuels. What do you consider are the more important requirements in fuels for use in gas turbines? 3. Describe briefly the laboratory methods for measuring the volatility of petroleum products. Which of these methods is of importance in connection with gasoline? How have the data obtained by these methods been related to performance in road and aviation engines? I545 1 4.Write an essay on the use of sulphur dioxide in the refining of kerosines and lubricating oils. Give a line diagram of one of the plants in which this process is employed. 5. Discuss the use of adsorption methods in petroleum refining and the fundamental principles involved. How would you select the most suitable adsorbent for use in any one of the practical applications of these methods? 6. Describe briefly with a line diagram the fluid catalytic cracking process. Discuss briefly the effects of particle size and density on the flow characteristics of the catalyst. 7. Discuss the use of hydrofluoric acid in the petroleum industry in (a) alkylation (b) the extraction of sulphur compounds. TUESDAY to THURSDAY 20 to 22 SEPTEMBER inclusive 10 a.m.to 5 9.m. each day. 1. Carry out a true boiling-point analysis of the given crude petroleum and estimate the yields of aviation and motor gasoline of kerosine and of gas oil. 2. Prepare a sample of marketable kerosine from the given crude pctrol- eum stating whether your product is suitable as illuminating oil or tractor kerosine. 3. Carry out the essential tests on the given sample of asphaltic bitumen. Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (AnswerFOUR questions.) 1. Write an essay on the determination of iodine and fluorine in organic compounds. How would you determine bromine and chlorine in an organic substance containing both these elements ? 2. Discuss the theory of electro-analysis.Explain the uses of graded cathode potential control in electrochemical analysis. 3. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of (a) colori-metric (b) spectrographic and (c) polarographic methods for the determina- tion of trace metals in organic substances? 4. Review the uses of potassium iodate in chemical analysis. 5. What methods are available for the separation of aluminium from elements with which it is commonly associated ? Describe briefly how you would determine aluminium in (a) steel (b) aluminium bronze (c) a firebrick. 6. Describe the classical “basic acetate” separation and explain the process from a modern standpoint. What other methods are available for the precipitation of metallic hydrox- ides ? Discuss the principles involved.7. Critically discuss the uses of EITHER (a) tannin OR (b) 8-hydroxy-quinoline in inorganic analysis. [ 546 1 MONDAY 19 SEPTEMBER 1949 2 p.m to 5 9.m. (Answer FOUR questions.) 1. Discuss the methods that are available for the determination of primary secondary and tertiary aromatic amines in mixtures with particular reference to aniline methylaniline and dimethylaniline. 2. Discuss the applications of chromatography in analysis. 3. “Analysis for elements has been brought to a considerable stateof perfection so much so that the successful repetition of quite difficult deter- minations is a commonplace. Nevertheless it must be recognised that this ability to make numerous elemental determinations does not constitute the full meaning of analysis or its complete purpose.” Discuss this quotation in the light of modern analytical trends.4. Describe briefly how you would determine FIVE of the following:- (a) benzoic acid in benzoyl peroxide (b) phthalic acid in phthalic anhydride (c) phenol in m-cresol (d) carbon disulphide in benzene (e) acetylene in vinyl chloride (f) m-dinitrobenzene in nitrobenzene (g) hydroquinone in styrene. 5. Discuss some of the main principles employed in effecting quantitative separations in inorganic analysis. Illustrate your answer with examples. What are the reasons for the re-precipitation of many of the compounds prepared in the course of gravimetric analysis ? 6.Describe how you would determine carbon in (a) “pure” nickel (b) cast iron (G) aluminium (d) 9-dichlorobenzene. 7. Discuss the use of periodic acid in the determination of polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol and glycerol. Suggest a method of analysis of a mixture of ethylene glycol glycerol and propylene glycol. TUESDAY 20 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report qualitatively on the sample of ore (A). [(A) = Native suyphur ore.] (This exercise must be completed by noon.) 2. Make a complete analysis of the sample of bronze (B). [(B) = Highly leaded bronze.] (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) WEDNESDAY 21 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete the analysis of bronze (B).3. Determine the nickel iron and sulphur in the sample of copper-nickel matte (C). (This exercise may be completed to-morrow if necessary.) THURSDAY 22 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete the analysis of the copper-nickel matte (C). 4. Examine and report on the sample of plasticiser (D). [(D) = Tri-cresyl phosphate dibutyl phthalate and butyl acetyl ricinoleate.] (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 23 SEPTEMBER 1949 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Complete yesterday’s exercise 4. [ 547 REPORT OF THE EXAMINERS EXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP FOR Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. There were many good answers to Q. 1 2 6 7 (u)and ’7 (b)in the inorganic chemistry paper but in Q. 1 quite a number of candidates attributed the occurrence of the ortho- and para- forms of hydrogen to differences in the direction of the axial spin or orbital motion of the electrons while the charac- teristic formation of graphitic compounds was sometimes overlooked.In Q. 3 some candidates prepared tellurium trioxide and arsenic pentoxide by burning the elements in air and telluric acid by dissolving the insoluble trioxide in water. Some answers to Q. 4 omitted mention of some character- istic and striking features of the elements for example the low melting point of gallium and the soIubility of its hydroxide in ammonium hydroxide the relatively easy reducibility of the oxides of gallium and indium and the precipitation of indium sulphide by hydrogen sulphide in the wet way. While a great deal of information was usually presented in answering Q.5 which called for a comparison of the properties of certain fluorides chlorides and hydrides some answers tended to be indiscriminate lists of compounds and their properties. The physical chemistry paper offered 8 questions in place of the usual 7 from which to choose 5 and perhaps in consequence of this the results were rather better than in recent examinations. The part of Q. 1 dealing with purification by fractional crystallisation was not attempted by many candi- dates and some of those who did so made no reference to melting point- composition curves. Some of the answers to Q. 2 dealing with the mechanism underlying the action of buffer solutions were limited and made no mention of buffer capacity or of the effect of total concentration on this.The signifi- cance of the salt bridge Q. 3 was not always understood and rather surprisingly a number of candidates could not draw the diagram of a simple potentiometer circuit for electromotive force measurements and regarded the Weston cell as a “box of tricks” to be used but not understood so that it was regarded as a source of current across the potentiometer. This implied a strange lack of curiosity and of laboratory experience of elementary physico- chemical measurements. The same incuriosity was demonstrated in some answers to the second part of Q. 4 on the mechanism of activation in first order reactions. This obvious but superficially puzzling feature of uni-molecular first order reactions which is explained in the text-books seemed to have escaped the notice of quite a number of candidates.Q. 5 and Q. 6 were generally well done the least competent feature being explanatory notes on the electroviscous effect. Some of the answers to Q. 7 were marred by inaccurate definitions of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Quite a number of candidates in submitting a perfect gas to a Carnot’s cycle stated that the work done in each adiabatic stage was zero. The elementary rider to Q. 8 was incorrectly solved by many candidates. In the inorganic practical examin ation the surprising feature was the large number of bad results recorded in the gravimetric determination of nickel but the good results were very good indeed. In Q. 2 the organic radical was frequently unidentified and even its presence was undetected in many cases; this led to failure to detect aluminium by many of the candidates who had it and some even failed to detect iron.This trouble would have been avoided by the careful performance of preliminary tests. In Q. 3 f:w of the candidates who titrated to the bicarbonate “end-point” reported the use of a bicarbonate solution as a control. The use of such a control leads to much more accurate results especially with the mixed indicator used by [ 518 several candidates. In the identifications of the substances in (D) Q 4 many candidates missed at least one element or wrongly identified it. Once again the calculations were frequently inaccurate. In the Examiners’ opinion many of the errors arose from the careless use of anti-logarithms or from the use of extremely cumbersome methods of calculation; for example in the chromium determination several candidates dragged in the molecular weight of potassium permanganate potassium bichromate or ferrous ammon- ium sulphate instead of using normalities.Organic Chemistry. The standard of the answers in organic chemistry showed some slight improvement over that in the April examination. The question dealing with the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids was answered satisfactorily in most cases although several candidates confused isobutyric acid with isovaleric acid and crotonic acid with acrylic acid. A surprisingly large number of candi- dates described malonic acid as an unstable liquid ! The questions on naphtha- lene and on the amino-acids generally received adequate treatment but that on the nitro-paraffins produced some very superficial answers.The remaining questions revealed some unexpected features. The question on optical activity produced some curious definitions of specific rotation and while many candidates were able to give an adequate account of the principles governing optical activity comparatively few were able to illustrate these principles with concrete examples. Question 6 provided many candidates with an irresistible opportunity of unburdening themselves of Komppa’s synthesis of camphor but very few would also commit themselves on either cholesterol quinine or vitamin A with the result that in many cases only half the question was answered.There were several competent essays on polymers and polymerisation but apart from one notable exception-evidently from a candidate in the industry-the treatment of the subject of vat dyes was extremely feeble. A number of candidates occupied their time in writing reasonably accurate accounts of azo- and of triphenylmethane dyes ! In the practical examination the results were often disappointing and below the usual standard. The quantitative exercise and the identification of the constituents of the binary mixture produced some very unsatisfactory results and most of the candidates did best in the preparative work. The specimens of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide and p-nitrophenylacetic acid were mostly good but few candidates returned a satisfactory specimen of p-aminophenylacetic acid.[Comment by the Council.-In considering the above and several previous Reports of the Board of Examiners on the Examination for the Associateship the Council has been perturbed at the large proportion of candidates who have shown themselves to be far below the standard required in their general k now Iedge of c h e m istry. The work of examining is always a heavy task and furthermore accom-modation in the laboratories available is strictly limited. The Council therefore invites the co-operation of Heads of Chemistry Departments of Colleges in discouraging entries from students who although they have fulfilled the regulations concerning completion of an approved course are more than unlikely to succeed in the examination.] EXAMINATIONTHE FELLOWSHIP FOR Branch E The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water.The theoretical work was generally well done. The routine analytical determinations were usually satisfactory. The examination of the sample of water presented considerable difficulty. All the candidates detected and [ 549 1 estimated the traces of lead and iron but many failed to detect the contamina- tion with zinc. The self-raising flour contained a raising ingredient with an excess of sodium acid phosphate. This exercise was set to test initiative and method of attack on an everyday problem and it may be said that most of the possible lines of approach were explored. On the other hand some candidates although pressed for time failed to realise that only two determina- tions on the chocolate couverture namely the sugar and the fat might have been necessary to answer the question of the correctness of the order-sugar fat and cocoa-given on the label.The Labelling of Food Order requires that when the quantity or proportion of each ingredient in a food mixture is not specified then the ingredients shall be stated in the order of the pro- portion in which they were used the ingredient used in the greatest proportion (by weight) being stated first. Once again attention must be drawn to the frequent failure to differentiate microscopically between the common starches. The general level reached in theoretical therapeutics and pharmacology was adequate.In the practical part of the examination the standard attained was less satisfactory. There were too many gross errors in the microscopical identification of vegetable powders. Variable results were obtained in the chemical determination of sulphathiazole in urine and in the identification of phenobarbitone in tablets. Many candidates failed to identify definitely thyroid in the tablets. Branch H Analytical Chemistry. The syllabus given in the regulations for this Branch of the Fellowship indicates the extent of the knowledge and experience that is expected of candidates. While they may and should show a good knowledge of the theoretical basis of analysis and produce evidence of a wide reading of recent literature a high standard of practical competence is also essential.Due allowance is made for examination conditions but it should be noted that practical competence comprises not only the skill to obtain accurate quantitative results but also the ability to report these and the procedures by which they have been obtained in a clear and complete form. The ability to keep a number of separate quantitative analytical procedures moving in orderly progress at one time is another sign of competence in practical work. Where a candidate’s special experience is limited to some part of the analytical field he will be expected to know where and how to supplement his knowledge-for example by a discriminating use of reference books. The use of complicated and inaccurate procedures instead of simpler and more accurate ones that have stood the test of time could thus be avoided.PASS LIST EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Allan Frederick James Technical College Paisley. Bargh Jack Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College. Bayley Edwin Stanley Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College. Bennett Albert Walter Technical College Coventry. Bibby Robert Heslam Lancaster and Morecambe Technical College. Clark Arthur Wellesley Stewart B.Sc. (Lond.) Technical College Paisley. Clark Ronald Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Clayton Joseph College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College Salford. Coles Lewis Edwin B.Pharm. (Wales) Technical College Cardiff. Compton John B.Sc. (Lond.) Battersea Polytechnic London.[ 550 1 Comrie Allan McIntyre B.Sc.Pharm. (Glas.) The University and Roya Technical College Glasgow. Craven Anthony Ronald College of Technology Manchester and Royal Technical College Salford. Drakeley Kenneth Douglas Central Technical College Birmingham. Harrison George Maxwell Technical College Huddersfield. Hersom Albert Charles West Ham Municipal College and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Howe Brian Keith King’s College and Battersea Polytechnic London. Ho-Yen Joseph Ephraim B.Sc. (Lond.) Chelsea Polytechnic London. Knight Roy Albert B.Sc. (Lond.) Acton Technical College London. May Albert Edward South-West Essex Technical College Walthamstow. bluir John Wilson B.Sc.Agric. (Glas.) The University and Royal Technical College Glasgow and Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen.Noden Frederick Gerald Technical College Widnes. Parker John Colin Technical College Sewport. Reeve Lawrence Royal Technical College Salford. Russell James College of Technology Leeds and Technical College Bradford. Saunders John Joseph City College of Technology Liverpool. Shalgosky Harry Ian Municipal Technical College Hull. Smeaton Robert Scott Royal Technical College Glasgow. Stones William Frederick Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. Tandy Graham Herbert College of Technology Bristol. Tawn Alec Richard Hornsey Municipal Technical College Hull and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Wain Brian Jack Central Technical College Birmingham. Walker Kenneth John Technical College Bradford.West Charles Samuel Technical College Derby. Westwood George Ernest Municipal Technical College Hull. Whiting Roland Municipal Technical College Hull. Wilde Raymond John South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Wood Robert Ivan Technical Collegc Coventry and Northern Polytechnic London. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSEIP Branch E The Chemistry including &licroscopy of Food nwd Drugs and of Water. Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.). Andrew Miss Gertrude Garland B.Sc. (Liv.). Davies David Richard Aylmer B.Sc. (Wales). Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). Jones William Elwyn M.Sc. (Wales). Rymer Thomas Edward. Scott Franklin Clermont B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Petroleum.Langston Robert Pembruge B.Sc. (Lond.). Errata.-JouRNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 111. P. 283. Under Wednesday 6 April Q. 3 for “Ilmenite” read “Mispickel.” P. 284. Under Monday 11 April Q. 3 for [(M) = Mispickel OR nickel glance] read [(M) = Ilmenite]. THE REGISTER New Fellows (P) Maitland Peter M.B.E. (Mil.) (T) Peat Stanley BSc. (Dunelm) B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) Ph.D. D.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.) F.R.S. (Cantab.). (N) Pollak Tgnsz Dr. of Tech. Science (\.'ienna). Associates Elected to the Fellowship (P) Allen David George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Andrew Miss Gertrude Garland B.Sc. (Liv.). Burjorjee Hirje Rustom M.Sc. (Rangoon). (C) navies David Richard Aylmer B.Sc. (Wales). (P) Deering Ernest Charles BSc.(Lond.). Eden Thomas DSc. (Manc.). (T) Griffithg Thomas Owen B.Sc. (Lond.). (E) Hughes John Sylvan B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Hustwick Kenneth. (P) Jewell Percival Sydney M.,4. (Cantab.). (T) Jones William Elwyn M.Sc. (Wales). (R) Langston Robert Pembruge BSc. (Lond.). (Q) Manning George Bernard B.Sc. (St. Andrews) M.B. Ch.B. (Liv.). (P) Marshall James Herbert Evan R.A. (Cantab.). Mathur Kunj Behari Lal D.Sc. (Agra.). (B) McCauley Herbert Samuel B.Sc (Q.U.B.) Ph.C. (N. Ireland). (R) Osborn George Howard. (P) Rymer Thomas Edward. (P) Scott Franklin Clermont B.Sc. (Lond.) . Slater Stanley Nelson M.Sc.(N.Z.) D.Phi1. (Oxon.). (P) Smith TVilfred Alan hl.Sc. (XIanc.). (P) Staniforth Victor B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Streatfield Edward Leslie B.Sc. (Lond.) ,hl.I.Chem.E. (0)Thompson Alan B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.P.S. (S) Wall Leslie Lakey. Ward Harold George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Wood James A.Ib1.T.Chem.E. (P) Woodbine Malcolm hl.Sc. (Manc.). Woodthorpe Thomas John. (P) Woollard Richard Pargeter A.R.C.S. D.I.C. New Associates AIIan Frederick James. Anderson AIan James B.Sc. (Lond.). Anderson William B.Sc. (Lond.). Angus Leslie Herbert M.Sc. (Leeds). Atkinson Robert Oldham. Baker Charles Joseph Leonard. Banerjee Ranjan B.Sc. (Ben-ares) A.R.T.C. Barany Heinz Carl. Bargh Jack.Barrie James Alexander B.Sc. (Aberd.). Barton Stanley B.Sc. (Birm.). Batchelor-Williams Eifion Own George B.Sc. (Wales). Bayley Edwin Stanley. Bayliss Jack B.Sc. (Lond.) A.I.M. Bennett Albert Walter. Berry Ronald B.Sc. (Lond.). Bibby Robert Heslam. Binns Peter James Lester B.Sc. (Bris.). Blair John -4lexander B.Sc. (Glas.) . Boothroyd Brian B.Sc. (Leeds). (0) Boustead Williain Robert James M.A. (Cantab.). (P) Braun Richard Karl B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Cass Raymond Charles B.Sc. (Bris.). (I<) Chambers James Wilson B.Sc. M.B. Ch.B. (Glas.). (K) Clark Arthur Wellesley Stewart B.Sc. (Lond.). Clark Ronald. (C) Clark Stanley John B.Sc. (Birm.). (U) Clayton Joseph.Collins Mrs. Dorothy Ada M.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Compton John B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Comrie Allan Mclntyre B.Sc.- Pharm. (GIas.). (Q) Craven Anthony Ronald. (N) Crawshaw Geoffrey Howard B.Sc. (Leeds). (0) Crosbie Reginald Benjamin B.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Dalgleish Alexander A.H.-W.C. (K) Davies Andrew B.Sc. (Glas.). (P) Davies Jenkyn William B.Sc. (Birm.). (H) Daybell George -Noel B.Sc. (Lond.). (N) Dobson Stanley. (A) Doyle George Mitchel B.Sc. (Aberdeen). (C) Drakeley Kenneth Douglas. (C) Dunn Alexander Simpson B.Sc. (hberdeen). (J) Dunnet William A.11.-W.C. (C) Edwards George Alfred B.Sc. (Lond.) .(P) Eedy Arthur Montague Fowler. (C) Evans David Darwin B.Sc. (Wales). (N) Evans George Gamble B.Sc. (Leeds). Farrugia Philip R.Sc. M.D. (Ma1ta). (P) Ford Leslie Harry B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). (A) Fraser George Paterson B.Sc. (Aberd.). (0) Galley Trevor Ferber Joseph B.Sc. (Liv.). (K) Gray John B.Sc. (Glas.). (L) Grundy Michael Edward B.Sc. (Leeds). (J) Hamnett Ernest Norman. (E) Harries liichard John Korman B.Sc. (Wales). (L) Harrison George Maxwell. (Q) Hirsch Hans B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Howe Brian Keith. (P) Ho-Yen Joseph Ephraim B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Hughes Robert Ivor B.Sc. (Wales). (Q) Huntington Leonard Alston.(C) Jackson Barry Sidney B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Jarman Miss Eileen Beryl B.Sc. (Lond.). (J) Johnstone James A.H.-W.C. (0) Jones Ifor Glyn B.Sc. (Liv.). (P) Kennett Arthur Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Kenny Arthur William M.A. BSc. (Oxon.). (P) Kitteringham ,George Reymond B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. (P) Knight Roy Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Knox James Gibson B.Sc. (Glas.). (E) Kraus William. (P) Lee Walter Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (Q) Leniin Alan James B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Lindsey Alan Sidney B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Lloyd Francis Crawford B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (Q) Lock Michael Vernon hl.Sc.(Manc.) . (P) May Albert Edward. (K) McConnell John Denholm McIiendrick B.Sc. (Glas.). (A) Meston Alexander Marshall BSc. (Aberd.). (A) Miller Thomas Balfour B.Sc. (Aberd.). (T) Millward Brian Beard B.Sc. (Wales). (K) Morgan Hugh A.R.T.C. (P) Morgan John B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Moss John Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. (A) Muir John Wilson B.Sc. Agric. (Glas.). (P) Neale Ronald Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Noden Frederick Gerald. (E) Parker John Colin. (m7)Philpot Geoffrey Russell B.Sc. (Q) Sparks Edward John. (Lond.). (W) Spear Henry Bryan B.Sc. (P) Pollak Felix B.Sc. (Lond.). (E) Pollard Frank MSc.(Lond.) A .M.I.Chem.E. (J) Raeburn John A.H.-W.C. (J) Redden James A.H.-W.C. (W) Rendle hlfred Bernard B.Sc. (Lond.). (N) Richards Harold Rex B.Sc. (Leeds). (P) Rivlin Mrs. Violet B.Sc. Hons. (Pittsburgh). (G) Rodwell Francis B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). (J) Rosie George Duncan A.H.- W.C. (N) Russell James. (0) Saunders John Joseph. Schoeman David Johannes MSc. Eng. (Witwatersrand). (K) Scott Alastair Ian RSc. (Glas.). Shalgosky Harry Ian. (Q) Shimmin James Donald M.Sc. (Manc.). (K) Smeaton Robert Scott. (P) Smith Derek Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). (Lond.). (0)Stark Alexander Miller. (P) Stevenson Miss Brenda Jean A.A.C.I.Dip. Chem. (Sydney) (S) Stones William Frederick. (L) Swift Philip McLean B.Sc. (Leeds). (D) Tandy Graham Herbert (P) Tawn Alec Richard Hornsey. (C) Taylor Archie. (P) Turner John Harry Wallice. (P) Twaits Peter Barry B.Sc. (Lond.). Walker Kenneth John. (P) Ward John Cameron B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Webb Harold William. (H) West Charles Samuel. (M) Westwood George Ernest. (P) Wilde Raymond John. W700d Robert Ivan. (P) Woods Robert James A.R.C.S. (P) Yoxall Douglas Arnold B.Sc. (Lond.). New Students (P) Adams Raymond Francis. (L) Carey Anthony. (P) Adamson James Douglas. (A) Aitken Angus. (P) Aitken-Smith Frank Joseph.(0) Allen Norman Albert -4rthur. Allister Charles Cooper. Anderson Derek Walter. Ashurst Colin Douglas. Beavan Dennis Albert. Bennett Douglas Henry. Binns Miss Pauline. Blower Alan Samuel. Britt Charles Johnstone. Britton William Gordon. Bromley Frank. Broom Vernon Christopher. Brown Alan James. Brown Anthony John. Brown Colin Willgoose. Bryant Michael. Bulmer Kenneth David. Bunton Korman Gilby. Burnell William Henry. Burnet George David. Camp Raymond Maurice. (P) Castle Walter Francis. (C) Castledine Stanley Albert. (K)Chisholm Alexander. (P) Clarke Keith Raymond. (Q) Clarkson Colin. (0)Coates John Allen. (0)Cockram Geoffrey James.(Q) Collings Stuart. (P) Cooper John Gareth Ashley. (C) Corbett Eric. (J) Corbett John Raymond Horne. (P) Cowland John Bernard. (P) Crampton Clifford Archibald. (Q) Cross Raymond. (Q) Cuthbert Walter Thomas. (L) Dawson Timothy Leslie. (P) Dennis Douglas William. (S) Dick Leslie Creighton. (P) Dixon Miss Jean Elizabeth. (P) Douglas David Ramsay. (R) Durant John Albert B.Sc. (Q) Duxbury Donald. (N) Eddison Raymond Malcolm. (M) Edwards Vaughan. [ 554 -j (S) Enisley Peter William. (E) Evans David Meurig. (U) Fields Anthony Eric. (U) Gledhill John James. (P) Goodwin Donald James.(0) Goodwin Eric Stanley. (C) Greenwood Miss Sylvia May. (0) Grimshaw Norman. (Q) Gunnell Derek. (C) Haining Colin Grant. (0) Hall Harry Stirling. (P) Hall Stanley. (Q) Hamer Arnold. (Q) Hamnette Ronald James. (0)Harrop William Geoffrey. (P) Harvey Denis Norton. (M) Hearfield Frank. (P) Hearn Dennis Stanley. (0) Hedderly James Arnold. (T) Hinde Anthony. (D) Hobbs Anthony Francis. (0)Hobson Donald Charles. (Q) Hodkinson Harry. (P) Hodsdon Alfred James. (N) Hodson. Alan. (Q) Husband Terence. (J) Hutcheson John Raymond. (H) Impey John. (0) Iveson Gordon. (D) Jackson Christopher Kenway.(N) Jackson Eric. (0) Jackson Frank Richard. (N) Jackson Michael Peter. (H) James Charles Turner. (0) Johnson Eric George. (P) Johnson Lawrence William George. (0) Jones Frederick IVilliam. (0) Jones Harold Glyndwr. (0) Jones Peter Howard. (H) Jones I'ernon Price. (P) Jones Victor. (D) Lancaster Peter James. (0) Laycock Hubert Rex Ingleson. (0)Lewis Richard Philip. (C) Lovell Francis Peter. (0)Lunt Walter Richard. (H) Mackay Charles John. (0)Martin George Richard. (0)Mason Kenneth George. (P) Mason Leonard Walter. (Q) McGuinness Allen. (J) McLeod Denis Gloag. (0)Mervyn Leonard.(P) Morling Brian. (N) Mountain Albert. (S)Xaylor Arthur. (P) n'ethaway James Butler. (N) O'Toole Dennis. (E) Overton Terence Kim Webley. (0)Park William Arnold. (X) Penketh George Edward. (K) Perkin Leonard Arthur B.Sc. (Leeds). (C) Phillips Leslie. (S) Pickering Frank. (P) Pinchin Frank James. (H) Plater Dennis. (E) Pritchard Ifor Thomas. (0) Rasburn Jack Watson. (R) Richards Maurice George. (0)Robertson Alan John. (0) Rogers John. (P) Rolfe David Martin. (0) Rowan James Alan. (N) Scargill Derek. (P) Schofield Allan Bardsley. (D) Scrivens Leslie John. (U) Sellars James Henry.(0)Sharrock Thomas. (T) Shelton Alan. (P) Silk Derek Arthur. (X) Skaife John. (0)Skerrett Reginald Joseph. (P) Slater Charles Albert. (N) Slater Brian Ronald. (P) Smith Dennis Clifford. (0) Smith Geoffrey. (U) Staten Kenneth Peter. (Q) Stott Alan Fowder. (Q) Taylor Clifford Harry Wight. (P) Taylor Colin George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Terry Stanley Edward. (N) Thornton Robert Graham. (P) Tubh Roy Leslie. (N) Tulloch Harold Lucas. (M) Tyler Edward James. (E) Underwood Thomas Albert Jenn. (R) Urry Michael Lamport. (0)Vaughan Brian John. (P) Veitch David Pentland. (K) Wallace Edward.(0)Warner Reginald Kenneth. (P) Warren Donovan Teighe. (P) Waton Anthony Charles Basil. (P) %'atson Sidney Alec. (N) Waugh David Michael. (P) West Norman Victor. (P) Whitear Brian Ronald David. (Rl) Whitton John Bryan. 555 ] (L)Wilson Brian. (0)Worgan Jeffrey Thornton. (C) Wilson Roger Leofric Charles. (C) Yardley Harold John. (E) Wood John Richard. (M) Young George Raymond. (D) Woodbridge Richard John. (C) Young Trevor Owen. DEATHS Fellows Sidney Billbrough B. Sc. (Lond.). Arthur Jenner Chapman. Herbert Edwin Jones B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Hugh James Lewin. James Macleod M.I.Chem.E. F.R.S.E. Douglas Roy McCullagh B.A. M.Sc. (Manitoba) Ph.D. (Cantab).John Bentley Merry. Henry Ablett Phillips. Sir Robert Howson Pickard B.Sc. (Birm.) Ph.D. (Munich) D.Sc. (Lond.) F.R.S. Thomas Slater Price O.B.E. (Mil.) D.Sc. (Lond. and Birm.) Ph.D. (Leipzig) F.R.P.S. F.R.S.E. F.R.S. George Joseph Rogers A.R.C.S. William Pearson Skertchley. James Frederick Smith. Arnold John Spiller. John Blair Warden. Associates Clifford Brown B.Sc. M.Ed. (Leeds). George Alexander Smiley B.Sc. LL.B. (Lond.). Fred Townend B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Leeds) A.R.C.S. OBITUARY Clifford Brown died on 11 October 1949 at the age of 40. He was educated at Thornes House Boys’ Secondary School Wakefield and in 1927 entered the University of Leeds graduating B.Sc. with 2nd Class Honours in chemistry in 1930. He subsequently obtained the Teacher’s Diploma and in 1937 was awarded the degree of M.Ed.of the University of Leeds. From 1932 to 1937 he was senior science master at Heversham Grammar School Milnthorpe Westmorland and from 1938 to 1913 held a similar post at King Edward VI School Nuneaton. In the latter year he was appointed senior chemistry master at Hull Grammar School and in 1946 became science master at Scarborough College. Early in the present year he was appointed senior chemistry master at the Carlton High School for Boys Bradford. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1933. Alexander Thomas Cameron died on 25 September 1947 in his 66th year. He received his early education at Swindon and proceeded to the University of Edinburgh where he graduated M.A.in 1904 and B.Sc. in 1906. Awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship and a Carnegie Research Fellowship he studied radiochemistry at University College London 1906-8 and spent a further year at the Technical High School Karlsruhe. He spent the summer of 1911 in research in biological chemistry at the University of Heidelberg. From 1904 to 1906 he was assistant in the chemistry departments of the Surgeons’ Hall and the Royal Dick Veterinary College Edinburgh and in 1909 was appointed lecturer in physiology in the University of Manitoba [ 556 ] Winnipeg. In 1913 he became assistant professor of physiology in the University of Manitoba and in 1923 was appointed to the newly-created chair of biochemistry a position he occupied until the time of his death.In 1915 he was given leave to join the British Forces and was gazetted in the Unattached List as a chemist for water purification. He rose to the rank of Captain and in 1917 was transferred to the R.A.M.C. (T.F.). He was mentioned in despatches for his services. Cameron published numerous papers and monographs. For his work on the biochemistry of iodine he was awarded the degree of D.Sc. by the Univer- sity of Edinburgh in 1925. He was the author of a Textbook of Biochemistry (1 928) Practical Biochemistry (Cameron and White 1930) Biochemistry of ,Wedicine (Cameron and Gilmour) and Recent Advances in Endocrinology (1933). He was chairman of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada for 13 years and his work was recognised by the award of the C.M.G.in 1946. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Past President of the Canadian Institute of Chemistry (now the Chemical Institute of Canada). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Samuel Davenport Fairfax Harwood died on 3 July 1949 in his 69th year. He was educated at Mill Hill School London and entered St. John’s College Cambridge in 1898 obtaining a 2nd Class in the Natural Science Tripos Part I in 1901. He continued research work in agricultural chemistry untiI he entered the Colonial Service in 1903 as senior professor of chemistry at the Royal College Mauritius where he remained until 1919. Returning to this country Harwood was appointed head of the chemical department of the South-Eastern Agricultural College Wye (now Wye College University of London) from which post he retired in 1940.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1921. Hugh James Lewin died on 26 September 1949 in his 76th year. He was educated at Dulwich College and was subsequently articled for three years to the late Mr. Otto Hehner and studied at University College London. On completion of his articles he remained an assistant to Mr. Hehner for 15 months before entering the London County Council Laboratory. In 1895 Lewin was appointed a gas examiner to the London County Council a position he held until 1907. From 1896 to 1897 he was assistant to the late Mr. Walter Thorpe at Limerick and in the latter year was appointed under the Admiralty as Assistant Inspector of Victualling Stores at the Royal Victoria Yard Deptford.In 1907 he was promoted to be Inspector of Victualling Stores at the Royal Clarence Yard Gosport and held this appointment until his retirement in 1934. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Douglas Roy McCullagh died on 17 November 1949 in his 47th year. Born at Douglas Manitoba Canada he received his early education at Carberry and Stonewall Public Schools and the Roland High School and entered the University of Manitoba in 1921. He graduated B.Sc. in 1925 and B.A. and M.Sc. in the following year. In 1926-27 he was demonstrator in the Department of Biochemistry at the Manitoba Medical School. In 1927 he came to this country for research in biochemistry under Sir F.Gowland Hopkins in the University of Cambridge and was granted the Ph.D. degree in 1930. For a few months in 1928 he studied at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Biologie Berlin-Dahlem. He was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Research Scholarship in 1928 and was a Beit Memorial Research Fellow 1928-29. In 1930 he was appointed director of biochemical research to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland Ohio a post he held for many years before r 567 1 accepting a similar appointment with the Schering Corporation. Shortly before his death he became associated with the Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute Rensselaer New York. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1926 and a Fellow in 1936. Sir Robert Howson Pickard died on 18 October 1949 in his 76th year.He received his early education at King Edward’s Grammar School Camp Hill and entered Mason College Birmingham in 1891 studying under Tilden and P. F. Frankland. He obtained the B.Sc. degree of the University of London with 1st Class Honours in chemistry in 1895. Awarded an 1852 Exhibition scholarship he went to the University of Munich in 1896 to work under A. von Baeyer and Thiele and gained the degree of Ph.D. sunma CUHZ laude. He was awarded the degree of D.Sc. of the University of London in 1900. In 1899 Pickard was appointed head of the chemical department of Black- burn Municipal Technical College and in 1905 became Principal of the College. He was also consulting chemist and gas examiner to the Corporation of Blackburn.While still at Blackburn he was elected in 1917 a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1920 he became Principal of the Battersea Polytechnic and remained there until 1927 during which period he also acted as director of research for the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association. He remained consultant to that body until the time of his death and his great interest in the industry was recognised by his election as an Hon. Liveryman of the Leathersellers’ Company. In 1927 he was appointed to succeed the late A. W. Crossley as Director of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. Under his energetic guidance the Shirley Institute developed rapidly and did work of great value to the industry. He retired on grounds of age in 1943. Pickard took an active interest in university and professional matters.He was a member of the Senate of the University of London from 1926 was Vice- Chancellor 1937-39 and was elected Chairman of Convocation in 1948. He was a member of the Courts of the Universities of Birmingham and Manchester. After serving on the Council of the Chemical Society 1916-20 and 1926-28 he was Vice-president 1931-34 and 1937-40. In 1932-33 he was President of the Society of Chemical Industry and was a Vice-president at the time of his death. From 1931 to 1938 he was Chairman of the Chemical Council. He was a Past-President of the Association of Technical Institutions and an Hon. Member of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Pickard served on many Committees set up by Government departments and his notable public services were recognised by the conferment of a Knighthood in 1937.Elected an Associate of the Institute in 1898 and a Fellow in 1892 he took a keen interest in its work. He was a Member of Council 1923-26 and 1944-46 a Vice-president 1927-30 and 1939-43 and President 1936-39. He acted also as a Censor from 1936 to 1944. George Alexander Smiley died recently in his 68th year. He was educated at Allan Glen’s School Glasgow where he was subse- quently demonstrator in chemistry for four years before entering the Royal College of Science London. He graduated B.Sc. of the University of London with Honours in chemistry in 1908 and LL.B. in 1918. He entered the Government Laboratory London in 1907 and in 1911 was appointed Officer of Customs and Excise Chepstow Mon.where he remained until his retirement some years ago. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1909. [ 558 1 James Frederick Smith died on 7 October 1949 in his 79th year. He received his early education at the Church Institute and the Central Higher Schools Sheffield. After technical training and experience with the Sheffield United Gas Company he became in 1892 assistant chemist in the City of Birmingham Gas Department. From 1900 to 1906 he was chief chemist and assistant manager of the Halifax Gas Department and from then until 1916 works manager and chemist to the Scarborough Gas Company. Returning to the City of Birmingham Gas Department in 1916 he was super- intendent of the water-gas plant at the Nechells Gas Works from 1917 to 1920 and then senior chemist in charge of the research and analytical laboratories from which post he retired in 1936.Smith contributed several papers to scientific and technical journals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921 and a Fellow in 1943. Fred Townend died recently in his 38th year. Educated at the Grammar School Ossett he studied at the Royal College of Science London from 1930 to 1933 gaining the Associateship of the College and the degree of B.Sc. of the University of London with 2nd Class Honours in Chemistry. He then engaged in research in the Textile Chemistry Department of the University of Leeds and was awarded the degree of Ph.D.In 1936 he took up an appointment in Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Dyestuffs Division in Manchester. Shortly before his death he had accepted an appointment with Paton & Baldwins Ltd. at Alloa. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936. John Blair Warden died on 19 October in his 80th year. He received his early training at Allan Glen’s School Glasgow and the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College and then studied for three years at the School of Mines Freiberg. After a few months as assistant in the Royal Naval College Greenwich Warden became assistant to the late Dr. Benedict Kitto in London in 1891. In 1895 he was appointed chemist to the Cassel Gold Extracting Co.,Ltd. Glasgow and shortly afterwards went to assist their representative in Van- couver B.C.For some years he worked as chemist and assayer in various mining areas in Canada and the U.S.A. In 1909 he returned to practise in Glasgow as a metallurgical chemist and assayer and in 1922 moved to London. He retired in 1937 and spent his remaining years in his native city. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1895 and a Fellow in 1898. Addendum.-In the obituary of the late Dr. R. P. Charles (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1949 V 446) it is regretted that no mention was made of his appointment as Public Analyst and Official Agricultural Analyst for the County Borough of Bournemouth. ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINATIONS-see p. ii. THE COUNCIL 1950-51 NOMINATIONS Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the relevant By-laws which are as follows :-By-law 26.-( 1) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow.[ 559 1 (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary not later than the first day of February next preceding the date at which the Annual General Meeting is to be held and shall be in the following form:- “We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry do hereby certify that A. B. of (registered address) ,a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members.(The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been elected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy. At the date of the Annual General Meeting 31 March 1950 none of the Vice-presidents will have served for three years in that office and all will there- fore be eligible for re-election.The General Members of Council who retire at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible for re-election as such are as follows:-Norman Booth BSc. Ph.D. George James Denbigh M.Sc. Louis Hunter Ph.D. DSc. Walter Idris Jones B.Sc. Ph.D. M.1.Chem.E. Wilfred Herbert Linnell Ph.D. D.Sc. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute not later than I February 1950. District Members of Council.-The following have been nominated as District Members of Council for the Districts defined by the Special General Meeting on 21 October 1949 (see p.497) to take office at the A4nnual General Meeting 1960 :-England I. Eric George Kemp Pritchett BSc. 11. Charles George Lyons M.A. Ph.D. 111. Frederick Cecil Bullock B.Sc. IV. Arthur Clarence Francis A.H.-W.C. V. Bernard Dunstan Wilkinson Luff. VI. Clifford Walter Herd B.Sc. Ph.D. VII. John Thompson Marsh Rf Sc. F.T.I. VIII. Herbert Edward Blayden B.Sc. IX. Reginald Arthur Mott D.Sc. A.1.Min.E. Wales and the County of Monmouth. John Oswald Samuel M.Sc. M.1nst.F. Scotland I. William Turner Horace Williamson B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.S.E. 11. Hugh Hannay Campbell B.Sc. A.H.-W.C. M.P.S. 111. Archibald Robert Jamieson B.Sc. Northern Ireland. Cecil Leeburn Wilson M.Sc. Ph.D. Republic of Ireland. Alfred Godfrey Gordon Leonard B.Sc.Ph.D. F.R.C.Sc.1. Overseas. (To be nominated by the Council.) [ 560 1 Council 1949-50.-At its Meeting on 21 October 1949 the Council received with great regret the resignation for health reasons of Dr. L. H. Lampitt General Member of Council. On 18 November the Council appointed Dr. E. H. Rodd to fill the vacancy so created until the date of the Annual General Meeting 1950. ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE 31 March and I April 1950 Provisional Programme Friday 31 March 1950. 10.30 a.m. Annual General Meeting in Merchants’ House George Square Glasgow. 11.30-11.45a.m. Interval. 11.45 a.m. Presidential Address by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. in Merchants’ House. A visit will be arranged for the ladies from 10.30 a.m.onwards and will include lunch. 1.0 p.m. Luncheon for Council Members and Section Chairmen in the North British Station Hotel by invitation of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section Committee. 2.30 pm. The Second G. G. Henderson Memorial Lecture by Dr. W. M. Cumming O.B.E. followed by a visit to the University Chemical Laboratories. A visit will be arranged for the ladies to the College of Domestic Science. 4.30 p.m. Afternoon Tea by invitation of the University of Glasgow. 8 p.m. Civic Reception by the Corporation of Glasgow at the City Chambers. Saturday I April 1950. 9.30 a.m. Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections in the Council Room Royal Technical College followed by Luncheon at 1 p.m.in the North British Station Hotel. Works visits. No. 1. Bus to Imperial Chemical Industries works at Ardeer Stevenston. Lunch in Africa House. Visit works and return via Largs where afternoon tea will be served. Leave Glasgow 10 a.m. lunch 12.30 p.m. tea 3.30 p.m. return to Glasgow 5.30 p.m. No. 2. Bus to Scottish Milk Marketing Board Creamery at Mauchline Ayrshire. Leave Glasgow 10 a.m. return 5.30 p.m. Bus Tours No. 1. All-day bus tour to the Trossachs and Waterworks at Loch Katrine. Lunch at Trossachs Hotel afternoon tea at Forrest Hills. Leave Glasgow at 10 a.m. lunch 12.15 p.m. tea 3.30 p.m. return Glasgow 5.30 p.m. No. 2. Afternoon bus tour of three lochs with tea at Tarbet Loch Lomond. Leave Glasgow 2 p.m. tea 4 p.m.return 6 p.m. 7 p.m. for 7.30 p.m. Dinner at Central Hotel. I661 f MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1950 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 3 I December 1949 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1949. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1,” the envelope being marked “Meldola Medal.” Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice.In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1950 and the administrators-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions-will there-fore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 3 I December 1949. All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1949.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1950 of a Medal and Prize (L10 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) not later than 31 December 1949 and must be accom- panied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor. The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed I 562 1 by the Council on whose report the Council will decide whether and to whom an award shall be made.The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1949. In 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of LlOO per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The object of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare.Applications to compete for the Prize for 1949 are invited under the following conditions :-1. The 1949 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1949. 2. The 1949 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experi- mental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition providing that the conclu- sions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject.3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (K. C. Barraclough B.Sc. F.R.I.C. The Brown Firth Research Laboratories Princess Street Sheffield 4) to reach him on or before 31 December 1949 (a) A formal letter of application to enter the competition stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute; (b)two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or in the case of joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collab- orators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 5. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Acton Technical College.-A course of post-graduate lectures in Applied Chemistry will be given during the Spring Term commencing 13 January 1960 on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. i 563 1 1. Two lectures on “The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Processes,” by Dr. C. C. Hall (13 and 20 January). 2. Two lectures on “Theory of High Polymer Synthesis,” by Dr. W. Davey (27 January 3 February). 3. Four lectures on “Polymers Scientific and Industrial Classification. Plastic Materials Sources Properties as Related to Utilisation. Modern Industrial Processes,” by Mr. W. H. Stevens (10 17 and 24 February 3 March). 4. Four lectures on “Modern Methods of Testing and Analysis of Plastic Materials.Special Applications. Factory Procedure. The Plastics Indus- try,” by Mr. W. H. Stevens (10 17 24 and 31 March). The above course is suitable for industrial chemists research workers technical staff and others desiring to keep in touch with this field of modern applied chemistry. Fee for the Course 21s.; each group of four lectures 7s. 6d. Full particulars and registration forms may be obtained from the Principal Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3. Battersea Polytech nic.-Post-graduate lectures and practical courses in Microchemistry will be held under the supervision of Dr. P. F. Hall during the remainder of the 1949-50 session as follows Spring Term (9 January to 31 March 1950) Organic Microchemical Methods. Summer Term (24 April to 14 July 1950) Quantitative Organic and Inorganic Analysis.Fee 10s. per Term. Further particulars and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Head of the Chemistry Department Battersea Polytechnic London S.W. 11. Chelsea Polytechnic.-(I) A special course of lectures and practical work on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water based on the syllabus for the Fellowship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry Branch E to be given for 1st year students on Tuesdays and Thursdays during two com- plete sessions began 27 September 1949. Responsible Lecturer Mr. R. G. Minor; Lecturer in Materia Medica Mr. E. S. Mayer; Lecturer in Bacteriology Mr. A. W. G. Chetham; Assistant Lecturers and Demonstrators Mr. A. J. M. Bailey and Mr.W. R. Rankin. Course Fee for each Session k3 3s.; Laboratory Fee 5s.; Membership Is. (2) The second of two series of lectures on special aspects of Dairy Technology will be given in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre on Tuesdays 14 February to 7 March 1950 at 7.15 p.m. Fee for the series 5s. (3) An advanced course of about 12 lectures on Quantum Mechanics of the Atomic Nucleus will be given by Dr. R. L. Rosenberg on Wednesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 11 January 1950. Fee for the course 20s. Membership 1s. Further particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal] Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Northampton Polytechnic.-(1) A course of 21 lectures on Recent Trends in Fuel Technology to be given on Tuesdays at 7 p.m.began on 4 October and will continue until 7 March 1950. Fee for the course 30s. r 564 1 (2) A course of eight lectures on Modern Developments in Metal Finishing will be given on Wednesdays at 7 p.m. beginning 11 January 1950. Subjects covered include electrodeposition phosphate treatments protection of aluminium and of magnesium alloys vitreous enamels. Fee for the course 15s. Particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Head of the Department of Applied Chemistry Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.l. Sir John Cass Technical Institute.-(1) A course of eight lectures on Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Vitamins and Analgesics by Dr. J. Elks and Dr. B. A. Hems will be held on Friday evenings beginning 13 January 1950.Fee for the course 20s. (2) A course of 12 lectures on Design of Experiments by Mr. D. R. Read on Mondays at 6.45 p.m. will begin on 9 January 1950. (3) A course of 10 lecture-demonstrations in Microchemical Analysis suitable for analysts and advanced students of chemistry by Mr. D. W. Wilson and Mr. F. Holmes on Thursday evenings will begin on 19 January 1950. Fee for the course 30s. Applications for further particulars of the above courses and enrolment forms should be made to The Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Symposium on “Polymer Chemistry as Applied to Plastics.’’-The Plastics and Polymer Group of the Society of Chemical Industry proposes to hold a three-day Symposium under the above title in September 1950.It is intended that as far as possible contributions shall be planned to bridge the gap between those engaged in theoretical studies and those con- cerned with industrial applications. Those wishing to make a contribution should communicate with the Hon. Secretary for the Symposium Dr. N. J. L. Megson Advisory Service on Plastics and Rubber Ministry of Supply R.716 Shell Mex House London W.C.2. SCIENTIFIC FILMS CENSUS In connection with the Information Service of the Scientific Film Associa- tion a national survey is being made of makers owners and users of scientific and similar films. Although information has been collected already from over 400 scientific film-makers and distributing agencies including the major companies it is believed that there are many more whose names and films are known only to a limited number of people.The Association earnestly wishes to bring up to date its records in the documentary instructional educational and scientific film fields so that it may be in a better position to answer the many inquiries which are made to its Secretariat from day to day. The records which are now being compiled will form an invaluable reference library of catalogues lists and data sheets in the first instance-later it may be possible to arrange for a wider distribution of this information by the publication of a detailed list of sources of supply of such specialist films. It has been found in some cases that the private producer of individual films is reluctant to make available the kind of information now being sought for fear of being embarrassed by a large number of inquiries arising out of the publication of data about his film or films.When desired however the Association is prepared to treat such communications as confidential for its own records. E 565 1 The kind of statement which is now needed should give the maker’s name and address the title of the film its gauge and length or running time and preferably a brief synopsis The rapidly growing importance of the scientific film has made a survey of this kind imperative so that in conducting such an inquiry-which has never been attempted previously on this scale-the Scientific Film Association’s Information Services Department believes that it is going some way towards meeting a very real and urgent demand; Further details of the work of the Association may be obtained from the Secretary at 4 Great Russell Street London W.C.l.Tel. MUSeum 2403. MISCEL LA NEOUS Post-doctorate Fellows hips.-Approximately 31 post-doctorate fellow-ships will be offered by the National Research Council of Canada for the year 1950-51-eighteen in chemistry three in atomic energy research and about ten in physics. Application forms can be obtained from the Chief Scientific Liaison Officer National Research Council of Canada Africa House Kingsway London W.C.2. Applications must be received in Ottawa not later than 15 February 1950. Third World Petroleum Congress.-The Third World Petroleum Congress will be held from 28 May to 6 June 1951 at The Hague Holland.The Permanent Council of the World Petroleum Congress has invited the Institute of Petroleum to form a National Committee for Great Britain. Those wishing to receive details and registration forms when these are ready should inform the Secretary Third World Petroleum Congress Care1 Van Bylandtlaan 30 Den Haag Holland. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. December 27-28 THEINSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) Two Christ- mas Lectures for Senior Secondary School Pupils. Professor R.V. Jones C.B. C.B.E. M.M. 28 MANCHESTER OF SOCIETIES: FEDERATIONSCIENTIFIC Christmas Lecture for Young People. Professor F. C. Williams O.B.E. in the Large Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Manchester at 3 p.m. 29 MANCHESTER OF SOCIETIES Repeat of the FEDERATIONSCIENTIFIC Christmas Lecture for Young People at same place and time. 1950 January 2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Electronic Tech- INDUSTRY niques in Scientific Research.” Dr. H. A. Thomas at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Hull Section jointly with the Hull Branch of the National Federation of Master Painters and Decorators) Meeting at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m.[ 666 1 January 3 THEINSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) :Lecture and Demonstration for Schoolchildren-“The World of Sound.” Dr. R. H. Sloane in Belfast. OF PUBLIC CHEMISTS SOCIETY ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL (Physical Methods Group) Discussion on Spectroscopic Analysis. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington London S.W.7 at 6 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICALSOCIETY (Midlands Centre) Open Discussion on Practical Plating Problems to be opened by Mr. C. Whar- rad at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 3-6 SCIENCE ASSOCIATION MASTERS’ :Annual Meeting in the King’s Buildings The University Edinburgh. 6 PAPERMAKERS’ ASSOCIATION (Technical Section Northern Division) “Dyestuffs and their Application to Paper.” Mr.F. A. Craig at Manchester. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Olfaction and Odour.” Mr. R. W. Moncrieff at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (North-Eastern Centre) “Some Aspects of Agricultural and Horticultural Electrification in North America.” Mr. F. E. Rowland at the Neville Hotel Westgate Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.15 p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists Huddersfield Section) “Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at Huddersfield. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Gravesend and District Engineering Society) “Aluminium.” Mr.A. V. Garner at the Royal Clarendon Hotel Gravesend at 7.30 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Problems in the Production of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton- on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) “Forensic Chemistry.” Dr. F. G. Tryhorn at the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“Some Problems in the Chemistry of Vitamin D.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY “The Oxidation of Cellulose and Some Industrial Implications.” Dr.D. W. Hill at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Microbiological Panel jointly with Society for Applied Bacteriology) “Hygiene of the Preparation and Service of Food.” Dr. W. A. Lethem Dr. B. Hobbs and Mr. D. H. F. Clayson in London. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Felt Dyeing and Processing.” Mr. B. Kamrisch at the Bull. Hotel Nuneaton at 7 p.m. r 567 1 January OF 11 INSTITUTEFUEL(North-Western Section) “Considerations affecting the Choice and Design of Boiler Plant.” Mr. A. Ridings at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 2 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) “The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr.G. T. Winch at the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh at 7 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) “Management of Chemical Manufacture.” Dr. W. G. Hiscock in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual Dinner and Social at Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool at 6.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section jointly with the Ports- mouth Chemical Society) :“By-ways in Chromatography.” Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. SOCIETY: CHEMICAL “Keto-Enol Equilibrium.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department University College Dundee at 5 p.m.INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) :“The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr. G. T. Winch at the Royal Hotel Union Street Dundee at 7 p.m. 13 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section) Annual INDUSTRY General Meeting. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) “The ASSOCIATION Practical Value of Rheological Measurements to the Paint Technolo- gist.” Dr. J. E. Arnold at Manchester at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Scottish Centre) “The Measure- ment of Light and Colour.” Mr. G. T. Winch at the Robert Gordon’s Technical College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Geochemistry.” Professor W. Q. Kennedy F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Univ- sity Leeds at 6.30 p.m.INSTITUTIONELECTRICAL : OF ENGINEERSDiscussion on “Secondary Cells.” Opened by Mr. C. P. Lockton at the Institution Savoy Place London W.C.2. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(London Centre) “Investiga-tions on Protective Black Oxide Coatings on Steel.” Mr. H. Silman and Mr. B. E. Love at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. 17 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Some Agricul- tural Problems of the Colonial Empire.” Sir Harold Tempany C.M.G. C.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Flour Milling.” Mr. W. T. Farmer in the Rooms of the GeologicalSociety Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Appli-cation of Polymers to Textiles.” Dr. F. C. Wood at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. [ 668 J january 17 SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) Meeting at Wigan. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY BRADFORD SOCIETY CHEMICAL “Refractories.” Professor A. L. Roberts at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 18 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “The Physical Chemistry of the Gelatin-Water System.” Mr. A. K. Soper at the Royal Society of Medicine 1 Wimpole Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m.INSTITUTE (Xorthern Branch) Annual General Meeting. OF PETROLEUM “Motor Racing.” Mr. E. A. Evans at Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section jointly with The Society of Chemical Industry Nottingham Section) “Some Aspects of the United Kingdom Petroleum Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. M. Butler at Loughborough College at 7.15 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Manchester Section) “Localised and Non-localised Bonds.” Professor C. A. Coulson in the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Studies on Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G.Evans F.R.S. at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Modern Trends in Stereochemistry.” Professor E. E. Turner F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (South-Western Section) “Carbon.” INDUSTRY Dr. H. K. Cameron at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF ELECTRICAL (Irish Branch) “Some Aspects oi Agricultural and Horticultural Electrifidation in North America.” Mr. F. E. Rowland at Trinity College Dublin at 6 p.m. OF Meeting in the Rooms of INSTITUTION MININGAND METALLURGY the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry North of Scotland Section) “The Deflocculation of Long-fibred Pulps by Natural Mucilages.” Dr.H. A. Harrison. THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Chemical Education”- Lecture-discussion. Mr. J. McG. Jackson at the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (North Wales Section) Lecture. Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at Wrexham at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Birmingham University Chemical Society) “The Separation and Determination of the Sugars and their Derivatives.” Dr. J. K. N. Jones in the Main Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group and Fine Chemicals Group) “Fine Chemicals and the Food Industry.” Professor A.C. Frazer in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1. 1 569 1 January 20 INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “Temperature OF PHYSICS Measurement.” Mr. J. A. Hall in the New Physics Theatre The University Manchester at 7 p.m. 21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section jointly with the INDUSTRY Institution of Chemical Engineers) “Modern Boiler Plant Practice.” Mr. A. A. Martin at Liverpool at 2.30 p.m BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at British Postgraduate Medical School SOCIETY Hammersmith London. 23 INSTITUTION OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Manchester and District Section) “Some Aspects of the Stability of Compounded Latex.” Mr. K. W. Hayes at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 6.15 p.m.OF ENGINEERS INSTITUTIONELECTRICAL “Trends of Development in Atomic Energy.” Dr. T. E. Allibone F.R.S. at the Great Western Hotel Reading at 7 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Careers for Chemists.” Dr. N. Booth at the Public Library William Street Slough at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast and Tces- side Sections jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Newcastle Section) “Chemical Reactions Induced by Nuclear Radiations.” Dr. F. S. Dainton at Durham at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “The Dyeing OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS and Finishing of it’ylon Textiles.” Mr. G. K. Mecklenburgh at the Textile Institute Manchester at 7.15 p.m.OF PHYSICS INSTITUTE (Scottish Branch) “Science and Arch;;eology.” Professor S. Piggott at The University Edinburgh at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) Symposium on “Synthetic Finishes.” Mr. G. Barnet Rlr. F. Armitage and Mr. W. F. Wilson at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “Chemical Activities of Micro-organisms.” Dr. E. C. Knight in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Annual General Meeting (6.30 p.m.). “Professional Chemistry.” Dr. H. J. T. Elling-ham in the Lecture Theatre Gas Department Showrooms Town Hall Extension Manchester at 6.45 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Aspects of Fire Extinction in Aircraft.” Messrs. Glendinning and Maclannan in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY “Industrial Applications of Tracer Chemistry.” Dr. H. Seligman at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) “Microchemical INDUSTRY Methods of Analysis.” Mr. F. P. Johnson at Preston at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “Vitamins Up-to-date,” a Review. Dr. W. F. J. Cuthbertson in London. [ 570 j January 26 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “The Chemistry of Rubber.” Mr.F. A. Jones at the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section jointly with Portsmouth Chemical Society) “Aspects of Fire Extinction in Aircraft.” Messrs. Glendinning and Maclannan at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY ~IANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL (Chemical Section) Meeting at the Portico Library Mosley Street Manchester at 5.45 p.m. 27 THE INSTJTUTE (South Wales Section) “Chemistry and Canccr.” Pro-fessor C. w. Shoppee. CHEMICAL “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Steroids.” SOCIETY Professor F. S. Spring at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Buffet Dance at Chelsea Town Hall King’s Road London S.W.3.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY (Sheffield and North-East Centre jointly with the Institute of Metals Sheffield Section) “Silver Copper Alloy with special reference to the Temper Hardening of Sterling Silver.” Mr. J. C. Chaston at the Grand Hotel Sheffield. 30 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “The Basis of Chemotherapeutic Research.” Dr. F. L. Rose O.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Uni- versity Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 31 PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Manchester Salford and District Branch) “Modern Developments in Pharmaceutics.” Mr. B. J. Thomas in the Council Chamber Houldsworth Hall Manchester at 7.45 p.m. AND ENGINEERING HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“The Manufacture and Testing of Portland Cement.” Mr. W. N. Espie at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m.February 1 SOCIETYOF PUBLIC CHEMISTS ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL (Physical Methods Group) Discussion on Modern Methods of Moisture Determination. In London. 2 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “New Methods of Quantitative Analysis. ” Mr. R. Belcher in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University College of North Wales Chemical Society) “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Simple Peptides.” Professor F. E. King in the Department of Chemistry University College of North Wales Bangor at 5.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “The Breakdown of High Polymer Substances.” Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Uni- versity Sheffield at 5.30p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section) Scientific Films INDUSTRY Evening at the Gas Showrooms Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. [ 571 3 February 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Modern Methods of Organic Solvent Manufacture.” Dr. J. L. Edgar at the Technical College Brighton at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South-Western Section) “Instrumentation in Modern Methods of Analysis.” Mr.E. J. Vaughan at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Glasgow Section and Plastics and Polymer Group) “Polytetrafluorethylene.” Dr. W. C. Fergusson at Glasgow. OF CHEMICALENGINEERS INSTITUTION (North-West Branch) Annual General Meeting. “Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Alembic Club) “Chemical Analysis Science or Art?” Dr. H. Irving in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford at 8.15 pm. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Recent Develop- INDUSTRY ments in the Surface Coating Industry.” Mr. F. Armitage at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Deodorisation.” Mr. A. Ameil at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 7 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) “The Manufacture of Titanium Pigments.” Mr. S. H. Coates in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Midlands Centre) “Electro TECHNICAL Polishing.” Dr. H. E. Zentler-Gordon at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 8 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Dublin and District Section) “Scientific Control in the Transport Industry.” Dr. T. Bratt. in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m.OF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) “Modern Insecti- SOCIETY INDUSTRY cides Their Use in Industrial and Public Health Fields.” Dr. F. P. Coyne at Chester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colourists) “Colours in Food.” Mr. E. F. Eaton at the Queen’s Hotel Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 9 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Vitamin BIZ.’’ Dr. E. Lester Smith at Acton Technical College High Street Acton London W.3 at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) Papers by Members. At the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “The Breakdown of High Polymer Substances.” Professor H.W. Melville F.K.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The Univer- sity Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Studies on Some Organic Fluorine Compounds.” Professor M. Stacey in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. [ 572 ] February 9 CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Some Recent Applications of Infra-red Spectro- scopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. 10 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section jointly with Wolver- hampton Society of Applied Science) Joint Meeting at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section jointly with The Chemical Society and University College of Swansea Chemical Society) “Some Problems in Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W.Wardlaw C.B.E. at Univer- sity College Swansea at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Fifty Years of Organic Chemistry.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Main Chemical Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) :“The Economics of the Fine Chemical Industry.” Mr. J. Davidson Pratt at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 7 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Hull Branch) “Work of the Public Health Laboratories.” Dr. C. L. Greening at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 11 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Recent Advances in Paint Technology,” In the Conference Hall Civic Centre Southamp- ton at 2.30 p.m.BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Symposium at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Function of Fats in our Food.” Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S. at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m. (Leeds Area Section) “Chemistry and Medicine.” Pro-THE INSTITUTE fessor w. Bradley in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “The Speed of Some Acid-Base Reactions.” Mr. R. P. Bell F.R.S. at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Anatomy of the Chemist.” Dr.T. S. Stevens at Wigan and District Mining and and Technical College at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Recent Developments in Ion-Exchange Resins.” Dr. K. W. Pepper at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:Conference on “Formation and Properties of Gas Bubbles.” In London. 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the British Association of Chemists London Section) “The Public Analyst and his Work.” Mr. T. McLachlan D.C.M. at 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Chemistry of Pigment Azo-Dyestuffs.” Mr.J. Glassman at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. [ 673 1 February OF (Northern Branch) “The Production and 15 INSTITUTE PETROLEUM Purification of Low Molecular Weight Olefins.” Dr. H. S. Steiner at the Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: “Recent Advances in Dyeing Nylon Textiles.” Dr. C. T. Douglas at the Victoria Station Hotel Kottingham at 7 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “Applications of Exothermic Solid Reactions to Jet Propulsion and Industrial Purposes.” Dr. J. Taylor M.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Products.” Professor Haworth F.R.S. at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Pedler Lecture “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” SOCIETY Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. in the Lecture Hall The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Storey’s Gate London S.W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of original papers. In the Chemistry Department The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) : INDUSTRY “The Characteristics and Applications of Mixtures of Portland and High-Alumina Cements.” Dr. T. D. Robson in the Lecture Hall The Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street London S.W.1 at 6 p.m.CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY “Silicones.” Mr. K. Barton at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the OF MINING AND METALLURGY Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section jointly with the Plastics Institute) “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Vinyl Polymers.” Professor C. E. H. Bawn in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Technical College Gloucester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South-Western Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South-Western Section) “The Cereal Chemist and his Problems.” Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones at the Washington Singer Laboratories Exeter at 5 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with the University College Chemical Society) “Modern Inorganic Stereochemistry.” Mr. R. S. Nyholm in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. 18 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL (North-West Branch) “A Survey of Present-Day Pumping Practice in the Chemical Industry.” Mr. N. Tetlow at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting at Westminster Hospital London. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry) “Petroleum Products for the Rubber Industry.” In the Common Hall Hackins Hey Liverpool at 7 p.m. l-674 1 February 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICAL SOCIETY (London Centre) “Bright Nickel and Chrome Plating (Batch Production) .” Mr.R. Wall M.B.E. at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. 21 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Film Display at Norwood Technical Institute Knight’s Hill London S.E.27 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.” Mr. R. Belcher at the Royal Aircraft Estab- lishment Farnborough at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Leeds University Chemical Society) “Some Recent Applications of Dipole Moment Measurements to Molecular Structure.” Dr. H. D. Springall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Isotopes in Agricultural Research.” Mr.A. J. Low and Mr. P. A. Collier in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30p.m. 2.2 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South Wales Section) “Nature of Plastics.” Film and commentary by Mr. A. A. K. Whitehouse at the Technical College Newport at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Recent Developments in Rheology,” Dr. G. W. Scott Blair in the Zoology Lecture Theatre The University Reading at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.” Mr. R. Belcher at the Municipal Buildings Poole at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section and Road and Building Materials Group) Jubilee Memorial Lecture “Photography in the Service of the Scientist.” Dr. H. Baines at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Meeting in London. SOCIETY INDUSTRY INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY: OF “Technical Aspects of High Polymers.” Mr. W. P. Fletcher at the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Advances in Moulding Technique.” Mr. A. A. Tomkins at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section jointly with The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Manchester Section) “Research in progress in the Organic Chemistry Department of Manchester University.” Professor E.R. H. Jones at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “New Methods in Quantitative Analysis.’’ Mr. R. Belcher in the Conference Room Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment Porton at 3.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “Synthesis in the Nucleotide Field.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Lecture Theatre Department of Chemistry The Uni- versity Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. c 675 1 February 24 THEINSTITUTE (North Wales Section) “Research and the Clay Industry.” Dr. A. T. Green O.B.E. at Ruabon at 6.30 p.m.CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Local Annual General Meeting and Meeting for the reading of original papers. At the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL(Hull Branch) “Modern Methods of Research SOCIETY in Relation to Pharmaceutical Products.” Mrs. R. Denston at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. March 1 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Deoxysugars and Nucleic Acids.” Professor M. Stacey in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Liverpool Section and the Institute of Petroleum Northern Branch) “High Polymer Solutions.” Pro-fessor C.E. H. Bawn at the Grosvenor Hotel Chester at 7.15 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Mr. S. Callaway at the Cathedral Hotel Salisbury at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (North Wales Section) “High Polymer Solutions.” Professor C. E. H. Bawn at Chester at 7 p.m. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Fernhurst Lecture “The Use of Selective Weedkillers in Agriculture.” Professor G. E. Blackman at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 2 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section jointly with the Chemical Society and University College of Hull Scientific Society) “Aromatic Nitration.” Dr.G. M. Bennett F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “Modern Developments in Insecticides.” Mr. S. Callaway at the Municipal Technical College Bournemouth at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY: Centenary Lecture “The Azulenes.” Professor Dr. P1. A. Plattner (Zurich) in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology London S.W.7,at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Tilden Lecture “Studies on Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at Bristol. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) Annual Meeting. INDUSTRY 3 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry South Wales Section) “Laboratory Accidents,” Mr.L. J. Burrage at University College Cathays Park Cardiff. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Bacterial Nucleic Acids.” Professor M. Stacey at University College Cork at 7.45 p.m. March 3 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Woolwich PoIytechnic Scientific Society) “Careers for Chemists.” Dr. N. Booth at the Woolwich Polytechnic London S.E.18 at 7.30 p.m. THECHEMICAL (jointly with the University College of Swansea SOCIETY Chemical Society) “Three- and Four-membered Heterocyclic Rings.” Professor F. E. King at University College Swansea at 5.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section jointly with the Irish Chemical Association The Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Dublin and District Section) “Deoxysugars and Nucleic Acids.” Professor M.Stacey at University College Galway at 7.45 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (London Section and Fine Cherni~als SOCIETY INDUSTRY Group) “Recent Developments in Fluorescent Materials.” Dr. S. T. Henderson and Dr. J. W. Strange in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Flotation of ASSOCIATION Aluminium Pigments.” Mr. L. C. Ward at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 7 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICALSOCIETY (Midlands Centre) “Ex-periences in Bright Nickel Plating.” Mr.G. H. Hands at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. 8 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Chemistry of the Phospholipids.” Dr. T. Malkin at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. “Metallic Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.” Dr. Vernon at the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Meeting at Widnes Municipal Technical College at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL “Lycomarasmin The Chemistry of Wilting Diseases.” SOCIETY Professor P1. A. Plattner in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group Microbiological Panel) : INDUSTRY Annual General Meeting.“Impact of Genetics on Microbiology.” Dr. G. Pontecorvo in London. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Trueman Wood Lecture “The Industrial Applications of Atomic Energy.’’ Professor M. L. Oliphant F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 9 THE INSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) “The Chemistry of Anaesthetics.” Professor H. Nisbet F.R.S.E. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the West Ham Municipal College Chemical Research Club) “Photographic Sensitisers. ” Dr. F. M. Hamer at West Ham Municipal College Romford Road London E.15 at 7 p.m.March 9 THE INSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section) “The Rheology of Lubricant Films.” Dr. E. W. J. Mardles in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 7.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section jointly with The Chemical Society). “Treatment of Water for Indus- trial Purposes.” Mr. P. Hamer in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with University of Nottingham Chemical Society) “Some Aspects of Structural Chemistry.” Professor W. Wardlaw C.B.E. at the University Nottingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section and Chemical INDUSTRY Engineering Group) Visit to Stanton Ironworks.“High Duty Irons.” Mr. E. Morgan at Stanton. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY: INSTITUTION “Engineering with High Poly- mers.” Mr. W. P. Fletcher at the Bell Hotel Leicester at 7.30p.m. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Inorganic Chromato- graphy.” Mr. R. A. Wells in the Agricultural Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section jointly with Society of Chemical Industry London Section) “Recent Developments in the Surface Coating Industry.” Mr. F. Armitage in the Lecture Hall Public Library Ipswich at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South \Vales Section) “Chemistry and Biology in a Forensic Science Laboratory.” Dr. F. G. Tryharn. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Heterogeneous Catalysis.” Mr.D. A. Dowden and Dr. P. W. Reynolds at the Williarn Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY:“Coal Tar Phenols.” Dr. McNeil at the Technical College Bradford at 7.16 pm. 11 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Social-Dance at the Oak Restaurant 18 Kensington High Street London W.8. OF CHEMICAL (Yorkshire Section) Annual General 13 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting at Leeds. OF CHEMICAL (Plastics and Polymer Group) “De- 14 SOCIETY INDUSTRY gradation and Weathering of Plastics and Rubbers.” Mr. A. R. Burgess and Mr. G. L. Hamniond at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. INSTITUTION Research papers from Imperial OF CHEMrcAL ENGINEERS College and University College London.In the Rooms of the Geo- logical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. AND ENGINEERING : HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Electrolytic Copper Refining.” Mr. D. E. Bellamy at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. ROYALSOCIETY OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) “Soil Erosion in the Colonial Empire.” Sir Harold Tempany C.M.G. C.B.E. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 5.15 p.m. March 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Functions of the Chemist in a Large Industrial Organisation.” Dr. J. Dewar at The Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.1 at 6.30 p.m.IRISHCHEMICAL “Problems Arising from Milk Adultera- ASSOCIATION tion.” Professor G. T. Pyne in the Department of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.45 p.m. (Bristol and District Section) Annual Meeting. “The 16 THE INSTITUTE Constitution and Availability of some Vegetable Fatty Oils.” Pro-fessor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. in the Chemical Department The Uni- versity Woodland Road Bristol 8 at 7 p.m. : CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Photo-excited Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY(jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society) “Recent Developments in Acetylene Chemistry.” Professor E.R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Western Bank Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Liverpool Section) “Peat.” Dr. G. K. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Fraser at Bangor at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (South-Western Section and Plastics INDUSTRY Group). Annual General Meeting of the Section. “Plastics and Local Industry.” Mr. H. V. Potter at the Technical College Plymouth at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF DYERSAND COLOURISTS: “Abnormal Colour Vision in Industry.” Mr. W. Garner at the Midland Hotel Derby at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the OF MININGAND METALLURGY Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) “Forensic Chemistry.” Mr. E. B. Parkes in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Technical College Gloucester at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Mass Spectrometer.” Mr. Ir. W. Rowlands at Workington at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY (jointly with Birmingham University Chemical Society) “Crystal Growth.” Professor E. K. Rideal M.B.E. F.R.S. at The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY (Hull Branch) “Aspects of Forensic Science Associated with Pharmacy.” At Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 18 INSTITUTION CHEMICAL ENGINEERS OF (North-West Branch) “The Production of Technical Argon.” Dr. M. Ruhemann at the Coliege of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m.20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (London Centre) “Recent TECHNICAL Developments in Bright Nickel Plating” (discussion). At the North- ampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C. 1. [ 579 1 March 21 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (Agriculture Group) “Agricultural Science as a Profession.” Sir James A. Scott-Watson C.B.E. in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Economic Reactor Design.” Dr. H. W. Ashton and Mr. 0. G. Weller. in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Dublin and District Section) “The Scientific Examina- tion of Pictures.” Dr. A. E. Werner in the Department of Chemistry University College Upper Merrion Street Dublin at 7.45 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “The SOCIETY INDUSTRY Nation’s Manufactured Foods Jams and some other Spreads as Foods.” In London. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS Pope Memorial Lecture “Chemistry as a Cultural Instrument.” Professor John Read F.R.S. at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 2.30 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Paper by Dr. R. Slack at the South-East Essex Technical College Lonbridge Road Dagenham at 7 p.m.INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Sprayed Plastic Finishes.” Mr. F. A. Rivett at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “The Disposal of Spent Pickle Liquor.” Dr. J. Pearson at The Mining and Technical Institute Llanelly at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “Partition Chromatography.” Mr. R. R. Goodall at the William Newton School Junction Road Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (Liverpool Section) Annual General SOCIETY INDUSTRY Meeting (8 p.m.). “Industrial Applications of the Electron Biicro- scope.” Mr. J. W. Sharpe in Liverpool. TECHNICAL ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Sheffield and North-East Centre) “Structure of Electrodeposited Metals.” Mr.A. W. Hother- sall at the Grand Hotel Sheffield. BIOCHEMICAL Annual General Meeting at University College SOCIETY London. 25 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Visit to Dartford Vegetable Parchment Mills at 3 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Welwyn Garden City Scientists’ Club) “Analytical Results- Some Facts and Fallacies.” Dr. E. C. Wood at “The Cherry Tree,” Welwyn Garden City at 8 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION (Hull Section jointly with Hull Chemical and Engineering Society) “Perspex.” Mr. L. Griffiths at Hull. [ 580 1 March 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY Meeting at The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS Demonstration of Scientific Instru- ments in the Xicholson Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. 29-30 CHEMICALSOCIETY Anniversary Meetings at Edinburgh. Faraday Lecture “The Application of Radioactive Indicators in Biochemical Studies,” by Professor Dr. G. Hevesy For. Mem. R.S. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Annual General Meeting. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Production of Heat-resisting Materials by Powder Metallurgy.” Dr. W. D. Jones at Philips Electrical Ltd. New Road Mi”cham Junction at 7.15 p.m. 31 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Branch jointly with the Royal Statistical Society I.A.S.) “Variability in Chemical Analysis”-Discussion of Analytical Results obtained in a Co-operative Investigation.In the Department of Applied Science St. George’s Square Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY(Hull Branch) “Sex Hormones” (colour film). Dr. J. S. White at Imperial Hotel Hull at 8 p.m. 31 March-I April The Institute. Anniversary Meetings in Glasgow. April 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) Symposium on “Distillation.” Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. Messrs. H. Kaye C. W. Allen and C. R. Dobson in the Main Lecture Theatre Huxley Building Exhibition Road South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.15 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) “Some Aspects ASSOCIATION of the Protection of Iron and Steel against Corrosion.” Dr.U. R. Evans F.R.S. at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual General Meeting (7 p.m.). “The Laboratory Examination of Service Recruits.” Professor F. S. Foweather at Liverpool. 11 SOCIETY (Plastics and Polymer Group) “Tech-OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY nique of Osmometry of High Polymers.” Dr. D. Clevedon and Mrs. D. Laker at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 12 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group) Annual General Meeting in London. 13 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Luton Scientific Association) :“Brewing in Britain.” Dr.L. R. Bishop at Luton at 8 p.m. 14 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Birmingham and Midland Section jointly with Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science) “Operational Research.” Professor P. M. S. Blackett at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 7.30 p.m. L 581 1 April 14 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS: OF CHEMICAL 28th Annual Corporate Meeting in London. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting in Dublin. OF (North-West Branch) “Acid-15 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS Resistant Vitreous Enamelled Chemical Plant.” Mr. G. E. Charlish and Mr. E. J. Heeley at the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 17 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Chemistry of Aviation Petrol.” Dr. R. Holroyd at Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7.30 p.m.18 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Agriculture Group jointly with the British Society of Soil Science) “Chemical Aspects of Soil Fertility.” 10.30 a.m. to 5 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Chemical Engineering Group) :Meeting in London. 18-20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Birmingham and Midland Section) : INDUSTRY Conference on “Materials of Construction,’’ at Birmingham. 19 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section jointly with Stafford Chemical Society) Meeting at Stafford. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry London Section) Symposium on “The Physical Chemistry of Drug Action.” Professor Sir Cyril Hinshelwood F.R.S. Professor F. A. Paneth F.R.S. Professor A. Albert and Dr.H. R. Ing in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Gower Street London W.C.l at 3 p.m. PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Plastic Coated INSTITUTE Textiles.” Mr. R. C. Thorp at the Waldorf Hotel Aldwych London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. OF MINING AND METALLURGY: 20 INSTITUTION Meeting in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5 p.m. 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) :Annual General Meeting (7 p.m.). Discussion “Trypanocides.” Dr. L. P. Walls at the Wellcome Research Laboratories Beckenham Kent at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY:Meeting for reading of Members’ papers at the Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Careers for Chemists.” Dr.N. Booth at the Medway Technical College College Gardiner Street Gillingham at 7.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOUR ASSOCIATION CHEMISTS’ (Hull Section) Annual Genera Meeting. Film “The Scientific Manufacture of Printing Ink.” At Royal Station Hotel Hull at 6.30 p.m. 25 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS (Dominions and Colonies Section) “Tropical Agriculture.” Mr. W. V. Blewett at the Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street Adelphi London W.C.2 at 6.15 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Mid-Southern Counties Section jointly with The Chemical Society and Portsmouth Chemical Society) “Trace Elements in Plant Life.” Dr. W. A. Roach at the Municipal College Portsmouth at 7 p.m. April 26 SOCIETY (Food Group Nutrition Panel) Annual OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY General Meeting.“The Nutritional Significance of Vegetarianism.” Dr. F. Wokes in London. BRITISHASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) “The Produc- OF CHEMISTS tion of Essential Oils and their Uses in Industry.” Mr. G. E. Smith at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) :Annual General Meeting. “Recent Developments in the Work of the Institute.” Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham at the William Newton School Norton Stockton-on-Tees at 7.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ TECHNICALSOCIETY (Sheffield and North-East Centre) “The Economic and other Advantages of Metal Rectifiers for the Electro-Plating Industry.” Mr. F. G. Fumiss M.B.E. at the Grand Hotel Sheffield. GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcements” on pp.ii and 559.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-An Appointments Register is maintained by the Institute through which Fellows Associates and some senior Registered Students can be informed of vacancies. Facilities are afforded by this Register free to authorities and firms requiring the services of qualified chemists. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial contributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on weekdays (Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensington S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The use of the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London is also permitted to Fellows and Associates on application being made through the Office of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary.As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements,-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can maintain on favourable terms their membership of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry and also if desired of the Faraday Society or the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists with sub- stantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS 1945 Part IV P.148) can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1949 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. 1. Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s.each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Secretary of their requirements. Covers for the years 1939 to 1948 inclusive are available. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register.All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgements of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. 584 1 PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE LECTURES AND REPORTS MONOGRAPHS “Cement and Concrete.” F. M. Lea O.B.E. D.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. $“Chemistry and Clothing.” D. A. Clibbens. (1945.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel D.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts. G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net.“The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” First Henderson Memorial Lecture. Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. Ph.D. LL.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 2s. 6d. net. §“Counting Calories.” Sir Jack Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. “Some Aspects of Nuclear Chemistry.” H. J. EmeICus D.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1947.) 3s. net. t“Nutritiona1 Requirements of Man in the Light of War-time Experience.” Sir Jack Drummond D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. 1“The Determination of Alcohol.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. §“Chemistry and Medicinal Treatment.” Sir Henry Dale O.M. G.B.E. F.R.C.P F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. **“Some Applications of Acetylene Compounds in Organic Synthesis.” A. W. Johnson BSc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S.D.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. *“The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications.” George Taylor F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. “Chemical Ciphering A Universal Code as an Aid to Chemical Systematics.” M. Gordon M.Sc. A.R.I.C. C. E. Kendall B.Sc. A.R.I.C. and W. H. T. Davison B.A. (1948.) 4s. net. Proceedings of a Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed.” Published jointly by The Irish Chemical Association and The Royal Institute of Chemistry. (1948.) 5s. net. “The Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington.” R. P. Linstead C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1948.) 3s. net. “The New Fluorocarbon Chemistry.” M. Stacey Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1948.) 3s. net. Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives.” (1948.) 7s.6d. net §“Through Chemistry-Adornment.” C. J T. Cronshaw B.Sc. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. M.I.Chem.E. F.T.I. (1949.) 3s. net. “Percy Faraday Frankland.” First P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture. L. H. Lampitt D.Sc. M.I.Chem.E. F.R.I.C. (1949.) 3s. net “Anaesthetics.” H. B. Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc. AH.-W.C. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.E. (1949.) 3s. net. Report of a Conference on “The Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” (1949.) 5s. 6d. net. “The Function of the Expert Witness in Litigation.” Lionel Heald K.C. “The Protection of Chemical Inventions.” J. G. Fife M.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. F.C.I.P.A. (1949.) 3s. net. Report of a Symposium on “Laboratory Lay-out and Construction.” (1949.)4s. 6d. net. “The Development of Chemical Processes.” F. Roffey B.Sc.Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1949.) 3s. net. AND ASSOCIATES, REGISTEROF FELLOWS 1948. 10s. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. AND PROCEEDINGS. JOURNAL Six Parts annually. (Available to Members only). * Streatfeild Memorial Lectures. t Gluckstein Memorial Lecture. 9 Dalton Lectures. 1 Tatlock Memorial Lecture. ** Meldola Medal Lecture. c 585 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300469

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Index 1949 Figures in italics refer to pages in the Supplement (Annual Report of the Council 1948). Figures in bold type refer to special articles or to entries of particular importance. Accidents Laboratory Origins and Pre- vention of 4 23 29 Accommodation Joint for Chemical Bodies in London 49 Accounts Annual (1948) 31 224 244 Activities of Local Sections 38 127 252 370 440 498 Addenda and Corrigenda 400 559 “Adult Education Science and,” 480 Advisory Committee on Indian and Pakistani Affairs 2 12 Advisory Council on Scientific Policy 49 Agricultural Engineering 15 Agriculture Grassland Development 535; Sheep Dipping 535; Soil Fertility 273 Air Travel to attend Meetings 31 Analytical Chemistry Congress on (19521 45 8 Analytical Chemistry Summer School in (1950) 438 Anniversary Dinner of the Institute 122 241 Anniversary Meetings of the Institute (1949) 34 240 247; (1950) 366 561 Announcements 63 149 315 394 450 559 Annual General Meeting (1948) I; (1949) 224; (1950) 366 434 561 Antricide 113 Appointments and Economic Status Com- mittee 28 249 Appointments Register 28 180 “Architectural Profession The,” 8 Athenaeum Trust 435 Atmospheric Pollution 15 377 Auditors Election of 230.Auditors Report of 31 Australian Chemical Institute Royal 439 496 Badge of Office Presidential 34 475 Beilby Memorial Fund and Awards Sir George 29 272 398 453 562 Benevolent Fund 31 35 119 123 5 I?‘ 226 244 368 436 493 Biochemistry First International Con-gress of 64 150 316 Biochemists in Hospitals 246 494 Biochemists in National Health Service 36 120 28 Biological Stains Commission British 439 Birmingham and Midlands Section Silver Jubilee 325 Board of Examiners 239 Book Reviews 2 145 274 380 442 519 Books and Pamphlets received 389 511 Boots’ Booklovers Library 68 British Association for the Advancement of Science 316 British Association of Chemists 246 250 British National Committee for Chem-istry 121 251 496 British Standards Institution 67 121 11 318 439 458 511 By-Laws Amendment of 174 232 433 491 By-Laws Revision of 33 3 247 436 491 509 Building The Institute 3 5 I?‘,493 Canteen 5 Careers talks 35 91 4 8 185 268 Censors 123 229 238 Certificates presentation of at Local Section Meetings 269 435 Charitable Funds 436 493 Charter and By-Laws Revision of 3 12 13 Charter Grant of new Royal 160 164 243 246 Chemical Council 37 48 125 126 251 252 496 Chemical Industry (Survey) 15 Chemical Society 50 251 274 400 458 “Chemistry as a Career,” 185 “Chemistry and Other Branches of Science and Technology The Relations Be-tween,” 337 “Chemistry and the Manufacturer,” 356 Civil Defence 113 Clock presentation of to the Institute 246 “Closed” Professions 165 Coal Analysis Standard Sand for 67 Coal Tar Research Association 31 8 Coal Utilisation Research (Expenditure) 113 Coke Oven Managers’ Association 496 Colonial Development 113 Coming Events 68 153 319 393,459 566 Committees Constitution of 33 Committees of the Institute Ad Hoc 10 238 Committees of the Institute Standing 10 238 Commonwealth Chemical Institutes 251 Conferences of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections 5 264 506 Conjoint Chemical Office 121 126 9 . Contracts of Service 28 Council Annual Report of the Supple-ment Council Committees of the 10 238 Council Constitution of the 247 264 Council Meetings Attendance at 366 Council Meetings Dates of 123 239 Council Membership and Nomination of 34 122 434 559 Council Proceedings of 31 119 243 366 434 491 Council Room Amenities of the 11 9 244 Courses and Conferences Scientific 65 151 317 396 454 563 Crop Protection Second International Congress of 64 150 316 Crossways Trust Limited 85 123 19 231 249 367 493 Dalton Lectures 29 251 438 Deaths 57 143 6 309 392 441 556 Defence Services Research Facilities Com- mittee 152 District Members of Council Nomination 34 13 247 434 450 560 Districts Electoral 265 434 497 Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd Memorial Fund 318 400 Editorial 1 83 159 321 403 469 Education 535 Eire Citizens of 174 232 243 491 Errata 551 Examination Fees 31 15 Examinations 22 Examinations in India 2 3 248 400 Examinations in South Africa 32 Examinations Notices of 63 149 Examinations Papers and Reports 134 280 538 Examinations Pass Lists 138 303 550 Examiners Appointment of 36 120 245 Examiners Board of 239 Examiners Fees of 34.Festival of Britain (1951) 122 273. Films Scientific 496 565 Financial Statements (1948) 13 31 Findlay Professor A. Visit to India Pakistan and South Africa (1947-48) 2 12 Fish Albumen 114 Food Parcels from Canada and New Zealand 31 19 Frankland P. F. MemoriaI Lecture 124 4 29 Frankland Sir Edward Medal and Prize 246 274 3938 453 562 Gas Examiners 369 Gas Research Board 3 L8 German Chemical Industry Index of Information on 67 German Scientific and Technical Peri-odicals 67 “Grammar Schools The Teaching of Chemistry in,” 332,417 Higher Education Regional Conference on the Extension of 37 Holidays for Children 368 436 494 Honorary Fellows 436 Honours 47 270 369 Hospital Services London Association of 67 Housekeepers Resident Appointment of 367 “India and Pakistan The Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Profession of Chemistry in,” 407 India New Local Sections in 3 248 491 Indian Advisory Committee 3 23 Industrial Diseases 536 Industrial Research 536 Industry Operation Research 114 Industry Research (Information) 114 Insecticides and Fungicides 537 Institute Building The 3 5 493 Institute of Catering 36 Institute Office The 87 Institutions recognised for training for the Associateship 35 245 437 International Congress of Biochemistry First 33 Investments Institute Changes in 14 Irish Colloquium (1947) Proceedings 63 149 Joint Committee with Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists 10 Joint Committee with A.B.C.M.and Standing Committee of Directors of Research Associations 32 Joint Committees Representatives of the Institute on 238 Joint Council of Professional Scientists 37 10 30 Joint Library Committee 37 50 Joint Subscription Arrangements 49 “Journal and Proceedings,” Development of 1 33 36 121 4 20 267 495 506 Laboratories Design of 33 125 Laboratory Accidents (see undw Acci-dents) Laboratory Apparatus and Chemicals Supply of 48 126 30 Laboratory Lay-out and Construction Symposium on 29 Laboratory Technicians Education and Training of 29 438 495 Lectures Institute 23 534 Lectures Monokraphs and Reports Annual Sets of 33 Lectures Publication of 125 Lectures Summaries of :-Aliphatic Nitro-compounds The Re-actions of 18 Alkaloids and related substances in Biological Materials A Rapid Method of Determination of 25 Berthollide Compounds 107 Chocolate Industry The Chemist in the 223 Cyanides The Effect of on Treatment of Sewage in Percolating Filters 22 Detergents New 219 Diazo-Chemistry Some Recent Studies in 208 Dusts The Chemistry of 204 Egg Shell Formation The Biochemistry of 210 Explosives Activation Energy in the Sensitiveness of 212 Fats Some Aspects of the Selective Hydrogenation of 214 Fine Structure of certain Organic Molecules The 100 Fluorocarbons and Related Compounds 28 Forensic Investigations A General Account of Microchemical Methods in 23 Forensic Toxicology Micro-methods in with particular reference to the Barbiturate Drugs 24 Free Radicals and Hydrocarbon Chem- istry 221 Gases Properties of at High Pressures 200 Hot Stars The Chemistry of 363 Infra-red Spectra 11 1 Leather Its Constitution and Proper- ties 488 Liquid Fuels Synthetic 29 Microchemical Methods in Forensic Investigations A General Account of 23 Micro-methods in Forensic Toxicology with particular reference to the Barbiturate Drugs 24 Ministry of Labour and the Chemical Profession The 362 Molecular Weights of Polymers Methods of Determining 22 Nitrogen Compounds Some Experi-mental Studies in the Chemistry of 202 Nitrogen Fixation The Problem of 432 Pharmacopoeias Some Observations on with special reference to B.P.1948 30 Phototurbidimetric Methods for the Estimation of Sulphur etc. 222 Physical Chemistry and Metallurgical Research 365 Plastic Replicas for Surface Finish Assessment 112 Polypeptide Antibiotics-Biological Polymers 25 Protein-Detergent Complexes and some of their Uses in Industry 26 Radioactive Tracers The Production and Uses of 98 Rubber Cables The Chemist and 486 Semi-conducting Solids The Chemistry of 364 Sewage The Effect of Cyanides on the Treatment of in Percolating Filters 22 Sugar Confectionery 110 Sulphide Precipitation and the Mass Action Law 101 Sulphur Compounds in Plants and Animals Recent Work on 217 Synthetic Liquid Fuels 29 Trade Effluents 104 Woodpulp-Some Chemical Aspects 206 Libraries Privileges accorded to Members by other 21 489 Library Facilities 489 Library The Institute 63 119 150 315 490 Life Composition Fees 492 Local Sections :-Activities of 38 127 252 370 440 498 Areas and Boundaries of 31 342 Conferences of Hon.Secretaries of 31 5 264 508 Finance 5 244 268 Formation of New 122 3 13 243 248 436 491 492 Grants to 34 244 268 Meetings of 23 Meetings of Reports of 267 Membership of 46 342 Office Equipment for 493 Papers read at Meetings of 532 Retirement of Hon.Secretaries of 34 511 Rules of 366 492 Lynch Mr. G. Roche President 1946-49 85 Meldola Medal 121 148 29 246 398 453 562 Meldola Medal Lectures 66 149 535 Membership and Studentship 6 161 165 “Membership of the Institute The,” 339 Members of the Institute who have com- pleted sixty years of membership 369 Metric Values Equivalent in Scientific Papers 66 Mineral Oil in Food 318 Mining and Metallurgical Congress Em- pire 64 150 315 Ministry of Education 251 Ministry of Fuel and Power 369 Ministry of Health 120 28 Ministry of Labour and National Service 49 250 National Certificates in Chemical Engineering 31 251 National Certificates in Chemistry and in Applied Chemistry 31 4 29 251 438 495 512 National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland) 32 120 124 4 29 438 National Certificates in Chemistry (Scot- land) 29 495 517 National Corporation for the Care of Old People 32 35 84 National Research Development Corpora- tion 115 378 Nationalised Industries Members of the Institute in 437 508 Nationality Restriction on Admission to Membership 247 Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competi-tion 48 399 454 563 Notes 47 132 270 376 441 533 Notices General 81 157 320 401 468 584 Nuffield Foundation 84 Obituary 58 144 310 446 556 “Office The Institute,” 87 Officers and Members of Council (1948- 49) 230; (1949-50) 229 237 Oil from Coal Research 15 Oil Refineries 16 Oil Shale and Cannel Coal Conference Second 317 Oral Examinations Committee for 21 239 “Organisation of Other Professions The,” 8 347 Parliamentary and Scientific Committee 125 30 425 Parliament Science in 15 113 273 377 535 Patents and Designs Bill 250 378 437 “Pharmaceutical Profession The,” 347 Plant Diseases (Fertilisers) 378 President Nomination of 122 “President Our New,” 162 “President Our Retiring,” 85 “President Truman’s Fourth Point,” 425 Presidential Address 164 Press Cutting Agency 33 121 Press Report of the Royal Commission on the 321 Profession of Chemistry The 36 “Professional Bodies,” 469 Productivity 3 78 Public Analysts Conditions of Service of 28 Publications of the Institute 86 168 402 585 Publicity for British Chemistry Coxn-mittee on 20 251 369 Queen’s University of Belfast Centenary Celebrations 251 439 Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Chemi- cal Research 152 “Raw Materials,” 403 Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries Symposium on 422 Reed’s School 493 Register of Fellows and Associates (1948) 2 33 57 143 2 9 173 441; (1950) 495 Register The 52 139 304 391 441 552 Registered Students 8 Regulations Amendment of 4 “Relations between Chemistry and Other Branches of Science and Technology,” 337 Remuneration Statistics 2 3 27 345 Report of the Council (1948) Supplement 228 Representatives of the Institute on Joint Committees 10 238 Representatives of the Institute on Other Bodies 11 238 “Research and Productivity in Industry,” 175 Research Fellowships Studentships e tc.66 152 566 Research Institutes (Staff Recruitment) 16 Residential Clubs for Old People 32 83 119 123 5 19 161 315 394 437 Residential Clubs Fund 231 245 247 249 367 394 437 450 493 Resignations of Members 269 Royal Australian Chemical Institute 377 496 “Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Profession of Chemistry in India and Pakistan The,” 407 Royal Sanitary Institute 121 Russell Square Garden Commission 33 439 “School Children Chemists of the Future,” 91 “Science and Adult Education,” 480 Science in Parliament 15 113 273 377 535 Science Museum Library Photocopy Service 152 489 Science Teachers 115 Science Technologists’ Association 439 Scientific Courses and Conferences 65 151 317 396 454 563 Scientific Film Association 37 496 Scottish Local Sections Symposium (1947) 63 149; (1949) 64 121 150 422,492 Scottish Universities Science Degrees 379 Scrutineers Appointment of 243 Scrutineers Report of 229 “Silver Jubilee in the Midlands,” 325 Silver Wedding of the King and Queen 1 South Africa Bill on Profession of Chemistry in 166 South African Chemical Institute 250 Special General hfceting 497 Special Purposes Committee 249 Streatieild Memorial Lectures 202 Students Leaflet 36 Students Science Call-up of 250 Subscriptions Annual Increase of 3 Summaries of Lectures (see Lectures Summaries of) “Teaching of Chemistry in Grammar Schools The,” 332 417 Teaching Profession (Salaries) 115 Technical and Scientific Man-power 379 Technical Colleges Number of Students 116 Technical Colleges Teachers (Pay and Conditions) 116 Technical Education Colleges of Tech-nology 16 Technical Information Services 379 Technical State Scholarships (1949) 318 Technologists and Scientists Training of 537 Technology 380 Terms of Engagement for Chemists Notes on 32 28 Textile Institute Scholarship 152 Title of the Institute 161 “Training of Chemists for Industry The,” 191 Treasurer Nomination of Honorary 122 UNESCO 380 United Kingdom Food and Agriculture Organisation Consultative Committee 121 United Nations Scientific Conference 17 118 Universities Anglo-American Exchange 118 Universities Extensions 273 Universities Grants 118 Universities Professors’ Salaries 17 273 Universities Scholarships 17 University of London Examinations 510 Vice-presidents Nomination of 122 Warning Notice 63 315 394 West Ham Municipal Technical College Jubilee of 125 What Industry Owes to Chemical Science 33 35 18 World Power Conference 64 151 317 r 590 1

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JP9497300586

出版商:RSC    

年代:1949

数据来源: RSC