THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1925. PART IV. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. 1. August, 1925. Publications Committee, 1925-26 T. SLATER PRICE (Chairman), G. G. HENDERSON (Preside&), H. C. L. BLOXAM, A. J. CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. M. CUMMING, LEONARD DOBBIN, A. VINCENT ELSDEN, LEWIS EYNON, W. R. FEARON, R. H. GREAVES, A. J. HALE, C. A. F. HASTILOW, I. M. HEILBRON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer). THOMAS MACARA, L. G, PAUL, 6. D PORRITT, W. D. ROGERS, FRANK SOUTHERDEN. 211 Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1925. Conference at York: 10th-11th July.-The Conference was held at York in the Tempest Anderson Hall, by the courtesy of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, on 10th and 11th July, 1925, Professor G. G. Henderson, President, in the Chair. The proceedings, which are reported in this Part, are briefly sum- marised below. At the first session, Mr. H. J. Evans opened a discussion on “The Regulations for the admission of Associates and Fellows.” Mr. Evans criticised especially the Regulations for the admission of Associates to the Fellowship and the manner in which they were interpreted by the Council. He moved the following resolutions:-(i) That after a certain date, no Associate be admitted to the Fellowship except by examination.(ii) That, after a certain date, direct admission to the Fellowship be discontinued except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry. (iii) That the Regulations for the admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the present requirements as to training, etc. On the first motion the voting was even. The second and third motions were carried by a small majority. At the second session, Mr. Scholefield opened a discussion on “The desirability and possibility of securing statutory registration for professional chemists,” and moved : “That this Conference approves of the principle of the establishment of a Register of professional chemists and requests the Council to take immediate steps towards the formation of a Professional Chemists’ Registration Council-consisting of representatives of the Institute, Universities and Technical 212 Schools, the Society of Public Analysts, and the British Association of Chemists-and the exploration of the possibility of legislative authority.” This resolution was carried.At the third session (held on rrth July) the President opened a discussion on “The promotion of further co-operation between the Institute and other Chemical Societies.” On the motion of Mr. G. S. W. Marlow, seconded by Prof. Heilbron, it was unanimously resolved : “That this meeting urges the Council to enter into col- laboration with all other Societies interested in chemistry and to formulate and press forward a scheme for bringing these Societies into fellowship and co-operation.” About 70 members participated in the Conference.On the motion of the President, votes of thanks were accorded to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for allowing the use of the Tempest Anderson Hall and to Dr. W. E. Collinge, the Keeper of the Museum of the Society, for his courtesy in that connection; also to Mr. Harold Bush Brown and Mrs. Brown for valuable assistance with respect to local arrangements and visits to places of interest. On the motion of Mr. S. E. Melling, a hearty vote of thanks was also accorded to the President for presiding at the Conference.On 10th July, a Dinner was held at the Royal Station Hotel, the President in the Chair. Local Section Grants.-The Council has decided to provide for the expenses of Local Sections as follows:- (a)That every Local Section be allowed a sum, not exceeding 2s. 6d. in any one year, for every member resident within its area to defray the official expenses of the Section. (b)That each Section be required to submit detailed audited accounts for the scrutiny of the Finance and House Committee, and that any item which the Committee is unable to allow as official expense be deducted from the grant next made to the Section. Entertainment expenaee, other than tea and coffee at meetings, will not be allowed as offioial expenses.(c) That-also subject to the expenses being approved by the Finance and House Committee--a minimum grant of €10 be allowed to Sections with less than eighty members. (d) That, so far as is possible, printing facilities be provided by the Institute, and notices of Section meetings be sent to all members within their respective areas. 213 Sir George Beilby Memorial.-A Joint Committee of Officers and representatives of the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Metals, and the Society of Chemical Industry has had under consideration a proposal to establish a memorial to the late Sir George Beilby. With the concurrence of the Councils of the three bodies- of which Sir George was a past-president-an appeal has been issued for subscriptions towards a fund from which, at intervals to be determined by the administrators, substantial sums will be awarded to mark appreciation of a record of distinguished work in science, bearing in mind the special interests of Sir George Beilby , e.g., applied chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy.The proposal does not imply an award on the result of a competition for work on a set theme or the solution of a definite scientific problem, but the recognition of work of exceptional merit. The Joint Committee hopes to raise a sum of not less than E5ooo-providing an income of about E250 a year for awards. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy and Mr. John Fry have consented to act as Honorary Treasurers.The Secretaries of the three co-operating bodies have been appointed Honorary Secretaries, with the Registrar and Secretary of the Institute of Chemistry, as convener. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs,-The observations of the representatives of the Institute on the draft schedules to the proposed new Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Bill were supported by evidence given by Mr. F. W. F. Arnaud before the Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and were favourably received. The Report of the Advisory Committee has since been published (Cmd. 2470. gd.) and the proposals of the representa- tives of the Institute have been generally incorporated. The Committee express their thanks to the organisations which have rendered assistance with comments and criticisms, and also to the representatives who have attended meetings and supplemented orally the observations offered by the organi- sations.Finsbury Technical College.-The Council has received a letter from the London County Council stating that, although desirous of giving the most sympathetic consideration to the 214 claims of Finsbury Technical College, it was found difficult to justify the comparatively large expenditure involved in view of the fact that there are other Institutions making provision for training in engineering and chemistry which could absorb without difficulty the number of students now attending the College. The London County Council has reluctantly come to the conclusion that it is not justified in continuing its support after 31st July, 1926.The Higher Education Sub-committee has carefully considered the representations made by the Institute, but regrets that it is not prepared to recommend a departure from its previous decision. National Certificates in Chemistry.-An abstract of the report of the Assessors upon the recent examinations for National Certificates conducted jointly by the Board of Education and the Institute, is published in this Part of the JOURNAL. Nati onal Certificates i n Chemi stry (ScotIan d).-The first examination for National Certificates in Chemistry in Scotland has been held under the auspices of the Joint Com- mittee of the Institute and the Scottish Education Department.Ten candidates, all from the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, presented themselves for the Higher Certificate. All passed, six obtaining distinction. Mr. William Rintoul acted as the Assessor of the Institute, in conjunction with Examiners appointed by the College. Benevolent Fund.-The amount which the Benevolent Fund Committee has placed to reserve for the Annuity Fund is approximately E850. The Committee reported, in JOURNAL, Part 111. (p. 151) that the contributions for current purposes showed an increase of over E150 and the donations for the annuity fund, an increase of over iso, compared with those for 1924; but the Committee hopes that Fellows and Associates will bear in mind that the administration of an Annuity Fund, for the benefit of members who are pennanently incapacitated from practice, is to be an essential part of its work, for which generous support is needed. The Committee has recently brought a deserving case to the notice of the Murdoch Trustees, Edinburgh, who have made arrangements to provide 215 a pension of E80 a year to a Fellow who is over 70 years of age; but, while the kindness of the Trustees is greatly appreciated, the Committee feels that an effort should be made to secure for the Benevolent Fund of the Institute such resources as will render it independent of other assistance. Chemists Dinner, 1925.-Fellows and Associates of the Institute are invited to co-operate with the Chemical Industry Club in the arrangements for a Dinner to be held in London, on Friday, 13th November, in which all other societies interested in chemistry will also participate.(Tickets will be obtainable from The Secretary, Chemical Industry Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I.). 216 Local Sections. Belfast and Dublin,-The Registrar has been invited to lecture on “Alchemists and Chemists in Art and Literature,” before the Belfast Section, on Wednesday, 25th, and before the Irish Free State Section on Thursday, 26th November. The lecture will be illustrated by numerous lantern slides. Due notice of the meetings will be sent to members of both sections. Bristol and South-Western.-The meetings of the section during the coming session will be held, in conjunction with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on the first Thursday in the months from October to March, inclusive, in the Chemical Department of Bristol University.A paper will be read by Dr. Ernest Vanstone on “The role of Phosphorus in Agriculture,” and another paper has been promised by Mr. Stanley Robson. A meeting will also be held at University College, Exeter, on 14th November, when it is hoped that members will make a special endeavour to attend. The Annual Dinner will be held, jointly with the local sections of other Chemical Societies, probably on the second Saturday in February, and the Annual Meeting of the Section will be held in March. Cape.-At a meeting of the Cape Section held in the Physical Chemistry Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on the 26th June, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year :--Chairman, Prof.J. Smeath Thomas ; Secretary, Dr. C. F. Juritz; Treasurer, E. H. Croghan; Additional Members of Committee, G. C. Scully, and Prof. E. Newbery; Auditors, Dr. W. Pugh, and Mr. M. H. Hallack. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The work of the Sub-committee on Publicity has been continued, and the following articles have appeared in the Glasgow Herald since the previous notice in the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS:“Silicon, the ubi- quitous,” by T. C. Mitchell; “The Carbon cycle in Nature,” and “A Bio-Chemical View of Vitalism,” by Prof. Ellis; “My Lady Nicotine,” by M. N. Nicholson; “The Theory of Vitalism,” by Prof. R. M. Caven; “Paint Manufacture,” by R.A. Burnett; 217 “Foiling the Poisoner,” by J. W. Hawley; “The Electric Furnace,” by Dr. J. Knox; “Fortunate Accidents,” by Dr. S. Horwood Tucker; “The Enamelled-Steel Industry,” by L. R. Mernagh; “The Shale Oil Industry in Scotland,” by J. Crooks; “The Centenary of Faraday’s Discovery of Benzene,” by W. H. Coleman; and “Nature’s Ways,” by Dr. W. M. Cumming.-Liverpool and North-Western.-At a meeting of the Section held at St. George’s Restaurant, Redcross Street, on the 14th May, Professor Roberts gave a very interesting lecture on “The Microscope in the Detection of Crime.” The lecture was greatly appreciated, and the discussion, in which Messrs. Bennett, Evans, Morton, Hanley, Towers and Shepherd participated, mainly related to the detection and identification of blood stains.A hearty vote of thanks was accorded Professor Roberts. London and South Eastern Counties.-Mr. William Rintoul, who delivered a lecture to the Section on “Library and Office Organisation for Chemists,” in April, has kindly supplemented it by the following suggested instructions on “The Drafting of Reports.” The most highly organised research cannot produce its maximum effect on progress unless the results achieved are adequately recorded in permanent form. Whatever may be the cause, the sad fact remains that many workers in research cannot or will not produce a readable and accurate account of their work, with the result that much of the value of that work disappears.For this reason it has been found necessary, in the Nobel Research Laboratories, to bring into force a code of regulations calculated to improve at least the mechanical part of preparing reports. As these regulations have been found to produce beneficial results they are set forth below in the hope that others may find them suggestive. That these regulations are followed is ensured by the fact that all reports that are prepared are submitted to revision by one or more independent editors. GENERALINSTRUCTIONS. All draft reports submitted must be legibly written or typed on one side of the paper. It must be remembered that a report is to be a permafient record which will probably be perused by readers who may not 218 have the same experience as the writer in the special subject with which the report deals.Descriptive terms, therefore, should be capable of being understood, not only by the present- day reader but also by readers many years hence. Terms which have a local application only, must be avoided. As it may be necessary to repeat the work recorded in a report at some future date, all essential data should be given in sufficient detail to render such repetition possible. The following particular instructions follow directly from the above considerations :-The report must be impersonal except in the case of reports on visits, which may be written in the first person. Expressions such as “the mill in B/A,” “sample sent by Mr. Brown,” are to be avoided, The nomenclature of the Manufacturing Method Book is to be employed in describing materials.No contractions except those used in ordinary chemical and explosives literature are to be employed. Anyother unavoidable contraction is to be explained in a foot-note. The following is a list of the contractions for measures, weights, etc., to be used in drafting reports :-Cubic centimetres . . C.C. Inches .. .. in. Grammes .. .. gm. Feet .. . . ft. Milligrammes .. mg. Ounces .. .. 02. Kilogrammes Centime tres .. .. kg. cm. Pounds . . Hundredweights .. .. lb. cwt. Seconds .. .. sec. Degrees centigrad e “C. Minutes‘ . . .. min. Degrees Fahrenheit OF. Metres .. .. m. Millimetres .... mm. Form of Report. Each report should be prefaced by a copy of the programme under which the work was done. The body of the report should, as a rule, consist of three parts:- (I) Description of the experimental work carried out. (2) Summary. (3) Conclusions. The first part is to open with a short resum6 of previous work on the subject should that exist, and references to any journal or report containing information referred to should be 219 fuZZ and exact. It is generally advisable to elaborate as early in the report as possible, the considerations which led to the work being carried out. The writer is then to give a connected account of the experimental procedure followed and of the results obtained, with as much detail as will render repetition possible by another worker.The description of the experiments should generally be arranged as they were carried out in order of time, the reasons being given where necessary, as to why the work was pursued in any particular direction. A simple record of experiments with no explanatory connecting links is to be avoided. The summary is to state concisely, the object, nature, scope and results of the experiments. In short reports the summary may be omitted. As to the scope of the work, the summary is to give, according to the subject of the report, some idea as to the following points:- (a) In analytical determinations the accuracy aimed at in the experiments. (b) In experiments dealing with or leading to manufacturing processes, whether the experiments were conducted on a laboratory or on a manufacturing scale.(c) In the case of experiments involving storage the duration and nature of storage. (a) The number and nature of the samples examined. Further the summary is to summarise the whole of that part of the report which precedes it and not deal merely with the results obtained. It must be remembered that the summary should be quite understandable by one who has read no other part of the report, except perhaps the title page. A common mistake is to include in the “summary” statements which are really conclusions drawn by the author from the results of his experiments. The summary should contain only brief statements of fact as to the nature and extent of the experiments carried out and the actual experimental results obtained.The conclusion of a report is to contain a concise expression of the conclusions to which the writer feels justified in coming after consideration of all the results obtained. It will usually be simply a direct answer to the question implied in the definition of the object of the programme. It is therefore to be written 220 as if the author were answering that question. Of course, it will often happen that the experimental results do not warrant any definite conclusions on the points investigated. It may happen that the only conclusion to be arrived at is that further work on certain lines is necessary before anything definite can be stated.The conclusion may therefore contain a suggestion for further work. DETAILEDINSTRUCTIONS. Title. The title for each report is to be carefully selected. It should give the reader as much information about the contents of the report in as few words as possible. A title such as, “Report on Programme B. No. 6,” is not permissible as it con- veys little or no information. The title should, where possible, be so drawn up as to individualise the report. Further, too general a title is to be avoided. For example, “On the Stability of Cordite” is an inappropriate title for a report which deals only with the comparison of various cordites made from gun-cottons purified in different ways. It is often difficult to define exactly in a short title the ground covered by a report, but some attempt is to be made to give a clue to the scope of the work carried out.Underneath the title are to appear the names of those who carried out the work and the date of reporting. Contents Page. In long reports, it is often advisable to give a contents page containing page references to the various sections of the report. This contents page is to follow directly after the title page. First Page. The title of the report is to be repeated on the top of the first page. Immediately below the title one or more of the following references are to be inserted:- (a) Number of the programme under which the work was (b) Reference to correspondence initiating the work or having a distinct bearing on it.(c) Number of patent investigated. carried out. The first page of the report referred to in the general in-structions above is then to follow. 221 Margin. A margin of at least zin. is to be left on the left-hand side of the pages of all draft reports. Numbering of pages. Pages are to be numbered consecutively throughout the report. Headings. Headings when carefully employed make for clearness in a report and greatly facilitate reference. They must not, however, be inserted haphazard, but are to be co-ordinated and logical throughout the report. It must not be assumed that the reader of the report reads all the headings and therefore the heading should be repeated indthe text, and not referred to as ,‘it” or “this.” Tables.When tables are given they are to be as far as possible self- explanatory. Enough detail is to be given in the headings, etc., to make the table understandable without too close an examination of the context. Further, to facilitate reference, the tables should usually be numbered, Arabic, not Roman numerals being employed. A heading under the number of the table is usually necessary. Sketches. Sketches are to be employed only when they greatly facilitate description or when they show something that cannot be described in words. Capitals. As few capitals as possible are to be used. Expressions, such as “sulphuric acid,” “cordite,” “guncotton,” “heat tests,” are not to be written with capital letters. “N.B.,” “Note,” etc.Such expressions as “N.B.,” “Note,” etc., are not to be used. Chemical Formulae. Chemical formulae are not to be used in the text of a report in place of the names of materials but may be employed in tables. Brackets. Brackets are not to be used unless absolutely necessary. Variation of Tenses. Reports, being, as a rule, records of experiments carried out ought to be written in the past tense, but when the nature of the report makes a choice between tenses possible, that chosen is to be adhered to throughout. Methods of Analysis. When work is reported leading up to the proposal of a method of analysis, the report is to contain, usually in the summary, a description of the method drawn up exactly as required for the Analytical Method Book.Attached Correspondence. After a draft report has been submitted, correspondence consisting of minutes by various persons interested may grow around it. On no account is any part of this correspondence to be detached or destroyed. On the conclusion of the cor- respondence the whole is to be filed in the Correspondence Department. Pages Re-written. It sometimes happens that a draft report after it has been submitted and before it is filed, requires to be re-written wholly or in part. Any pages re-written under these circumstances are not to be destroyed but are to be returned along with the new pages, the replaced pages being simply crossed out. Proof Correction.After a report has been typed, the author receives the file copy for “author’s revision and signature.” The revision must be carried out with the utmost care and any correction made in this copy is to be made lightly in pencil. If the correction is small a large X is to be made in pencil in the margin opposite the part corrected. The report is to be signed and dated by the author after the “Conclusion.” 223 Conference at York 10th and 11th JULY, 1925 The Registrar intimated that he had received apologies for absence from many Fellows and Associates. The President, in opening the Conference, said that he would like to express the thanks of the members to the Yorkshire (Huddersfield and Leeds Area) and North-East Coast Sections for suggesting York as their meeting place, and also to Mr.H. B. Brown for the assistance he had rendered in making the local arrangements. The subjects for discussion had a distinct relationship. The regulations governing admission to membership were obviously associated with the question of registration, and this in turn had a bearing on the relations of the Institute with other chemical societies. The duty of the Institute was to promote to the utmost of its power the welfare of the profession as a whole. It could not legislate specially for any branch or locality without facing the risk of acting to the detriment of other members and localities of the Institute. He therefore asked the members to forget that they represented any branch or came from any particular part of the country, and to consider the matters under discussion simply from the standpoint of loyal and ardent members of the profession.THE REGULATIONS.” The Yresid.ent called upon Mr. H. J. Evans to open the discussion on the Regulations for the Admission of Associates and Fellows of thc Institute. Mr. Evans said:- MR. PRESIDENTAND GENTLEMEN, I have been asked to open the discussion on the Regulations for the Admission of Fellows and Associates. Most of the members present are no doubt aware that this matter was the subject of a resolution which I moved at a meeting of the Liver- pool Section on the 12th February of this year. The resolution read as follows:- “That the Council be urged to amend the Regulations for the admission of Fellows, so that, except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry, candidates can only pass to the Fellowship by examination, after having passed through the grade of Associateship.” The discussion which followed the motion was of a very interesting character, but I cannot claim that the meeting unanimously accepted all the views I expressed, though it was, I think, the opinion of all present that the regulations now in force, or as at present administered, were far from satisfactory; that, in effect, the standard of our qualification was being lowered year by year, and that something ought to be done in order to safeguard it, particularly in the case of the Fellowship.The feeling of the meeting was summed up in the amendment with which both my seconder and I agreed, that the whole matter, together with the question of admission to the Associate- ship (on which I had not touched), should be referred to the Conference. I may say that, in the meantime, my own views have not changed at all, and I can therefore simply repeat the arguments I placed before the Liverpool Section. In the case of the Associateship, however, I feel that the Regulations should be somewhat relaxed, in order to be able to include in that grade those candidates who are now advised to apply for the Fellow- ship, because they cannot fulfil the requirements for the Associateship. In this way an absurd and dangerous anomaly will be removed.I therefore invite the support of this Conference to the follow- ing threefold resolution:- I. That, after a certain date, no Associate be admitted to the Fellowship except by examination. 2. That, after a certain date, direct admission to the Fellow- ship be discontinued, except in the very rare cases of men of unquestionable eminence in the world of chemistry. 3. That the Regulations for the admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases of candidates who have had long experience in positions of high responsibility as chemists, but who have not fulfilled the present require- ments as to training, etc. In order to consider this part it will be necessary to compare briefly the conditions ruling prior to 1917,and at the present time, and also to compare the relative values, as a professional qualification, of the Associateship then and now.Some of you will remember that prior to 1917there was one way, and one way only, of entering the Institute, namely, (6) The passing of a preliminary examination of the matriculation standard. (b) A curriculum of three years at a university or two years at a university and two in the laboratory of a Fellow approved by the Council, and the passing of the Inter- mediate Examination, the latter being exactly on the lines of the present Associateship Examination, and of the same standard, and (c) The passing of the Final Examination in a special branch, an examination of precisely the same standard as the present Fellowship Examination.A first or second class honours degree in chemistry was accepted in lieu of the Intermediate Examination, and the London pass B.Sc. in chemistry, physics, and an optional subject exempted a candidate from the three or four years’ curriculum. It is clear that a chemist who had attained to the Associateship stage under those conditions had every claim to be considered competent to practise in whichever branch he had chosen as his special line, but it must also be remembered that all the exami- nations conducted by the Institute were, and are, specially severe and thorough on the practical side, and whether a man had actually passed the Intermediate Examination, or gained exemption, his competence in general analytical chemistry was also assured, because he would never have been able successfully to negotiate any of the final branches had this not been the case. This point is of great importance, and I wish to emphasise it; it briefly reduces itself to this, that no man could possess the Institute qualification without passing at least one examination conducted by the Institute itself, this examination being of the present Fellowship standard.The result of this was that prior to 1917, the letters A.I.C. and F.I.C. did in reality denote a chemist of no mean attainments. It was in very truth the hall-mark of competency; the member of the Institute was also beginning to reap the fruits of his labours, because his status was becoming such that he need never seriously fear that he would not be able to earn at least a modest livelihood, and was indeed probably better placed in that respect than the majority of the members of the other 226 unprotected professions such as chartered accountants, engineers, architects, etc.I do not wish to imply for one moment that the Institute had the monopoly of all the competent chemists, or that there were not many men outside who were not in every way worthy of the title. Nor do I infer that the magic letters A.I.C. had become a sort of open sesame to the confidence of every board of directors or public body. I do maintain, however, that, as a rule, a man who had emerged successfully from the tests imposed by the Institute was able to keep any post he was able to obtain, provided, of course, that he had confined himself to those subjects for which the Institute had given him certificates of competency. This in brief was the position of our members in 1917,when the great change in policy took place.You will remember that in that year a great movement took place amongst those people who, while outside the Institute, earned their livings by means connected with chemistry, and therefore considered that they were justly entitled to consider themselves members of our profession. The lead was naturally taken by men who could not by any means enter the Institute as the Regulations then stood, but they were joined by a large number of university graduates, and even by some members of the Institute itself, who possibly felt that the Council had not done all that it might to protect the interests and status of those of its members who were engaged in chemical work during the war period.Thus was born the British Association of Chemists. This movement was viewed with apprehension by the Council of the Institute, who had before them the examples of the various bodies of the accountants, from the chartered downwards. They honestly felt that it would be against the best interests of the profession as a whole to have more than one qualifying body. An analysis of the situation showed that probably 50 per cent. of the members of the new provisional society would be entitled to enter for the examinations of the Institute if they so wished.Of the remaining 50 per cent. probably 25 per cent. had by long service and experience reached a degree of competency of a satisfactory standard, just as a solicitor’s clerk in a responsible position would in the legal calling. The Council, therefore, saw that if this 75 per cent. could by any means be included in the Institute, it would be able to put into practice the old Roman maxim divide et impera. 227 There was, however, a great difficulty to be overcome once this decision had been taken. Admission to the Associateship could only be granted heretofore by evidence of proficiency in certain clearly defined branches, whereas here was a large body of people who belonged to no special branch.The only possible way was to make the Associateship qualification one in general chemistry, reserving the Fellowship for the special branches which formerly belonged to the Associateship. Thus we come to the present conditions for admission to the Associateship, which are :-(a) Preliminary Examination as before. (b) Four years curriculum (in place of three) at a university, or five at a recognised technical night school, together with the passing of an examination in general chemistry. (Exemption from this is granted by a first or second class honours degree.) That is to say, the present standard of the Associateship is the equivalent of the old Intermediate Examination, with the exception that one vear has been added to the curriculum.In connection with this addition of a year I must point out that most of the universities now also insist on a four years’ curriculum for the honours degree in chemistry, whereas up to 1917 they were content with three years, so that I think one may be allowed to assume that the curriculum for the Inter- mediate Examination had the former system been continued, would have been increased to four years. I have spent some time in making this point, but I must prove it to you convincingly, for therein lies the crux of the whole situation, and thereon my argument rests. I will therefore repeat that I hope I have proved to your entire satisfaction that the present Associateship is the exact equivalent of the old Intermediate. We now come to the way of proceeding from the Associateship to the Fellowship stage.Formerly this was merely a matter of form, i.e. that of waiting for three years and paying a fee. The Associateship was the real qualification, the Fellowship merely an embellishment. It is necessary here to refer again to the great change. This was naturally not brought about without a great deal of opposi-tion on the part of the then members, who had passed 228 the necessary examinations. Their argument was: “Let the new body be formed. The value of our own qualification will always be supreme. If, however, we lower our standard in the proposed manner we shall seriously damage our own status from the ‘hall-mark’ standpoint, and the advantage offered in exchange-of a very nebulous nature-may never materialise.” This opposition was overcome by a definite understanding that the standard of the Fellowship would be rigorously maintained; that, in effect, all members who were admitted to the Associate- ship under the proposed new conditions would, before admission to the Fellowship, be required to pass an examination on precisely the same lines as the former Associateship examination.In this way we could include in our ranks all those who were in any way entitled to call themselves chemists, and at the same time keep the standard of our qualification intact in the matter of the Fellowship. I have no doubt that there are members present who were Members of Council in 1917 and who can therefore confirm this statement.I had it at the time on the very best authority. Let us now examine the present regulations and see how far, and in what spirit, this promise has been kept. The Regulations read as follows:-I. Every Associate applying for admission to the Fellowship is required to produce evidence:- (a) That he is not less than 24 years of age. (b) That since his admission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council. 2. Except as provided hereunder every such Associate will be required to pass an examination in one of the specified branches. Only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider applications from Associates for election to the Fellowship without examination..[The italics are mine.J Here we have the fly in the ointment, in the interpretation of those words ‘‘only in exceptional ciycumtances.” What would this convey to the average person? To me it would mean that of the total number raised to the Fellowship from the Associate- ship at any one time, a greatly preponderating majority would 229 he so raised by examination, and a very small minority would be members who had such overwhelming proofs of their pro- ficiency in some particular branch that the examination could be dispensed with. Something like 99 per cent. and I per cent.; and I will venture to say that that is how most people would honestly interpret it.To give a more concrete case of my own views as to what might constitute ‘ exceptional circumstances,”--Let us suppose that a young graduate is admitted to the A.T.C. He may for a year be unable to find suitable employment, so he returns to the university for research. He then obtains a post abroad, say in Fiji, or China. After a considerable period of years he has risen to a position of eminence and responsibility, possibly being appointed a state or municipal analyst, a professor of chemistry in a university, or head of some important manu- facturing concern. During this period it has been impossible for him to return to take his Fellowship examination, and his reputation and position are such that granting of the Fellowship would not enhance either of them in the slightest degree.This is my idea of very exceptional circumstances. I now give you the figures for the last four years for those who have been raised to the Fellowship by examination and by election: -\SSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP. By Examination. Without Examination. 1920-21 .. 7 26 1921-22 .. 7 24 1922-23 .. 8 41 1923-24 .. 5 47 1924-25 .. 5 42 I I 32 I80 From these figures it would appear that the clause should have been worded “only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider it necessary to request the candidate to undergo an examination.” We must now examine the alternatives to the examination. To refer again to the Regulations:- “Every such Associate will be required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council: I.That he has carried out research of sufficient merit.” 230 Regarding this I am going to invite your support on a very definite point, and it is that the Institute qualification for research is valueless, or practically so. I want to be very clear on this point. I do not mean that the Fellowship of the Institute if gained by examination would be of no value to a research chemist. It would be of extreme value, because it would indicate that he had reached a very high standard both of operative skill and speculative reasoning in a certain wide branch of chemistry. This added, shall we say, to the Ph.D. or D.Sc. degree for research on a more specialised portion of that branch would be most powerful evidence of a very high degree of competency in that particular branch.By itself, however, if obtained without examination, it is not, and never will be of any value to a research chemist. Are there not sufficient degrees already which are given purely for research by all our universities? We start with the M.Sc. If an ambitious man wishes to go further he can take the Ph.D. If this is not enough he can take the D.Sc., and for a few of the giants there is the F.R.S. All these are given for research, and mean exactly what they say. Is it therefore in the interests of the members of the Institute to throw in the F.I.C. overhead with any of these qualifications? Is it either just or expedient? I say a thousand times “No,” and I say that no man knows when it may be necessary for him to furnish proofs of his competency apart from research, and if you give the F.I.C.away you will so reduce its value that it will cease to be either the hall-mark or any other mark. You have the research qualifications, and you cannot augment or better them, therefore keep the F.I.C. for what it has always stood, and cut out that clause. I shall always remember a remark made by one of our members with reference to the clause for admission to the Fellowship direct. He said: “Ah, these permissive clauses. They are most dangerous and insidious instruments. You can stretch them and strain them to fit any case.” I ask you to recommend their complete excision from the Regulations. In my opinion, the only possible honest argument a research chemist could advance as a reason why he should not take the examination for the Fellowship is that his knowledge of that whole branch of chemistry to which his research belongs is such that the taking of the examination is a mere matter of form.If that is the case I submit it is no hardship to ask him to go through that form. The fee for assessment is the same as for the examination, both are non-returnable, and a week in London can be no great trial, even if the days are spent in undergoing an examination which is in any case a walk-over. Surely the Fellowship is worth it; if not, why bother with it in any case? He may, however, say that during the years he has spent in research he has forgotten a lot of the fundamental facts which he had at his fingertips at the Associateship stage.I would concede this point, and would ask that the Regulations be amended, so that any candidate be allowed to sit the Fellowship examination as soon as he pleases after admission to the Associate- ship, but that he be not actually admitted until three years have elapsed. I am not a lover of analogies. I think, in debate, they should be used with the most extreme caution, because they are seldom complete, and therefore give opportunity of criticism which may injure the main argument or thesis in explanation of which they have been used. I cannot, however, refrain in this case from using the analogy of the qualifications of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and our own.These are the prototypes on which our own qualifications were modelled. The lower qualifications (conjoint) are approximately equivalent to the M.B., B.S., of the universities. The F.R.C.S. and M.R.C.P., however, stand alone, and are practically never conferred except by the examinations conducted by the colleges themselves. In exceptional circumstances, when conferred hunoris causa, the prefix “Hon.” is always used. The fellowship of the R.C.S. and the membership of the R.C.P. are the proudest distinctions in operative medicine and surgery, and the F.I.C. should carry the same weight in operative chemistry. The Royal Colleges allow no alternatives.They realise that however specious and reasonable they may appear in theory, their application in practice will inevitably mean a lowering of that high standard they have fixed for their major qualifi- cation. We now come to the second alternative clause:- “That he has devised processes or inventions of sufficient merit.” This is obviously for the benefit of the works chemist, and I would at once say that there would be some need for it,- but for the existence of branch (G) Chemical Engineering, or what used to be called Chemical Technology. This provides that a candidate for the Fellowship in this branch shall give proofs of a general knowledge of the principles of chemical engineering and technology, and a specialised knowledge of one particular branch of chemical industry chosen by himself.I submit that to any candidate who has devised processes of sufficient merit to warrant his elevation to the Fellowship, an examination on these lines could present no terrors, and I therefore say without hesitation that this clause is not only unnecessary, but also a very grave menace to our status and the standard of our qualifications. There is a third clause, i.e. “That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (I) or (2) above.” Words really fail me in attempting to deal with this clause. It is the most pernicious of all the permissive clauses, and is capable of being stretched to meet any case.How a man could possibly give satisfactory evidence that he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having conducted researches of sufficient merit, or of having devised processes of sufficient merit, yet has never done either of the things referred to, or yet passed an examination, is entirely beyond my poor compre-hension. This concludes all 1can say in the time about the first part. The second part is that “After a certain date admission to the Fellowship direct be discontinued, except in the very rare cases of men of un- questionable eminence in the world of chemistry.’’ To refer once more to 1917,it was known at that time that there was a considerable number of chemists of great standing and experience outside the Institute.Some of these chemists were of such eminence that their inclusion as Associates would have been absurd, many of them being professors of chemistry, or consultants, of national fame, or men who had attained to positions of the highest responsibility and respect in industry. It must also be remembered that the Council had always reserved to itself the right of admitting anyone it pleased to the Fellowship, however strict the regula- tions for the Associateship might be. This right, however, was 233 exercised with the most extreme caution and restraint, and during the time in which I have been connected with the Institute-about 18 years-I only remember two cases prior to 1917. Perhaps I may be allowed to digress here for a moment in order to say that the policy of the Institute has in the opinion of most of us been richly rewarded by the inclusion in our ranks of many men whom we could ill afford to be without, particularly those Fellows whose ripe experience in affairs has been, and will be, of inestimable value to the profession as a whole.There are also no doubt at the present moment some such men still outside. It would be to our advantage to get these men in now by issuing a warning that the time for such admissions is drawing to a close. We want them. We can ill afford to do without them, but still less can we afford to allow the gap to remain open, by which others whom we most distinctly do not want will also pass through.To resume:this means of admission always existed, although for many years prior to 1917 its use had almost fallen into oblivion. Since that time, however, it has been revived to a hitherto undreamt of extent. Referring again to the Regulations, clause (5) reads:-“Only in exceptional circumstances will applications for election to the Fellowship be entertained from persons other than Associates.” My remarks with regard to the words “exceptional circum- stances ” made in connection with admission from the Associate- ship to the Fellowship apply with equal force in this case. Here are the figures for all those admitted directly to the Fellowship since 1919:-F.I.C. DIRECT. By Examination. Without Examination. 1920-21 . . 8 I3 1921-22 ..2 I5 1922-23 .. 0 6 1923-24 .. 0 I0 1924-25 . . 2 22 - - I2 66 234 I may here say that the figures I have given were criticised in the Liverpool meeting. It was stated that their true signifi- cance was dependent on the total number of applications received for the two grades. These figures were not then available, but by a fortunate coincidence the required figures were given in the next issue of the Journal for February, 1925. They read as follows:-Associateship-Applications for Election to the Associateship- Accepted (including 36 examined by the Institute) . . =-• 337 Declined .. .. .. .. 9 Referred for Examination .. 32 -378 (Declined . . .. .. .. 2.38 per cent.) Applications for admission to Examination for Fellowship- Accepted .... .. .. 7 Declined .. .. .. .. Nil Applications from Associates for election to Fellowship-Accepted (including 6 examined). . 57 Declined .. .. .. . . 6 (10.5 per cent.) Applications for admission to Fellowship direct- Accepted (including I examined). . 24 Declined .. .. .. . . I (4 per cent.) But there is in this case anotheiand a graver menace which does not at first strike the casual reader of the Regulations. If you read on you will find :-“Every such application must be made on the prescribed form, and must be accompanied by evidence of age, a certificate of character satisfactory to the Council and full documentary evidence of the applicant’s general and scientific education and professional career...... You willnotice that in this case there is no reference to a preliminary examination, none to a curriculum, except the vague phrase “evidence ... career,” which can be interpreted how you please. Any man who now makes application for the Associateship will find he is up against cast iron regulations which he will in no way be able to evade. Compared with 1917, there is relief, it is true, for those who cannot afford a university career; such candidates are now permitted to follow a curriculum in a night 235 school. This is certainly an advance in the right direction. But as I said before the regulations for the Associateship are fixed and impossible of evasion. Not so the Fellowship. We now have the curious anomaly of a man who cannot fulfil the regulations for admission to the Associateship being advised to apply for, and being admitted to the Fellowship without exami- nation.The situation to some may appear farcical, but to me it is something nearly approaching tragedy. The foundations of this our Institute were well and truly laid nearly fifty years ago. Since then it has been built up stone by stone by the care and skill of our best, and I ask you by your resolution to-day to do what you can to see to it that their labours shall not have been in vain. Since 1917 this clause for the direct admission of Fellows without examination has been worked to the limit. I admit freely that we may have to keep it working for a little space of time to gather in all those worthy of it who still remain outside, but I am here to-day to ask you most earnestly to set a limit to its working, at least as far as your approval goes.After that period, if there are any who have not come in let them remain outside, and let us try to repair and maintain that high status which has been built up and handed down to us. Finally, I come to the third part, i.e. “That the Regulations for the Admission of Associates be revised to meet certain cases.” These cases I have already referred to when talking of admission to the Fellowship direct. Probably every member here to-day can think of some case in point. A candidate, possibly a man who is getting on in years, applies for admission to the Institute.His case is examined, and it is felt that his years and experience entitle him to inclusion. He is admittedly below the supposed standard for the Fellowship, but has not fulfilled the training Regulations for the Associateship at any period of his career, and may not indeed be able to furnish the required proofs in general education. It has now become the custom to admit such candidates to the Fellowship direct ;more-even to advise them to apply for the Fellowship. The argument generally used is that such a man ought to belong to the Institute, and it is therefore better to lower the standard of the Fellowship in order to get him in, seeing that the Regulations for the Associateship cannot be evaded; the old insidious precept “to do a little evil that much good may follow.” 236 It is perhaps necessary to have such men in the Institute, but surely it would be in every way more politic and more desirable to admit them to the lower grade, and to alter the Regulations for that grade so that they could be so admitted.There are many Fellows of high standing and sound judgment who say that the standard of our higher qualification is rapidly sinking or has already sunk to that of the Fellowship of the Chemical Society. This is no doubt an exaggeration; but it is undoubtedly the trend to-day, and surely even the suspicion of such a state of affairs is enough to cause all who have any pride in our Institute to cry “Halt!” That, briefly, is my own view on the present Associateship Regulations, and those are my reasons for suggesting their alteration, If, however, it were agreed to alter them, I would suggest that a term be definitely fixed during which candidates might apply for admission without examination, and that when that term had finished the present Regulations be again put into force.The present Regulations allow any poor laboratory assistant to put in the curriculum and finally qualify, provided he has the ability and grit to do so, and it is only persons who possess these qualities who should be admitted to a participation of our privileges. I have tried to describe my own views on the position and standing of the Institute qualification prior to 1917. I have pointed out how the standard of the present Associateship has been fixed at that of the former Intermediate Examination. I ask you now to recommend that the standard of the present Fellowship be fixed at that of the former Associateship; that and no more, except that the Council be urged to revert to its former practice with regard to the admission of Fellows direct, i.e.that the only cases considered be those of men of unquestion- able eminence in the world of chemistry. If you still deem it desirable to keep to the policy of the open door, I suggest that the Regulations for the Associateship be modified to fit suitable cases. I ask you to recommend that we have one standard, and one only. Let a candidate be regularly initiated as a student. After due instruction and guidance, not only in chemical knowledge, but also in the ethics of our profession, let him be passed to the grade of an Associate; and, finally, let him be raised to the high grade of a Fellow, but only after he has given satisfactory proofs 237 of his proficiency in the former grade, and these proofs to be by examination and not by influence, recommendation, or any other means.In this way, and in this way alone, shall we keep the standard of our qualification intact and unchallengeable, as it was handed over to us. DISCUSSION. The President said that the paper culminated in three resolutions, and as a matter of form he would ask for seconders to each of them separately. The Conference had no power to settle regulations ; but it could make recommendations to the Council.Professor W. H. Roberts (Liverpool) formally seconded the three resolutions. Mr. T. Wallace (Newcastle) remarked that Mr. Evans in- sisted upon examinations. He thought it would be a bad policy to allow admission to the Fellowship from the -4ssociateship by examination only. Chemists forgot much of what they knew at the time of passing their university or their Institute examinations. Surely it was enough at that stage that a man should know where to find the information which they required. He felt that to abolish the production of evidence of research work as a qualification for the Fellowship would be a mistake: research was the test of a good chemist. By adopting the resolution they would be doing the Institute a great dis- service, and the value of the fellowship would dwindle.Mr. C. J. H. Stock suggested that the whole question rested upon the construction which would be placed upon the phrase ‘‘of unquestionable eminence.” From experience as a Member of Council, he assured the Conference that the kind of examination that the Board set for the Fellowship was different from the sort of examination Mr. Wallace had in mind. It was not a test of mere book learning. He was set tests by an examiner of the highest ability in the particular branch of the profession in which the candidate wished to qualify. There were oral ex- aminations in addition to the papers. He had always agreed, in general principle, with what Mr.Evans had suggested, and he had found nothing in recent years to cause him to alter his views of the procedure the Institute should adopt in electing Asso-ciates and Fellows. He thought that facilities should be afforded not only to those who were in the fortunate position of being able to qualify themselves at one of the recognised universities 238 or other institutions, but to those men of undoubted ability and knowledge who, in the past, owing to one reason or another, had failed to make themselves proficient in the general education of the profession. It should be the aim of all who were interested in promoting the welfare of the profession and in improving the status of the Institute that the Fellowship should be recognised as, and desired for the fact that it was, the hallmark of chemists.In order to attain that, he could conceive no indignity in asking a man who already had the highest qualifications to prove himself by examination. It was simply asking them to use their brains in the way in which they used them every day of their professional life. Mr. E. M. Hawkins, referring to the analogy between the chemical profession and the medical professions ,said there was one great difference. The qualified doctor usually practised independently, whereas the Associate of the Institute did not. And to his mind that made one very great difference in comparing the qualification of F.R.C.S. with that of F.I.C. Taking the A.I.C. to represent a chemist who was at least a qualified assistant, the F.I.C.should represent one who could control a laboratory and direct assistants independently. The Fellowship of the Institute should not necessarily be regarded as a rare and difficult thing to attain by a man who was clever, industrious, hardworking, and of independent mind and thought. Any means which could be reasonably devised by which such a man could attain the Fellowship of the Institute should be adopted. In the filture, as more Associates were elected by reason of their possessing a university degree or other recognised qualifications , they should qualify for the Fellowship by examination; but the door should not be closed to those who had already by other means and ways obtained such a position as he had indicated.If a chemist had accomplished research work of a high order on his own re- sponsibility and not under the direction of a professor, he should not be required to furnish a second proof of such competency. He assured the Conference that influence had never been allowed to operate in the consideration of elections to the Fellowship, and that the regulations had been administered wisely and justly. Dr. K. B. Forster said that he would like to see means devised whereby all those who intended to take up chemistry as a career could be got to register with the Institute just in the sarne way as those who took up a medical career were obliged to register with the British Medical Council. That would serve a manifold 239 purpose, one being that when his time came to enter the In- stitute he would do so automatically, and when he had passed his final examinations. The regulations as they stood were quite good: the A.I.C.should be the qualification of the general practitioner, and the F.I.C. something worth having! If a chemist had been a long time an Associate and had attained con- siderable knowledge of his subject and aspired to become a Fellow, he did not think it was a great hardship to ask him to sit for an examination in his special branch; but it should be an oral rather than a written examination. Mr. G. D. Elsdon thought that a good many people had the impression that the qualifications of the Institute were being given away. Judged from his own point of view, the published papers of the examination for the Fellowship dealt with subjects with which he was in touch every week, and he could conceive no fairer test of ability in the practice of chemistry.Anything obtained without sacrifice was of no value, and the fact that the Fellowship could be conferred without entailing sacrifice was the strongest point against the continuance of the practice. When was a man sufficiently eminent that he could be excused the Fellowship examination? If there was any doubt he sub- mitted that he was not sufficiently eminent. If the third resolution contained the suggestion of admission to the As-sociateship by registration, then, he submitted, that the Institute was a qualifying body and not merely a registering body, and if it was sought to make it into what it was never intended to be, he thought they might be losing the substance for the shadow. Mr.H. B. Brown suggested that Mr. Evans had advanced the views of some of the older Fellows, and he would like to hear those of the younger Associates. He was rather tempted to ask whether the regulations for the Fellowship examinations really met all cases; whether the branches of examination laid down made it possible for all Associates to come forward and ask to be examined for the Fellowship. His own impression was that in small numbers they were actually applying to be examined, and those who did so had a strong sense of pro-fessional responsibility in not asking to be admitted to the Fellowship without being tested.The Institute should take a wide view of research, because many chemists were working along lines, original and responsible, although quite different from research in pure chemistry. Prof. J. W. Cobb expressed the opinion that for the Institute 240 to take the step suggested by the first resolution would be a very grave mistake. It would tend to pick out men with a gift for submitting themselves to test by examination to the exclusion of many who for temperamental and other reasons had strong objection to undergoing that kind of further test. It really depended upon what they were out to test. After a term of years what did the Institute desire to test in order to ascertain whether or not a particular chemist was worthy of promotion to the highest grade of membership.Certainly not whether he had or had not been acquiring more information, but whether he was making good in his profession, and whether he was using his books and tools tosome effect. That was often just what examinations failed to test. There was only one way to deter-mine whether the standard for promotion from the Associateship to the Fellowship had been attained, and that was by the can- didate himself submitting evidence of what he had done since his Associateship to justify his promotion to the higher grade. He would place the most elastic interpretation possible upon such evidence. In a profession such as chemistry the kind of evidence must vary very much; but the most satisfactory and direct evidence was the result of published research work.The work and responsibility of chemists was sometimes not of that class which enabled them to produce such evidence in support of their case, and he would not limit the dossier which a candidate might put forward so long as it was relevant to the main issue. He had experience in the selection of chemists both by this method and by examination, and he could not regard examina- tion as so satisfactory, on the whole, as the method he had indicated. It was possible that in some cases examination might be the sole channel by which an Associate could transfer to the Fellowship, for example, where a chemist had to spend his time in such a way that he could not produce, through no fault of his own, the necessary evidence; but he would not put examination as the best method.Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy assured the Conference that the Council had always carefully considered the claims of candidates in order to ascertain whether they were fit for the Fellowship. The Council appointed assessors in the particular subject in which the candidate had specialised, and if the report of the assessors was not entirely favourable, such candidates did not receive the Fellowship without examination. He denied the suggestion that candidates who were unable to fulfil the requirements for 241 the Associateship had been advised to apply for the Fellowship except when their claims for such exceptional consideration were so strong as to warrant the recognition of outstanding merit.If highly competent chemists were to be induced to join the Institute without examination, he strongly deprecated the imposition of a time limit. He certainly agreed that it would be to the advantage of the Institute to secare the adherence of some who were not at present on the register. Referring to the figures regarding admission to the Fellowship with and without examination, he said that many candidates had been asked to meet the Nominations committee. Candidates engaged on special work were examined by Fellows who were specially competent to question them. Such candidates had hitherto been classified as admitted with examination; but they had, in fact, been examined.The figures therefore, as presented by Mr. Evans did not properly represent the situation. He would like to endorse very strongly what Mr. Hawkins had said with regard to the question of influence. Since he had been engaged with the Nominations Committee he had known no case which influence had had any effect in securing admission to the Institate. Every case was carefully scriltinised and a great many applications, obviously not in accordance with the Regulations, were discouraged by the officers. It was not until an application had passed through the Nominations and Examinations Committee and had been confirmed by the Council that a candidate became a member of the Institute. Mr. G. B. Jones wondered what the effect of the resolutions, if adopted, would be upon the well-being of the Institute as a whole.Was the Institute to include all chemists or only a select few? Most of the members at Huddersfield were works chemists. Many of them had obtained degrees as well as the Associateship; but it would be impossible for many of them to take an examination for the Fellowship, and if other doors were definitely closed many of these would never secure the Fellow- ship. Having referred to the desirability of chemists occupying the highest executive and administrative position, Mr. Jones suggested that it would be an advantage if students who were going into chemistry as a profession could be admitted auto- matically into the Institute. If they could have some means whereby all such students were registered there would be no need for the third resolution.The whole question of admission was bound up with that of registration. Huddersfield members thought that the latter would enable the overcrowding of the profession to be controlled. Mr. R. Gawler supported the resolutions. He felt that the effort to get through the examination demanded something which was not covered by the Honours degree; it was of a different type from the university examination. Mr. F. Scholefield pointed out that the type of examination depended upon the policy which the Institute pursued. If the Fellowship was to be the aristocracy of the profession, then the stiffer the examination was the fewer would be the candidates who would sit for it.He could not support the first resolution, although he was in agreement with much of the paper. He regarded the question from the point of view of the works chemist, and Mr. Evans appeared to regard it from the stand- point of the consulting chemist. Large numbers obtained the qualifications of the Institute simply because the Institute was the only professional corporate body. If a register of all chemists were maintained then it would be more than ever the duty of the Institute to keep its qualifications at the highest possible level. For the present he hoped it would include within its circle all who by any reasonable criterion might be regarded as professional chemists. Mr. C. J. House remarked that the first resolution appeared to be contrary to the policy of the Institute.It was obviously a sacrifice for a chemist to undergo examination four or five years after he had finished his university course, and had started to earn his own living. If the Council acted upon this resolution the Fellowship would become a very select body indeed. Already the Associates were nearly double in number the Fellows, and if the resolution were adopted the proportion of Fellows would be further decreased, the Institute’s revenue would go down, and he supposed the subscription would go up. Mr. J. W. Payne held that Associates should pass an examina- tion for election to the Fellowship. The work he did in preparing for the examination was distinctly valuable. The examination should be taken, though it might be modified to suit the particular branch of industry in which the candidate was engaged.hlr. J. Connell was in favour of the first resolution, provided that the word examination was interpreted widely. In all cases there should be a detailed scrutiny of the candidate’s work and record, and what he had done throughout his career. If that were not enforced, Associates would get slack and lie low until the time came for them to go forward for the Fellowship. He thought the second and third resolutions were right in spirit, but were leaving an undesirable loophole. What -was the criterion of ‘‘unquestionable eminence ”? What was the de- finition of long experience and high responsibility? Was a chemist in charge of a laboratory with two assistants in a more responsible position than one holding a.post as second chemist with twelve assistants under him? Mr. Evans, in closing the discussion, said he did not ask that any new and drastic regulation should be put into force, but merely that the standard for the Fellowship should at least be the standard of the old Associateship. On the resolutions being put to the Conference, the voting for the first motion was even, and the second and third motions were carried by a slight majority. ‘ ‘ REGISTRATION.’’ The afternoon session was devoted to the discussion of a paper by Mr. F. Scholefield, M.Sc., on the question of “The Desirability and Possibility of securing Statutory Registration of Professional Chemists.” As evidence of the interest which the subject held for the Institute he remarked that of nearly 400 members of the Manchester Section circularised, 80 per cent.had replied. Of that percentage something like 91per cent. were in favour of a definite move for registration. Only between I and 2 per cent. were opposed to it, and in the case of 7 to 8 per cent. their attitude might be described as neutral. As a result of the discussion he hoped they might be able to take the proposal a step nearer realisation. The raison d’8tre of the Institute was the enhancement of the status of the profession of chemistry, and statutory registration would provide a means of achieving it. Mr. Scholefield quoted at some length from a letter by Dr. Alder Wright in the Chemical News, January, 1876, referred to in the History of the Institute, 1877-1914, in which Dr.Wright suggested the formation of an association or guild which should obtain a charter for the purpose of granting licences to practise to duly qualified persons only, and thus afford a guarantee to the public of the efficiency of such licentiates, while non-licen- tiates should be debarred-possibly by special Act of Parliament -from recovering fees, and their certificates and evidence should be inadmissible in a court of law. Mr. Scholefield pointed out that when the Institute was registered as a company limited by guarantee, the objects of the Institute mentioned the adoption of such measures as might be necessary for the advancement of the profession of chemistry.The President in his address at the last annual general meeting referred to “that unification of our profession which is our ideal,” and by inference invited a critical examination of and an exhaustive discussion upon the proposal for Government registration of chemists. Advocates of registration were naturally influenced by the high regard in which the professions of medicine and law were generally held. In 1876 somebody wrote in Nature that chemistry did not constitute a definite vocation which a young man of the professional classes might choose with the same con- fidence as medicine or law. After reference to an article in Engineering of May 29th of this year in which it was stated that medical men and lawyers were universally regarded as pro-fessional men and were protected by law against the competition of irregularly trained rivals, no matter what the qualification of the latter might be, and that every decade saw the creation of additional closed professions, Mr.Scholefield said the case of the teachers was interesting. When the Teachers’ Registration Council was formed in 1912it was assigned the duty of forming and keeping a register of teachers who satisfied the conditions of registration, and who applied to be registered. Real progress had been achieved in the compilation of the register, and Lord Gorrell had said that the Council had now reached the point where further developments must begin, since its work could not stand still, and there remained much to be done before the work of teaching could be said to rest on a true professional basis, with due safeguards against the unqualified and the incom- petent.In 1917, The New Statesman pointed out that, in spite of the strong prejudice felt by economists and generally by the public against any revival of powerful vocational organisations, self-governing associations of the brain workers in an ever in- creasing number of specialised professions sprang up in new forms in the course of the 19th century, and in the last few decades these associations had everywhere gone forward in membership and power, and had obtained constantly increasing recognition as organs of control, both by the Government and by public opinion. The main impulses or motives at work in the formation of these associations were: the creative impulse, the desire to advance the science or perfect the art of the profession, and the need for professional fellowship.Clearly the last was one of the 296: principal impulses in the formation of the Institute; it was one of the principal motives for the continuance of the Institute, and one of the principal motives of those who wanted to go forward to the formation of a statutory register; the fellowship impulse, and the possessive impulse or the desire to secure for the members of the group all the status and remuneration that the community could be induced to accord for the performance of a particular service.The special characteristic of the association of brain workers was the desire for a statutory register of legally authorised practitioners, with its corollary of the concession of a monopoly of practice and of statutory powers of professional self-government in a greater or lesser degree. It would be objected by some that they could not have statutory registration until they had a statutory definition of the word chemist. Personally, he at- tached very great importance to this definition, and would very much like to see some sort of title conferred on chemists which they could claim as their own and which would distinguish them from pharmacists. He trembled to think what would happen to the profession if they were to be dubbed Chartered Analysts; but the fact that they had not got statutory authority for a particular name was no reason at all why they should not compile a list of those who according to their own significance of the title chemist, or professional chemist, were entitled to call themselves such.Let them at least get a register which would be acceptable to themselves and eventually to those making use of chemists. Dealing with the method of the compilation of the register, Mr. Scholefield urged that the only body which could take the initiative in the matter was the Institute of Chemistry. Let it invite the co-operation of the universities, perhaps the Govern- ment, and such societies as the Society of Public Analysts, the British Association of Chemists and the National Union of Scientific Workers, and they would have a registration council which would command the confidence of all chemists.He hoped it would be as inclusive as possible, but the standard of admission to the register would naturally be raised as time went on and simultaneously attempts would be made to settle the question of legal title, to raise the status of chemists by obtaining prescrip- tive rights to the performance of certain chemical operations, as suggested, 50 years ago, by Dr. Alder Wright. Having outlined the composition of the tribunal to which would be delegated the duty of assessing the qualifications of applicants for registration, Mr. Scholefield expressed the opinion that the 24G restriction of the right to practise should apply to all who had not fulfilled the conditions‘ of registration established by the Professional Chemists’ Registration Council, for the time being, and ultimately he thought that a chemist whose qualifications were not sufficiently high to entitle him to registration should be prevented from the practice of chemistry because he would not be a chemist in the true sense of the word.At the moment, there was no suggestion to exclude any man from practising the profession. All that was suggested was that the general public should be able to distinguish between those with real credentials and those with spurious ones, or none at all. When they had obtained their register, then they must decide how far they could obtain prescriptive rights.Hardship would be no greater than was now suffered by a medical student who failed to pass his examinations; but in order that there should be, in the interests of the community, a greater application of chemistry , to industry and the national life as a whole, it was essential that the public should have the means to distinguish between those who had the right to claim the title, as they understood it, and those who had not. Mr. Scholefield moved :-“ That this Conference approves of the principles of the establishment of a Register of professional chemists and requests the Council to take immediate steps towards the formation of a Professional Chemists’ Registration Council- consisting of representatives of the Institute, Universities and Technical Schools, the Society of Public Analysts, and the British Association of Chemists-and the exploration of the possibility of legislative authority.” Professor I.M. Heilbron formally seconded the motion. DISCUSSION. Mr. W. McD. Mackey was opposed to registration other than they now had. It meant their own obliteration, because once it came into force he did not see what there would be for the Institute to do. He thought the present register should be ex- tended until it included the profession generally. He was opposed to Government registration, and he thought that gener- ally the feeling of the profession was against Government control in such matters, The professions of law and medicine grew, not by the Government doing anything for them, but by doing things for themselves. 247 Mr.G. S. W. Marlow thought that the analogy of chemistry to other professions which had statutory registers was not quite complete. Barristers, medical men or clergymen who wanted to practise under such circumstances that their authority might be questioned had to stand on their own feet. That was to say that a barrister argued out his own case, and a clergyman preached his own sermon. Were they at the moment con-sidering the registration of those who in the practice of chemistry would stand entirely on their own feet. He thought not. The three resolutions which had been considered in the morning suggested that the Institute should be wider in its scope, and he took it that the registration now contemplated was even wider still.It aimed at the inclusion in the register of a number of people who might be working in a team in the laboratory and were not independent in the sense that other professional men were. If the proposed register was intended eventually to in- terfere with the right of a man to work, he thought it would make it much more difficult to get statutory confirmation. There would always be a restraining hand upon action which would prevent a man earning his living inwhatever way he liked. Statutory registration would bring about such a dilution, as would take 50 years to live down. He believed that a register of the whole profession by the Institute, as distinct from com- pulsory registration, would, if all chemists would pull together, do all that was needed.Mr. E. M. Hawkins asked what act or acts any person not on the proposed register would be forbidden to do. Unless there were a penal clause it would not be effective. What suggestion was to be made with regard to such a penal clause? Mr. T. Wallace expressed the view that some had debated on a false analogy. The law stepped in to restrict only in the case of those professions dealing directly with the public. If his employer employed him to manufacture sodium he did not see what it had got to do with the public, or why the law should step in at all. The bulk of chemists were engaged by private people, and the public were not affected in the way they were in the cases of other professions.Prof. Heilbron maintained that at present the Institute was not fulfilling the objects of its charter. In status chemists counted for nothing. When he met people who were not chemists, he was immediately associated with pharmacy. What chemistry stood for to the country, and what it did in the war 248 were forgotten. Chemists were losing ground: they were not sufficiently united; that was clear from the fact that they had another body, the British Association of Chemists. There should be one profession and one recognised authority; that authority should be vested in the Council of the Institute. It was suggested that statutory registration would unduly interfere with the rights of individual workers.He had not heard that there was any interference with the practice of dentistry. In time anyone who had anything to do with chemistry in any degree would be absorbed. Let it be frankly admitted, as the medical profession had had to admit, that a long period must elapse for the full development of the status of the profession. He advocated registration in the first place because chemists were not properly utilised in this country. Our position as a manufacturing country was deplorable ; unemployment was more prevalent than with any European power. We were dependant solely on scientific achievements , and yet chemists were not appreciated. Employers said they could take a boy from the works and train him to do all they wanted.It was necessary to alter that mentality, and that could only be done by registration ; so that employers would have in time to take those whom the controlling authority considered qualified. Mr. Elsdon voiced the opinion that an effort should be made to secure means whereby chemists could be distinguished from pharmacists. One of the chief difficulties of registration was the question of the unqualified assistant. He suggested that there should be two registers-one for laboratory assistants and one for qualified chemists-with some system of passing from the lower grade to the higher. The Institute should have powers to register chemists and to prevent the practice of chemistry by unqualified people. The formation of the register was the first step towards making chemistry a close profession.There were few objections to the idea; almost everyone seemed to be in agreement with it, but in any case the difficulties were enlarged upon. Dr. R. B. Forster thought the question of registration hung upon the question of title. Unless within a reasonable period it was possible to secure the title “Chemist,” it might be well to consider the title suggested in Chemz’stry and Ifidustry, namely “Chemician.” Chemists would not be properly appreciated by the public until some authoritative body was vested with full powers of registration. They could not prevent anybody from 249 practising, but if they made mistakes they got into trouble. He regarded it as a fallacy that the various restrictive acts were for the benefit of the general public.Mr. L. G. Radcliffe held that registration would not improve the position of chemists. The public and the Government required enlightenment as to what the profession of chemistry meant to the Empire, both in peace and in war. Chemists were apt to forget the wider utility of chemistry in everyday life. If they were to obtain due recognition, the public must know what chemistry means to the world at large, and not to the public analyst or university professor. Mr. R. Gawler was opposed to the resolution because it would penalise individuals who were useful and who could earn a livelihood, while it would confer a monopoly on onc set of people. He failed to see any serious argument for the proposal in the sense of benefit to the community, beyond what they got from the present form of registration by the Institute.Mr. G. B. Jones said that the proposed register would include a large body of chemists who were not at present in the Institute, and give them a definite status and standing before the public. There should be some control over the number of students taking a chemistry course, by having a registration Council or other central authority, including representatives of the universities on it, who would ensure that the number of students coming into the profession had some relation to the number of places avail- able. The question was not purely selfish; prospective chemists should be warned against entering an overcrowded profession.The President having read the motion, The Registrar read letters from Mr. Chaston Chapman and Prof. Desch opposing the proposal. In replying to the discussion, Mr. Scholefield said that what- ever might be said about cases of individual hardship which arose from securing a closed profession, it was generally con- ceded that the balance of good was along the lines of a registered profession; it could not be said that the medical profession had not increased its utility and value to the public enormously since 1859. He thought that every professional body which had improved its status had done so through the existence of a statutory register. He held that the action of the Institute had all along tended to prevent those who were not on its register from earning their living.Anybody who wanted to earn his living in the profession of chemistry would be able to do so if 250 he were able to qualify on what would probably be a lower standard, so that it was wrong to suggest that the creation of such a register as he proposed would prevent a person from earning a living by chemistry. Nor could it cause dilution; it would not decrease the number of Fellows and Associates. Advocates of the extended registration were anxious to have some means whereby the applications of chemistry to the well-being of the people as a whole would become better known. The resolution was carried by a slight majority. "CO-OPERATION." In introducing at the Saturday morning session a discussion upon the question of the promotion of further co-operation between the Institute and other chemical bodies, the President re- marked that the various chemical organisations in this country have evinced in recent years a greater desire to co-operate and to work in closer and more harmonious relations with one another than at any time previously.They have joined in public movements, as for example in the Scientific Exhibit of the Chemical Section of the British Empire Exhibition. They have co-operated in developing the great Library of the Chemical Society and have adjusted the publication of ChenzicaZ Abstracts. Their local sections have joined in meetings and conferences on subjects of common interest and in social functions.By its Charter, the Institute has received wide powers, but in the exercise of those powers it has had regard to the duties entrusted to other institutions and societies and has avoided overlapping even in matters where the Charter has specified similar duties. For example, the Institute has the power to apply its funds to the appointment of professors and lecturers, to giving prizes and founding scholarships, to printing and publishing reports, documents and papers of any kind, and to establishing and conducting classes for instruction in chemistry and allied sciences, and to the purchase of apparatus and appliances for chemical experiments and pursuits, It has, in fact, the power to exercise all the functions of the principal chemical bodies.The Institute, however, is essentially the professional qualifying body, and, as such-since the constitution of the other institutions is different-it must continue as a distinct entity, preserving the high ideals and standards set before it by its founders and aiming at the organisation in one body of 251 all who come within the fundamental requirements of the Charter. Its co-operation with other bodies must be limited by its constitution-unless any change is so important in the interests both of the profession and of the public as to warrant a change in its Charter. Such a change I do not now contemplate, nor do I see any necessity for it. The Institute has become a great institution, has done a great work for the country as well as for its members ,-work which under the guidance of successive well-chosen Councils cannot fail to be productive of valuable and far-reaching results.I think you will agree, however, that the Institute has substantially co-operated in the matter of the Chemical Society Library-by its donations; and that the privilege of the use of the Library has been heartily appreciated by members and students of the Institute who are not Fellows of the Society. I am glad also to see the increasing co-operation-in all parts of the country-between the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry and other allied bodies. With the Society of Public Analysts the Institute has co- operated in matters affecting the administration of the Sale of Food andDrugs, and the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Acts.With other professional and technical institutions it has co-operated on matters concerning patents, the treatment of professional civil servants, as well as the protection of professional designations, and generally the rights and privileges of chartered bodies. There is one other body to which I may be expected to refer. viz. the British Association of Chemists. The amalgamation of this body with any other would I think be likely to leave a residuum which could not or would not be absorbed and would continue as a similar independent organisation. I am not without sympathy, however, with the aims of the B.A.C., judged in the right light; in fact I am an honorary member of the Association.In order to pursue its objects, it has thought fit to register itself as a trade union; but although I do not think that it proposes to adopt the usual trade union methods we must bear in mind (in any relations which we may possibly have with that body) that we must keep our activities within the prescribed limits of our own constitution. Jointly with representatives of the Association, and of other bodies, we have made representa- tions to the Commissioners of Income Tax on the question o€ 252 certain abatements which we consider might fairly be allowed in respect of subscriptions to societies, journals, etc.; but, apart from that, our relations have not been intimate.Indeed, it has been observed that the B.A.C. has shown a tendency to intervene, in the view of some unjustifiably, in the affairs of other bodies. In considering the B.A.C., I also think we must bear in mind the judgment of Mr. Justice Petersen in the case oi A.J. Jenkin v. The Pharwaacetdical Society in 1920. The general trend of the decision goes to show that the Insti- tute could not participate in the functions of a trade union which were not within the purposes authorised by the Charter. I will quote from “The Journal and Proceedings of the Institute,” Part VI. 1920:-I‘ It would doubtless be a matter for objection if the funds of such a body (as the Institute) were devoted to sup- porting one class of members, say those who were employers, against another class, employees.Chartered Bodies exist for the benefit of the public and for the benefit of their members as a whole. Actions which could not be justified on these grounds and which might jeopardise the charter are, therefore, clearly open to objection. Members subscribe to chartered professional bodies on the understanding that the funds supplied will be utilised for the purposes for which their societies were incorporated, and it was admitted by Counsel for the Pharmaceutical Society that the Court could restrain the use of money paid on certain terms for other purposes than those for which it was paid. ‘ The view of the Council of the Institute, that the Institute, consisting as it does of employers and employees, could not adopt the functions of a trade union, appears to have ample support in the arguments and judgment of this case, apart.from the question of the desirability or otherwise of promoting such organisation.” In making these remarks and quotations, however, I have no desire to suggest that the Council of the Institute will not take into careful consideration matters which from time to time the Association may wish to bring to its notice. The arguments for further co-operation among chemical bodies were perhaps, in the first instance, devoted mainly to the desirability of reducing the toll in annual subscriptions 253 paid by the members; but it is realised, I think, that the work of the various bodies does not so overlap-except in the matter of the collection of subscriptions and the consequent book- keeping-as to reduce to any material extent the cost of clerical and editorial administration.At the same time, it should be remembered that although a considerable body of members belong to several societies, it is no less a fact that many-I would say the majority-do not belong to more than one or two societies and, therefore, so long as these bodies remain separate, the question of making arrange- ments for a joint subscription is impracticable. We can only hope that each Society, as its reserve funds become augmented- by economical management and by legacies and other bene- factions-will endeavour to reduce the amounts of their annual subscriptions.On one point especially there appears to be unanimity, namely, in the desire to acquire a central headquarters which shall be the focus of the chemical interests of the country. In this matter the Institute occupies a most favourable position; because it has a building, a lease with nearly go years to run and a sinking fund to provide means for the distant future. As to the building itself, there are yet possibilities for its adaption and extension to its needs, and a glance at our financial statements will show clearly that (seeing what it provides) it is not an undue burden on our resources. The time may come before very long when, instead of letting the first floor, we may utilise that space to provide a Hall- approximately 70 ft.xzo ft. capable of seating over 300 persons. The building is substantially built and its foundations are such that we could extend it in height to provide further accom- modation if necessary. You are aware, too, that the building occupies part of the site which has been held by the Government on behalf of the University of London, but this proposition I understand has now fallen through. It is no secret that several of us, who believe that steps should be taken towards the provision of central headquarters as soon as possible, have drafted a scheme for the erection of a Chemistry House, in which it is hoped all the constituent and associated members of the Federal Council will co-operate. The proposed Chemistry House would contain rooms for the meetings of the Societies, and of their Councils or Committees, 254 and separate offices for their administrative staffs, together with rooms for other offices and additional accommodation to provide for subsequent expansion.For the present at least it is proposed that the great library of the Chemical Society should be retained at Burlington House and that no attempt shouldlbe made to include a club-house in the building. It is also proposed that a separate company should be formed for building and administering Chemistry House. Some at least will feel that a more ambitious scheme would be preferable, and that the building should also provide ac- commodation for a great central library and reading room as well'as:for: a club.Such a Chemistry House'would be worthy of aFgreatTprofession and industry. The chief obstacle to the realization of this scheme is a financial one, for undoubtedly it would be a very difficult matter to raise the large sum necessary for the erection and maintenance of such a building; moreover the Societies interested in the matter naturally shrink from any large increase to their expenditure, which would almost necessarily follow if such a scheme were carried through. In order to finance the larger scheme it has been suggested that a Trust should be created, the Trustees being the Presidents and Treasurers, and other proper Officers, of the Chemical Society, the Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, and other appro- priate corporations which desire to be associated in the scheme.Such a body of Trustees would form the nucleus of a standing representative General Chemical Council, and its first specific object would be to accumulate a fund for the erection of a suitable building, for the purposes of the corporations referred to, at such time as the fund should have reached the sum necessary for the building and its equipment. The fund would be raised by placing to reserve under Trust an annual contribution from the Associated Corporations as well as by donations, annual subscriptions and legacies from individual members of those Corporations and by subscriptions from Companies and firms who may be desirous of assisting the object, and perhaps it would be possible to secure sufixient for the purpose within the next ten years, provided that a start is actually made immediately.It must not be forgotten that, with respect to co-operation, the Institute, as a chartered professional body, stands on a somewhat different footing from the other Societies and 255 Corporations associated with Chemistry. At the same time 'I hold it to be our duty to do what we can, within the limits laid down by our Charter, to promote the welfare of the profession by supporting any practicable proposals which have that aim. The Registrar read a resolution from the Belfast Section in favour of the amalgamation of all the chemical societies into one body, and from the Bristol and Irish Free State Sections sympathising with the spirit of co-operation; also a message from Dr.Desch urging that the Institute should facilitate the admission of scientifically trained metallurgists as Associates. DISCUSSION. Mr. L. G. Radcliffe, after thanking the President for his paper, remarked that the members of the different societies were extraordinarily loyal to some particular society, although they might themselves be members of two, three or even more societies, and the position appeared to bear something of a political aspect. They would have to get together more in order to overcome this society loyalty. He described in some detail the efforts made to secure co-operation in Manchester, where joint meetings had been a marked success.Such co-operation should be carried out on a very much larger scale. The representatives of all branches of work and of all the various interests in chemistry should take every opportunity of meeting in a friendly way. When at their joint meetings in Manchester they had arranged for an in-teresting paper, invitations were sent as far afield as possible, and opportunities were afforded all comers to participate in the discussions. They had felt that in that way they were attaining co-operation in chemistry and also bringing the science to the notice of people who didn't quite know what chemists were. He believed that the realisation of Chemistry House would be one of the greatest advances made for the profession.The President had referred to the multiplicity of subscriptions, and he knew how hardly they pressed upon the younger men. The salaries of young chemists were not what they were during the war or immediately after ; universities had been over-producing chemists, who could not be absorbed; and employers had not been slow to take advantage of the fact. Co-operation must first of all mean that they should not have more than three journals. They could not afford to have highly specialised journals unless considerable sums were raised for their production. Mr. Marlow thought that excessive loyalty of members to 256 one or another body was a factor that could be of advantage, and need not necessarily be kept in the background.He did not so much hope to see the various chemical bodies amal- gamated, as the creation of a co-ordinating body over the whole. With regard to a central headquarters, he thought it was not desirable for the Institute to take too great a lead in the matter. He came there as secretary of the London Section, and he was authorised to say that they favoured any steps towards co- operation between the different societies. He referred to a step which had been taken in London, by the joint preparation of a programme card of meetings of chemical societies and institutions, and favoured the adoption of the proposal from Belfast with certain modifications. Prof. I. M. Heilbron said that he was not aware that amal- gamation in the strict sense of the word had ever been suggested.What was required was the closest co-operation between the various bodies. He heard that in London they were already forming the one thing which he maintained was necessary in the great chemical profession, namely a register of members of the various chemical bodies. There was no question but that a central headquarters was needed both for the dignity and the use of the profession. Mr. C. J. H. Stock expressed the opinion that eventually amalgamation would have to come. What was going to be the position if they had this so-called co-operation? He didn’t think they would be one whit the better off than they were at present. What was required was the imperial spirit in the chemical societies, and not the parochial spirit.He hoped that the Council would give earnest consideration to the question of amalgamation, because he believed that the status of the chemist was going to depend entirely upon what was done in that direc- tion during the next ten, fifteen or twenty years. Mr. Elsden thought that the Institute of Chemistry was the one body which should take the question of closer co-operation in hand; but it was essentially the qualifying body and he didn’t see how actual amalgamation could take place between a quali- fying body and such bodies as the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. F. Scholefield thought that it was a waste of time to discuss proposals for the amalgamation between the Institute and other bodies.The Institute must continue to exist on very much the present lines; but there were certain bodies with whom it could work in co-operation. The existence of a large 257 number of societies was not an evil; it was evidence of the development of chemistry and the necessity for specialisation. It was useless to talk of amalgamation with such specialised societies, because they were entirely different, and could not be united. He doubted, moreover, whether it would be in the interests of the chemical profession to attempt to get abstracts on subjects so widely differing into one journal. The Institute could not amalgamate with a society like the British Association of Chemists which was forrned because it was felt that the Charter of the Institute prohibited it from performing certain functions which in the opinion of many were essential.The B.A.C. was prepared to use trade union methods and the Institute would never do that; therefore there could be no question of amal- gamation; but there were ways in which they could act in a con- federated way. He appealed for a spirit of community amongst all ranks of the chemical profession. The main object should be the furtherance of the whole profession of chemistry rather than sectional interests. Mr. T. Wallace thought that the Institute was interested, not so much in chemistry as chemists. He failed to see any basis for co-operation between the Institute and the other chemical bodies. If the Institute wished to co-operate with anybody it must do so with bodies of a similar character, like the Institute of Physics.Dr. Forster was in sympathy with the idea of Chemistry House. It would be a great advertisement for the profession. There was no reason why the Institute should not co-operate with other bodies for the uplifting of chemistry in general, but the question of amalgamation could never arise. The business of the Institute was to look after the professional status of the chemist. Mr. L. H. Sensicle thought they could not be expected to co-operate with the British Association of Chemists, because many of the aims of the latter seemed to be part of the aims of the Institute, and he thought it was desirable that the Institute should have sole control of such aims.It might be able in the future to modify its regulations for admission so as to render the continuance of the Association unnecessary. Mr. Brown pointed out that, in France, Chemistry House was un fait accompli. He suggested that the movement in France should be watched in order that we could reap the benefit of the experience gained by French chemists. 268 On the motion of Mr. Marlow, seconded by Prof. Heilbron, the President then put the following proposition: “That this meeting urges the Council to enter into collaboration with all other societies interested in chemistry with a view to formulating and pressing forward a scheme for bringing these societies into fellowship and co-operation.” The resolution was carried unanimously.The President assured the Conference that careful con-sideration would be given by the Council to the views expressed at the Conference. Votes of thanks concluded the meeting. At the dinner held at the Station Hotel on the evening of Friday, 10th July, the toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Mr. G. T. Crossley, production-manager of Messrs. Rowntree & Co. Ltd. Referring to the importance of chemistry to industry, he said that his firm had found chemists very helpful, and that the application of modern chemistry and physics to their problems was progressing rapidly. He deplored the fact that, owing to competitive conditions of industry and commerce, chemists who did good work could not always publish their results, and thus obtain the full credit due to them.It was difficult also to obtain such conditions that would enable the chemist to do continuous and constructive work in industry. There were so many constant and urgent calls upon his time which were not conducive to continuous systematic research ; but, so far as was possible, his firm ensured that some of their chemists were able to specialise on urgent day-to-day problems of plant operation and others on investigations over a wider field. They relied on their chemists to safeguard the quality of their raw materials, and to control processes so that they always knew they were turning out consistent products. Mr. Crossley paid tribute to the achievements which had taken place in this century in the application of chemistry to industry.The President, in reply, said the Institute represented the profession of chemistry. It included many kinds of chemists, and represented a profession which he claimed to be, if not the most, certainly one of the most, important professions. It was a learned profession-all their members were required to undergo a severe and arduous course of training, and it was an indispensable profession. It compared with such professions as 259 law or medicine. The people of this country had forgotten, he was afraid, very much of what happened during the years of the Great War; yet he asserted that the future prosperity of the country was dependent almost wholly on the progress of science, and especially upon the progress of chemistry.The majority of our fellow countrymen ignored or were absolutely ignorant of this bare truth. Therefore he held that it was one of the most important functions of the Institute to endeavour to educate their fellow citizens to realise that the profession of chemistry was not only of supreme importance to the country and should be in fact so regarded, but also that its members should receive adequate reward and recognition for their services. He was optimistic enough to believe that through the agency of the Press they could educate the majority of their fellow citizens to a knowledge of what their profession meant to the country. He was also optimistic enough to believe that sooner or later, he believed later, that information would penetrate upwards until it reached even the minds of those who legislated for our country. It was a profession that deserved to be cherished, fostered and rewarded, and he appealed to the Press to assist them in this educational effort.He knew of certain papers that were not only willing but eager to publish articles explaining in non-technical terms the part which the chemist could and did play in the community. That movement should not be con- fined to one comer of the country. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy, Hon. Treasurer, proposed the toast of “The Local Sections,” and emphasised the value of the move- ment which had resulted in the Institute deciding to form the local sections. They had been of the greatest help in offering suggestions, and in various other ways to the parent body, and he thought they could never be too grateful to whomever it was who suggested their formation and to the Council of the time which carried that suggestion into effect.They were grateful to the North-Eastern and Yorkshire Sections for enabling them to meet at York and he desired to associate with the toast the names of Mr. and Mrs. Brown, who had done so much to make their visit so pleasant and of Mr. C. J. H. Stock, the Hon. Secretary of the Newcastle and North-East Coast Section. Mr. H. B. Brown, replying on behalf of the York branch of the Leeds Local Section, said that members in the provinces seemed in the past to be somewhat isolated from chemical head- quarters so that the local sections were a real help and comfort 260 to them.In York they had gone a little further and formed a club. They endeavoured to meet together and foster the pro- fessional spirit which they knew was the basis of the Institute. They felt they had the support and sympathy of the officers of the Institute, who it was felt were doing everything they could to help them. He looked to the long continuance of the good feeling which existed, not only between local sections and head- quarters, but between local sections themselves. Mr. C. J. H. Stock agreed that the formation of local sections was one of the most forward movements of recent years. There was no question but that their meetings were useful and in- teresting ;those who attended them derived considerable benefit from them, and he had no doubt that in course of time the younger members of the Institute would appreciate more and more the value to be derived from attending their meetings.With regard to publicity for the profession, there was just one note of warning he would like to sound. From time to time the local newspapers published interesting paragraphs, chiefly addressed to the housewife. These paragraphs occasionally contained somewhat curious chemical methods which might be applied by the housewife in determining whether goods were of genuine quality. He would appeal to the Press not to take information of that kind from anyone except qualified chemists. Prof.J. W. Cobb proposed the toast of “The Guests,” in- cluding ladies, who added to the amenities and pleasure of the occasion. He coupled with the toast the name of Dr. Collinge, as a representative of both scholarship and Archzeology in relation to the City of York. Dr. W. E. Collinge, in reply, said that York was a city peculiarly adapted to conferences of any kind, but he was par- ticularly delighted that it should be visited by the Institute as representing the science which was of such importance to the general well-being. Mrs. Hanley sang several songs which much contributed to the enjoyment of the evening. 261 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1925 The Council have received from the Joint Advisory Committee of the Institute and of the Board of Education the following report of the Assessors upon the examination for National Certificates in 1925:-Assessors :-Professor G.T. Morgan, 0.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.I.C.,and Professor J. E. Coates, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.I.C. During the present session one school has submitted con- didates for the first time. The number of entries in the Ordinary grade was 87) against gg in 1924. In the higher grade there were 59 candidates, whereas in the previous year there were 65; of these 27 obtained the Ordinary certificate in previous years and 45 were successful this year in obtaining the Higher Cer- tificate. One school submitted a candidate for the Full-time Certificate in Chemistry, but he was unsuccessful. The total number of candidates for Full-time courses since the commence- ment :of the scheme is three, and none has been successful. Keys and Schemes of Distribution in Practical Examinations.- In most instances the local examination officers now forward keys to the practical tests, but the procedure is by no means general; yet in the interests of the candidates it is essential that complete schemes of distribution should accompany the practical scripts, together with all the numerical data required for quan- titative exercises.These remarks apply as much to physics as 'to chemistry. A detailed system of marking and detailed solutions of problems should be supplied, and the scripts should be marked in accordance with the marking system, so that the assessor may see how the mark assigned to any question is built up.Standard of Marking.-Reference should again be made to the leniency observable in marking the chemistry scripts of weaker candidates. A wide choice of questions is allowed in both grades, and it may, therefore, be assumed that candidates select those questions which they feel best able to answer. Ac-cordingly very scrappy answers should be disregarded, especially in the higher grade, where a comparatively high standard of 262 knowledge is expected. That no insuperable hardship is imposed on the weaker candidates by failing them on the ground of in- sufficient or superficial knowledge is shown by the fact that of the six candidates who presented themselves for a second time for the Advanced certificate, five have on this occasion secured pass marks.On the other hand, a larger percentage than usual of the candidates for the Senior certificate has failed again, the ratio being four failures out of six candidates. There is still in some quarters a tendency to mark too generously in physics, but, on the whole, an improvement in this respect is noticeable. Drawing of Diagrams.-Attention should be called to the general weakness in drawing diagrams. Teachers should aim at great improvement in this by no means unimportant part of the students’ training. Fundamental Principles.-A greater proportion of questions involving fundamental principles has been incorporated into papers set in the Advanced stage, and it should be recorded that answers on these fundamental subjects show an improvement on those of former years.The answers to questions on the determination of atomic weights indicated that candidates were acquainted with the general methods, although these processes were not always discussed in logical order. The methods derived from con-siderations of isomorphism and specific heats were given before the independent and fundamental method based on vapour densities. Atomic weight was still defined as the weight of an atom of an element compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen, without reference to any practical process for as-certaining these const ants . It is to be regretted that questions on the theory of alternative polarities, although this subject is still a matter of acute con- troversy, were given in at least two of the papers on advanced organic chemistry. In their replies the candidates maintained a show of knowledge so long as they were quoting from their lecture notes, bat on attempting to make deductions, their efforts were less fortunate.One candidate stated that in the nitration and chlorination of toluene the main products were meta-nitro- and meta-chloro-toluene respectively. An intslligent application of the old-established Crum Brown and Gibson rule would have avoided this error. 263 The stronger candidates furnished satisfactory answers to the questions in physical chemistry, but in many instances these questions were beyond the scope of the weaker examinees.Many had evidently worked with a polarimeter, but few gave any explanation of the function of the Nicol’s prism in pro- ducing a beam of polarised light. In several instances, answers to the question on the deter- mination of the molecular weight of phosphorus pentachloride suggested that this hydrolysable substance should be dissolved in water and the molecular weight ascertained by freezing or boiling point methods. Compulsory Q%estions.-The compulsory questions were frequently left until the last, and the answers consisted of a few fragmentary phrases with a note that time did not permit of more lengthy treatment. The compulsory question in the Advanced grade, on the diffusion of gases, brought out very few satisfactory answers.Graham’s law was often wrongly stated, and the three applica- tions asked for were not generally known. Even in coal mining districts the diffusion method of detecting methane was not appreciated. Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology .-When the time of study is so short, it is doubtful whether much stress should be laid on memorising manufacturing processes, especially as these often become obsolete by the time they reach the text- book. The older chemical process of manufacturing phosphorus was generally given rather than the modern electrical method. Phthalic anhydride was derived from the oxidation of naphthalene by sulphuric acid in presence of the now classical mercury catalyst. The more efficient process of oxidation by air with vanadium catalysts was not mentioned.Several students avoided the difficulty by stating that the anhydride was made by dehydrating phthalic acid. The papers on the applications of chemistry to the local arts and manufactures were generally of a high standard. In certain cases, the students evidently had technical experience. Occasionally, however, the chemical properties of the materials were imperfectly appreciated. For example, it was stated that in order to produce an ingrain azo-dye, cloth was treated with an amine, such as aniline, the latter was diazotised on the fibre 264 and the material washed out before treatment with alkaline ,&naphthol. The constitution of the simpler azo-dyes was sometimes ignored.In one case Bismarck brown was described as a disazo-dye with the azo-radicals in ortho- positions to both amino- groups. An answer on the employment of Neolan dyes made no reference to the chemical nature of these new colouring matters. Analytical Chemistry .-The standard of attainment in regard to chemical analysis is still improving and this generalisation applies to qualitative and quantitative analysis, and also to both Senior and Advanced grades. A few questions on the theory and practice of analysis were again introduced into the theoretical papers, one being a com- pulsory organic question. The answers obtained were, on the whole, fairly satisfactory. In the identification of organic substances, several candidates in testing for aldehydes with ammoniacal silver nitrate obtained silver mirrors in the presence of such reactive organic compounds as aniline and salicylic acid.It deserves to be more widely known that this elimination of silver can be brought about by a wide variety of organic substances and is not to be regarded as a specific test for aldehydes. Conduct of Practical Examinations.-The supervision of practical examinations should be carried out by experienced chemists, for the task is one of considerable responsibility, and on its efficient performance largely depends the success of the joint scheme. With regard to the practical examination, the method of allocating exercises should in future be clearly stated on the question paper, and the assessors should know the manner in which the various exercises were distributed among the can- didates.Information should also be supplied if candidates have not been allowed the use of books (including their laboratory notebooks). Practical exercises sometimes involve the preparation of crystalline chemical products. These should be examined critically at the student’s bench before the close of the examina- tion. A commendable practice was introduced this year in one school of deducting marks for bad laboratory work as noticed by the supervisor. 265 Generally the practical exercises are so arranged that col- lusion would not benefit the student, but, nevertheless, unless restraint is effective and thorough, candidates are apt to gather inspiration either by watching their neighbours or by com-municating with them.The Institute is specially concerned in ensuring a high standard of analytical proficiency and of practical work. This aim will be promoted if the surveillance of practical examina- tions is taken very seriously, for in preparing to undergo these searching tests candidates will be induced to cultivate good laboratory habits of tidiness, method and accuracy. 266 0bituary. ERNESTLICKISSCLARKSONdied at Hull on 3rd RXay in his 25th year. He studied chemistry at the Municipal Technical College, Hull, and graduated with honours in science at the University of London in 1921. For several years he was a member of the teaching staff of Hull Technical College, but was obliged to relinquish his appointment owing to ill health.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. DAVIDSOLOMONCOHEN,who died at Beckenham, on 23rd May, in his 25th year, attended the full Honours course at the East London College and passed the examination on General Chemistry for the Associateship of the Institute in 1924. WILLIAMJOSEPHDIBDIN died at West Norwood on the 9th June in his 75th year. He received his early instruction in chemistry from J. A. Wanklyn, and in 1876 was appointed chemist to the London and General Water Purifying Co. A year later he was also appointedChemist to Messrs. Atkins & Co., Hudraulic Engineers, and in 1882 became Assistant to T. W. Keates, Consulting Chemist to the Metropolitan Board of Works, whom he succeeded in 1883.He continued in that capacity under the Board and under the London County Council until 1897 when he established himself in private practice. His name was early associated with processes for the utilisation of micro-organisms in the treatment of and purification of sewage. He invented a l0-candle pentane argand, a, radial photometer, a micro-filter and a mercury pumpfor extracting gases dissolved in water. He was the author of books on Practical Photometry, the Purification of Sewage and Water, Lime Mortar and Cement, and Public Lighting :he was part author of Volume IV.of Churchill’s Chemical Technology, and contributed many papers to The Analyst and other technical journals.He was a Past Vice-president of the Society of Public Analysts and Past-President of the Institution of Sanitary Engineers and of the Asso-ciation of Managers of Sewage Disposal Works. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1880, and served as a Member of Council from 1894 to 1897, and from 1900 to 1903. At his funeral, the Institute was repre- sented by Mr. J. H. Coste. FARRINGTONTHOMAS died at Cork on 2nd May, 1924. He was a graduate in arts, and obtained honours in chemistry and experimentalphysics in the Examination for M.A. (Q.U.I.). He was Consulting Chemist to the Munster Agricultural Society, and was for some time lecturer in the Munster Dairy and Agricultural School and at the Cork School of Science. For 34 years he was Honorary Treasurer of the Cork Historical and ArchEological Society and frequently delivered popular lectures on scientific subjects. He was a J.P., and member of the Cork Borough Council.He wa elected a Fellow of the Inetitute in 1888. 267 HARRY died at New Cross on 7th July, in his 42nd BULWERHAYLEY year. He pursued his scientific studies at the East London College and the Birkbeck College, and graduated in science at London University in 1915. He was engaged in teaching at Slough Secondary School and Richmond County School before obtaining an appointment at Alleyn’s School He passed the Examination and was elected to the Associateship in May last. SAMTJEL died at Bingley, Yorkshire, on 27th July, in hisJACKSON 66th year.Educated at the Royal College of Science, London, he obtained the diploma of the College in 1889 and then devoted himself especially to the chemistry of dyeing, at the Yorkshire College-now the University -Leeds. In 1890, he passed the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute, and shortly after obtained an appointment as chemist to Messrs. Jonas Brook & Bros., at Meltham Mills. About 1895 he proceeded to India as Chemist and Dyeworks Manager to Messrs Binny He remained in India until 1922, when he held the appointment of Super-Madras.ofCo.. &, intending Chemist to Messrs. Buckingham and Carnatic Co., Ltd. He was appointed an O.B.E. in 1919 for services rendered to the Government during the war, and returned to England in 1923.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. ROBERTJAPPFRANCIS died at Richmond, Surrey, on 1st July, in his 78th year. Born at Dixndee, he was educated at the University of St. Andrews, where he graduated in Arts, and continued his studies under Bunsen at Heidelberg, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D., under Kekul6 at Bonn, and lastly under Crwn Brown at Edinburgh. In 1878 he was appointed Superintending Assistant in the Research Laboratory, under Frankland, at the Royal College of Chemistry (Royal College of Science), where he remained until 1890, when he was appointed professor of Chemistry in the University of Aberdeen. He held the Chair until 1914, and retired with the title of Emeritus Professor. He was the author- jointly with Sir Edward Frankland-of a textbook on inorganic chemistry and contributed numerous papers to the Chemical Society.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1885. was awarded the Longstaff Medal in 1891, and received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of St. Andrews and Aberdeen. He was a Vice-President of the Chemical Society from 1895 to 1899, and President of the Chemical Section of the British Association in 1898. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1879, and served as a Member of Council from 1885 to 1889, and from 1898 to 1901, and as a Vice-president from 1901 to 1904. HARRYTYRERJOHNSONdied at Waterloo, Liverpool, in April last, in his 35th year. Educated at Merchant Taylors School, Crosby, and at the University of Liverpool, he graduated in Science in 1913, and obtained the degree of M.Sc.by research in the following year. He obtained an appointment with Messrs. R. Graesser, Ltd., at, Ruabon, where he remained until early in 1922. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. DANIELRANKIN died at Blackhall, Midlothian, on 1st August, STEWART in his 78th year. He studied chemistry under Crum Brown, at Edinburgh, under Erlenmeyer at Munich, and under Dittmar at, Glaegow. In 1877 he became Assistant Chemist at the Oakbank Oil Co., Ltd., where he came 268 contact with Mr.-later Sir-George Beilby, and in the following year WBYI appointed Chemist to the Broxburn Oil Co., Ltd., with whom he remained until his retirement about five years ago.His name is thus closely asso-ciated with the development of the shale-oil industry in Scotland. He contributed many papers on technical subjects to scientific journah, and waa also known as a keen botanist, and maintained a wide interest in science generally. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. LEONARD VLIESdied at Manchester on 27th July, in hisELLERTON 48th year. Born in Manchester, of English parents, he was educated at the Hulme Grammar School, at the Realgymnasium of Osnabruok, Ger-many, and at the ficole des Sciences at Rouen, France. In 1896 he became AEtsistant Chemist to Messrs. James Farmer & Co., of Gorton, with whom he remained for three years, continuing throughout to pursue his studies under Prof.Knecht at the Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. In 1900, he received an appointment with Messra. W. G. Thompson & Co.,Aniline Dye Manufacturers, with whom he became Chief Chemist, and in 1904 joined the firm of Claus & Rhe, and later became a director of Claw & Co., Ltd., Dyestuff Manufacturers of Clayton, Manchester, who, after amalgamation with Messrs. Levinstein, became merged in the British Dyestuffs Corporation. He oontributed many articles to the Journat of the Society of Dyer8 and Coburistrr, and commenced the manufacture of many dyes which had not previously been made in this country. At his funeral the Institute was represented by Mr. S. E. Melling and Mr. W. D. Rogers. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, and served 88 8 Member of the Council from 1917.to 1920.Notes. The Drafting of Repork-The attention of members and students who are interested in the drafting of reports is directed to the paper contributed by Mr. William Rintoul to the London and South-Eastern Counties Section (pp. 217). Briti sh Engineeri ng Standards.-The BritishEngineering Standards Association has published the Specification for Cast Iron Filter Plates and Frames {No. 189-1925)prepared under the direction of the Sectional Committee on Chemical Engineering. (IS. net. Post free IS. zd.) 269 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute: “Fats, The.” J.B. Leathes and H. S. Raper. Pp. vii. f242. (London: Longmans Green & Co.). 12s. 6d. Fatty acids; glycerol and glycerides; other alcohols and estem; extraction and estimation of fat in tissues; physical properties of fats; separation, identification and estimation of fats; orisin and occurrence in nature; digestion and absorption; fat in the blood; part played by fats in the life of the call; bibliography. “Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Companion to the First Edition of.” W. Gardner. Pp. 56. (London: Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 7s. 6d. Containe approximately 2,700 definitions and cross references. “Physical Chemistry, A System of.” W. C. McC. Lewis. Vol. 11: Thermodynamics. 4th edition. Pp. viii.+489. (London: Longmans Green & Co.) 15s.“Wood Distillation, The Technology of.’ M. Klar, translated by A. Rule. Pp. xv.+496. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 25s. History; raw material; chemical changes occurring in wood during destructive distillation ; products; pyroligneous acid ; wood-tar; charcoal; carbonising apparatus ; wood-gas; production of crude wood-naphtha, acetate of lime; acetic acid and acetone from acetate of lime; treatment of crude wood-tar and tar-oils; formaldehyde;conversion of charcoal into briquettes ; analytical section; recent progress. 370 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 19th June and 24th July, 1925, z new Fellows were elected, II Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 35 new Associates were elected, and 17 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 4 Associates by death.New Fellows. Allan, John Steele, Darley Dene, Flackwell Heath, High Wycombe, Bucks. Hunter, Louis, Ph.D. (Lond.), 2 Tan-y-fron, Bangor, N. Wales. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Charlton, James, M.Sc. (Vict.), Agricultural College, P.O., Mandalay,Burma. Coffey, Samnel, M.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Leiden), 3, Bruce Road, Wealdstone, Middlesex. Diwce, John Gerald Frederick, 31.8~.(Lond.), R.Nat.Dr. (Prague), 26, Heslop Road, Balhnm, London, S.W. 12. Dunn, Frederick Percy, B.Sc., (Rlanc.)A.R.C.S., D.I.C.. 20, Hillhury Road, Tooting Common, London, S.W. 17. Gilmour, George Van Barneveld, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.Sc.I., 48, Cherington Road, Hanwell, London, 137.7.Ingall, Douglas Heber, M.Sc. (Bim.), A.Inst.P., County Technical College, Wednesbury, Staffs. Johnstone, Sydney James, B.Rc. (Lond.), "Rousdon," Clifford Road, New Barnet. Lea, Henry Turner, M.Sc. (Birm.), The Borough Laboratory, George Square, Halifax. Naylor, Henry, 11, Willow Way, Didsbury, Manchester. Rigg, Theodore, M.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (New Zealand), Cawthron In-stitute, Nelson, New Zealand. Stokoe, William Norman, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), 67, Inchview Terrace, Edinburgh. New Associate (by examination). Ladhams, Donald Ernest, Brook Villa, The Crescent, Shirley Warren, Southampton. New Associates. Allam, Philip Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Messrs. Lockett Bros. & Co., Casilla 714, Iquique, Chile.Barker, Jack, B.Sc. (Lond.), 313, Skircoat Green Road, Halifax. Bennett, William, M.Sc. (Lond.), 3, Chapel Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. 271 Bloom, Robert Frederick, B.A. (Cantab.), 4, Beechwood Crescent, Harro- gate, Yorks. Brooks, Jack, Ph.D. (Liv.), 11, Lime Grove, Seaforth, Liverpool. Campbell, John Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), Castlebank, Burnfoot, Fairlie, Ayr- shire. Dhavale, Bhaskar Balvant, M.A. (Bombay) , Calcutta Research Tannery, P.O. Intally, Calcutta, India. Dolphin, Joseph Raymond. B.Sc. (Birm.), Chemical Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Eggleton, William George, B.Sc. (Lond.), Aylesbury, Lower King’sRoad, Kingston-on-Thames. Elliott, Henry, B.Sc. (Glas.), 8, Colebrooke Street, Hillhead, Glasgow.Gibson, George Philip, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), c/o Eastern Avenue, Port Causeway, New Ferry, Cheshire. Gillett, Harry William, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 125, Ditchling Road, Brighton. Harrison, Hubert Walter, A.R.C.S. ,Thornleigh, West Winch, King’s Lynn. Hiscocks, Edward Stanley, XSc. (Wales), 5 Rosehill, Swansea. Jowett, Maurice, Ph.D.. B.Sc. (Liv.), 16, Lichfield Street, New Brighton. Kreis, Eric Silvester, A.RI.C.S., 4, Le Brun Road, Eastbourne. Maggs. Francis Thomas, B.Sc. (Bris.), Elmcliffe, Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. Miller, Andrew Stuart, M.Sc. (Birm.), 10, Lovatt Street, Wolverhampton. Millet, Horace, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Liv.), 48, Molyneux Road, Waterloo, Liver- pool.Montgomery, John, B.Sc. (Glas,), 43, Cartha Street, Langside, Glasgow.Nicholson, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 174, Lansdowne Road, Birkenhead. Nutland, John Henry, BSc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 68, Stonehouse Street, Clapham, London, S.W.4. Pates, Edward William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 17, Lodge Drive, Palmers Green, London, N. 13. Quick, William George Edward, B.Sc. (Lond.), Brooklands, Lympstone, Exeter. Richards, Charles Hcdley, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., South Eastern Agri-cultural College, Wye, Kent. Skibbe, Arthur Martin, M.A. (Cape Town), School of Agriculture,Elsenburg, Mulders Vlei, Cape Province, S. Africa. Smith, Edgar Charles, M.Sc. (Mane.), 14, Garfield Street, Kettering, Northants. Stephens, David William, B.Sc. (Wales), 9, Queen Street, Neath. Subton, Robert William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 30, Leonard Avenue, Sherwood, Nottingham.Thomas, William, A.C.G.F.C., Glonwood, Shire Lane, Chorley Wood, Herts.Udall, Philip James, Ph.D. (Liv.), 27, Prospect Vale, Fairfield, Liverpool. Wallis, Eliot, B.A. (Cantab.), Kilimani, Glastonbury, Somerset. Wa,rrington, Charles Joseph Sidney, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Chester Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7. Williams, Cyril Rees, B.Sc. (Wales), B.A. (Cantab.), Y Vrondeg, Pontar- dulais, Swansea. New Students. Barnett, Robert Hamilton, 61, Manse Street, Saltcoats. Carroll, Christopher, 47, Strandeville Avenue, North Strand, Dublin. Clemetson, Miss Winifred Annie, Atherstone, Bower Mount Road, Maidstone, Kent. Dickson, Albert Gordon, 5, Parkhill Drive, Rutherglen, Glasgow. 272 Featheraton, Stanley James, 33, Behont Road, Beckenham, Kent.Grover, Donald William, 33, Queens Avenue, MusweU Hill, London, N.lO. Gunn, Angus, B.Sc. (Edin.), 19, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh. Hindle, James, 4, Plane Street, Bastwell, Blackburn. Hine, Howard Jordan, 7, May Hill Villas, Tuffley, Gloucester. Hodge, Donald Laurence, 181, Ladbroke Grove, London, W.10. Hosking, Jack Sargent, 19, Bedford Avenue, Subiaco, Western Australia. Hunt, Arthur Frederick, 6, Seabrook Cottages, Front Lane, Cranham, Essex. Ledwith, Richard John, 86, Leigham Vale, Tuise Hill, London, S.W.2. Pearce, Frederick William, 69, Thornton Avenue, Chiswick, London,W.4. Rhodes, Clifford Goulding, 12, Highfield Road, Northwood, Middlesex. Robinson, Miss Adeline Joan, Whitehouse Farm, Waldron, Sussex.Thorn-, James William Xoberts, 71, Parliament Street, Capetown, S. Africa. DEATHS. Fellows. Thomas Farrington, M.A, (Q.U.I.) ' Samuel Jackson, A.R.C.S. Francis Robert Japp, M.A. (St. Andrews), LL.D. (St. Andrews and Aberd.), F.R.S. Daniel Rankin Steuart. Leonard Ellerton Vliem. Associates. Ernest Lickiss Clarkson, B.Sc. (Lond.).David Solomon Cohen. Harry Bulwer Hayley, B.Sc. (Lond.). Harry Tyrer Johnson, M.Sc. (Liv.). Changes of Name. May Elizabeth Wyman (Associate) to Price-an her marriage. Abraham Cohen (Fellow)to Abraham Colin-Russ, by Deed Poll. 273 General Notices. MeIdoIa Med al.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work, the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age, provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval, military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have their attention directed to work of the character indicated.The award for the year 1925 will be made in January, 1926. Examinations in 1 926.-The arrangements for examina-tions during 1926 are as follows: Dates of Exams. Entries close. 4th to 9th Jan., 1926. Monday, 16th Nov., 1925. OY 11th to 16th Jan., 1926. 19th to 24th April, 1926. Monday, 15th Feb., 1926. OY 26th April to 1st May, 1926. 20th to 25th Sept., 1926. Monday, 19th July, 1926. or 27th Sept. to 2nd Oct., 1926. Candidates for the Associateship will be examined in January, April and September, and candidates for the Fellowship in April and September only. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to August, 1922,who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar 274 particulars of the Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays : 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for 275 the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesel1schaft.- The Council will be grateful to any member who will assist in making up the Institute's set of the Berichte for the year I924 and since. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved, through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, as far as possible, their permawnt addresses for registration.Official Chem ical A ppoi nt ments, 5th Ed iti on .-Regis-tered Students may obtain copies of "Official Chemical Appoint- ments" at a reduced price of 2s., on application to the Registrar. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous 3f binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z., to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS theon following terms :-Buckram case, lettered complete, IS.2d. ; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. 8d. History of the Institute, 1887-191 4.-Anymemberwho is not in'*possession of a copy of the History ofthe Imtitute can borrow one either from the Honorary Secretary of his Local Section, or from the Institute direct, on application to the Registrar. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in forming a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose. The collection already includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. LOCAL SECTIONS Fellows and Associates who have not already joined a Local Section are invited to communicate with the Hon.Secretaries of the Local Sections within their respective districts. Sections. Hon. Xecretaries. BirminghamandMidlands: C. J. House, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 38, Edmund Road, Saltley, Birmingham. Bristol and South Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 170, Newbridge Counties: Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: Edinburgh and East of J. Adam Watson, A.C.G.I., F.I.C., 22, Scotland: Polwarth Gardens, Edinburgh. Glasgow and West of Scot-Dr. W. M. Cumming, F.I.C., Royal Tech- land : nical College, Glasgow. Huddersfield: Percy Calam, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., A.I.C. , 4, Hill-side Avenue, Fartown, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : William Honneyman, B.Sc., F.I.C. , York Street Flax Spinning Co., Ltd., Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, Belgrave Road, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. R. B. Forster, F.I.C., Dept. of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, The University, Leeds. Liverpool and North- John Hanley, F.I.C., 7, University Road, Western : Bootle, Liverpool. London and South-Eastern G. S. W. Marlow, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Counties: Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.l. Manchester and District : Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 58, Burton Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and C. J.H. Stock, B.Sc. ,F.I.C. ,CountyAnalyst’sNorth-East Coast Office, Darlington, Co. Durham. South Wales: Cecil W. Wood, A.I.C., c/o The National Oil Refineries, Skewen, Glam.Malaya : Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). Hon. Secretary: G. G. 5. PuLmN, 22 Kent House Road, Sydenham, S.E.26. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY BENEVOLENT FUND. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-1918. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, BENEVOLENTFUND, INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C.l.LONDON,