JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART II I949 EDIT0RIAL During the past two years there have been several brief references in this JOURNAL to proposals for providing what have been described as “Residential Clubs for Old People.” So far little publicity has been given to the efforts made to put these ideas into practice for it was desired to avoid raising what might be false hopes in the minds of those who were possible beneficiaries under such a scheme. But a stage has now been reached where further reticence is un- necessary. A scheme has been worked out in conjunction with certain other professional bodies a joint administration has been set up and the first residential club will be ready for occupation in a few weeks.In order to enable the Institute to participate effectively in the project an appeal to members and other well- wishers for financial support willbe issued shortly. The problem of how best to look after the welfare of elderly people is one which has had the attention of the Government Local Authorities and various charitable organisations. The large proportion of the the population that is now above retiring age must of itself raise a number of urgent questions. When it is also realised how greatly the difficulties experienced by old people in maintaining themselves have increased since the war through the fall in the value of money and the scarcity and high price of domestic help we cannot fail to be impressed by the seriousness of the position.Men and women who have followed the professions are in general among the most responsible and provident members of the com- munity. They have regarded it as a duty to limit expenditure during their working lives in order to have enough to live on when they retire. But none could foresee or if they could provide against the great changes in values produced by a second world war and there are now many people past the age of lucrative employment whose pensions or savings which would have sufficed for their maintenance before the war are now wholly inadequate for this purpose. w31 It is on these who have served the community well during their active lives and whose provision for retirement has been seriously depreciated by circumstances outside their control that present-day conditions bear most hardly.Something is always done for the destitute-among whom are included the improvident-but so far little has even been planned for those who have made strenuous efforts to keep their independence and have failed only because of a collapse in monetary values-and have no longer the capacity for further work or even in many cases for looking after themselves without domestic help. To people in this plight the present generation of professional men and women owes a duty and there is no doubt that one of the most direct and effective ways of discharging this obligation would be to provide accommodation for elderly people in some type of residential club where the charge for board and lodging would be comparable with that which prevailed in a commercially run organisation of similar standing before the war.It is intended therefore to set up such residential clubs in various parts of the country where the residents will have the same measure of freedom and independence as they would have in a hotel or boarding house. They will be free to occupy themselves with such activities as appeal to them to receive visits from their friends and in general to live their own lives so long as they do not interfere with the comfort or well-being of other residents-a limitation which necessarily applies in any community. They will pay their own fees for board and lodging but these fees-probably around E3 3s.per week-will be substantially less than would otherwise be charged for these services. Originally it had been intended that the Institute should act on its own in this important matter and a good deal of preliminary work was done on this assumption. It soon became evident however that in these times a project of this kind bristles with difficulties. Frequently changing Government orders and controls and Local Authorities’ regulations beset the path of him who would acquire property convert it to use as a residential club and run it for the benefit of selected residents. It was with great satisfaction therefore that the Council found that a number of other professional bodies had been thinking on similar lines and were prepared to co-operate in a joint scheme.It was particularly fortunate that they had secured the interest and guidance of the National Corporation for the Care of Old People a charitable body associated with the Nuffield Foundation which had acquired unique knowledge and experience in this field. Without the active help of the National Corporation progress on the present scheme would have been slower-if indeed the scheme could have been put into operation at all-for that body has not only given c 841 MR. G. ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E. President I 946-49 the participating institutions valuable advice but has also dealt with the legal questions involved has advanced money to start the scheme and has agreed to provide continuing facilities for its administration.The result is that the first of the proposed residential clubs has now been acquired-at West Worthing-and a Company limited by guarantee known provisionally as “Crossways Trust Limited,]’ has been formed to secure and maintain this and similar clubs to be established in other places. It has been agreed that there is an advantage in having such clubs in or closely adjoining a seaside or country town so that residents can get to churches] cinemas libraries etc. without having to depend on special transport; also so that relations and friends from other centres can readily come to visit them. It will be realised that the Residential Clubs Fund to be set up by the Institute for financing “Crossways” and any similar projects with which the Institute may become associated is mainly in need of capital sums.On the other hand the Benevolent Fund which also requires further support is mainly in need of regular income. These two charities are to be kept separate but it will be realised that help from the Benevolent Fund may be required to enable some of the residents in the clubs to meet the charge for board and lodging. Such claims will be considered by the Benevolent Fund Committee on the same basis as those now made by elderly people who need help in maintaining themselves in their own homes. We are confident that the Residential Clubs Fund will call forth the generous support of many members of the Institute and other well-wishers and we commend the forthcoming appeal to all who can amid their own difficulties spare something even as a loan to help establish this great undertaking.OUR RETIRING PRESIDENT At the Annual General Meeting on 29 April Mr. G. Roche Lynch will complete three years in the office of President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and will hand over to his successor. His election to the Presidential Chair in 1946 was a fitting recognition both of his eminence in the profession of chemistry and of many years of valuable service to the Institute. He had been an Ex-aminer from 1928 to 1936 and had served as a Member of Council for two periods 1936-39 and 1944-46 as a Vice-president from 1939 to 1943 and as a Censor from 1940. ]He has thus held some office in the Institute without a break from 1928 when he was elected to the Fellowship.He has also represented the Council r 85 1 continuously on the Poisons Board constituted under the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933. The offspring of a medical family-his great-grandfather was a physician in Dublin his grandfather and father were doctors in London-Gerald Roche Lynch was born at Notting Hill in 1889. He was educated at St. Paul’s School West Kensington and went as a medical student to St. Mary’s Hospital Paddington in 1905. He was particularly interested in chemistry and having obtained an Open Scholarship in Natural Science he took a special course at the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute South Kensington. Returning to St. Mary’s he qualified as L.M.S.S.A.(then L.S.A.) in 1912 and graduated M.B. and B.S. in the following year. In 1908-09 he was demonstrator in chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School research student of the University of London 1909-10 Assistant to Sir William Willcox at times between 1910 and 1914 house physician at St. Mary’s in 1913 demonstrator in physiology at King’s College 1914. In the 1914-18 War he served as Surgeon-Lieut. in the Royal Navy first in charge of the R.N. Hospital Laboratory in Malta and subsequently at the R.N. College Greenwich and the R.N. Depot Crystal Palace. His services were recognised by the award of the O.B.E. in 1919. After the war he returned to St. Mary’s Hospital to take charge of the Department of Chemical Pathology obtained the D.P.H. and was appointed Junior Official Analyst to the Home Office in 1921 being promoted to Senior Official Analyst in 1927-a position he still.holds.From 1922 to 1926 he was also chemical pathologist to St. Mary’s Hospital and from 1924 to 1943 was lecturer in forensic medicine to Westminster Hospital Medical School. In 1926 he was appointed to his present post of Director of the Depart- ment of Chemical Pathology St. Mary’s Hospital. On the death of Sir William Willcox Mr. Roche Lynch became Privy Council Visitor to the Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society. During the second world war he was Chairman of the A4dvisory Board of the Infestation Department Ministry of Food. .At various times he has been an Examiner in Forensic Medicine for the University of London and for the Diploma of Public Health (appointed by the Royal College of Physicians).He has recently been appointed a member of the Metallic Contamination Sub-committee of the Food Standards Committee of the Ministry of Food. Mr. Roche Lynch has taken an active interest in many scientific and professional societies is a Past President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and of the Medico- Legal Society and is a member of the Court of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. C863 During his term of office as President Mr. Roche Lynch has devoted himself unsparingly to the work of the Institute and his wise guidance has been invaluable in this period of expansion. A glance at the Annual Reports of Council reveals the many important matters in which progress has been made the presentation to His Majesty’s Privy Council of a Petition for a New Charter revision of the By-Laws and of the Regulations for the admission of members the creation of four new Local Sections and increased support for Local Section activities the development of closer relations with Chemical Institutes in the Dominions and with other professional bodies in this country improved contacts with Govern- ment Departments the extension of pension and life assurance provisions for the staff the publication of a Directory of Corzsztltants and of a new edition of the Register to mention but a few.In the Chair whether of the Council of Committees or of meetings the President has been patient and tactful quick to grasp points never pressing unduly his own point of view yet never failing to separate the wheat from the chaff in discussion and to garner an acceptable decision.A high sense of professional conduct coupled with a broad and understanding humanity have won the esteem and affection of all with whom he has come in contact. It is therefore with particular satisfaction that the Council will welcome his continuance in office as a Vice-president so that his wide experience will still be available in their deliberations and the customary pink carnation will not cease to add its touch of (dour to their company. THE OFFICE OF THE INSTITUTE In any continuously growing institution there come times when the machinery of its administration has to be largely remodelled if the further development of its activities and services is to proceed efficiently and economically.The methods and equipment suitable for handling the affairs of a body with a few thousand members may perhaps be adapted by minor modifications and additions to deal with the needs of twice that number but eventually the limits of such adaptation are reached and a thoroughgoing recon-struction is needed to avoid a breakdown. In the years between the wars the membership of the Institute was increasing steadily but with continuity of direction it was possible to cope with the growing volume of routine business by periodic adjustments and extensions of the established system. Moreover in the earlier years there were relatively quiet periods in the office at certain times of the year which afforded opportunities for regular overhauls of the organisation.Also the acquirement of L 87 1 any additional staff or equipment needed was limited only by financial considerations-a limitation which was nevertheless a serious one in times when the achievement of minor economies was apt to be regarded as more virtuous than providing funds for purposes that might lead to greater savings in the long run. As the second world war approached limitations of space and time became of increasing significance. In a previous article reference was made to the steps taken to get more room in which to work. Finding time to deal with matters of policy amid a growing inass of work of a more routine nature-but requiring care and understanding for its execution-became increasingly difficult.KO longer was it possible €or the executive officers to know all the members personally and to keep in their own hands all the detailed business of the office. More delegation of administrative duties and responsibilities was becoming essential and the problem was and still is to do this without establishing a bureaucracy and losing that personal touch which has always been a feature of the Institute’s relations with its members. During the war a few of the normal activities of the Institute were necessarily restricted or even stopped but most of the principal services were maintained and a number of additional responsi- bilities undertaken especially in connection with the deployment of scientific man-power for the war effort.This re-orientation of activity alone would have placed a considerable strain on an already overloaded administration with a depleted staff but to these difficulties were added those arising from the fact that from 1943 the annual rate of increase in membership of the Institute became about twice what it was before the war and has since been main- tained at about that new rate. The full effect of this steepening of the membership curve was not felt until hostilities ended when a resumption of more 11ormal Insti t ute activities became possible and the development of new as well as existing services was called for. At this stage the office was required to deal with the needs and aspirations of nearly 10,000 members (now over 11,000) with re- sources of staff accommodation and equipment that had been barely adequate for some 7,500 members before the war and to do so under conditions which limited immediate reconstruction to piecemeal adjustments and improvisations.The extent to which this situation has been met during the last few years has been clue to two things first the way in which the staff have devoted themselves to the task of keeping the machine running-at a greater speed and for longer hours-while finding time to overhaul and remodel parts of it outside operating periods; second the gradual acquirement of new office equipment and the development of improved methods to save time and energy.The work of the adininistrati\Te staff will 1x3 dealt with more fully in ;I lRHl PART OF THE FILING ROOM THE PRINTING ROOM -PRINTING AND DUPLICATING EQUIPMENT THE PRINTING ROOM -ADDRESSING EQUIPMENT PART OF THE FINANCE OFFICE later article; the present notes refer mainly to the more mechanical side of the business of the office. The filing system may be mentioned first. Established in its present form in 1918,it has remained admirably suited for handling the correspondence of members and potential members with speed and reliability but with the growth in the number of members students and other correspondents the quantity of paper is now threatening to choke the system.Steps have recently been taken to keep out of the personal files material of purely evanescent significance (such as regrets at being unable to attend a meeting or applications for Boots Library forms) and correspondence and forms relating to special fields of Institute activity which are now being retained in “subject” files kept in the hands of the officers directly concerned. Considerable advantage has been gained also by providing separate indexes for the correspondence of “persons” and of “corporations,” so that two people can work on the cards for these different types of correspondence at the same time. Separa-tion of the files themselves in independent groups of cabinets would be a further help and this will be done as soon as circumstances permit.In the meantime the work of the staff concerned has been greatly facilitated by removing the bulk of the filing cabinets from the gloom of the’semi-basement passages to a room on the first floor following an assurance from the Institute’s surveyors that the weight could be supported there with safety. But the mass of paper continues to grow and unless time can be found to scrap much of the now useless material collected in earlier years-a task that requires discrimination to avoid losing papers of possible historical interest-further means may have to be found to limit the current rate of accumulation as by classifying new corres-pondence in different categories according to its useful “life,” and destroying at intervals that which is no longer significant.The work of the Finance Office has been greatly facilitated by the preparation and retention in that office of a separate card register on which are entered particulars of all fees paid by pros- pective members or registered students and subscription payments after election or registration. Previously this information was entered on the cards of the general register and much time was lost in frequent journeys from one office to another by the various members of staff who had to consult the latter. There has also been recently a complete re-organisation of the book-keeping system which has facilitated reference to entries under various headings. A calculating machine was added to the equipment of this office last year and has already proved its value.From the present point of view however special interest centres around the Printing Room. Here is set up the equipment for printing duplicating and addressing with the necessary ancillary [ 89 1 services. The general card register of names and addresses of members and students is in this room alongside the corresponding address printing plates which are grouped according to Local Sections so that communications can be readily addressed to the members of any Section. The maintenance of these plates is a major task for every change of address-there were over 2,000 such changes in 1948-entails the preparation of a new plate while alterations of designations or status involve at least an addition to an existing plate; this is apart from the preparation of new plates for new members and students-there were over 600 new Fellows and Associates in 1948.The replacement a few years ago of a hand-operated machine for preparing these plates by an electrically-operated model was a great advance and has made it possible for a junior operator to handle this important job with rapidity. The addressing machine itself which is electrically operated though the envelopes or labels have to be fed by hand has already been in service for longer than its scheduled life but continues to stand up to the increasing duty required of it. Authority has now been given however for the purchase as soon as possible of a more up-to-date model with mechanical feed which will permit operation at greatly increased speeds and by means of a selector device will avoid the need for hand-sorting of plates in making special circularisations.Probably few members realise the extent to which the Institute does its own printing for much of the output such as Local Section notices does not look like “print” because it is set up as facsimile typewriting-which is a quicker job than hand-setting printers’ type. The latter is used however for letter headings tickets cards etc. and recently for small posters prepared at the request of Local Sections. In 1948 nearly 200 notices of Local Section meetings alone were printed in facsimile typewriting and copies sent to the members of the Sections concerned. There has also been a growing demand for other kinds of printed matter in con- nection with the varied activities of the Institute and the Local Sections and the printing machine (electrically driven) is kept fully occupied for host of the year.The value of this service is considerable. It means that in order to notify members of a Section of a forthcoming meeting the Honorary Secretary has merely to send to the office a draft of the notice at least a fortnight before the date of the meeting. There the particulars are checked the notice printed and copies folded (in an electrically driven machine) packed and despatched to members (also to registered Students if desired) so as to reach them a full week before the meeting. By this means are avoided the inaccuracies and unpredictable delays that are likely to occur if work of this kind often involving technical terms is placed in the hands of local printers.Also there is the ~901 great advantage that the printing and the addressing being done in the same office are looked after and co-ordinated by members of the staff with special knowledge of the needs of the Local Sections. A major part of the work of the duplicating machine (also electrically operated) is in connection with the Appointments Register lists which are now being sent out weekly to over 300 members and a few senior students but there is an increasing output of agenda minutes and other duplicated documents relating to meetings of the Council and Committees. The most recently introduced item of equipment is a postal franking machine.This has already proved its value especially for large homogeneous groups of communications such as Appoint- ments Register lists and Local Section notices. The recent decision to appoint a despatch clerk to operate this machine as well as to do the preliminary sorting and the packing of outgoing mail should enable this side of the work to be more effectively organised. From the accompanying photographs members may obtain an impression of the nature and lay-out of some of the equipment referred to in this article but it is hoped that those who are able to attend the Anniversary Meetings on 29 April will take that oppor- tunity of seeing for themselves how the Institute is maintaining and developing its services in their interest.SCHOOL CHILDREN CHEMISTS OF THE FUTURE Most chemists no doubt looking back to their early days can recall some influence that set their feet on a path leading to their present profession and directed the curiosity of childhood to probe into the nature of things by the methods of chemistry rather than of the many other scientific disciplines. For some it may have been family tradition or contact in the home with friends who were chemists who talked interestingly and were not above answering a child’s constant questions; for others a fascinating book read and re-read in leisure hours; for others a “chemistry set” at Christmas. One’s school may have had a scientific bias; or there may have been an inspiring chemistry master able to make his subject “live,” so that his periods were hailed with joy amidst an otherwise dull routine.Later on other influences may have determined the onward path and the particular chemical field to which it led the availability of facilities for scientific training whether at a university or technical college; interest in a local industry; again the inspiration of a teacher perhaps towards academic research perhaps towards the application of chemistry to the material betterment of conditions of life. [911 These considerations prompt the thought that chemists who have not regretted their early choice who are chemists not because they cannot now well avoid it but because they have found satis- iaction in their work have a responsibility to guide and encourage the young so that the growing demands for chemists may be filled by persons of the right type.This responsibility lies not on teachers and professors alone but on all members of the profession in their contacts with young people. It is a responsibility to be exercised with discretion. An early decision to embark on a chemical career should not be advo- cated nor should encouragement be given ta premature specialisa- tion. The aim should be to stimulate an interest in qhemistry as a branch of knowledge. The profession should be represented as one that offers the personal satisfaction of a worth-while job not as one leading inevitably to affluence or to the popular acclaim that greets an epoch-making discovery. The Council of the Institute through its Membership Committee is giving attention to this very important matter.The booklet “The Profession of Chemistry,” has for many years served as a useful guide to parents and teachers a new edition is in preparation. A pamphlet “The Student and the Royal Institute of Chemistry,” will be issued shortly; it deals mainly with the- advantages of becoming Registered Students of the professional body of chemists at an early stage of training. Several Local Sections of the Institute have interested them- selves in the young people in their areas as witness the Christmas Lectures for Children that have been a feature of the activities of the Aberdeen Belfast Birmingham and Edinburgh Sections. Recently two other Local Sections have conducted interesting experiments in this field and an account of these may prove helpful and suggestive to others who are contemplating similar activities.The London and South-Eastern Counties Section has held two meetings for students and potential students of chemistry. The first was held at the South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham on 7 October 1948 the audience of 116 being composed largely of children in the last year or two of their school life. Tea was kindly provided by the College authorities before the meeting. The meeting itself lasted two and a half hours and the children were very obviously keenly interested to the end. Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Chairman of the Section presided and the introductory talk (about 25 minutes) was given by Dr.Norman Booth. Points made by Dr. Booth were The word “career” means professional progress and it would be a poor profession that could offer a man nothing more than the possibility of making a certain amount of money. The underlying incentive should be the interest and enjoyment that people get out [921 of their occupation. In the chemical profession some find this interest merely because they are earning money others because of the responsibility and status they have attained others because of the service they give to the community others by their scientific achievement in advancing knowledge. Many posts in the chemical profession require ability and know- ledge other than in the direction of chemistry itself; indeed these other qualities may be the more important.Capacity for hard work is essential. The majority of qualified chemists are employed in industry- in research analysis development work production or intelligence in chemical sales and in departmental administration. Industrial work perhaps offers the widest scope and most rapid advancement if the firm is large and progressive. In universities and technical colleges and in schools the salary spread is narrower. Advancement to the higher posts in teaching depends on knowledge of the theory and practice of educational methods as well as of chemistry. Most Government departments employ chemists. Conditions of service may be better than the average in industry but there are fewer highly-paid posts.Research Associations carry out a wide variety of work. To some extent they are a training-ground for chemists for the industry concerned. Chemists are also occupied as Public Analysts consultants patent agents and to an increasing extent in a wide variety of other posts. Following Dr. Booth’s talk a Brains Trust composed of Dr. H. J. Barber Mr. W. H. Bennett Dr. N. Booth Mr. T. McLachlan Dr. K. G. A. Pankhurst and Dr. D. Ridge with the Chairman as Question Master answered a variety of questions. An invitation had been issued for questions to be submitted in advance but this produced only a small response; further questions were therefore drafted based on a knowledge of the type of enquiry frequently made by young people. The advantage of having these prepared questions was evident; when the Brains Trust had answered a few the audience lost its shyness and as the evening proceeded questions were asked and opinions expressed with increasing freedom.The second meeting arranged by the Section was on 2 December at Acton Technical College with the co-operation of Dr. Skellon and the College authorities. On this occasion perhaps because notices were sent to schools in the neighbourhood too long before the event the audience of 86 consisted almost entirely of students who had already embarked on chemical careers. The proceedings were therefore less relevant to the subject of the present article. Dr. Griffiths again presided and Dr. N. Booth gave the intro- ductory talk. The Brains Trust comprised Mr.W. H. Bennett [931 Dr. N. Booth Dr. F. M. Hamer Dr. D. Ridge Dr. J. H. Skellon and Dr. E. C. Wood with the Chairman as Question Master. Members of the audience took a greater part in the discussion than the younger people at Dagenham and freely expressed their views on the future of the profession. Questions dealt with at the meetings included:-the best course to follow for students who could not afford to attend full-time courses at a university or college; the effect of compulsory military service on training prospects; alternatives to the examination system as a test of ability; the suggestion that more attention should be paid to the application of chemistry to industry in the final syllabus at universities; the value of the study of languages at school; recruiting of chemists and their prospects in the Civil Service; opportunities for chemists abroad; the relative position of men and women in chemical industry; possibilities of transfer from one type of chemical employment to another e.g.industry to teaching; advantages of becoming a Registered Student of the Institute. From the experience gained at these meetings some general conclusions may be drawn. There is a definite demand for such gatherings but they should not be held too frequently in any one area; members of the Brains Trust should represent as many different fields of chemistry as possible; good-humoured divergence of opinion among the Trust stimulates interest; careful organisation is necessary and it is well to have a selection of prepared questions to catalyse the discussion.The second experiment was carried out by the Manchester and District Section on 12 November 1948 when a meeting was held at the Royal College of Technology Salford to which senior pupils and science masters and mistresses from the Grammar Schools in the area were invited. From a radius of 16 miles about 700 visitors arrived by special motor coaches. They were first entertained to light refreshments organised in a most efficient manner by the College refectory staff. As the advertised time of the meeting drew near the large hall filled to capacity to the music of the great organ under the skilled hands of Mr. A. Davies a member of the staff in the Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry.The plat- form was decorated with flowers and around the walls were hung numerous large photographs lent by several local establishments depicting phases in chemical production research and control. Promptly at 5.30 p.m. the Chairman Professor F. Challenger a Vice-president of the Institute accompanied by the speakers who were to take part in the programme “The Profession of Chemistry,” took their places together with Dr. P. F. R. Venables the Principal of the College and Mr. P. R. Wray of the chemistry department Leigh Grammar School Hon. Secretary of the Lancashire Central [941 Branch I.A.A.M. who had been responsible for the gathering together of the large audience. Addressing his audience as “fellow students,” Professor Challenger immediately won their interest by referring to the life of the chemist as ‘‘a dog’s life”-a compliment for the dog is an intelligent animal and like the chemist depends for his livelihood largely on a sense of smell.Pursuing ab’more serious train of thought Professor Challenger argued that chemistry is more than a way of earning a living; it is a profession and a vocation absorbing and satisfying to the highest degree. Recalling some of the great names in the long history of the science the speaker brought home to his listeners the great debt owed by all to their unselfish and untiring efforts and the special obligation which presented itself to those who in any field took up the work where these great pioneers had laid it down.Finally speaking of the need for education in the widest sense Professor Challenger recommended his audience to peruse the Memorial Lectures of the Chemical Society both for the interest of the narrative and the beauty of their prose and com- pleted his address by a moving recital of those imperishable words on “wisdom” from the greatest of all literature. Commencing with “The Education of the Chemist,” Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Tutor to the Faculty of Science and Assistant to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Manchester spoke of the origins and early history of our universities. He showed the dual functions of advanced education on the one hand and the quest of new knowledge on the other so that the university community comprised not teachers and taught but rather a body of students the senior guiding and helping the junior.From such foundations arose the modern conception of teaching and research both so closely interwoven and so inter-related as to provide a unique atmosphere of mental and cultural vitality. He stressed the urgent need for intelligent planning of his work by the student so that the best results might be achieved in vigorous co-operation. Warning his audience against the “9 till 5” attitude he underlined the Chairman’s ideal of vocation and pressed for a wider appreciation of the cultural value of university life. Following this description of university life Dr. E. G. Edwards Head of the Department of Chemistry Royal College of Technology Salford spoke of the great tradition which stood behind our Tech- nical Colleges-to provide scientific and technical training and education to Lll who seek knowledge in whatever sphere.This involved the provision of a sound knowledge of the fundamentals of the sciences and a modern and elastic training in their day-to-day application. Thus was the knowledge of pure science transmuted into the flow of useful materials and appliances so enriching and even indispensable to our age. The staffs of our colleges generally [QUI combined both scientific and industrial experience and so were highly qualified for the discharge of their important tasks. The student in general received his education from two sources-his place of employment and his technical college-and the degree of success was closely connected with the intelligent compromise effected between these two.Lastly the speaker emphasised the practical nature of the training and the early awareness of the immediate purpose of his studies aroused in the student through his contacts with technicians. Thus the technical college did not stand in rivalry to the university but in complement. Passing next to the work of the chemist in a symposium en- titled “My Job,” Dr. A. E. Gillam Senior Lecturer in Chemistry in the University of Manchester gave an account of the life of a chemist engaged in academic research. He defined research as any study of a completely new subject or of an old problem from a completely new angle.The stress was on the novelty of study and experiment. Such work demanded special attributes and mental equipment for this work was the most arduous and exacting of all the tasks before the chemist. Illustrating this point by reference to the work of Moseley Dr. Gillam dispelled the idea that the university lecturer had an easy time; it was an essential to promotion that first-class research should be attested by publication. Such endeavour left little of the long vacations untouched and the ability to work hard and long was not the least requirement. Dr. Gillam went on to explain the difference between long term or “academic,” and short term or “industrial,” research. It was impossible to draw a sharp line between the research of industrial research organisations and that of the universities.Much over- lapping occurred with great mutual benefit; but whereas industrial research usually concerned itself with investigations closely related to the problems of the specific industrywhich sponsored and financed the work university or academic research more generally concerned itself with fundamental problems perhaps with no immediate application. The ladder for the student commenced with a Higher School Certificate a good Honours Degree then a further period of work for either MSc. or Ph.D. By this time the chemist should have acquired the ability and necessary technique to commence independent investigations. Mr. J. Boulton Research Manager of the Droylsden Research Laboratories of Messrs.Courtaulds Ltd. next gave a picture of the industrial research worker. Saying that the term research included investigations into problems of product ion distribution finding new methods and improving old ones he stressed the value of creative art in the industrial worker. The qualities desired in the industrial research worker were similar to those demanded by academic research; but in industry the stimulus came from [ 96 1 commercial activity and was derived from a somewhat wider cross- section of people than that usually met with in university circles. While the nature of the research often precluded publication many enlightened concerns now permitted publication of those parts of the research dealing with fundamentals and such papers brought to their authors those rewards of prestige and professional satis- faction which were often lacking in earlier years.To compensate for the restriction on publication industry generally offered larger financial rewards than academic life. Finally one very important requisite was the ability to mix with all classes of commercial and technical workers at all levels. Mr. Kaye Refinery Superintendent of the Manchester Oil Refinery and a chemical engineer spoke on Chemical Engineering as a career. He amused the audience by recalling the days when after performing a reaction in glass on a laboratory scaIe the chemist brought in an engineer who promptly manufactured the same apparatus of the same shape but in some metal and on a large scale and then all hoped forlornly for the best.He contrasted this with the modern scientific method adopted by the trained chemical engineer who sought first to break down any operation into simple component steps or units. Such units when studied and adapted became the unit processes which the chemical engineer used to build up his complicated plant. Again the laboratory method was essentially a batch method starting with a charge of raw material and finishing with the completed product. The process must then be recommenced. By contrast modem chemical production aimed at a continuous method whereby a steady input of raw materials produced a continuous flow of finished substances. This placed heavy burdens on the designer of the plant for the spread of all the units used in the process must be closely integrated to avoid waste on the one hand and “bottle necks” on the other.Mrs. F. Dickinson of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. con-cluded the symposium by an account of the employment and prospects of women in chemical industry. She stressed the im- portance of team work and amply proved her case that women could and did hold their own; further that although women were numerically in the minority at the present time nevertheless it had been shown clearly that their sex was no bar to promotion. Mrs. Dickinson also gave a most valuable account of the training of girl laboratory assistants a work in which she has done much pioneer investigation. Examples of this activity were shown in some excellent photographs.Mrs. Dickinson herself an ex-teacher spoke also of the enormous importance of teaching as a profession,especially the teaching of science. The candidate should ask herself which interested her most people or things. If the former then the prerequisite for successful teaching already existed I974 The remainder of the meeting was taken up by an account of the professional work of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Mr. J. T. Marsh a Member of Council gave an excellent account of the activities of the Institute and indicated the necessary steps to be taken by the candidate for its qualifications. Among the main functions of the Institute were to influence the education and training of chemists and to grant professional qualifications to maintain professional status and discipline and to disseminate information through its publications.The Institute demanded loyalty and adherence to its by-laws. A code of ethical conduct was implied. The Secretary of the Local Section Mr. A. Carrol added a brief account of the work of the Local Sections speaking of the unique opportunity they offered for chemists of the most varied activities to meet on a common footing and so find community of interest and fellowship of ideas. Inviting the audience to ask questions Professor Challenger assumed the role of Question Master and many interesting questions were soon coming from both boys and girls. The boys were clearly worried about the effect of military service on their studies and the helpful and sympathetic answers given by the university and tech- nical staff present were much appreciated.One young lady ex- pressed her determination to become a chemical engineer and soon had Mr. Kaye on his feet to answer a charge of discrimination against women in this profession. After questions had continued for half-an-hour beyond the arranged closing time Professor Challenger had to apply the closure amid much regret. The meetings described above illustrate organised methods of approach to the problem of evoking and guiding an interest in chemistry in children and adolescents. Whether that interest is first aroused at such a meeting or in one of the ways suggested at the beginning of this article its further development will depend largely on personal contacts not only with the teachers whose duty it is to instruct and advise but also with individual chemists in all the various branches of the profession who thereby inevitably share in shaping the chemists of the future.SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE PRODUCTION AND USES OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS By Professor H. J. EMEL~US, DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Dublin and District Section Dublin 2 November; Cork 4 November; Galway 8 November 19481 The main methods available for the production of radioactive tracers are bombardment in the cyclotron or some similar device for accelerating ions the isolation of the radioactive fission products from uranium and neutron irradiation in the pile. The cyclotron may be used as a source of protons deuterons or alpha-particles of controlled energy and also indirectly of neutrons.It thus has the advantage of flexibility. The isolation of fission products may present difficulties because of the complexity of the mixtures encountered though this is potentially a source of very large amounts of certain species. The pile in which the controlled fission of U2=and the syn- thesis of Pu2sB are the main reactions has in its interior a high flux of slow neutrons capable of bringing about the (n y) reaction in most elements. In tracer production in the pile the sample to be irradiated is usually sealed in an aluminium container which is inserted into a special channel in the pile for the required irradiation time. The long-lived carbon isotope C1*is for example prepared by irradiating nitrogen in the form of calcium nitrate pellets (Nip + n1 = C14 + Hl).Much of the active carbon is present after irradiation as carbon dioxide and may be separated from an argon isotope formed in the reaction CaQO(n ct)A3' by precipitation as barium carbonate. Separation of the active isotope from the target material is normally impossible if the two are isotopic. In some cases however the Szilard-Chal- mers effect may be used. It depends on the recoil energy imparted to an atom when it undergoes say neutron absorption with emission of a */-ray. This energy is often greater than the energy with which the atom is bonded to the rest of the molecule in which it occurs. When for example ethyl iodide is irradiated with slow neutrons the radioactive iodine is set free and may be separated from the large excess of alkyl iodide by adding a small amount of iodine as carrier reducing and precipitating silver iodide.If the radioactive isotope is not isotopic with the target element from which it is produced a variety of chemical and physical methods are available for its separation. Many depend on normal procedures employed in analytical separations though in these it is often necessary to add a small amount of an isotopic carrier to facilitate manipulation. Other useful methods are fractional solution solvent extraction fractional volatilisation or separation in an ion-exchange column. In certain cases electro-chemical separations are also exceedingly useful. Radioactive tracer studies were first made with the naturally occurring radioactive elements as for example in Paneth's classical work on bismuth hydride.Magnesium turnings were exposed to thorium emanation and became coated with thorium B and C the second of which is isotopic with bismuth. On dissolving the turnings in acid the radioactivity of the thorium C is found in the gas evolved indicating the formation of a volatile hydride. Many more recent applications of tracer technique such for example as determinations of the solubility of sparingly soluble substances or the volatility of metals depend on the extreme sensitivity of the radioactive methods of measuring small quantities. In analytical chemistry radioactive tracers may be used in studying problems such as occlusion of ions in precipitates and the completeness of separations.Neutron irradiation will in a few cases reveal the presence of traces of impurities owing to the formation from the latter of a radioactive isotope with a characteristic decay period. The isotope dilution method of analysis is also finding increasing application. It is used to estimate a particular component (A) of a complex mixture by adding to a definite weight of the mixture a known weight of A containing a definite activity per mg. due to a radioactive tracer. A sample of A is then isolated from the mixture (and it need be only a small fraction of the total A present) and the activity per mg. is redetermined. This activity will be reduced owing to dilution with inactive material and the degree of dilution gives a measure of the amount of A in the unknown mixture.Other important tracer applications are the determination of the specific surface of solids and the study of exchange reactions. The latter may be illustrated by the exchange which occurs when an alkyl bromide is mixed with aluminium bromide containing radioactive bromine. Exchange studies with complex ions have also given valuable information on structure and bond types. The wide range of radioactive isotopes now available however leaves many such problems to be explored. Most of the progress in tracer applications in recent years has been in biological fields where radioactive isotopes such as those of hydrogen carbon sodium phosphorus sulphur calcium iron and iodine have a special signifi- cance.In the field of fertiliser chemistry for example phosphatic fertilisers containing radioactive phosphorus may be used with growing plants and serve to differentiate between the phosphorus which the plant takes from the soil and from the added fertiliser. Indeed the picture is more complete for the actual distribution of the radioactive phosphorus in the growing plant may be studied. This principle may be extended to the study of the distribu- tion of compounds containing radioactive atoms in the bodies of animals to which they are administered. A number of syntheses of organic compounds have been worked out in which a particular element (e.g. radioactive carbon) is incorporated as a tracer in a particular group of an organic molecule.The history of the labelled group may then be followed in reactions occurring either in vitro or in vivo. In this way an entirely new approach is provided to problems of animal metabolism. The localisation of a radioactive element (e.g. radio-iodine) in a particular organ has also found important therapeutic uses. In some instances there is evidence that the presence of a radioactive tracer interferes with the normal functioning of a biological system though usually there is no evidence that the picture is complicated in this way. THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN ORGANIC MOLECULES By Professor J. M. ROBERTSON, M.A. F.R.I.C. F.Inst.P. F.R.S. [Liverpool and North-Western Section at Wigan 6 November 19481 A variety of physical methods which provide information regarding the finer structural details of molecules are now available.Extremely accurate data may be obtained from spectroscopic methods but a full interpretation of the results is usually only possible for very simple molecules. X-ray diffraction methods have recently been applied with considerable success to the analysis of quite complicated organic molecules. The information ob- tained includes accurate values for the bond lengths and valency angles and if the analysis can be sufficiently refined a reliable picture of the electron distribution in the molecule should be obtained. A really critical study of this latter aspect has hardly yet been attempted and it remains a subject for future research. Studies have been made of bond length variations in a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the results may be compared with simple theoret- ical calculations based on a linear superposition of the stable valency bond structures (KekulC forms) for these molecules.In this simple treatment the accurately known bond lengths in diamond graphite benzene and ethylene are used to calibrate an empirical curve relating “double bond character” and bond length. In pyrene the bond lengths are found to vary from 1.39 A. to 1.45 A. in dif€erent parts of the molecule the central bond being long. While these variations are not much above the limit of possible experimental error yet they form a fairly definite pattern which is in good agreement with the results predicted from the possible valency bond structures.In 1 2 6 6-dibenzanthracene two crystalline modifications (mono-clinic and orthorhombic) are available for analysis. Interpretation of the results is difficult and not all the bond lengths can be separately measured in [ 1001 each form. There is however a certain measure of agreement and this confirms the reality of the variations which cover about the same range as in pyrene. Coronene or hexabenzobenzene provides a very suitable structure for detailed analysis and reasonably accurate bond length measurements can be made. In the central ring and in the “spokes” connecting it to the outer atoms the bond length is about 1-43 A. In the outer ring itself there is a distinct alternation of lengths between 1-385 A.and 1.415 A. These results can be predicted in a simple manner from the twenty stable valency bond structures which contribute to the normal state of this molecule and the results are also in agreement with more detailed calculations of Coulson by the method of molecular orbitals. 1 12-benzperylene has also been studied recently by White and although it is not possible as yet to obtain accurate measurements for all the bond lengths the results obtained for the main part of the molecule afford confirmation of the measurements on coronene. The chemical properties of these hydrocarbons sometimes indicate a certain degree of “bond fixation.” This does not imply that the properties can be wholly represented by only one structure but rather that a certain structure or a certain group of structures makes a more important contri- bution to the normal state of the molecule than certain other structures.A useful generalisation in this connection is that expressed by the Fries rule which states that structures with benzenoid rings are more important than structures with quinonoid rings. A detailed examination of the results mentioned above provides some evidence in favour of this generalisation especially in the case of pyrene. In general however the relation between chemical reactivity and bond length is a complicated one. It is likely that a more direct correlation with chemical properties will be obtained if it becomes possible to make an accurate study of the electron distribution between the various atoms in the molecule.There are many difficulties in the way of doing this and it will probably be necessary to carry out the diffraction studies at low temperatures in order to reduce thermal movement. Already however some interesting results have been obtained from certain very detailed crystal structure studies by the usual methods for example in the aliphatic series sebacic acid and hexamethylenediamine. In these structures the hydrogen atoms are clearly visible on the electron density maps and they occur in the places to be expected from a tetrahedral distribution of the bonds. The effect is slight and in many structures it is difiicult to distinguish it from spurious diffraction effects which are always present to some extent.It has to be remembered that the nucleus of the atom is not effective in scattering X-rays and we are only concerned with the electron distribution between the carbon and hydrogen atoms and around the hydrogen atom. Very few observations have as yet been made in this field but we have the impression that hydrogen atoms are “visible” to a different extent in different types of molecule. This may well indicate differences in the electron distribution. For example if the hydrogen atom is easily ionised we might expect not to be able to “see” it at all. The further development of these methods may provide data which can be correlated with theories of chemical reactivity more directly than simple bond length measurements. SULPHIDE PRECIPITATION AND THE MASS ACTION LAW By RONALDBELCHER, M.Inst.F’.F.R.I,C. [Aberdeen and North of Scotland Section 14 January 19491 Few text-books of qualitative analysis give a satisfactory treatment of the Mass Action Law as appIied to the piecipitation of sulphides. When an [ 101 3 attempt was made at the University of Aberdeen to give a fuller treatment of the subject in the teaching courses a number of discrepancies was noted. It is often stated that the sulphides fall into two groups because some have solubility products greater and some less than 1.7 x (the value for [S J when [H+] = 0.25 the acidity at which the first sulphide group is usually precipitated). When the values for ZnS CoS and NiS are examined however it is seen that on such reasoning alone these sulphides should precipitate in the first sulphide group.It is also rarely explained why the solubility products of the Group 2B sulphides are omitted from the table supplied; why cadmium sulphide has a different solubility product according to whether it is precipi- tated in a hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid medium; or why lead sulphide which has a solubility product similar to that of cadmium sulphide rarely gives the same trouble to students as does the latter. Perhaps an even more startling discrepancy to which no previous reference appears to have been made is the case of the precipitation of CdS at various acid concentrations. In text-books it is usually pointed out that the sulphide ion concentration falls rapidly with increasing acidity because ..............(1) [s=]=-K W2Sl W+I2 and that when [H+] rises much above 1 precipitation will not take place thus accounting for the ease with which cadmium may be missed in the Group 2 precipitation unless the acidity is carefully controlled. In order to impress this point on students an attempt was made to prepare a table showing the amount of Cd++ remaining in solution as [H+] increased. The attempt was abandoned as the following fact came to light. It can be readily deduced from the appropriate Mass Action data that [H+IBX K where w++]cM’+3 = [H2SJ x 1.1 x 10-22 ...... is a divalent metal K,is the solubility product and 1.1 x 10-2’ is the figure obtained from the dissociation constants of H2S. Taking the extreme case where concentrated hydrochloric acid is used (i.e.11 M) [H,S] as equal to 0.1 and K,as 7.1 x (Bruner and Zawadski l909) it can be shown that [Cd++]= 7.81 x 10-8 or Cd++ = 04377 g. per litre or 0.000 g. in 10 ml. That is to say that if we had a solution containing 0.200 g. of Cd++ per 10 ml. 0.191 g. should precipi- tate in concentrated hydrochloric acid ! One of the commoner problems given in text-books is the calculation of the amount of a metal remaining in solution after precipitation as the sul- phide at a given acidity. It will be obvious that with the available knowledge as far as cadmium is concerned such problems bear not the remotest resem- blance to what occurs in practice. And they become therefore nothing but exercises in arithmetic.The acidity at which cadmium sulphide no longer precipitates varies according to the text-books consulted. Some quote 1.3M; others give a somewhat higher acidity; but whatever it may be it is considerably less than even 4 M as many a schoolboy knows to his cost. An investigation was initiated in the hope of finding an explanation of this alarming discrepancy. At first it was thought that the value of 0.1 usually taken for [H2S] might not hold at higher acidities. The first difficulty en- countered was to obtain a solution of H,S in water which approached this strength. In the belief that the “closed-flask” method was the most efficient means of saturating the solution this was used in the earlier experiments but even after 24 hr. the figure obtained rarely approached 0.07M at room temperature.The bubbling method was found to be much more efficient. However consistent results could only be obtained when the rate of flow was controlled and measured by means of a flowmeter. For a value of 0.1 M to be reached the H,S had to be bubbled at a rate of not less than 260 ml. per min. for 15 min. When rate of flow is plotted against molarity a steep curve is obtained which flattens offat about 250 ml. per min. If the flow is main- tained for longer periods the molarity will rise above 0.1. Flow and time appear to be interdependent for when the rate is increased to 1,500 ml. per min. for 16 min. the molarity increases but slightly; on the other hand it reaches 0.11 M at room temperature in 30 min.with a flow of 480 ml. per min. and then remains constant. If a flow of 100 ml. per min. is maintained the molarity does not reach 0.09 even after 60 min. Whilst most students tend to pass H,S as fast as possible few will pass it for even 5 rnin. so that in practice it is unlikely. that the figure of 0.1 M will be approached let alone reached. In subsequent experiments time and rate of flow were adjusted so that the final concentration of H,S was approximately 0.1 M. It was found that up to about an acidity of 3.5 M the H,S concentration altered but slightly. Above this range erratic values were obtained and this phase of the work will be repeated using a more refined technique. Since however CdS does not precipitate at this concentration the molarity of H,S is of little importance as regards our present discussion since the value of 0.1 M may be accepted over the range where precipitation occurs.When allowance was made for the acid produced by the reaction it was found that precipitation just failed slightly above a concentration of hydro- chloric acid of 2.7 M. When the solution was cooled in ice precipitation was effected at a somewhat higher concentration of acid due to the value of 0.1 M for H,S being exceeded. On the other hand if an acidity just below 2.7 M was used and the flow of H,S was dropped to 100 ml. per min. i.e. on the steep portion of the curve precipitation no longer occurred since the value of 0.1 M H,S was not approached in the standard time. In these experiments on the precipitation of CdS solutions of known strength were used and precipitated at various acidities.The amount of unprecipitated Cd++ was then determined. Needless to say the results bore no resemblance to those obtained by calculation. Two typical results were a3 follows I Amt. Cd++ unpptd. g./litre [H+l Calculated Found 2.7 0.053 38.6 1.2 0.011 14.4 Another possible cause of the great discrepancy between the values obtained may lie in the accepted value for the solubility product. Its accurate determination is an admittedly difficult problem and widely differing values have been advanced. In equation (2) K,can be treated as an unknown and recalculated since all the other values are known or can be determined experimentally. Using the experimentally determined values of pM++] over the range 0-6M to 2.7 M HC1 values for K,are obtained which vary between 6.2 and 6.7 x 10-s.If the mean of these values (6.6 x lo-”) is used in place of the accepted value problems may be solved to give results which do bear some reasonable resemblance to what occurs in practice. This is only [ 103 3 suggested tentatively for much more experimental work is necessary; in future work activities will have to be considered although this will involve a problem in itself. The lower values for the solubility products of CdS may have been determined on aged precipitates which are more insoluble whereas our tentative values are determined on fresh precipitates. It is of interest to note that when CdS was precipitated at high acidities the red form of CdS was obtained as first noted by Biichner and independently by von Klubokow in 1887.This red form of CdS was considered to be fl CdS whereas the yellow form was considered to be a CdS. More recently it has been shown (e.g. Milligan J. Phys. Chem. 1934 38 797) that a CdS (hexagonal) is precipitated in halide solution and /3 CdS (rhombic) in sulphate solution. The difference in colour is possibly due to differences in particle size for both forms can exist as the yellow and red variety. Since our products were obtained at higher acidities than previous workers had used they were subjected to X-ray examination. All our samples regardless of the acidity at which precipitation was effected were ct CdS.All the products except that precipitated at the lower acidities had a well-defined crystalline structure. No evidence of the presence of CdC1 could be found. The preliminary experiments discussed in this summary were carried out in the University of Aberdeen in collaboration with Mr. W. I. Stephen and Mr. G. L. Buchanan. They were started with the hope that a few experiments might indicate the source of the discrepancy and an intensive research pro- gramme was not visualised at the time. A more refined technique will have to be developed ;for example a Kipp’s apparatus is not suitable for supplying a steady flow of H,S and cylinders are essential for exact work. It may be that some of our present figures will have to be revised but at least we think those obtained so far point in the right direction.The work is to be con- tinued at the University of Birmingham. TRADE EFFLUENTS By J. H. GARNER,BSc. F.R.I.C. M.I.Chem.E. and M. LOVETT,BSc. F.R.I.C. [Leeds Area Section 17 January 19491 The practice of discharging untreated trade effluents to the nearest stream was common 50 years ago and unfortunately still persists in some parts of the country. Trade effluents may contain constituents which are directly toxic or harm- ful or oonstituents which become harmful through subsequent decomposition whether accompanied by depletion of dissolved oxygen in the stream or not. (Fresh water in equilibrium with the atmosphere normally contains only about 10 parts per million of dissolved oxygen.) Other constituents though stable and harmless to aquatic life may cause serious difficulties if the water is used for steam raising cooling or process work in industry.Still others though not particularly harmful may render the water unsightly and so deprive it of any inherent aesthetic value. 1 p.p.m. of oil may be most unsightly and some dyestuffs are visible at a dilution of 1 in 80 million. Where river water is used as a source of domestic supply pollution at best may cause difficulty in the normal purification processes. At worst special processes involving considerable expenditure may be necessary to make the water wholesome and palatable. The increasing use of chlorination is not without difficulties. Thus although 10 p.p.m. of phenol may not give a perceptible taste chlorination may cause unpleasant taste and odour with only 0.001 p.p.m.of phenol. With continuously increasing demands for piped water supplies more use will have to be m.ade of lower reaches of rivers DR. BURKHARDT SPEAKING AT THE SALFORD MEETING SOME OF THE AUDIENCE AT SALFORD and streams and more strenuous efforts will be necessary to minimise pollution. The requirements of industry in regard to water supply are frequently exacting. Even unpolluted stream waters vary considerably in composition and many require treatment before use. Persistent pollution even when means are available for counteracting its effects may involve the user of stream water in heavy expense and intermittent pollution may cause damage to plant and materials before a temporary change in the nature of the water has been detected.Biologically a stream is not a one-way route and pollution of a lower reach is just as effective a means of permanently excluding migratory fish (e.g. salmon trout and eels) from upper reaches as persistent pollution throughout its length. Moreover the damage caused by isolated discharges of polluting effluents is out of all proportion to the actual period of discharge. Although the commercial value of inland fisheries in this country is small it is greater than is generally believed and might well be increased. Other commercial interests such as agriculture and navigation must also be considered and the recreational value of fishing boating and swimming must not be overlooked.Nor has industry any right to deprive a river of its scenic values. The owner of riparian rights is in a very strong position legally and may take action at common law even where a sanitary authority is powerless or inactive. The polluting constituents of a trade effluent may be chiefly in suspension (eg waters from coal washing) chiefly in solution (e.g. waters from chemical industry including gas manufacture) or both in suspension and solution (e.g. waters from textile mills beet sugar factories or distilleries). Methods of treatment fall into three main classes physical chemical and biological with suitable combinations of two or more. Physical methods may be subdivided into screening (or straining) and settlement.The waste is thus divided into two parts which may subsequently receive separate treatment. The separated solids may be of value sometimes sufficient to render the process profitable apart from purification aspects. Thus recoverable products include fibres from textile and papermaking industries grease from the textile industry and slurry from coal washing. If the suspended solids in a waste liquid are putrescible e.g. from food pro- cessing it is usually desirable to separate them in as fresh a condition as possible since putrefaction or fermentation may increase the dissolved im- purity and render subsequent purification more difficult. Mechanical filtration is really very fine screening and may be designed to operate at high pressure at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum.In physical methods the success of the process usually depends on the ease with which accumulated solids can be removed and if this can be done automatically or continuously it will usually be a great advantage. Such facilities increase the cost and may not be justified in small installations. In some wastes solids in suspension do not settle readily and much that appears to be in suspension is really in a colloidal condition. The addition of a suitable chemical reagent may bring about the formation of a flocculent precipitate which coagulates or entangles finely dispersed solids and pre- cipitates them. Coagulants in common use are lime sulphuric acid and salts of aluminium and iron. Optimum floc formation may occur only over a restricted range of pH value and adjustment of pH may thus be necessary.The latter may of itself bring about flocculation. In all cases careful control and intimate mixing are essential for economic working. It sometimes happens that an industry produces two or more different types of waste liquid which if segregated and mixed under controlled conditions can be utilised to mutual advantage. More rarely a waste liquid which is sufficiently [ 105 3 non-polluting to be discharged direct to stream can be utilised in the treatment of other wastes. An example is regeneration waste from zeolite softening plant. Carbon dioxide from flue gases may also find application. For trade effluents which are amenable to decomposition by the activities of micro-organisms biological processes are often the cheapest and most efficient.A process similar to the treatment of domestic sewage on perco- lating filters or by the activated sludge process can be used. An advantage of this type of treatment is that standard equipment is available from manu- facturers of sewage plant. Over 50 years ago the West Riding Rivers Board urged local authorities and traders to come to agreement so that the sewage and trade refuse of a district could as far as possible be dealt with at one centre. The Board’s efforts were frequently successful and considerable lengths of streams have been cleared of trade effluent pollution. The discharge of trade effluents to sewers has come into prominence in recent years by the passing of the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act 1937.To a large extent the Act was based upon experience gained from the operation of local Acts up to 30 years earlier by several West Riding authorities e.g. Huddersfield Halifax Heckmondwike Dewsbury and Morley and these authorities may justly be regarded as pioneers in their efforts to cope with the problem of trade effluents. The Act provides that local authorities shall either by agreement with separate traders or by the enforcement of by-laws fix the terms on which effluents may be discharged to sewers. Conditions may be imposed by the local authority but any person aggrieved by a decision has the right of appeal to the Minister of Health with whom rests the final decision. A trader who wishes to discharge trade effluent to the sewers must serve on the local authority a notice in the prescribed form stating the nature or composition the maximum daily quantity and the highest hourly rate at which it is proposed to discharge the effluent.If the local authority fails to give consent or attaches conditions which cannot reasonably be complied with the trader must be prepared to appeal to the Minister of Health and should rely on legal and technical advice in formulating an appeal. He should also ascertain whether the Minister has designated any specified body as being representative of the owner or occupiers of trade premises in the district and if so seek its help. In the West Riding the Minister has already designated a Committee representing certain non-textile industries.The main value of the Act applies to the more populated manufacturing districts in which local authorities have been backward in granting facilities for the discharge of trade effluents into the sewers and to new areas to which new industries are spreading. The majority of manufacturers desire to rid themselves of the trouble of operating purification works on their own premises and are willing to pay the local authority a reasonable charge for relieving them of the burden. The manufacturer often has some difficulty in finding space for a separate purification plant and he seldom has the necessary technical knowledge to get the best results from it. His employees are generally not skilled in the work and the plant is often relegated to an “odd job” man.If all trade effluent is treated at sewage works the problem of efficient purification is generally simplified by the mixture of different effluents and the control of the works can be entrusted to an experienced manager. Also the degree of purification even with the best trade effluent treatment plants very seldom reaches that of the average effluent from the modern sewage works. Further it has long been recognised that the provisional standards for purification of various types of trade effluent recommended by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal are inadequate for maintaining the cleanliness of streams. Some trade effluents may exert a greater influence on the normal biological r 106 1 coIidition of a stream than do sewage effluents of apparently similar impurity.In view of the facilities afforded by the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act it is very probable that rivers authorities will apply more stringent standards for the separate treatment of trade effluents than hitherto. The cost of reaching a reasonably high standard by this means would be more than by discharging the effluent to a sewer which must now be considered the best practicable and reasonably available means of disposal. Xn Act of Parliament relating to a problem such as this even when geri- uinely applied in the spirit rather than the letter of the law cannot remove all rlifficulties. With many trade premises it would be either impracticable or uneconomical to discharge effluents to sewers.Where large factories have been established in rural districts the local sewerage systems cannot be expected to cope with a burden probably many times greater than the dom- estic sewage of the district nor would it be feasible or economical to connect waste waters from such industries as coalwashing and coke manufacture to the sewers in urban and rural areas. The Act has been much criticised by both manufacturers and local authori- ties. Some of the criticism is understandable but much has been hasty trivial and even captious. For the successful working of the Act co-operation is required not only between traders and local authorities but also between the traders themselves. In the West Riding with very rare exceptions no particular difficulty has been experienced which could not be solved by collab- oration and compromise.Foresight is required in regard to choice of site and internal factory drain- age arrangements whenever industrial development is being considered. Even where no difficulty is anticipated it may be possible to modify the manufacturing process to reduce the volume or pollutional load of the trade effluent. Thus the installation of additional drainage racks at one milk depot reduced the milk loss in washings from 0-1 per cent. to 0.02 per cent. Not only was valuable material saved but the pollution load was reduced by 80 per cent. It may be possible to reduce pumping or excavation costs by adjusting the levels of certain units so that they will discharge by gravity to optimum drainage levels inside and outside the factory.In some districts more careful supervision by pollution prevention authori- ties will be needed and general co-ordination of various aspects of river control including land drainage river engineering pollution control and fisheries development will be an advantage. The recognition of these problems resulted in the passing of the River Boards Act 1948. The Act does not alter the law in regard to rivers pollution prevention but empowers the Ministers of Health and Agriculture to set up Boards whose duty will be to conserve water resources mainly by enforcing existing legislation. Manufacturers in districts not actively supervised hitherto should therefore recognise the fact that there will be more careful supervision of rivers than has hitherto been possible.Most trade effluent problems are however capable of solution given the genuine co-operation of all interested parties. BERTHOLLIDE COMPOUNDS By J. S. ANDERSON, Ph.D. Mkc. D.I.C. [Tees-side Section 21 January 19493 Solid compounds which do not obey the law of constant proportions and in which the atomic ratios are not expressible by small whole numbers have been called Berthollide compounds. The title recalls the controversy between [ 1073 Berthollet and Proust about the constancy of composition of chemical compounds. Classical chemical theory is based on the study of gases the molecules of which are independent of one another and contain a fixed number of atoms .each. The molecule is also a reality in crystals of organic compounds. In solid inorganic substances however the molecule may lose its identity in an infinite polymer. This makes the definition of a compound difficult. In a solid system continuously varying in composition it is usual in phase rule studies to describe as a compound that solid which shows a maximum melting point. Other properties such as electrical conductivity may also be used and the property may be a minimum or a maximum. However in some cases the maximum or minimum occurs at different compositions for different properties. For instance in the bismuth-thallium system the maximum melting point occurs at 62.8 per cent. bismuth which does not correspond to a simple atomic ratio.Other properties show extreme values at different compositions. In fact for solids the unit cell defined by X-ray analysis is the significant unit and not the molecule. Ideally the unit cell itself should have a simple rational composition like the molecule of a gas. But the actual composition of a crystal may differ from that of its ideal unit cell because some cells may be defective in one way or another. Thus in the sodium-lead system there is a compound with a unit cell corresponding to the formula NaPb,. However a compound cannot be prepared with a gross composition corresponding to this formula; a certain proportion of the lead atoms is always replaced by sodium atoms and the compound may contain from 27 to 35 atomic per cent.of sodium. Another well-known example is the mineral pyrrhotite a ferrous sulphide in which the composition may vary up to a maximum represented by the formula FeS,., although the unit cell corresponds to FeS. The excess of sulphur could be accounted for in three ways:- (1) Some of the iron positions in the lattice might be occupied by sulphur atoms. This is unlikely because for negatively charged sulphur atoms to take the place of positively charged iron atoms would involve drastic electrostatic repulsions ; (2) extra sulphur atoms may be inserted between the atoms occupying the (3) some of the iron sites in the lattice might be unoccupied with a corre- lattice sites. Such atoms are called interstitial or interlattice atoms ; sponding number of iron atoms raised to the trivalent ferric state to secure electrical neutrality.The formula weight per unit cell for FeS,. for these possibilities would be (1) 85.9 for substitution of iron by sulphur (2) 91.2 for interstitial sulphur (3) 82-9 for cation omission. Measured densities and cell dimensions for the composition FeS,. make it plain that (3) cation omission is the true explana- tion. The range of composition shows that up to 15 per cent. of the cation positions may be unoccupied. The same explanation applies to wiistite which has a unit cell corre- sponding to FeO but which exists in the range of composition FeO,., to FeO,.,,. The energetics of the defects in crystal lattices has been worked out theoretically by Schottky and LVagner.A defect in the ideal lattice can be created by moving an atom from the interior of the lattice to the surface of the crystal. This is an endothermic process involving an increase in the heat content. On the other hand since the vacant site may be anywhere the disorder and so the entropy of the crystal is increased. The free energy G(= H -TS) turns out as a result of these two opposing tendencies to be r 1081 a minimum at all temperatures above the absolute zero for a certain finite concentration of defects. All real crystals will therefore contain defects. The combination of equal concentrations of vacant cation and vacant anion sites (Schottky defects) occurs in highly polar compounds such as sodium chloride.The concentration of vacant sites increases exponentially with temperature and if as is likely about 1 electron-volt must be expended to produce a lattice defect Schottky's formula gives results like the following Temperature (" C.) . . . . 500 750 1,250 1,750 Fraction of Sites Vacant . . 3 x 10-6 3 x 2 x 3 x Mott however has argued that such figures are too low by a factor between 10 and 104. Of the other kinds of combination of defects which are possible only one is of interest the combination of vacant lattice sites with corresponding interstitial atoms (Frenkel defects). Consider a crystal in contact with the vapour of one of its components (e.g. AgBr and Br2). Bromide ions can be added to the lattice by process I which consists of (a)an increase in valency of a corresponding number of silver ions and (b) the creation of a cation hole corresponding to the anion added :-(I) Ag++ Ag++ + e .... *. .. .. .. -(a) $Br2+ e (atsurface) -+ Br- (on lattice site) + cation hole .. (b) Bromide ions can be removed from the lattice by process 11 which consists of the conversion of bromide ions into bromine molecules and of a corre- sponding number of silver ions into interstitial silver atoms :-(11) Br-+ Ag+ (on lattice site) -+ +Br9(gas) + Ag (interstitial) Addition or removal of bromide ions will therefore change the concentrations of both kinds of defect cation holes and interstitial atoms with corresponding changes in the heat content and entropy of the crystal. There will therefore be equilibrium concentrations of defects which will depend on the pressure of bromine vapour.When this is such that the concentrations of cation defects and interstitial atoms are equal the crystal has the same composition as the ideal unit cell although it is not free from defects. Such a crystal is referred to as the stoichiometric crystal and the sum of the concentrations of defects it contains is called the intrinsic disorder (6). For any other pressure of brom- ine vapour over the crystal (at the same temperature) there will be an excess or deficiency of bromide ions given by the difference between the concentra- tions of cation holes and interstitial atoms. The greater the intrinsic disorder the more rapidly does the composition of the crystal depart from the stoichio- metric as the equilibrium pressure is changed.The energy needed to produce a vacant site or interstitial atom is smaller than the lattice energy of the crystal by a factor which depends on the polarisa- tion and distortion of the lattice around each defect and also on non-ionic interactions. Crystalline compounds of the transition or B-sub-group metals are therefore more likely to contain defects than are those made up of ions possessing an inert gas structure. The number of experimentally established cases of deviations from the law of constant proportions is still not large partly because for many solid compounds the deviations to be expected are extremely minute. In other cases however it is simply because deviations have not been sought. An interesting example is lead sulphide which can have 0-5 per cent.atoms of sulphur in excess or defect of that given by the formula PbS. This had remained undetected because since the time of Berzelius no serious chemist had spent his time analysing lead sulphide. Other interesting cases are those of the oxides of molybdenum and tungsten and titanium monoxide. The oxides of molybdenum and tungsten are variable r 1091 in composition but on annealing they split up into phases of more definite composition. Titanium monoxide has the NaCl lattice but its composition can vary in the range TiO,., to TiO,.,. Lattice defects are important in controlling the rates of chemical reactions involving solids. These rates often depend upon a diffusion process in the solid and this diffusion takes place most readily through lattice defects.Thus a vacant cation site can be filled by a neighbouring cation and in this way the vacant site moves through the lattice. Among reactions which have been studied in this connection are those which may be described as tarnishing reactions. For instance the rate of reaction of silver with sulphur vapour is determined by the rate at which the silver cation diffuses through the film of silver sulphide. The same process determines the rate of oxidation of iron by oxygen under some conditions. Other interesting examples are found in spinel formation. Zinc oxide for example reacts with chromium sesquioxide more rapidly in air than in hydrogen because the concentration of vacant cation sites in chromic oxide is higher in air.Lattice defects can give rise to electrical conductivity (semi-conductivity) in non-metallic solids. Thus in cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide a proportion of the cation sites are occupied by cupric ions. The double charge can be transferred from one copper ion to the next in the lattice and in this way an electric current passes through the lattice. In some cases such as zinc oxide and chromic oxide the conductivity is affected by the oxygen partial pressure since this affects the concentration of lattice defects. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY By W. C. O’NEILL,B.A. A.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 2 February 19491 The manufacture of chocolate commences with a fermentation of the raw cacao beans.This is followed by drying roasting and dehusking to give cacao nibs from which the actual chocolate is prepared. The nibs containing about 50 per cent. cacao butter are ground to cacao mass and then mixed with ground sugar in a melangeur to give chocolate paste which is subsequently reduced to a powder called crumb of very fine particle size on a refiner. Chocolate crumb with additional cacao butter is then conched for a long time to develop flavour and to give a homogenous product in which solid particles are very thoroughly dispersed in a continuous liquid fat phase. A final operation known as tempering is essential in order to ensure the correct crystallisation of the cacao butter. In sugar confectionery generally the use of liquid glucose has now almost entirely superceded the old practice of boiling the sugar with cream-of-tartar to give a proportion of invert sugar.Either invert sugar or glucose is neces- sary in order to delay temporarily the crystallisation of sugar from the strong supersaturated solutions in which it is invariably present. In the manu- facture of fondant cream for chocolate centres etc. the delay in crystallisation is only temporary until the syrup has been well cooled down when it is beaten vigorously in order to induce very fine crystallisation. In boilings and toffees the crystallisation of sugar is further delayed by the high viscosity of the product. If this high viscosity is reduced by surface absorption of moisture from the atmosphere crystallisation sets in very rapidly.In jellies and gums crystallisation is delayed by the presence of gelatine etc. in addition to glucose. The keeping properties of confectionery are greatly influenced by its c 1101 water vapour pressure. For example boilings and toffees in which the water vapour pressure is very low are extremely hygroscopic whereas jellies in which the water vapour pressure is high tend to dry out. For control of osmophilic yeasts which cause the bursting of certain types of chocolate covered confections the method of measuring relative humidity and thereby osmotic pressure in a product devised by Pouncey and Summers (J.S.C.I. 1939 58 162) is very convenient. INFRA-REDSPECTRA By F. J. CRIPWELL,B.A. [East Anglian Section 11 February 19491 Although the infra-red covers a wide range of the electro-magnetic spectrum beyond the visible area the area most commonly considered is that lying between 2 and 25p.The position of the absorption bands in this area can be expressed in two unit forms. The bands can be designated by wavelengths expressed in terms of p or alternatively as wave numbers the wave number being the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimetres. Absorption of energy in the infra-red region is caused by molecular vibra- tions which in themselves give rise to a change of dipole moment. Consider-ing the C -H linkage two such vibrations would be the rotational and reciprocating movements of the two atoms relative to one another. In a complex organic molecule the number of absorption bands which can occur is very large since the molecule is capable of a number of intra- atomic vibrations.In the case of a molecule containing n atoms each having 3 degrees of freedom the total number of vibrations is (3n -6) to which must be added the overtones and harmonics of these vibrations. A certain amount of simplification is possible and a vast amount of experimental work has been done to distinguish and plot the so-called separable frequencies which are characteristic of different groups and linkages. The various kinds of double bonds and conjugated linkages straight chain and ring compounds and various forms of substitution each have their characteristic frequency bands at which absorption takes place. An examination of the infra-red spectrum of a compound especially if this compound is in a reasonably pure condition enables the analyst to identify the various groupings present in the molecule.Furthermore this examination can be carried out rapidly with a small amount of material. An application of a more academic interest is the deduction of force constants and structure from infra-red spectra. The recorded spectra are compared by trial and error with “calculated” spectra based on assumed molecular structures. Finally infra-red absorption is being used and appreciated as a tool in chemical analysis. Most compounds are found to obey Beer’s law which expresses the relationship between the absorption of a compound and the concentration present. The positions of the absorption bands enable one to identify the compound whilst the depth of the characteristic bands compared with the same bands produced from known concentrations of the compound enable one to calculate the concentration present in the solution.It will be appreciated from the fundamental examination of Beer’s law that the examina- tion of absorption bands is a much more sensitive instrument when dealing with dilute solutions. Proportionally the difference is more emphatic in dilute solutions. Owing to the fact that water shows a general absorption in the infra-red aqueous solutions cannot be used but organic solvents are very successfully employed. For this estimation any characteristic absorption band of the compound can be utilised. r 111 I This method has been successfully used in the estimation of the amount of tricyclene formed during the isomerisation of 01 pinene-camphene.Another war-time use of infra-red spectroscopy was the identification of different fractions in German aviation spirit from small quantities of such spirit left in jettisoned auxiliary aircraft tanks. As regards the instruments employed for infra-red work the difficulty lies in the selection of suitable materials for the lenses prisms etc. One has to compromise between increased dispersion and decreased transmission. Substances which have the refractive index which would give a good dispersion suffer from the defect that they absorb a high proportion of infra-red rays. Sodium chloride is the substance generally used for prisms although it has certain disadvantages but for reflections etc.metallised mirrors are exten- sively employed. Aluminium is very popularly employed in this respect but other metals can be used for reflection. The amount of energy transmitted is estimated on well designed thermocouples or bolometers. The design of these components of the spectrometer has been a field of many improvements especially as regards recording devices and amplifiers. Double-beam spectrometers render the problem of examining infra-red spectra easier by direct projection of the two beams giving a reading of the ratio of the absorption of the blank and the test beams. PLASTIC REPLICAS FOR SURFACE FINISH ASSESSMENT BYJ. PEARSON, MSc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. [South Wales Section 28 February 19491 The surface characteristics of steel sheets which may affect the properties of coatings applied thereto or the behaviour of the steel itself in subsequent mechanical operations may be classified as chemical crystallographic and topographic.The influence of topography i.e. surface roughness is very important in some manufacturing operations; for example the roughness of steel sheets for motor-car bodies must be maintained constant. Visual inspection being inadequate resort must be had to an instrument such as the “Talysurf,” with which to measure the roughness. Since the roughness is produced by mill-rolling with grit-blasted rolls it is equally essential that the roughness of the rolls be measured and maintained constant. Objects such as mill-rolls are too large to be accommodated on the Talysurf work-table and a replica technique has been developed.This enables negative replicas to be taken from selected small areas of large objects for subsequent examination on the surface measuring instrument. After much trial and experiment it was found that accurate replicas could be made by polymerising on the surface to be examined a mixture of 80 ml. of monomeric methyl methacrylate 20 ml. of “Diakon F” granules 2 ml. of tributyl citrate and 0.8 g. of benzoin. This mixture is applied as a thin film between the metal surface and a square of “Perspex” sheet 1 in. x 1 in. x & in. Polymerisation is effected by exposure to ultra-violet light. The replicas are readily removed even from rough surfaces and are of adequate hardness not to be damaged by the stylus of the Talysurf.The records on metal and replica are essentially indistinguishable. Since the replicas reproduce faithfully all surface irregularities they can be used for the metallographic examination of awkwardly located surfaces; when examined at high magnification by transmitted light they reveal all the metallographic details of original etched specimens. Such replicas can also be used as projection transparencies and in multiple- beam interferometry and electron microscopy. SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT (18January to 1 March 1949) Antrycide.-On 23 February Major Ramsay asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether every precaution is being taken to prevent the development of races of trypanosomes immune against antrycide in view of the fact that immune races have developed in the case of previous drugs.MR. CREECHJONES Yes. My advisers are very conscious of this possi- bility. The use of antrycide is being controlled initially by Government Veterinary Departments largely for this reason. Civil Defence.-On 20 January Squadron-Leader Kinghorn asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department if he will give details of the organisation to be administered by the scientific adviser for Civil Defence matters. MR. EDE In accordance with the recommendations of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy the conduct of research into scientific problems which arise in connection with Civil Defence planning is undertaken by existing research organisations such as those of the Ministry of Supply and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.It is the responsibility of the Chief Scientific Adviser working in close association with the Scientifk Advisers to the Service Departments and the scientific authorities in other Departments to define and bring to notice in the appropriate quarter the Civil Defence problems requiring research and to ensure that all research for Civil Defence is properly co-ordinated. In addition he himself undertakes in collaboration with the Departments concerned research of the kind described by the qdvisory Council as operational research. To assist him in his duties the Chief Scientific Adviser has a staff of five scientists.Coal Utilisation Research (Expenditure).-On 27 January Mr. Blackburn asked the Minister of Fuel and Power what is the present approximate ex- penditure in this country on research and development projects concerning coal; what this expenditure amounts to per ton of the annual British coal output; and how this expenditure and the amount per ton compares with that in Holland and the U.S.A. MR. GAITSKELL: Research and development concerning the utilisation of coal is undertaken by the Fuel Research Station of the Department of Scien- tific and Industrial Research the British Coal Utilisation Research Association which is supported largely by the National Coal Board and other organisations such as the Gas Research Board and the British Coke Research Association.The total annual expenditure involved is about 4450.000 or gd. per ton of coal output. Comparable figures for Holland and the U.S.A. are not available. In addition some 4120,000 is spent annually by my Ministry on Safety in Mines Research. The National Coal Board are carrying on research and development work on a considerable scale ranging from laboratory investigations into dust problems to the development of new mining techniques. No separate figures of expenditure by the Board on these matters are available but I understand this subject will be dealt with fully in the Board’s next annual report. Colonial Development.-Numerous references to the application of science to the development of the Colonial territories were made in the debate on Colonial Development and Welfare in the House of Commons on 24 February.MR. REES-WILLIAMS, the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies referred to the great difficulty of getting the necessary materials for building and equipping research laboratories and for building houses for the research staff and also to the grave shortage of scientists. He said that one of thr greatest problems at the moment was the provision of scientists and tech- nicians of every grade and that this shortage could not be made good even in a year or two having regard to the present output of the universities and training schools. He regarded it as essential to get on with the research schemes before the other schemes whether educational economic or social could come into operation.Mr. Rees-Williams then went on to give a list of some of the research schemes which were proceeding particularly in the field of agriculture veterinary fisheries and insecticides. The Government’s policy was to promote major research in this and other fields wherever possible on a regional basis and not a Colonial basis so that the Colonial Governments concerned could contribute as much as possible towards the recurrent cost. Fish Albumen.-On 14 February Mr. Douglas Marshall asked the Minister of Food what progress has been made in his experiments on the use of fish albumen for the manufacture of many products including confectionery and ice cream and for the laundry industry. MR. STRACHEY A small plant for producing fish albumen has been in- stalled by an association of manufacturers and is undergoing trials.I under-stand that the stage of commercial production has not yet been reached. Industry Operational Research.-On 19 January Sir Patrick Hannon asked the Lord President of the Council if he will make a statement on the policy of His Majesty’s Government on the continuity of operational research applied to industry; if details are available of the number of industries which have undertaken operational research activities; and if he will give an assur- ance that the departments concerned will extend every encouragement to firms anxious to develop operational research within their respective organ- isations. OF THE COUNCIL, THE LORDPRESIDENT Mr. Herbert Morrison It is the policy of His Majesty’s Government to encourage all scientific activities which contribute to increasing the productivity and efficiency of industry.Opera-tional research I am told is a term given in the recent war to the use of the scientific method for obtaining data on which executive decisions can be based. It has been employed by progressive firms in many industries for a number of years; I cannot say how many but there is certainly room for more of it. I have had a full report on its possibilities from a Panel of the Com- mittee on Industrial Productivity. Several of the co-operative research associations in particular the Cotton Research Association the Iron and Steel Research Association and the Boot Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association are doing well with it and with the general expansion of facilities since the war other research associations are already carrying out or are planning similar work.I am therefore happy to give the assurance which the hon. Member asks for in the last part of his Question. Industry Research (Information).-On 26 January Mr. Cobb asked the Lord President of the Council what further action will be taken to bring to the notice of the smaller firms in industry the results of research work being carried out in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and in research associations. THELORDPRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL,rtir. Herbert Morrison The action being taken is a steady expansion of the existing methods of getting informa- tion across to the smaller firms.These include articles in technical and trade journals leaflets and pamphlets written in simple language films exhibitions local conferences and personal visits. It is one of the principal tasks of the Intelligence Division of D.S.I.R. Headquarters to ensure that these methods are used to the best advantage so that the expert knowledge and advice of the establishments of D.S.I.R. may be available to all who seek them. Similar methods are used by the research associations. National Research Development Association.-On 27 January Mr. Peter Thorneycroft asked the President of the Board of Trade if he is yet in a position to announce the setting up of the National Research Development Corporation which was to be established under the Development of Inventions Act 1948.OF THE BOARD THEPRESIDENT OF TRADE,Mr. Harold Wilson In view of the unusual and difficult nature of the work which the National Kesearch Development Corporation will have to do I have felt that I must exercise the utmost care .in the selection of the people who will have the direction of its affairs and finding suitable people is not proving an easy task. I cannot yet say when I shall be in a position to make an announcement. Science Teachers.-On 3 February Mr. Awbery asked the Minister of Education how many grammar schools are short of science teachers; what is the cause of the shortage; and what steps is he taking to increase the number. MR. TOMLINSON: Exact figures are not available but I am aware that many schools are finding it difficult to fill vacancies for science graduates.This appears to be mainly due to the increased demand for science graduates in professions other than teaching and the increased demands of the schools themselves and the dislocation of university courses during the war. More graduates will be completing their university courses in this and later years and this should lead to some improvement but I am keeping the matter under review and will continue to do so in consultation with the local education authorities and other bodies concerned. Teaching Profession (Salaries).-On 1 March Mr. Kenneth Lindsay asked the Prime Minister whether he is aware of the disparity in remuneration as between qualified teachers and university lecturers on the one hand and graduates employed in industry IocaI government and other professions on the other hand; whether he is aware of the frustration evident among the former group and the injury thus caused to the increasing opportunities for secondary and university education; and whether he will consider some form of inquiry into the comparative remuneration of professional men and women firstly to determine the facts and secondly to take appropriate action with a view to securing a fairer balance between teaching and the other professions.THEPRIME MINISTER,Mr. Attlee My right hon. and learned Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer in replying yesterday to the hon. Member for London University (Sir E. Graham-Little) announced certain improvements to which he has agreed in the remuneration of university teachers in the medical and dental schools.The position of other university teachers is under consideration. For school teachers the settlement of appropriate scales of salary is in accordance with Section 89 of the Education Act 1944 a matter for the Burnham Committees and my right hon. Friend the Minister of Education has no reason to think that the question raised by the hon. Member was overlooked when the Committees conducted their last review of the salary scales and he sees no reason to set up a special inquiry to deal with it. [3151 Mr. Lindsay While appreciating the generous answer given by the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday and the consideration given to medical and dental teachers may I ask my right hon.Friend if he is aware that there are thousands of university lecturers and teachers with salaries between k350 and &SO0 a year who at the moment are definitely feeling a sense of privation partly due to the increased cost of living since the last Burnham scale? Will he not reconsider the answer and possibly if my suggestion is wrong consider some other form of inquiry into the matter? THE PRIMEMINISTER These matters are under consideration as my right hon. and learned Friend said yesterday but it is extremely difficult to work out the terms of relativity in these matters. Mr. Wilson Harris Does the right hon. Gentleman realise how difficult it will be to retain university professors at all at salaries of from L1,400to L1,600-many of whom could earn double that in other professions-and how grave will be the effect right down the scale? THE PRIMEMINISTER There is really nothing new in this.People of great mental powers often devote themselves to education and university work when they might have gone out for a greater commercial reward but they do not always choose that course. Mr. Chetwynd Would my right hon. Friend look particularly at the position of science teachers because industry can offer these people far greater rewards than the teaching profession? THEPRIME MINISTER:I am aware of that. Technical Colleges Number of Students.-On 27 January Commander Maitland asked the Minister of Education what were the numbers of students in technical colleges in 1946 1947 and 1948 to the latest convenient date.MR. TOMLINSON: The following table shows the number of full-time and part-time students who attended grant-aided establishments of Further Education during the sessions 1945-46 and 1946-47. Statistics for 1947-48 are not yet available. Full-time Part-time Total 1945-1946:-Major establishments (other than art) .. .. .. 20,000 4 16,000 436,000 Art establishments .. .. 11,000 82,000 93,000 -Evening Institutes .. .. 799,000 799,000 31,000 1,297,000 1,328,000 1946-1947:-Major establishments (other than art) .. .. .. .. 32,000 628.000 660,000 Art establishments .. .. 13,000 97,000 110,000 -Evening Institutes . . .. 827,000 827,000 45,000 1,552,000 1,697,000 Technical Colleges Teachers (Pay and Conditions).-In the House of Lords on 16 February Lord Strabolgi called attention to the pay and con- ditions of teachers in technical colleges.He said that this was a matter of r1161 great importance to the nation and one in which he was supported by the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Technical education was suffering from a shortage of teachers and this was a very serious matter. Quoting figures supplied to him by the Parliamentary and Scientific Commitkee Lord Strabolgi said:- “During the session 1946-47 out of 452 vacancies in the technical colleges 191 were not filled; and out of the 261 appointments which were made 90 were not of a satisfactory standard-they were stop-gaps.These were appointed in order that classes could be held. For the 452 vacancies there were 617 advertisements issued some of the vacancies being advertised as many as three and four times. It is impossible in the face of the higher emoluments paid by industry to the best-trained scientists to obtain suitable technical teachers in sufficient numbers for the technical colleges. That is a most serious state of affairs and I need not press it upon my noble Friend who I am sure agrees with me. “In the Barlow Committee’s Report on scientific man-power it was estimated that doubling the present number of scientists and technologists is a matter of the utmost urgency if this country is to regain its industrial position. So not only have we a shortage in the existing staffs but in the Barlow Committee’s Report-I have this all documented and my noble Friend will not dispute it-it is estimated that we need to double the present number.If we turn to the Percy Committee’s Report we find that it recommended that in order that this man-power should be made available in industry the selection of a strictly limited number of technical colleges in which there should be developed technological courses on a standard comparable with that of university degree courses is necessary. It was estimated that there exist 27 major technical colleges of which 10 are in the Greater London area providing full-time technological courses of the required standard for a substantial number of students. Several of these major technical colleges also undertake a considerable bulk of training in pure science for the degrees of the University of London and so act as an overflow for the colleges and schools of the University.This state of affairs existed before the war and seems likely to continue for at least 10 more years. “I have had an investigation made of the records of one of the major technical colleges and these are the figures for the session 1947-48 university degrees in science 63; university degrees in engineering 78; total university degrees 141; professional technological diplomas 203; making a total of 344. Therefore the contribution made by such a technical college to scientific and technological man-power is very considerable and it is to be deplored that the salaries offered to the teachers are such that these major technical colleges are finding it impossible to recruit efficient lecturers in sufficient numbers.” Lord Strabolgi then went on to deal with the recommendations of the Burnham Committee and pointed out that it made no distinction between lecturers at major technical colleges and other types of teacher.He suggested that to bring in appropriate new salary scales would cost about klO0,OOO a year but that such additional expenditure would be well worth while. Replying for the Government LORDWALKDEN pointed out that all these questions were primarily a matter for the Burnham Committee and he gave a history of the position up to date. In conclusion he said that the Govern- ment were impressed with the paramount importance of good technical education as the only foundation of our industrial survival.For this good buildings and good teachers were essential and both were lacking as to numbers and accommodation. The Government would watch the position carefully but at present it was felt there was not sufficient evidence to reach a final conclusion. Lord Walkden drew particular attention to the fact that the National Advisory Council for Education for Industry and Commerce had recently been set up to advise the Minister on national policy especially in regard to major colleges of further education. It was impossible to say what the results of the review would be but technical education would certainly throw up many problems in the near future.It might be that the important question of the salaries and conditions of employment of teachers should be considered at the appropriate time against that background. In any event the whole subject and particularly the matter of recruitment and remuneration of teachers would continue to have the Government’s closest attention. United Nations Scientific Conference.-On 24 January Mr. Philips Price asked the Lord President of the Council if he will now make any further statement about the arrangements for representation at the United Nations Scientific Conference on the conservation and utilisation of resources to take place next May; and whether any decisions have yet been taken as to who in Great Britain will be asked to contribute papers or attend as observers or participants.MR. H. MORRISON: The selection of representatives either as participants or as observers is still proceeding and names will be announced as soon as firm arrangements have been made. The Secretary-General of the United Nations with the advice of the United Kingdom authorities has invited some 60 United Kingdom specialists to contribute papers. Universities Anglo-American Exchange.-On 17 February Mr. Blackburn asked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if he will make a statement setting out the precise details of the proposed arrangements for the exchange of students and professors between British and American universities under the Fulbright Act. MR. MCNEIL:The detailed planning of the arrangements for the exchange of students and professors under the Fulbright Act is not in the hands of this Department but is carried out by the United States Educational Com- mission in the United Kingdom which consists of seven British and seven American members.The offices of this Commission are at 55 Upper Brook Street London W.l. Universities Grants.-On 18 January in the course of a written answer to a question by Mr. Kenneth Lindsay THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (Sir Stafford Cripps) gave the following figures:- The non-recurrent payments to the universities in each of the years referred to are as follows:- 1945-46 *. .. .. .. A 620,896 1946-47 . . .. .. .. 566,996 1947-48 .. .. .. .. 1,920,508 1948-49 (to 14 January) .. .. 1,980,686 On 1 March in reply to a question by Sir E.Graham-Little THE CHAN-CELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER (Sir Stafford Cripps) ... I am providing [in the forthcoming Budget] L12,814,500 for recurrent grants to universities. This amount includes provision for the additional expenditure which universities will incur in bringing into operation the revised scales of payment for teachers in the medical and dental schools ... The progress of the universities’ scheme for physical expansion necessitates an increase in the amount required for non-recurrent grants and I am providing L4$ million for this purpose as against A:2,600,000this year. [ I181 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 21 January 1949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-Approval was given to proposals made by the Sub-committee on arrangements for the Anniversary Meetings on 29-30 April 1949 and to some additional suggestions put forward by members of Council (see p.ii). Discussion took place on the amenities of the Council Room with special reference to means for improving the acoustics. 'It was agreed that the photographs of Past Presidents hitherto hung on the walls of the Council Room but recently removed while the room was being reconditioned should not be replaced but that alternative arrangements should be made enabling these photographs to be seen by visiting members. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (17 January) was largely concerned with routine matters but included reference to steps taken in accordance with the previous decisions of Council to obtain insurance cover against claims arising from accidents loss of property etc.at meetings sponsored by the Institute or any of its Local Sections. The Council learned with satisfaction that its decision to instal new electric light fittings in the Library had been implemented and that the agreed plan for re-arranging the Library had been put into effect. On the recommendation of the Committee the last annual subscriptions paid by two Fellows over 70 years of age were accepted as Life Composition fees. The appointment of Miss I. K. Lunnun as Clerk to the Secretary with effect from 1 January 1949 was confirmed. Miss J. V. Haywood who had served in a similar capacity for over 30 years had been on sick leave since 1October and had died on 9 December 1948.Benevolent Fund.-The Committee had received letters of gratitude from regular beneficiaries to whom Christmas gifts had been sent and had acknowledged the receipt of a number of special contributions to the Fund from members of the Institute at Christ-mas time . In the Report of the Committee (17 January) reference was made to the proposals for the establishment of residential clubs for old people under the joint auspices of a group of Professional and Trade Benevolent Funds. Consideration had been given to means whereby financial support for this scheme might be secured from members of the Institute and other well-wishers and on conditions under which the monies so obtained might best be [ 1191 used in financing the joint scheme; professional advice was being sought on a number of points arising from these considerations.Nominations Examinations and Institutions.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (17 December 1948) and an Interim Report of the Committee (21 January) were adopted. Mr. John Haslam was appointed Associate Examiner with Mr. R. C. Chirnside for the Fellowship in Branch H General Analytical Chemistry. Proposals put forward by the Committee for simplifying and expediting its work in certain directions were approved. The Council concurred in a suggestion by the Ministry of Edu- cation Northern Ireland that the Joint Committee on National Certificates (Northern Ireland) consist of three representatives of the Ministry of Education the Head of the Chemistry Department College of Technology Belfast and two Fellows appointed by the Institute.The award of Ordinary National Certificates in Chemistry (Northern Ireland) to three candidates was approved. Mem bership.-The congratulations of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to members whose names were included in the New Year’s Honours List (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1949 I 47). The resignations of three Fellows and 15Associates were accepted with regret. In several cases the members concerned had lost interest in chemistry and had entered other professions. The deaths of four Fellows and two Associates were reported. Status Privileges and Employment of Members.-In the Report of the Economic Status Committee (12 January) reference was made to proposals for the establishment of a Committee to consider all questions relating to the development of biochemistry and chemical pathology in the hospital service.It had been hoped that such a Committee would be set up under the auspices of the Ministry of Health but the Ministry had concluded that it would be better for the proposed Committee to be formed and convened by the appropriate professional organisations though the Ministry would be interested and would be glad to send representatives as observers. It was agreed that this proposal be followed up in conjunction with the other societies and institutions concerned. It was agreed that a Report received by the Committee from the Registrar on the administration of the Appointments Register during 1948 be sent forward for inclusion in the Report of the Council for the year.Publications Library and Other Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (20 January) referred inter aZia to lectures monographs and conferences and the development of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. Satisfaction was expressed at immediate measures proposed for improving JOURNAL 120 ] AND PROCEEDINGS, several of which wodd be put into effect in Part I 1949. In response to a request in JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS 1948 VI 324 a number of members had sent in suggestions for the longer term development of the Journal and it was agreed to invite Local Section Committees to forward their views so that a full discussion of the subject might be held at the Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections on 30 April.The thanks of the Council were accorded to members of the Publications and Library Committee who had undertaken to supply the office with press cuttings on relevant topics for a trial period in order to see how information published in the daily and technical press might best be collected for use in the preparation of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. The Committee to advise the Council on the award of the Meldola Medal 1948 was appointed as follows:-The President with Dr. R. P. Linstead (Chairman) Professor E. K. Rideal Sir John Simonsen and Dr.P. E. Spielmann (representing the Society of Maccabaeans). Further consideration was given to arrangements for the second Scottish symposium at St. Andrews on 23-30 July 1949 which would deal with Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries and it was agreed to give all available information about this symposium in an announcement in Part I of JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS or in a leaflet to accompany that issue of the Journal. External Relations and Publicity.-A letter was received from the Honorary Treasurer of the Chemical Council giving particulars of a scheme that had been adopted for re-organising the work of the Conjoint Chemical Office which should serve to remove many of the difficulties under which the business of that Office had been conducted since its establishment in the early years of the war.The collection and acknowledgment of joint subscriptions had already been greatly accelerated and the Council expressed satis- faction at the establishment of the new scheme. Minutes of a meeting of the British National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society) held on 3 January were received. Mr. E. H. Nurse and Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham were appointed respectively as representatives of the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committees FCC/3 (Alcohol) and C/lS (Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations). A statement was received from Mr. A. L. Bacharach on the activities of the United Kingdom Food and Agriculture Organisation Consultative Committee on which he had been nominated to represent the Institute.The appointment of Mr. George Taylor as delegate to the Health Congress 1949 organised by the Royal Sanitary Institute at Brighton was confirmed. [ 1211 Dr. W. C. Price was nominated to serve on a discussion group set up by the Council of Industrial Design to consider exhibits representative of the Scientific Instruments Industry at the Festival of Britain 1951. Council Meeting I8 February I949 Constitutional and Administrative Matters.-The Council learned with satisfaction that a Provisional Committee had been appointed for the new South-Western Counties Section of the Institute and was making arrangements for the Inaugural Meeting of the Section. A request by the Committee of the Mid-Southern Counties Section to be allowed to increase membership of the Committee by two was approved subject to ratification at the next Annual General Meeting of the Section.The President reported that the Rt. Hon. Lord Goddard Lord Chief Justice of England had accepted an invitation to attend the Anniversary Dinner of the Institute on 30 April. Approval was given to a number of detailed proposals for the Anniversary Meetings on 29-30 April especially in relation to the organisation of visits to laboratories and works on the Saturday morning. The Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section had gladly accepted the Council’s invitation to nominate members of the Section to help in the organisation of the Conversazione and visits. The British Rayon Federation and Design Centre had kindly undertaken to organise a dress show for ladies on the afternoon of 29 April.It was agreed that particulars of the Anniversary Meetings with the appropriate forms should be distributed to members during March. (Leaflets were sent to members with the balloting papers.) The Council then proceeded to nominate candidates for election as Officers General Members of Council and Censors for 1949-50. On the motion of the President Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was unanimously nominated to the Office of President. Vice-presidents were nominated as follows:-Professor F. Challenger Professor H. Krall Dr. R. P. Linstead Mr. G. Roche Lynch Mr. J. A. Oriel and Mr. E. T. Osborne. Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones was unanimously re-nominated to the Office of Honorary Treasurer.Nomination of the following three Fellows for election as General Members of Council under By-Law 26 were received:- Dr. P. F. Holt Dr. E. H. Rodd Mr. H. Weatherall. Ballot having been taken the following 27 Fellows were also nominated as can-didates for election as General Members of Council under By-Law %:-I)r. C. C. Addison Dr. H. Baines Dr. G. M. Bennett Dr. [ J22 ] N. Booth Professor H. Burton Mr. R. R. Butler Mr. R. C. Chirn-side Mr. H. W. Cremer Professor W. M. Cumming Mr. G. J. Denbigh Mr. F. P. Dunn Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths Sir Wm. Griffiths Dr. F. M. Hamer Dr. D. W. Hill Professor L. Hunter Dr. D. J. G. Ives Dr. S. H. Jenkins Dr. W. I. Jones Dr. L. H. Lampitt Dr. F. M. Lea Professor W.H. Linnell Dr. F. G. Mann Miss M. Olliver Dr. H. C. Smith Mr. H. N. Wilson Professor F. G. Young. Dr. Charles Forrester was nominated as District Member of Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. The following five nominations were made in connection with the election of four Censors:-Mr. L. Eynon Professor Alexander Findlsy Sir Ian Heilbron Mr. G. Roche Lynch Professor W. Wardlaw. It was agreed that the first meeting of the new Council to be elected at the Annual General Meeting on 29 April be held on 20 May 1949. Finance House and Staff Matters.-The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14 February) was concerned inter alia with:-accounts for payment; preliminary consideration of pro-visional financial statements for the year ended 31 December 1948; membership matters including recommendations for the removal of members who were in arrear with payment of annual subscriptions and had not replied to repeated requests for payment; staff matters; house matters.Benevolent Fund.-The Report of the Benevolent Fund Com- mittee (14 February) was mainly concerned with a preliminary survey of the accounts for the year ended 31 December 1948 with further particulars of three current cases and with developments in connection with residential clubs for old people. The regular grant to the widow of a member with three young children of whom the two younger had recently been put to school was increased and an immediate non-recurring grant was made to assist in meeting certain special expenses.The Committee had learned with satisfaction that an Associate who had been in hospital following a nervous breakdown was now very much better and had been able to take a new post. A grant was made to him to enable him to meet expenses until the end of the first month of his new employment and the action of the Chairman in authorising a temporary grant to the Associate’s wife for the benefit of their two young children was endorsed. With reference to the scheme for Residential Clubs for Old People the Committee had learned with satisfaction that the Memorandum and Articles of Association of a Company to be known as “Crossways Limited,’’ for providing and maintaining such clubs had been completed. Also that the National Corporation [ 1231 for the Care of Old People had acquired on behalf of the bodies participating in the “Crossways” scheme a property in West Worthing at present being run as a private hotel with a view to putting it into use as the first residential club under the scheme.It was agreed that full particulars of the provisions of the Resi- dential Clubs scheme be made available to members and their financial support invited as soon as outstanding legal and financial implications had been clarified. Nominations Examinations and Institutions.-The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (20-21 January) and an Interim Report of the Committee (18 February) were adopted the latter containing the names of the candidates who had passed the Examination for the Associateship.The approval of the Council was given to a report of the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Ministry of Education Northern Ireland (4 February) submitting new rules syllabuses etc. for National Certificates. The procedure for the conduct and assess- ment of examinations for National Certificates in Northern Ireland has thus been brought into line with that applying in England and Wales and in Scotland. Membership.-The resignations of one Fellow and 17 Associates were accepted with regret. Several of these including three women had become engaged in activities outside chemistry. Several others had tendered their resignations on financial grounds but had expressed the hope of being in a position to apply for re-election at a future date.The Council received the Report of the Membership Committee (22 January and 11 February) which dealt entirely with proposals involving an elevation of the status of corporate membership of the Institute in relation to possible long-term effects on membership. It was agreed that this matter was of such importance as to warrant reference to a special meeting of Council and it was proposed that consideration of the proposals should be deferred until the new Council had been constituted. Publications Library and other Scientific Matters.-The Report of the Publications and Library Committee (17 February) was mainly concerned with the programme of lectures and conferences and with the allocation of books for review.The Council endorsed the Committee’s recommendation that the first P. F. Frankland Memorial Lecture delivered in Birmingham by Dr. L. H. Lampitt be published in the Institute’s series of Lectures Monographs and Reports. It was also agreed that the lectures delivered before the London and South-Eastern Counties Section by Mr. Lionel Heald on “The Function of the Expert Witness in Litigation,” and by [ 1241 Dr. J. G. Fife on “The Protection of Chemical Inventions,” be published together in the Institute’s series. On the general question of publication of lectures delivered before Local Sections it was agreed that where a lecture was of such general interest and high quality as to make its publication by the Institute seem desirable to the Section Committee the text should be submitted subject to the author’s concurrence to the Publications and Library Committee and should not be sent to any other periodical until the decision of the Committee was known.It was further agreed that while it was desirable that reportsof meetings of Local Sections and abstracts of papers read at such meetings should be given the widest publicity it was undesirable to make the full text of such papers available directly for publication in other journals. Requests for permission to publish a lecture in full in any other periodical should always be referred to the author. A letter was received from Dr. T. W. Parker representative of the Institute on a Joint Exploratory Committee convened by the Royal Institute of British Architects together with a draft memor- andum prepared by the Joint Committee for submission to the Lord President of the Council setting forth proposals for forming a research team to collect and correlate information on the design of laboratories.The terms of the draft memorandum were approved. External Relations and Publicity.-The Minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council held on 23 November 1948 were received referring inter alia to:-Grant to the Faraday Society; representa- tion on the Council; subscriptions of members in New Zealand; Festival of Britain 1951; paper supplies; chemical notations. Officers of the Chemical Council for 1949 were announced as follows Chairman Professor E. K. RideaI; Vice-chairman Dr.R. P. Linstead; Honorary Treasurer Professor A. Findlay; Honorary Secretary Dr. G. M. Bennett. The Report of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee for 1948 was received and satisfaction was expressed at copies of this Report being made available to individual Members of Council. It was agreed to invite Dr. A. M. Ward to represent the Institute at the Jubilee celebrations of the West Ham Municipal Technical College. At the suggestion of the Committee of the East Anglia Section it was agreed to appoint Dr. John Williams as representative of the Institute on the Advisory Committee for Science to the Ipswich School of Technology in succession to Dr. J. W. Corran who had asked to be relieved of this duty. The thanks of the Council were ordered to be conveyed to Dr.Corran for his past services in this capacity. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstracts of Minutes of the Chemical Council held on 25 January 1949 1. The Chairman reported that the Constitution of the Council for 1949 was as follows:- The Chemical Society.-Sir Wallace Akers (ex-oficio) Sir Ian Heilbron Professor D. H. Hey Dr. R. P. Linstead. The Royal Institute of Chemistry.-Professor A. Findlay Dr. D. W. Kent- Jones (ex-officio) Professor W. H. Linnell Dr. G. Roche Lynch. The Society of Chemical Industry.-Mr. H. W. Cremer Mr. Julian M. Leonard (ex-officio) Dr. L. H. Lampitt Mr. S. Robson. The Faraday Society.-Dr. G. M. Bennett Dr. R. Lessing. The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists.-Mr.Lewis Eynon Mr. G. Taylor. The Biochemical Society.-Dr. J. H. Birkinshaw Dr. J. H. Bushill. The Institufion of Chemical Engineers.-Mr. M. B. Donald hh-. F. A. Greene. The A ssociation of British Chemical Manufacturers.-Dr. G. M. Dyson Mr. Foster Sproxton Dr. W. D. Scott Mr. R. N. Winter. 2. Honorary Officers for the year 1949 were elected as follows:-Chairman Professor E. K. Rideal; Vice-chairman Dr. R. P. Linstead; Honorary ‘Treasurer Professor Alex. Findlay; Honorary Secretary Dr. G. M. Bennett. 3. A vote of thanks to Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Mr. A. L. Bacharach Professor W. E. Garner and Sir Harry Jephcott the retiring Members of Council was carried unanimously. 4. Dr. R. P. Linstead has accepted the invitation of the Council to act as Chairman of the Panel for Chemistry for the Festival of Britain 1951.6. A report of the Conjoint Chemical Office Committee regarding a reorganisation of the Conjoint Chemical Office which is being put into effect in order to deal efficiently with the increasing volume of work under the Joint Subscription Scheme was approved by the Council. 6. Arising out of a report of a meeting of the representatives of Societies on the Council on the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the supply of laboratory glass and porcelain ware it was agreed to inform the British Chemical Ware Manufacturers Association that any application to the Board of Trade for licences to import ordinary filtering funnels very large glass bottles aspirators and desiccators would have the support of the Chemical Council.The view was expressed that as a help to the supplier of apparatus the customer should state in his order whether or not the apparatus must strictly conform to the specification of the order. 7. It was agreed to ask the Council of the Chemical Society to accept a copy of the full report of the Royal Society Information Conference sent to the Council for the Library of the Society. 8. Various financial matters were dealt with and the under-mentioned grants towards the costs of publications were made from the accumulated fund of L5,OOO:-[ 1261 f s. d. The Chemical Society .. .. .. .. . * 1,333 6 H The Society of Chemical Industry .. .. . . 1,333 cj 8 Bureau of Abstracts .... .. .. .. 1,333 6 8 The Faraday Society . . .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 9. The Student Facilities were granted to two applicants. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A joint meeting was held in Marischal College Aberdeen on 27 January. The Chairman Dr. R. B. Strathdee introduced Mr. F. Parrott of the Clayton Aniline Company Manchester who in the absence through illness of his colleague Mr. J. G. Grundy gave an address on “The Application of Dye-stuffs to Non-Textile Materials.” The lecture was illustrated by demonstrations and by a remarkable variety of specimens in which the audience showed great interest. Dr. Robert Roger proposed the vote of thanks to the speaker.On 25 February Professor D. H. Everett of University College Dundee delivered a lecture on “Some Factors Influencing the Strengths of Acids and Bases.” Professor R. N. Barrer presided and the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. J. M. C. Thompson. On 10 March Dr. R. B. Strathdee O.B.E. presided over a meeting which was addressed by Dr. F. N. Woodward Director of the Scottish Seaweed Research Association on “Recent Advances in Seaweed Technology.” After a discussion in which many members of the audience took part a vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer on the call of Dr. J. A. Lovern. Birmingham and Midlands.-The first meeting in the new year was held on 14 January when Mr. G. H. Osborn Chief Analyst British Drug Houses Ltd.delivered a lecture entitled “Recent Developments in the use of Organic Reagents in Chemical Analysis.” The Chair was occupied by Dr. S. H. Jenkins. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. H. C. Smith and cordially adopted by the meeting. On 26 January the Frankland Memorial Lecture was inaugurated at Mason College in the lecture room which Percy Frankland used for nearly a quarter of a century. The Chair was occupied by Sir Robert Pickard F.R.S. and Professor F. Challenger Vice-president represented the President of the Institute. The lecture was delivered by Dr. L. H. Lampitt to an audience of a hundred which included the Lord Bishop of Birmingham and many old students of Professor Frankland. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor Challenger seconded by Dr.E. D. Mason and carried with enthusiasm. At the Dinner which followed the Bishop proposed the toast of the Institute and Professor Challenger replied. Dr. Lampitt’s health was proposed by the Chairman Dr. H. C. Smith; the guests were welcomed by Mr. E. M. Joiner and the acknowledgment was made by Mr. S. A. Brazier. The function was most enjoyable and successful. A joint meeting with the Institution of the Rubber Industry provided members with their first opportunity to hear a lecture in Birmingham from Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. newly-appointed to the Mason Chair of [ 137 ] Chemistry in the University of Birmingham. His subject was “The De- gradation of High Polymers,’’ and a large audience was attracted.The Chair was occupied by Mr. E. F. Powell. Cardiff and District.-A joint meeting with the South Wales Section was held in the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend on 26 January when Mr. L. W. Chubb of Shell Chemicals Ltd. lectured on “Solvents and Inter- mediates derived from Petroleum.” Dr. D. P. Evans was in the Chair and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Phillips of the South Wales Section and seconded by Mr. Pinder of the Cardiff Section. Prior to the meeting a tea was held in the Blue Bird Cafe. On 18 February a meeting held jointly with and arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in the University College Cardiff when Dr. F. G. Tryhorn Director of the Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory Nottingham lectured on “Forensic Science,’’ giving an account of the organisation staffing and work of the Forensic Science Labora- tones of England and Wales.There was a very large audience which in- cluded the Chief Constables of Cardiff and Glamorgan together with about 200 members of their staffs. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Cul- linane and seconded by Mr. Price Chief Constable of Cardiff. Mr. N. T. Simmons was in the Chair. Dublin and District.-The first meeting of the Section for 1949 was held in the Chemistry Department of Trinity College Dublin on 2 February when Mr. W. C. O’Neill gave an interesting account of “Sugar Confectionery.” The address was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens of the materials under discussion the latter being consumed by the audience at the close of the meeting (for summary see p.110). Members were asked when remitting their subscriptions to remember the Benevolent Fund and if possible to include a contribution to it. East Anglia.-On 14 January under the Chairmanship of Dr. J. Corran Professor J. C. Earl gave a lecture on “Chemistry in Australia.” The original trends of chemical investigation and research in Australia were based on the natural resources of the country. This led to classical researches on the constituents of the local plants and eucalyptus trees and also to metallurgical research. Since then however chemical industry and education in Australia has developed considerably and Professor Earl gave an interesting account of these modern developments together with an outline of the educational facilities and research organi- sations.The organisation of chemists and societies kindred to the Royal Institute of Chemistry was also touched upon. On 11 February at Ipswich Mr. F. J. Cripwell B.A. of the Research Staff of B. X. Plastics Ltd. gave an interesting lecture on “Infra-red Spectra’’ (for summary see p. 111). A useful discussion on the various applications of infra-red spectra followed the lecture. East Midlands.-On 27 January at the Midland Hotel Derby Dr. J. Grant lectured on “Woodpulp-Some Chemical Aspects.” An interesting discussion followed. On 10 February at the Technical College Nottingham a joint meeting was held with the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.This took the form of a symposium on “Plant Diseases” and the speakers were Professor C. G. C. Chesters on “The Soil Microflora,” Mr. G. N. Rolinson on “Antibiosis,” and Mr. G. B. Lush on “Some Aspects of Plant Nutrition.” The papers presented were most interesting and provided a fascinating review of a comparatively novel subject. A very lively discussion took place and the Chairman had eventually to apply the closure in view of the late hour. On 24 February at the Technical College Leicester Mr. R. C. Tarring of Shell Chemicals Ltd. gave a lecture on “New Detergents.” During the prolonged discussion Mr. Tarring dealt at length with the effect of the new detergents on sewage disposal. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh on 24 Feb-ruary 1949 when the following Officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman Mr.R. G. Thin; Vice-chairman Dr. I. A. Preece; Secretary- Treasurer Mr. G. Elliot Dodds; Recorder Dr. K. F. MacBean; Committee Members to fill vacancies Mr. H. H. Campbell Mr. F. D. Kerr Mr. E. G. Peppiatt Mr. R. T. Potter and Dr. D. Taylor. Mr. H. H. Campbell was re-elected Honorary Auditor. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A joint meeting of chemical societies in the area was held on 28 January in the Rooms of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow under the chairmanship of Mr. A. R. Jamieson Chairman of the Section. A lecture entitled “Organic Chemistry in Relation to Medical Research” was delivered by Sir C.R. Harington F.R.S. Director of the National Institute for Medical Research London. The vote of thanks which was heartily accorded was proposed by Professor F. S. Spring. On 4 February members were present at a meeting arranged by the Glasgow Section of the Society of Chemical Industry when an address entitled “Post-War Research in Building Materials” was given by Mr. H. M. Llewellyn of the Building Research Station of the D.S.I.R. The vote of thanks was proposed by Col. Potter and accorded by an enthusiastic audience By invitation of the Spectrographic Discussion Group and the Absorptio- metric Panel members attended a meeting on 25 February 1949 in the Royal Technical College Glasgow.Four short papers were delivered as follows:-“Review of Group In- vestigations and Related Developments in Spectrographic Methods of Ana-lysis,” by S. D. Steele; “Modern Applications of Spectrographic Methods of Analysis,” by D. M. Smith; “Review of Panel Investigations and Related Developments in Absorptiometric Methods of Analysis,” by A. B. Crawford; “The Absorptiometric Determinations of Silicon and Nickel in Ferrous Alloys,” by L. Russell. The Chair was taken by Dr. R. 0. Scott of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research Aberdeen and the large and interested audience accorded a hearty vote of thanks on the motion of Mr. J. H. Oldfield. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the Section was held at the University of Leeds on 14 February 1949 Mr. G. Brearley (Chairman of the Section) presiding.Sir Wallace Akers lectured to a very large and appreciative audience on “The Industrial Applications of Atomic Energy.” The keen interest shown was reflected in the prolonged discussion which followed. A vote of thanks was moved by Professor E. G. Cox and carried with acclamation. Liverpool and North-Western.-At a joint meeting on 14 February of the local members of the Institute the Society of Chemical Industry (including the Plastics Group) the British Association of Chemists and the Institution of the Rubber Industry under the chairmanship of Mr. H. Jackson Chairman of the Preston Section of the I.R.I. at Preston an informal talk was given by Dr. W. J. S. Naunton on “Natural and Synthetic Polymers with special reference to Rubbers and Fibres.” The talk was followed by a keen discussion.The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the lecturer. [ 1291 London and South Eastern Counties.-Members who visited the Fuel Research Station Greenwich last summer will recall the demonstration given on the work carried out there during the war to perfect a device which would eliminate smoke from Scotch Marine Boilers and increase their thermal effici- ency. We were reminded of this again at Gravesend on 11 January when Mr. W’. J. Sparkes read a paper “Efficiency and Smoke Emission of Lancashire and other Shell-type Boilers.” Incidentally this meeting afforded an oppor- tunity to further the good relationships which the Kent Group enjoy with the Gravesend and District Engineering Society.Professor W. Wardlaw needs no introduction to chemists and those who looked forward to hearing him lecture once again in his own inimitable style were not disappointed at the meeting held on 19 January in the rooms of the Royal Society of Medicine. His paper “The Ministry of Labour and the Profession of Chemistry” was full of interest and provoked a lively discussion. At the close of the meeting Mr. R. L. Collett Registrar of the Institute congratulated Professor Wardlaw on the award of the C.B.E. for his work with the Ministry of Labour and paid tribute to the incalculable value of his services to the profession of chemistry a sentiment which all members of the Institute will endorse. If co-operation between industrial firms and the Institute is any guide to the relationships between industry and the profession of chemistry then a very healthy state of affairs must exist at Slough.For the second time within six months the Slough Group have been fortunate in persuading a local firm to open its premises to members of the Institute. On 25 January Messrs. High Duty Alloys Ltd. kindly acted as hosts for a meeting at which members were privileged to hear Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Vice-president of the Institute lecture on “The Chemistry of Dusts.” On 5 February the Section paid one of its regular visits to Rrighton Technical College. The speaker on this occasion was Professor C. Tyler and his subject “The Biochemistry of Eggshell Formation.” After so many years with dried egg as a feature in the national diet it is refreshing to be reminded that the “old fashioned shell egg” is not yet extinct! “The Work of the Government Laboratory” is a matter which affects all sections of the community whether chemists or laymen.The importance of this subject was reflected in the record attendance (106 members) at 30 Russell Square on 16 February when Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S. the Government Chemist read a paper under the above title. The Reading Group have in the past made useful contributions to the work of the Section by organising meetings at which matters of academic importance have been discussed. This good work was continued on 19 February when Professor F. E. Simon read a paper on “Experiments on Solid Helium” to members of the Institute at the University of Reading.Once again the Section was privileged to hold a meeting jointly with the Alembic Club at the University of Oxford when on 28 February Mr. C. S. Robinson read a paper on “Research and Productivity in Industry.” The meeting was honoured by the presence of Sir Robert Robinson P.R.S. in the Chair. “When in doubt show a film.” We do not advocate this maxim as an easy way out of the difficulties which confront Honorary Secretaries in drawing up a programme of Section meetings but we should be the last to deny that a carefully chosen selection of scientific films makes a welcome “change of diet” from the orthodox lecture. As a result of the work of the Films Sub-committee in appraising current scientific films two film dispays were arranged-at Acton on 10 and at Nonvood on 21 February.In some circles Fellows and Associates of the Institute are referred to as “Members of a Learned Society.” This at once conjures up a picture of c 1301 serious spectacled individuals holding somewhat aloof from the common things of life. This conception was rudely shattered at the Social-Dance held at Slater’s Oak Restaurant on 4 March when some 300 members and friends attended to dance to the music of the Douglas Payne Swingtette and partake in games organised by the Social Sub-committee. The sight of “Members of a Learned Society” racing across the floor clad in nightgowns bed-jackets and night-caps whilst endevouring to keep their bed-time candles alight will long remain with us.We think however that a special prize ought to have been awarded to the gentleman who got so firmly entangled in his nightgown that it took the combined efforts of the M.C. and two Stewards to extricate him he certainly gave us the biggest laugh of the evening. The Hat-making Competition provided interesting data on the capabilities of some members of the chemical profession but we should like to know who was responsible for the presentation of a pair of kippers as one of the prizes. We would hasten to assure our fellow members of this “Learned Society” that they were a highly respectable pair of kippers and were last seen leaving the hall wrapped in the front page of the Times. Altogether a highly successful evening resulting in L21 being made available to the Benevolent Fund.Mid-Southern Counties.-A meeting was held at Bournemouth Municipal Technical College on 24 February when the Chair was taken by Dr. C. G. Lyons. The lecture entitled “Byways in Chromatography,” was given by Dr. T. C. J. Ovenston of the Admiralty Materials Research Laboratories Holton Heath Dorset. A very lengthy and interesting discussion followed and finally the vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. E. A. Seeley. About 55 members attended. North Wales.-A joint meeting with the Chemical Society of University College Bangor was held at Bangor on 9 December 1948. The President of the Students’ Society occupied the Chair. Members of the Institute were entertained to tea by the students and received by Professor Peat and Dr.W. R. Angus. Professor F. Challenger Vice-Pvesidenl gave a lecture on “Sulphonium Compounds and Sulphoxides in Biological Chemistry.” A discussion followed in which Professor Peat and members of his staff took part. Dr. N. B. Dyson proposed the vote of thanks. The evening terminated with an in- formal dinner to the lecturer. A joint meeting with the Liverpool and North-Western Section was held at Chester on 21 January 1949. Mr. J. H. Wootton-Davies J.P. gave an entertaining paper on “A Chemist in and out of Parliament.” He reviewed his activities as a former member of the House of Commons with special reference to the attitude of its Members towards scientific matters of public moment. In particular he outlined the difficulties and help he encountered whilst he was in charge of the organisation of glycerine supplies and the manner in which he had to overcome the lack of breadth of outlook that characterised private Members’ questions and proposals.The lecturer dealt with the salient points of the one-day debate on scientific research emphasising that this was the first occasion that the House had devoted such time to the subject. He paid tribute to the work done through the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee by Mr. Pilcher in furtherance of the interests of the chemical profession. Mr. Wootton-Davies summed up his reaction to the present state of scientific outlook within the House by the suggestion that scientists as a body should sponsor a Member of the House as a representative of their interests and of the position of science in the country.Those present enjoyed this address and the fair criticism based on the lecturer’s experience of those who helped and those who impeded the progress i 1311 of science amidst the cross currents of politics. Mr. J. F. Clark proposed the vote of thanks. Shefield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-On 2 February at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield with Mr. G. E. Speight in the Chair two short papers were read by members of the Section-“The Phenol-Aldehyde Re- action,” by Mr. J. G. Moss and “Solution Analysis by Emission Spectroscopy,” by Mr. J. H. Oldfield. The subject matter of these papers stimulated an interesting discussion and the meeting concluded with a vote of thanks ably moved by Mr.E. J. Vaughan. On 8 March at the Royal Victoria Hotel Sheffield two further short lectures were given by Section members. “The Use of Suspensions as Heavy Liquids” was dealt with by Mr. L. W. Needham who introduced the subject mainly from the angle of coal cleaning and included some interesting theo- retical aspects. Mr. E. J. Miles followed with “Bubble Pressure Measurement in Analysis,” and included a demonstration of the apparatus used. The discussion which followed was dealt with in a masterly manner by both Mr. Ncedham and Mr. Miles and Dr. D. H. Peacock finally expressed the warm appreciation of the meeting for an enjoyable evening. South Wales.-On 26 January a meeting was held jointly with the Cardiff and District Section at the Mining and Technical Institute Bridgend Dr.D. P. Evans presiding. A lecture on ‘Solvents and Intermediates derived from Petroleum” was given by Mr. L. W. Chubb of Shell Chemicals Ltd. Members of the Section have participated in two meetings arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society both held at University College Swansea with Professor C. W. Shoppee presiding. On 21 January Professor R. D. Haworth F.R.S. lectured on “The Oxidation of Phenols,” and on 3 February Dr. D. Tabor spoke on “The Friction and Lubrication of Metal Surfaces.” On 18 February members participated in a meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry which was held at the Mackworth Hotel Swansea.Mr. J. Christie presided and a paper entitled “The Phenols in Industry” was read by Dr. W. A. Hayward of Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. A meeting was held on 28 February at University College Swansea. Mr. D. Luther Phillips presided and accounts were given of two novel methods of industrial chemical investigation. Dr. J. Pearson (British Iron and Steel Research Association) spoke on “Replica Technique for the Assessment of Surface Finish” (for summary see p. 112) and Mr. J. 0. Samuel (Unifloc Reagents Ltd.) discussed “The Photoelectric Determination of Suspended Solids.” NOTES PERSONAL Among the new Fellows of the Royal Society elected on 17 March 1949 are Professor E. D. Hughes Fellow and Meldola Medallist Dr.W. T. J. Morgan Fellow and Professor F. G. Young Fellow. Among those recently elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh are Dr. I. A. I’reece Fellow and Dr. F. N. Woodward Fellow. Dr. Adrian Albert Fellow has been appointed the first Professor of Chemistry in the John Curtin School for Medical Research of the Australian National University. Until the new laboratories have been erected at r 1321 Canberra the Department of Chemistry will be accommodated in the Well- come Research Institution London where Dr. Albert has held a Research Fellowship since 1947. Dr. G. N. Burkhardt Fellow senior lecturer in chemistry and tutor to the Faculty of Science in the University of Manchester has been appointed also Assistant to the Vice-Chancellor of the University.Dr. G. M. Burnett Associate has been appointed a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Birmingham. Mr. E. C. Deering Associate has been appointed a joint managing director of Johnson Matthey and Co. Ltd. Mr. R. H. Del Mar Fellow has been appointed Managing Director of Glycerine Limited and Secretary of the United Kingdom Glycerine Producers’ Association Ltd. Mr. L. C. Dutton Fellow has been appointed chief chemist of Virol Limited. Mr. C. E. M. Goodrick Fellow lately works manager Optrex Ltd. has joined the staff of Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. Mr. A. J. Holden Fellow formerly Joint Manager with the late Mr. R. M. Drake of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers will be Manager and deputy to the Director and Secretary and will continue to act as Secretary to the British Colour Makers’ Association.Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. Fellow Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory (D.S.I.R.) Teddington has been appointed to succeed Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. Fellow as Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Organic Chemistry Laboratories at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London. Mr. R. S. Meldrum Fellow chief chemist to the Bridge of Weir Leather Co. Ltd. has been appointed a Director of the Company. Dr. Frank Morton Fellow formerly chief chemist of Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd. has been appointed Reader in Chemical Engineering in the University of Birmingham. Dr. W. G. Overend Associate has been appointed a lecturer in chemistry in the University of Birmingham.Professor A. L. Roberts Fellow has been appointed a member of the North-Eastern Area Gas Board. Dr. W. K. Slater Fellow has been appointed Secretary to the Agricultural Research Council in succession to the late Sir John Fryer with effect from 1 May. Professor F. S. Spring Fellow has been awarded the University of Liver-pool Chemical Society Medal for 1949. Mr. George Taylor Fetlow has been elected President of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists in succession to Mr. Lewis Eynon Fellow who has completed his two years’ tenure of that office. Mr. W. R. Thompson Fellow has been appointed chief chemist to the Optrex Group of companies. Dr. E. Vanstone Fellow has been re-elected unopposed as a member of the Devon County Council.Ilr. E. C. Wood Fellow has resigned his post as chief chemist of Virol Limited to enter into partnership with Mr. W. L. Sutton Fellow in Norwich. EXAMINAT10NS JANUARY I949 EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners Entered Passed Examiners Dr. G. M. Bennett C.B. F.R.S. and Dr. T. G. Pearson. 'The Examination was held in the week beginning Monday 17 January 1949 in the Examinations Hall and Chemical Laboratory of the University of London South Kensing- ton theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres .. .. *. .. .. .. . . 54 23" * Four candidates completed the examination by satisfying the Examiners in those parts in which they had previously failed and 2 candidates failed in part only of the examination.The following papers and exercises were set:- MONDAY 17 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 1 P.m. [Answer FIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where possible.] 1. Give an account of the essential features of the various methods avail- able for determining ONE of the following:-(a) copper (b) zinc (c) iron. Indicate so far as you are able the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the precautions necessary to avoid interference by other elements or radicals. 2. Describe the preparation on the large scale by electrochemical or electro- thermal means of one metallic element one non-metallic element and one inorganic compound. 3. Discuss the chemistry of EITHER (a) lithium OR (b) beryllium in relation to its position in the Periodic Table.4. Outline the preparation and properties of the oxides of fluorine bromine and iodine. Adduce evidence to support the statement that iodine exhibits basic properties not shown by the other halogens. 5. EITHER (a) Describe how neutrons are produced and the types of nuclear fission initiated by them ; OR (b) Describe methods available for the partial or complete separation of isotopes. 6. Write concise explanatory notes on THREE of the following:- (a) The stabilisation of valency states by complex formation; (b) The colour of inorganic compounds; (c) The polarisability of inorganic ions; (d) The Goldschmidt co-ordination number.7. EITHER(a) Give an account of the contact process for the manu- facture of sulphuric acid ; OR (b) Outline the manufacture and discuss what happens during the setting of Portland cement. 2 to 5 p.m. [AnswerFIVE questions ONLY. Give formulae and equations where possible.] 1. Write an essay on EITHER (a) The Heat Capacity of Gases OR (b) The Liquefaction of Gases. 2. Discuss the factors affecting the conductivity of salt solutions. 3. Answer THREE of the following:- (a) State the dimensions of the gas constant R,and evaluate it using respectively litre-atmospheres ergs and calories as the unit of work. G.M.V. = 22,415 C.C. at S.T.P. One atmosphere = 76 cm. mercury of density 13.595 g./c.c.One calorie = 4.184 absolute joules. (b) Derive the Kirchhoff equation showing the effect of temperature on the heat of reaction and give its integrated form for the particular case when A Cp = u + PT -yT-2 (c) The heat of combustion of one mole of liquid cyclohexane to form liquid water and gaseous carbon dioxide is 938 k.cal. when com- bustion occurs at atmospheric pressure and 20”C. Calculate the heat of combustion at constant volume at the same temperature (d) Calculate the heat of formation of liquid ethyl alcohol from the following data :-C2H,0H(1) + 302(g)= 2C02(g)+ 3H20(1) AH = -327 k.cal. + 02(g) = C02M A H = -94 k.cal. H2k) + W2k) = H,W A H = -69 k.cal. 4. EITHER(a) Derive thermodynamically relationships between osmotic pressure on the one hand and vapour pressure boiling point and freezing point on the other; OK (b) Give an account of the experimental methods that have been used for the accurate measurement of osmotic pressure.5. Indicate and account for the characteristic features of gaseous ex- plosions. 6. Explain fully the meaning of the terms “oxidation potential” and “standard electrode potential.” Discuss and exemplify the three chief types of reversible electrode. 7. Discuss EITHER (a) the nature of soap solutions OR (b) the photocheni- ical significance of absorption spectra. TUESDAY 18 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. [Answer FOUR questions ONLY TWO from each Part. Give formulae and equations where possible.] I. 1. Describe a convenient and cheap method for preparing a large supply of pure ethylene in the laboratory.What general reactions are available for the production of olefins and diolefins? How can isoprene styrene and stilbene be prepared from readily available materials ? [ 135j 2. Give a general account of the organic derivatives of carbonic acid. Describe convenient methods for the preparation of each of the following substances urethane urea potassium xanthate ethyl orthocarbonate thiocarbanilide. 3. Describe giying all essential practical details how a Grignard reagent is prepared and used. Briefly indicate how the following compounds could be obtained from n-butyl alcohol using the Grignard reaction :-octan-4-01 5-propylnonan-5-01 methyl n-butyl ketone .n-valeraldehyde (pentanal).11. 4. Explain carefully what isomerides exist (whether structural or stereo- isomeric) of the monohydroxypropionic (lactic) acids. Describe the properties of each and its method of preparation. If the lactic acids were esterified with methylethylcarbinol what isomeric substances should theoretically be produced ? 5. Give schemes for the production of any FIVE of the following from simple materials :-vanillin brilliant green eosin p-aminobenzenesulphon- amide thioindigo quinhydrone benzildioxime. 6. Give an account of the methods which have been used to prepare compounds with carbon rings of 3 4 5 and 6 members making special reference to the hydrocarbons carboxylic acids and ketones. 7. Discuss in detail the structure of EITHER piperine OR maltose.2 to 3.30 p.m. Translation of French and German technical literature. WEDNESDAY 19 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. [Lengthy descriptions of practical work are not required. Make concise notes of your experiments as they are made and where possible in tabular form. State your final conclusions clearly.]* 1. Solution (A) contains 80.0 g. per litre of commercial “iron-free” aluminium sulphate of type x Al,(SO,), y Al,O, z H,O. Determine (a) the percentage of aluminium in the salt by the method prescribed below,? and (b) the percentage of sulphate ion in the salt gravimetrically . 25 ml. of the ten-fold diluted solution of (A) prepared in the course of the aluminium determination will yield a convenient weight of barium sulphate.(These determinations may be completed to-?norrow.) 2. The material (B) is a mixture of two compounds. Examine it with a view to (a) identifying the radicals present and (b) naming if possible the two compounds. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) * This note was repeated on each of the three following papers. t Not reproduced. c 1361 THURSDAY 20 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete the gravimetric exercises begun yesterday. 3. Determine using the methods prescribed beZow,t (a)the percentage of sulphate ion and (b) the percentage of “basic alumina” in the salt dissolved in solution (A). FRIDAY 21 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the equivalent of the given carboxylic acid (P) by titration.2. Determine the molecular weight of (P) by observing its depression of the melting-point of camphor. (A note on the determination is provided and pure acetanilide is available for determining the depression constant.) 3. Deduce the number of carboxyl groups in the molecule of (P). 4. Identify the substance (Q). SATURDAY 22 JANUARY 1949 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 5. (R) is a mixture of two substances. Separate them and prepare a pure specimen of each. Examine them with a view to their identification. 6. From the aldehyde (S) prepare small specimens of the oxime and the phenylhydrazone. Leave any specimens you make each labelled with its name and m.p. or b.p. REPORT Inorganic and Physicat Chemistry. The standard reached by the candidates in answering the inorganic chem- istry paper was generally satisfactory.Most candidates who attempted Q. 1 chose (c) the determination of iron; few candidates mentioned the use of the silver reductor or of titanous chloride. The answers to Q. 2 tended to be sketchy. Many candidates chose to describe the commercial extraction of aluminium and some of the descriptions were quite incorrect even in principle; for example the bath was described as molten alumina in which cryolite was dissolved and the function of the carbon as a depolariser and as an essential source of energy in the prccess was overlooked. The answers to Q. 3 were very good. Only six candidates chose to describe the chemistry of beryllium in relation to its position in the Periodic Table.Q. 4 and 5 were on the whole well done. but very few candidates chose 5 (a). A prevalent error in Q. 6 (d)was to confuse the Goldschmidt co-ordination number with the Werner co-ordination number. The phenomena occurring during the setting of Portland cement (Q. 7 (b))are admittedly complex but some of the answers to this question showed that these complexities were not realised. In the physical chemistry paper only six candidates attempted Q.1 (a) on the heat capacity of gases but they gave some excellent answers. In Q. 1 (b) dealing with the liquefaction of gases a number of candidates inter- changed the axes in plotting p v isothermals. The effect of adiabatic expansion and the Joule-Thomson effect were not always clearly distinguished whilst adiabatic demagnetisation was mentioned by only three candidates.In Q. 2 on the factors affecting the conductivity of salt solutions the wide range of factors included temperature pressure viscosity nature of solvent frequency and voltage of the applied current; some candidates dealt with Not reproduced. 11371 only one or two of them. There was also a tendency to confuse specific and equivalent conductivities. The answers to the small problems set in Q. 3 were more accurately done than usual; part (c) gave most trouble. Q. 4 (a) was on the whole well done. The description of the experiments on the methods of measuring osmotic pressure called for in 4 (b) often omitted essential details. In the inorganic practical examination the standard reached in the quantitative exercises was better than usual but there was no improvement in the accuracy of the calculations which included both gross arithmetical errors and errors in method particularly in calculating the result in exercise 3 (b).In the qualitative work lithium and molybdenum were sometimes missed. Some candidates seem nervous of reporting the presence of sodium in case it is present only as an impurity. In consequence they ignore it when it is a major constituent. Organic Chemistry A rather higher proportion than usual of those presenting themselves for examination were below the necessary standard. The questions set proved satisfactory to competent candidates although Q. 2 on derivatives of carbonic acid was not popular.Far too many candidates in answering Q. 1 gave the sulphuric acid method as suitable for the cheap and convenient preparation of a large supply of pure ethylene. This method is messy intermittent and generally unsuitable. The use of phosphoric acid avoids these defects. Alternatively alcohol may be passed over a catalyst such as heated alumina. Q. 3 on the Grignard reaction was in general well answered but it should be noted that the ether used in the reaction must be not only dry but also free from organic impurities such as alcohol. Candidates who answered Q. 4 on the lactic acids merely gave a correct description of the usual methods of isolating sarco and fermentation lactic acids. The chemical differences shown between the dl and d acids should have been mentioned; for example the difference in composition of the calcium and zinc salts.There were many adequate answers to Q. 6 6 and 7 but few candidates knew the true chemical nature of brilliant green and thioindigo and accounts of the synthesis of small carbon rings were often very incomplete. The standard of practical work was generally satisfactory but errors in calculations were frequent. PASS LIST Examination for Associateship Burbidge Eric Royal Technical College Salford and City Technical College Liverpool. Child William B.Sc. (Lond.) Central Technical College Birmingham. Coppock Gordon Technical College Chesterfield. Cox John Edgar City Technical College Liverpool. Downes Geoffrey Edwin Stockport College and Royal Technical College Salford.Drewery George B.Sc. (Lond.) ,Northern Polytechnic London. Edge Peter Frank Central Technical College Birmingham and Technical College Coventry. Gilhooley Robert Aloysius University of Sheffield and City Technical College Liverpool. Houchell Peter Glynn B.Sc. (Lond.) South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. Kane Philip Francis B.Sc. (Lond.) Woolwich Polytechnic. Little James City Technical College Liverpool. McDonnell William Francis City Technical College Liverpool. Mitchell Brian Walter B.A. (Cantab.) University of Cambridge and Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Owen John Thomas Robert Technical College Cardiff. Pinches Philip Benjamin B.Sc. (Lond.) Queen Mary College and West Ham Municipal College London.Richardson Colin West Ham Municipal College. Shephard Basil Robert Acton Technical College. Simmons Mrs. Margot Chelsea Polytechnic Birkbeck College and The Polytechnic Regent Street London. Smith Edgar Vernon City Technical College Liverpool. Taylor Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) Medway Technical College Gillingham Huddersfield Halifax and Bradford Technical Colleges. Wicker George Leonard Royal Technical College Salford. Wingrove David John Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Woodward Albert William Thomas BSc. (Lond.) Northern Polytechnic London. THE REGISTER The letters preceding the names in the lists below indicate the Local Sections to which Members and Students are attached in accordance with the list of Local Sections which will be found on the inside back cover of this issue.New Fellows Kermack Professor William (P) Powell Alan Richard F.I.M. Ogilvy M.A. D.Sc. (Aber-(P) Sutton Sidney David F.I.R.I. deen) LL.D. (St. Andrews) F.R.S. Associates Elected to the Fellowship Audsley Arnold B.Sc. Ph.D. (C) Haden Eric Hector B.Sc. (Leeds). (Lond.). Bell William Maurice B.Sc. (Q) HorrocQ Robert Heaton BSc-(Liv.). (Lond.). Brocklebank John Roger. (Q) Jackson Albert M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) M.1.Chem.E. Critchley Thomas Arthur. (P) Jenkinson Thomas Alfred Eagleton Sidney Douglas. BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Earlee Kenneth John Beaumont (J) King Hugh Kirkman M.A. B.A. BSc. (Oxon.). Ph.D. (Cantab.). Emblem Harold Garton M.Sc. (H) Mellor Albert M.Sc.(Leeds). (Liv.). (4 Mitchell Robert Lyell B.Sc. Evans Trevor Arnold Dip. (Edin.) Ph.D. (Aberdeen). Chem.Eng. (Wales). Neill Leslie Charles B.Sc. Forder Bernard Arterton (Lond.). M.P.S. Ph.C. B.Sc. (Lond.). (H) Oldham Graham BSc. (Lond.) Gaul Matthew A.H.-W.C. A.M.1nst.F. Grieve William Scott Minto (S) Richardson Bernard M.Inst. M.Sc. Ph.D. (Manc.). Gas E. M.1nst.F. [ 1391 Ridyard Herbert Norman B.Sc. (Lond.) A.K.C. Robinson Albert Edward BSc. (Liv.). Shanahan Cyril Edmund Arthur B.Sc.. (Lond.). Sharp William B.Sc. Ph.D. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. M.P.S. Shearing Edwin Albert BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Stoves John Lamb M.Sc. Ph.D. (Leeds). (P) Tompkins Dennis Gordon RSc. (Manc.). (P) Williamson Leonard John Anderson.(P) Wilson David Woodburn M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). (D) Winterbottom Edgar B.Sc. (Lond.) MSc. (Manc.). (C) Winterton Reginald Joseph BSc. (Lond.). (R) Wyllie David BSc. Ph.D. (Edin.). Re-elected Fellow Venkataraman Krishnasami M.A. (Madras) M.Sc.Tech. Ph.D. (Manc.). New Associates Ammonds Charles Cyril B.Sc. (Lond.). Armitage John Brian B.Sc. (Manc.). Bradshaw Stanley Erwin BSc. (Q.U.B.). Bryan Donald B.Sc. (Manc.). Burbidge Eric. Byers Alexander BSc. (Glas.) Ph.D. (Birm.). Calvert Kenneth Osborne B.Sc. (Dunelm.). Carsten Hans Arnold MSc. (Liv.). Chakraborty Rama Kanta M.Sc. (Dacca). Child William B.Sc. (Lond.). Choudhuri Kiran Chandra M.Sc.(Leeds). Coppock Gordon. Cox John Edgar. Datta Major Shiri Patti M.Sc. (Punjab). David Ieuan B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Devenney Cornelius B.Sc. (Glas.). Didlick Leonard Arthur. Domes Geoffrey Edwin. Drewery George. Edge Peter Frank. Ellis Charles Matthew B.Sc. (Lond.). Friedler Kurt Wolfgang BSc. (Manc.). (0) Gilhooley Robert Aloysius. (P) Goalby Barry Birch B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). (P) Goodspeed Jonathan B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Greenstreet Cyril Henry B.Sc. (Lond.). (G) Hanson William Clement. (P) Harris Eric David B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Horn James Arnot BSc. (Glas.) A.R.T.C. (C) Houston James M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). (J) Hunter Leon B.Sc. (Glas.). (K) Jamieson Archibald B.Sc.(Glas.). (H) Johnson Kenneth George B.Sc. (Lond.). (C) Jones William Frederick B.Sc. (Wales). Kailasam Perinkulam Subra-manian M.Sc.Tech. (B.H.U.). (P) Iianc Philip Francis RSc. (Lond.). (P) Kaufman Morris B.Sc. (Lond.). (P) Kirby Arthur Henry Mason Elenza M.Sc. (Lond.). (0) Little James. (P) Macdonald Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). (K) Macgregor Ian Archibald A.R.T.C. (C) Manackerman Mendel M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). (0) McDonnell William Francis. McNab John BSc. (Lond.). Mitchell Brian Walter B.A. (Cantab.). Moodie Thomas A.H.-W.C. Mulholland Daniel Booth M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Munshi Rajaneekant Hiralal B.Sc.(Bombay) B.Sc.Tech. (hlanc.). Nanjappa Arkalgud Sreek-antaiya B.A. (Mysore) ,M.Sc. (B.H.U.). Neal Miss Mary Hilda B.Pharm. B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. Norris John B.Sc. (Lond.). Parikh Vallabhdas Ambalal M.Sc.Tech. (Bombay). Paul Theckumparampil Mathew B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. (Andhra). Pawley Leslie Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.). Peter Reginald Charles B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinches Philip Benjamin BSc. (Lond.). Potter Charles Ronald B.A. (Cantab.) B.Sc. (Lond.). Preston Miss Iris Winifred B.A. (Cantab.). Rao Bail Laxminarayan B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. (B.H.U.). Reece Charles Hugh B.%. (Leeds). Richardson Colin. Rose George Alan B.A. (Oxon.). Rostron George Henry. Rowe Thomas Gordon A.H.-W.C. Saint Harold Charles John.Shephard Basil Robert. Simmons Mrs. Margot. Smith Edgar Vernon. Stiven Miss Margaret Ireland B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Stubbs Hubert William Dyson B.Sc. (Glas.). Tomlinson John Woollen B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. von Sommaruga Lorenz Johannes Emanuel B.Sc. (Lond.). Wetherilt Donald Louis B.Sc. (Lond.). Wicker George Leonard. Wingrove David John. Woodward Albert William Thomas. Re-elected Associate (P) Gell George Christopher Caesar M.A. (Cantab.). New Students Allen Robert Renton. Armstrong Hugh Robert B.Sc. (Bris.) Asqnith Jack. Baker Edward Herbert. Barnes Miss Doris. Bell Charles Norman. Bell Dennis Percy. Benjamin Colin. Bennett Malcolm Lorraine. Bennison Eric Gordon B.Sc.(P) Branch Ronald Frederick. (N) Bromby Eric Alfred. (C) Brooke Malcolm Terence. (0) Brookes Peter William. (Q) (D) Brooks Arthur James. Brooks Roy Owen Reginald. Browell Thomas Peter. Brown Charles. Buffrey Howard. Burnett James. (S) (K) (C) (P) (P) (C) (M) (P) (MI (U) (PI Carter Roger Malcolm. Carwardine Anthony John. Cater Charles William. Ceresa. Raymond John. Chapman Ronald Kieth. Chew Brian. Circuit Leonard. (Lond.). Besant David William. Bickley John Cecil. Biddle Bernard Gerald. Boucher John Bradley. Bowes Arthur Henry. [ 141 1 Clarke Basil Walter Cole Alexander Cecil. Cottrell Anthony Morris.Cox Richard. Cropper John Albert. Crosby. Roy. Davenport Norman Richard. Davidge Harold. Davies Arthur Gordon. Davies Bryan Walton. Duckworth Samuel. Duff Samuel Raymond. Duggan Edward Patrick. Edlington Richard. Edwards Brian Albert Trevor. Ellis Roy. Everard Herbert Ronald. Fairbairn Derek Alan. Field Ronald. Fletcher Norman William. Garratt Derek Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.). Gilks James Harris. Gracey Thomas. Graham Thomas. Grindell Clive. Harding Ronald David. Harper William Frederick. Harris George Frederick Peter. Harris George Roy. Haughton John Brian. Hayward Edward James. Heard Alan Noble. Herbertson Robert. Hill Raymond. Holding Arthur Frederick LeCore. Holton Percy George.Howitt Keith. Hubbard Miss Jean Muriel. Huddart William Ernest. Jenner Gordon Hugh. Johns Ernest William. Jones Colin Richard. Jones Peter. Kleiner Miss Hana. Lambert Edgar. Larah Max. Lavery Peter Hugh. Lloyd John Patrick Crosfield. Logsdail Dennis Harold. Loible John Elliott. Loney Terence Denis. Longbottom Eric William. Longworth Wilfred Roy B.Sc. (Manc.). Lowther Thomas Reid. Mannix Robert Denis. May Ronald Arthur. McCabe Peter. Mc Lau chlin Ian. Mercer Anthony Donald. Mertens Norman Walter James. Milman Francis Leonard. Mitchell John Chapman. Mooney Alan. Morris Neville John. Morton- Jones David Hugh. Mottram John Arthur. Munkenbeck Ronald William George. Murray William John McKelvie.Nunn Dennis Michael. Oates. Sydney. O’Neill John. Overend Norman Howarth. Oxtoby Alan Henry. Peace Reginald Jewitt. Pearson Derek Gordon. Peden Alan. Pemberton Albert Charles William. Pendleton Alan George. Poole Harry Harley. Pratley Keith Henry Charles. Price Roy. Pri tchard John Leslie Rail ton. Puddifoot Peter Stanley. Ranshaw Robert Colin. Rastrick Alan. Rees Benjamin Owen. Reeve Laurence. Regan Kenneth. Rimmer Joseph Ignatius. Roberts Alyn Newton. Roberts John Rogers Eric. Ross James. Ross Kenneth. Rowbotham Clifford. Sargent Derek Thomas. Sarginson William. Schofield Eric. Schofield John Antony. Sear Roy Anthony. Seaward John Albert. Seed John Barton. Sewell Peter Roy.Sheppard Eric. Shreeve George Walter. Simmance Derek Edward. Simpson David Brian. Verschueren George. Smith Geoffrey Allan. Vickers Clive. Smith John Graham. Wallace James. Smith William. Warren Dennis. Stevens William Alfred. Washbrooke Michael John. Stott Pearson Lawrence. Webster Eric. Stratford Colin. Whelan Peter James Wilson. Taylor Charles Ronald. Whent John Alexander. Thitchener Colin Reginald. White John Samuel. Thomas Arthur Derrick. Williamson Sydney. Thomas Arthur Samuel. Wilson Brian. Thompson Bernard Bert. Woodhead Robert William. Thomson Colin Henry. Woodward Robert Alan. Trenery Arthur Gerald. Wostear Miss Phyllis. Turner William Thomas. Wright Wilfred. Unwin Michael Anthony. Wrigley Kenneth James.Re-registered Student (P) Irvine Douglas. DEATHS Fellows Charles Thomas Bennett B.Sc. (Lond.). Charles March Caines. Joseph Davies. Sir Thomas Hill Easterfield K.B.E. B.A. (Leeds) M.A. (Cantab.) Ph.D. (Wiirzburg) F.R.S.N.Z. Thomas Waterworth Glass B.Sc. (Lond.). George Winfield Heff ord B.Sc. (Leeds). James Hendrick LL.D. (Aberd.) BSc. (Lond.) A.K.C. Bernard Willoughby Methley F.I.M. William Rhys-Davies F.T.I. Associates John Cecil Cranston B.Sc. B.Pharm. (Lond.). Nagesh Laxman Phalnikar MSc. Ph.D. (Bombay) A.1nst.P. Edward Tyghe Sterne O.B.E. B.Sc. (Ontario) F.C.I.C. THE REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1948 FURTHER CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA (See also JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1948 VI 323 1949 I 67) P. 4.Following the entry AHRENS Herbert Waldeman insert AHRENS. Louis Herman B.Sc. (S.A.) D.Sc. (Pretoria) Department of Geology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge 39 Mass. U.S.A. Research Fellow. A. 1943 F. 1947 P.225. IRELAND, Stanley John for A. 1929 read A. 1923. P. 292. MASON, Ian Sissons,fm Uphall read Uphill. P. 660 col. 3. Under Massachusetts insert Ahrens L. H. (Cambridge). I 1431 OBITUARY Charles March Caines died on 14 February 1949 in his 77th year. He was educated at Camden High School and the North London Collegiate School Camden Town and after serving apprenticeships with Mr. H. L. Buckeridge and Mr. A. Wynter Blyth became an assistant to Mr. A. H. Allen in 1889 and helped in the preparation of the latter’s “Commercial Organic Analysis.” In 1894 Caines was appointed chemist to Squire and Sons chemists-in-ordinary to the Queen.He was intimately concerned in the production of the 17th and two following editions of Squire’s “Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia” as well as the “Pocket Companion” and “Pharmacopoeias of the London Hospitals.” He became a director of the firm in 1913. In 1919 he was appointed chemist-in-charge to Southall Brothers and Barclay and from 1920 to 1921 was with Mr. C. F. Cross. In the latter year he became chief analytical chemist to Allen and Hanburys Ltd. remaining with them until 1934. From then until 1939 he was in the employment of Universal Accessories and in 1940 became chief analytical chemist to Mag- nesium Elecktron Ltd.Manchester. Returning to London in 1942 Caines took up an appointment under the Ministry of Food. In 1947 he was appointed chief analytical and research chemist to Gedeon Richter (G.B.) Ltd. with whom he was actively engaged up to the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. Edward Mitchell Chaplin died on 19 March 1948 in his 81st year. He was educated at Silcoates School near Wakefield and received his scientific training at the University of Wurzburg where he obtained the degree of Ph.D. After working in London and with Mr. Thomas Fairley Public Analyst for Leeds he was appointed about 1896 City Analyst for Wakefield and later Gas Examiner. For some years he was also City Analyst for Lincoln. He retired from his appointments as Public Analyst in 1929 but continued to act as Gas Examiner for several towns in Yorkshire retaining some of these appointments until the time of his death when he had completed 50 years as Gas Examiner for Wakefield.He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1908. Joseph Davies died on 7 January 1949 in his 81st year. He was educated privately and at St. Francis Xavier’s College Liverpool. and in 1884’entered the laboratories of the late Mr. A. Norman Tate becoming successively junior and in 1892 senior assistant. He continued his scientific studies meanwhile at Liverpool Technical School. From 1890 to 1893 he lectured on inorganic chemistry at the Royal Institution Liverpool and the Balfour Institute and from about 1898 was for 16 years lecturer in bread- making at the Central Municipal Technical School Liverpool.In 1917 after 25 years as senior assistant Davies became a partner in the firm of A. N. Tate and Co. Liverpool and he maintained this interest until his death. He contributed numerous papers particularly on wheat and flour to the technical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. Thomas Waterworth Glass died on 27 January 1949 in his 83rd year. He received his early education at Cheltenham Grammar School and after serving articles with an analytical chemist entered the School of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1885. In the followiog year he became private (144 1 assistant to Boverton Redwood and subsequently to his successors Messrs.Redwood and de Hailes. He graduated BSc. of the University of London in 1895. In 1913 he entered the laboratory of the late Mr. Edward Hinks as knior assistant. In 1916 during Mr. Hinks’s absence on military service Glass was appointed acting Public Analyst for the County of Surrey and the Borough of Reigate. He continued to serve these Authorities as Additional Public Analyst until his retirement in 1936. Glass served on the Council of the Society of Public Analysts 1917-18. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. Bernard Willoughby Methley died in January 1949 in his 73rd year. He received his early education at Barnsley Grammar School the East Anglian School Bury St. Edmunds and Wharfedale College Boston Spa. After a short period at Rylands Brothers Glass Works he was articled to the late Mr.A. H. Allen and continued his scientific studies at the Firth College (now The University) Sheffield. For five years prior to 1901 he was an assistant to Allen. In 1901 he was appointed chief assistant to Steel Peech and Tozer Ltd. Rotherham (now a branch of the United Steel Companies Ltd.) and in 1905 became chief chemist and director of laboratories. He retired from this post in 1947 but continued to act as consultant to the research and development departments of the companies. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1917. William Rhys-Davies died on I1 February 1949 in his 73rd year. Educated privately and at Batley Grammar School he received his scien- tific training at Bradford City Technical College and later studied at the University of Leeds.After a short period with Binney and Co. Ltd. Madras he started an analytical and consulting practice in Bradford in 1902 being concerned largely with problems of the woollen textile industry. He practised subsequently in Leeds but returned to Bradford in 1934 and established the Northern Counties Laboratories specialising in the technology of textiles oils fats and waxes. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1927. Elizabeth Brownsword Stirling died in 1945 in her 51st year. Educated at Paisley Grammar School and Glasgow High School for Girls she entered the University of Glasgow in 1913 and graduated BSc. She studied subsequently for a short period at the Sir John Cass Technical In- stitute London.After a year as assistant demonstrator in chemistry at Queen Margaret College University of Glasgow Miss Stirling was appointed in 1917,.chemist to Jas. Robertson & Sons preserve manufacturers London and remained there until 1940. In 1941 she accepted an appointment with the United Turkey Red Co. Ltd. She was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1919. BOOK REVIEWS Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry Fourth Edition (Revised and Enlarged) Vol. IX Oils Fatty to Pituitary Body. Pp. viii + 671. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1948.) 80s. net. Several dictionaries dealing with the arts and sciences had appeared prior to 1912 but it was left to Sir Edward Thorpe to produce the first comprehensive dictionary on chemistry with particular reference to its applications.The C 1451 work immediately established itself and probably no other single work in English has had such wide popularity as a book of reference in the field of chemical technology. Indeed its reputation became international before the second edition had appeared. Its pages which were eagerly scanned by research worker teacher and industrialist alike bore the stamp of authority. This was in large measure due to the care with which the selection of sectional authors was made. The group of contributors to this volume makes another impressive list. Such eminent authorities as E. J. Bowen U. R. Evans G. Egloff E. €3. Farmer F. G. Mann E. H. Rodd F. H. Curd Professors Bradley Britton Hilditch Hirst Kon Linnell Linstead Quastel Simonsen and Sugden have provided substantial sections dealing with subjects in which each can claim an intimate knowledge coupled with the art of clear exposition.The text follows in general the same pattern as the earlier editions. The historical introductions are followed by methods of production then by detailed treat- ment of the individual members of the group. In appropriate cases full details of tests and analytical methods are provided. Industrial methods of preparation form an integral part of the book and their description and illus- trations are up to date. The book is of a more convenient size than the earlier editions. It is easy to handle the binding and format are entirely pleasing the printing is clear and formulae both empirical and structural and equations and diagrams are particularly satisfying.Authors and publishers of text-books on theoretical chemistry would do well to note the manner in which formulae and equations are set out. Copious references are appended to each section some even up to 1947 a remarkable tribute to the speed with which a book of this size has passed through the stages of publication under present difficulties. No less than 201 references are given under Petroleum with its 90 pages of text. It would be impossible in the space available to do justice even to the larger sections. The work opens with an excellent account of the oils and fats followed by an extensive account of the technical methods of analysis ex-tending to 80 pages.Oxygen ozone compounds of phosphorus photography pigments are dealt with on the technological side whilst the theoretical treatment of for example pH and the phase rule are more than adequate for a book of this nature. Not the least valuable part of this volume is the excellent index so easy of reference prepared by Dr. J. N. Goldsmith. The hope is expressed that the remaining volumes will appear without undue delay. All chemists will welcome its early completion. The work as a whole represents a great co-operative achievement and Sir Ian Heilbron and his editorial board are to be congratulated on such a worthy and well sustained effort on behalf of chemical science. iv. M. c. A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry. By Fritz Ephraim.English Edition by P. C. L. Thorne and E. R. Roberts. Fifth Edition. Pp. xii + 939. (London Gurney and Jackson 1948.) 32s. net. The problem of how to present the tremendous amount of detail which the student is expected to assimilate under the heading of inorganic chemistry is one which still confronts all those engaged in teaching the subject. Professor Ephraim’s approach which has been so ably developed by Dr. Thorne and Dr. Roberts in the English edition of the book avoids the conventional method of treating the chemistry of each element separately. Instead the book is divided into a series of twenty-nine chapters each dealing with a special topic which embraces a group of elements. For example there are chapters on the preparation of metals and of non-metals on different groups of oxides hydrides and of halogen compounds on carbides silicides and borides and so on.As a result the treatment of the chemistry of a particular element is scattered and were it not for the excellent index provided it would be difficult to find any specific compound. On the other hand the book has the admirable quality of being readable. One is tempted to delve more deeply into its pages and the easy style of writing lures the reader on. In preparing the new edition many small modifications have been made in the text with the object of bringing the contents up to date. A notable addition is a section on the reduction of metallic compounds the treatment in which is based on underlying physicochemical principles.A few general criticisms may perhaps be made. The treatment of valency errs on the side of being old-fashioned though this perhaps is intended. Too little attention is paid to structural chemistry especially in relation to solids. Here there is an opportunity of clarify ng the presentation of a great deal of matter such as the chemistry of the ;metal oxides which otherwise makes dull reading. A few topics such for example as radio-activity and the chemistry of the silicones are not brought fully up to date. It may be well too to consider in a later edition the pruning of a certain amount of detail especially in the case of out of the way compounds which are mentioned though at present their structures are unknown and they contribute little to the general treatment of the subject.These points detract comparatively little however from the value of the book which has many excellent features and can be warmly recommended. H. J. E. Colloid Chemistry. By R. J. Hartman. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxxii + 572. (London Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 1948.) 35s. net. This book a successor to an earlier edition by the same author published some eight years ago retains the same general structure as its predecessor. After an introduction involving the history and scope of colloid chemistry the book comprising twenty-seven chapters is divided into four parts. Recognising the special role of surface effects in colloids Part I on surface chemistry contains chapters on the effect of subdivision of mass the qualitative and quantitative aspects of adsorption theories of adsorption applications and Occurrence of adsorption and contact catalysis.Part I1 on lyophobic colloidal systems is introduced by a general chapter dealing with nomenclature and types of colloidal systems and deals in further chapters with the preparation of lyophobic colloidal systems with their physical optical and electrical properties and stability; after discussisg (somewhat out of place) dialysis and ultrafiltration it proceeds to consider aerosols emulsions foams and other lyophobic systems. Part I11 on lyophilic colloidal systems contains chapters on the chemical and physical properties of lyophilic colloidal systems on gels (with special attention to swelling and diffusion) and on the chemical and colloidal aspects of synthetic resins and plastics.(From pages 446-452 “lyophobic colloidal systems” mistakenly occurs as a page heading.) Part IV deals with chemical and colloidal aspects of biocolloids bio- colloidal constituents of foods biocatalysis and colloidal factors in biology and medicine. Useful author and subject indexes are provided. From this summary it will be clear that the book covering the theoretical principles of colloid science their application and illustration as well as the Occurrence of colloidal systems in everyday life attempts a formidable task and not unnaturally in pursuing these objectives the author does not succeed uniformly. In the main the descriptive portions of the book concerned with the more classical side of colloid chemistry are most useful.Its treatment [ 147 3 of theoretical principles and of the more modem developments is not infre- quently obscure (e.g. no clear separation of the sedimentation equilibrium and velocity methods is given) and sometimes inaccurate and dangerously opposed to accepted views (e.g. the effect of the ionic cloud on the electrophoretic migration of colloidal particles). A colloidal system (or solution) is said to differ “. . . from a true solution in that the molecules of the constituents of a colloidal system are not homo- geneously mixed.” Not only is this definition somewhat unorthodox but it excludes that large and increasingly important class of substances which owe their colloidal properties to the large size of the constituent molecules.Clearly this was not intended in view of the space later devoted to polymers of both synthetic and natural origin. The terminology of the colloidal state is somewhat unusual (“internal” phase being preferred to “disperse” phase) and some of the more academic distinctions are retained (e.g. disperse and difform systems). Surprisingly the following important topics are not treated the Tiselius electrophoretic apparatus and its contributions surface potentials recent theoretical work on colloidal stability and the use of the osmotic pressure method to obtain protein molecular weights. In general the huge volume of work of the last twenty years on macromolecular colloids is neglected in favour of the more classical aspects of colloids.In the reviewer’s opinion it would have been preferable to discuss the recent physico- chemical developments with reference to macro-molecular colloids rather than the lyophobic systems to which their application has been so much more limited. In certain cases this tendency is misleading. Thus the use of the recently-developed light scattering method of determining molecular size (described under lyophobic systems) is valid only when solute-solvent refractive index differences are much smaller than in most lyophobic systems. In readability and as an indication of the varied aspects and approaches to colloid chemistry as well as its widespread application the book succeeds and the author is to be complimented on achieving what was probably his chief aim.PALEY JOHNSON. MELDOLA MEDAL 1948 On the recommendation of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Maccabaeans has decided to present the Meldola Medal for 1948 to Ralph Alexander Raphael Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. A.R.I.C. in recognition of the contributions he has made while under the age of 30 to the investiga- tion of new methods of approach to the synthesis of natural compounds. Educated at Wesley College Dublin and the Tottenham County School London Raphael entered the Imperial College of Science and Technology with a Royal Scholarship and the University of London Scholarship in Chemistry. In 1941 he graduated with first class Honours in Chemistry obtaining the Hofmann Prize for practical Chemistry and the Associateship of the Royal College of Science.Post-graduate work under the direction of Sir Ian Heilbron and Professor E. R. H. Jones then followed. Raphael took part in the pioneer work then proceeding on the properties and reactions of acetylenic compounds investigating in particular the unique double aniono- tropic rearrangement undergone by certain highly unsaturated glycols. As a result of these studies he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. (1943) of the University of London and the Diploma of the Imperial College. From 1943 to 1946 he was head of one of the chemotherapeutic research departments of Messrs. May & Baker Ltd. and during this time was mainly concerned with penicillin chemistry. He was then awarded an I.C.I.Fellowship and resumed [ 1481 research work at the Imperial College on the investigation of the potentialities of acetylenic compounds in the synthesis of natural products. In 1947 this work resulted in the total synthesis of the natural antibiotic penicillic acid thus proving its structure beyond doubt. Attention was then turned to the utilisation of the peculiar properties of acetylenic compounds to accomplish the synthesis of carbohydrates and their derivatives and up to the present arabitol ribitol erythritol threitol and erythrulose have been obtained. A study is also being made of methods of producing long chain aliphatic acids of various types. Concurrently Dr. Raphael is also investigating synthetic routes to compounds containing the Vitamin D triene system.He has recently been appointed Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of. Glasgow. The Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry has invited Dr. Raphael to deliver a lecture on some aspect of his work and the Meldola Medal will be presented to him on that occasion. ANNOUNCEMENTS EXAMINAT10NS Examinations will be held in September 1949 as follows:- For the Associateship In the week beginning Monday 12 September in London and Glasgow. Candidates who have not yet been accepted should obtain from the Registrar the prescribed form of application without delay so as to leave ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training.The completed application form must reach the Institute not later than Wed- nesday 8 June. No application in respect of the September Examination will be considered if received later than that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all candidates who have been previously accepted and to those whose applications have been received as above. The last date for the receipt of entry forms will be Monday 4 July after which no entry can be accepted. For the Fellowship In the week beginning Monday 19 September in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry as for the Associateship except that candidates who desire to present themselves for examination in a Special Branch of work must submit their entry forms before Wednesday 8 June.IRISH COLLOQUIUM (1947) PROCEEDINGS The Proceedings of the Colloquium on “The Industrial Utilisation of Agricultural Products and of Seaweed” held at Dublin on 2 and 3 July 1947 under the joint auspices of the Irish Chemical Association and the Dublin and District Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry have been published (pp. 71). The pamphlet contains the addresses and discussions. Members of the Institute and others may obtain copies on application to the Office of the Institute enclosing a remittance for 5s. per copy (post free). SCOTTISH SYMPOSIUM-(1947) REPORT The Report of the Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and Their Newer Derivatives,” held at the University of St. Andrews from 7 to 12 July 1947 was published in January.The pamphlet of 108 pp. contains the full texts [ 149 3 of eight of the papers read at the Symposium and an abstract of a ninth paper. Copies have been sent to those persons who registered for attendance at the Symposium. If any person who registered has not received a copy he should notify the Institute without delay. Others may obtain copies on application enclosing a remittance for 7s. 6d. per copy (post free). THE LIBRARY During the recent rearrangement of the Institute’s Library several books were found to be missing. In past years books were available on loan and their return was sometimes overlooked. Will any member who has a book belonging to the Library kindly return it as soon as possible.Books may not now be borrowed from the Library but unfortunately some recent additions have nevertheless been removed without authority and not returned. In this connection it should be noted that many surplus books have been sold through the trade during the past year. The above remarks do not apply to books carrying the Institute’s book-plate which may have been purchased by members from second-hand booksellers during 1948. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1949 AND 1950 Symposium on Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries.-To be held at St. Andrews 23-30 July 1949 (see p. ii and leaflet accompanying Part I). Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress.-The Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress convened by the Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions will be held in Great Britain from 9 to 23 July 1949 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Tizard G.C.B.A.F.C. F.R.S. The chief object of the Congress is to afford an opportunity for scientists engineers and others concerned with the mining and metallurgical industries to meet and discuss technical progress and problems including the develop- ment of the mineral resources of the Commonwealth. The programme will be divided into three parts:- July 9 to 12 in London-Inaugural Meeting Government Reception Banquet at Guildhall excursions and visits. July 13 to 17-Technical Sessions in Oxford. July 18 to 23-Visits to places of technical interest in Great Britain and excursions of historical and general interest.Further information may be obtained on application to The Joint General Secretaries Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress 436 Salisbury House Finsbury Circus London E.C.2. Second International Congress of Crop Protection.-The Second Inter- national Congress of Crop Protection will take place in London from 21 to 28 July 1949 under the presidency of The Rt. Hon. Viscount Bledisloe P.C. G.C.M.G. K.B.E. F.S.A. The Congress will be organised in six Sections (1) Insecticides (2) Fungi-cides (3) Plant Growth Regulators (4) Toxicology of Crop Protection Substances (5) Methods of Application (6) Analytical Methods and Standard isation. In addition to the meetings of Sections there will be Congress lectures and visits to research stations and laboratories.Fee for the Congress L2. Further particulars and forms of application may be obtained from the Honorary Organiser Second International Congress of Crop Protection 56 Victoria Street London S.W.l. The First International Congress of Biochemistry will be held at Cambridge from 19 to 25 August 1949. The initiative has been taken by the Biochemical Society and the International Union of Chemistry has accorded official recognition to the project. The Vice-Chancellor and Council of the Senate of r 1501 the University of Cambridge have promised their full support. Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. will be President of the Congress. Professor E. C. Dodds M.V.O. F.R.S. is Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Honorary Organiser is Lt.-Col.F. J. Griffin 56 Victoria Street London S.W.l from whom further particulars and forms of application for membership may be obtained. The fee for the Congress is L2. Early application is essential if accommodation in a college is desired. The Congress is being organised in twelve Sections:-( 1) Animal Nutrition and General Metabolism (2) Micro-biological Chemistry (3) Enzymes and Tissue Metabolism (4) Proteins (5) Clinical Biochemistry (6) Structure and Synthesis of Biologically Important Substances (7) Cytochemistry (8)Biological Pigments Oxygen Carriers and Oxidising Catalysts (9)Hormones and Steroids (10) Chemotherapy and Immunochemistry (1 1) Plant Biochemistry (12) Industrial Fermentations including brewing production of solvents antibiotics and vitamins.The Fourth World Power Conference will be held in London from 10 to 15 July 1950. Study-tours will probably be arranged for the following week. The theme of the Conference will be “World Energy Resources and the Production of Power.” Division I will deal with Energy Resources and Power Developments Division I1 with Preparation of Fuels and Division I11 with Production of Power. Sir Harold Hartley K.C.V.O. C.B.E. F.R.S. has accepted the Chairman- ship of the Conference. The office of the British National Committee is at 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. SCIENTIFIC COURSES AND CONFERENCES Particulars of the following have been received:- Course of Post-graduate Lectures on Some Modern Aspects of Bio-chemistry at Acton Technical College.-A course of ten lectures will be given during the Summer Term 1949 in the Department of Chemistry and Biology on Fridays at 7.30 p.m.beginning 29 April. (1) Four lectures on Biological Oxidation and Oxidation Enzymes by Dr D. Herbert. (2) Three lectures on Biological Degradation of the Steroid Molecule by Dr. F. L. Warren. (3) Three lectures on The Application of Polarography in Biochemistry by Dr. F. L. Warren. Fee for the whole course A1 5s.;for each section 10s.;for sections 2 and 3 15s. Further particulars and registration forms may be obtained from The Principal Acton Technical College Acton London W.3. Courses of Lectures at Chelsea Polytechnic.-(1) Part I1 of a course of twenty lectures on Biochemistry by Dr.G. A. D. Haslewood on Monday evenings 25 April to 4 July (except 6 June) 1949. Fee 15s. (2) Course on the Chemistry and Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water on Tuesdays and Thursdays began 28 September 1948. The Course extends over two complete sessions. Responsible Lecturer Dr. D. C. Garratt. Course Fee for each session L3 3s.. Laboratory Fee 5s.,Membership 1s. Particulars of the above Courses may be obtained from the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Short Course in Chemistry for Teachers in Technical Colleges and Evening Institutes in England and Wales.-The Course will be held at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London E.C.3 from 11 to 22 July 1949 under the direction of H.M. Inspector Dr. P. C. L. Thorne. The main purpose of the Course will be to give students some insight into the principles of modern practical methods in chemistry micro and semi-micro analysis spectroscopic c 1511 analysis small-scale organic preparative methods electrochemical analysis.No fee will be charged for attendance at the Course but a limited number of teachers (men or women) can be accommodated at a cost of &5 5s. per week at College Hall Malet Street W.C.l from the evening of 10 July to the morning of 22 July. Applications for admission to the Course must be made not later than 21 May 1949 to the Ministry of Education (Teachers Short Courses) 20 Belgrave Square London S.W.1 on Form 106 Trs. (S.Cs.) obtainable from Local Education Authorities or from the Ministry.Further particulars can be obtained from the Ministry. Summer School in X-ray Analysis at Leeds.-It is proposed to hold a Summer School in X-ray Analysis somewhat similar to those held at Man-Chester and Cambridge in previous years at Leeds during the period 29 August to 10 September 1949. Full details will be issued later. M ISCELLAN EOUS Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Chemical Research.-The Trustees will consider in June applications for Ramsay Memorial Fellowships for Chemical Research. One of the Fellowships will be limited to candidates educated in Glasgow who can apply to be considered for either Fellowship. The value of each Fellowship will be L400 per annum to which may be added a grant for expenses of research not exceeding LlOO per annum.The Fellowships will normally be tenable for two years. Full particulars can be obtained from the Joint Honorary Secretaries Ramsay Memorial Fellowships Trust University College London Gower Street W.C.l to whom applications must be forwarded not later than 16 April 1949. The Textile Institute.-The Council of the Textile Institute offers to British students engaged in the textile industry or intending to enter the textile industry] a Scholarship extending for not more than three years and of amaximum value of L1,OOO. The award will cover college fees maintenance travelling and other incidental expenscs. It is intended that the Scholarship shall provide facilities for a course of study in Textile Technology to an advanced stage and for industrial experience at home or abroad.Forms of Application Conditions and other information may be obtained on request from the General Secretary the Textile Institute 16 St. Mary’s Parsonage Manchester 3 and applications must be received on or before 1 May 1949. Defence Services Research Facilities Committee.-At the invitation of the Council of the Royal Society the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the Army Council the Air Council and the Ministry of Supply have appointed representatives on a Defence Services Research Facilities Committee. The terms of reference of the Committee are “to consider proposals for the use of Service facilities and personnel for assisting scientific research and to make recommendations to the Council of the Royal Society the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the Army Council and the Air Council.” The Committee is under the Chairmanship of Sir Geoffrey Taylor F.R.S.It proposes to conduct its business through panels of scientists and Service representatives who are specially interested in scientific projects. Scientists wishing to submit proposals for consideration should communicate their suggestions in the first instance to the Assistant Secretary The Royal Society Burlington House London W. 1. Science Museum Library Photocopy Service.-This Service a note on which was published in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1948 111 202 has achieved widespread use. Full details can be obtained on application to the Director The Science Museum South Kensington London S.W.7 from whom requisition books can be purchased as needed.[ 152 1 COMING EVENTS The following list has been compiled from the latest information available. The Institute cannot hold itself responsible for its accuracy or for changes that may be made of which it may receive no notification. 1049 April 19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHENICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Chemistry of Ensilage.” Prof. S. J. Watson in the Chemistry Department Koyal College of Science South Kensington Idondon S.\T7.7 at 3.30p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Standarcl-isation in the Chemical Field” (Symposium). *Itthe T,ondon School of Hygiene and Tropical hIedicine Keppel Street London W.C. 1 at 3 p.m. THElNSTITUTE (Sheffielcl South l’orkshire and North NIidlandh Section) Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m.21 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group INDUSTRY jointly with the Institution of Highway Engineers) “Concrete Road Jointing Materials.” Mr. R. S. Millard and Mr. P. L. Critchell at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place T,ondon S.\I’.l at 6 p.m. 22 THE INSTITUTE (South \Vales Section) .4nnual General Meeting at the Central Library Alexandra Road Swansea. MIDLANDS CHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE (The Institute Eirmingham and Midlands Section jointly uith Birmingham Metallurgical Society) “Metallic Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.” Dr. W.H. J. Vernon O.B.E. at the IJniversity Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Fine Chemicals Group) “The Chemistry of Photographic Sensitising 1)yestuffs.” Dr.J. 1). Kendall in the Chemistry J.ecture Theatre King’.; Collegc Strand London iV.C.2 at 7 p.m. INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL 27th Annual Corporate Meeting ENGINEERS at the May Fair Hotel Berkeley Street London W.1 at 11 a.m. 3.7 THEINSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) “Some Experiences of a Chemist in the Paper Industry.” Mr. P. H. Prior at Medway Technical College Gardiner Street Gillingham at 7.30 p.m. 27 THE INSTITUTE (Belfast and District Section) Visit to the Ballyclare Paper Mills. BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) Annual Section Meeting at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. T~RITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS(Liverpool Section) Annual Section Meeting.INSTITUTE PLASTICS (London and District Section) “Plastics in Packaging.” Mr. J. L. Denny at the M’aldorf Hotel Aldn-ych London W.C.2. 27-28 I RON AND STEELTNSTITVTR Annual General Meeting in T.ondon [ 153 i April 38 THEINSTITUTE (East Midlands Section) Annual General Meeting. “Some Properties of Explosi\ e Combustion in Gases.” Dr. C. Whitworth at the &ridland Hotel Derby at 7.15 p.m. ‘hi< INSTITUTE (Manchester dnd District Section) 1.adics’ Evening. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London \Y,1 at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with Hull University College Scientific Society) .“Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Products.” Prof. R. D. Haworth F.R S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at li p.m. 23-30 The Institute Anniversary Meetings including the Annual General Meeting on 29 April (see p. ii). ~~.ECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETV TECHNICAI. ~nnual(’onfercnce at Ruxton. May 2 SOCIETYOF CHhimcXL INDUSTRY(London Section) “Leather tlle Scientific Background to a Traditional Industry,” Dr. M. P. Balk at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London W.C.l at 6.30 p.m. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and Korth Midlands Section) Fourteenth Annual General Meeting in the Nining Department Lecture ‘Theatre Applied Science Department l’hc Vniversity St George’s Square Sheffield at 6.30 1’ m.HwTisH ,~SSOCIATION OF Cris.irrs,rs (London Section) IZnnual General Meeting at Gas Indnstry Horise 1 Grosvenor Place T-ondon S.lY. 1 at 7 p.m. 5 THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North-Western Section) “Origins and Prevention of Laboratory Accidents.” Dr. L. J. Burrage at Radiant House Bold Street Liverpool at 4 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY(jointly with University College of North U’ales Chemical Society) Lecture. Professor E. L.Hirst F.R.S. in the Department of Chemistry University College of North \?-ales Rangor at 5.30 p.m. OF CHEMICAL ti SOCXSIY INDUSTRY(Birmingham Section) Annual Election and Business Meeting at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 7 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Oxford. SOCIETY 9 THEINSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) Annual General Meeting.Prof. A. Findlay C.B.E. at the Royal Station Hotel Hull at 7 p.m. OF CHEMICAL 10 SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Chemical Engineering Group) “Manu-facture and Use of Stainless-Clad Steel.” Mr. W. Barr in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.in. OF PUBLICANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICAL 10-1 I SOCIETY CHEMISTS (,Microchemistry Group jointly with the Chemical Society and Local Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Tndustry) hleetings at Belfast. ( 154. May 11 INSTITUTE “Examination of Crude Oils in Relation to OF PETROLEUM Geological Formations.” Mr. F. Morton at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m.MIDLAND CHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE (British Association of Chemists Birmingham Section) “Trace Elements in Agriculture.” Mr. W Morley Davies at The University Edmund Street Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE(I’orkshire Section) “Optical Plastics.” Dr. D. Starkie. 12 CHEMICAL Lecture. Dr. Lederer in the Rooms of the Royal SOCIETY Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.l at 7.15 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY (jointly with Hull University College Scientific Society) “The Mechanism of Drug Action.” Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. in the Science Lecture Theatre University College Hull at 6 p.m. BRADFORD SOCIETY: CHEMICAL *‘Food and Food Preservation.” Dr R. R. Elliott at the Technical College Bradford at 7.30 p.m. 13 BEDSON CLUB Lecture.Sir Cyril Hinshelwood F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 5 p.m. TECHNICAL : 16 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY“Anodising-Investigations on thle Anode Film and its Formation.” Mr. W. N. Bradshaw and Dr. S. G. Clarke at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John’s Street Clerkenwell London E.C.l. OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) “The Scientific 17 SOCIETY INDUSTRY Basis of Cheese-making.” Dr. J. G. Davis in the Chemistry Depart- ment Royal College of Science South Kensington London S.W.7 at 2.30 p.m. (Previously notified under 7 May.) OF CHEMICAL : INSTITUTION ENGINEERS“Fabrication of Chemical Plant in Stainless Steel.” Mr.-A. C. Branch and Mr. J. L. Sweeten. In London. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) Annual General Meeting at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street Gower Street London W.C.l at 6 p.m.19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) Annual General Meeting followed by a joint meeting with the Institu- tion of Highway Engineers. Two papers on the Surface Dressing of Roads. At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. 20 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:“A New Approach to the Synthesis of Azoles and Purines.” Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Washington Singer Laboratories University College Exeter at 4.30 p.m. PLASTICS INSTITUTE(Midlands Section) Meeting at the James Watt Memorial Institiite. Birmingham at 6.30 p.m. 24-27 TEXTILEINSTITUTE: Annual Conference in Dublin.017 (Chemical Engineering Group) 30th 25 SOCIETY CHEMICALINDUSTRY Annual General Meeting in London. (Provisional date.) 26 CHEMICAL SOCIETY:hleeting for the reading of original papers in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 7.16 p.m. 11551 June 2 CHEMICAL Meeting for the reading of original papers in the SOCIETY Rooms of the Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 7.16 p.m. TECHNICAL 7 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY(Midlands and Sheffield and North-East Centres) Meeting at Nottingham. 8 INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM Symposium on Combustion of Hydrocarbons. 10-19 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (FoodGroup) Summer Tour in France. 11 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) Summer Meeting INDUSTRY at the Experimental and Research Station Cheshunt.OF GASENGINEERS. 13-14 INSTITUTION Annual General Meeting in London. 16-19 INTERNATIONAL GAS UNION. Fourth International Gas Conference in London. 17 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at Nottingham. SOCIETY 20 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Tank Linings and Insulating Materials.” Mr. V. Evans at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street Clerkenwell London E.C.1. 25 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and District Section) Summer meeting; Visit to University of Bristol Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Station Chipping Campden Gloucestershire. 38 BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF CHEMISTS (London Section) Visit to the Chemical Research Laboratory Teddington at 2.30 p.m. J U~Y EMPIRE CONGRESS 9-23 FOURTH MININGAND METALLURGICAL (see p.149). 11-16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY: OF CHEMICAL Annual Genhal Meeting and other events in Manchester. 20 BRITISHASSOCIATIONOF CHEMISTS (London Section) Visit to the Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge (2.30 p.m.). “The Organisation of Chemists.” Mr. H. L. Howard in the Physical Chemistry Building Cambridge at 6 p.m. 21-28 SECOND CONGRESS (see p. 150). INTERNATIONAL OF CROPPROTECTION 23-30 The Institute Symposium on “Recent Advances in the Fermentation Industries,” arranged by the Scottish Local Sections at St. Andrews (see p. ii). 29 BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY.Meeting at Dundee. August 19-26 FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF BIOCHEMISTRY (see p. 150). 31 August-7 September BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCE Annual Meeting at Newcastle upon Tyne.September OF DYERS AND COLOURISTS: 22-24 SOCIETY Symposium. 23 BIOCHEMICAL Meeting at beds. SOCIETY [ 1,561 GENERAL NOTICES (Fov notices relating to matters of immediate importance see “Announcememls” on pp. ii and 148.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the’offices of the Institute. 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