JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 5 I 947 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 24 July 1947.-The Council received a first draft of the Petition for a new Charter and of the content of the proposed new Charter together with the Report of the Charter and By-Laws Committee (14July). Discussion took place on a number of points and it was agreed that following reference back to the Institute’s solicitors revised drafts be circulated to Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections for consideration at the Conference on 18October. Approval was given in general terms to the principles of certain proposed changes in the By-Laws of the Cape Section that were under consideration by the Committee of the Section.The President reported that the Reception offered by the Institute to Officers and Overseas Members of the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry on 22 July had been greatly appreciated by members and visitors (see p. 204). The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14July) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to accounts for payment; applica- tions for re-election ; negotiations concerning the licences required for the repair of war damage; an estimate for repairs and modifications to the passenger lift. On the recommendation of the Committee it was agreed that the thanks of the Council be conveyed through the Chemical Council to Mr. F. P. Dunn for the valuable work he did as Chairman of the Sub-committee that pre- pared the Scientific Societies’ Joint Pension and Life Assurance Scheme which came into operation for members of the Institute staff on I January 1947. In the Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (14July) reference was made to action taken on two current cases and one new case; to a review of regular grants; to grants made to eight families in connection with the “Holidays for Children” scheme; and to the formal acceptance by the Professional Classes Aid Council of an application by the Institute to be represented on that Council.The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20 June) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades.Further consideration was given to a Report of the Regulations Sub- Committee (13June) (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947,IV 160)and the Sub-committee was asked to examine what amendments of the Regulations would be necessary in order to give effect to certain agreed proposals on conditions of admission to the Fellowship and to report on the administrative machinery required. It was further agreed that when new Regulations [ 1971 had been approved a date would be fixed for them to come into operation but that due provision would be made to enable candidates who had regis- tered under the existing Regulations to proceed to the Fellowship under those Regulations. It was reported that a Drafting Sub-committee appointed by the Joint Committee on Contracts of Service had prepared a draft of a new type of document to replace that previously published under the title“ Suggested Clauses for Incorporation in Contracts of Service €or Chemists ” with a view to meeting criticisms of this earlier document and that this draft would be referred to a meeting of the Joint Committee to be held early in October.The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (10July) which was received and adopted referred inter alia to arrangements for forth- coming lectures (seep. 229);arrangements for the preparation of an up-to-date Register of Fellows and Associates; binding of certain periodicals in the Library; the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV.The Council learnt with satisfaction of the considerable success that had attended the Colloquium held in Dublin in conjunction with the Irish Chemical Association on “Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1947 IV 164),and the Symposium arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Institute at St. Andrews on I‘ Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” (see p. 206). The cordial thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to the Joint Committees that had been responsible for making the detailed arrangements for these two important events. It was generally agreed that the principal papers given at both of these meetings should be published in full if possible as they represented surveys of developments in particular fields and were unlikely to be suitable for publication in an appropriate form by other societies.Further consideration of these proposals was referred to the Publications and Library Committee and the Finance and House Committee. Following a statement by the Secretary on progress being made by the Joint Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians the hope was expressed that it would soon be possible for the Joint Committee to make a publik statement on its work inview of the wide interest that was being taken in the subject (see p. 234). Minutes of a meeting of the British National Committee for Chemistry (16 June) were received. The President reported that he had represented the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society and had presented an Address of Congratulation from the Institute to the Society at the opening ceremony (see p.203). ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Birmingham and Midlands.-The forthcoming session is likely to prove a busy one for in addition to the normal lecture programme the Section is to have the privilege of entertaining the Annual General Meeting of the Institute. This is the first occasion on which this meeting has been held in the provinces and the Section must not prove unworthy of the honour bestowed upon it. The Committee has already drawn up the general plan of arrangements and this will be submitted to the Council in the near future. It is expected that many chemists from different parts of the country will come to Birmingham for the Annual General Meeting and itis hoped that some of them may 1983 enjoy hospitality from local members.Details of the arrangements and the ways in which individual members can help will be communicated in due course. The Section is making a special effort on behalf of the Benevolent Fund the focal point of which is a Dance at the Botanical Gardens Edgbaston on 15 September. Present indications are that a good attendance may be expected. For those unable to be present and wishing to help this good cause Supporters Tickets may be purchased for half-a-crown or a donation may be sent to the Secretary of the Section who will be delighted to acknowledge it. The entire proceeds go to the Fund. The somewhat crowded programme of lectures which resulted from the activities of the Local Sections of the various chemical organisations last year was clearly in need of rationalisation; in consequence it has been agreed that in the forthcoming session lectures in Birmingham shall be on a joint basis under the auspices of the Midland Chemists’ Committee.An attractive programme has been arranged and the lectures will be given at monthly intervals. Next year the Section will be twenty-five years old and the Committee has agreed to celebrate this event in October 1948. The exact form that the celebrations will take cannot be decided as yet but ideas are not by any means lacking. Suggestions from members would be welcome and will be carefully examined. The Section Treasurer Mr.G. H. Edwards has recently resigned because of his removal to London. In accepting Mr. Edwards’ resignation the Committee were deeply appreciative of the good work he has done in this capacity; his quiet efficiency has impressed all his colleagues and the fact that our financial affairs are in good shape is a testimony to his efforts. His fellow committee members have subscribed for a parting gift and signed a scroll of good wishes. The new Treasurer is Mr. D. W. Parkes M.C. Mr. C. W. Yearsley who has been in poor health for some time has also relinquished his position on the Committee. Latest news is that he is leaving hospital having res- ponded to treatment. His pleasant personality will be missed from the Committee who all send their best wishes and hopes that his recovery may be complete.Local Associates wishing to qualify for the Fellowship in Branch E will be glad to know that a Special Course of Lectures and Practical Work has been inaugurated by the Pharmacy and Biology Dept. of the Central Technical College Birmingham. The Course extends over two years and the responsible Lecturer is Mr. A. H. Coombes B.Sc. F.R.I.C. Application to join the Course should be made to Mr. F. R. C. Bateson B.Pharm. Head of the Dept. of Pharmacy and Biology. Hull and District.-4 very enjoyable works visit took place on 7 June when some thirty members and their ladies visited the Flixborough factory of Nitrogen Fertilizers Ltd. After lunch at the Blue Bell Hotel Scunthorpe the party was received at the works by Mr.A. Gillies (Works Manager) who with Messrs. P. W. Owston L. J. Rayner R. C. Bradley and E. H. Harrison conducted the party over the factory. The thanks of the Section were expressed by Mr. L. Balmforth who asked Mr. Gillies to convey to his Directors sincere appreciation of the visit. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry on 23 April. Mr. J. C. Finlay read a paper on “Electronics Applied to Chemistry.” Dr. W. Patterson was in the chair and a vote of thanks was proposed by Professor H. L. Riley. On 14 May at a meeting of the Section held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle-upon-Tyne Mr.H. Thornton delivered a lecture on “The Science of Meat.” This highly informative and entertaining lecture was appreciated greatly by the large audience. The Chairman was Dr. W. Patterson and a vote of thanks proposed by Dr. Vickers was carried in a very hearty manner. A visit by the Section to the works of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at Billing- ham took place on 18 June. A party of 60 members left Newcastle by motor coach and was met by Mr. A. J. Prince. After an introductory talk by Dr. Saunders the party moved off in groups under the leadership of Messrs. J. S. Dunn G. S. Gowing A. J. Prince J. W. R. Rayner H. N. Wilson C. M. Wright A. G. Winn and F. Witt. Each group visited the boiler ammonia sulphate and nitro-chalk plants. Subsequently the party was entertained to refreshments which were token examples of the impact of the modern fertilizer industry upon barley growing and stock rearing.A most hearty vote of thanks to the Directors to Messrs. A. Winn and A. J. Prince who organized the visit and to the guides was moved by Dr. W. S. Patterson. The party arrived back at Newcastle at 10.30 p.m. after a most enjoyable and instructive visit. [ 199 1 Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-A very enjoyable Section meeting on 8 May was held at Doncaster jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the North Lincolnshire Scientific and Technical Society to which members of the Hull Section of the Institute were invited. The party numbering about 100 members and friends were welcomed in the morning at the British Bemberg works and were privileged to see the conversion of raw cotton into artificial silk by the cuprammonium process.At the luncheon which followed in the Mansion House the Mayor and Mayoress gave a civic welcome and Mr. E. J. Vaughan from the Chair expressed the gratitude of members to all concerned in making the arrangements. During the afternoon while most of the ladies visited the Doncaster Racecourse Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. gave a lecture in the Technical College on “X-ray and Related Studies of Man-made Fibres.” About 80 members attended and were subse- quently entertained to tea at the College. The thanks of the meeting were expressed to Professor Astbury with acclamation. On 16 May a Joint Meeting with the Micro-Chemistry Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Sheffield Metallurgical Association was held at the University of Sheffield Western Bank when the following short papers were read:-(a) “The Determination of Carbon Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Aliphatic Nitro Compounds” by A.E. Heron; (a) “A Review of Micro-Methods for the Determination of Oxygen in Organic Compounds,” by C. E. Spooner; (c) “A New Spot Test for the Detection of Sulphites and Sulphur Dioxide” by R. Belcher and C. Ingram; (d) “The Micro-Chemical Analysis of Aluminium-Base Alloys,” by J. Townend and C. Whalley. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Applied Science Depart- ment of the University St. George’s Square Sheffield on 30 May.The minutes of the 1946 Annual General Meeting were read and passed and the Secretary’s and Treasurer’s Reports and Statement of Accounts were presented. As a result of the election of new officers to replace retiring members the constitution of the Committee is now as follows -Chairman Mr. G. E. Speight; Ascending Chairman Mr. G. W. J. Bradley; Descending Chairman Dr. R. A. Mott; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Mr. G. Murfitt; Hon. Auditor Mr. A. H. Dodd; Committee Messrs. G. Lawton B. W. Methley W. J. Rees K. C. Barraclough H. V. Coates E. P. Underwood T. R. Lynam H. A. Fells H. C. Hillary; District Member of Council and ex o@cio Member of Committee Mr. E. J. Vaughan. The new Chairman made it his first duty to express his appreciation and thanks on behalf of the Section to the retiring members and particularly to Dr.R. A. Mott for his untiring and unfailing services. At a later Committee meeting held in June Mr. H. V. Coates was appointed Honorary Recorder for the Section. Cape of Good Hope.-A most enjoyable excursion to the Steenbras Dam and Filtration Plant was held on 1 February 1947. A large number of members of the Cape Section of the Institute of the Cape Chemical and Technological Society and of the South African Chemical Institute attended. Members of the Section were invited to attend two meetings arranged by the South African Chemical Institute. The first was held at the Cape Explosive Works Somerset West on 27 February when Mr. M. Dawes spoke on “Science and the Arts.” The second meeting was held in the Chemistry Department University of Cape Town on 26 March.The speaker on this occasion was Dr. A. Strasheim who lectured on “Trace Elements in Relation to Nutrition.” The 22nd Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the University of Cape Town on 18 April. Eleven members of the Section were present. The following officers and committee were elected for the year 1947-48:-Chairman Mr. A. L. Abbott; Hon. Secretary Dr. Helen M. Schwartz; Hon. Treasurer Dr. R. G. Shuttleworth; Com- mittee Professor W. Pugh Col. J. G. Rose and Dr. F. Sebba; Hon. Auditors Mr. H. W. Schirach and Mr. W. H. Seath. After the conclusion of the formal business the retiring Chairman Dr. A. H. Spong gave an address entitled “Some Remarks on the Education and Training of the Chemist.” New Zealand .-The New Zealand Section participated in the Sixth Science Congress of the Royal Society of New Zealand held at Wellington from 20 to 23 May 1947.Mr. W. A. Joiner and Professor F. G. Soper were among the Vice-presidents of the Congress and were Joint Chairmen of Section B-Chemical Sciences which constituted the Annual Combined Conference of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Mr. W. G. Hughson was Secretary of Section B and a member of the Congress Executive Committee and the Accommoda- tion Committee and Dr. J. K. Dixon acted as Publicity Officer to the Congress. [ 200 1 Professor F. G. Soper delivered the Presidential Address to the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry on 20 May his subject being “The Chemistry of Wool.” Other members who gave lectures to Section B included Dr.S. N. Slater on “The Structure of Proteins,” Dr. R. 0. Page on “Sampling and Statistical Methods in the Leather Industry,’’ Mr. R. V. Peryman on “Statistical Method Applied in the Woollen Industry,” Mr. G. J. Hunter and Dr. H. R. Whitehead on “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Bacteriological Media,” Dr. H. 0.Askew on “The Use of Radioactive Tracer Elements in Biochemistry” and “Modern Views on Root Actions of Plants,” Dr. E. B. Davies on “Comparison of Methods of determining Manurial Requirements of Soils,” Mr. S. E. Wright on “The 2 2 Dimethylchromene Derivatives in Volatile Oils,” and Mr. N.H. Law on “Application of Microchemical Methods to some Industrial Problems.” LECTURE SUMMARY COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY IN AMERICA BY H. BAINES,DSc. F.R.I.C. [Manchester and District Section 17 April 1947.1 Colour photographic materials available in America are all applications of the sub-tractive process and with the exception of processes in use in the cine industry and some amateur processes of paper print production are of the monopack type. Essentially they consist of four coatings superimposed on film support though in practice this minimum number is often exceeded. In the order in which light encounters them they are respectively a blue sensitive emulsion layer a yellow filter layer a highly ortho- chromatic emulsion which owing to the absorption of blue light by the yellow filter layer registers only the green components of a view a panchromatic emulsion of high red and negligible green sensitivity which for the same reason registers in the red only and finally the film support.The three sensitive layers must in the final positive absorb the requisite amount of blue green and red components respectively and hence must be printed finally in blue green and red-absorbing dyes i.e. in yellow magenta and cyan (blue-green) respectively. The colours are produced by “colour development.” When P-phenylene diamine or more usually its N-diethyl derivative is used as a developing agent its oxidation product is capable of combining with couplers containing an active methylene group to give azo dyes the colour of which depends on the choice of coupler.The coupler may be introduced into the appropriate emulsion layer or may be intro- duced in the developer. The material may be developed to give a negative which printed on to a similar material on a reflecting or transmitting support will give a colour print or colour transparency on the other hand the material may be processed by reversal to give a direct positive transparency which may be printed by reversal to give a colour print on paper. Again masking methods are now employed which com- pensate for deviations from the ideal in the transmission of the dyes produced. The processes available represent numerous combinations of these possible variables. The most widely used colour film in America is the “Kodachrome” film which is processed by reversal to give a transparency the couplers being introduced in the appropriate developers during processing.It may be printed on to a similar material coated on white opaque film base to give enlargements which are available as “Mini- color” prints or by a more elaborate masking technique to give prints of high fidelity which are marketed as “Kotavachrome” prints. The separate processing of the three adjacent sensitive layers necessitates costly and elaborate continuous processing plant consequently “Kodachrome” film is limited to miniature (35 mm.) and substandard cine (16 mm. and 8 mm.) sizes. The introduction of couplers into the appropriate emulsion layers presents many serious difficulties perhaps the most important being the tendency of couplers to wander into adjacent layers.In the recently introduced “Kodacolor” film this difficulty is overcome by dissolving the couplers in an organic solvent immiscible with water and introducing them into the appropriate emulsions in a highly dispersed phase. The film is processed merely by colour development fixation and removal of image silver and yellow filter dye. This gives a negative image (in complementary colours) which is printed on to a similar material coated on paper to give positive paper colour prints. The film is marketed in all standard roll film sizes the user exposes it exactly as black and white film sends it away for processing and receives colour prints. A reversal form of the “Kodacolor” technique is available as “Ektachrome” film for home processing.The latest improvement in negative-positive colour processes is the introduction of an ingenious integral masking system using coloured couplers. The necessity of masking for high fidelity colour reproduction arises from the fact that perfect results could be obtained only if the three subtractive dyes of the image each absorbed one of the primary colours and was completely transparent to the other two. In practice such dyes are unknown; yellow dyes in general come closest to this ideal magentas absorb some blue as well as green and cyan dyes are the worst absorbing blue and green as well as red. This unwanted absorption in green and blue adversely affects colour rendering by degrading greens and blues relative to reds.In the coloured coupler process couplers are used which are themselves not colour- less but which absorb the colours that the final image dyes absorb undesirably. The undesirable absorption in the final image is then uniform since it is present both where dye image is formed and where the coupler is unreacted instead of being imagewise as in unmasked colour film. The negative is consequently equivalent to one made with perfect dyes but with a uniform pink stain corresponding to the colour of the couplers. The negative stain is compensated for in printing the positive by adjustment of printing conditions e.g. by the colour of the printing light. Finally a new printing process for the amateur has been announced in the States which is an improvement on the Wash-off Relief process.The new technique is known as the Dye Transfer process. Three separation negatives are made from a colour transparency and prints are made therefrom on to film coated with an unhardened emulsion exposing through the back. The positives are developed in a tanning developer and washed in hot water leaving a relief positive corresponding to each of the three records. These “matrices” are first dried and then soaked in the appropriate yellow magenta or cyan dye. Excess dye is washed off and the matrices squeegeed in turn in register on to a piece of prepared mordanted paper. Although recent years have seen a number of new colour processes launched the science is only in its infancy and in the course of a decade or so we shall probably be looking back at our present cumbersome attempts with the same amused indulgence as that with which we now regard the wet plate process.1947 A FESTIVAL YEAR FOR CHEMISTRY The year 1947 will be remembered by chemists as one of festival for their science. In it fell the celebration of the Centenary of the Chemical Society-postponed from 1941- the Fourteenth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry and the concurrent Eleventh International Congress of Pure and Applied chemistry all of which were held in London in the latter half of July. Delegates and other visitors from nearly thirty different countries came to pay homage to the oldest chemical society in the world and to make their contribution to the re-establishment of international relations among chemists that had been largely suspended since the outbreak of war nearly eight years ago.A number of overseas visitors remained to participate in the first full-scale post-war anniversary meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry held in London at the end of July while some had arrived in Britain early enough to attend the Symposium arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at St. Andrews early in July (see p. 206). Two other events of interest to chemists were the Colloquium held in Dublin in June under the joint auspices of the Local Section of the Institute and the Irish Chemical Association (JOURNAL 1947, AND PROCEEDINGS IV 164) and the resumption of the normal activities of the British Association for the Advancement of Science by holding a meeting at the end of August in Dundee.Its members had assembled there at a similar date in 1939 but had been obliged to abandon their deliberations on the eve of the outbreak of war. Doubts had been expressed as to the wisdom of organising events of international importance in Britain until the transition from war to peace-time conditions was complete but those responsible for the arrangements had to make up their minds over a year in advance and we may be grateful to them for having taken an optimistic view of the prospects of national recovery. In the light of subsequent developments it may well be that our visitors from overseas have gone away with an unwarrantedly high opinion of our success in overcoming material shortages; almost certainly they have false ideas about what an average English summer is like; but we believe that they have no illusions as to the warmth of their welcome and the satisfaction that British chemists felt in being enabled to act as hosts at these first post-war international gatherings.At the opening ceremony of the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society in the Central Hall Westminster on 15 July delegates representing overseas societies [ 202 1 in the colourful splendour of academic dress entered in procession. Their congratula- tions to the Society were expressed by Professor Raymond Delaby President of the Chemical Society of France and each then presented a written address to the President of the Chemical Society Professor C.N. HINSHELWOOD. The President of the Royal Society Sir Robert Robinson greeted the Society on behalf of sister societies in the United Kingdom and his speech was similarly followed by the presentation of written addresses from these societies. The address of congratulation from the Royal Institute of Chemistry was presented by the President Mr. G. Roche Lynch. Following a luncheon given by His Majesty’s Government in honour of the overseas delegates Professor Hinshelwood delivered the Centenary Address which for its substance and presentation will always remain in the memory of those who heard it and will be recognised by future generations of chemists who read it as a magnificent oration on a great occasion. At the Centenary Dinner in the evening the toast of “The Centenary of the Chemical Society” was proposed by the Prime Minister the Right Hon.C. R. Attlee who at the close of the formal proceedings gave much pleasure to those for whom places could not be found at the dinner by proceeding with the President to a neighbouring hotel where a supper and dance were being held and saying a few words. On the following day works visits and special lectures were followed in the afternoon by the delivery of the Eighteenth Faraday Lecture of the Chemical Society on “The Development of Electrochemical Theories of the Course of Reactions of Carbon Compounds,” by Sir Robert Robinson. The Faraday Medal was presented by the President and the name of Robert Robinson was thus added to the list of Faraday Medallists which began with Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas in 1869 and had so far included only two of British nationality- John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh (1895), and Lord Rutherford of Nelson (1936).In the evening the University of London conferred Honorary Degrees of Doctor of Science honovis causa on Professor J. N. Bronsted Professor C. N. Hinshelwood Professor P. Karrer and Professor L. C. Pauling. The Chancellor of the University the Earl of Athlone officiated at this Graduation Ceremony and took the chair at the dinner subsequently held in honour of the Chemical Society. The day ended with a Reception given by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at which the guests were received by Lord McGowan Chairman of the Company. On 17 July the Centenary Celebrations of the Chemical Society concluded with a Garden Party at Lancaster House St.James’s by invitation of His Majesty’s Govern- ment where guests were received by the Lord President of the Council (the Right Hon. Herbert Morrison) a Reception at the Royal Institution at which Lord Rayleigh the President of the Institution acted as host and an evening Reception by the Royal Society where guests were received by Sir Robert Robinson and were able to visit the Rooms of the Royal Academy the Chemical Society the Geological Society and the Linnean Society as well as of the Royal Society itself. Torrential rain made com- munication between these various parts of the Burlington House quadrangle somewhat hazardous and rendered the departure of the guests something in the nature of a “combined operation,” but the enthusiasm of those who participated in this concluding ceremony was not appreciably damped.These last three events also formed part of the programme of the Eleventh Inter- national Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry which had been officially opened on the morning of 17 July at the Central Hall Westminster by the President of the Congress the Right Hon. the VISCOUNT This ceremony which was LEVERHULME. attended by a large audience of delegates and members was followed immediately by the official opening of the Fourteenth Conference of the International Union of Chemistry by the President Professor MARSTONT. BOGERT (U.S.A.). The relationship of these two events may require some explanation.The International Union of Chemistry in common with the corresponding Unions of other sciences is a body which maintains continuity of existence through a permanent Council. A Conference of the Union is summoned whenever necessary and among its functions is to decide when and where the next International Congress is to be held. It is open to any country affiliated to the Union to offer hospility for a meeting of the Congress; when once such an offer has been accepted the task of organising the Congress becomes the responsibility of the host nation. A Conference of the International Union is always held however at the same time and place as the Congress and this affords an opportunity for meetings of the various Commissions of experts set up by the Union to seek and report on inter- national agreement on such subjects as atomic weights physico-chemical constants nomenclature and symbols.Meetings of these Commissions were held at various times throughout the period of the Congress in London and reports were submitted to a meeting of the Council of the Union on 23 July. Close co-ordination of the executive business of the Congress and the Conference was ensured on this occasion through c 203 3 Dr. L. H. Lampitt the Hon. Treasurer of the International Union being also the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress. The scientific work of the Congress was organised in fourteen Sections devoted respectively to:-Inorganic and Geo-Chemistry; Physical Chemistry; Organic Chemistry; Biochemistry; Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinary Science; Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; Chemistry in relation to Elastomers Plastics Glass and Ceramics; Chemistry in relation to Metals; Chemical Engineering; Chemistry in relation to Essential Oils Flavouring Materials and Cosmetics.Most of these Sections met in the mornings of 18 19 21 22 and 23 July and some 1,500 papers covering almost every aspect of pure and applied chemistry were presented. When the subject of particular sessions de- manded it Sections met jointly.In addition special Congress Lectures were delivered as follows :-“Molecular Structure and Biological Specificity,” by Professor L. Pauling; “The Part of Chemistry in the New Therapeutics,” by Sir Henry Dale; “Some Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry,” by Professor P. Karrer; “Some Recent Develop- ments in Electrophotesis,” by Professor A. Tiselius; “Le Carbure de Calcium et ses PropriMs Reductrices,” by Professor L. Hackspill; “Simplex non Veri Sigillum,” by Professor B. C. P. Jansen. At the closing session of the Congress an address was given by Sir Robert Robinson. The varied interests of the members of the Congress-over 2,000-were catered for by numerous visits to research establishments industrial laboratories and factories ; by tours to Oxford Cambridge and various centres of interest in London and the Home Counties including the bombed areas of London the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley Hampton Court Palace Windsor and Canterbury; by a visit to the Adelphi Theatre to see “Bless the Bride,” and to a specially arranged concert by the Jacques String Orchestra with Leon Goossens as solo oboist; by visits to the European Service Studios of the B.B.C.the Royal Mews and a display by the National Fire Service. For the ladies there were also a special tour to Arundel a fashion display and several shopping expeditions. In addition to the above-mentioned Receptions on 17 July held jointly for the Chemical Society and the Congress members of the Congress were received by the President (Lord Leverhulme) and the Lord Mayor of London at the Guildhall on 21 July and groups of members were entertained at luncheon parties given by the Society of Chemical Industry the W‘orship- ful Company of Salters and Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.; at tea parties arranged by the Society for Visiting Scientists the Royal Institution (Mrs. E. K. Rideal) the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee (Sir John Anderson at the Houses of Parlia- ment) and the English Speaking Union (Sir John Anderson); and to dinner by Lord Leverhulme at Apothecaries’ Hall. At a Reception given at Grosvenor House by the Royal Institute of Chemistry to Officers and Overseas Members of the Congress on 22 July the company received by the President Mr.G. Roche Lynch and his daughter Miss Bridget Roche Lynch numbered over 700 of whom about half were members of the Institute and their ladies. The proceedings opened with a display by the English Folk Dance and Song Society arranged by the kindness of the Director Mr. D. N. Kennedy erstwhile Lecturer in Botany at Imperial College. In his commentary Mr. Kennedy referred not only to the evolution of modern dances from the traditional forms but also to the relations of the latter with folk dances in other countries. The display was thus of interest to overseas visitors and members of the Institute alike and the participation of Mr. P. G. Scholefield a member of the Congress with pipe and tabor was particularly appreciated. After refreshments had been served at tables around the room-the provision of seats for all was welcomed by members of the Congress after their previous experience of stand-up buffets-dancing became general and continued until 11.45 p.m.At the Congress Dinner held on 19 July the chair was taken by the President Lord Leverhulme and the Prime Minister the Right Hon. C. R. Attlee was the principal guest. A buffet Dance had been arranged at a neighbouring hotel for those who could not be accommodated at the Dinner and Mr. Attlee again showed the kind consideration exhibited at the Centenary Dinner by accompanying the President to the “other place” and saying a few words of greeting. On 23 July the conclusion of the technical sessions of the Congress was marked by the holding of a Gala Dinner and Dance which again through limitations of accommodation had to be spread over two hotels.The Centenary of the Chemical Society and an International Chemical Congress in London are events of great historical significance for chemistry. To commemorate the fact that the decision to form the Chemical Society of London was taken by 25 gentlemen at a meeting on 23 February 1841 in the rooms of the Royal Society of [ 204 1 Arts that Society had arranged a meeting in February 1947 when Sir Harold Hartley surveyed the century of chemistry that had passed since that event. The Chemical Society itself has published two commemorative volumes-“The History of the Chemical Society,” by T. S. Moore and (the late) J. C. Philip and “British Chemists,” edited by Alexander Findlay and W.H. Mills. Moreover in collaboration with the Congress an Exhibition “100 Years of British Chemistry,” has been arranged at the Science Museum and will be open to the public until 30 September. At the opening of this Exhibition by the President of the Chemical Society on 14 July the Minister of Education the Right Hon. George Tomlinson presided. The historical section was organised by a joint committee of the Society and the Congress and a modern section dealing with the impact of science on our daily life by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; there is also a display of modern chemical literature. The holding of international chemical congresses has not such a long history for although one was held on KekulB’s suggestion at Karlsruhe in 1860 the first of the present series took place at Brussels in 1894.Only one has previously been held in London (in 1909); the last was in Rome in 1938. It may be hoped that the normal interval of four years broken by the war may be maintained in the future. A few days after the conclusion of the Congress the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry began in London under the Presidency of Dr. L. H. LAMPITT and occupied the period 28-31 July inclusive. Among the special events were the President’s Address entitled “Commentary Ourselves and World Chemistry,” the presentation of the Society’s Medal to Dr. R. T. Colgate and his Medallist Address entitled “Stocktaking,” the Jubilee Memorial Lecture on “Values” by Mr.F. J. Curtis and the Castner Memorial Lecture “Castner and his Work,” by Dr. A. Fleck. Scientific Meetings were organised by the various Groups of the Society. The Annual General Meeting of the Society was held on 29 July and the Annual Dinner on the following day. At the first post-war meeting of The British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Dundee from 27 August to 3 September under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale the President of the Chemistry Section was Dr. J. L. SIMONSEN, who took as the subject of his Presidential Address “Science and the Colonies.” The programme of the Section comprised the following discussions :-I ‘Irfsecticides” (jointly with Zoology and Agriculture) ; “.Penicillin and other Antibiotics” (jointly with Physiology and Botany); “Chemical Resources and Industries of Scotland”; “The Use of Tracer Elements in Chemistry and Biology” (jointly with Physiology).The Freedom of the City of Dundee was conferred on Sir Henry Dale and the Lord Provost and Magistrates entertained members of the Association at a Reception in the Caird Hall on 28 August. A number of visits and excursions were arranged by the Association and the Sections. The Chemistry Section visited the University of St. Andrews on 1 September at the invitation of Principal Sir James Irvine and heard a lecture and were conducted over the laboratories by Professor John Read. A Dinner of the Section was held on 1 September, exactly eight years after the previous Section Dinner in 1939 when it had been decided to abandon the meeting of the Association owing to the imminence of war.The general theme of the British Association Meeting “Swords into Ploughshares,” might be taken as the keynote of all the conferences and meetings in which chemists have participated in this summer of 1947. To everyone there has been satisfaction in resum- ing contacts with fellow chemists at home as well as abroad and in taking stock of the advances made in their science during the war years with a view to seeing how this progress can be turned to the advantage of mankind at peace. The task of organising these meetings has been by no means easy and has required-and received-the willing co-operation of many who have guided and taken part in the work of the numerous organising committees.It would be invidious to attempt to select for special mention the names of the busy men and women who have given their services so generously in this way. Reference may be made however to the executive officers of the bodies concerned on whom naturally fell the burden of making the detailed arrangements to Dr. D. C. Martin and Mr. L. R. Batten successive General Secretaries of the Chemical Society to Mr. A. R. Ruck-Keene appointed by the Chemical Society to deal exclusively with Celebration affairs to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry and Hon. Organiser of the International Congress and to Mr. D. N. Lowe Secretary of the British Association. To these five all new in their respective posts the success of the 1947 festival of chemistry has been largely due.NOTES PERSONAL Professor A. Chibnall F.R.S. Fellow has been appointed a member of the Agri- cultural Research Council. Mr. H. W. Cremer Fellow was elected President of the Institution of Chemical Engineers at the Annual Corporate Meeting on 10 April. Dr. E. R. H. Jones Fellow Reader in Organic Chemistry at Imperial College London has been appointed Sir Samuel Hall Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Laboratories University of Manchester. Dr. Sadgopal Fellow late Managing and Technical Director of the Hindusthan Aromatics Co. Naini-Allahabad has been appointed Professor of Oil and Soap Tech- nology in the Department of Industrial Chemistry College of Technology Benares Hindu University.Dr. Harold Burton Fellow senior lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Leeds has been appointed by the University of London to the University chair of Chemistry tenable at King’s College of Household and Social Science. Dr. Thomas Barr Fellow has been appointed Director of Research to the newly- formed British Hat and Allied Feltmakers Research Association. Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson Fellow has accepted the presidency of an International Commission to be inaugurated under the auspices of the International Union of Chem- istry to report on ciphering and its related subjects. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary has been appointed to succeed Professor A. Findlay Past President as President of the Commission of the International Union of Chemistry on Physico-Chemical Symbols and Co-ordination of Scientific Terminology.Mr. E. Wheleer M.B.E. Fellow retired on 31 May 1947 from the post of Assistant Director in the Armament Production Department Ministry of Supply. He is now acting in a consultative and advisory capacity to the Ministry. Dr. H. N. Rydon Fellow has been appointed to the University Readership in Organic Chemistry tenable at Birkbeck College London. Dr. R. Long Associate has been appointed Lecturer in Fuel in the Chemical Engineer- ing Department of the University of Birmingham. Mr. Keith McLaren Associate has been awarded the Donald Burton Prize for 1947 of the International Society of Leather Trade; Chemists for his paper entitled “In- vestigations into the Degreasing of Sheepskins.Dr. K. R. Hill Associate of the Department of Pathology King’s College Medical School University of Durham Newcastle upon Tyne has been awarded a Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship in Medicine tenable at the John Hopkins Hospital Baltimore. SYMPOSIUM ON COAL PETROLEUM ANDTHEIR NEWER DERIVATIVES HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS 7-12 JULY 1947 The St. Andrews Symposium was arranged by the Scottish Sections of the Royal Institute of Chemistry as a refresher course which would bring the chemist up to date in the various advances that have been made in a very important branch of heavy organic chemistry. The subject is one of very general interest at the present time and lectures were arranged as far as possible in a logical sequence with appropriate chairmen.There was a very large response to this symposium and in all 160 people registered for the course of lectures. Whilst most of the members were British there were also representatives from France Belgium Holland United States Turkey Iran Sweden and Denmark. The lectures were very well attended and it was gratifying to find that the numbers did not diminish as the week went on despite the many comter- attractions in the interesting old city with its world-famous golf courses and the many facilities it provided for bathing. tennis and so on. The Principal of the University Sir James Irvine C.B.E. LL.D. D.C.L. D.L. F.R.S. who was introduced by Dr. Traill Convener of the Symposium opened the proceedings. In the course of his speech he pointed out that chemists had rather passed out of public notice; they had been somewhat overshadowed by their friendly rivals the physicists.Every man in the street knew something about the modern idea of the atom but we were still very far from having a true public appreciation of what the chemist did or of the fact that the chemist’s work in this world was by no means finished. It was really only beginning. The future of the world the future of civilisa- tion and our powers of existence on that plane of civilisation to which we aspired would only be possible from the fruits of the work carried out by chemists. c 206 1 The first part of the Symposium dealt with Coal and Oil Resources and was held under the Chairmanship of Mr.Augustus Carlow who until recently played a very important part in the Scottish coal industry as Chairman of the Fife Coal Company. He drew attention to the fact that in this period when we are passing from war condi- tions into peaceful development there are great opportunities to make use of synthetic processes. He dealt with coal and oil resources and the British coal reserves partic- ularly the coalfields of Great Britain which in view of the quality and quantity of the coal could be relied on to justify long-term planning. The following lectures were delivered :-“The Production of Petroleum by Synthetic Methods,” Major Kenneth Gordon; “Coal Shale and Petroleum as a Source of Chemical Products,” Professor W. M. Cumming O.B.E. ; “Modern Coal Gasification Develop- ments,” Dr.D. T. A. Townend; “Hydroelectric Power in Scotland,” Mr. A. E. McColl; “Fischer-Tropsch Process as a Source of Synthetic Products,” Dr. C. C. Hall; “Chemicals from Petroleum,” Dr. Gustav Egloff. The second part dealing with Chemical Syntheses was under the chairmanship of Professor John Read F.R.S. of St. Andrews University who reviewed the historical development of organic synthesis and envisaged the possibility of replacing a large range of natural materials and supplementing and improving them by synthetic organic materials. The lectures were as follows:-“Acetylene Chemistry,’’ Professor E. R. H. Joneqi “Vinyl Compounds,” Mr. J. H. Brown; “Nylon and Other Fibre-forming Polymers Dr. R. Hill; “Polythene,” Dr. J. C. Swallow.The third part the physical chemistry side of the problem was under the chairman- ship of Professor W. F. K. Wynne- Jones who pointed out that the Symposium repre- sented the progress of the whole of chemistry starting with the raw materials-coal and oil-and proceeding through chemical synthesis to consideration of the size and shape of molecules. He pointed out that this latter aspect could be as important as chemical composition. The lectures were as follows:-“Polymerisation,” Professor M. G. Evans; “Molecular Weight Determinations,” Dr. Per-Olof Kinell; “The Energetic Properties of Hydro-carbon Mixtures,” Professor J. N. Bronsted; “The Evolution and Physical Interpreta- tion of Synthetic Fibres,” Professor W. T. Astbury F.R.S. On Friday Principal Sir James Irvine again took the chair and a general discussion followed.Throughout the week the time left for discussion was too short and the Friday presented an opportunity when various matters could be brought forward. In opening the discussion Professor J. W. Cook gave an interesting survey of the sub- jects covered during the week. He recalled that Professor Wynne- Jones had observed that the subject under discussion was of such a character as not merely to have been concerned with new methods of utilisation of coal and oil resources but to have in fact resulted in a conspectus of recent progress over the whole range of modern chemistry. Many other speakers took part in the discussion and it is hoped that a full report of their remarks and the papers delivered at the Symposium will be available in the near future.It was generally agreed that the Symposium had been a great success and the Com- mittee are very grateful to the various lecturers who collaborated to give such an inform- ative and well-designed programme. The University is most fortunate in having a number of very fine residences for men and women students. These are pleasing in architecture and are very well furnished and equipped. Most of those attending the Symposium were housed in these residences by kind arrangement with the University authorities. This enabled the Committee to overcome a frequent criticism of scientific conferences namely that the men go off and leave their wives behind. The Symposium was arranged so that wives also could come and they had a very enjoyable time.On Sunday evening before the Symposium began the members had a very appro- priate introduction to St. Andrews by Professor John Read who lectured on “Historic St. Andrews.” Professor Read as well as being a distinguished scientist is well known for his contributions to the literature on the history of chemistry and alchemy and is a man of catholic tastes and wide culture. He gave a very able and fascinating lecture which was succeeded by tours during the week conducted by other members of the University staff. St. Andrews with its University founded in 1411 is one of the most historic cities in the country. Tours were also arranged to Falkland Palace with its grim history and its decidedly French aspect.A bus tour was also arranged round the Fife coast through the pretty villages with their red-roofed houses and old churches in the fertile “Kingdom of Fife.” Amongst the social events were a Reception and a Dinner; both were greatly enjoyed. The Reception was given in the Younger Hall by the Town Council and representatives of the University and the Dinner was held under the Chairmanship of [ 207 1 Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. After the Loyal Toast proposed by the Chairman Dr. Gustav Egloff proposed “The Royal Institute of Chemistry,” to which Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-President replied. “The University of St. Andrews” was proposed by Major F. A. Freeth F.R.S. and Professor John Read F.R.S. responded. Professor F. Challenger gave “The City of St.Andrews,” to which Police Judge Imrie replied. A golf match was held on the Wednesday between two teams representing different residences. On the Friday afternoon a visit was made to Comrie Colliery by permission of the National Coal Board. The way to Comrie lay through Milnathort and Dunfermline. The party was received by the Colliery Manager and having donned protective clothing and been provided with helmets and lamps went underground to the first level. The colliery immediately impressed by its cleanliness and the fine arrangement of brick- lined haulage ways. A journey by train led to the working face of a new roadway which was being cleared after the blast of the previous shift. The American loader was seen working and in such roomy quarters was obviously a highly efficient machine.On the way back to the main shaft the weighbridge and pump room were inspected. Back on the surface the party were given facilities for washing (scarcely needed owing to thecleanliness of the roadways and the efficiency of the ventilation) and were provided with a welcome tea. Major Freeth expressed the thanks of the party to the ColIiery Manager and the National Coal Board Agent and the former suitably replied. The Committee would like to thank Sir James Irvine and his staff for the able help so generously given which contributed greatly to the success of the week. The Symposium was organised by the following Joint Committee from the Scottish Sections of the Institute Dr. David Trail1 (Chairman) Professor J. W.Cook F.R.S. Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Dr. E. G. V. Percival Dr. J. Dewar (co-opted member) Mr. W. J. Skilling (co-opted member) Mr. A. R. Jamieson (Hon. Secretary). MISCELLANEOUS The Third Report from the Select Committee on Estimates for the Parliamentary Session 1946-47 has been published and copies can be obtained from H.M. Stationery Office price Is. 6d. It is devoted entirely to expenditure on research and development and deals interestingly and at length with the scientific and research activities of the various Government Departments and with research in the British Commonwealth and in the Universities. Among the points of interest to chemists covered in the conclusions and recom- mendations are:- The appointment of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy and the Defence Research Policy Committee is welcomed.The administrative organisation of scientific research is far from simple. There are undoubted possibilities of overlapping and waste of effort and to mitigate these dangers there is need of a first-class system of liaison at all levels and the freest interchange of information not only on results but on projects. It is still too early to decide what is the ideal Government organisation for research and the machinery for fostering scientific effort must remain for many years in a state of active development. The Government’s policy is to foster and to conduct research on a wide front. Much money has in the past been wasted and can still be wasted by undertaking applied researches without securing that sufficient provision has been made for research into fundamental principles a knowledge of which is essential if successful and economic techniques for solving practical problems are to be worked out.The community might be saved large monetary losses if more were done to encourage appropriate investiga- tions. Much of the good that the application of scientific knowledge and method can confer upon the community may be endangered by expectations of greater and more rapid results than can possibly be justified and by overstressing advances that have caught the popular imagination. Pure research is seldom a proper field for direct Government expenditure but it is a proper field for indirect Government support (through the medium of block grants to universities research institutes and even individuals) because it is upon the corpus of knowledge so gained that further research directed to meeting the needs of public administration if it is to be effective must be based.The present total figure of Government expenditure on research is about L76.5 millions of which industrial and defence research account for just under 86 per cent. Of this defence requirements account for about 65 per cent. It is for consideration whether the proportion spent on defence research represents an equitable distribution between civil and military needs. [ 208 3 Lack of money is not the difficulty that is holding up the pursuit of profitable new lines of research at the present time; the principal needs are for men and accommodation.Shortage of accommodation and difficulties in erecting new buildings are hampering the universities which must remain the main source from which the Government service and industry can draw fully-trained scientists and the provision of sufficient staff and accommodation for teaching and for the conduct of fundamental research would seem to be the foundation upon which the Government research programme must rest. The new salary scales for the Government Scientific Service mark a definite advance but elasticity is needed in the grading and pay of scientific workers. Responsible officers should be freed as far as practicable from over-detailed or haras- sing external financial control. There should be an immediate independent enquiry into the organisation of the work on the development of atomic energy.There is insufficient provision for the identification of scientific problems in day-to- day administration. The Service Departments have scientific advisers of distinction. Similar advisers should be appointed in all executive departments where contacts with scientific work and ideas could be useful these advisers should remain in close touch with those responsible for major decisions on policy. On the agricultural side the Committee is much concerned at the continued incidence of several diseases which take a heavy toll of farm animals. There should be more flexibility in connection with Colonial research expenditure and formal contact should be established between the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy and the Colonial Research Committee.There is need for better planning and co-ordination of scientific work throughout the Commonwealth. The need for increased scientific staff is emphasised and several recommendations are made in this connection. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (June-August 1947) Atomic Energy Plant.-On 23 July THE MINISTER OF SUPPLY, MR. JOHN WILMOT On 29 January last year the Prime Minister announced the setting up of an organisation to be responsible for the provision of fissile material. It has since been announced that the first stage of this process the production of pure uranium from pitch-blende concentrates will be carried out at the Ministry of Supply factory at Springfields near Preston.Consideration has been given to the location of the second stage of the process the production in a chain-reacting pile of fissile material from the uranium produced at Springfields. In addition to purely technical considerations it was neces- sary in order to save much time to find a prepared site with services already developed and if possible in reasonable proximity to Springfields. At one stage it was thought that these requirements could only be met by the use of the former explosives factory at Drigg in West Cumberland. When it was learned that His Majesty’s Government were considering the construc- tion of an atomic energy plant at Drigg Courtaulds Limited who were proceeding with a project for a new rayon factory on the site of the Royal Ordnance Factory at Sellafield a few miles north of Drigg informed His Majesty’s Government that it seemed unlikely to them that there would be sufficient constructional and operational labour for both schemes.His Majesty’s Government concurred in this view. This made it possible to consider the Sellafield site as an alternative to Drigg for the atomic energy project. Sellafield has proved to be technically more suitable and in addition has the advantage that its use for industrial purposes is consistent with planning proposals for the area and in particular with the proposals for a Lake District National Park which will inclu.de part of the coast line and that it will permit re-examination of the scheme for raising the level of Ennerdale Water. The atomic energy project will therefore be located at Sellafield.Building and engineering work will begin in the near future and will employ a considerable number of men for some time to come. For the time being there will be no change in the present use of the Royal Ordnance Factory at Drigg. Colonial Research Services (Candidates).-On 9 June in reply to a question by Sir E. Graham-Little THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES,MR. CREECH JONES I am aware that it has taken much time to settle the conditions and terms of service of the proposed Colonial Research Services but that has been due largely to the [ 209 1 very novel problems raised by the attempt to fit officers in an exceptional position into the established practices of the public services.I cannot accept the suggestion that a large number of officers have received promises of appointment from a responsible authority and have then been kept waiting indefinitely for their actual appointment. Fuel Efficiency.-On 3 July Mr. Sharp asked how many members of the staff of the Ministry of Fuel and Power were employed full-time in devising or advising and assisting in the application of methods for the more efficient use of fuel . . . . THE MINISTEROF FUELAND POWER MR. SHINWELL The total number of staff engaged full-time on this work is 173 including 79 engineers and 25 stoker demonstrators. During the last twelve months this staff has helped industrial undertakings to maintain or increase production with reduced or down-graded supplies of fuel.In this period the Ministry’s engineers and the members of Regional Fuel Efficiency Committees who give them valuable assistance in a part-time capacity have visited 12,700 individual firms ;the stoker demonstrators have given numerous demonstrations to boiler-house personnel on the firing floor. Consumers have also been advised in connection with the design or extension of factories. In addition assistance has been given in the conversion from coal to oil where this is being carried out. . . . Industrial Organisation Bill.-During the debate in the House of Lords on 2 July, LORD CHORLEY (speaking for the Government) We all know that in a number of industries very valuable work has been done in the past and is now being done by exist- ing organisations trade organisations research institutes and other bodies of that type.I am very glad to be able to assure the noble Lord [Lord Chenvell] that the development councils will not duplicate work which is already being satisfactorily done by such existing industrial research organisations as I think the noble Lord has particularly in mind. It is my right honourable Friend’s intention that the development councils shall in fact work through and in very close co-operation with existing research institutions of this kind. They may and I have no doubt in a number of cases will be able to give them backing of a very valuable character both financially and morally. If I may just take the instance of the Cotton Board. The Cotton Board of course has been in existence now for a period of something like seven years.It has never made any sort of attempt to interfere with the valuable activities of the Shirley Institute and has given it from time to time financial and moral support. It is intended that the develop- ment councils shall co-operate in the same sort of way. I trust the noble Lord will be satisfied with these assurances. Lord Chenvell I thank the Minister for his assurance. It will give a great deal of satisfaction to many people. Ministry of Supply (Scientific Activities).-In the course of the debate on the Ministry of Supply on 24 July THE MINISTER OF SUPPLY MR. WILMOT referring to atomic energy research and development I am very glad to be able to say . . . that the work which was set going so recently at the research station at Harwell is making very good progress indeed.The first experimental pile will be in operation later this year and we hope in time to build up there a university of nuclear physics second to none in the world. The adaptation of the Springfields factory to the production of pure uranium from pitch-blende is proceeding smoothly and as announced yesterday [see above] work is about to begin at Sellafield in West Cumberland on the pile which will carry the process to the next stage. In connection with the announcement that I made yesterday I wish to pay a tribute to the great firm of Courtaulds whose plans have been upset by this national need . . . .[and] to say how much the Government appreciate their co-operation. . . . Harwell is a general research establishment and such plant as it has is of an experimental nature of pilot size.The new plant to be erected at Sellafield will be a production unit producing fissile material for use in atomic energy development generally. . . . Referring to the diverse functions of the Ministry MR. WILMOT said . . . The most important side of the Ministry’s work . . . is research and development. . . . The Ministry of Supply has brought together a remarkable scientific organisation . . . the largest . . . in the country Government or private. . . . I think it is clear from the experience of the wa,r . . . that it is necessary that there should be not a one-way but a two-way flow of ideas in research and development between the Services and scientists outside the Services; thus the work is of benefit not only to the Services but to industry and to the community at large.Especially is that true in aeronautics and atomic energy developments in both of which fields may have the most profound effect upon industrial affairs of the future. . . . The research and development work of the Ministry is however not confined to its own establishments. Other Government Departments such as the Admiralty [ 2101 and the D.S.I.R. greatly assist us in our work as do the universities which carry on special tasks at the request and at the cost of the Ministry to a very large extent and the industries themselves do an immense amount of development and research work under contracts from the Ministry of Supply.. . . We have also encouraged the scientific instrument industry which made very good progress during the war. Its labour force has increased from 32,000 in 1935 to 74,000 to-day and its current produc- tion is running at over f;16 million. The exports have risen from 20 per cent. in 1938 to 33 per cent. this year. . . Professional and Technical Training (Co-ordination).-On 9 July in reply to a question by Mr. Kenneth Lindsay THE PRIME MINISTER:I am satisfied that as rapid progress is being made with the expansion of facilities at schools colleges and universities as is practicable under present conditions and that present arrangements for co-ordinat- ing the work of the various departments concerned in this work are satisfactory. In order to estimate the needs of the various professions and industries enquiries are being made by my right hon.Friend the Minister of Labour and National Service and the resulting information will be communicated to the universities and the Government Departments concerned. Careers pamphlets are available to the public. I am not prepared to say at present whether material on this subject could appropriately be included in a White Paper. Science Graduates (Allocation).-On 2 July Mr. K. Lindsay asked the Minister of Labour who is responsible for relating the output of science graduates and research scientists with the demands of Government Departments industry industrial research and teaching whether the Technical Personnel Committee is still in existence on what basis one-third of science graduates are allocated to industry ;whether his Depart- ment realises the grave shortage of science masters in secondary schools ; and what immediate action is contemplated to remedy this situation.THEMINISTEROF LABOUR MR. ISAACS I assume that the hon. Member is referring to science graduates who leave the Universities before discharging their obligations under the National Service Acts. It is the responsibility of my Department acting on the advice of the Technical Personnel Committee to allocate these young men according to the needs of the Armed Forces and essential civilian employment including research and teaching at Universi- ties and similar institutions. These young men are not permitted to take up school- teaching posts instead of being called up and in this I have the agreement of my right hon.Friend the Minister of Education. . . . Science Masters Secondary Schools.-On 3 July Mr. K. Lindsay asked the Minister of Education what steps he is taking to remedy the admitted shortage of science masters in secondary schools. THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION As the hon. MR. TOMLINSON Member is aware the science faculties at the universities are being expanded and I am confident that this will go far to meet the demand for teachers which has increased substantially in the last few years. Mr. Lindsay Is the right hon. Gentleman aware that at the moment the Oxford University Appointments Board has 250 vacancies for science teachers unfilled and that the secretary reports that some headmasters are just going to give up science teaching ? This goes to the very root of the training of scientists for the future of this country.Will he therefore give fresh consideration either to getting science teachers released from the Services-which is the only method I believe-or increasing their salaries which are so different from those paid in industry ? MR. TOMLINSON The hon. Member knows from his previous experience that the salaries question is one which is at present before the Burnham Committee and that the Minister cannot interfere. With regard to release from the Services I should hesitate to take that action. I belie\-e that the action that has been taken will lead to improvement in the numbers. Scientific and Technical Manpower.-On 26 June Mr.G. Thomas asked the Minister of Labour what further steps he is contemplating taking to ascertain the probable future demands of Government Departments industry research and teaching upon the scientific and technological manpower of the country. MR. NESS EDWARDS At my right hon. Friend’s request Lord Hankey has agreed that the Technical Personnel Committee which under his chairmanship performed valuable services during the war in assessing the demand and supply in science and technology should institute a number of detailed inquiries of the kind referred to. These inquiries are being conducted by specially appointed panels representative of all the interests concerned and the results will be published in due course. It might be added that at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy recently appointed by my right hon.Friend the Lord President under the Chairmanship of Sir Henry [ 211 3 Tizard a survey is also about to be made of the existing manpower in the country in the fields of science and professional engineering. This survey will be carried out by the Technical and Scientific Branch of our Department with the assistance of the appropriate scientific bodies and professional institutions. Scientific Civil Service.-On 17 June Mr. Philips Price asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury whether he is aware that the present system for engaging staff for the various research organisations controlled by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research is slow cumbersome and insufficiently sensitive to ensure that the right men and women are quickly fitted into the scientific posts for which they are best suited ; and whether arrangements will be made to revise the procedure so that the efficiency of these research institutions can be maintained and increased.SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY, THE FINANCIAL MR. GLENVIL HALL The present system of centralised recruitment by the Civil Service Commission of scientific staff was introduced for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in common with all other Departments employing scientific staff in accordance with the White Paper on the Scientific Civil Service (Cmd. 6679). The introduction of the new system during the difficult period of reconstruction aggravated the inevitable teething troubles.Close consideration will be given to the experience gained during this period in formulat- ing future recruiting arrangements. On 31 July Professor Gruffydd asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer why qualified scientists on production duties in the Ministry of Supply and the Admiralty are excluded from the benefits of the White Paper of September 1945 on Reorganisation and Recruitment while those with exactly similar qualifications on laboratory duties in other Departments receive the benefits of the White Paper scales. MR. GLENVIL HALL Staff in the Government Service are classified according to the work on which they are engaged; and the work described in the first part of the question is not appropriate to the Scientific Classes.On 4 August Sir E. Graham-Little asked the Financial Secretary to the Treasury if he will give an assurance that fully-trained and qualified scientists on production duties in the Ministry of Supply and the Admiralty who are excluded from the Scientific Civil Service will receive pay prospects and ultimate promotion to senior posts com- parable with their colleagues of similar training and qualifications who have been assimilated to the Scientific Civil Service as laid down in the White Paper for Re- organisation and Recruitment to Scientific Civil Service September 1945. MR. GLENVILHALL Officers employed on duties which do not fall within the scope of the Scientific Civil Service will receive the pay and other conditions applicable to the class and grades appropriate to their work ;these matters are being or will be discussed with the appropriate staff representatives.On 6 August Colonel Wheatley asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty if in view of the shortage of scientific staff in Government service he will consider permitting members of the scientific staff of the Armament Supply Department of the Admiralty established or not who are qualified for inclusion in the Scientific Civil Service to transfer to other scientific departments should they so desire. THE CIVIL LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY In considering MR. WALTER EDWARDS applications by employees to transfer to other departments it is necessary to have regard to the requirements of the duties on which they are engaged at the time.A number of employees of the Armament Supply Department have already been released for employment in Scientific services elsewhere and the point has been reached where further releases may be detrimental to the efficiency of the department. While there- fore no unqualified undertaking to release further applicants can be given any applica- tion for release by an officer whose services would be useful in a scientific capacity to another department will none the less receive full consideration in the light of the relevant circumstances. J!?WU~U,-JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 Part 1v. P. 165 line; 2 3. “Imperial Industries Ltd.” should read “Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. P. 172. The footnote should read “*7 candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part only of the Examination.” [ 2121 NAT10NA L CERTIFICATES IN CHEMISTRY (ENGLAND AND WALES) Report of the Assessors for the year 1946-47 I.INTRODUCTORY The number of entries in the Senior Grade was 426 of whom 254 passed compared with 358 entries in 1946 of whom 247 passed. In the Advanced Grade there were 148 candidates of whom 110 passed. In 1946 there were 112 candidates of whom 83 passed. Of the 148 candidates 117 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate and of the 110 successful candidates 90 had previously obtained the Ordinary Certificate. 11. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Senior.-The task before the students of inorganic chemistry is a formidable one. They have to master the main outlines of a complicated and growing subject and it is the special responsibility of their teachers to help them to do this in a systematic manner.The periodic table and atomic structure are generally the foundation for the inorganic course. Much inorganic chemistry can be taught by reference to large-scale processes but there are obvious limitations to this method. With these general ideas in mind it is gratifying to be able to record that the good standard of the preceding year has been maintained. The candidates’ factual knowledge and understanding of basic principles were good and there seemed an improvement in the way the numerical exercises were done. It was evident that teachers had made an effort to get their pupils into the habit of balancing their chemical equations.In questions dealing with the Periodic Law there was confusion between a “period” and a “group,” and the dative covalency or co-ordinate link was not always understood. It was curious to find CuS0,.5H20 and FeS0,.7H20 sometimes described as isomorphous crystals. Evidently students remembered that in the text-books commercial copper sulphate is quite rightly stated to contain some ferrous sulphate. Actually the hydrated form FeS0,.5H20 is isomorphous with CuS0,.5H20 and forms mixed crystals. Although the simpler equations presented no difficulty as a rule yet it was obvious that many candidates found the equations representing the oxidation of a ferrous salt with oxidising agents such as acid KMnO or K,Cr,O rather outside their attainments.A dvanced-Inorganic chemistry at this stage has been greatly influenced by the newer physical conceptions. There is now an entirely new picture of the nature of atoms and molecules and of the various types of directed and non-directed valency bonds. Teachers who wish to keep in touch with these new ideas will find the writings of C. A. Coulson particularly valuable. In “Endeavour” he has written a clear and non-mathematical account of the representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals and in the Quarterly Review of the Chemical Society Vol. I No. 2 he has given a fuller treatment of the same subject. Side by side with such fundamental advances inorganic chemistry during recent years has also developed along more normal lines. These matters are mentioned in order that students at this stage of inorganic chemistry may have the guidance which will stimulate their interest in this ever-expanding branch of science.The standard of the work submitted is still very satisfactory. The formulation of compounds in accordance with Werner’s Theory sometimes gave trouble to the weaker brethren and diagrams did not always make clear the existence of optical isomerism in simple cases. Nuclear chemistry had evidently been of interest to many of the candidates and some excellent answers resulted. Practical Inorganic Chemistry.-The exercises suggested were in general admirably suited to test the candidates’ proficiency in the practical work of the course. The marks assigned indicated a very satisfactory standard.For the average candidate the gravi- metric exercises proved the more difficult part of the practical tests. 111. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY It is possible to teach a great deal of inorganic chemistry as a series of illustrations of the laws of physical chemistry. The line between the subjects is not always very clearly defined so that in certain question papers the teachers gave a rather liberal interpretation of what constituted physical chemistry. Definitions of acids and bases have had an interesting history and teachers of physical chemistry will find a helpful article by R. P. Bell in Quarterly Review of the Chemical Society on the use of the terms “acid” and “base.” At both the Senior and Advanced stages some very good [ 213 1 work is being done.The old faults to which attention has been drawn in previous reports still mar the work of certain candidates but there has been this year a thoroughly satisfactory understanding of basic principles and simple calculations have been done better on the whole than in’earlier years. The meaning of pH and of buffer solutions was not always made clear in answers. The meaning of a monomolecular reaction was sometimes not clearly understood judging by answers submitted by a number of candidates. A number of questions dealt with the parachor and the expres- sion for this was not always given correctly. The general conclusion of the Assessors is that work of a solid calibre is being done in this branch of chemistry. In the practical examination the teachers showed great ingenuity in evolving suitable exercises and the candidates as a general rule acquitted themselves well in these tests.IV. ORGANICCHEMISTRY Senior.-In general the standard of attainment was highly creditable and reflects both diligence on the part of the student and effectiveness on the part of the teacher. The level of performance appeared this year to be rather more uniform than has some- times been the case; this may be attributed at least in some measure to the examination papers containing a smaller proportion of questions of a more specialised type. The maintenance of emphasis on subjects of general interest and fundamental importance at this stage of a student’s training is not only valuable in itself but has the additional advantage of laying a firm and solid foundation upon which can be built the superstructure of the advanced course.Advanced.-In this stage also a large proportion of the work was sound and of good quality. A few questions were of a rather more specialised or involved character than might be thought desirable. In view of the restricted time available for study it seems desirable that the largest possible part of it should be devoted to the more general and fundamental aspects of the subject. Technological Subjects.-The answers sometimes show a lack of balance-non-essentials being dealt with at too great a length and essentials and principles receiving too sketchy a treatment. On the whole the answers indicate careful and systematic teaching. Practical.-The exercises in both the Senior and Advanced grades were carried out with competence and sometimes with a considerable display of skill.Care and thought have been expended in devising practical problems which have stimulated students to put forth their best efforts. V. PHYSICS Papers in physics were submitted by nine schools and by 64 candidates. Theory Papers.-The standard of the papers was on the whole fairly uniform. In a few schools the English and spelling were poor and some slovenly scripts were presented. There is still evidence that the laws of electrolysis are not clearly understood. Much confusion is caused by emphasis on “electro-chemical equivalent,’’ which has no fundamental significance; the essential relationship between the chemical equivalent and the faraday 96,500 coulombs is often not appreciated; indeed a failure to under- stand the fundamental meaning of Faraday’s Laws is quite common.Practical Papers.-The instruction to candidates that all observations be entered directly in the answer-book at the time they are made and that all calculations be shown is still not always observed. The correct entry of laboratory notes is an essential part of a student’s training and it is important to inculcate the right principles at an early stage. It should also be borne in mind that physical measurements are worthless unless carried out with the utmost care and accuracy. (SCOTLAND) For the Ordinary Certificate there were 76 candidates of whom 52 passed and for the Higher Certificate there were 22 candidates of whom 15 passed.BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Plastics The Metallization of. J. R. I. Hepburn. Pp. 72. (London Cleaver- Hume Press Ltd. 1947.) 6s. net. Introduction. Deposition of metallic coatings from solution; metal-spraying processes; cathode sputtering and vacuum evaporation processes; formation characteristics and testing of metallized deposits on plastics. Bibliographies. Plastics Fabric Reinforced. W. J. Brown. Pp. 148. (London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd. 1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Introductory. Raw materials; manufacturing process; physical characteristics; factors influencingphysical characteristics; applications; methods of test. Appendix specifications. Plastics Cellulose. D. N. Buttrey. Pp. 128. (London Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd.1947.) 7s. 6d. net. Occurrence of cellulose; the constitution of cellulose; cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose) ; cellulose organic esters; cellulose ethers. Bibliography. Author and subject indexes. Simple Glass-Blowing for Laboratories and Schools. William E. Park-Winder. Pp. 112. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd. 1947.) 6s. net. Preface. Preliminary suggestions; glass-blowing tools and equipment; the manu- facture and properties of glass and electrode sealing; bending joining sealing of tubes and bulb-blowing; construction and repair of apparatus with general hints. Appendix a course of training in glass-blowing. Index. Statistical Methods in Research and Production with Special Reference to the Chemical Industry. Edited by Owen L.Davies. Pp. xii + 292. (London and Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd for Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. l947.) 28s. net. Introduction. Frequency distributions; averages and measures of dispersion; tests of significance; analysis of variance; regression and correlation; frequency data and contingency tables; sampling; control charts; prediction and specification. Glossary of statistical terms. Typesetting of mathematical expressions. Mathe-matical signs. Conventions. Statistical and mathematical symbols. Tables of statistical functions. Nomogram. Index. THE REGISTER New Fe I lows Joshi Shridhar Sarvottam M.Sc. (Ben-Palit Santi Ranjan D.Sc. (Calcutta). ares) D.Sc. (Lond.). Todd Professor James Prior Ph.D. Kroch Falk Heinz Dr. Phil. (Berlin).(Glasgow) Ph.C. Lehmann Hermann M.D. (Bade) Ph.D. (Cantab.). Associates Elected to the Fellowship Chamberlin Miss Lilian Marjorie B.Sc. Pickthall Jack. (Lond.). Podmore Henry Levison B.Sc. (Birm.). Felstead Donald Robert William. Raymond Leonard William I.S.O. B.A. Kochhar Basheshar Dass D.Sc. (Punjab). B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Pardoe Mrs. Grace Irene B.Sc. (Birm.). Williams Edward Arthur B.Sc. (Birm.). Parkes James. New Associates Bailey Ronald Frederick B.Sc. (Wales) Crofts Frank Edward B.Pharm. (Lond.) A.M. I.Chem.E. Ph.C. Behere Shrikrishna Narayan M.Sc. (Nag-Davies John Charles Wallace. PU') * Ellis Stuart Colin B.Sc. (Lond.). Campbell Hector Stanley BSc. (Lond.) Fairbairn James Wight B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. (Lond.). Ph.C. Castle Victor B.Sc.(Lond.) A.T.I. Godby William Alfred. Chanmugam Samuel Manoranjan B.Sc. Jackson George Albert Douglas B.Sc. (Lond.). Ph.D. (Dunelm.). Couper James Stewart. Lincoln James B.A. (Oxon.). [ 2151 Lindley Stewart Vaughan B.Sc. (Liv.). Riesenfeld Franz Ph.D. Mag. Pharm. Majumdar Kamala Kanta M.Sc. (Cal-(Vienna). cutta). Russell Mark BSc. (Lond.). Marbach Werner Otto. Scott Raymond Peter William. Martin Alexander Lawson B.Sc. (Edin.). Seth Sewa Ram M.Sc. (Punjab). Miller Ronald Bruce M.Sc. (N.Z.). Smith Peter B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Morris Douglas Sydney B.Sc. (Lond.) Snell Ronald Charles B.Sc. (Bris.). A.R.C.S. Trowell Frank. Morris Francis Norman B.Sc. (Lond.). Underhill Roger B.Sc. (Bris.). Newton David Anthony B.A. (Cantab.). Vale Corwyn Philip M.A.(Cantab.). Parry George Alwyn M.Sc. (Wales). Wernick Miss Dorothy BSc. (Birm.). Payne Louis. Wilson John Pierce B.Sc. (N.U.I.),M.Sc. Peers Charles Hargrave B.Sc. (Lond.). D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Redfern William B.Sc. (Sheffield). Wolforth Roy B.Sc. (Leeds). Richardson Ronald Wilfrid B.Sc. (Lond.) . Wood Edward. A.R.C.S. Wright Victor Barry BSc. (Lond.). Re-elected Associates Andrews Harry B.Sc. (Lond.). Hayward Lionel Alan Walter BSc. Bamf ord John Sherlock A. H .-W .C. (Lond.). De Mahendra Kumar M.Sc. (Dacca). Hambridge Roger Lambert B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.S.M. D.I.C. New Students Baker Paul Persky Miss Rose. Chard Maurice Edward. Quilter Miss Marie Norma. Damp Graham John. Robinson Brian. Davies Caleb Thomas. Rostron George Henry.Drewery George. Rutley Robert Osmund. Edwards Alan Charles. Sampson Roy Derrick. Franklin Alan Ernest. Scott Norman Marshall. Gaunt Eric Felton. Sykes Philip. Hullah Miss Jean Irene. Sykes Stanley. Lees Geoffrey Milsom Hall. Wells Frederick Herbert. Mitchell Brian Walter. Wray Kingsley Matterson. DEATHS Fellows Harry Thornton Calvert M.B.E. B.Sc. Frederick Alfred Mason M.A. (Oxon.), (Vict.) D.Sc. (Leeds) Ph.D. (Leipzig). Ph.D. (Munich). Walter Charles Carter. Albert Sherlock. George Thomas Byrne B.Sc. M.Sc. Roland Francis Young. (Manc.) Associates Frank Bourne. John Affleck Stevenson M.C. MA. Victor Lefebure O.B.E. B.Sc. (Lond.). B.Sc. (Edin.) OBITUARY HECTORROBERTADAMdied in January 1944 in his 60th year. He received his scientific training at the University of Aberdeen graduating B.Sc.with special distinction in chemistry in 1905. After spending a year in post-graduate work at the University he became Assistant Chemist to the West Riding of Yorkshire Rivers Board and in 1907 Chemist in the Dyeing Department of J. & P. Coats Ltd. Paisley. In 1910 he proceeded to South Africa where he held various positions with the New Kleinfontein Gold Mining Co. Ltd. Heyman’s Laboratories F. T. Mumford Mining Engineer and the Weijal Gold and Antimony Mining Co. Ltd. In 1913 he became Assistant Lecturer and later Lecturer in Metallurgy and Assaying at the South African School of Mines. In 1926 he was appointed Chief Chemist and Assistant Consulting Metallurgist in the Government Areas Laboratory in the Transvaal where he remained until his death.He passed the Examination for the Fellowship of the Institute in Metallurgical Chemistry in 1917. r 2167 ERNESTHOULDER BERTRAM died on 2.5 June 1947 in his 75th year. Educated at Southall High School he attended classes at Finsbury Technical College under Castell Evans Meldola and Streatfeild. In 1890 he entered the laboratory of W. Houlder Son and Co. was appointed Works Manager in 1897 and Senior Partner and Managing Director in 1916. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. VICTOR LEFEBURE died on 13 August 1947 in his 57th year. He was educated at the William Ellis School and proceeded to University College London in 1909 graduating B.Sc. in 1911.He remained at University College until 1915 and was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship for research and a Tufnell Research Scholarship. He then became lecturer in chemistry at Wye Agricultural College and in March 1915 was accepted for a Commission in the 3rd Essex Regiment. He was subsequently transferred to the Special Brigade R.E. until 1917 when he became Chemical Warfare Liaison Officer with the rank of Major. In this connection he was a member of the Inter-Allied Secretariat for Chemical Warfare and of the Chemical Committee of the Inter-Allied Munitions Council and Paris member of the Explosives Committee of that Council. He was appointed an O.B.E. and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour for his services. After the cessation of hostilities in 1918 he was concerned with dyestuffs and later with cements and plasters.He recently formed a small development company Allied Building Chemical Research Ltd. He was joint author of papers with Ramsay and Caspari and author of “The Riddle of the Rhine.” He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. Mrs. LEONORE died on 23 July 1947 in her 57th year. PEARSON Educated at North Manchester High School and Pendleton High School she entered the University of Manchester in 1909 and graduated B.Sc. in 1912 and M.Sc. in 1913. After working for a year under Professor Lapworth as Schunck Research Assistant she was appointed Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry at the University. For several years she had given up the practice of chemistry but had recently renewed her activities in this direction.She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. PHILIPPERMAN EDGAR died on 27 May 1947 in his 82nd year. He studied under Sir William Ramsay at University College London and carried out an investigation on the densities of gases for which he was awarded thd D.Sc. of the University of London. In 1892 he became engaged in teaching and research at Uni-versity College Cardiff being appointed Assistant Professor in 1904. During the 1914-18 War he carried out research on amatol at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. He returned to Cardiff in 1919 and continued his university work there until his retirement in 1932. He was the author of numerous papers contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal Society the Transactions of the Chemical Society and other journals mainly on physico-chemical subjects.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. JOHNAFFLECKSTEVENSON died on 1 November 1945 in his 58th year. His scientific training was taken at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated M.A. and B.Sc. in 1912. He was appointed Science and Mathematics Master to Haverfordwest Grammar School in 1913 and Chemistry Master to Selhurst Grammar School Croydon in 1914. After service in the R.F.A. from December 1914 he was commissioned in the Royal Air Force in 1915 and was later awarded the Military Cross. On demobilisation in 1919 he returned to Selhurst Grammar School and in addition became teacher of chemistry at the Central Polytechnic Croydon remaining in these appointments until the time of his death.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. PAUL SYMONS HANNAY died at Hong Kong on 22 March 1946 in his 37th year. Educated at St. John’s College Johannesburg he graduated BSc. and later M.Sc. in the University of South Africa. In 1929 he was appointed Chemist in the Depart- ment of Biochemistry South African Institute for Medical Research and after a year as part-time research worker in the Department of Physiology of the University of the Witwatersrand was appointed Assistant Government Analyst in the Medical Depart- ment at Hong Kong. He came to England in 1942 and was gazetted Lieutenant in the R.A.M.C. and shortly afterwards Major and Specialist in Hygiene (Chemistry) and Officer Commanding No.4 Mobile Hygiene Laboratory. He returned to the East in 1945. He was the author of numerous papers published in the South African Journal for Medical Science and other journals. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1936 and a Fellow in 1944. c 217 3 GREATREX WOODS died in February 1947 in his 64th year. JOHNSON He received his scientific training at Auckland College University of New Zealand and was registered as a Pharmacist in 1907. For several years he was Assistant to the Government Analyst for Auckland and subsequently became Chief Analyst and Works Chemist with Burroughs Wellcome & Co. in Sydney. In 1917 he was selected for technical work in the Ministry of Munitions and was gazetted Captain in the Royal Air Force.He served as the representative of the Department of Aircraft Producton on several Committees and Panels. He remained in England for some years after the Armistice in 1918 and in 1926 returned to Sydney as General Manager of Allen & Hanburys (Australia) Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. ROLANDFRANCIS YOUNGdied on 5 March 1947 in his 66th year. He became a student at Finsbury Technical College in 1898 and in 1901 was appointed Chemist to the Wouldham Cement Co. and two years later Assistant Chemist to the Gas Light and Coke Company. In 1907 he went to West Africa where he held appointments as Cyanide Metallurgist and Assayer to the Taquah Mining and Explora- tion Co. the Abosso Gold Mining Co.and Tarkwa Banket West Gold Mining Co. He returned to England in 1916 and resumed his work with the Gas Light and Coke Com- pany becoming in 1916 Chief Analytical Chemist and later Chemist-in-Charge of the General Laboratory at the Product Works at Beckton. He retired in 1943. He served on Sub-committees of the British Standards Institution and as a Borough Councillor for St. Pancras. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1934. COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. Meetings in the Birmingham area have been arranged by the Midland Chemists Committee on which the Chemical Society the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry the British Association of Chemists and the University of Birmingham Chemical Society are represented and have been listed under Midland Chemists Com- mittee followed where necessary by the name of the sponsoring body (in brackets); it is to be understood that members of the other co-operating bodies may attend.October 13 MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL LITERARY SOCIETY:“New Antimalarial Drugs.” Dr. F. L. Rose at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 5.30 p.m. 14 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Discussion on Local Activities. “The Chemist in the Photographic Industry.” Dr. H. Baines at the County Technical College Essex Road Dartford at 7.16 p.m.ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY (Midlands Section) “German Electro- TECHNICAL Plating Practice with particular reference to Electrolytic Polishing Bright Deposits and Hard Chrome.’’ Mr. A. W. Wallbank at The Mappin Hall The University Sheffield at 6 p.m. 15 THE IEI,STITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Personnel Selec- tion. Mr. L. N. Coombs in the Town Hall High Holborn W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. METALLURGICAL MANCHESTER SOCIETY “Conduction of Electricity. ” Dr. L. C. Bannister at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY Exhibition of Industrial Microscopy in the Great Hall B.M.A. House Tavistock Square London W.C.l 2.30-4.30 and 6.30-8.30 p.m. MIDLAND COMMITTEE CHEMISTS “Chemical Ciphering-a New System.” Messrs.M. Gordon C. E. Kendall and W. H. T. Davison at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 7 p.m. r 2181 October OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY and the 15 SOCIETY OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ASSOCIATION RHEOLOGY CLUB Symposium on “Emulsions Dopes and Paints,” at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Manchester Section) :“Economic Security in the Chemical Profession.” Mr. N. Sheldon in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. 16 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with the Chemical, Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Modern Ideas of Valency. Professor W. Wardlaw in the North British Station Hotel Edin- burgh at 7.30 p.m.THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Joint Meeting with the British Association of Chemists “Some Aspects of Industrial Administration.” Mr. R. R.Butler in the Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Nottingham Section) “Some Aspects of Modern Analytical Chemistry.” Dr. W. F. Elvidge at Nottingham at 7 p.m. OF FUEL INSTITUTE Melchett Lecture. “Hydrogenation in the Fuel and Chemical Industries.” Major K. Gordon C.B.E. M.C. at Gas Industry House 1 Gros-venor Place London S.W.1 at 2.30 p.m. 17 The Institute Meldola Medal Lecture. “Some Applications of Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis.” Dr. A. W. Johnson Meldola Medallist in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 6 p.m. BEDSONCLUB “Some Aspects of Solid Reactions.” Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E.. F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastem Counties Section) Films and Discus- sion on Water Treatment; organised by Mr. s. Stevens in the Lecture Hall Public Library Luton at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry INDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) Hull Chemical and Engineering Society and Leeds University Chemical and Engineering Society “Some Experiences in the Heavy Chemical Industry.” Dr. H. C. Millett at Leeds. 21 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Fertiliser Requirements of Wheat as Determined by Field Trials.” Dr.G. A. Cowie in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) “The Organic Chemist and Some Isotopes.” Professor G. R. Clemo F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. IRISH ASSOCIATION: CHEMI~,AL Presidential Address “A New Aspect of Claisen Con- densation. Dr. T. s. Wheeler in the Chemical Dept. University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL (London Section) H. E. Armstrong Memorial SOCIETY INDUSTRY Lecture. “Some Aspects of the Work of H. E. Armstrong.” Sir Frederick Keeble C.B.E. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETYo~,DYERS AND COLOURISTS:“Steam Utilisation for the Dyeing Industry.Mr. J. ID. Cameron Ridley in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastem Counties Section) Scientific Film Display followed by Discussion on Local Activities at Medway Technical College Gillingham Kent at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society “Addition Polymerisation. ” Professor D. H. Hey at the University College of Hull at 6 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Meeting at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.15 p.m. [ 219 3 October 23 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry “Physico-Chemical Methods with Special Reference to Spectroscopy and Polarography.” Mr.A. S. Nickelson at the University Chemical Department Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture “Crystallographic Technique and its Chemical SOCIETY Significance.” Professor E. G. Cox at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL BRADFORD SOCIETY “The Polarograph and its Application.” Mr. R. Gill at the Bradford Technical College Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 24 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Joint Meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C. 1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL “Isotopes and Molecular Spectra.” Professor C.K. Ingold, SOCIETY F.R.S. Joint meeting with Southampton University College Chemical and Physical Societies in the Physics Department University College Southampton at 5 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield S. Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association “Chemical Metallurgy.” Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham at the Association’s premises 198 West Street Sheffield at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Hormones and Sex in Plants.” Mr. J. H. Harrison in the Royal Academical Institution Belfast at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (South Wales Section) “Penicillin-Its Preparation and Proper- ties.” Mr. A. L. Bacharach in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Swansea at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry “The Herring and its Preservation.” At Norwich City College at 7.30 p.m.25 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Dance in the Oak Restaurant 18 Kensington High Street W.8 at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) jointly with the Food Group Society of Chemical Industry. Visit to Fisheries Laboratory Lowestoft. 27 MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE (Birmingham University College Chemical Society) :“Newer Views on Multiple Bonds and their Reactions.” Dr. J. Sheridan at the University Edgbaston Birmingham 15 at 4.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS:“Selling the B.A.C.” Mr. C. H. Price in the Moon Hotel Spondon Derby at 7.15 p.m. 28 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) jointly with Leeds University Chemical Society “The English Oilfields.” Mr.R. K. Dickie in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Plant Hormones with special reference to Selective Weed Killers.” Dr. E. Holmes. 29 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) :“The Examination of Questioned Documents.” Mr. J. G. N. Gaskin at Woolwich Polytechnic Woolwich S.E.18 at 7 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Beer.” Mr. A. J. C. Cosbie in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL joint meeting with the University Chemical Society :Lecture by SOCIETY Professor G. R. Clemo; F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.31 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) “Corrosion.” Dr. W. H. J. Vernon in the Physics Laboratory University of Cardiff at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY,joint meeting with the Alchemists’ Club and the Andersonian Chemical Society “From the Highest to the Lowest.” Professor H. Nicol in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Glasgow at 3.45 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATION (Scottish Section) Papers and discussion. St. OF CHEMISTS Enoch Station Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. [ 220 1 October OF (Industrial Spectroscopy Group) Annual General Meeting 31 INSTITUTEPHYSICS 6 p.m. “Raman Spectra.” Dr. A. C. Menzies at the Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1 at 6.30 p.m.BIOCHEMICAL at St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School. SOCIETY November 1 THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Our Present Knowledge of the Vitamin B Complex.” Dr. T. I?. Macrae at Wigan at 3 p.m. 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Recent Developments in INDUSTRY Seaweed Technology.” Dr. A. W. P. Black in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. OF CHEMISTS: 4 BRITISHASSOCIATION “Recent Developments in Glass.” Ur. K. E. Bastick in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 8 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Scientific Film Display at South-West Essex Technical College Forest Road Walthamstowe E.17 at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Bristol Section “The Oxidation of Phenols.” Professor R. D. Haworth F.R.S. in the Chemical Department of the University of Bristol Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Some Contributions of the Organic Chemist to Biological Science.” Professor F. S. Spring in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. OF INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY (Discussion Group) “Crude Rubber Technology.” At the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTE WELDING (South London Branch) “Argon Arc Welding.” Mr. OF R. R. Sillifant at the Wandsworth Technical Institute at 6.30 p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “Rheology and the Chemist.” Dr.G. W. Scott Blair at Ipswich. CHEMICALSOCIETY: “A Problem in Chemical Kinetics.” Professor C. N. Hinshel- wood F.R.S. in the University Chemical Laboratory Cambridge. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section) “Academic Research and the Chemical Industry.” Professor B. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. BEDSONCLUB “Pages from the Chemistry of Aluminium.” Professor H. Bassett at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ (Manchester Section) Discussion on ASSOCIATION “Surface Activity,” at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.30 p.m. OF 8 INSTITUTIONCHEMICALENGINEERS(North-Western Branch) “Modern Tar Distillation Plant.” Mr.A. L. Curtis at Reynolds Hall College of Technology, Manchester at 3 p.m. 10 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Configuration and Polymorphism of Glycerides.” Dr. M. L. Meara at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) Annual General Meeting in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m. OILAND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “A Coaxial Cylinder Viscometer of Wide ASSOCIATION Utility” Dr. R. F. Bowles; “Brushability and the Empirical Flow Tests”; Mr. B. Saunders at Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 11 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly with Graves- end Engineering Society Films and Discussion on Water Treatment organised by Mr.S. Stevens at the Royal Clarendon Hotel Gravesend at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY “The OF CHEMICAL and SOCIETY OF GLASS TECHNOLOGISTS Use of Photography as a Research Tool.” Dr. Vickers at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. [2211 November 12 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Whiskey.” Mr. V. H. M. Bowers in the Chemical Department Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Rheological Investigation of Asphaltic Bitumen in Connexion with its Technical Applications.” Mr. R. N. J. Saal at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 12-13 IRON Autumn Meeting at the Offices of the Institute AND STEELINSTITUTE 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l. Morning sessions at 10 a.m.; afternoon session (first day only) at 2.30 p.m.13 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Diffusion in Biological Processes.” Dr. P. Eggleton in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Properties of Coal in Relation to its Utilisation.” Dr. A. C. Dunningham at Widnes at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Meeting for the reading of short original communications in the Chemistry Department University of Manchester at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “The Hydrogen Bond in Organic Chemistry.” Professor L. Hunter in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.14 CHEMICAL joint meeting with Southampton University College Chemical SOCIETY, Society “The Corrosion of Metals.” Dr. U. R. Evans in the Physics Dept. University College Southampton at 5 p.m. MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE (Society of Chemical Industry Birmingham Section) Chance Memorial Lecture. Sir Hugh Chance in the Imperial Hotel Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Role of Chemistry in Recent Developments of Animal Insecticides.” Dr. R. S. Cahn in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Annual General Meeting. Scientific Films. At the Wellcome Research Institution 183,Euston Road London N.W.1 at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) “Some Industrial Contacts.” Dr. L. H. Lampitt at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY :“Petroleum Chemistry as applied to Textiles. ’’ Dr. E. S. Paice at the Victoria Hotel Nottingham at 7 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London SOCIETY W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL joint meeting with Hull University College Scientific Society SOCIETY “The Structure of Proteins from the Viewpoint of the Chemist.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICAL “The Chemistry of Ethylenic Polymers.” Professor H.W. SOCIETY Melville F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Nottingham Section) “Partition Chroma-tography.” Dr. A. J. T. Martin at Nottingham at 7 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION Chemists’ Dinner at St. James’s Restaurant OF CHEMISTS Derby at 7.15 p.m. 21 The Institute Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture “The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and some Analytical Implications.” Mr. George Taylor in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. CHEMICAL Original Papers in the Chemistry Department King’s College SOCIETY Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. SOCIETY CHEMICAL :“Electron Transfer Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m.[ 222 3 November OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(Manchester Section) and TEXTILE 21 SOCIETY INSTITUTE “The Effect of Physical Preeatment on the Ease of Saponification of Cellulose Acetate Rayons and Films. Mr. C. P. Tattersfield at the Gas Department Showrooms Town Hall Extension Manchester at 7 p.m. 22 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Examination of Questioned Documents.” Mr. J. G. N. Gaskin at Brighton Technical College Brighton at 5.45 p.m. for 6 p.m. OF (Discussion Group) “Vulcanisation 24 INSTITUTIONTHE RUBBERINDUSTRY Technology,’’ at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Joint Annual Dinner with the Chemical Society and Society of Chemical Industry at the Royal Avenue Hotel Belfast.BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (Northern Section) “Atomic Energy.” Dr. H. L. Riley. ANALYSTSAND OTHER ANALYTICAL SOCIETYOF PUBLIC CHEMISTS (Physical Methods Group) :Annual General Meeting at 6 p.m. “The Electron Microscope.” Mr. B. S. Cooper in the Rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. 25-26 INSTITUTIO~ Autumn Research Meeting. OF GASENGINEERS 26 IRISH and THE INSTITUTE CHEMICALASSOCIATION (Dublin Section) “The Experi- mental Approach to the Problem of Nuclear Forces.” Dr. T. E. Nevin in the Chemical Department University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Northern Ireland Section) Jubilee Memorial INDUSTRY Lecture “Water-a National Asset.” Mr.H. W. Cremer in the Agriculture Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. IRONAND STEELINSTITUTE (Engineers’ Group) “The Mechanical and Electrical Features of Primary Hot-Rolling-Mill Auxiliaries.” Messrs. W.,,W. Franklin and P. F. Grove at 10.30 a.m.; “Modern Small Rolling Mills. Mr. G. A. Phipps at 2 p.m. Meetings at the Offices of the Institute 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.l. 27 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Some Aspects of Chemistry in Relation to Agriculture.” Dr. A. H. Lewis at Slough at 7.16 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Penicillin.” Mr. G. A. Glister at Liverpool at 7 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) Fourth Dalton Lecture.“Chemistry and Fuel.” Professor D. T. A. Townend in the Lecture Hall Albert Hall Peter Street Manchester. THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) “Biology of Lactation.” Dr. S. J. Folley at the Technical College Shakespeare Street Nottingham at 7.15 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION Lecturettes by Local Members in Room 104 OF CHEMISTS the College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. 28 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Scientific Problems in Feeding a Modem Army in the Field.” Mr. J. King O.B.E. at Isleworth County School Ridgeway Road Isleworth at 7 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Newcastle Section) “Studies in Diazo Chemistry with a Criticism of the Free Radicle Hypothesis.” Dr.H. H. Hodgson at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Scottish Section) “Economic Security in the Chemical Profession.” Mr. N. Sheldon at St. Enoch Station Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. December 1 SOCIETY (London Section) “Partition Chromatography.’’ OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY Dr. A. J. P. Martin in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Pic- cadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) joint meeting with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists “Modem Developments in Synthetic Detergents.” Dr. W. Baird. [ 2231 December 1 OIL AND COLOURCHEMISTS’ “Design and Operation of Dowthern ASSOCIATION Systems in Heat Treatment of Resins.” Mr.W. Garview at the Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC Traill-Taylor Memorial Lecture at 16 Princes Gate Kensington London S.W.7. OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY 3 INSTITUTION (Discussion Group) :“Rubber Technology,” at the College of Technology Leicester at 7.30 p.m. 4 CHEMICAL SOCIETY Pedler Lecture “Recent Developments in the Vitamin A Field.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Original Papers in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Bristol Section) “The Manufacture of Tetryl by Continuous Nitration.” Messrs. Forster Bishop and Simmons at the University of Bristol at 5.30 p.m.5 THEINSTITUTE (East Anglian Section) “The Electron Microscope.” Mr. N. P. D. Smith at Ipswich. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. “The Generation of Useful Power from Atomic Energy.” Sir Wallace Akers C.B.E. in the Lecture Hall Albert Hall Peter Street Manchester. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Ramsay Chemical Dinner in Glasgow. (Provisional arrange- ment.) OF CHEMISTS BRITISH ASSOCIATION “The Education of the Chemist.” Discussion at the School of Arts and Crafts Green Lane Derby at 7.15 p.m. 6 THE INSTI,TUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Atomic Nucleus. Professor E. A. Guggenheim F.R.S. at The University Reading at 3 p.m.BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS.Annual Meeting. 8 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “Patents and the Chemical Literature.” Mr. Leonard E. Jones at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. MIDLANDCHEMISTS (Chemical Society) “Mechanisms of Oxidation.” COMMITTEE Dr. W. A. Waters in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Plastics Group “The Mechanism of Polymerisation.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. at Leeds. 9 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Luminescent Materials-their Properties and Uses,” with demonstrations. Mr. C. G. A. Hill and colleagues in the Material Research Laboratory Philips Lamps Ltd.New Road Mitcham Junction. Buffet tea 6.45 p.m. lecture 7.15 p.m. COMMITTEE 10 MIDLANDCHEMISTS “Bivalent Hydrogen.” Professor L. Hunter at the University of Birmingham Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Intra-molecular Transformation.” Dr. A. K. Mills in the Chemical Department University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Examination of Used Engine Lubricating Oils.” Messrs. K. Hilfreich J. C. McNicol and L. Rosenfeld at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Liverpool Section) Annual Social. OF CHEMISTS METALLURGICAL MANCHESTER SOCIETY “Controlled Atmospheres for Heat Treatment of Metals.” Mr. Ivor Jenkins at the Engineers’ Club at 6.30 p.m.OF CHEMISTS: BRITISH ASSOCIATION “Problems of a Public Analyst.” Mr. F. C. Bullock in Room 104 College of Technology Leicester at 7 p.m. (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “The Chemist in the I 1 THEINSTITUTE Photographic Industry.” Dr. H. Baines at Acton Technical College High Street Acton W.3 at 7 for 7.30 p.m. [ 224 1 December 11 THE ~NSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Medico-legal Experi- ences.” Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. President of the Institute in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. SOCIETY: CHEMICAL “Hormones and Enzyme Action.” Professor F. G. Young in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “Photography of Small Objects for Reproduc- tion.’ Mr.G. B. McAlpine at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section). Dance at Collinson’s Caf6. INSTITUTE (Industrial Spectroscopy Group) jointly with Optical Group OF PHYSICS of the Physical Society “The Furth Microphotometer.” Dr. R. Furth and Mr. W. D. Oliphant at the Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 3.30 p.m. INSTITUTION (North-Western Branch) “The Electron and Other OF ELECTRONICS Constituents of Matter.” Professor R. E. Peierls C.B.E. F.R.S. at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS “Silicone Resins.” Mr. H. R. Poole at the Engineers’ Club INSTITUTE Manchester at 6.45 p.m. 13 BIOCHEMICAL Symposium. London School of Hygiene and Tropical SOCIETY Medicine.INSTITUTIONCHEMICAL (North-Western Branch) “Heat Transfer OF ENGINEERS in Agitated Pans.” Mr. C. Toyne at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m. 15 THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) Microchemical Exhibition and Demonstrations Organiser Mr. J. T. Stock at Norwood Technical Institute at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION (Manchester Section) “The Technology OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY of some New Condensation Rubbers.” Dr. D. A. Harper at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.15 p.m. 16 TEXTILEINSTITUTE “Radio Frequency Heating and Infra-Red Drying.” Mr. L. L. Preston and Mrs. A. M. Thomas at the Textile Institute at 7 p.m. 17 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Manchester Section) Scientific Film Show in OF CHEMISTS the Gas Showrooms Theatre Manchester at 7 p.m.18 THE INSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) at St. James’s Restaurant Derby at 7.15 p.m. 1948 January 2 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “A Chemical Christmas Tree.” Lecture and Demonstration for School Children. Dr. C. L. Wilson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Queen’s University Belfast at 3 p.m. 5 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (London Section) “Some Scientific Aspects of Beer.” Mr. H. J. Bunker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 6.30 p.m. 6 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) “Recent Developments in Partition Chromatography on Paper.” Dr. R. R.Goodall. 8 CHEMICALSOCIETY Scientific Meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Manchester Section) the CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SOCIETY and the INSTITUTE: “Crystallisation of Fertilisers.” Dr. M. P. Applebey, M.B.E. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Manchester at 6.30 p.m. 9 OILAND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSO~;ATION (Manchester Section) “Further Develop- ments in Styrene Co-polymers. Messrs. F. Armitage and J. J. Sleightholme, at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 2 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) Dr. F. G. Tryhorn at the Roya.1 Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. [ 225 1 uary THEINSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Electrostatic Hazards in Chemical Industry.’ Professor E. G. Cox in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Leeds at 6.30 p.m.OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS’ ASSOCIATION “Some Chemical Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work’ Dr. H. Barnes; “Some Biological Aspects of Anti-Fouling Work” Mr. K. A. Pyefinch at the Welfare Club Messrs. British Paints Portland Road Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) “Food and the Chemist.” Dr. A. M. Maiden in the Agriculture Lecture Theatre Elmwood Avenue Belfast at 7.30 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) “The Chemical and Biochemical Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. OF PETROLEUM: INSTITUTE “Polythene.” Mr. J. C. Swallow at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 16 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “Recent Develop- ments in the Use of Organic Reagents in Chemical Analysis.” Mr.G. H. Osborn. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “Some New Apparatus-A Critical Review.” Mr. J. L. French at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. 16 The Institute Meldola Medal Lecture. “The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes.” Mr. R. H. Stokes Meldola Medallist. (Provisional date.) INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch) “The Cloud Chamber.” OF PHYSICS Dr. J. G. Wilson in the New Physics Theatre University of Manchester at 7 p.m. 19 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:Joint meeting with University College of Swansea Students’ Chemical Society. “The Physical Chemistry of Some Vacuum Metallurgical Processes.” Dr. P. Gross at University College Swansea.INDUSTRY 20 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “Recent Stuaies in the Composition of Milk.” Dr. S. J. Rowland in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. 21 IRISHCHEMICAL THE CHEMICAL : ASSOCIATION SOCIETY and THE INSTITUTE “Santonin.” Professor W. Cocker in the Dept. of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 22 CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in SOCIETY Organic Synthesis.” Dr. E. R. H. Jones at Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Some Recent Develop- ments in Alkaloid Chemistry.” Dr.H. T. Openshaw in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. (Liverpool and North-Western Section) Annual Social. Dinner THE INSTITUTE at 6 p.m. at Liverpool. CHEMICAL “Some Aspects of Aromatic Substitution.” Professor Bryn- SOCIETY moor Jones in the Chemical Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. 23 MIDLAND CHEMISTS COMMITTEE “Applications of Infra-red Spectroscopy.” Dr. H. W. Thompson at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. LITERARY SOCIETY Joule Memorial Lecture. 26 MANCHESTER AND PHILOSOPHICAL “Determinism in the Physical World.” Sir George P. Thomson F.R.S. at Reynolds Hall College of Technology Manchester at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS and INSTITUTION (Manchester INSTITUTE OF THE RUBBERINDUSTRY Section) “Polymer Progress.” Messrs.N. J. L. Megson and G. L. Hammond at the Engineers’ Club Manchester at 6.45 p.m. 29 CHEMICAL SOCIETY,joint meeting with University College of N. Wales Chemical Society “Reactions of the Ethylene Bond.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of N. Wales Bangor at 5.30 p.m. [ 226 1 january 29 CHEMICAL joint meeting with University Chemical Society “Sterochemi-SOCIETY cal Regularities in Catalytic Reactions.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 30 THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) “Physical Chemistry of Milk Drying.” Dr. R. Waite at the Royal Technical College Glasgow C.1 at 7.15 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Nitration with Mixtures of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids.” Professor G. M. Bennett F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. MIDLANDCHEMISTS (Chemical Society) “Recent Developments in the COMMITTEE Application of Infra-Red Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems.” Dr. G. B. B. M. Sutherland in the Main Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY joint meeting with Hull Section Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association and the University College Scientific Society “Phthalocyanines and Related Recent Developments in Pigments.” Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E.F.R.S. at University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY, joint meeting with the University College of Wales Chemical Society “Some Recent Advances in the Theory of Polymerisation.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Department of Chemistry University College of Wales Aberystwyth at 5 p.m. BEDSON CLUB “Antibiotics.” Professor G. Chain F.R.S. at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5.30 p.m. February 2 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (London Section) jointly with the Road and Building Materials Group “Recent Advances in Building Some Chemical Aspects.” Dr. T. W. Parker in the Chemical Society’s Rooms Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m. 4 THE INSTITUTE (Dublin Section) “Blood Examination in Forensic Medicine.” Dr. J. McGrath in the Chemical Dept.Trinity College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 5 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Soqe Reflections of a Public Analyst.” Mr. H. Lowe at Chester at 7 p.m. CHEMICAL Scientific meeting at Burlington House Piccadilly London SOCIETY W.1 at 7.30p.m. CHEMICAL Lecture by Professor J. M. Gulland F.R.S. in the Chemistry SOCIETY Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 4.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section). Dr. H. Baines. 9 THEINSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “The Mechanism of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Leeds at 6.30 p.m. 10 SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Northern Ireland Section). Annual General Meeting. OF PETROLEUM 11 INSTITUTE “Aerial Photography and Exploration for Oil.” Dr.Ir. N. J. M. Taverne at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. 12 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) joint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Chemistry of Rumination.” Dr. James Stewart at the North British Station Hotel Edin- burgh at 7.30 p.m. “The Formation of Ethylenic Polymers.” Professor H. W. CHEMICALSOCIETY Melville F. R.S. in the Chemical Department The University Woodland Road Bristol. BRITISHASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) Scientific Film Show in the Gas Company’s Theatre Radiant House Liverpool at 7 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY “The Importance of Illumination in Photo-Micrography.” Mr.R. McV. Weston at 16 Prince’s Gate London S.W.7 at 7 p.m. c 227 1 February 18 CHEMICAL SOCIETY joint meeting with the University Chemical Society “The Factors Influencing Radicle Reactions in Solution.” Professor M. G. Evans F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 13 MIDLAND COMMITTEE CHEMISTS (The Institute Birmingham and Midlands Section) “The Tools of Paint Research.” Dr. S. H. Bell at the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. 14 BIOCHEMICAL Symposium at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical SOCIETY Medicine. 16 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) Jubilee Memorial Lecture : INDUSTRY “Water-A National Asset.” Mr. H. W. Cremer at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 6.30 p.m.MIDLANDCHEMISTSCOMMITTEE (University of Birmingham Chemical Society) “The Chemist and the Textile Industries.” Mr. G. Waggett at the University Edgbaston Birmingham at 4.30 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY 17 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “Methods of Determining Mineral Deficiencies in Plants.” Professor T. Wallace C.B.E. “Chemical Tissue tests for the Determination of Mineral Status of Plants.” Dr. D. J. D. Nicholas in the Chemistry Department Royal College of Science South Kensing- ton London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC (Scientific and Technical Group). SOCIETY 18 MIDLAND “Recent Advances in Building Research-Some CHEMISTS COMMITTEE Chemical Aspects.” Dr. W. T. Parker at the University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m.19 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “The Chemistry of Deterioration in Milk Powder.” Dr. C. H. Lea at Liverpool at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the University College Scientific Society “The Optical Properties of Molecules.” Professor E. G. Cox at University College Hull at 6 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Memorial Lecture. Sir Edward Mellanby K.C.B. F.R.S. in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.30 p.m. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Synthesis in the Vitamin A Field.” Professor E. R. H. Jones in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Nottingham at 6 p.m. SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY OF (Bristol Section) and INSTITUTE FUEL “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr.D. T. A. Townend at Bristol. 24 CHEMICALSOCIETY, joint meeting with the Edinburgh University Chemical Society Lecture by Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh at 7 p.m. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Northern Section) Film Show. 25 IRISHCHEMICALASSOCIATION (Dublin Section) “Industrial and THE INSTITUTE Efficiency in the Sugar Industry.” Mr. J. L. Ginnell in the Chemical Depart- ment University College Dublin at 7.30 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) “Rubber.” Mr. J. H. Carring-ton in the Engineers’ Club Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. 27 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Annual General Meeting.Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Member of Council at the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture. “Acetylene and Acetylenic Compounds in SOCIETY Organic Synthesis.” Dr. E. R H. Jones at Marischal College Aberdeen. 28-29 ROYALPHOTOGRAPHIC Regional Conference in Bristol. SOCIETY ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMI NATlONS An Examination for the Associateship will be held in the week beginning Monday 19 January 1948 in London. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations con- cerning their courses of training.The completed application forms must have reached the Institute not later than Monday 13 October. No application in respect of the January Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 17 November after which no entry can be accepted. REGULATIONS The Council has decided that in future candidates will not be required to produce evidence of having taken a foreign language in the Preliminary Examination. The new Regulation on the subject reads :-EXAMINATION EDUCATION.PRELIMINARY IN SUBJECTS OF GENERAL Candidates for the Associateship must have passed an approved Preliminary Exam- ination (see below) before they can be registered as Students or admitted to the Examin- ations held by the Institute. The candidate is required to produce a certificate showing that he has passed one of the examinations mentioned on p. 7 [of the Regulations not reproduced herej and including the following subjects :-(a) English. (b) Elementary Mathematics. (c) Two or more of the following subjects :-Greek Latin French German Italian Russian Spanish Afrikaans Welsh (or any other language approved by the Council) Botany Chemistry Geology Higher Mathematics Mechanics Physics Zoology General Science Geography English History.(Candidates are warned that in the Examination for the Associateship they are required to translate with the aid of dictionaries technical literature from French and German into English. Another foreign language may be substituted for French with the approval of the Council.) In special cases the Council will consider other evidence of general education. INDIA AND PAKISTAN IMPENDING VISIT OF PROFESSOR FINDLAY Since the conclusion of hostilities the Council of the Institute has been much concerned with steps that might be taken to further the development of the profession of chemistry in India and various aspects of the matter have been under discussion following consultation with the Chairman of the Indian Section (Dr. Charles Forrester) and the Honorary Secretary of the Indian Advisory Committee (Dr.G. J. Fowler). At the Annual Meeting of the Indian Section held on 1 and 2 January 1947 (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 111 121) a scheme for a new constitution for the Section involving the formation of branches in important centres was outlined by the Chairman and generally approved and it was resolved that “In view of the large number of Fellows and Associates in India and the increasing importance of the Institute’s qualifications the Council be requested’ to arrange without further delay for the holding of such of the Institute’s Examinations in India as might be found practicable.” The Council readily agreed to arrange for an Examination for the Associateship in India and this is due to take place at Bangalore in March 1948.It was further concluded that a visit to India by a senior member of the Council would be particularly valuable at this juncture in eliciting and correlating opinions of teachers and practising chemists as to lines on which the education and training of chemists might be developed and the status of the profession advanced. It is a matter of great satisfaction to the Council that Professor Alexander Findlay the immediate Past President of the Institute has undertaken this important mission. [ 2291 Since this decision was reached the separate Dominions of India and Pakistan have been constituted but it is Professor Findlay’s intention to visit as many as possible of the important centres in both Dominions during the course of his tour.In the view of the Council these recent political changes make Professor Findlay’s visit still more important as a means of ensuring that due provision will continue to be made and on an increasing scale for students to receive proper training in the science of chemistry and for fuller recognition of the status of the profession. In the course of his tour Professor Findlay hopes to visit the Universities and Colleges in India and Pakistan at which considerable bodies of chemists are trained and to discuss with members of the Institute and other chemists the lines on which the profession may be more effectively organised. Invitations to lecture on scientific or professional topics have already reached Professor Findlay from a number of Universi- ties in various parts of the sub-continent and Professor Findlay hopes to be present at the meeting of the Indian Siience Congress and the Annual Meeting of the Indian Section of the Institute at Patna in January 1948 as well as at the Associateship Exami- nation at Bangalore.His programme also includes visits to research stations and industrial undertakings. In these times it is difficult to formulate in advance a precise programme but it is hoped that a passage to India will be secured in November so that Professor Findlay may arrive in that country at the beginning of December and will be able to spend nearly four months in India and Pakistan. The good wishes of members of the Institute at home and overseas will go with Professor Findlay and with Mrs.Findlay who is accompanying him on this important mission they have both been assured of a cordial welcome by chemists throughout India and Pakistan. On the return journey Professor and Mrs. Findlay propose to spend a short time in South Africa in response to a special request by the Cape Section of the Institute. INSTITUTE LECTURES Meldola Medal Lecture.-In accordance with a decision of Council to invite each future recipient of a Meldola Medal to give a lecture on a subject included in the field of work covered by papers submitted for the award invitations were sent to Dr. A. W. Johnson and Mr. R. H. Stokes the Meldola Medallists for 1946. The first Meldola Medal Lecture entitled “Some Applications of Acetylenic Com- pounds in Organic Synthesis,” will be delivered by Dr.A. W. Johnson in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m. on Friday 17 October. Admission is restricted to Members and Registered Students of the Institute. Mr. Stokes is expected to arrive in England at the end of this year to take up an I.C.I. Fellowship at Cambridge and it is hoped that he will be able to give his Meldola Medal Lecture entitled “The Role of Ion-Solvent Interactions in the Theory of Strong Electrolytes,” early in 1948 probably on 16 January. Thirtieth Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-The Council’s invitation to deliver the 30th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture has been accepted by Mr. George Taylor who will speak on “The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act and Some Analytical Implications,” in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6 p.m.on Friday 21 November. Special Lecture.-Professor H. B. Nisbet will deliver a lecture on “Anathetics” under the auspices of the Institute on 19 March 1948. Further particulars will be announced later. MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabzans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1948 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1947 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 31 December 1947. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted.The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to “The President Royal 1n::itute of Chernktry 30 Russell Square London W.C.l,” the envelope being marked Meldola Medal. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administra- tors representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry P301 and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy and awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. Owing to the war no awards from the Fund have been made since 1940 but it has now been agreed to revert to normal practice. The administrators of the Fund-the Presidents Honorary Treasurers and Secretaries of the three participating institutions- will therefore be glad to have their attention drawn to outstanding work of the nature indicated not later than 1 November 1947.All communications on this subject should be addressed to the Convener Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C. 1. Harrison Memorial Prize 1947.-In accordance with the Trust Deed governing the Harrison Memorial Fund the Selection Committee consisting of the Presidents of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society will proceed to make an award of the Harrison Memorial Prize in December 1947 subject to the conditions that the Selection Committee shall be of opinion that there is a candidate of sufficient distinction to warrant an award of the Prize.The Prize not exceeding &50 will be awarded to the chemist of either sex being a natural born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age who in the opinion of the Selection Committee shall during the previous five years have conducted the most meritorious and promising original investigations in Chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Applications five copies of which must be submitted should contain the following information :-(a) Name (in full) ;(b)Age (Birth certificate must accompany application) ; (c) Degrees (name of University where obtained) ;(d)Other qualifications; (e) Experience; (f)Titles of published papers with authors’ names including full references to publica- tion; (g)Where research was carried out; (h)Testimonials and references; (i) Any other particulars bearing on the application.The Selection Committee is prepared to consider applications nominations or information as to candidates eligible for the Prize. Any such communication must be received by The President The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W. 1 not later than Monday 1 December 1947. Candidates must not have attained the age of 30 years at this date. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize 1947.-Registered Students are informed that the Council will be prepared to consider the award in February 1948 of a Medal and Prize (QO 10s.) for the best essay not exceeding 3000 words contributed by a Registered Student of not more than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The essay may deal with any subject having a bearing on chemistry or chemical work provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical technical or historical subject. The object of the essay is to induce Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (See the comments of one of the Assessors for the 1945 competition JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 111 136.) Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section in the area of which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the Journal) not later than 31 December 1947 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the contributor.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select from those received not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The selected essays will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council on whose report the Council will decide to whom an award shall be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. The Medal and Prize will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached.231 1 The Newton Chambers Prize Essay Competition 1947.-In 1945 Messrs. Newton Chambers & Co. Ltd. offered to the South Yorkshire Section (now the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) of the Institute a sum of &lo0 per annum for seven years for the award of an annual prize for contributions to the subject of Chemistry and Industrial Welfare. The whole objective of the award is to encourage young chemists to make greater use of their knowledge of chemistry and their facilities for experimental work to enhance the existing knowledge of Industrial Welfare. Applica-tions to compete for the Prize for 1947 are invited under the following conditions:- 1.The 1947 competition is open to every Fellow Associate or Registered Student of the Institute who had not reached his 36th birthday by I January 1947. 2. The 1947 Award is offered for an essay paper or papers published or unpublished embodying the candidate’s own observations or experimental work on some aspects of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare. A critical examination of existing knowledge is admissible to the competition provided that the conclusions reached constitute an addition to the knowledge of the subject. It should be noted that the word “Welfare” is interpreted by the Adjudicating Committee in the widest possible sense. The subject may include for example the candidate’s own experience and observations on educative measures causes and alleviation of personal fatigue or methods for eliminating absenteeism and hazards to health.Moreover essays submitted need not contain an account of laboratory investigations. 3. Each candidate must transmit to the Hon. Secretary Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section Royal Institute of Chemistry (G. Murfitt F.R.I.C. William Jessop and Sons Ltd. Brightside Works Sheffield) to reach him on or before 31 December 1947 :(a)A formal letter of application to enter the competi- tion stating his name address date of birth and status (Fellow Associate or Registered Student) in the Institute ; (b) two copies of each essay or paper submitted together with a brief statement in duplicate indicating in what respect the essay or paper advances knowledge of the application of chemistry to the promotion of Industrial Welfare ; and (c) a declaration by the candidate that the work is his own or for joint papers a statement signed by the candidate and his collaborators as to the extent to which the results and conclusions are the work of the candidate.4. The decision of the Committee of the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section on any matter connected with the award of the prize is final. The Committee may at its discretion divide the Prize between two or more candidates or may withhold the award if no entry of sufficient merit is received. 6. The Committee may require a candidate to attend for interview in connection with his application. 6. The Committee reserves the right to publish the successful essay or paper (if not already published) in whatever form it thinks desirable.SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Course of Lectures in Refractories their Production Properties and Uses at the Northampton Polytechnic.-A course of ten lectures on the above subject will be delivered by Mr. L. R. Barrett on Wednesday evenings at 7 p.m. beginning on 8 October 1947. Admission to the course is by personal enrolment at the Polytechnic Office St. John Street London E.C.l any day 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. The fee for the course is 12s. 6d. Courses on Special Branches and Applications of Chemistry at Chelsea Polytechnic London.-A short course of eight post-graduate lectures on “The Modern Chemistry of Oils and Fats ” by Dr.J. H. Skellon on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 24 October to 12 December 1947. A corresponding course of eight lectures on “The Modem Chemistry and Technology of Waxes” by Mr. L. Ivanovsky on Fridays at 7.30 p.m. from 16 January to 12 March 1948. Both these courses have been designed to meet the needs of chemists engaged in related industries research workers and postgraduate students. A course of twenty lectures on “Biochemistry” by Dr. G. A. D. Haslewood on Mondays at 6.15 p.m. from 6 October to 8 December 1947 (Part l) and from 12 April to 21 June 1948 (17 May excluded) (Part 2). The course meets the requirements of students who have a knowledge of Chemistry to degree standard and wish to acquire a knowledge of Biochemistry.[ 832 3 A course of six postgraduate lectures on “The Biochemistry of Proteins” by Dr. R. L. M. Synge on Tuesdays at 7.16 p.m. from 17 February to 24 March 1948. Further particulars of all these courses and forms of application can be obtained from the Principal of the Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Courses of Lectures at Sir John Cass Technical Institute London.-A course of twelve lectures on “Industrial Law,”intended for men and women in executive and administrative positions in industry will be given by Mr. Eric Walker Barrister-at-Law on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. from 30 September 1947. Fee 10s. A course of nineteen lectures on “General Technology of Petroleum” and two visits will be held on Thursdays at 2.45 p.m.begining 2 October 1947. Dr. D. A. Howes and Messrs. L. W. G. Firmin J. B. Robinson and S. A. Hunn will be the lecturers. Fee fll 10s. A course of ten lectures on “X-ray Spectroscopy and its Applications” will be given by Mr. H. P. Rooksby on Mondays at 6.30 p.m. beginning 6 October 1947. Fee 20s. A course of lectures on Advanced Organic Chemistry (Part 11),intended for post- graduate students including those preparing for the F.R.I.C. examination in Organic Chemistry will be given by Mr. A. G. Lidstone on Wednesdays at 6 and 7.15 p.m. from 1 October 1947. Fee k2. Lecture and laboratory courses on special branches of Chemical Analysis Twelve lectures on Spectroscopic Analysis by Dr. S. Judd Lewis and Mr. D. W. Wilson on Fridays at 6 p.m.beginning 3 October followed by ten periods of laboratory work (limited number) on Fridays at 6 p.m. from 16 January 1948. Fee for the course of lectures kl. Ten lectures with demonstrations on Electrochemical Analysis by Dr. A. J. Lindsey and Mr. J. V. Westwood on Mondays at 6 p.m. beginning 12 January, 1948. Fee Q. Ten lecture-demonstrations on Microchemical Analysis by Mr. D. W. Wilson on Thursdays at 6 p.m. from 15 January 1948. Fee kl. In connection with the last two courses facilities will be offered during the Summer Term for laboratory work for a limited number of students. A course of eight lectures on “Patents and Industrial Design Protection” will be given by Mr. Eric Walker Barrister-at-Law on Tuesdays at 6 p.m. beginning 27 January 1948.Fee 10s. Fuller particulars of any of the above courses may be obtained from the Principal Sir John Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. Application for enrolment should be made to the Principal prior to the opening date of a course if possible. Special courses at the City Technical College Byrom Street Liverpoo1.-A course of lectures and demonstrations on Micro-analytical Technique will be given by Mr. J. G. Reynolds provided that a sufficient number of graduates enrol. These demonstrations will be held in the Chemical Laboratory on Tuesdays 6.30 to 8.30 p.m. Fee for the course L2. A course of ten lectures on the Recent Chemistry of Fats and Fatty Oils will be given by Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. and Dr. M. L. Meara on Tuesdays 6.30 to 7.30 p.m.Fee for the course Ll. Special Courses at the College of Technology Sackville Street Manchester.-Chemistry of Synthetic Dyestuffs on Wednesdays at 6.15 p.m. Fee 3t;l Is. Physical and Chemical Bases of Fibre Technology Part 11. Recent Advances in the Application of Dyes to Textiles. Some Physical Methods in Pure and Applied Chemistry. The Chemistry of Acetylenic Compounds. Details of the above courses will be announced later. Evening lectures for Advanced and Post-Graduate students at The Municipal Technical College Gamble Institute St. Helens.-Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry on Thursdays at ‘7.15 p.m. Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry on Tuesdays at 7.15 p.m. Course of Post-Advanced Lectures on “Some Modern Laboratory Techniques,” at the Municipal Technical College Victoria Street Widnes.-The course includes X-ray Techniques U.V.Emission Spectra Infra-Red Polaroqraphy and Wcro-analysis. r 233 3 Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association.-A course of three post-graduate lectures entitled “A Review of Recent Advances in X-ray Analysis,” by Sir W. Lawrence Bragg O.B.E. M.C. F.R.S. will be held on Thursdays 2 9 and 16 October 1947 at 6.30 p.m., in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l. Admission will be by ticket only price 10s. for the course. Further particulars and tickets may be obtained from Mr. H. C. Worsdall Hon. Secretary London Section O.C.C.A. c/o Plastanol Ltd. Crabtree Manorway Belvedere Kent.SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANPOWER As previously reported (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1947 IV 195) the Institute is helping in the distribution of a questionnaire shortly to be issued at the request of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy by the Appointments Department of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the purpose of surveying Scientific and Technical Manpower. The President and Council of the Institute hope that all members will co-operate by furnishing the particulars required in this questionnaire. It will be appreciated that the Institute has not been concerned in drawing up this questionnaire but only in facilitating its distribution. The Officers of the Institute are not therefore in a position to advise members on how they should reply to the questions put forward.EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF LABORATORY TECHNICIANS At the meeting of the Committee on the Education and Training of Laboratory Technicians on 22 September it was agreed that a short interim statement should be issued so that the numerous organisations and individuals interested in the subject might be aware of the Committee’s activities. The Committee was set up by a Conference convened in 1946 by the Association of Scientific Workers the Association of University Teachers and the British Association of Chemists. Among the bodies now represented on it are the Institute of Physics the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Biological Council the Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology and the Science Masters’ Association in addition to the three Associations that convened the Conference; there are also several representatives of Industry and a number of senior laboratory technicians on the Committee and representatives of other organisations concerned with the problem including the Ministry of Education are being co-opted.The Chairman of the Committee is Professor F. R. Winton and the Hon. Secretary is now Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham (Secretary Royal Institute of Chemistry). Although it is recognised that better provision needs to be made for the education and training of assistants in industrial control laboratories and of technicians engaged in plant operation many technical colleges provide courses leading to National Certificates in such subjects as Chemistry Applied Physics and Engineering and to certificates of the City and Guilds of London Institute in various branches of technology and those who have the necessary keenness and ability can proceed to a professional qualification in a particular science or to an external degree.The attention of the Committee has therefore been directed essentially to that important class of technicians which includes laboratory stewards and at the highest level laboratory superintendents whose work is vital to the maintenance and operation of research laboratories in industrial organisa- tions research associations and academic institutions and of laboratories for the instruction of students in universities technical colleges and schools. Their work is very varied and involves experience of techniques derived from a number of branches of science and technology; most of them are to be regarded not as potential chemists physicists biologists etc.but as potential first-class laboratory technicians. So far however few courses have been provided for the training of technicians of this type nor is there any qualification in their own field to which they may aspire. To remedy this position the Committee is engaged in preparing syllabuses for the certificate and diploma stages of a general course of training for such laboratory technicians based on proposals put forward by a sub-committee consisting of the laboratory technician members of the Committee. The drafts of the certificate course are nearing completion and will then be circulated for comment to bodies represented on the Committee and to other organisations likely to be interested.It is hoped that progress may now be sufficiently rapid to enable a trial course to be started early in 1948. In the meantime it is understood that a representative group of laboratory technicians who have been associated with the work of the Committee are taking steps to constitute a professional qualifying body similar in many respects to the Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology. [ 234 1 MISCELLANEOUS The Chemical Society Research Fund.-A meeting of the Research Fund Committee will be held in November next. Applications for Grants to be made on forms obtainable from the General Secretary Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 must be received on or before 1 November 1947. Applications from Fellows of the Society will receive prior consideration. Attention is drawn to the fact that the income arising from the Donation of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths is principally devoted to the encouragement of research in Inorganic and Metallurgical Chemistry and that the income from the Perkin Memorial Fund is to-be applied to investigations relating to problems connected with the Coal Tar and Allied Industries. Electron Jubilee Exhi bition.-In connection with the celebration arranged by the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society in association with the Institution of Electrical Engineers to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery by Sir J. J. Thomson of the existence of the electron an Exhibition will be held at the Science Museum South Kensington from 27 September until the end of January 1948.A handbook describing the Exhibition may be obtained from the Institute of Physics 47 Belgrave Square London S.W.l price 1s. 2d. post free. Scientific Films.-The Scientific Film Association proposes to prepare a catalogue of research films. Any member of the Institute who has produced or has information about any such film is asked to communicate with the Hon. Secretary Scientific Film Association 34 Soh0 Square London W.1. The following information should be included if possible a short description of the experiment recorded; the date; the name of the research worker who made the film; the gauge and length; if copies of the original record are available; from whom the film is obtainable.In appropriate instances the Association will if necessary arrange for the duplication of films. Education in Chemistry.-The Education Committee of the British Association of Chemists under the Chairmanship of Mr. E. Leighton Holmes has published a Report on Education in Chemistry the Teaching of Chemistry in Schools and the Training of Chemists and Chemical Technicians for Industry. After a brief introductory chapter the Report deals with chemistry in schools chemistry at the university and technical college chemists and chemical technicians in industry and the recruitment and training of teachers of chemistry. A bibliography is appended. Copies of the Report may be obtained from the office of the Association 175 Piccadilly London W.l price 2s.236 ] GENERAL NOTICES (Fov notices relating to matters of immediate impwtance see “Announcements” on p. 229.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute. Prospective employers and Fellows and Associates who desire to make use of this service as a means of obtaining employment should communicate with the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con-tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is open to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on week-days (not including Saturdays). Report on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M.Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Joint Subscription Arrangements.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL 1946 Part IV p.lag) can obtain further particulars and AND PROCEEDINGS necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W.I. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for 1947 ma be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C.I. Forms for beeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the Journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc.Changes of Address.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address dserent from that previously given they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register. All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary.