Subretinal choroidal neovascularization is an important cause of visual loss in adults. Removal of choroidal neovascular membranes using relatively new techniques of subretinal surgery holds promise for improving or stabilizing vision in some patients. A number of factors have been proposed that may affect the outcome of subretinal surgery for choroidal neovascularization, including the degree of involvement of Bruch's membrane, the location of the neovascular complex relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane, the location of the ingrowth site, and the etiology of the membranes. Although the surgical techniques are relatively refined, the indications for removal of choroidal neovascular membranes are still under investigation. This article reviews the recent and past literature and summarizes the authors' specific recommendations regarding present indications for removal of choroidal neovascular membranes.