THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron -H.M. THE KING. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. PART 111: 1936. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.1,LONDON, Jzcne, 1936. Publications Committee, 1936-37. LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), JAMES BELL, HAROLD BURTON, G. R. CLEMO, ALBERT COULTHARD, W. M. CUMMING, B. S. EVANS, A. E. EVEREST, ALEXANDER FINDLAY, A. E. FINDLEY, H. H. HODGSON, WILLIAM HONNEYMAN, D. JORDAN-LLOYD, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer) C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, J. R. NICHOLLS, T. F. E. RHEAD, ADAM TAIT, E. A. TYLER, ERNEST VANSTONE. 199 Editorial.In the place of an Editorial article, this Part includes a contribution from Professor Jocelyn Thorpe, entitled bb Industry and the Profession of Chemistry.” Professor Thorpe deals with the work and aims of the Chemical Council, and with the debt of industry to chemical science, in- dicating that an opportunity is now afforded, to those who reap the benefit of the services and discoveries of chemists, to co- operate in the work of the Chartered Chemical Societies, by con- tributing to a fund for the more adequate publication of new knowledge, the maintenance of the Chemical Library and, eventually, the provision of premises. FURTHER COMMENTS on the Editorial on “Science and war ” in JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS,Part V, 1935,and on the Comments in Part 11, 1936.Since the publication of the Comments in Part 11,four other correspondents have written on this subject. “Associate ”--essentially peaceful-minded and generally in sympathy with the previous correspondent-delivers a spirited attack on the replies of the Committee, which were printed in Part 11,and declares that trouble is inevitable unless the scientific man makes it quite clear that there must not be war. Another Associate-engaged in school teaching-claims the right of the individual to decide for himself whether he will support the Government of his country or respond to his own sense of moral responsibility in such matters. He urges that men of science of different nations should confer on the application of science in war, and suggests that the League of Nations should investigate the subject.Next, an Associate, who is also in sympathy with the first correspondent, prefers to take an unbiased international point of view, and tritely deplores the lack of co-operation 200 among nations as responsible for the present state of affairs. In his view, war, in any circumstances, is incompatible with “elemental Christian ethics,” and he concludes that, if science is becoming inevitably associated with it, men of science have only themselves to blame. He has travelled much, and is satisfied that none of the peoples with whom he has come in contact has any desire to kill the peoples of any other nation. He concludes, therefore, that the will of the peoples lacks expression, that there is a lack of contact and a lack of co-operation.The people of this country should concern themselves more earnestly with eliminating the causes of war “by studying the other fellow’s point of view and helping him in his problems.” A major cause for dissension is England’s great share of the world’s wealth. Finally, a fourth Associate, while agreeing generally with the original Editorial, is desirous of extending the discussion, and hopes that it will be encouraged. He proceeds to attribute disagreement among nations to their false financial systems which, without alternative, force nations to exploit foreign countries commercially. He elaborates his theme and suggests that the only solution of the problem is complete reorganisation of the national financial systems in order to eliminate export trade as the essential factor in maintaining national solvency.The Publications Committee has decided that this discussion must be closed. The Committee cannot continue any longer to j5ublish criticisms which either misinterpret its views or which carry the discussion away from the original topic into regions of +olitical and religious controversy beyond the province of a pro- fessional scientific institution. 201 Industry and the Profession of Chemistry. BY PROFESSORJOCELYN F. THORPE, c.B.E., D.SC., F.R.S. Honorary Treasurer, The Chemical Council THEplan which has led to the foundation of the Chemical Council, a body composed of representatives of the three Chartered Societies dealing with chemistry, namely, the Chemical Society, The Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Chemical Industry, together with representatives of industry, appointed by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, is now in active operation. The Chemical Council has not only started to function but is well on the way towards the accomplishment of those objects for which it was established. The first aim of the Council is to place the finances controlling chemical publications on a basis which will remove the restric- tions caused, at the present time, by lack of adequate funds.For this purpose it is considered that a yearly income of .f3,000-L4,ooo will be required.The Chemical Council hopes, therefore, to establish a fund of @oo,ooo, the interest on which will be used to provide the extra income required for adequate publication of new chemical knowledge. Another capital fund of the order of .~IOO,OOO will then be formed, the income from which will be used to relieve the cost of the Library and eventually to provide for the establishment of a sinking fund for suitable premises. It is the intention of the Council to place the Chartered Chemical Societies on a sound financial basis so that it will be unnecessary to make any further appeal either to the members or to industry. For this purpose an appeal is shortly to be issued to leaders of industry and commerce and others who are interested in chemistry, directing attention to the urgent national need of untrammelled and unfettered publication and, in particu- lar, asking those engaged in Industry to consider the debt they owe to chemical science both for present services and for those rendered in the past.202 But, meanwhile, since it was suggested that a stronger appeal could be made if it were shown that members of the constituent bodies were prepared to give what help they could afford, contributions have been invited from chemists themselves, in order that a preliminary list might be appended to the appeal pamphlet. The result has been the collection, in cash and promises, of over E14,ooo. It is perhaps of interest to give, in brief, the history of the constituent bodies and the manner in which they have obtained the funds required for the work they have had in hand.THE CHEMICALSOCIETY,which celebrates its centenary in 1941, is the oldest Chemical Societyin the world and is the pattern on which most of the societies elsewhere have been constructed. The origin of the Society may be traced in the desire to relieve the Royal Society of the need to publish specialised papers which became more specialised as the science of chemistry advanced. Up to 1863 a quarterly journal sufficed, but in that year the first annual volume of a new monthly series appeared. It con- tained 429 pages comprising 52 memoirs; the cost of publication was f1368 2s. 8d. In 1932 (the last year of the old format) the number of pages was 2,977, consisting of gro communications at a cost of l5,752 16s.6d. This, the output of one year, indicates not only the great advance that has taken place in the production of new knowledge since the first year quoted, but is also a measure of the free gift that is made annually to industry. For, as Sir Edward Thorpe has said-"The recondite knowledge of to-day is the technical practice of to-morrow" and he who says that any of the new knowledge published to-day is useless would be guilty of a statement which could be refuted by numer- ous instances taken from the past history of chemical science. It would be out of place here to give more than a few examples showing how the academic worker has published work, regarded at the time of publication as of scientific interest only, which has ultimately enabled industry to build up prosperous and important businesses and to acquire much financial profit: the rare gases, argon, helium, and neon, the thermionic valve rendering wireless talk possible, radium, the X-rays, alizarin and indigo, and a host of other examples.The Chemical Society continued to carry out the work assigned to it in the Charter on behalf of the whole body of chemists until 1877 when the question arose whether the Society should 203 continue to admit all those interested in chemistry and thus maintain a sufficient number of Fellows to enable it to pay for its publications, or whether the number of Fellows should be restricted to those who were qualified to practise the profession of chemistry. The decision reached was to continue to adopt the methods hitherto used and to admit all those who signified their desire to become Fellows and who expressed their interest in chemical science.The Institute of Chemistry was then formed as the qualifying body, and by means of its examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship raised the standard of professional qualification to a height which could not have been reached by any other means. Moreover, it set a standard which the universities themselves were bound to follow and if, at the present time, it is true that the greater number of members of the Institute are admitted through their university qualifica- tions, it is due to the fact that this standard was the Institute’s standard and that, not being a teaching body, the Institute has been content to hand over the instruction required for the attainment of the standard to the organisations whose business it is to impart such instruction.It may be argued that the Chemical Society ought to have taken over the task of qualifying chemists generally, but the difficulties confronting the leaders of those days were very real. They were faced with a possible loss of membership which would have crippled the Society in the exercise of its principal function, namely, the discussion and publication of new knowledge. It is true that the Society could have formed an inner Institute as part of its own body which would have contained only those qualified as chemists, but such a solution does not appear to have been considered.A solution of this kind would, moreover, have not removed one of the disad- vantages even now attaching to the Institute, namely, that it does not include within its body some of the leaders of chemistry. Nevertheless, the fifty-nine years during which the Institute has existed has shown that any scheme under which the Institute (the professional body) would have acted as a section of a society formed mainly of unqualified members would probably have been unworkable, and that complete autonomy, subject to general co-ordination, was the solution best suited to the conditions. Still later (1881)the Society of Chemical Industry was formed, there being a general impression at the time that there was some essential difference between “pure” and “applied’’ chemistry.There can be no doubt that, as a publishing society, 204 the Society of Chemical Industry has performed work of the highest usefulness, for although it is now recognised that there is no real difference between the two great branches of chemical science-the one being the complement of the other-yet it is in the highest degree convenient that the Chemical Society should be relieved of the publication of papers containing tech- nical minutiae and that such papers should be published separately in some place where those who are interested may obtain the information they desire. It is possible that there was no need for another society to deal with “applied” chemistry and that a section of the Chemical Society might have done all the work required, but now that both the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry have each held Royal Charters for many years, it is clear that the break-away from the parent Society was for the good of all concerned and that there is a real need for three autonomous bodies representing the three great branches of chemistry, namely, pure ” chemistry, the profession of chemistry and ‘I applied ” chemistry, provided that means are taken to co-ordinate the activities of the three bodies and to prevent wastage due to duplication of effort. At one time it was thought that a new society should be formed which would contain as sections the three branches named to which other societies dealing with borderline” subjects could be added later.But it soon became clear that no general agreement could be reached on a scheme of this kind, and that the Chartered Bodies as such preferred to remain autonomous. Had a scheme of general amalgamation been pressed it would have been wrecked and the whole question-so vital to the interest of chemistry in this country-would not have been revived for many years to come. As it is, the Chemical Council has been constituted with as general an assent as is possible-in any case by the consent of the large majority of chemists. Its functions are clear and straight- forward and it deals with chemists only.Later a way may be found for the inclusion of other bodies whose activities are related to chemistry, but for the moment, the chemist, for the first time, is setting his house in order and he will not be in a position to invite guests until he has done so. It has been suggested that this is merely another society to be added to the twenty chemical societies already existing. It might be more correct to say that there are not twenty chemical societies, there are only three: the others are bodies dealing either with small specialised sections of chemistry or with 205 “borderline I’ subjects, such as biochemistry, in which chemical science plays only a part. The Chemical Council has as one of its chief objects the co-ordination of the activities of the three chartered bodies prior to the extension of its work to wider fields.The Chemical Council has been constituted in the first instance for seven years. By the end of that period it will be seen whether it has justified its existence and such alterations can then be made as time and circumstances may have shown to be desirable. Moreover, before the end of the seven-year period an opportunity will have been taken thoroughly to investigate the conditions under which it may be possible to reduce the existing fees of membership of the constituent bodies, but it is obvious that nothing can be done in this connexion until the success of the appeal for funds is known. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that any reduction in the amounts of the subscriptions of members is intimately con- nected with an increase of membership-a seeming paradox, but one which will be understood when it is pointed out that the cost of an extra copy of a publication, already set up, is comparatively small.The Chemical Council is not therefore an additional society. It is a co-ordinating body the functions of which are set out in the preamble of the deed of agreement. In the past the weight of publication has been borne by the members of the publishing societies and the number of members and the size of the publications have enabled this to be done. Of the Fellows of the Chemical Society (3,650 in the 1933 list) some 1,200 have published in the JOURNAL. Probably only a portion of those who have published, and probably many of the remaining 2,450, do not read more than a few pages of the JOURNAL. Nevertheless, the publication of new knowledge is absolutely essential. All, except the life members, contribute E3 a year and this sum serves as the main means of defraying the cost of publication.A precarious state of affairs this, and one which will show business men how urgent it is that a capital sum should be provided to ensure against the inevitable variation in membership; for although what may be termed the “dilet- tante” member may be relied on to continue his membership, it is doubtful whether, at the present time, others will be found among the younger men to replace him. The appeal pamphlet when it is issued will be found to con- tain an epitome of the reasons why the Chemical Council feels 206 justified in approaching the leaders of industry for substantial help.It is no begging appeal: it is a call for help from those who have hitherto borne, ungrudgingly, the heat and burden of the day to those whom they feel should now share some of that burden. Probably at no other time in our chemical history has the relationship between professional chemistry and industry been happier than it is at present. There is mutual goodwill and respect between the two, andit is certain that good feeling of this kind is, in the highest degree, for the national good. 207 Proceedings of the Council. Council Meeting, 24th April, 1936.-Before proceeding to the business of the meeting, the President reported-as mentioned in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 11-that aPart letter had been received from the Home Secretary stating that he had laid before His Majesty The King the loyal and dutiful Address of the Institute, on the occasion of the death of His late Majesty King George V, and that he had received the King’s Commands to convey to the President of the Institute His Majesty’s grateful thanks for the assurances of sympathy and devotion to which it gave expression.The President also reported that a letter had been received from His Majesty’s Keeper of the Privy Purse stating that he had been commanded by the King to inform the President that His Majesty had been graciously pleased to grant his Patronage to the Institute.The President reported that he had replied as follows:- 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON,W.C.l. 31st March, 1936. The Right Hon. Col. Lord WIGRAM,P.C., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C.S.I., Keeper of the Privy Purse, Buckingham Palace, S.?V.1. iMy Lord, I have great pleasure in acknowledging, on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, your Lordship’s letter of the 30th March, informing me that His Majesty The King has been graciously pleased to accord his Patronage to the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. May I respectfully request that your Lordship will be so good as to convey to His Majesty, on behalf of the Institute, an expression of the loyal and humble duty of the Fellows and Associates and their most grateful thanks for this honour and mark of His Majesty’s favour.I am, my Lord, Your obedient servant, ROBERT H. PICKARD, President. Following the action taken by the Council at the meeting held on the 21st February, the officers reported on the debate in the House of Commons on the Sugar Industry (Reorganisation) Bill (see page 250). 208 A communication was received from the British Federation of Industries to the effect that a committee would be formed to secure that Great Britain was adequately represented at future Congresses on Scientific Management. The thanks of the Council were accorded to Mr. Calder who had represented the Institute at a meeting called to consider the matter.Mr. William Rintoul, the representative of the Institute on the Executive Committee of the Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, held in London last year, was unfortunately, absent through illness. The Draft Rules submitted by the East Midlands Section were approved. A memorandum was submitted from the Parliamentary Science Committee on a scheme for the development and finance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, together with a schedule of recommendations, including the establishment of a National Scientific and Industrial Research Fund, to be raised largely from customs receipts, as well as from industry. Consideration of the document was postponed in order to give Members of Council an opportunity of perusing it, and of expressing their views thereon.Dr. Harold G. Colman was reappointed representative of the Institute of the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. On the report from the Finance and House Committee, the Council considered the proposal to make provision for the election of a District Member of Council for the East Midlands. The Committee reminded the Council that during the past two years, contiguous Sections had been formed:- (a) South Yorkshire (including Chesterfield, Worksop and (b) East Midlands (including most of Derby, Nottingham the Lindsey division of Lincolnshire) (83 members) ; and and Leicester, the parts of Holland and the division of Kesteven) (199members).The South Yorkshire Section was debarred from participating in the election of a District Member of Council for Yorkshire because it overlapped other counties ;similarly, the East Midlands Section covered areas which were previously included in other Sections. The total number of members attached to these two Sections was sufficient to justify representation on the Council by a District Member, and the Finance and House Committee expressed the hope that the Committees of the East Midlands and 209 South Yorkshire Sections would concur in an arrangement to nominate jointly a District Member of Council, it being under- stood that nothing in this arrangement would preclude other members from nominating candidates for election as District Members of Council in accordance with the By-laws.The Council concurred in the report of the Committee, and directed that the South Yorkshire and East Midlands Sections be informed accordingly. The report of the Benevolent Fund Committee showed that twelve widows of Fellows and Associates, seven with young children, are now receiving help from the Fund, in addition to several aged Fellows and a number of members temporarily embarrassed through illness or unemployment. Arising out of correspondence with a Fellow who has shown keen interest in the Fund, the Committee prepared the following return of statistics indicating that further support is necessary to place the Fund on a sounder footing, in order to meet the demands made upon it.The figures give the average receipts and payments for the ten-year period 1926 to 1935 and the five-year period 1931 to 1935 respectively:-1926-1 935. Subscriptions AnnualsubscriDividends . . ption.. .. s .. . . 409 354 111 Grants Loans .. Regular payments .. .. -. .. . . 378 160 418 Loans repaid .. .. 83 Printing . . .. 36 Audit .. .. .. 5 E957 L997 1931-1935. Subscriptions .. .. 544 Grants .. -. 392 Annual subscriptions . . 414 Loans .. .. .. 189 Dividends .. .. 135 Regular payments .. 625 Loansrepaid . . .. 102 Printing .. . . 36 Audit . . .. .. 5 0,195 310 The Committee also proposed to adopt a Deed of Covenant for members who were prepared to promise to subscribe to the Fund for seven years consecutively, on the understanding that the Fund would be able to recover Income Tax on such contribu- tions, but that such members would not be able to look to the Fund at any time during the seven years for any kind of assistance, -a condition laid down by the regulations governing such deeds.A report was received from the Publications Committee stating that Mr. Davidson Pratt had kindly consented to allow his lecture on “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry,” which had been given before the London and South-Eastern Counties’ Section, to be published as a separate monograph. The Committee also reported that a new edition of the Register was in preparation, and arrangements for future lectures would be reported in June.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee reported as usual on a large number of applications for Student- ship, Examination and Membership. Council Meeting, 22nd May.-A memorandum on the development and finance of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, transmitted by the Parliamentary Science Committee for the consideration of the Council, was discussed, with the result that the Council came to the conclusion that some of the recommendations contained therein were political- touching on questions such as tariffs and State control of research, -and that, as it did not seem possible to obtain a collective and unanimous opinion on such matters, it was not advisable for the Council to express its opinion on the document.The Council, however, requested the Registrar, who is a Member of the Parliamentary Science Committee, to report further proceedings. ,4mong other matters, the Council considered the Petition for the grant of a Royal Charter to the Institution of the Rubber Industry under the title of “The British Institute of Rubber Technologists.” Being assured that the Institution recognised the position of the Institute of Chemistry and that there was nothing in the draft Charter which was intended or would be interpreted to controvert or deny the rights or privileges of the Institute, the Council directed that the Privy Council be informed that the Council of the Institute, if permitted to do so, would 211 be glad to support the Petition of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. On receiving an invitation from the British Standards Institution, the Council appointed Mr.William Henry Simmons, Fellow, as representative of the Institute, on a Technical Com-mittee to examine the draft methods for the analysis of soaps and fats, prepared by the International Commission for the Study of Fats. Reports were received from the Standing Committees,- the Report from the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, including the Report of the Board of Examiners on the April-May Examinations. The Council also received a Report from the Chemical Council on the proceedings of five meetings held since its last Report which was submitted in October, 1935.l1Modern Chemical Nomenclature. ’‘-On 14th May, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, on the kind invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society, many Fellows, Associates and Registered Students attended a lecture on “Modern Chemical Nomenclature,” given by Dr. Clarence Smith, Editor of the Joiirnal of the Chemical Societjt. Professor N.V. Sidgwick, C.B.E., F.R.S., President of the Society, in welcoming the members of the Institute, stated that the suggestion that such a lecture should be given had emanated from the Council of the Institute. At the conclusion, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer, on the motion of Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, seconded by Professor Gilbert T.Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Dr. Pickard expressed the thanks of the members and students to the Council of the Chemical Society for inviting them to be present . It is hoped that the lecture will be published and that reprints will be available. 212 Local Sections. [The Institute is not responsible for the views expressed in papers read, or in speeches delivered during discussion.] Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, on aznd April, when a paper was read by Dr. R. L. Mitchell, of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, entitled 66 Spectroscopic Analysis by the Lundegiirdh Method.” Dr. Mitchell opened with a short account of the early work on quantitative analysis by means of flame emission spectra, mentioning in particular the methods of Gouy and Klemperer.He then described the method which had been worked out by LundegArdh in connection with his investigations of plants and soils in Stockholm. The apparatus used was conveniently divided into two parts: the burner aggregate and spectrograph for the production of the spectrograms, and the photometer for their evaluation. The burner aggregate comprised an air-acetylene burner of the bunsen type, into the air stream of which could be introduced a fine spray containing the substance to be estimated. The air, supplied from a cylinder, was forced through a platinum atomiser nozzle, which introduced into the air stream a fine spray of the solution.This passed through the sprayer vessel and into the burner tube where it was mixed with the acetylene, the mixture burning at the platinum-iridium tipped mouthpiece. The air and acetylene pressures were accurately controlled, as was the time of exposure. A series of standard solutions, as well as the unknown solutions, about twenty-two in all, was included in each plate. Some thirty-two cations, including the alkalis and alkaline earths, gave suitable flame emission spectra. The intensities of the spectral lines were measured by means of a microphotometer, incorporating a Moll-Burger vacuum thermo-couple and a Moll galvanometer. This type of element was very convenient as it allowed a magnified image of the system to be projected on a screen and the scanning of the line to be 213 accurately performed. The latest Lundegirdh type photometer incorporated a step-by-step vertical movement, and a precision screw horizontal movement of the plate, allowing the instrument to be used as a wave-length micrometer.The fact that the acetylene flame had a continuous back- ground over most of the ultra-violet region permitted correction to be made of variations in emulsion properties over the plate: the intensity of any line was given by the ratio of the density of the line to the density of the background adjoining the line. Thus the flame background was an advantage and not a dis- advantage. The ratio for each of the standard solutions was plotted against its concentration and the results for the unknown solutions found from the curve so obtained. The routine error was about 4 per cent.but, by replication, could be decreased to 1-2 per cent. Finally, Dr. Mitchell made brief reference to the dipping spark method recently introduced by Lundegirdh for cations which do not give a flame spectrum. On the motion of Mr. Godden a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer. The Annual General Meeting was then held. The Hon. Secretary’s report and financial statement were read and approved. The officers for 1936-37 were elected as follows :-Chairman, Mr. W. Godden; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. Craven; Committee, Professor J. Hendrick, Captain J. S. Allan, Dr. A. B. Stewart, Mr. Andrew Dargie, Mr.M. J. M. Robb and Mr. P. Mitchell. Mr. Robb was appointed Hon. Auditor. The meeting then adjourned. Belfast and District.-At a meeting of the Section, held in the Physics Lecture Theatre of the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 19th March, Dr. W. H. Gibson, O.B.E., Director of Research, Linen Industry Research Association, discussed- ‘‘Industrial Biochemistry in Northern Ireland.” After tracing the development of the science of chemistry to its present vast dimensions, he pointed out that the industrial resources of Northern Ireland in the way of raw material were very largely agricultural, i.e. biochemical products, and so in the study of chemistry in the Province from a vocational point of 214 view, special attention should be paid to biochemistry and in particular to those products produced on the farms of the Province.Dr. Gibson went into detail with regard to the biochemistry of some of the more important products of the Province, such as foodstuffs, flax, etc., and touched upon the question of the canning and bottling, and on fermentation, and other industries. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Merrythought Caf6 on 4th May, when the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected as follows :-Chairman, Prof. R. G. Baskett; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. W. Honneyman; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. S. McDowell; Committee, Dr. T. E. Ellison, Messrs. J. C. Baird, J. W. Porter and G. R. Perdue. Birmingham and Midlands.-At the Annual General Meeting held at the General Hospital, Birmingham, on 1st April, the following Officers and Committee were elected for next session :-Chairman, Prof.R. H. Hopkins ; Vice-chairman , Mr. J. R. Johnson; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; Hon. Secretary, Mr. G. Thomas; Committee, Dr. Cooper Duff, Mr. A. W. Knapp, Dr. F. W. Norris, Mr. T. F. E. Rhead, Dr. W. Wardlaw and Messrs. A. Churchman, T. L. Harris, W. J. Price and A. R. Runeckles; with Mr. W. A. S. Calder, District Member of Council; Hon Auditors, Mr. H. A. Caulkin, Mr. W. T. Collis. Following the Annual Meeting members and friends visited the Radium, Deep X-rays Therapy, Biochemical, Cancer Research and Pathological Departments of the General Hospital. Cardiff and District.-Dr.E. A. Rudge presided at a joint meeting of the Section with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held on 11th March, at the Techni- cal College, Cardiff, when Dr. H. E. Cox gave an address on ‘‘Recent Advances in Food Chemistry.” Dr. Cox gave an account of some of the important recent work which had been carried out on the preservation and trans- portation of fruit and other foodstuffs. He dealt with the chemistry of several of the substances, such as vitamins and diacetyl, which are present in foodstuffs, and finally gave details, with lantern slide illustrations, of a ship fitted for transport of meat over long distances. 215 A keen discussion followed, and a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr.Cox, proposed from the Chair, and seconded by Mr. P. V. Lloyd. The First Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Queen’s Hotel, Cardiff, on 27th April. The Secretary’s and Treasurer’s reports were read and adopted, and the Committee for the Session 1936-37 was elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. E. A. Rudge; Hon. Secretary, Dr. W. Cule Davies; Committee, Dr. N. M. Cullinane, Mr. S. Dixon, Mr. S. U. Evans, Dr. J. H. Quastel, Mr. S. B. Watkins, Dr. H. B. Watson and ex oj’iczo, Mr. E. A. Tyler (District Member of Council). Dr. E. A. Rudge then read a paper on ‘‘ The Training of the Chemist,” of which he has supplied the following pr6cis:- The enormous developments of the past 25 to 30 years in industrial chemistry which have introduced newer processes and methods of control, and in some cases entirely new industries, have occasioned a considerable change in the position of the chemist, and in the duties which he is called upon to perform. The works is in closer contact than ever before with the results of academic research, and the translation of the latter into industrial terms is constantly necessary.There is in consequence an increasing demand for an entirely new type of trained man, very different from the graduate of pre-war days both in training and experience. Dr. Lampitt has expressed this new demand as follows :-‘‘ In industry you must be more than a specialist; you must have a very broad knowledge of the whole range of cheniis- try,” pointing out that industry wants “a chemist who can calculate costs of production ; can translate bench experiments to factory scale; who knows something of fluid flow, of heat transfer, and a multitude of details of major importance.”* It is usually assumed that the chemist beginning industrial work is first solely engaged in laboratory routine,? but this is not now strictly true.Fewer and fewer works are engaging graduates for routine analyses, whilst, on the other hand there is a greater demand for men capable of process control. The academic teacher is inclined to draw undue distinction between what are termed “pure ” and “applied ” chemistry. $ Whereas academic * Lampitt-1st Gluckstein Lecture-“ Chemist and Commerce,” p. 10. t Pilcher-“Profession of Chemistry,” p.67. $ Pilcher, Zoc. cit., p. 69. 216 courses have expanded enormously to keep up with the great developments in organic, physical, and other branches of chemical research, there has been little tendency to take into account the no less remarkable, and certainly no less important development in "applied '' science. The examination is the only index we have to judge of changes or trends in chemical education, and it is safe to remark that the final degree papers have undergone no change except, since 1914,one of academic scope. The graduate therefore remains the raw material he was many years ago, in spite of the obvious demands of industry. It may well be asked why do not the Universities modify existing degree courses in face of this altered situation.It is not easy to give an answer. Efforts are being made by other bodies such as the Institution of Chemical Engineers to devise a system of training in chemical engineering, but the profession has not itself decided the order in which the fundamentals should be divided between the chemists and the engineers. Perhaps on this account the Universities are unwilling to introduce a degree in this subject; although a contributory reason lies in the impression that a course in chemical engineering would be expensive to equip and to run. Such an impression is an erroneous impression, for it has been shown that a very adequate course can be conducted on little equipment of the simplest kind, particularly if the co-operation of local industry can be secured.The unfortunate publicity given when expensive equipment is presented to colleges is perhaps partly responsible for the pre- valent, yet wrong, assumption that chemical engineering needs to be elaborate and complicated to be successful. Notwithstanding the efforts of the Institution of Chemical Engineers to develop a systematic course of a new type, there still remains the difficulty of non-recognition by the University. A matriculant usually chooses a course of study not so much with a view to a career as with a view to a degree. In conse- quence, there seems to be no alternative at present to the scheme of post-graduate training in chemical engineering. The un-desirability of this method,-often described as "top-dressing "-may be removed to a great extent by suitable modification of syllabus during the graduate course, introducing such subjects as costing, elementary engineering drawing, industrial physics, the use of steam and electric power, and the elementary principles of chemical engineering.Objections may be raised on the grounds that these inclusions would tend to confound the student and 217 reduce his chance of a good honours degree, but, in the opinion of the lecturer, this would not be so. The matter dealt with would be of general advantage, in whatever kind of occupation the student would ultimately find himself. In conclusion, Dr. Rudge said that the subject was highly controversial, and was furthermore confused by the unfor-tunate fact that experts were not unanimous even upon the major points at issue. He felt, however, that the time was over- due for a definite effort to be made to create a type of graduate more readily available for the industrial posts of higher respon- sibility.The paper was received with much interest and followed by a discussion. The subject will be raised again at a future meeting of the Section. East Midlands.-The first Annual General Meeting of the East Midlands Section was held at University College, Notting- ham, on 2nd April,-Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson in the Chair. The Officers and Committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows:-Chairman, Dr. G. Malcolm Dyson; Honorary Secretary, Mr. C, W.North; Committee: Messrs. R. Davidson, E. A. Morris, L. G. Tomlinson, for Derbyshire; Mr. F. C. Bullock and Dr. L. Hunter, for Leicestershire, excluding Loughborough ; Dr. C. Whitworth, for Loughborough; and Dr. H. H. Barber and Messrs. G. F. Hall and W. Woodhouse, for Nottinghamshire. Mr. E. A. Morris was elected Honorary Auditor. The Section Rules, as prepared by the Provisional Committee, were approved. The Report of the Committee and Financial Statement were adopted. A resolution was passed in favour of collaboration with other Chemical Societies in the area. A symposium followed on- (‘The Institute of Chemistry and Professional Training.” to which Dr. L. Hunter, Mr. B. A. Bull and Mr. R. Leslie Collett, Assistant Secretary of the Institute, contributed.Dr. Hunter dealt with the question from the academic stand- point, outlining the essential considerations in the training of chemists, with special reference to the examinations of the Instit Ute. He stressed the necessity of inculcating the research spirit, and of encouraging students in the proper use of the literature of their science. Mr. Bull, who spoke from the industrial side, dealt with the necessary characteristics of chemists who wished to enter industry. He said that it was more essential that a chemist should have a grasp of the fundamentals of his science than that he should be a walking encyclopaedia. Above all, sincere devotion to his profession should be fostered. Mr. Collett said that he had come prepared to defend the Institute against adverse criticism, but he was glad to find that there was none.He spoke of the aims of the Institute with regard to its examinations, and on the Regulations for the ad- mission of Associates and Fellows. While the Council was pre- pared to grant exemptions in certain special cases, due regard was paid to the importance of maintaining a high standard of general and technical education. After an interesting discussion, a vote of thanks was accorded to the speakers. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-At a meeting of the Section held at the Engineers and Shipbuilders’ Institute, Elm-bank Crescent, Glasgow, on 21st February, Dr. s. Judd Lewis gave a lecture on “Twenty-five Years’ Practice in Spectrum Analysis.’’ Dr.P. F. Gordon occupied the chair. Dr. Judd Lewis has kindly supplied the following pr6cis:- As a preliminary, the lecturer described with the aid of lantern slides the instruments and methods now most commonly employed, with special reference to the quartz spectrograph, the comparator and the arc method of quantitative spectroscopy by the ratio quantitative system. Dr. Judd Lewis said that in ‘1912he received a request from the British Homeopathic Association to study the mineral constituents of certain tinctures and drugs (Year-Book Pharmacy, 1914,p. 361). It was a type of problem which at that time had been little studied. This incident called for notice, because adopting the arc method, it marked a new departure in spectros- copy as applied to biological and similar materials, into fields which have since proved abundantly fruitful.During the previous twenty-five years very little had been done in the practical application of spectroscopy, except by Professor Hartley and his school in Dublin, who employed almost exclusively the spark method as applied to solutions. 219 Three conditions had hindered and restricted progress :-(I) Public supplies of electricity were not common until the 'eighties of the last century. (2) There was no such instrument as a quartz spectrograph, exploring both the visible and the ultra-violet regions of the spectrum, to be obtained in the ordinary way, although imperfect models were available to special order, and were used academically.Also, there were no spectrophotometers for the ultra-violet , or comparators, and very few accessories in 1912. (By 1914-1915, a few more efficient instruments had been introduced.) (3) Practically speaking, flame spectra alone were commonly known. All these conditions were against the general utility of the spectro- scope, so that one failed to detect minute traces of metals such as lead, tin, boron, antimony, cadmium-for which methods have since been highly developed. Going back to 1912 and the analysis of the homeopathic preparations, one was necessarily tempted to speculate on a primitive kind of quantitative spectroscopy to the extent of making rough estimations of the lithiam, boron and some other contents of several of the ashes.At that time quantitative spectroscopy was but little understood. Hartley had several years previously made some worthy attempts. Hempel and Klemperer (J.C.S., 1910:A.ii, 995)had communicated a method for determining alkalis and alkaline earths in agricultural soils by introducing known amounts of elements into a flame and using a visual instrument. From that time until the present it has been a constant quest to obtain quantitative results more and more precise, and that is likely to conLinue to be the aim of practical spectroscopic analysis until a degree of precision has been attained in all departments, equal to that of approved chemical analyses. It must be claimed, however, that for small percen- tages the spectrographic method is more certain than the chemical, and often more precise.Since 1925progress has been very rapid, and several methods have been introduced, but it has become increasingly evident that the technique applicable to the determination of one minor element in a mixture must be modified according to the major composition of the sample. In this, however, it is under no greater disadvan- tage than are chemical methods. It is practically the only method of assay in some cases; for example, it is doubtful whether a chemical method could determine in a sample of neodymium oxide the following quantities of impurity with any measure of practical convenience and reasonable assurance, and be sure that the figures are reasonably correct : Gadolinium 0.1,Lan-thanum 0.03, Samarium 0.15 to 0.2, Yttrium trace, less than 0.01 per cent.Dr. Judd Lewis stressed the value of spectroscopy in detecting the unsuspected element equally with those which are expected, even when the quantity present is far smaller than could be detected in the ordinary way. This applied with particular force when considering complete analyses of small specimens. In a single milligram of material one may detect most metallic and certain non-metallic elements down to 0.01 per cent., and determine the proportion of each in the one spectrogram, if the arc method by the ratio quantitative system be followed. A practical inquiry of this type is historic, in having given birth to the ratio quantitative system by the arc method.It had been found by Burge that the ash of eye lenses affected by cataract contained relatively more calcium and less potassium than do normal lenses. To ascertain this chemically he used large numbers. This information had general value, but it threw no light on the individual case. The ash of a single lens weighs rather less than a milligram. By comparing its spectrum with that of a milligram of a mixture containing calcium and potassium in known ratio, it was found possible to decide how far the deterioration had gone. This idea of ratio having once taken root, it was but a matter of progress to develop a system, which has since proved widely applicable, not only in the study of complex mixtures, such as those constituting the ashes from vegetable and animal materials,~but also in the precise determina- tion of small proportions of impurities in commercial metals.In absorption spectroscopy there existed twenty-five years ago scarcely any instrument or accessory which is deemed essential to-day. A large mass of the classic work on alkaloids, serum, proteins and chemical constitution had been conducted by many able workers. But it all became primitive and out-of-date in a day, when the new spectrophotometers for the ultra-violet region were designed, for the absorption curves produced under the old conditions are not capable of comparison, either in form or in quantitative measurements, with the corresponding curves of later date.These fundamental instruments maintain their 221 position for precision and general utility, but several refinements in the form of micro-photometers have been introduced, while for vitamins and certain other purposes, apparatus of special performance has been developed. India.-A meeting of members residing in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam was held in Calcutta on 16th December, when Colonel T. Crawford Boyd presided, and the draft rules for the Section were discussed. The point on which there appears to be a divergence of opinion is whether there should be one Indian Section with branches at various centres, or a number of Indian Sections, each independently responsible to the home Institute. 215Fellows and Associates now reside in India.The joint Easter Session of Scientific Societies in India was held at the Central College, Bangalore, from 10th to 14th April, 1936. The following Societies participated :-Association of Eco-nomic Biologists, Coimbatore, the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian Chemical Society (Madras Branch), the Institute of Chemistry (Indian Section), the Society of Biological Chemists, India, and the South Indian Science Association, Bangalore. Dewan Bahadur N. N. Nyyangar, Chief Engineer, Mysore State, presided. The delegates were welcomed by Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., who, in the course of his address, suggested three ideals for research workers, viz. :-a fastidious attention to a high standard of quality, the recognition of the essential unity of knowledge, and the leadership of mathematical thought in the progress of science.Dr. Gilbert J. Fowler presented a discourse on “Recent Advances in Sanitary Science,’’ in which he dealt with researches on water purification with particular reference to Madras, the study of sewage sick soils, the sewage problems of Madras and Ahmedabad, and the manufacture of compost from waste materials. The President, Dewan Bahadur N. N. Ayyangar, had referred to Dr. Fowler’s work in connection with the provision of compost for the villagers. Dr. Fowler said that it was a great encourage- ment to him that the objective towards which he had devoted many years of work seemed now within sight of fulfilment: The scientific utilisation of waste materials in agriculture was a true 222 spreading of wealth.In England, the distribution by Govern- ment of free milk to necessitous school children was an accom- plished fact. Such a policy would have been hardly conceivable not so many years ago, yet now it was realised that the safe- guarding of the health and well-being of the future generation was the best possible investment that a country could make. In view of the large expenditure of capital on works of sanitation, it was of the highest importance that the scientific foundations of the subject should be thoroughly investigated. In Dr. Fowler’s opinion, the solution of the problem could only be found in a close adherence to Nature’s cycle. McCarrison Howard and others had shown the importance of certain factors which must be present in the food of plants, and consequently of animals, if the processes of life were to function satisfactorily.With these considerations in mind, it was interesting to note that the largest modern sewage works,-namely those at Mogden, West Middlesex, England,-involved a capital cost of approximately ~1,700,000, which was almost the same as the capital value of the Kolar Gold Fields. The question arose, which was the more valuable, Nitrogen or Gold? Dr. S. Subba Rao opened an interesting discussion on “Chemi-cal and Biological Assay of some Indian Foodstuffs.” Members of the Session visited the Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, MacIsaac’s Gardens and the T hippagondanahalli Water Works.Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the Constitutional Club, India Buildings, Liverpool on 16th April,-Mr. B. D. W. Luff in the chair. Mr. R. B. Croad, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones, Mr. G. H. Turner and Mr. A. W. M. Wintle were elected to the Committee. Mr. R. B. Croad and Mr. L. V. Cocks were re-elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. G. W. Beaumont was re-appointed Honorary Secretary and Mr. J. F. Hardwick, Honorary Assistant Secretary. Professor W. H. Roberts, Honorary Treasurer gave his report on the expenses of the Section for the financial year ending 31st March, 1936. At the Section Committee meeting held before the General Meeting, Mr. L. V. Cocks was elected Chairman, Mr.B. D. W. Luff was elected Vice-chairman, and Professor W. H. Roberts was re-elected Honorary Treasurer. 223 The business of the meeting being concluded, Mr. A. T. Parsons of H.M. Custom House Laboratory, Liverpool, read a paper, prepared in conjunction with Mr. H. L. Bolton, entitled:- "The Determination of Alcohol-A General Survey." a prdcis of which is here given. Alcohol has long been a source of revenue. Early attempts at its determination were for fiscal purposes. In this country, Clarke's Hydrometer was the first instrument to be used (1787) and this was replaced by Sikes's Hydrometer in 1816. This instrument, supplemented by lighter hydrometers for very strong spirits, is still in use in the Department of Customs and Excise; and Sikes' system of proof spirit, based on percentage of a diluted spirit by volume at 50" F., is still the basis upon which duty is charged.For the determination of alcohol in water only, simple methods are available, chiefly of a physical nature. Specific gravity, refractive index, and boiling point are used as indicators of alcoholic strength. Before applying these processes to spirituous liquors and preparations ,purification is often necessary. This may be accomplished as follows :-By distillation. Non-volatile ingredients are removed and loss is slight. By Thorpe and Holmes' light petroleum extraction method the spirit is freed from essential oils, esters, ether, chloroform, etc. By azeotropic distillation with benzene or toluene done, or with benzene and water, alcohol can be separated from certain other low-boiling liquids.The process avoids high temperature in distillation (undesirable in the presence of heat-sensitive substances) and can be carried out in the absence of water (necessary if unstable esters are present). By special chemical processes for removal of specific substances; as for example, Macoun's method for removal of acetone by condensation with benzaldehyde. Of many criteria of identity and purity, the most generally useful is provided by the correlation of specific gravity and refractive index. Alcohol may sometimes be estimated without purification. The strength of wines and spirits may be ascertained, without 224 distillation, by determining both specific gravity and refraction.Tables can be constructed relating the strength to the difference between these two figures expressed on suitable scales. The same two constants have been used by Adams and Nicholls in examining aqueous solutions of any two of the lower aliphatic alcohols. More complicated mixtures may be resolved by determining one or more ingredients by an independent process, and allowing for their effect on the specific gravity and refraction of the mixture. Such independent processes include :-For methyl alcohol-Deniges’ method as given in the B.P. For ace tone-Messenger’s process for large quantities, and Adams and Nicholls colorimetric method with o-nitro-benzaldehyd e for small proportions.For isopropyl alcohol-oxidation and distillation, followed by determination of acetone produced.* For ethyl alcohol-axidation with chromic acid under the conditions prescribed by Adams and Nicholls, followed by distillation and titration of the acetic acid produced. In the discussion the Chairman, Mr. E. Gabriel Jones and Mr, G. H. Turner took part. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Parsons. London and South-Eastern Counties.-On 22nd April, a party of members of the Section visited the Home Office Industrial Museum, where they were received by Mr. Murray, the Superintendent, and were shown many exhibits of importance to chemists, including those representing the effects on operatives of workshop atmospheres polluted with the vapours of organic solvents, of cumulative metallic poisoning, industrial diseases, such as anthrax, silicosis, and miners’ phthisis.Mr. Murray gave a special demonstration and a short lecture on explosives caused by dusts of various kinds. Other exhibits of interest were various types of fire extinguishers, gas masks, and mechanical devices for guarding against accidents with machinery . A list of publications of the Industrial Museum (Form 101) may be had on application to the Superintendent, Home Office Industrial Museum, Horsefeny Road, London, S.W.I. *The determination of alcohol in blood may be important in the diagnosis of intoxication. A typical method is that of Widmark in which blood and chromic acid are heated in separate receptacles in the same flask.The amount of reduction of the chromic acid by the alcohol is determined by titration. 225 Malaya.--The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Colonel B. J. Eaton’s house at Kuala Lumpur, on 23rd February. Mr. H. Marsden, Chairman of the Section, presided. The Annual Report and Accounts were received and adopted, and the Committee and office bearers for the ensuing session were elected, as follows :-Chairman :Dr. F. E. Byron ;Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Dr. T. A. Buckley; Assistant Hon. Secretary: Mr. C. L. Southall; Committee: Dr. K. C. Roberts, Messrs. R. W. Blair, R. E. Willgress, M. Jamieson; Hon. Auditors: Messrs. J. Shelton and H. Marsden. The Chairman referred to the retirement of Messrs.J. C. Cowap and F. L. Okell, and to the pending retirement of Colonel B. J. Eaton, all original members of the Section, who would be much missed on their departure for home. Colonel Eaton reminded the members of a proposal to start a Library for the Section, and Mr. Blair suggested the preparation of cinema films of scientific interest, a suggestion which was supported by Dr. Byron and others. The Section decided to put forward the name of Dr. H. A. Tempany as District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad, and to suggest the name of Mr. R. W. Blair as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for the Far East in succession to Colonel Eaton. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman and Honorary Secretary for their services, and also to Colonel Eaton for his kind hospitality in allowing the use of his house for the meeting, and in entertaining the members and their wives to luncheon.The members subsequently visited the site of the new Rubber Research Ins tit ut e. Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 19th March at the Constitutional Club, St. Ann’s Street, Manchester, under the Chairmanship of Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw. Dr. D. H. Hey, Mr. G. E. Holden, Dr. M. E. Probert and Dr. W. A. Sexton were elected to the Committee in place of the retiring members,-Dr. Hunter, Dr. Burkhardt, Mr. K. Saunders and Dr. F. C. Ward,-to whom a vote of thanks was accorded for their services.226 The Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. A. Coulthard, was re-elected. Mr. H. H. Stocks and Mr. L. Thompson were re-elected as Hon. Auditors. Dr. H. Hepworth gave a talk entitled bb Chemistry and Business,” of which the following short summary has been supplied by the author :-Comparing the chemical industry of to-day with that of twenty years ago, the main features have been rationalisation, specialisation, increased attention to economics, the increase in the pace of discovery and, in more recent years, the difficulties which have arisen from national self-determinism. These features were briefly discussed, and the suggestion was made that perhaps one of the ways of ensuring peace and bringing about a better international understanding was by means of inter-national industrial agreements. While in science each generation stands on the shoulders of the one preceding it, human nature seems to change very slowly.On the subject of research, the lecturer stated that the time which elapses between a scientific discovery, even in an industrial research laboratory, and the period when the invention has arrived in an economic sense, is often very much longer than was appreciated by the research chemist, although much depended on the type of invention. The establishment of the chemist in industry and in business might take place over a long period of years, and the chemist might be unwise to set aside natural predilection. Work and efficiency should always come before profit -ma king.Finally, the lecturer touched upon the question of the chemist in industry, and suggested that he should regard his chemistry as a tool to be generally controlled by common sense in its application. Mr. Cronshaw, in opening the discussion, commented on a few of the points raised by the lecturer. He stated that the lecture was encouraging for the young chemist in business, since the lecturer had indicated that he was not likely to be tied down to one job, but would gradually gravitate to the type of work to which he was most suited; and also that there was consolation for the chemist of fifty and over, since the lecturer had indicated that in the modern chemical business there was still scope and advancement open to men over that age.227 Mr. Cronshaw distinguished between two types of new products. The new product which introduced an entirely new technique took longer to establish on the market, and there was a greater delay before a return on the outlay was realised, as compared with the type of new product which merely represented a new addition to a sequence of established products. He cited the instances of mercerisation and the slow development of the demand for viscose. Once viscose had been established on the market and the public had become accustomed to the idea of a synthetic fibre, acetate silk was established much more rapidly. Mr. Cronshaw touched on the question of selling and common- sense. He cited the instance of the Zeppelin bullet as an example of the lack of application of commonsense by scientific experts. The suggestion that the bullet should have a soft nose of gelignite was at first turned down by the experts, but proved to be successful.Dr. T. Callan jndicated that it was important for a chemist to gain an idea of what the community required. He was of much value to his firm if he sets out with the object of discovering something which will be in demand, and which will therefore sell at a profit. . He realised, of course, that from the nature of chemical research many discoveries were fortuitous. Mr. Blakey spoke of the oppressive criterion, profit. He stated that it was a pity that the amount of profit which a product or process would bring in always had to be considered.It would certainly be Utopian if quality were put first, profit being a secondary consideration. Mr. Weir stated that chemistry was often a handicap in business since many business problems did not have a chemical solution. Chemical knowledge must not, therefore, be allowed to dull horse sense. He stated that profit was the only criterion of whether chemists were giving service to the community, since if a profit was made on a product it showed that the community required that product and was prepared to pay for it. Mr. Sullivan discussed two points:- (I) He did not consider that a man should be asked to retire at 60 years of age, since under the present conditions of living a man was very much alive at 60, and should be able to carry on with his work and make use of his experience.This experience should be of much value to his firm. A century or two ago a man was not really alive at 60. 228 He considered that the introduction of labour-saving machinery was not always with the object of cutting down the labour costs, but with the object of producing a more uniform product by eliminating the human factor. Unfortunately the operatives of the machine became merely machine tenders which was undesirable. Chemists, however, could never be looked upon as machines. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. Scarlet, who indicated that the chemist does not always appreciate the difficulties of the business man, and seconded by Mr.W. A. Silvester, who stated that the use of involved technical terms by the organic chemist very often delayed his advancement. In replying to the points raised during the discussion, Dr. Hepworth mentioned that the Chemical Council scheme should do much to eliminate multiplicity of abstracts and friction between societies. He agreed that 60 was an early age for retirement, and laid stress on the importance of tackling the problem of leisure. In a number of cases he was in agreement with a firm maintaining men of 60 or 62 and over in an advisory capacity. He agreed with Mr. Weir that profit is the only measuring stick we have, but stated that nowadays the management of firms was more patient and was prepared to wait a long time for results from research work.He considered that work and efficiency should be the prime consideration of the chemist, especially the young chemist entering industry. The Annual Competition for the “Chairmen’s Cup” was held on the Wilmslow Golf Course on 17th May, when Mr. R. 0. Jones was again successful, with a net score of 73. Dr. A. G. Murray was second with 75, and Mr. J. C. Law third with 79. A match with the Institution of the Rubber Industry is to be played on 25th June on the course of the North Manchester Golf Club. The Annual Summer Meeting will take place at Marbury Hall, Cheshire, on Saturday, 27th June. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-On 3rd March an informal supper in the University Union, Armstrong College, was followed by an address by Mr.E. D. McCallum, Lecturer in Economics, University of Durham, on 229 bb The Economist in the Modern World.” A general survey of the present trend of economic theory and the curtailment of its application, because of national and political barriers, gave rise to an interesting discussion. On 20th March the North-East Chemical Societies’ Annual Dinner was held in the Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne. The occasion was unique for the district, in that the Presidents of all three Chartered Societies were present. On 5th May, Dr. P. L. Robinson, Chairman of the Section, and Dr. L. A. Sayce, gave a lecture on 6b Microchemical Analysis.” Dr. Robinson discussed the quantitative aspect and Dr.Sayce described certain points in the qualitative technique. The lecture was admirably illustrated by experiments, shown with the aid of a lantern. A vote of thanks, proposed by Professor Riley, was accorded to the lecturers, and acknowledgments were made to Messrs. Oertling, Messrs. Gallenkamp and the Thermal Syndicate, for loan of apparatus. On 8th May members of the Section were invited to the Thirty-fourth Bedson Lecture, which was delivered by Professor C. H. Desch, F.R.S., on “The Chemical Properties of Metals.” The lecture was followed by the Annual Dinner of the Bedson Club, at which many members of the Institute were present. New Zealand.-The ninth Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Library of the Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, on 10th March,-Mr.G. A. Lawrence in the Chair. During the meeting, reference was made to the valuable services of the late Professor J. K. Inglis as an Honorary Cor- responding Secretary of the Institute in the Dominion for nearly 20 years. Professor Inglis had taken a prominent part in the foundation of the Local Section, in which he had also served as chairman and as a member of the committee. On a letter received from Mr. W. Rest Mummery it was decided to make enquiries regarding the facilities of the Chemical Society for copying and translating original papers, and supply- ing photostat reproductions. Mr. Mummery further suggested that steps be taken to give publicity to such facilities with the 230 conditions and particulars of the fees attaching thereto (see page 2754 A discussion ensued on the formation of a library for the Section, towards which the Council of the Institute has promised to make a grant, and also on the question of securing the exhibi- tion of industrial films.Mr. F. H. V. Fielder was elected Chairman; Messrs. R. Gardner, T. H. McCombs, G. A. Lawrence, A. D. Munro, M. L. H. Stewart and G. M. Moir were elected members of the Committee, and Mr. Philip White was re-elected Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The thanks of the Section were accorded to the retiring Chairman, and to the Honorary Secretary for his services, both in the Dominion and while on a visit to England. A combined Conference of the Section with the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held in Dunedin, on 29th and 30th January.The visitors were entertained by the Otago members of both Institutes, whose hospitality was greatly appreciated. Mr. G. A. Lawrence read a paper entitled “Chemistry and Civilisation.” In conclusion of his address, Mr. Lawrence reviewed the contributions of chemistry to the progress of civilisation, and urged the necessity for more science in administration. Professor R. P.Worley, President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, read a paper on “The Future of Chemistry in New Zealand”; Dr. R. Gardner on “The Application of Bacteriology in Chemical Investigations ’’; Mr. R. Edwards, on “Colour Standards for Tallow” ; Mr. L. H. James, on “Photography as a supplement to Chemical Investigations ”; Mr.T. H. McCoombs, on “Colour Photography ”; Professor R. P. Worley, on ‘:Soluble Solids in the Waikaho River” ; and Mr. W. Donovan, on “The New Zealand Standards Institute.” Visits were paid to:-Gregg’s, Ltd., Spice and Condiment Factory; Hudson’s, Ltd., Chocolate and Biscuit Factory ; the Medical Laboratories, Otago University, and to Staple’s Brewery. South Yorkshire.-A meeting of the Section was held at the College of Technology, Rotherham, on 3rd April,-Dr. G. Lawton presiding-when Sir Arnold Wilson, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.P., gave an address on ‘‘The Work of the Parliamentary Science Committee,” in the course of which he outlined the objects of the Committee and related how it came into being.One of the functions of the Committee, he said, was to examine current legislation in its early stages and to refer to the appropriate constituent body any aspect which might appear to have a direct bearing upon scientific activities, e.g. treatment, by Inland Revenue authorities, of expenditure by private firms on scientific research on their own behalf; the relation between scientific men employed by Govern- ment and Local Authorities and private consultants or practi- tioners, British or alien ; the improvement of scientific libraries financed from pooled funds, e.g. The Patent Office Library. No one scientific society or body could ascertain or represent scientific opinion on these or cognate matters, nor adequately make its views known in Parliament or to the Departments concerned.The Parliamentary Science Committee, said Sir Arnold, was doing so, and was interesting Members of Parliament in questions of this sort, being itself composed partly of members of all parties, partly of representatives of scientific bodies. It did not attempt to deal with the disposal of revenue from Customs, nor with subsidies to inhstries, nor the relation thereto of the State. But it would, if actively supported, be increasingly able to promote the larger interests of science by showing from time to time how scientific knowledge and men could be utilised to elucidate current problems. A vote of thanks was passed to Sir Arnold Wilson, on the motion of Mr.B. W. Methley. The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Holgate Grammar School, Barnsley, on 8th May, Dr. G. Lawton in the Chair, when the Officers and Committee for the ensuing session were elected :-Dr. G. Lawton was unanimously re-elected Chairman; Mr. W. Wall, Hon. Secretary; Dr. A. R. Bowen, Hon. Treasurer, and Dr. A. W. Chapman, Hon. Auditor. The Committee was elected as follows :-Messrs. W. F. Andrews, J. H. G. Bradley, A. H. Churchouse, Dr. E. Gregory, Messrs. H. C. Hillary, B. W. Methley, E. W. Moore and J. Picken. Mr. John Evans, Member of Council and ex uficiu Member of the Committee, was elected Vice-chairman. A series of works visits is being arranged for the summer, particulars of which will be circulated in due course.232 April-May Examinations, 1936. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the numbers of candidates examined and of those passed were as follows:-No. No. Examined. Passed. Fw the Associ&mhip- General Chemistry: at the Institute: at the Imperial College of Science, London : and at the Victoria University, Man-chester,-20tL25th Apd, 1936 .. 64 27* POTthe Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Institute, and at the Royal School of Mines, Lond- don,4tL8th May, 1936 . . .. .. 1 0 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with specialreference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute: 27th Apidlst May, 1936 .. 3 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water: at the Institute,-27th Aprid2nd May ..10 4t Branch G. Industrial Chemistry- With special reference to Coal Tar Technology: at the Institute,-27th April-1st May, 1936 1 1 With special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon: at the College of Technology,Manchester,-27th Apidlst May .. 2 2 With special reference to Oils and Fats and Soap-making: at the Institute,-28thApiLlst May, 1936 .. .. .. 1 0 82 36 * Seventeen candidates failed to satisfy the Examiners in part onlyof the Examination, 3 candidates completed the Examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts of the Examination in which they had previously failed. -f Five candidate8 failed only in part of the Examination, 2 candidate8 completed their Examhation by satisfying the Examiners in those partsof the Examination in which they had previously failed.FOR INEXAMINATION THE ASSOCIATESHIP GENERAL CHEMISTRY. AND PHYSICALINORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-AlthOUgh the Can&- dates did quite good work on the whole, the standard attained in theoretical inorganic chemistry leaves room for improvement. Poor answers were frequent when candidates selected the question in the first paper dealing with rnonotomic, diatomic and triatomic molecules, and, in the second paper, those dealing with the molecular conductivity of electrolytes and the use of electricity in the commercial preparation of chemical elements and com- pounds. The candidates gave many varied instances of the applications of organic compounds in quantitative inorganic analysis, but in many cases little attempt was made to explain the theoretical principles involved.Some excellent answers were given to the questions dealing with the valency or affinity-value of an element and with the colloidal state. The answers, as a whole, leave the impression that, while the candidates have a wide range of chemical facts at their command, they could with distinct advantage devote further time to examining the significance of these facts. The practical work was well done, except with regard to the volumetric estimation of chromium. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The answers to the organic theory papers were distinctly better than in recent examinations, and there are signs that candidates for this examination are being taught on more modem lines.Some candidates attempted the questions on benzene substitution with success. The practical work was also generally well done, but although candidates were warned that the acid to be prepared from its sodium salt was soluble in water, too many tried the simple expedient of acidifying and extracting with ether without previous investigation of the practicability of this method. Candidates are advised to test their specimens before submitting them. This would avoid the submission of samples of calcium sulphate or sodium chloride as organic substances. Some candi- dates went astray in examining the samples of aniline. It should be clear that only impurities likely to occur need be sought ;nitro-benzene was a very obvious impurity, but benzalde- hyde, as some suggested, was unlikely to be present.234 The translation of French and German technical literature was better done than usual. EXAMINATIONSFOR THE FELLOWSHIP. C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, BRANCH Fats and Waxes. The written papers were well answered, but some candidates showed weakness in their practical work. The questions were designed to involve a balance between analysis and the prepara- tion of organic compounds derived from fats. The preparations were on the whole done in a satisfactory manner, but the quanti- tative results were in some cases far from good. BRANCHE. The Chemistry (including Microscopy), of Food and Drugs and of Water. An appreciably higher standard than usual was reached in answer to many of the questions.Good knowledge of practical details and appreciation of various analytical processes and assay of alkaloids was shown. Some indifferent answers were, however, given to the question dealing with the minor constituents of milk, little reference being made to traces of the heavy metals and their significance, or to fluorides, iodides, pigments, etc. Indifferent answers were also given to the question in which candidates were asked to give an opinion based upon the results obtained on the examination of a sample of well water. This supply was heavily charged with free carbonic acid, which attacked the galvanised piping with obvious consequences.PRACTICALWoRK.-The exercise on the dried milk was generally well done. In the examination of the non-alcoholic wine the estimation of proof spirit was well performed, but several candidates made no systematic effort to examine the sample for metallic contamination or prohibited colouring matter. Some very good results were obtained in the micro- scopical examination of foods, but some candidates were weak in the observation of diagnostic structure and its interpretation. In the examination of the sewage effluent, and the compound tablets, some lack of experience was shown. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-The answers to the written papers were in general rather short and incomplete. The question on hormones was not well done by 235 several candidates.The British Pharmacopoeia, 1932,has now been official for nearly four years and it is reasonable to expect at least an elementary knowledge of such important drugs as insulin, adrenaline and the other hormones included in the Pharmacopcea. The candidates generally gave a good impression in their oral examination. In dealing with microscopy, reports should contain bold clear sketches of the structures observed under the microscope, and a clear statement should be made of the reasons for the conclusions reached from the appearances observed. Most of the candidates correctly reported the drug as ergot, but few gave reasons for that conclusion.The compressed tablet given for microscopical examination contained digi talis leaf, squill and mercury with chalk, along with maize starch as excipient. This is a very well- known formula, and it was hoped that candidates, having found one constituent, would be led to search specially for the others. Most of the candidates reported digitalis and squill, but some proceeded no further. Some candidates reported the presence of calcium carbonate, but did not recognise the charac- teristic structure of natural chalk, nor did they attempt to examine for the presence of mercury. Several candidates reported chloral hydrate instead of chloral formamide in the sleeping-draught ; knowledge of the solubilities of the two drugs should have prevented this error.BRANCHG. Industrial Chemistry. The written papers were well answered. In the paper in General Chemical Technology the most satisfactory answers were given to the question dealing with the functions and organisation of laboratories ; candidates had obviously made themselves familiar with recent publications on this subject. In the practical work the majority of the candidates showed a high degree of competency, and the ability to deal in a satisfactory manner with a large amount of work under examination condi- tions. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistryfor the Asaoc&ztt?~hip. Andrew, Miss Gertrude Garland, B.Sc. (Liv.), The University, Liverpool; and The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Brain, Leonard, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.Cahill, Terence John, Portsmouth Municipal College. 236 Cavell, Alan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., Imperial College of Science, London. Chorley, Basil Houghton, City of Liverpool Technical College. Clement, George Honor, The University, and Merchant Venturers’ Tech- nical College, Bristol. Clinton, Thomas Gerard John, Royal Technical College, Salford. Cook, Ernest Albert, West Ham Municipal College, London. Cooper, Harold Matthew, Municipal Technical College, Hull. Davison, Stuart Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Dutton, William Leslie, City of Liverpool Technical College. Emsley, Ernest, College of Technology, Leeds. Halstead, Philip Edward, The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London. Handley, David, City of Liverpool Technical College.Heron, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Blackburn. Hodson, William Frederick, Technical College, Derby. Hurt, Norman Albert, A.M.C.T., Central Technical College, Birmingham; and College of Technology, Manchester. Lewis, Cyril Jesse, City of Liverpool Technical College. McManus, Edward Patrick, City of Liverpool Technical College. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Morpeth, James Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), Northern Polytechnic, London. Robinson, Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), Municipal Technical College, Halifax. Sharpe, Clifford John, University College, and College of Technology,Leices ter . Stutchbury, Thomas, B.Sc.(Lond.), The Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Taylor, William Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Wigan & District Mining and Technical College ; and Central Technical College, Birmingham. Thompson, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), University College, Hull. Wise, Stanley Georgo Arthur, College of Technology, Leeds. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch C: Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and WWeS Gates, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E: The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water Bond, Cecil Robertson, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Hamence, Jack Hubert, Ph.D. (Lond.).Jenkins, Daniel Ceirog Evans, M.Sc. (Lond.). Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.). In Branch Q: Industrial Chemistry :with special reference to Coal Tar Technology Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch B: Industrial ChmbCry with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon Finklestone, Eli. Wharton, John. 237 The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 20th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations wheie possible.) 1. ‘LMercury has a monatomic molecule but chlorine is diatomic and ozone triatomic.” State clearly the evidence upon which this state- ment is based. 2. Give a statement of the principle known as Le Chatelier’s Theorem. Illustrate its widespread application by FOUR examples. 3. Kekul6 was of opinion that the valency or affinity-value of an element was a definite and invariable quantity-a fundamental property of the atom.Critically examine this opinion and state what you know concerning modern views on valency. 4. Write a concise account of the colloidal state with particular emphasis on the distinction between colloids and other forms of matter. 5. Select ONE of the following groups of elements and justify the position assigned to the group, as a whole, in the periodic table:- (a) Phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth. (b) Magnesium, zinc, cadmium, mercury. 6. Write an account of EITHER (a) the use of organic compounds in quantit,ative inorganic analysis, OR (6)heavy hydrogen (D,) and deute- rium oxide (D,O).7. Give some account of the work of any TWO of the following:- Scheele, Davy, Graham, Stas. 2 to 6 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and lo the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. How does fluorine occur naturally and how may it be isolated ? Summarise the main points in the chemical behaviour of fluorine which justify placing it in the halogen group. 2. Describe the experimental procedure employed in the deter- mination of the molecular conductivity of an electrolyte. The specific conductivity of a saturated solution of silver bromide is 0.057 x reciprocal ohms, after allowing for the conductivity of the water. If the ionic conductivities of the silver and bromide ions are 56.3 and 69.5 respectively, calculate the solubility of silver bromide.(Ag = 107.9, Br = 80.) 3. Indicate some of the different ways in which electricity may be used on a commercial scale for the preparation of chemical elements or compounds. Illustrate your answer by a suitable example of each type of application. 4. Discuss the statement that “fixity of composition is to be regarded as the index of chemical combination,” OR write an account of gaseous fuels and their industrial applications. 5. State in detail what you understand by the “co-ordination 6. Give an account of EITHER (u) selenium and tellurium, OR (b)number” of an element, illustrating your answer by typical examples of different co-ordination numbers. Discuss the spatial arrangement in compounde of co-ordination number six.238 molybdenum and tungsten. 7. Explain what is meant by an oxidation potential. Derive an expression to show how this E.M.F. depends on the concentration of the constituents. Indicate the value of an accurate knowledge of oxidation and reduction potentials. TUESDAY, 21st APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer brieJly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the various methods available for the synthesis of quino- line and isoquinoline and their simple derivatives. 2. Write a short account of the researches which have resulted in the establishment of the constitution and in the synthesis of ONE of the following:-(u) nicotine; (b) uric acid; (c) thyroxin.3. Describe for what purpose and in what manner FOUR of the following reagents are used in organic chemistry:- (a) Metallic copper; (b) diazomethane; (c) hydriodic acid; (d) aluminium chloride; (e) sodium ethoxide; (f) sodium hydrosulphite (NazS204). 4. Write a short account of EITHER (a) the stereochemistry of the oximes OR (b)the applioation of the electron theory to benzene substitution. 5. Indicate the stages by which, starting from ethyl alcohol, you would prepare (a) glycol chlorohydrin; (b) isopropyl alcohol; (c) methyl-rtmine ; (d) n-prop ylamine ; (e) glycerol. 6. How has the structure of anthracene been established? Describe briefly its preparation from coal tar and how anthraquinone, alizarine and p-aminoanthraquinone may be prepared from it.7. Indicate the stages in the preparation of the following compounds from benzene :-(u)Hydroquinone ; (b) p -phenylenediamine; (c) salicylic acid ; (d) o-dinitrobenzene; (e) cyclo-hexanone. 8. Write a short account of ONE of the following topics:- (a) Free radicals; (b) Chelate rings; (c) Catalytic reduction and oxidation. WEDNESDAY, 22nd APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. A is the sodium salt of a water soluble organic acid. Prepare from it a crystallised specimen of the acid. 2. The mixture B contains two compounds only one of which is 3. From the aldehyde C prepare a crystallised specimen of its volatile in steam. Isolate and crystallise specimens of each compound. oxime. Quantity as well asquality will be considered in judging the specimens.(A = Sodium oxalate; B = Naphthalene and p-nitrophenol; C = Piperonal.) These exercises may be completed to-morrow. THURSDAY, 23rd APRIL, 10 am. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercises. 2. Report on the quality of the specimen of aniline D. (D conta-med 5 per cent. nitrobenzene.) 239 FRIDAY, 24th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution E contains chromic and ferric sulphates, together with free sulphuric acid. Determine the amount of iron gravimetrically, and the amount of chromium volumetrically, expressing the results aa grams of Fe and grams of Cr present in a litre of the solution. A standardised solution of potassium dichromate and an approxi- mately 0.1N solution of ferrous sulphate are supplied.The VOLUMETRIC determination of the chromium must be completed TO-DAY, but the gravimetric determination of the iron may be finished to-morrow if desired. 2. Identify the substances F and G. (F = Sodium diuranate OR potassium titanium oxalate; G = Ceric ammonium nitrite OR sodium. tungstate.) SATURDAY, 25th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the gravimetric determinations which were commenced yesterday. 2. Make a qualitative analysis of the inorganic mixture H which contains six radicals. H = Zinc phosphate, potassium bromide and manganese carbonate; OR magnesium phosphate, potassium bromide and strontium carbonate ; OR manganese phosphate, potassium iodide and strontium carbonate.Examination for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 4th MAY, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted. Question 1 is compulsory. Answer briefly and to the point. 1. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The value of spectrographic methods in inorganic analysis; (b) The use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis; (c) Electrometric methods in analysis. 2. Discuss the chemistry of the compounds of fluorine and of nitrogen, and of the fluophosphoric acids and salts. What modern views are held on the constitution of nitric acid? 3. Compare the chemical properties of rhenium and manganese. 4. How does chromium differ from the other members of Group VI, What is the relationship of rhenium to tungsten and osmium? and in what way does it resemble cobalt? 5.What has been the outcome of recent work on the halogens? 6. How is atomic hydrogen prepared? Give some account of the 7. Compare the properties of beryllium, magnesium and the elements 8. What is meant by the atomic number of an element? Point isotopes of hydrogen. of the alkaline earths. out its significance in rendering the Periodic Classification more consistent and precise. 240 2 to 5 p.m. (SIX questions to be attempled. Awer briefly and to th point.) 1. What is cryolite? What impurities are generally present in this mineral? Draw up a scheme, avoiding manipulative details, for its complete analysis. 2.What are the chief minerals and uses of tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium? Describe the preparation from the ores of tungstates,molybdates and vanadates. 3. Give a short account of the chemistry and electro-chemistry of the lead accumulator. 4. What general methods are employed in the analysis of gases? Give a detailed account of the determination of carbon monoxide in:- (a)Producer gas; (b) Mine air; (c) Air in an ordinary living-room. 5. How may tellurium and selenium be separated ? What impurities are likely to occur in commercial tellurium (99.5 per cent. Te) ? Give a scheme for their determination. 6. Describe, briefly, the carrying-out of a complete analysis of a coal, including the determination of the calorific value. 7. Describe the determination of lead in (a) galena; (b) solder; .(c) chemical lead.8. Discuss, in a critical manner, the separation of arsenic, antimony and tin. Describe, briefly, the methods employed in the determination of arsenic in (a)arsenical copper; (b)an arsenic ore containing 20 per cent. of arsenic. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 5th to 8th MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample af Chromite (A). 2. Make an analysis of the sample of Pyrolusite (B). 3. Determine the percentages of the two valuable constituents in the Concentrate (C). 4. As far as time is available, determine the percentages of the constituents in the sample of Phosphor-Bronze (D). Nom.--All samples may be commenced on the fist day, but they and the notebooks will be collected at the end of each day’s work.Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Fats and Waxes. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer briejy and to the point. Equations and structural fomuEae to be given where necessary.) (TWO questions to be awered from each part.) PARTA. 1. Describe the synthesis from their elements of the following2. How may racemic mixtures be resolved into thoir optical enan- 3. Describe with examples the reactions associated with THREE of 4. Describe the preparation of phenol. How does this compound compounds:-(a) glycerol; (b) benzene; (c) acetone; (d) urea. tiomorphs, and how may optically active compounds be racemised? the following names:-(a) Friedel and Crafts; (b) Grignard; (c) Perkin; .(d) Cannizzaro; (e) Claisen.241 differ from ethyl alcohol chemically, and how may it be converted into (a)picric acid; (b) salicylic acid; (c) salicyl aldehyde ? PART B. 1. Indicate the relationship between oleic and elaidic acids and the evidence for the structure assigned to these compounds. 2. Write a short account of the application of ONE recently dis- covered physical method to the study of the structure of long chain fatty acids. 3. Write an account of the catalytic reduction of organic compounds, paying attention to the different catalysts used, their preparation and their specific action. 4. Write an account of the normal and cyclic ethers of glycerol, indicating the methods for preparing them, their chemical and physical properties and their uses.2 to 5 p.m. (Answer not more than FIVE questions.) 1. Enumerate and give structural formulae for the principal naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids; explain the system of nomenclature used. Where does iso-valeric acid occur, and in what way is it remarkable ? 2. Outline the chemical structure of compounds which may be used instead of soap for wetting purposes. How would you attempt to identify one of them? 3. Give an account of the composition and properties of Tung Oil; discuss the chemistry of the effect on this oil of (a)heat; (b)iodine. 4. Describe the probable mode of formation of diacetyl in butter; how may this substance be synthesised and how determined quantitatively ? 5.What changes occur in the fatty acids of a vegetable oil on partial hydrogenation? Illustrate your answer by reference to a particular oil, e.g. rape oil. 6. Write a short essay on rancidity in fats and its detection. 7. Outline present views on the structure of the sterols, noticing their relationship to the fat-soluble vitamins. TUESDAY-FRIDAY, 28th APRIL to 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify and report upon the specimen of Oil A. 2. Prepare a specimen of azelaic acid from the oleic acid provided. 3. Determine the amount of trimethylene glycol in the sample of 4. Estimate tho proportion of iso-oleic acid in the mixture C. Pre-Glycerine B.pare some iso-oleic acid from it and the sterol acetate; note the melting points and leave small specimens. 5. Investigate, as far as time permits, the nature of the Wax D, and report on its possible use in polish manufacture. (A = Perilla oil OR Tung oil; B = Pure glycerine to which the glycol had been added; C = Lead mixed with a hydrogenated fat; D = A syn-thetic wax.) The results of EXERCISE I must be handed in at the end of the first day. 242 Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1p.m. 1. Give an account of the methods you would use for the deter- mination of the sugars in asample of honey, indicating clearly the principles involved in the processes you describe.2. A sample of well water, drawn from a household service-tap, is said to give the following results:- parts per 100,000. Total saline matter .. .. .. 22.8 Non-volatile (mineral) solids . . . . 20.4 Loss on ignition . . .. .. .. 2.4 Total hardness (absolute) .. .. .. 19.5 Temporary ditto .. .. .. .. 3.0 Permanent ditto . . .. .. .. 16.5 Sodium chloride .. .. .. .. 3.7 Ammoniacal nitrogen .. .. .. 0.008 Albuminoid ditto . . .. .. .. 0.0025 Nitrous ditto .. .. .. .. 0.0006 Nitric ditto .. .. .. .. 0.120 Physical observations.-A faintly opalescent water possessing a veryslight bluish cast; free from odour and containing traces of grayish-white deposit. Express an opinion upon the use of the supply for potable purposes; draw attention to any anomaly indicated in the table.If there are insufficient data before you, state clearly what further analytical tests you would employ to allow of an explanation of the above results. (Answer in a separate notebook.) 3. What are the principal therapeutic uses of the following drugs:- arsenic trioxide, amidopyrine, cinchophen, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide ? State the usual doses, and describe in each instance any untoward effects which may result from continued administration or from special susceptibility. 4. Explain the terms “endocrine gland” and “hormone.” Write a short account of the use of hormones in therapeutics, taking as examples the preparations which are included in the British Pharmacopeia.5. Explain the terms (a) diaphoretic; (b) diuretic; (c) antipyretic;(d) expectorant. Mention three drugs in each class and state the usual doses. 2 to 5 p.m. (Answer FOUR questions. Question ONE is compulsory.) 1. As a Public Analyst, what action would you advise in circum- stances where an informal sample of grey powder, supplied by a pharma-cist, is found to contain 27 per cent. of mercury? (B.P. quality should contain 33 per cent. of mercury; Limits 31-35 per cent.) 2. Describe, with essential practical details, how you would deter- 3. Write a short essay on the minor constituents of milk and deal mine any THREE of the following:-(a) chlorinated compounds in benzoio acid; (b)fluorides in drinking water; (c) lime in a sample of light magnesium carbonate of reputed B.P.quality; (d) saccharin in beer. 243 clearly with their dietetic importance. 4. Discuss and explain briefly the B.P. methods of alkaloidal assay for any TWO of the following:- (a) Eaton’s syrup, involving the separation of strychnine from quinine. (b) Ipecacuanha root, involving the separation of phenolic from non-phenolic alkaloids. (c) Powdered opium, involving the separation of morphine from other alkaloids. 5. Outline the analytical scheme you consider necessary and sufficient for the ROUTINE examination of any FIVE of the following samples:- (a) camphorated oil; (b) purified borax; (c) jam; (d) shredded suet; (e) dried milk; (f)egg-substitute powder; (9) self-raising flour.TUESDAY, 28th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Report upon the sample of dried milk (A). (Deficient in fat OR with added sucrose.) WEDNESDAY, 29th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Determine the proof spirit content of the non-alcoholic wine (B), and ascertain if it complies with the Public Health (Preservatives, etc. in Food Regulations) and is otherwise of genuine quality. 2. Report the results of microscopical examination of the ground almonds (C) and the sugar (D). [(B), 4 per cent. proof spirit with traces of boron and copper; OR 2 per cent. proof spirit with zinc and prohibited colouring matter; (C)contained other kernels or soya bean meal; (D) dirty sample with charac- teristic spores, etc.] THURSDAY, 30th APRIL, 10 a.m.to 5 pm. The sewage effluent (E) is discharged to a stream which is subse-quently impounded for potable use. It is stated to have an inhibitory effect upon the biological activity of the filter through which it is passed. Confirm or otherwise the above statement and make such further examination as will enable you to indicate the cause of the disturbance, if any. (Unoxidised effluent with EITHER spent liquor OR distillery waste.) FRIDAY, 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Aacertain whether the compound tablets (F) are comprised of the following:-aspirin 24 grs.; phenacetin 24 grs.; quinine sulphate 1 gr. (EITBER sod. salicylate OR salicylic acid substituted for part of the aspirin, the hydrochloride for the sulphate of the quinine, AND/OR excess of the latter).SATURDAY, 2nd MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 pm. 1. Examine the specimens of urine A and B for pathological con- stituents. Make aquantitative determination of a pathological constituent of specimen B. 2. Identify by microscopical examination the powdered drug C, 3. Identify the ingredients of the sleeping draught E. and the ingredients of the compressed tablets D. ( (A) contained blood and casts or crystals; (B) contained acetone and glucose; (C), ergot; (D), digitalis, squill, mercury with chalk; (E), chloral formamide, potassium bromide.) Reports of miscroscopical examination must be accompanied byannotated sketches. Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Paper set for all candidates taking this branch.) (FIVE questions to be answered.) 1.Describe two methods of separating “tar fog” from industrial gases. 2. Write a short essay on recent developments in fractional distilla- tion, discussing particularly the influence of reflux ratio. 3. Give a clear description of any one method with which you are familiar for achieving thermostatic control. 4. On what principles does the method of “air-lift” depend? Quote cases in which this method has definite advantages over positive pumping. 5. Describe the operation of a high speed centrifuge. For what processes is this method of separation superior to filter pressing ? 6. “Solvent extraction promises to become a highly important industrial process.” Comment on this statement and describe any method of solvent extraction with which you are familiar.7. Compare the function of a research laboratory, a development(or semi-scale) laboratory and a routine testing laboratory. How would you organise an industrial laboratory so that these various functions can adequately be taken care of? Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be answered.) 1. The hydrogenation of pyridine is now practised on a considerable scale. Describe in detail how this reduction process is achieved, and what precautions are needed to ensure success. What other similar reduction processes are carried out commercially ? 2. Give an account of the production of motor benzole.How is its technical refining carried out and what is the average composition of a commercial benzole blend ? 3. Discuss the effect of inhibitors as a means of eliminating troubles due to gum formation. Give a list of the more important inhibitors used for this purpose. 4. Discuss the relative advantages of continuous and batch distilla- 5. Describe in detail a modern “active charcoal” recovery plant. 6. Briefly describe chemical reactions involved in the recovery of 7. A particular refking process may be satisfactorily carried out tion for coal tar. Give a drawing (diagrammatic) of a continuous still. Compare this method with the conventional absorption process. cyanide, sulphur and ammonia. 245 by :-(a) percolation through an activated absorbent solid; (b) contact with a liquid reagent.Compare these methods in general terms and give any reasons for preferring one to the other. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL to PRIDAY, 1st MAY, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report on the sample of motor spirit A. The sample is a commercial benzole blend. In particular, determination should be made of aromatic content, sulphur content, actual gum content, unsaturated content and freezing point. 2. From the motor spirit A prepare a sample of the saturated non- aromatic "paraffioid " componene-determine its specific gravity, boiling range and sulphur content. 3. Report on the sample of creosote B. Determine those constants that are of interest in the utilisation of this material:- (a) as a fuel; (b) as a timber preservative.4. Report on the samples (C), (D) and (F),which are commercially derived from coal tar. ((C)= piperidine; (D)= tetralin; (E)= prepared road tar.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to the Manufacture of Rayon. MONDAY, 27th APRIL, 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FIVE questions to be awered.) 1. Write an essay on the recovery of :-(a) caustic soda, OR (b) sulphuric acid, in the viscose spinning industry. 2. What changes take place in the xanthate. solution during the ripening process? Indicate a scheme of analysis which would enable you to estimate the concentrations of the important constituents of the solution.3. What are the desirable qualities in a wood-pulp used as raw material for rayon manufacture ? How would you determine the amount of a-cellulose present? Do you consider that the value of the pulp is directly proportional to the a-cellulose content? Give reasons for your answer. 4. Discuss the importance of high lustre and of low lustre in rayonyarns and fabrics. Describe the principal methods which have been used for dulling rayons during and after the spinning process. 5. A sample of viscose rayon yarn is suspected to contain one or more of the following impurities :-iron, copper, aluminium, magnesium zinc, sulphur. Give details for the detection of these substances. 6. What are the difficulties which have been encountered in the sizing of rayon warps? How have these difficulties been overcome or minimised ? 7.Discuss the influence on the extensibility of viscose yarns of 8. Summarise the results of recent investigations into the problems drying under varied tensions at different stages of manufacture. of dyeing viscose with substantive dyestuffs. TUESDAY, 28th APRIL to FRIDAY, 1st MAY. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Make a complete analysis of the desulphiding liquor A. Suggest any modification of this solution to render it more suited to its purpose. 2. Examine the rayon fabric B, and establish the cause of the fault you find in it. 3. Report upon the suitability of the sample C, of recovered Glauber’s salt, for use in the dyeing industry.4. Investigate the cause of the dyeing fault in the rayon fabric of which E is a sample. 5. The sample F has been recommended for softening viscose yarns. Submit a report assessing its value for the purpose. 6. Analyse the sample of natural water G, and discussits suitability 7. Apply appropriate tests to the sample of viscose solution D, with for (a),boiler feed purposes; (b) process work in a viscose factory. a view to ascertaining its fitness for viscose spinning. 247 Notes. The following letter has been received from Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. and Dr. Robert H. Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute :-The Publications Committee, Institute of Chemistry. Explosions Arising from Di-isopropyl Ether.sirs, In a letter to the Society of Chemical Industry (Chemistry and Imhstry, 1933,z74), Sir Robert Robertson drew attention to the possibility of explosion during the distillation of di-isopropyl ether, but it is now apparent that his warning needs to be repeated in the strongest possible terms Explosions arising from the use of this ether have recently occurred at the Shirley Institute, Manchester, and also at the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, with the result that one worker has practically lost his sight, whereas another has escaped similar injury owing to the fortunate circumstance that he was wearing spectacles, which however, were damaged by flying fragments. I. The details of the first accident are as follows:- The Stores Department of the British Cotton Industry Re- search Association purchased in September, 1930,about 18litres of di-isopropyl ether from a local firrn of chemical factors, who have since stated (March, 1936) that they had obtained this ether from a well-known firm of chemical manufacturers.At the end of 1930 and beginning of 1931about 4litre was used for the extraction of acetic acid in quantitative determinations of the acetyl group in cellulose acetate. Many extractions were made and a good deal of the ether recovered. In January, 1936,one of the physicists required an ether of higher boiling-point than diethyl ether for some spectroscopic determinations and was advised to try di-isopropyl ether. From the Stores he obtained two bottles both labelled “iso-propyl ether.” It is not clear whether the contents of both bottles had been recovered or whether one of them was the original material.He took about 100 C.C. from one of the bottles, placed the sample in a Wiirtz distilling flask fitted with a condenser and proceeded in the 248 ordinary way to distil the liquid from an electrically-heated water-bath, the flask being immersed in the water. He was working in a small room which normally would have had one other occupant. Before commencing the distillation he asked a colleague, an organic chemist, to look at the apparatus, and his colleague testifies that everything was in order before the dis- tillation was commenced. The operator was alone when a violent explosion took place.He rushed from the room, and when help came it was found that the whole of his face, including both eyes, was covered with blood. His subsequent report was that as the ether did not seem to be boiling very smoothly he gently shook the flask by the neck thinking it might be super heated, whereupon the explosion took place. Subsequent examination showed that there was considerable water in the water-bath, the explosion being upwards and sideways. It could not afterwards be ascertained from which of the two bottles the victim had drawn the sample for distillation, but examination of the contents of both bottles showed that there was little difference in their behaviour towards acidified solutions of potassium iodide or permanganate.The ether from both bottles contained large quantities of peroxide or similar compound. 2. In the later accident at Teddington, di-isopropyl ether had been employed to extract small quantities of organic acids from an aqueous solution, and after drying, about 50 C.C. of extract were distilled with the aid of an electric heater. After practically all the ether had passed over, a white fume was noticed and the heater was switched off. A few moments later the explosion occurred and the worker received numerous glass fragments in the hands and face, but sustained no serious injury although one lens of his spectacles was shattered into fragments and the other was pitted. This sample of di-isopropyl ether had been in stock for about 5 years, and contained a considerable amount (8 per cent.) of higher-boiling material which possessed the following properties characteristic of peroxides : (a) reduction of aqueous pennan- ganate to hydrated manganese dioxide with simultaneous libera- tion of oxygen, (b)rapid oxidation of mercury to a brownish-black powder, (c) liberation of iodine from aqueous potassium iodide.After this accident the peroxide was found to be violently explosive either on heating or on subjection to mechanical shock -as shown by the following experiments which were carried out by Dr. D. V. N. Hardy: 249 (I) “iso-Propyl ether” (40 g.) was distilled until the ether had passed over. The residue was then heated over an asbestos- centred gauze with a small Bunsen flame.In a few moments an explosion occurred of such violence that it cracked a heavy reinforced glass screen, the surface of which was pitted in numer- ous places owing to contact with flying fragments of glass. (a) The “ether” (4 g.) was evaporated in a cylindrical cavity (diam., I in.; depth, 0.6 in.) in a thick steel disc. A loosely-fitting steel cylinder (height, 0.75 in.) was placed in the cavity above the residue (0.32g.) and a ~f lb. weight was dropped from a height of I ft. on to the cylinder. The resulting explosion projected the weight to a height of 8 ft. where it struck a light steel screen (ao-gauge) and produced a in. dent. It is abundantly evident that the greatest care should be exercised in every operation involving the application of di-isopropyl ether.The inference may be drawn that freshly pre- pared di-isopropyl ether can be distilled from a water-bath with- out danger, but that on keeping it is liable to develop quantities of peroxide and become dangerous. Old specimens and those of doubtful age should never be used unless they fail to liberate iodine from aqueous potassium iodide. Removal of peroxides from di-isopropyl ether may be safely accomplished by exhaustive treatment with either mercury or aqueous permanganate. The object of this letter is to bring to the notice of all users of di-isopropyl ether the hazard incurred in the indiscriminate employment of this liquid without regard to the time it has been stored in contact with the atmosphere. Yours faithfully, G.T. MORGAN, ROBERTH. PICKARD. 13th May, 1936. Members are doubtless aware that peroxides are liable to be formed in ordinary ether when it has been stored for a long time. If such ether be used for the extraction of organic substances, such as fats, and the ether be then distilled, the peroxides seem to concentrate in the residues, and explosions may occur towards the end of the distillation process. Members would, therefore, be wise not to use ether for such purposes without taking the precautions suggested in the above letter. 250 Beet Sugar Industry.-From time to time, the Council has received enquiries from the Liverpool and North-Western and other Local Sections of the Institute regarding the employment of alien technologists and chemists in the Beet Sugar Industry, and it will be remembered that Sir Christopher Clayton, while he was a Member of Parliament, repeatedly approached various Government departmenfs on the subject and put questions on it to Ministers in the House of Commons.When the Sugar Industry (Re-organisation) Bill was intro- duced, the matter came under the notice of the Parliamentary Science Committee, on whose suggestion an amendment to clause 11was moved by Mr. C. S. Taylor, seconded by Mr. W. W. Boulton. Clause 11provided that assistance should not be payable in respect of any sugar, unless it were shown to the satisfaction of the Minister that certain conditions for receipt of assistance including price, arrangements for production and marketing, the installation of British equipment, machinery, plant, etc.were complied with. The official Report of the Debate on clause 11 reads as follows :-CLAUSE II.-(Conditions for Receipt of Assistance.) Mr. C. S. Taylor: I beg to move, in page 11,line 14,at the end, to insert: " (d)that no chemist or other technical expert other than a British subject has been employed in a wage-earning capacity for a longer period than is considered by the Minister necessary for the training of a British subject to carry on this work." I do not think this clause needs very much explanation, as it is a very simple one; but I would like to warn hon. Members opposite that there are a great many unemployed people in this country, and that if they do not support this amendment I rather tremble for them when they go back to their constituencies and face the angry British subjects who have been kept out of employment by aliens and refugees coming to this country.I would like to appeal to the Minister to meet me, and those associated with me on this amendment, by agreeing to include in the Bill something which will deal with this matter. Mr. Boulton: I beg to second the amendment. I hope hon. Members in all parts of the House will agree to the amendment, and I hope the Minister will find no difficulty in 251 accepting it. In this clause protection has been given to British machinery and plant, but no protection has been given to British labour or to the technical supervisory staff which is very import- ant in connection with this industry. No doubt we owed a good deal to alien knowledge in the early stages of the establishment of this industry, but I am assured that to-day aliens are holding a great many of the higher positions in the beet sugar factories.I am also assured that very little encouragement is being given to British chemists and technologists. Although courses have been started in some of the universities, and particularly at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow, the authorities there assure me that they cannot get the students to undertake the courses because they know there is no encouragement for them to enter and gradually to rise to the higher positions in the management of these companies. That seems to me a very unhealthy position, because we believe this industry to be a great national asset and that it will grow into an important industry step by step.It will be of great importance to us in time of war and we should consider whether it is a healthy thing for the higher positions in it to be held by aliens to the extent that they are. The amendment is drawn in wide terms and will in no way penalise the industry. Mr. Elliot: I am sure that the object of the amendment has the sympathy of the whole House. It is that we should, as far as possible, train our people to work in these factories. As recently as 1927-28 there were 221 alien people in the higher ranks of the industry, but that number has been brought down to 31 to-day. We should not exaggerate the position.There are now only 31 people of alien birth in the whole of this industry as against 9,100of British origin. Mr. C. S. Taylor: I would like to know the percentage of alien technical experts to British technical experts engaged in the industry. Mr. Elliot : There are, for instance, 61British chemists and no alien, and 465 foremen engineers, etc., and eight alien. I do not think we should exaggerate the position when the number of aliens has been brought down from 221 to 31,and when, in the case of chemists, for instance, there are 61 British and no aliens employed at all. The House ought to remember, furthermore, that 28 out of the 31have permission from the Ministry of Labour to remain here unconditionally and are subject to no restrictions in regard to their employment.If they were turned out of these factories they would still be able to apply for employment in other places. All that would happen if they were turned out is that skilled men would be going about displacing British subjects in some other jobs. There is also the possibility that they might become naturalised, and I do not think a man who is naturalised under compulsion is likely to be a good citizen in time of war. When such a small number is concerned we should not go cha. ing people by statute. Mr. C. S. Taylor: This amendment leaves it to the discretion of the Minister. Mr. Elliot: Yes, but it puts a pretty strong compulsion upon him, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that within a short time of that provision becoming a statute the Minister would be chased with questions asking why so and so had not been replaced by a British subject.That is not the atmosphere in which I want the Corporation to start. I want it to be as strong in technical efficiency as we can have it, and we should do our utmost to see that British subjects get posts because of their technical quality and chemical skill and not because we have drawn a rigid line by statute. Mr. Quibell: How is Mr. Van Rosen to be described? Mr. Elliot: The whole purpose of this Bill is that Mr. Van Rosen should disappear altogether. Mr. Quibell: I am delighted. Mr. Elliot: I am glad to observe the robust nationalism of the hon.gentleman. In launching this Corporation we want the best people in order to make it efficient, and I do not think we should try and seek to get efficiency by drawing a rigid line by statute as to who should be employed. I think that the powers under the Aliens Order are sufficient to ensure that no further foreigners are brought into the country for employment in this industry. A permit from the Ministry of Labour has to be obtained for a foreigner to get leave to land for employment purposes, and foreigners in the country are still subject to authority in regard to employment and have to obtain permission from the Home Office, which would in the normal practice consult the Ministry of Labour.In regard to this industry the Ministry would require convincing evidence of the need of a foreigner’s services before permission would be given, and the Ministry would certainly consult with the Ministry of Agriculture. I think that in the absence of strong evidence I should have the greatest hesitation 253 in allowing any fresh persons to come over. Seeing that there are only 31 persons concerned, of whom 28 have unlimited per- mission to reside in the country, the effective result of the amendment is that it is limited to three persons only. I would therefore ask my hon. friend whether he would see his way to withdraw the amendment. Sir Stafford Cripps: Can the right hon. gentleman tell us how many of this 31 are employed in a wage-earning capacity as against a salary capacity, because the amendment only deals with wage-earners ? Mr.Elliot : I always admire the intellectual ingenuity of the hon. and learned gentleman, but I think that my hon. friend in moving the amendment had in view those who were in receipt of emoluments in general, and that he did not intend to differentiate too closely between the “salariat ” and the proletariat. Mr. C. S. Taylor: In view of the Minister’s explanation, I beg to ask leave to withdraw the amendment. Mr. Alexander: We should have a word of answer from the Minister on this. He talks about what he calls the robust nation- alism of my hon. friends on this side, but he will observe that this amendment has been moved from his own benches.While we have never ceased to object, and will not cease to object, to the extent to which the public has been exploited under a thoroughly bad scheme for 12years in such a way that foreign investors have made large profits out of the exploitation of the British taxpayer, yet we feel that this narrow bar against foreign technicians is absurd from the British point of view.-[Interruption.] In view of the playful remarks addressed to my side of the House I want to make it plain that this amendment came from hon. Members supporting the Government. It is true that they would like to withdraw it, but they ought to have been the last people to move such an amendment, seeing that the interests for which they stand are exploring every foreign country for opportunities for commercial development and seeking to have British technicians -surveyors, engineers, and chemists-and British advisers of all sorts employed there.It is extraordinary that they, from that side of the House, should object to these few people who happen to be aliens being engaged in this industry. Mr. George Griffiths: And then ask them to go to Eastbourne for their holidays. Mr. MacLaren: I wish to join in the protest against the sug- gestion that we on these benches have taken a narrow view on 254 this matter. The amendment has been drawn in such a way as to fire a shell at the technicians-the chemists and the engineers- in this industry. After all, they do something for whatever they get out of the industry, whether they are foreigners or not.What I cannot understand is why hon. Members opposite have been passive all these years when it was so well known to those of us who have looked into this industry that there were great foreign names connected with it in the initial stages. Those people could not by any stretch of the imagination be called technicians or salary drawers-Dr. Axel, Van Rosen, Dr. Schmidt and Van Loon. All those gentlemen came to this country and induced innocent John Bull to go in for sugar beet cultivation. An hon. friend reminds me that Lord Snowden encouraged it. He afterwards reproached us on this side for our prodigality, but it was he who foisted this scheme on the country. There has never been any attempt to draw up a clause to keep those gentlemen out of the industry, and I see no need for any amendment to keep out only foreign parasites, because in my view there is no difference be-tween Dutch or other parasites and those born in England.They are all the same sort of parasites. If hon. Members opposite are going to show themselves ultra- patriotic I hope they will be patriotic enough to make the net narrower and finer, not allowing in those who are mere parasites while attempting to keep out working men, who will travel to any country to look for a job. The Minister has assured us that he will see to it that in the future no foreigner will get in if he can avoid it. I wish to know whether the Irish are to be regarded as foreigners.As I come of Irish parentage, although I speak with a Scottish accent and represent an English constituency, I want to be sure that my forefathers and their children are not to be debarred, as Irishmen, from coming into this industry. I hope Irishmen will be regarded as British, even in his Department, when they apply for jobs as technicians in the sugar industry. Amendment negatived. Poisons Law.-The Institute has received from the pub- lishers,-The Pharmaceutical Press, 23, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.1,-a copy of Poisons Law,by Hugh N. Linstead, Secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The book is described as a guide to the provisions of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts, 1852-1933, and the Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1920-32, for the use of pharmacists and others 255 concerned in transactions in drugs and poisons.The book contains a chapter upon “The International Background to the Dangerous Drugs Acts,’’ by Sir Malcolm Delevingne, lately British representative on the Opium Advisory Committee of the League of Nations. The first chapter deals with the development of pharmacy and poisons legislation in Great Britain. This is followed by a chapter on the constitution, powers and duties of the Pharma- ceutical Society as reorganised under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933. Several chapters are devoted to the Act itself, with many valuable explanations, notably with regard to the requirements concerning labelling. In the section of this chapter referring to the Act as it applies to manufacturers and wholesalers, Mr.Linstead has had the advantage of the advice of Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, General Manager of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. The texts of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts and the Dangerous Drugs Acts are given in full, together with the Rules and Orders issued in pursuance thereof. A useful Appendix gives a list of poisons and substances containing poisons, with an indication of the special restrictions applying to each. The book should be of value to chemists who are concerned with the manufacture or supply of any substances containing poisons. The Chemical Engineering Congress of the World Power Conference will be held at the Central Hall, Westminster, between aand and 27th June.An Exhibition of Chemical Plant will be organised by the British Plant Manufacturers’ Association, and opened by the Right Hon. J. Ramsay Macdonald on aznd June, at 11 a.m. Forms of membership are obtainable from the General Secretary, Chemical Engineering Congress, 56, Victoria Street, London, S.W.I. World Power Conference.-The Annual Report of the World Power Conference (1935) published recently, gives parti- culars of the arrangements for the Third Conference, to be held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A., between 7th to 12th September next. Papers will be submitted in sections dealing with Power 256 Economy,-Technical, Economic and Social Trends ; Organisa-tion of Fuel Industries; Organisation and Regulation of Electric and Gas Utilities; Natural Resources, etc.Dr. C. R. Austin, Fellow, attended, as delegate of the Institute, the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, held at Philadelphia on 24th and 25th April, when the general topic for discussion was “The Attainment and Maintenance of World Peace.” Dr. Joseph Kenyon, Fellow, and Dr. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Associate, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society. Dr. Leslie H. Lampitt, Member of Council, who has had charge of the laboratories of J. Lyons & Co., Ltd., since their inception, has been appointed to the Board of Directors of the company. Mr. C. J. T. Cronshaw, iMember of Council, and Dr. Robert H.Pickard, F.R.S., President of the Institute, have been elected Members of the Court of the University of Manchester. Dr. H. D. Dakin, F.R.S., Fellow, will shortly receive the honorary degree of LL.D. of Leeds University. Professor F. S. Kipping, F.R.S., Fellow, of University College, Nottingham, will shortly receive the honorary degree of D.Sc., of Leeds University. Mr. H. J. Page, M.B.E., Member of Council, has been appointed Director of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, in succession to Colonel B. J. Eaton, O.B.E. Dr. Arthur Wormall, Fellow, lecturer in biochemistry in the University of Leeds, has been appointed to the Chair of Bio-chemistry in the University of London, tenable at St. Bartholo- mew’s Hospital Medical College.257 Obituary. WILLIAM BRASH died at Rottingdean, Sussex, on 28th April, in his 47th year. Born at Glasgow, he was educated at the Grammar School, Galway, Ireland, and studied chemistry at the Royal College of Science, London, where he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S., also graduating B.Sc. (Lond.), with first class honours in Chemistry. Later he proceeded to M.Sc. and, in 1929, to Ph.D. by research. From 1914 to 1919, he was an assistant in the Government Laboratories; from 1919 to 1922, research chemist at the Erith Oil Works; from 1922 to 1926, senior chemist with the British Silk Research Association at Leeds, and, thereafter, for several years on the staff of the N.F. Syndicate, Ltd., Welwyn Garden City. In 1932 he was compelled to retire from work on account of ill-health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. REGINALDARTHUR SALTER CASTELL died in October, 1935, in his 37th year. Educated at Great Yarmouth Grammar School, he held a commission and served with the Forces from 1917 to 1919, and then studied at the University of Birmingham where he graduated with honours in chemistry in 1923, later proceeding to M.Sc. In 1925 he was appointed physical chemistry master at Taunton School, Somerset, where he remained until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. JAMES DONALDWALLACE died suddenly at the Kekaha Plantation, Hawaii, after a short illness, in his 62nd year. Educated in the Scotch grammar schools, he received his professional training at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and in 1897 was appointed chemist at the McBryde Plantation, Kauai.Then he was similarly employed with the Honokaa Sugar Company from 1907 to 1914, and was chemist at Kekaha from 1914 to the time of his death. He was elected to the Associateship in 1896 and to the Fellowship in 1900. CECILFRANK NEWBY died at Stevenage on 21st April, in his JOHN 38th year. He was educated at Alleyne’s Grammar School, and in 1916 was articled to Dr. S. Judd Lewis. He remained there four years and then entered the Royal College of Science, where he studied chemistry under Professor H. B. Baker. He obtained the Associateship of the Royal College of Science in 1923 and t,he following year graduated B.Sc.In 1923 he obtained a post on the Research Staff of Scientific Industries, Ltd., Stevenage, where he was engaged in researches upon varnishes and enamels. From 1928 he conducted a consulting practice in technical research at Stevenage and became the proprietor of “Mattozene ”-composition boards. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. GEORGESAMUEL NEWTH died at Hythe, Kent, on 18th February, in his 85th year. In 1867 he entered Owens College, Manchester, and in 1869 proceeded to the Royal College of Chemistry, then in Oxford Street, London, where he worked under Edward Frankland, and in 1871 became junior laboratory assistant-Valentin being the senior. In 1873 he became “assistant chemist ” and lecture demonstrator in succession to (Sir) Alexander Pedler, and continued a most efficient member of the staff of the.Roya1 College of Science, South Kensington, until 1910.In his lecture experiments he was remarkably successful and many were of his own devising. He published a paper on the preparation of ethylene by the dehydration of ethyl alcohol with phosphoric acid, and the process has since been used on the large scale. He was the author of Lecture Experiments (1892) of which several editions were published up to 1928, and also of Inorganic Chemistry (1894)and Elementary Practical Chemistry (189G), of which the last editions were published in 1926. His textbook on Inorganic Chemistry, especially,was regarded for many years as the best in the English language.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in January, 1878. WILLIAMCLEMENTROWDENdied on 3rd April, at “Clifton,” The Avenue, Hale, Cheshire, at the age of 70 years. The son of Professor W. T. Rowden, B.Sc., A.R.S.M., he was educated at Ailderson’s College, Glasgow, and in 1883 gained a three-year scholarship to the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines, London, where he obtained the As-sociateship in Metallurgy with first-class honours. In 1886 he became an assistant chemist with Sir itT.G. Arnistrong Whitworth & Co., Ltd., Elswick Steel Works, Newcastle upon Tyne. Two years later he was promoted head chemist; in 1891, manager of the steel-melting plant; and in 1914 he became manager of the whole of the Elswisk Steel Works.During the war, in addition to his duties at Elswick, he was actively concerned in accelerating the steel output from other sources and his advice was often sought in connexion with the manufacture of steels necessary for national purposes. In 1916 he took over, in addition, the technical control of steel manufacture st the Openshaw Works of the Company. After the war, when the steel-making interests at Elswick were transferred to Openshaw, Mr. Rowden took up his residence in the Manchester district to continue his control of steel manufacture and was a local director of the Company; on the formation of the English Steel Corporation, Ltd., he continued his activities at the Vickers Works, SheEeld, and, on his retirement in 1931, he was retained by the Corporation as consulting metallurgist.Mr. Rowden was responsible for many improvements not only in the manufacture and casting of steel but also in connexion with the manufacture of large heat-treated forgings in special steels, such as are required for armament purposes. He was also actively concerned in the development of these steels for commercial purposes. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1888 and a Fellow in 1891. FRANKSCUDDERdied on 6th February at the age of 74 years. He was educated at the Manchester Grammar School, and in 1876 proceeded to Owens College, where he attended evening classes for three years. He then entered the chemical laboratory of the late Dr. Angus Smith, where he remained until 1884.From 1884 to 1886 he acted as chemist and manager to the Whitwood Carbonising Works-a works erected under his supervision for the distillation of coal and the manufacture of benzole and other products. 269 For the next two years he carried on a consulting practice in Man- Chester, and in 1888 he accepted a position with Sir Henry Roscoe, with whom he worked for several years on the improvement, of the condition of effluents from the works and factories on the Mersey and Irwell basin, before he established a practice independently, devoting special attention to water supplies and sewage treatment. He was an original member of the Society of Chemical Industry and was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895.THOMAS STENHOUSE,senior, died at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the 27th February, in his 89th year. He studied chemistry under Edward Frankland and W. R. Hodgkinson at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and practised for five years at Todmorden before he estab- lished himself as a consulting and analytical chemist at Rochdale in 1882. He was public analyst for Clitheroe and Rochdale and gas and water examiner for the latter borough, as well as consulting chemist to the Cor-poration Sewage Works. He retired in 1919. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1889. 260 Books and their Contents. The following books have recently been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute:-“Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names.” William Gardner. A Dictionary and Commercial Handbook, containing approxi- mately ~5,000Definitions and Cross-References. Fourth Edition, much enlarged. Pp. 495. (London: The Technical Press, Ltd.) 31s. 6d. net. The Dictionary contains the names and synonyms of substances used in the chemical and allied industries, including raw materials, pharma- ceuticals, minerals, explosives, dyestuffs, alloys, and commercial chemi- cals generally. “Distillation.” Joseph Reilly. Foreword by Professor Sydney Young, F.R.S. With 45 Diagrams. Pp. viii + 120. (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd.) 3s. 6d. net. Introduction; fractionation; production and measurement of low pressure ; vacuum fractionation; azeotropic mixtures ; distillation in a current of steam; destructive distillation; sublimation ; index.‘‘Elementary Practical Chemistry.” Arthur I. Vogel. Pp. 220. (London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 3s. Preface;preliminary operations ;the measurement of mass and volume; solution; mixtures and compounds ; laws of chemical combination; equivalents ; air ; oxygen ; hydrogen and water ; carbon and .its com- pounds; the halogens; nitrogen and its compounds; sulphur and its compounds;acids, bases and salts ; introduction to volumetric analysis; miscellaneous experiments ; appendix ; index. ‘‘Gerrnan-English Chemical Terminology.” An Introduction to Chemistry in English and German. Alexander King and Hans Fromherz. Note by the General Editor; Foreword by Professor James C.Philip, F.R.S. Pp. xvii + 324. (London: Thomas Murby & Co.) 12s. 6d. Elementary chemistry : classification of matter; the laws of chemical combination (stoicheiometry) ;atomic weights and their determination ; classification of the elements and the periodic system ;chemical apparatus and manipulation ;inorganic chemistry : non-metallic elements ;qualita-tive analysis ; technical preparation and uses of metals (metallurgy) ; organic chemistry :aliphatic compounds ;aromatic compounds ;enzymes; physical chemistry : energy relations in physical chemistry, adsorption and colloid chemistry, reaction kinetics and catalysis, electro-chemistry, 261 optical phenomena and photochemistry; modern ideas of the structure of matter; appendices ;English index; German index.The book is arranged with the English and German equivalents on oppo- site pages, with technical terms in italics. “Organic Chemistry, Recent Advances in.” Volume 11. Alfred W. Stewart. Illustrated. With the addition of Part I1 by Hugh Graham. Pp. xiv + 519. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 21s. net. Preface ;organic chemistry in the twentieth century ;some carbohydrate constitutions ;the sesquiterpene group ; the diterpenes and triterpenes ; rubber; recent work on the alkaloids ; anthocyanins ; the chlorophyll problem ; depsides ; some theories of the natural syntheses of vital products ;some cases of isomerism in cyclic compounds ; the diphenyl problem; new organo-alkali compounds; other cases of abnormal valency ; structural formula! and their failings ; some applications of electronics to organic chemistry; some unsolved problems ; bile acids and sterols ;cardiac aglucones (vegetable heart poisons) ;hormones; vitamins ; name index; subject index.“Poisons Law.” Hugh N. Linstead. A Guide to the Provisions of the Pharmacy and Poisons Acts, 1852 to 1933 and The Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1920to 1932,for the use of Pharmacists and others concerned with transactions in Drugs and Poisons. With a Chapter upon the International Background of Danger- ous Drugs Legislation by Sir Malcolm Delevingne, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. Pp. 444. (London: The Pharmaceutical Press.) 5s. net. Preface ; development of pharmacy and poisons legislat,ion in Great Britain ;constitution, powers and duties of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; Statutory Committee of the Pharmaceutical Society; provisions made by the Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933, for the carrying on of businesses and for the control of poisons; provisions of the Act and Rules applying to transactions in poisons; international background of the Dangerous Drugs Acts; The Dangerous Drugs Acts and Regulations ; Text of Statutes, Statutory Rules, etc. ; List of Pre- parations containing Poisons.“Solutions of Electrolytes.” With Particular Application to Qualitative Analysis. Louis P. Hammett. Second Edition. Pp. ix + 238. (London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.) 12s. 6d. Principles :-the solubility product principle ; weak electrolytes ; the law of chemical equilibrium; the ionisation of water; acidity and basicity ; hydrolysis ; complex compounds ; oxidation-reduction reac-tions ; oxidation potentials.Experiments :-the course of laboratoryinstruction; questions on the experiments; the method of analysis;special notes on the method of analysis : further analytical methods. Appendices :-lecture experiments ; schedule of laboratory work ; reagents; apparatus ;index. 268 “Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and Its Products.” Third Edition. Pp. xi + 228. (London: The Institution of Petroleum Technologists.) 7s. 6d. net. Preliminary ; standard methods ; specifications; tentative methods. Achema Annual, 1935-1936, contains, in English, French and German, a catalogue of products exhibited at the Achema VII Chemical Engineering Show-Cologne, 1934. The new Annual will contain reports-in three languages- regarding recent technical advances and innovations in the field of chemical engineering together with announcements regarding the Achema VIII Chemical Engineering Exhibitions which will be held from and to 11th July, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. This work of reference is being offered to Fellows and Associates free of cost.Those who would like to receive the Achema Annual are kindly requested to order it from the Dechema Deutsche Gesellschaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen E.V. Potsdamerstr. 103 a, Berlin, W.35, and to enclose three international reply coupons (for postage only) with their orders.The British Standards Institution has recently published, inter alia, the following Specifications :-No. 242 (including 243 and 259)-1936. Linseed Oil for Paints. No. 256 (including 257, 258 and 274)-1936. Varnishes. No. 311-1936. Gold Size. No. 662-1936. Carbon Disulphide. No. 663-1936. Ethyl Lactate. No. 670-1936. Welded Mild Steel Drums. No. 674-1936. Rubber Joint Rings for Water Mains and Sewers. No. 678-1936. Carboys and Carboy Hampers. The Safety in Mines Research Board has published the following:-Paper No. 95. The Inflammation of Coal Dusts: The Effect of the Fineness of the Dust. Paper No. 96. The Inflammation of Coal Dusts. The Value of the Presence of Carbon Dioxide and Combined Water in the Dusts.Both by T. N. Mason and R. V. Wheeler. (London: H.M. Stationery Office. Price 6d. net each.) 263 The following publications have been received from the International Tin Research and Development Counci1:- Series A, No. 35. Research on Thin Layers of Tin and other Metals : I1 Corrosion of Metals by Technical Insulating Oils. P. J. Haringhuizen and D. A. Was. Series A, No. 36. Factors Influencing the Rate of Attack of Mild Steels by Typical Weak Acid Media. T. P. Hoar and D. Havenhand. Series A, No. 37. Methods of Detinning Tinplate for Examina- tion of the Thickness and Continuity of the Alloy Layer. ByA. W. Hothersall and W. N. Bradshaw. Series A, No. 38. A Study of the Origin of Porosity in the Tin Coating of Tinplate.A. W. Hothersall and J. C. Prytherch. The Sixth International Congress for Scientific Management, London, July, 1935.-Surplus volumes con- taining the papers and proceedings of the Congress are available for disposal, at the nominal price of IS. 6d. each, post free, or 6s. per set, post free. Seven volumes : (i) Manufacture, (ii) Agriculture, (iii) Dis- tribution, (iv) Development, (v) Educational and Training, (Vi) Domestic, (vii) The Report. Volume (vii) will not be sold separately. Further particulars can be obtained from Mr. W. Prescott, Honorary Secretary, 21,Tothill Street, London, S.W.I. The New Fabian Research Bureau, under the Chairman- ship of the Right Hon. Dr. Christopher Addison, has published a brochure on Technical Education, including Part I, Technical Education To-day, by Tobias Weaver; and Part 11, L4n Outline of Policy, by Barbara Drake: London, Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 6d.net. Messrs. Chapman and Hall, Ltd. announce the publication of The Chemistry of Natural Products related to Phenanthrene, by Professor L. F. Fieser of Harvard University. The Printing Industry Research Association and the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association have published, jointly, a brochure on The Causes ad Prevention of the Decay of Bookbinding Leather-being the second interim report of a Committee composed of leather manufacturers, 264 bookbinders and librarians, which was formed in February, 1932, to co-operate with the British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association in the production of durable vegetable tanned leathers.(St. Bride Institute, Bride Lane, London, E.C.4.) Insulin ; its Production, PuriJication and Physiological Action , by Douglas W. Hill and Frederick 0. Howitt, has recently been published by Messrs. Hutchinson’s Scientific and Technical Publications, Paternoster House, London, E.C.4, 12s. 6d. net. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has published ** A Review of the Physiology and Biochemistry of the Sulphur Bacteria,” by H. J. Bunker. Chemistry Research: Special Report No. 3, with a prefatory note by Pro- fessor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., F.R.S. Pp. iv + 48. (London: H.M. Stationery Office). 9d. net. Sands, Clays and Minerals.-No. 4 of Volume I1 of Sands, Clays and Minerals, edited by Mr.A. L. Curtis of Chatteris, Cambridge, contains, inter alia, articles by Mr. G. W. Boden, Associate, on Manipulation ; Dr. W. R. Schoeller, on Analytical Notes on White Earths and Pigments, and Dr. Julius Grant, on Nephelometry as an Aid in the Investiga- tion of Mineral Substances. Messrs. Tate & Lyle, Ltd. have published a brochure on Sugar, giving a short account of the Sugar Industry and the manufacturing operations which are necessary in the extraction of refined sugar from sugar cane and sugar beet root. GIFTS. Dr. S. Judd Lewis, Fellow, has kindly presented a copy of the memorial volume on The Jubilee of the Discovery of Mauve, by Sir W. H. Perkin-edited by Raphael Meldola, Arthur G. Green and John Cannell Cain.(London: 1906.) Professor Jocelyn F. Thorpe, C.B.E., F.R.S., Past President, has presented the Institute with the Memorial Medal of Auguste Bkhal, Professor of Organic Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine (Paris, 1935). 265 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 24th April, and aand May, 1936, 4 new Fellows were elected, I Fellow was re-elected, 16 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 77 Associates were elected, and 57 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the deaths of 4 Fellows and 3 Associates. New Fellows. Bailey, Professor Kenneth Claude, MA., Sc.D., Litt.D. (Dub.), Docteur d’Univ.(Toulouse), Trinity College, Dublin. Dannatt, Cecil William, A.R.S.M., D.I.C., 46, Hardy Road, London, S.E.3. Smith, John William, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 15, Poplar Road, London, s.w.19. Wright, Charles James, B.A. (Cantab.), c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Britannic House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2. Reelected Fellow. O’Brien, Arthur Matthew, Scottish Gas Utilities Corporation, Ltd., 5, Suffolk Street, London, S.W.l. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Adey, Stanworth Wills, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd., Abadan, South Iran. Bailey, George Cooper, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68, Belgrave Road, Ilford. Blackie, Joseph John, Ph.D. (Edin.), Ph.C., 104, Holyrood Road, Edin- burgh.Bond, Cecil Robertson, M.Sc.Tech.(Mane.), 56, Somerset Road, Bolton. Cooper, Leslie Hugh Norman, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Wales), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth. Hamence, Jack Hubert, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 156, Wickham Chase, West Wickham, Kent. Hathaway, Lester Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Underhill Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, 8. Hazel, Hubert Henry, M.A. (Cantab.), Danecourt Mount, Old Constitution Hill Road, Parkstone, Dorset. Hewitt, Leslie Frank, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Belmont Laboratories, L.C.C., Sutton, Surrey. Jenkins, Daniel Ceiriog Evans, M.Sc. (Lond.), D.I.C., 68, Wolverhampton Road, Stafford. Jones, James Ivor Morgan, M.Sc. (Wales), Haverthwaite, Haverbreaks, Lancaster. Parkes, Edward Burdon, M.Sc. (Liv.), Police Laboratory, Central Police Office, Bristol, 1.Richards, Colbert Eric, Innisfree, Deacons Hill Road, Elstree, Herts. Robinson, Conmar, Ph.D. (Utrecht ), A.R.C.Sc.I., Somerlese, Courtenay Avenue, London, N.6. Sciver, Albert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 28. Victoria Street, London, S.W.1. Whitby, Lawrence, M.Sc. (Lond.), Paint Research Station, Teddington. 266 New Associates. Andrew. Miss Gertrude Garland, B.Sc. (Liv.), Trevu, St. John’s Road, Rowley Park, Stafford. Balfe, Xichael Philip, B.A. (Lond.), 20, St. Thomas’ Street, London, S.E.1. Bovey, Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 8 1, Iffley Road, London, W.6. Brain, Leonard, 22, Richmond Park Road, London, S.W.14. Butler, Frederick William TT7ebb, P.O. Box 1547, Durban, Natal, South Africa. Cahill, Terence John, 40, Elfindale Road, London, S.E.24.Cantor, Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 40, Cleveland Road, London, S.W.13. Cavell, Alan James, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 14, Blake Road, London, S.W.6. Chorley, Basil Houghton, 8, West Street, Prescot, Lanes. Clement, George Honor, 1, Boaufort Villss, Southbourne Gardens, Gros-venor, Bath. Clinton, Thomas Gerard John, 36, Duchy Street, Seedley. Salford. Cook, Ernest Albert, 320r, Renhurst Avenue, Elm Park, Romford. Coome, David Ernest, B.Sc. (Lend.), 11, Victoria Road, London, N.22. Cooper, Harold Matthew, 128, Goddard Avenue, Newland Avenue, Hull. Davison, Stuart Herbert Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 78, The Chase, Hillingdon, Middlesex. Dutton, William Leslie, 319, Upton Lane, Widnes. Emsley, Ernest, 1, Davonshire Place, Yeadon, nr.Leeds. Evans, Allen Whitmore, B.Sc. (Birm.), 25, Beaufort Avenue, Birmingham, 8. Evans, David Philip, M.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., 17, Plantagenet Street, Cardiff. Evans, James Simpson, B.A. (Oxon.), The Mount, Hafield, Derbyshire. Flynn, Daniel Godfrey, B.Sc. (Liv.), 52, Ferndale Road, Liverpool, 15. Francis, Emrys Manley, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D., Fern Bank, Llanberis, North Wales. Frieberg, Alan George, M.Sc. (N.Z.), 81, M‘est End Road, Westmere, Auckland, W.2., N.Z. Fuller, Cedric, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12~,Louis Street, Hull. Gaunt, Ernest Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Derby Road, Ashbourne, Derby- shire. Ghaswalla, Rustom Pestonji, B.Sc. (Bombay), Ph.D. (Lond.), 49, Cambridge Terrace, London, W.2. Griineberg, Alan Conrad, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Grove Avenue, London, N.lO.Hair, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington.Handley, David, 31, Palmerston Drive, Litherland, Liverpool, 21. Haywood, Philip John Courtney, 24, Beechley Road, Wrexham. Heath, Gerald Duncan, B.Sc. (Reading), 64, Oakley Road, Caversham, Reading.Heron, Harry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, Alexandra Road, Blackburn. Herz, Robert Samuel, Dr. Phil. (Cologne), 17, Quadrant Close, London, N.W.4. Hodson, William Frederick, 87, Burton Road, Woodville, nr. Burton-on- Trent. Humphriss, Eric Lewis Enoch, 82, Linkstor Road, Woolton, Liverpool. Hurt, Norman Albert, A.M.C.T., 8, Howard Avenue, Mont,on, Eccles, Manchester. Jackson, Albert, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 68, Mill Lane, Heatley, Lymm, near Warrington.Jarrett, Stanley Graham, B.Sc.(Lond.), 87, Stanmer Villas, Brighton, 6. Joiner, Eric Millward, B.Sc. (Birm.), 68, Hampton Road, Birmingham, 6. Lewis, Cyril Jesse, 48, Hatherley Street, Liverpool, 8. 267 MacMurray, Harry Douglas, B.Sc. (Glas.), 88, Langside Avenue, Glasgow, s.l. Marsh, Frank Hubert, B.Sc. (Leeds), 12, Maud Avenue, Beeston Hill, Leeds, 11. Nartin, George Thomas Oswald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 136, The Avenue, London, N.17. McManus, Edward Patrick, 47, Oxford Road, Waterloo, Liverpool, 22. Meiklejohn, Andrew McLay, Tulliallan, Garven Road, Stevenston, Ayr- shire. Morpeth, James Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 198, Stapleton Hall Road, London, N.4. Morton, Frank, N.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 46, Thorncliffe Grove, Levenshulme, Manchester.Murch, William Owen, M.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Auckland Road, London, S.E.19. Karasimha Murty, Gudipaty, B.A. (Andhra), BLSc. (Benares), Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor, P.O., Nilgiris, South India. Newell, Williaiil Copeman, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 26, Pickford Laiie, Bexley Heath. Paul, Harry. B.Sc. (Liv.), Ph.D., 5, Netherby Street, Liverpool, 8. Powell, Donald Waring, M.Sc. (Lond.), Windy Ridge, St. Thomas' Drive, Hatch End. Quin, Denis Cheselden, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), The Court, Old Headington, Oxford. Raychaudhuri, Satyaprasacl, D.Sc. (Cal.), Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. Ricketts, James, ?vl.Sc. (N.Z.), 122, Mount Eden Road, Auckland, C.3, New- Zealand. Ritchie, Alexander, B.Sc. (St. Andrews), 57, Cleghorn Street, Dundee.Robinson, Marcus, B.Sc. (Lond.), 3, West Royd Villas, King Cross, Halifax. Rochester, Herbert, B.Sc. (Birm.), 28, Trensale Avenue, Coventry. Roe, Miss Edna Margaret Frances, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Drury Road, Harrow. Rosser, Reginald John, B.Sc. (Wales), D.Phil. (Oxon.), 153, Clive Road, Canton, Cardiff. Rusby, George Leger, B.Sc. (Liv.), 33, Litherland Park, Litherland, Liverpool, 2 1. Sharpe, Cliiford John, 65, Greenhill Road, Leicester. Stutchbury, Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Sandringhain Road, London, E.10. Symons, Paul Hannay, M.Sc. (S.A.), Dept. of Biochemistry, S.A. Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg, South Africa. Taylor, JC'illiam Kenneth, B.Sc. (Lond.), Russell Laboratory, General Hospital, Birmingham, 4.Thi, Maung Ba, B.Sc. (Rangoon), 1, Priory Road, Edgloaston,Birmingham, 5. Thomas, Trevor Haydn, M.Sc. (Wales), 26, St. Marie Street, Bridgend, Glam. Thompson, Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), 61, East Park Avenue, Holderness Road, Hull. Thompson, Frank Clifford, B.Sc. (Dun.), Astana, Galgate, Barnarcl Castle, Co. Durham. Townend, Fred, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leeds), A.R.C.S., Sunny Bank, Ossett,, Yorks. Turner, Frank, A.M.C.T., 89, Blackburn Road, Clayton-le-Moors, Lanes. TVardle, Miss Barbara Mary, B.Sc. (Lond.), 34, TiTiyngate Drive, Leicester. JTelch, Raymond Hatfield, B.Sc. (Lond.), 33, Earlsfield Road, London, S.W.18. Wesson, Harry Chamberlain, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 60. Conipton Road, Shemood, Nottingham. 268 West, John Leslie, 40, Pingle avenue, Sheffield.Wilson, Charles, B.A. (Oxon.), c/o I.C.I., Ltd., 5, St. Leonard’s Place, York. Wise, Stanley George Arthur, 1, The Crescent, Hall Lane, Horsforth, near Leeds. New Students. Andrew, William Stewart Kerr, 13, High Street, Irvine, Ayrshire. Appleton, Harold, The Platanes, Champion Hill, London, S.E.5. Barron, Frank Clayton, 182, Doncaster Road, Mexborough, Yorks. Beach, Martin David, 3, Shardcroft Avenue, London, S.E.24. Bevan, Leslie, 64, Burnley Road, London, N.W.10. Bradford, Arthur, 70, Norman Street, Winson Green, Birmingham, 18. Brooks, Leon James, 41, The Gardens, London, S.E.22. Brown, Cedric John, 11, The Mount, Caversham, Reading. Carter, Harry, 15, West End Road, Golcar, Huddersfield.Cochrane, Hector, 31, New Street, Stevenston, Ayrshire. Cull, Desmond George, 51, Marshall Road, Rainham, Kent. Dawtrey, Sydney, 82, Albert View, Pellon, Halifax. Eccles, Robert Alan Lonsdale, The Mount, Haslingden, Rossendale, Lancs. Fairlie, Andrew Miller, 18, Mount Stuart Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. Fitzpatrick, Henry Denis Neil, 46, Shrubbery Avenue, Worcester. Fowler, Kenneth Sydney, 22, Wilderness Road, Earley, Reading. Freeman, Raymond, 82, West India Dock Road, London, E.14. Goodhew, Jack, 4, Leslie Road, Gillingham, Kent. Hardie, Hugh Grant Macpherson, 7, Hosefield Avenue, Aberdeen. Hearne, James Frederick, 88, King Edward’s Road, Ladywood, Birming- ham. Hellyer, Miss Joan Stevens, Small Oak, Roundwood Lane, Harpenden. Henry, Raymond, 26, Wolviston Road, Wolviston, Stockton-on-Tees.Holmes, George, 223, Newton Road, Lowton St. Mary, Warrington. Howell, William James Richard, 17, Robinia Avenue, Northfleet, Kent. Humphreys, Ivor, 134, Egerton Road, Whalley Range, Manchester, 16. Kane, John, 6, Wallace Road, London, N.1. Kenzie, Raphael George, 14, Kingsley Road, Ellesmere Port, Wirral. Kerfoot, Jack, 104, Bank Top, Blackburn. Kerrigan, Vincent, 75, Laburnum Street, Seedley, Salford. Langridge, Rodney Arthur, 67, Lucknow Street, Portsmouth. Lessing, Woolf, 12, Gordon Road, London, N.16. Lewis, Arthur Walter, 8, New Queen Street, Kingswood, Bristol. Lowther, Harry Vincent, 58, Church Street, Brierley Hill, Staffs. Miller, Charles Alfred, 25, Pepys Road, London, S.E.14.Mills, Gordon Stansfield, 78, Stanifield Lane, Farington, Leyland, Lancs. Moakes, Ronald Cyril Wilfrid, 154, Croydon Road, Beddington, Croydon. Moon, Cecil Denis Bradley, 46, Forty Avenue, Wembley Park. Norburn, Denis Alfred, 29, Beverley Crescent, Bedford. Radford, Arthur John, Heather Brae, Derwent Avenue, Allestree, Derby. Ramsden, Stanley Arthur, 32, Beadon Avenue, Waterloo, Huddersfield. Roberts, Miss Enid Elizabeth, 16, Northanger Road, London, S.W.16. Rose, William Leslie, 13, Howson Road, London, S.E.4. Seager, Edmund Stanley, Court Lodge, Bicknor, near Sittingbourne. Shanks, James, 29, Cromwell Road, Falkirk. Sinkinson, Dudley Victor, 64, Queen’s Road, Chadderton, Lancs. Skrimshire, Gerald Ernest Hamor, 19, Tenby Avenue, Harrow Weald.Smith, Laurence Michael, Charnecliff e House, Shepshed, Leks. Summerhayes, Murley Herbert, 7, Cornwall Road, Bexhill-on-Sea. Surman, Russell Albert, 100, Avalon Road, London, W.13. 269 Thomas, Robert Kenneth, 50, Woodway Crescent, Harrow. Turpin, Brian Heath, 14, Douglas Road, Long Eaton, Notts. Watt, Cyril Stanley, Tyrone House, John Street, Dungamnon, Co. Tyrone. Wheeler, Richard Norman, 75, St. Dunstan’s Road, London, W.6. Whitfield, Ronald, 1, Brompton Road, Middlesbrough, Yorks. Williams, Owen Glyn, 57, Agamemnon Road, London, N.W.6. Winter, Robert Henry, 207, Park Crescent, Erith, Kent. Winteringham, Francis Peter Worsley, Central Fire Station, Bristol. DEATHS. Fellows. James Wallace Donald. George Samuel Newth.William Clement Rowden, A.R.S.M. Frank Scudder. Associates. William Brash, A.R.C.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.).Reginald Arthur Salter Cmhll, M.Sc. (Birm.).Cecil Frank John Newby, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. CHANGES OF NAMES. Charles Gustave Meyer, Associate, to Charles George Meyer. Arthur Joseph Somer, Associate, to Arthur Joseph Somers-by Deed Poll. 270 Coming Events. 1936 June 22-27 BRITISH CHEMICAL PLANTMANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIAT IONAND CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGCONGRESS: British Chemical Plant Exhibition at the Central Hall, Westminster, S.W.l. 9 a.m.- 6.30 p.m, June 23rd and BBth, 9 a.m.-8 p.m. 27 INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Manchester and District Section) : Annual Summer Meeting. INSTITUTEOF CHEMISTRY(Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section) : Summer Excursion to Aboyne.27-UNIVERSITY : Centenary Celebrations. OF LONDON July 2 JdY 2-11 SECOND CONGRESSINTERNATIONALON GLASS. At the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey’s Gate, Westminster, S.W. 1, and at the University of Sheffield. 6-10 ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE: Health Congress at Southport.Society of Chemical Industry (Food Group), co-operating : President, Dr. L. H. Lampitt. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY:6-10 SOCIETY Liverpool. Annual Meeting of the Society. Details to be announced later. Sept. 7-12 THIRD WORLD POWERCONFERENCE,at Washington, U.S.A. 1937 JdY 2-1 1 ACHEMAVIII : Chemical Engineering Exhibition, Frankfort-on-the -Main. VERYLow TEMPERATuREs.-In response to requests for an extension of the Very Low Temperature Exhibition at the Science Museum, South Kensington, it has been decided that it shall remain on view to the public until 30th June.The Museum is open free on week days from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Sundays from 2.30 to 6 p.m. 271 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship will be held in London and Glasgow from 14th to 19th September, The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July. (Notebooks can be received up to 7th September.) Examinations for the Fellowship will be held in London from zIst to 26th September. The list of entries will be closed on Monday, 6th July, except for candidates in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, or for those desiring special examinations, whose applications should have been received before 1st June.The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabzans) is normally awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st Decem- ber prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be decided in January, 1937. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1936, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards are made ta 272 British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy. Awards are made, not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice.The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Corres-pondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square , London, W.C.I. The administrators will meet towards the close of the year. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (EIO10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000 words, will be awarded in January, 1937,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay.The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, rather than technical or purely chemical importance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. 273 The subjects of the nine previous Essays have been- 1927.“The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928. “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist .” 1929. “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930. “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931. “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” 1932. “Some Aspects of Chemical Research.” (Selected by the successful Competitor.) 1933. “The Chemical Education of Part-time Students.” (Selected by the successful competitor.) 1934. “The Relation between Thinking and Learning in Training for a Scientific Career.” 1935. “The Value of Compulsory Research as part of the Pre-Graduate Curriculum.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of the JOURNAL) on or before the 31st December, 1936, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether, and to whom, an award be made. The award will not be made more than once to any individual competitor. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 274 Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment, are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period if necessary. The Institute also maintains a List of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students or Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The Library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is available, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted, at present, to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. 275 ‘‘Photostat” copies of Publications.-Arrangements exist for the “Photostat I’ reproduction of material contained in the Library of the Chemical Society. The “Photostat” is a machine for the rapid photographic reproduction of printed matter, etc., at a less cost than type- writing, and without the possibility of error.These facilities are available to Fellows of the Chemical Society and Members, etc., of the Contributing Societies in this country, including the Institute. Full particulars of the material to be copied should be sent to the Librarian, who will then for- ward a form of undertaking concerning the Copyright Act, for the signature of the applicant, together with a statement of the charges which would be incurred. The Librarian may at his discretion limit the number, or decline to make any photo-duplicates. Payment must be made in advance at the following rates :-114 x 64 14x 8i IIQ x 14 s. d. s. d. s. d. The first negative from each publication* .... 09 I3 16 First positive, inclusive of the cost of negative .. .. 15 25 2 I0 Copies, additional to the first positive .. .. .. 08 I2 I4 * The negative is on paper and easily read, even if considerably reduced. Enlargements or reductions can be made within the limits of dimensions of each print, without additional charge. Prepayment is required, and in no case may “Photostat” copies be supplied until the printed form and remittance have been received by the Librarian. Photostat copying can also be undertaken on behalf of chemists abroad, on their giving a similar undertaking with respect to copyright, but the work cannot be put in hand until the form of undertaking has been received by the Society. Translations are not undertaken.276 The Institute has entered into an arrangement with The Science Library, Science Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, whereby books may be borrowed on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. In addition to its comprehensive sets of literature on cognate subjects, which are not available in specialised libraries, this Library contains an exceptionally extensive collection of works on chemistry. Nine thousand scientific and technical periodicals are received regularly in the Library. All publications added to the Library are recorded in its Weekly Bibliography of Pure and Applied Science, which has a wide circulation among research workers and institutions. Boots ' Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates of the Institute, current subscriptions expired on 1st March. All who wish to continue the use of the Library, or to subscribe de noao, should obtain application forms from the Registrar of the Institute.Members who do not immediately renew their subscriptions to the Library should return to the most convenient branch Library any volume of the Library which they may have in their possession and also their membership tokens. Lewis 's Lending Library.-Any Fellow or Associate who is not already acquainted with this Library of Scientific and Technical books may obtain a copy of the Prospectus from the Registrar of the Institute. A copy of the Catalogue of the Library (revised to December, 1927, with Supplements 1928-30 and 1931-33) is available in the Library of the Institute.A Bi-monthly list of Additions is also issued. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Go., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4. 8d. 277 Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who are giving lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration. A new edition of the Register of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students is in preparation. Its accuracy can only be maintained by the prompt notification of changes which may become necessary. “The Profession of Chemistry’ ’ (Third Edition, 1935), will be supplied gratis to any Fellow, Associate or Registered Student, on application to the Registrar.LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Sections. Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of R. Craven, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., 2, Scotland : Richmondhill Gardens, Aberdeen. Birmingham and Midlands : Garfield Thomas, M.Sc., A.I.C.. 38. Kelmscott Road, Harborne, Birrninghtkn. I Bristol and South-Western F. P. Hornby, F.I.C., 4, Queen Square, Counties: Bristol, 1. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. East Midlands : C. W. North, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bourne End, Cherry Tree Hill, Chaddesden, Derby. Edinburgh and East of G. Elliot Doddg, A.H.W.C., A.I.C., 30, Castle Scotland : Avenue, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, 12.Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland : Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfiold : Dr. E. H. Goodyeer, A.I.C., Holme Royd, Kennedy Avenue, Fixby, Huddersfield. India : G. Watson Douglas, B.Sc., A.I.C., The State Laboratory, Bhopal, Central India. Treland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Lee& Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Lee&. Liverpool and North- Glynne W. Beaumont, F.I.C., The Harbour- Western : master’s Old House, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern R. F. Innes, F.I.C., British Leather Manu- Counties : facturers’ Research Association, 20, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E.l.Malaya : Dr. T. A. Buckley, F.I.C., AgriculturalDepartment, Kuela.Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle upon Tyne and Dr. W. E. Scott, MSc., A.I.C., Rossie House, North-East Coast : Canning Street, Hebburn-on-Tyne. New Zealand: Philip White, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.I.C., Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, C.1, New Zealand. South Wales- Cardiff: Dr. W. Cule Davies, A.I.C., University College, Cardiff. Swansea : R. H. Jones, F.I.C., Glen View, Cae BrynAvenue, Sketty Green, Swansea. South Yorkshire : Wm. Wall, B.Sc., A.I.C., Bramcote, Harstoft Avenue, Worksop, Notts. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL PnocEED1Nas.-The terrns for advertisements in theAND Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. NO Commission is allowed to Agents. The circulation is over 76004hiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientific books and to booksellers.