JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PART 6. I 946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL Council Meeting 18th October 1946.-Final approval was given to a draft of the resolution for the amendment of certain By-laws relating to administrative matters to be submitted to Special General Meetings on 15th and 22nd November (see page 257). The Council expressed congratulations to Dr. T. F. Dixon on his appoint-ment to the Chair of Biochemistry at the Royal Medical College Baghdad but received with regret his resignation as a General Member of CounciI as from 31st October. It was agreed that no appointment be made to fill the vacancy until the next Annual General Meeting. The Council also learned with regret of the resignation of Mr.J. W. Kerr as District Member of Council for Glasgow and the West of Scotland owing to his removal from that district. It was reported that in accordance with the rules governing the filling of casual vacancies among District Members of Council (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1943,V x98-200),the Committee of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section had elected Dr. David Trail1 in place of Mr. Kerr until the Annual General Meeting r947. The resignation of Dr. Thomas Cooksey as Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New South Wales was received and thanks for his services in this capacity were recorded. Appointment of a successor was deferred. Approval was given to a proposal by the Committee of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section for the alteration of certain Rules of the Section dealing mainly with the time-table of events leading to the Annual General Meeting of the Section.The Report of the Finance and House Committee (14th October) referred inter alia to:-a modification of the subscription acknowledgment form issued by the Conjoint Chemical Office; conditions of payment of Section grants; supplementary grants to certain Sections for special purposes; renewal of items of office equipment; arrangements for a reception to be given by the Institute to delegates to the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry at Grosvenor House Hotel on 2and July 1947 (see page 287). The Report was received and adopted. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (~4th October) was received and adopted.A special matter referred to in the report was a decision to publish in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDTNGS an article on Homes for Old People so that the results of the Committee’s examination of this subject might be brought to the notice of members and thus give them am oppor-tunity of making suggestions (see page 283). Reports of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Committee (19th July and 18th October) were received and adopted and the candidates c 2533 recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellowship were duly elected to their respective grades. Members will be interested to learn that as a result of these elections the membership of the Institute (Fellows and Associates) now exceeds 10,000.The Report of the Appointments and Economic Status Committee (1st October) referred inter alia to the status of chemists in the Scientific Civil Service; reference to the Joint Council of Professional Scientists of a resolution forwarded by the Committee of the South Yorkshire Section (JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 Iv r62); remuneration and conditions of service of Public Analysts and other chemists employed in the service of municipal and county authorities; a recommendation that no question- naire concerning salaries should be issued until the spring of 1947,when the position would be reviewed; a report that 376 members were now using the Appointments Register but that the number of members actually unemployed remained very small.The Report was adopted. Following representations made to the Colonial office in connection with the qualifications of a person appointed as Government Analyst in one of the Colonies a reply was received from the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies giving an assurance that the points to which the Council had drawn attention would be borne in mind in relation to future appointments of a similar character. The matter is being followed up through appropriate channels. It was reported that a specific matter raised by the Patents Committee in connection with possible changes in the Patents and Designs Act had been referred to the Joint Chemical Committee on Patents and that a memor- andum on the subject had been forwarded by the Joint Committee to the Board of Trade Committee that was dealing with the subject.Information was received from the Joint Council of Professional Scientists on the scale of application fees payable by candidates for appoint-ments in the Scientific Civil Service; in consequence of a decision recently announced in Parliament all such application fees had been reduced that for Scientific Officer’s candidature to 20s. and that for Experimental Officer’s candidature to IOS. payable on application for admission to the competition. Reports of the Joint Committees of the Institute with the Ministry of Education (England and Wales)and with the Scottish Education Depart- ment on National Certificates were received and adopted. It was reported that the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) were content with the present administrative arrangements for National Certificates and did not consider that there was any need for supervision by a formal Committee.Reports of the Publications and Library Committee (29th August and 10th October) were received and adopted. Among the matters referred to in the Reports were lectures and monographs in preparation or being arranged; the availability of paper for publishing an up-to-date Register of Fellows and Associates; re-organisation of the Institute’s library (see page 279); a recommendation that new exchange arrangements be not entered into with foreign organisations with respect to JOURNAL AND PRO-CEEDINGS unless there were special reasons for doing so,but that suitable arrangements be made with respect to lectures and monographs in View of the important influence which the distribution of these publications overseas can have on the prestige of the Institute.The Council learned with satisfaction that in accordance with arrange- ments previously approved an American edition of “What Industry Owes to Chemical Science” had been published by the Chemical Publishing cz541 Company fnc. The publication was of a satisfactory form and the Benev- olent Fund would benefit from sales in the U.S.A. An invitation was received from the Institution of Water Engineers to co-operate with them in securing standardisation of methods of chemical analysis of potable waters. This invitation was accepted and it was suggested that a Joint Committee might be set up on which the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists should also be represented.Minutes of meetings of the Chemical Council (19th June and 13th August) were received and approval was given to a recommendation that in view of increases in the annual subscriptions of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry the senior joint subscription to the three Chartered Bodies be increased by &I as from 1st January 1947. It was reported that the Chemical Council had agreed to revise the brochure on the joint subscription arrangements at an early date and to provide for a wider distribution of this document than had originally been possible. Dr. G. Roche Lynch was appointed as a representative of the Institute on the Chemical Council with effect from 1st January 1947 in succession to Sir Robert Pickard whose term of office would then have expired.The resignation owing to ill health of Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd as a repre-sentative of the Institute on the Chemical Council was received with deep regret; Professor A. Findlay was appointed for the remainder of her period of service. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors had been informed that a majority of the Council were of the opinion that the proposal to use the letters F.R.I.C.S. and A.R.I.C.S. to designate Fellows and Associates of that Institution would be likely to lead to misunderstandings and that the selection of some other designations would be in the interest of members of both bodies.A message of congratulation sent on behalf of the Officers and Council to the Institute of Fuel on that body receiving the grant of a Royal Charter had been cordially acknowledged. Mr. J. A. Oriel Member of Cozc.lzciZ had represented the Institute at the XXe Congr&s de Chimie Industrielle held in Paris on 2znd-28th September 1946. The President was appointed as the official delegate of the Institute at the Centenary Celebrations of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers to be heId in London in June 1947. Council Meeting 15th November 1946.The Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections held on 19th October (see page 258) was received and recommendations contained in paragraphs I and 10 were adopted It was agreed that subject to approval being given to proposed changes in By-laws by Special General Meetings to be held on 15th and ~2nd Novem-ber and by the Privy Council the Annual General Meeting of the Institute be held on Friday 18th April 1947.The Anniversary Luncheon will be held on the same day. The Report of the Finance and House Committee (11th November) was received and adopted. The Report referred inter aEia to :-recommenda- tions for removal of members in arrear with subscriptions; matters arising from para. I and z of the Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections (see page 258); recommendation of a supple- mentary grant to a Local Section in connection with a proposed Conference; 266 1 modification of the mode of presentation of accounts for rg46 and future years involving the inclusion of separate accounts in respect of certain specified activities to which an appropriate proportion of staff salaries and wages and other overhead expenses would be charged; staff changes; pension and life assurance provisions for members of the staff.The Council adopted recommendations made by the Committee in connection with participation by the Institute in the newly constituted Scientific Societies’ Joint Pensions Scheme. The annual cost to the Institute of the provisions of this scheme in respect of future service pensions and life assurance was estimated to be about fl1,150. Owing to the impracticability of making pension provision during the war period in respect of salary increments and of the salaries of younger members of staff a considerable additional sum estimated at about L800 per annum would be needed to make up for these past deficiencies in pension provision.Although this latter sum would have decreased to a comparatively small figure by the end of 1952,when two senior members of the staff would have reached their normal retiring dates the annual premiums to be paid by the Institute in order to secure the benefits under the scheme would remain considerably in excess of the maximum figure authorised at the Annual General Meeting in 1939. A resolution for an appropriate increase in this maximum annual appropriation will therefore be submitted at the Annual General Meeting in 1947. The Report of the Benevolent Fund Committee (11th November) was received and adopted.It was reported that the total expenditure in helping to provide summer holidays for children of regular beneficiaries had been Era3 and that this scheme had been very greatly appreciated by the 12children concerned. The Report of the Nominations Examinations and Institutions Com-mittee (17th and 18th October) was received and adopted and the candidates recommended for election or re-election to the Associateship or to the Fellow- ship were duly elected to their respective grades. Authority was given to the Committee to admit candidates to the Associateship Examination to be held in January 1947. Arising from the statement in para. 12 of the Report of the Fifteenth Conference of Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections discussion took place on difficulties that were arising through the adoption by the Government of a fixed date for the release of university students who had been directed to work of national importance; such students were not released for return to the university unt3 the elapse of three years from the 1st September following their taking up work of the type to which they had been directed.It was agreed that as these conditions of release were directly related to those for release from the Forces there was no prospect of further repre- sentations on the subject being considered. A report by the Chairman of the Publications and Library Committee (14th November) was received and adopted. It was reported that the Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related Subjects had been published and that copies had been sent to various organisations and individuals including the technical press.A Special Committee was set up to consider the award of the Meldola Medal for 1946 (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IT,245). Further consideration of the basis of arrangements for the Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” to be held at St. Andrews from7th to 12th July 1947,was referred to the Scientific Courses Committee 2543 3 in consultation with the Committee set up by the Scottish Sections of the Institute. Minutes of the meeting of the Chemical Council (16th October) were received (see page 269) and it was reported that it was not proposed at present to make any change in the joint junior subscription rate or in the subscription for joint student facilities.Dr. J. R. Scott had accepted the Council’s invitation to represent the Institute on British Standards Institution Technical Committee RUC/m-Standardisation and Co-ordination of Tests for Rubber. Mr. A. T. Green had agreed to represent the Institute on Technical Sub-committee C/8/5-Laboratory Porcelain. Dr. William Cullen reported that in the course of his recent visit to South Africa he had conveyed the greetings of the Council to the Cape Section and had been asked to bring back their good wishes to the Council and Members of the Institute in Britain. SPECIAL GENERAL MEETIN GS 15th and 22nd November 1946 A Special General Meeting of the Institute was held in the Rooms of the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 on Friday 15th November 1946. The meeting was called for 5.30 p.m. but no business was transacted until 5.45 p.m., when it was announced that the necessary number of members were present to constitute a quorum in accordance with By-Law 7 (1). The President Mr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E. M.B. B.S. D.P.H. was in the Chair and there were present 38 members of whom 30 were not Members of Council. The notice convening the Meeting was read by the Secretary. The Chairman then moved the adoption of the folIowing resolution as set forth in the notice of meeting:- “That the By-Laws of the Institute be amended in manner following that is to say 1.By-Law 3 by substituting the words ‘before the thirtieth day of April’ for the words ‘between the first and fifteenth days of March (both days inclusive).’ 2. By-Law 5 (2) by substituting the word ‘first’ for the word ‘seventh.’ 3. By-Law 6 (1) by substituting the word ‘forty-nine’ for the word ‘fourteen.’ 4. By-Law 11 (2) by substituting the word ‘fourteen’ for the word ‘seven’ and the word ‘twenty-eight’ for the word ‘twenty-one.’ 5. By-Law 26 (2) by substituting the words ‘not later than the first day of February next before the date at which the Annual General Meeting’is to be held’ for the words ‘six weeks at least before the Annual General Meeting. 6; By-Law 27 (2) (c) by substituting the word ‘forty-eight’ for the word ‘twenty- four.7. Ry-L;aw 29 (1) by inserting the words ‘or more’ between the words ‘two’ and 8. By-Law 68 (1) by substituting the word ‘four’ for the word ‘three’ and the ‘scrutineers. words ‘since the close of the previous Statementpf Account’ for the words ‘continued from the foot of the last Statement of Account. Copies of all which By-Laws as so amended are contained in a print produced to this meeting and signed by the Chairman for the purposes of identification and which amendment shall come into operation and take effect so soon as they shall be allowed with or without alteration by the Lords of His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council.” The Chairman drew attention to the fact that the existing By-Laws 3 6 (Z),6 (I), 11 (2) 26 (2).27 (2) (c) and 29 (1) with the proposed amended By-Laws were set out on the bakc of the notice of meeting.The resolution having been seconded was supported by Mr. C. L. Claremont who indicated that from his experience as an Hon. Auditor he could vouch for the need of r 257 1 longer time,as provided by the amended By-laws for preparing and auditing the annual statement of accounts. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was carried unanimously. A further Special General Meeting of the Institute was held in the offices of the Insti-tute 80 Russell Square London W.C.1 on Friday 22nd November 1946 at 5.30 p.m. The Resident again occupied the Chair and there were present 36 members,of whom 34 were not Members of Council.The Chairman moved that the adoption of the above resolution (asdetailed above) be confirmed. The motion was seconded by Dr. J. G. A. Griffiths. In reply to a question by Mr. H. S. Rooke as to the adequacy of the additional time allowed by the amended By-Law 27 (2) (c) for the counting of votes by the scrutineers it was pointed out that not only had the available time been increased from 24 hours to 48 hours but by the amendment of By-Law 29 (1) the previous limitation ofthe number of scrutineers to two had been removed. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was curvied unanimously. These amendments of the By-Laws were subsequentIy allowed by His Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council under an Order dated 18th December 1946 and have thereby become effective.REPORT OF THE FIFTEENTH CONFERENCE OF HONORARY SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS 19th October 1946 at 10 a.m. Presenf.-Mr. G. Roche Lynch President in the Chair; Professor A. Findlay, Vice-President; Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones Honorary Treasurer; Mr. C. S. McDowell (Belfast and District); Mr. E. M.Joiner (Birmingham and Midlands); Mr. F. P. Hornby (Bristol and South-Western); Mr. H. F. Adam (Cardiff and District); Mr. H. D. Thornton (Dublin and District); Dr.J. W. Corran (East Anglia); Dr. C. Whitworth (East Midlands); Mr. G. Elliot Dodds (Edinburgh and East of Scotland); Mr.H. G. A. Anderson (Glasgow and West of Scotland); Dr. E. H. Goodyear (Huddersfield); h3r. D. J. T. Bagnall (Hull and District); Mr. W. A. Wightman (Leeds Area); Mr.H.Weather-all (Liverpool and North-Western); Dr.J. G. A. GriBiths (London and South-Eastern); Dr. E. Isaacs (Manchester and District); Mr. K. H. Jack (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast); Mr. G. Murfitt (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands); Mr. E. E. Ayling (South Wales); Dr. F. R. Williams (Tees-Side); the Secretary the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary. The Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Sections were welcomed by the President and introduced to the Conference. 1. Local Section Grants.-It was reported that at its meeting on 21st June the Council had considered modifications in the conditions of payments of Local Section grants and had proposed that in future these grants be made on the following basis “The amount of the grant to which a Section is entitled in a given year is 2s.6d. for every Fellow and Associate having his registered address in the area of the Section at the time when the grant is due (subject to a minimum of k15) less any balance in the accounts of the Section at 31st December in the previous year over and above 25 per cent. of the expenditure in that previous year. The grant to a Section for a particular year is payable on or before 1st March of that year and will normally be paid to the appropriate officer of the Section as soon as the statement of accounts for the previous year has been received and approved. The whole of the grant for the year will be paid at this time except that where the amount is large (say over &loo)arrangements may be made for payment in instalments.” It was agreed that this proposal would be helpful to the Sections in enabling them to budget for expenditure during the year and to a balance to meet their needs during the early months of each year.In the interest of small Sections however the Conference recommended that the latter part of the first sentence in the proposal be amended to read “less any balance in the accounts of the Section at 31st December in the previous year over and above LlO or 25 per cent. of the expenditure in that previous year whichever is the greater.” It was also recommended that the amount of the per capita grant and the minimum annual grant to a Section should be kept under review so as to ensure that the development of Section activities shall not be unduly restricted.It was agreed that further consideration should be given at the next [ 258 1 Conference to the possibility of introducing a revised scheme whereby the annual grant to a Section might consist of a fixed sum plus a per capita allocation so devised that the smaller Sections would receive an increased total grant while the larger Sections would not receive less than at present. Such a scheme would take account of the fact that there are certain basic expenses to be met by any Section however small the number of members. 2. Travelling Expewses of Committee Members.-In accordance with a decision taken at the Fourteenth Conference (Report para. Z) Honorary Secretaries of Sections had been invited to submit rough estimates of sums that would be needed in the ensuing year if a proposal were adopted to allow as a charge on Institute funds the travelling expenses of members of Committees or Sub-Committees attending meetings of those bodies.From the necessarily incomplete returns received to date it appeared that the cost per Section might range from nothing up to about L20 the higher figure referring to Sections covering a wide area in which there were several important centres. There was a general feeling that if such a scheme were adopted no individual whose annual travelling expenses amounted to less than Ll should be reimbursed but it was pointed out that this might result in hardship in some cases and that the matter might be left to the Sections to decide.Reference was also made to the desirability of being able to invite to a meeting of a Committee or Sub-committee on occasions when particular matters were to be discussed a member of the Institute who did not belong to that Committee or Sub-committee; it was suggested that such persons would in fact be co-opted for such meetings and could therefore be treated as if they were ordinary members of the Committee or Sub-committee on such occasions. Although it seemed probable that the cost of such a scheme might be in the neighbourhood of ,6100 per annum it was agreed that more information was needed and that the matter should be further considered at the next Conference before making a recommendation to Council. 3. Local Section Oficer’s Handbook-The Committee had before it a first draft of material for inclusion in a Local Section Officers’ Handbook the preparation of which had been proposed at the previous Conference (Report para.8). It was agreed that this draft was on the lines desired and that Honorary Secretaries should send to the Secretary of the Institute proposals for its amendment and extension so that a further draft might be prepared for subsequent consideration. The following matters were put forward for consideration for inclusion in the Handbook:-status and privileges of Registered Students; the range of enquiries that may be appropriately answered by Honorary Secretaries of Sections; the operation of the Appointments Register; the date and conditions of nomination of District Members of Council; references to articles on administrative and professional matters that had appeared in the JOURNAL in recent years; the telephone numbers of Honorary Secretaries; organisation of the office of the Institute so that particular matters of business may be referred to the appropriate member of the staff.Special emphasis was placed on the references to articles in the JOURNAL as it was felt that this would avoid raising unnecessarily matters that had been discussed in detail in recent years. It was further agreed that copies of the Chemical Council brochure giving particulars of joint subscription arrangements should be sent as soon as a new edition was available to all Honorary Secretaries so that they might bring the work of the Institute and of the co-operating societies to the notice of potential members especially young graduates.It was also agreed that in order to facilitate the conduct of Section business Honorary Secretaries should receive copies of the “date card” giving the dates of meetings of the Council and its Committees. General approval was given to the proposal that the Handbook should be in loose-leaf form so that additions could be made from time to time without prejudice to subsequent codification and printing of the body of the Handbook at appropriate intervals. 4. Local Section Rules.-Information had been received from a few Sections concerning the suggestion made at the previous Conference (para. 9) that the Rules of Local Sections be correlated and those that were common to all Sections collected under the heading “Common Rules.” It was pointed out that the Rules of several Sections were in urgent need of reprinting and that such reprinting should not be held up until agreement on this general question had been received.It was generally agreed how- ever that it would be useful if the existing Section Rubs were examined from this point of view by the Secretary and a set of specimen Rules prepared that would be available for the guidance of Local Sections when changes of Rules became necessary in the future. 5. Munchester Questionnaire.-It was reported that the Committee of the Man- Chester and District Section had been much concerned at the action of the Council in [ 259 1 authorising the publication of an article in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS containing criticisms of the questionnaire without ~~blishing it in full.Diverse opinions were expressed by the representatives of other Sections on this matter and on the proposal that a similar questionnaire be circulated to all members of the Institute in the British Isles. Several representatives referred to the desirability of restricting the number of qwstions in any such questionnaire and of issuing with it a reasoned statement on each of the topics included. It was generally agreed that questions such as those referring to standards of admission to the Associateship and particularly to the Fellowship and to the possibility of making chemistry a “closed profession” could not be answered by a majority of members without much more information than they would normally be likely to possess.On the questions relating to salary scales to which no reference was made in the article in the JOURNAL,it was reported that the Council had decided to defer the preparation of salary statistics until more stable conditions had been attained and that the matter would be reviewed in the spring of 1947. Expressing the views of the Council Professor Findlay (Chairman of the Appoint- ments and Economic Status Committee) stated that in publishing the article in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, the Council had intended no discourtesy; nor did there seem to be grounds for assuming any such intention. The article contained comments rather than criticisms and consisted for the most part of references to actions already taken by the Council on the various points raised.The Council was always open to receive statements of views put forward by District Members Local Section Committees Honorary Secretaries or individual members and all such views received consideration. When a question had been fully examined by the Council and there was any doubt about the decision to be taken it was right and proper to issue a questionnaire to members in order to obtain guidance. Local Section Committees bad a similar duty and responsibility to their members and might in like manner ask the opinion of their members when there was doubt as to the course to be pursued. Enquiries of this kind should not be made however either by the Council or by Committees of Sections until after full consideration of the relevant arguments and any such enquiry should be accompanied by a reasoned statement of the facts.It would be unfortunate if the questionnaire should become a frequently used instrument in the government of the Institute for the Council which was elected by popular vote consisted of Fellows who were specially qualified to interpret the wishes of the general body of members and to translate them into action in a manner that would serve the best interests of the Xnstitu te. It was generally agreed that the issue of the questionnaire by the Manchester and District Section had served a useful purpose in focussing attention on a numbs of points of interest to members of the Institute and satisfaction was expressed with the assurance that the Council would take full cognisance of the results of the questionnaire in considering the development of future policy.The general feeling of the Conference was however that no recommendation should be made on the proposal that a question- naire of the type issued by the Manchester and District Section should be distributed generally to members of the Institute. 6. Presentation of Fellowship and Associateship Certi$cates.-In para. 19 of the ReDort of the 14th Conference the difliculties of resuming the practice of presenting Feilowship and Associateship Certificates at Section meetings were set forth. In view of these difficulties and of some doubt as to whether it was desirable or proper that certificates which were issued by the Council should be presented at Local Section meetings the suggestion was made that contacts with new members might effectively be established in other ways for example by inviting them to a social meeting or by asking them to sign a book at an ordinary meeting of the Section.Whereas many Local Sections regarded the matter as of little importance and in view of the difficulties involved would prefer to use some other procedure for welcoming new members there were a few Sections who felt strongly that the pre-war practice should be resumed. It was agreed that the Honorary Secretaries of these latter Sections should discuss the matter further with their Committees and raise the question again at the next Conference if so instructed. 7. Repmts on candidates for election to the Fellowship under Regulation III (C).-On this matter which was deferred from the previous Conference (Report para.22), general information was given about present practice. Following discussion it was agreed that there was no need to establish new machinery but that the use of the existing machinery might be improved; thus a larger proportion of applicants might be summoned for interview and consultation with District Members might take place more frequently. An assurance was given that the N. E. & I. Committee was fully alive to the importance of ensuring that only those who were duly qualified should be r2w1 adlflitted to the Fellowship; the means of achieving this were continuously under review. 8. Delivery of established Memmial Lectures outside Londm (14th Conference Report para.%).-It was agreed that it would be open to any Section to ask for a particular Memorial Lecture to be given or repeated at a centre within the Section. When this was done the lecturer’s expenses would be borne by the Section on the same basis as for any other lecture. In general a Memorial Lecture given under these conditions would form part of the programme of activities of the Section. 9. Operation of the A+pointments Register.-The Registrar explained the existing organisation of the Register and the conditions of its operation and assured the Conference that he would be pleased to receive suggestions for improvement as well as information of vacancies notified in periodicals that might not otherwise be seen, such as provincial newspapers and certain technological journals.It would be helpful if Honorary Secretaries or Recorders of Sections regularly examined such sources and drew attention to notices that were likely to be of interest. At the present time about 360 members were receiving the Appointments Register but very few of these were without employment. 10. Journal and Proceedings.-Suggestions were made that JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS might include editorial comment and “Letters to the Editor.’’ It was recognised that in order to make this extension of present practice useful more frequent publica-tion of JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS was desirable On general grounds also it was recommended that the Publications Committee be asked to consider the possibility of issuing the Journal at more frequent intervals as soon as conditions permitted.11. Scienti$c Cowses.-Reference was made to the highly successful Courses on “Oils and Fats” and “Spectroscopy” recently held under the auspices of the Institute at the University of Liverpool and the question was raised as to the proper use of any excess of receipts over expenditure in connection with such courses. A suggestion that such balances might be passed over to the Local Section concerned for the general pur- poses of the Section was not generally supported because it was recognised that a considerable part of the payments were made by members of the Institute drawn from all parts of the country and it was contrary to established policy that Local Sections should accumulate funds that had not been raised locally for specific purposes.A more favourable reception was given to a proposal that such balances should be retained in a special “Scientific Courses” Fund to be used in financing future Courses of a similar nature. An assurance was given that the views of the Liverpool and North-Western Section which had made the detailed arrangements for the courses held this summer would receive due consideration before any final decision on the matter was reached. 12. Students National Service.-The Registrar gave information on points raised at the previous Conference (Report para. 21). Places in most technical colleges were as difficult to obtain as in universities; both were under an obligation to reserve 90 per cent.of their accommodation for ex-service men. Part-time students could get deferment in order to take a vital examination but more specific assurances could not be given. Students who had been directed to work of national importance were being released after three years in order to return to universities-the agreed reIease date being 1st September which was the same as that applying to release from the Services (see Proceedings of the Council p. 256). It was understood that for students now taking a full-time university course it is the intention of the Government to grant deferment year by year for a maximum of three years from 1st October following their 18th birthday but that thereafter they would be called up for military service. The Conference adjourned for lunch at 12.30 p.m.and resumed its sitting in the afternoon until 4.30 p.m. The President thanked the Honorary Secretaries and other representatives of Sections for their attendance and expressed his satisfaction with the considerable amount ofimportant ground that had been covered. A vote of thanks to the President and the other Officers for their interest in and work on behalf of the Sections was carried with acclamation. ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The winter series of meetings to be held jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemicd Industry was inaugurated on 26th October in the Chemistry Department Marischal College Aberdeen Professor H. W. Melville F.R.S. presided and Professor G.D. Preston of University College Dundee gave an address on “Microscopy with Electrons and X-rays.” On 29th November at Marischal College with Professor Melville again in the Chair a joint meeting heard an address by Professor F. S. Spring of the Royal Technical College Glasgow on “Some Developments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Both meetings were followed by considerable discussion and votes of thanks were proposed by Dr. J. M. C. Thompson and Mr.J. E. Bowen. Belfast and District.-A very interesting Lecture on “The Manufacture of Pulp and Paper” was given on 30th September by Mr. P. Faichney; Dr. E. Mayne Reid was in the Chair. A party of members visited the Observatory in Armagh on 30th October. They were cordially received by Dr.E. M. Lindsay who displayed many interesting photo- graphs and explained each in detail. The sky was fortunately clear and every member had the opportunity of observing the moon through the telescope. The Jubilee Dinner of the Section was held in Royal Avenue Hotel on 29th November. On loth December the Chemical Society and Queen’s University Belfast in con- junction with the Belfast and District Section of the Institute arranged a Public Lecture on “Isotopes” by Professor H. C. Urey Nobel Laureate of the University of Chicago U.S.A. Sir David Kier Vice-Chancellor of Queen’s University was in the Chair. * Birmingham and Midlands.-At a meeting of the Section held on 14th November the Chairman Mr. Garfield Thomas referred to the death of Professor Percy Faraday Frankland F.R.S.Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of Birmingham and a former President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. In a moving tribute Professor Challenger said that Frankland was among the earliest workers in bio- chemistry; that his work was characterised by a passion for accuracy and that he was a man of the highest integrity who inspired those who worked under him. His passing would be mourned by friends and students the world over. Dr. S. R. Carter on behalf of the local section added his tribute and the meeting stood in silence. Professor F. Challenger then delivered a lectyTe entitled “Recent Investigations in the Organic and Biological Chemistry of Sulphur. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The first meeting of the Section in the present session was held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Bristol on 10th October jointly with the Chemical Society and with the local section and the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry.The chair was taken by Dr. L. €3. Lampitt, President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Mr. N. J. L. Megson gave a lecture illustrated by lantern slides on “Recent Advances in Plastics.” A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. S. Robson. On 24th October a meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry in the University of Bristol. Dr.T. Malkin Chairman of the local section of the Institute presided. In opening the proceedings he paid tribute to the memory of Mr.F. E. Needs District Member of Council who had died during the week; the meeting stood in silence as a mark of respect. A lecture on “The Work of the Forensic Science Laboratories” was then given by Mr. E. B. Parkes. At a meeting held jointly with the Chemical Society and the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the University of Bristol Dr. C. E. H. Bawn the repre- sentative of the Chemical Society presided and Professor M. G. Evans gave a lecture on “Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions.” Following the discussion a vote of thanks was proposed by Professor W. E. Garner F.R.S. Cardiff and District.-To fill the vacanices caused by Mr. R. G. Minor and Mr. D. Hicks leaving the Section Mr.3. S. Hughes was elected a member of the Section Committee and Mr. S. Dixon an Hon. Auditor. On 11th October in Cardiff at a joint meeting with the Physical Methods Group of the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and with the local c 262 3 section of the Society of Chemical Industry the following papers were presented:- “Recent Developments in Apparatus for pH Measurements and Electro-Titrations,” by Mr. A. D. E. Laughlan; “Some Applications of Electrometric Methods to Analysis,” by Mr. R. J. Carter; “Polarisation End-points,” by Dr. D. P. Evans. In Newport on 30th October Dr. G. M. Bennett lectured on “The Government Laboratory’’ (for summary see p. 278) the Chair being taken by Mr. McGraghan. Prior to this meeting which was held jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry members of both bodies visited the Newport works of the British Aluminium Company Ltd.by kind permission of the Directors. The party was entertained to tea at the works and keen appreciation of the visit was expressed to Dr. Martin and his staff. A meeting of the South WalesSection of the Society of Chemical Industry was held jointly with the local section of the Institute in Cardiff on 29th November when Dr. D. T. A. Townend lectured on “Recent Developments in Combustion.” Two-stage combustion cool flames the significance of peroxides and engine knock were among the subjects discussed. Messages of congratulation were sent from the meeting to Dr. Idris Jones and to Mr. D. Hicks on their recent appointments on the staffs of the Coal Board and the Fuel Research Board respectively.Dublin and District.-A meeting of the Section was held in Science Buildings Eniversity College Dublin on 20th November. Dr.A. G. G. Leonard was in the Chair but as the meeting was held jointly with the Chemical Society he invited Professor T,S. Wheeler to preside. Dr. T. G. Brady read a paper on “Biochemical Micro-techni- que” (for summary see p. 278). The vote of thanks was proposed by Professor Jessop, seconded by Dr. Werner and supported by Professor Conway. East .Anglia.-The Section opened its programme with a meeting held in the Public Library Lecture Room Ipswich on 8th November. The Section invited as guests local members of the Association of Scientific Workers to hear Mr.A. D. Whitehead on the subject of “Plastics in Recent Years.” The lecture was largely historical; it was copiously illustrated with slides. A substantial and impressive collection of materials and products prepared from plastics was displayed. On 22nd November Professor H. J. Emeldus,F.R.S.,visited the Section for the first time since his appointment to the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. At the Norwich City College he delivered a lecture on “Some Chemical Aspects of Recent Work on Atomic Fission”(cf. summary JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS 1946 I 42) to a crowded audience which included a large number of senior students and scientific teaching staff in Norwich and Norfolk. East Midlands-A joint committee meeting of the East Midlands Section and the Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section was held in the Welbeck Hotel Nottingham on 30th November.There was an excellent attendance both Sections being well represented. The Chairman was Mr. Atherley and there was a short interval at 4 pm. when the East Midlands Section entertained members of the visiting Section to tea. Subjects of mutual interest were discussed and the meeting heard the Report of Mr. E. J. Vaughan District Member of Council who was unanimously nominated again for a further year. On loth October Professor R. A. Morton of the University of Liverpool delivered a lecture on “Absorption Analysis,” which was illustrated by a large number of lantern slides. On 14th November MI-. W. Gordon Carey lectured on “Water Supply” at University College Leicester.This lecture was very well attended not only by members of the Institute but also by students of the College. The Section is much indebted to Professor and Mrs. Hunter for entertaining members of the Committee to coffee after the meeting. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has met so far on three occasionsthis session. On 10th October Dr. J. P. Baxter lectured on “Heavy Chemicals”; on 29th October Dr. D. J. Bell spoke on “Some Observations on Biological Oxidation and Reduction,” and on 21st November Professor F. S. Spring lectured on “Some Develop- ments in the General Methods of Organic Chemistry.” Accounts of all these lectures are being published in Chemistvy and Ifidustry. Huddersfie1d.-At a meeting on 29th October in Field’s Caf6 held jointly with the Huddersfield Section of the Society of Dyers and Colourists under the Chairmanship of Mr.T. A. Simmons,a large audience heard a talk by Dr. C. J. T. Cronshaw (Member of Council) on “Chemists in Industry. ” c 263 3 The lecture was followed by a most interesting discussion and a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. A. E. Everest and seconded by Dr. R. A. Storey. The Annual Dance held in Collinson’s Caf6 on 16thNovember was well attended and proved most enjoyable. Dr. H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary of the Institute visited the Section on 3rd Decem- ber and gave a talk entitled “Electrolysis as an Industrial Process.” Many members inchding Mr. T. A. Simmons Mr.H. Wignall Mr. R. Raw Mr. A. S. White Mr. L. G. Cratchley and Dr. W. E. Scott took part in the interesting discussion which followed. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. R. J. Connor and seconded by Mr. Tasker. Hull and District.-As the result of a ballot the following were elected as members of the first Committee of the Section:-FeZlows Mr. A. P. Backshell Mr. D. J. T. Bagnall, Mr. L. Balmforth Mr. P. H. Cutting Mr. C. S. Farmer Mr. N. L. Holm& Mr. R. S. Howard Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Associates Mr. W. Hartley Mr. S. J. Porter Mr. J. Pryce-Jones. At a meeting of the Committee held on 15th October the following were elected to the specified offices for the session 1946-47 Chairman Mr D. J. T. Bagnall; Vice- Chairman Mr. L. Balmforth; Hon.Secretary Dr. W. H. Pedelty; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. R. S. Howard. The Inaugural Meeting of the Section took place at the Hull Guildhall on 23rd October Mr.D. J. T. Bagnall presiding. The members formally approved the Section Rules as a working basis for the first year of the Section. The Chairman welcomed the visitors who included members of the Hull Branch of the British Medical Association Members of the Hull Medical Association the Chief Constable of Hull and his senior officers members of the Hull Section of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association members of the Hull Chemical and Engineering Society and the Secretary of the North Lincs. Technical and Scientific Society. The highlight of the evening was a lecture by Dr. G. Roche Lynch President of the Royal Institute of Chemistry entitled “Medico- Legal Experiences.” Dr.Roche Lynch prefaced his lecture with a few remarks on the development of the Institute and its place in the scientific world and emphasised the gratifying feature that the Institute and its Sections were entirely non-political. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer proposed by Mr. J. Pryce Jones and seconded by Dr. N. Gebbie Medical Officer of Health for Kingston-upon-Hull. Leeds Area.-A joint meeting of the Section with the Leeds University Chemical Society was held at the University of Leeds on 29th October Mr. G. J. Denbigh Chair- man of the Section presiding. Professor F. A. Paneth lectured on “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements.” An audience of over 200 thoroughly enjoyed a fascinating talk on the hitherto unknown elements which are now being made in quantity as a result of the work on the uranium pile (for summary see p.277). Before the lecture under the Chairmanship of Mr. D. A. Pantony Student President of the University Chemical Society the films “New Earth” and “The Refining of Oil” were shown by courtesy of the Central Film Library and the Petroleum Films Bureau. A social interval followed. Silver Jubilee Meeting.-The Silver Jubilee of the Leeds Area Section was celebrated at a meeting held in the Queen’s Hotel Leeds on 23rd November 1946. The Chairman (Mr. G. J. Denbigh) presided over a gathering of chemists and their ladies numbering more than 200. The Chairman welcomed the President the Secretary and the Registrar of the Royal Institute of Chemistry the representatives of the local organisations of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry the Society of Dyers and Colourists the Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists and the Pharmaceutical Society and officers of the neighbouring Sections of Huddersfield Sheffield and Hull.He recalled that the decision to form the Leeds Area Section was taken at a meeting held in the old Queen’s Hotel Leeds on 24th November 1921. Of the twenty-eight members present at that meeting he was glad to see eight with us to-day while six had sent their apologies and good wishes. During the twenty-five years of its existence the Section had increased in strength and numbers and had played a leading part in bringing together the academic and industrial members of the profession in this im- portant manufacturing area and in helping them to a fuller appreciation of each other’s work.In these days the importance of chemists to the community was much better realised than it was twenty-five years ago and in this change of public attitude the activities of the Institute had had their effect. The President of the Institute (Dr. G. Roche Lynch O.B.E.) in congratulating the Section said that it was a very good thing that an anniversary of this kind should be c 264 3 celebrated in a special manner. Since the Institute was founded the scope of the acti- vities of chemists had changed considerably so that whereas in the early days the mem- bership consisted mainly of independent consultants and analysts now the great majority of members were in some form of industrial employment.The value of pro-fessional association remained undiminished and the Institute had a great deal to do in looking after the general and economic interests of its members in a manner worthy of its standing and from a standpoint that was entirely non-political. His contacts with the Sections had convinced him that the Institute was a live body and as its numbers grew he welcomed the formation of new Sections in order that members might more easily be able to attend meetings and get to know each other and appreciate each other’s problems. The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds (Mr. B. Moust Jones D.S.O.)said that by a coincidence it was just twenty-five years since he forsook the straight path of chemistry for the devious ways of academic administration.In those far-off days the curative properties of magnesium sulphate were esteemed at least as highly as were those of penicillin to-day elements were elements and not fragile entities prone to fission at the mere sight of a neutron and hydrogen was only as heavy as it seemed to be. He congratulated the Section on behalf of the University and expressed the hope that the association of the academic and industrial members of the profession would continue and strengthen. After a social interval the Lord Mayor of Leeds (Sir George W. Martin) arrived to extend a civic welcome and congratulations to the members of the Section.He said that the contributions of chemists to the war effort and to the health of the community were universally appreciated The work of the Institute showed that chemistry was a profession in which the members worked together and gave of their best and they had the great satisfaction of knowing that their work was well worth while. Mr. A. L. Bacharach then gave a lecture on “The Properties and Manufacture of Penicillin’’ in which he outlined in an extremely interesting and lucid manner the chemical and therapeutic properties of penicillin and the problems involved in its large- scale production. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Professor F. Challenger and seconded by Professor X. M. Comber who was one of the original members of the Section.At the Annual General Meeting Messrs. G. Brearley F. F. Elsworth R. Gawler and W. T. Tweed were elected to the Committee and Messrs. J. T. Thompson and A. Woodmansey were re-elected as Honorary Auditors. The financial statement was adopted. Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the Session 1946-67 was held on 10th October at 5 p.m. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Liverpool. Mr. P. K. Williams the retiring Chairman introduced his successor Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S. referring to his connection with the Institute and with the chemistry of oils and fats. As a prologue to his address the new Chairman drew a comparison between the meetings held in Liverpool before and during the war and the arrangements for the coming session which included meetings for our own members meetings of a joint character and meetings outside Liverpool at Wigan and Widnes.Professor Hilditch then referred to certain aspects of the general policy of the Institute in relation to changes in the By-laws which were understood to be pending and to the proposal to seek a new Charter. He emphasised the fact that the policy of the Institute was the business of all its members and that it was therefore desirable for all to consider and if necessary to bring to the notice of their District Members of Coun- cil any matters on which their views might be constructive or helpful. For himself he doubted the wisdom of any suggestion to reduce the size of the Council; if a Council of 30 was requisite when the membership of the Institute was under 2,000 a Council of 60as at present would not seem to be too large to look after the interests of the current membership (over 10,000 and likely to increase rapidly in the next few years).More-over there was a danger that reduction in the size of the Council might result in control being exercised too much by the permanent officials rather than by the elected Officers and Council. In his view the time had come when Great Britain should be divided into say six or seven “Regions,” each including several Local Sections and being administered by a Regional Council which should have much more inde- pendent control especially as regards financial expenditure than is now permitted to the Officers and Committees of Local Sections.While all matters of educational policy examinations etc. the general financial structure of the Institute and the co-ordination of the policy and ethics of the chemical profession must still remain in the hands of the Council of the Institute each Regional Council should be responsible through [ 265.1 the Local Sections for the furtherance of the Institute’s work for members resident in the Region. The Council of the Institute should always include a small number-say two-members elected by each Region and should meet alternately at the head- quarters in London and at that of each of the Regions in turn. These were personal views but he felt that unless some such measure of distribution of authority were soon undertaken there would be a risk of friction arising because of the impracticability of a small number of people in London understanding the needs of members of the Institute in different parts of the country.The Institute was made for chemists and not chemists for the Institute; precisely because of this the dignity and prestige of the Institute must .be maintained at the highest level. To make the Institute the pinnacle of the chemical profession and to keep it of such high standing that no chemist qualified to become a member will wish to remain outside was he submitted the most important objective. The Chairman’s address “Mechanism of Oxidation and Hydrogenation of the Unsaturated System in Drying Oils” was then given by Professor T. P. Hilditch F.R.S.By custom there was no discussion of the address.. [For summary see p. 275.1 Dr. S. Paul proposed and Mr. H. H. Hutt seconded a vote of thanks to Dr. Hilditch. Associates resident in the Liverpool and North-Western area and elected during the war years have been entertained to dinner by the Section. As the number of Associates who accepted the invitation was 110 the function was divided into two and took place at 6 p.m. on 3rd and 24th October in Reece’s Restaurant Parker Street Liverpool. The officers and committee of the Section were present on each occasion and at the first gathering the retiring Chairman Mr. P. N. Williams presided whilst at the second the new Chairman Professsor T. Y. Hilditch welcomed the guests. After-wards an entertainment was given by members and their friends the artistes being Mrs.McKerrigan Miss Bruning Messrs. Bartlett Burrage Erskine Paul Thompson and Wilkinson. The first of the Joint Meetings of the Session was held at 3 p.m. on Saturday 26th October in the Stork Hotel Queens Square Liverpod. The sponsors were the North- Western Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the other participating societies the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists. Mr. T. McKillop Chairman of the Branch of the Institution of Chemical Engineers handed over the meeting to Colonel E. Briggs Vice- Chairman who was in his own domain but would be unable to become Chairman next session as had been anticipated. Dr. L. J.Burrage gave a paper on “Some Aspects of Adsorption by Activated Charcoal.” There was a vigorous discussion afterwards in which Messrs. Woollatt Sharp Kidd Kipling Gibson Simmonds Bott and others took part. Mr. G. Lowry Fairs proposed and Mr. E. Woollatt seconded the vote of thanks to the lecturer. A buffet tea was served after the meeting at which some discussion continued. London and South-Eastern Counties.-At a meeting held at 6.30 p.m.. on 16th October at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. W. E. van Heyningen opened a discussion on “The Publicity of Science by Radio.” A lively discussion followed in which general support was given to the opener’s plea for the appointment of a full-time Director of Science Broadcasts with responsibility for the long-range strategy-of science broadcasting and to the desirability that science broad- casts while being of a simple character should have the widest possible scope.A meeting of the Section at Reading on 26th October was held at 2.30 p.m. in the Letters Lecture Theatre University of Reading. Dr. G. L. Riddell Chairman of the Section presided and among the visitors were Professor Guggenheim and several medical ofhcers of health and sanitary inspectors. Two papers on the general subject of water supplies were presented; one on “The Geologv of Water Supplies” by Professor H. L. Hawkins F.R.S. the other on “The Chemical and Bacteriological Aspects of Water Supplies” by Mr. W. Gordon Carey. After a lively discussion a vote of thanks to the speakers was proposed by Mr.Faraday Innes and carried with acclamation. A social gathering over tea at the Galleon Cafe formed a fitting conclusion to a very successful meeting. [Summaries of these two lectures on “Water Supplies” have been published in Chemistry and Industry 1946 (16th November) p. 415. Typescripts of Mr. Gordon Carey’s lecture and of Dr. A. M. Ward’s lecture on “Science as a Career” (given at Luton on 11th September) have been deposited at the Institute and can be consulted on application to the Assistant Secretary.] On 30th October Professor Findlay took tea with the Chairman of the Section Dr. G. I,. Riddell and members of the Committee. At the meeting which followed in the rooms of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly attended by 43 members Professor Findlay opened a discussion on “Students and the Royal Institute of r 266 I Chemistry,” pointing out that although the chemical profession was among the youngest of the professions it had progressed very rapidly and held a high position in public esteem.,411 students of chemistry should be attached to the Royal Institute of Chemistry because of the many services given by the Institute such as (a) advice and guidance on education and the profession (b)access to “chemical life” through the local committees and (c) personal contacts with other members of the profession. In connection with National Certificates it was stated that in place of the old National Certificate in Chemistry two new Certificates were to be introduced one in Chemistry and one in Applied Chemistry.The former Certificate it was hoped would constitute some definite step towards the A.R.I.C. The attention of students was also directed to the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize which was not receiving nearly the number of entrants it deserved. During the discussion which followed several members spoke of the encouragement and advice they had received in their student days. The students present were invited to join in the discussion and although a little hesitant at first useful suggestions were made such as notification to Principals and Heads of Departments of student activities and more detailed reports by the Examiners for A.R.I.C. on the badly answered ques- tions. Further information about library facilities and the publication in the JOURNAL of articles of special interest to students were also requested.,4 cordial vote of thanks to Professor Findlsy was proposed by Mr. W. J. Mansell and carried with acclamation. The .\nnual General Meeting of this Section was held at Gas Industry House on the 20th November. Officers and Committee were elected as follows:-Chairman J. G. A. Griffiths; Vice-Chairmen S. G. E. Stevens and C W. Hard; Hon. Secretary T. McLachlan; Hon. Treasurer J. L. Pinder; Members F. H. Banfield \V. H. Bennett, S. H. Biggs J. H. Bowes A. ti. D. Emerson J. G. Fife D. M. Freeland. F. M.Hamer F. A. W. Hebdon W. C. Johnson J. Lawrence W. J. Mansell F. B. Marmoy L. M. Miall K. H. Morgan K. G. A. Pankhurst S. Stevens and E. C. Wood.The District Mcmber of Council H. Baines was re-nominated subject to the concurrence of the East Anglian Section. P. Bilham and J. B. Wilton were elected Hon. Auditors. A discussion took place regarding (a) publicity given to Section meetings (b) the social activities of the Section and (c) the interests of students. X display of films followed the Annual General Meeting. Manchester and District-At the meeting of the Committee held on 16th September Mr. J. T. Marsh was unanimously re-elected Chairman of the Section for the session 1946-47. On 10th October a joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held at the Univer- sity of Manchester when Mr. J. M. Tinkler Director of Research at the Jackson Labora- tories of Messrs. E. I. nu Pont opened a discussion on “The Organisation of the American Chemical Society.” Among those who participated in a most interesting and animated discussion were Messrs.Marsh House Piggott Silvester Harper Butterworth Chorley JVithers and Schuler (of Du Ponts). A joint meeting with the Chemical Society was held on 24th October when Professor Wilson Baker F.K.S. gave a lecture on “The Chemistry of Penicillin.” On 16th November Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. and Dr. J. K. N. Jones gave a paper on “The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Related Substances” to a joint meeting with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Textile Institute. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The joint meeting arranged for 2nd October was cancelled owing to the lecturer‘s illness.On 16th October Lt.-CoL A. Wedgwood O.B.E. lectured on “Problems in Mineral Concentration,” at a meeting held jointly with the Newcastle upon Tyne Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. A. E. J. Vickers presided over an appreciative audience or about thirty persons and the address was followed by a lively discussion in which Drs. A. Crawford j. I-€. Jones and W. M.Madgin Professor H. L. Riley and Messrs. Moses and H. Y. Robinson participated. The first meeting organised by the Joint Scientific and Technical Societies’ Com-mittee of Newcastle-upon-Tyne representing local sections of the Chemical Society Royal Institute of Chemistry Society of Chemical Industry Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association Newcastle Chemical Industry Club British Association of Chemists Institute of Fuel Retlson Club and Institute of Plastics Industry was successfully held on 13th November.Mr. W.E. Ballard gave an introduction to his subject “MetaI Spraying by the Wire Process,” and then eshibited a sound film which described in a lucid and entertaining manner the principles scope and applications of the process. The subsequent discussion in which many of the numerous audience took part showed [ 267 3 clearly the popularity of Mr. Ballard’s method of presenting his subject. Votes of thanks to the speaker and to Professor C. E Pearson the chairman were proposed by Mr. E.W. Muddiman and Mr. H. Barker and were carried with acclamation. More than fifty members and friends tisited the Britannic Works of British Faints Limited on 27th November.The visitors were conducted in parties through the various departments including control and research laboratories associated with the manu- facture of paints colours and varnishes Tea was very generousIy provided after which Mr. 13’. P. Jenkins chief chemist gave a brief description illustrated with lantern slides of the firm’s other works in the district. Appreciation of the hospitality shown by British Paints Limited was expressed in a vote of thanks to the Management and Staff proposed by Mr. K. H. Jack seconded by Dr. C. W. Shacklock and carried in a very hearty manner. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-The first meeting of the session was held in the General Lecture Theatre University of Shefield on 27th September Dr.R. A. Mott was in the chair and Mr. €3. E. G. West Managing Director of Newton Chambers Ltd. presented the Newton Chambers Awards to the 1945 winners Mr. C. P. Fagan Associate and Mr. n. A. Llewelyn Registered Stzcdent. A joint meeting with the Shefield Metallurgical Association and the Chemical Society was held on 17th October. Professor R. D. Haworth was in the chair and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield Dr. J. I. 0. Masson F.R.S. was present to welcome Professor J. Heyrovsky of the University of Prague who delivered two lectures; at 2.30p.m. “Principles of Polarography,” at 6 p.m. “Applications of Polaro- graphic Analysis.” A very large audience attended both lectures which were followed by stimulating and interesting discussions with very effective replies from Professor Heyrovsky.Mr. E. J. Vaughan proposed and Dr. J. Haslam seconded a vote of thanks to the distinguished lecturer. A further joint meeting with the above societies was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University of Sheffield on 21st November at 6 p.m. Dr. R. A. Mott took the chair and Dr. C. H. Desch F.R.S. President of the Iron and Steel Institute gave a lecture entitled “Chemistry in the Metallurgical Industries,’’ which attracted an audience of 160. Dr. T. B. Smith representing the Chemical Society in proposing a vote of thanks referred to the earlier associations of Dr. Desch with Shefield where for a number of years he was Professor of Metallurgy in the University. The proposal was seconded by Mr.H. Bull President of the Sheffield Metallurgical Association. At a committee meeting held on Monday 4th November Mr. H. V. Coates Associate waselected to the committee to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. G. W. C. Mihier who had left Sheffield to take up an appointment asAssistant Lecturer in Chemis- try at University College Hull. South Wales.-On 1st November members of the Section participated in a meeting arranged by the Chemical Society and the University College of Swansea Chemical Society which was held at University College Swansea Professor J. E. Coates O.B.E. presiding. A lecture on “Homolytic Reactions” was given by Professor D. H. Hey. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. L. E. Hinkel and seconded by Mr. J. B. Lewis.On 8th November members participated in a joint meeting arranged by the South Wales Section of the Institute of Fuel which was held at the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea. Dr. H. E. Crossley delivered a lecture on “The Inorganic Constituents of Coal.” A meeting of the Section was held on 22nd November in the Royal Institution of South Wales Swansea when Dr. F. M. Lea O.B.E. Director of the Building Research Station lectured on “Research on Building and its Materials” (cf. summary in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946 I 44). After a good discussion in which both members and visitors participated a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr.E. Thornton and seconded by Mr. D. C. Morgan. Mr. R. 0. Bishop M.B.E. presided. Tees-Side.-The initial scientific meeting of the session was held at the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees on 24th October when Sir Jack Drummond F.R.S.spoke under the title “Science at the Ministry of Food during the War” (for summary see p. 276). A keen discussion followed and the vote of thanks was given by Mr. A. E. Rout. A well-attended meeting was held in the William Newton School Norton-on-Tees on 21st November when Dr. H. M. Irving discussed “Some Applications of Partition Coefficients to Analytical Chemistry ” and illustrated his remarks by demonstrations and slides. Mr. A. J. Prince was in the chair and the vote of thanks was moved by Dr A. R. Martin. New Zealand.-The Annual Conference of the Section and the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry was held in Wellington on 27th-30th August.Following a welcome by Mr. Appleton the Mayor of Wellington the members of the Conference were addressed by the Hon. D. G. Sullivan Minister for Scientific and Industrial Research. Scientific communications were grouped in four sessions industrial analytical methods univer-sity (academic) and agricultural and biochemical. Dr. H. E. Annett Chairman of the New Zealand Section of the Royal Institute of Chemistry chose as the subject of his address “The Application of Scientific Principles ta Practical Farming in New Zealand” (for summary see p. 272). Dr. J. C. Andrews President of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry delivered his Presidential Address entitled “The Scope of Science in the Dominion,” on 29th August. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL Abstract of Minutes of the Meeting held on 16th October 1946.1. Dr. G. U’.Monier-Williams and Mr. G. Taylor were co-opted as members of the Chemical Council representing the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists. 2. A letter was received from the British Association of Chemists agreeing to renew for a further period of one year from 1st July last the payment of a sum of l.50 for the use by their members of the Library of the Chemical Society. 3. The Faraday Society have nominated Dr. G. M. Bennett to serve on the Council in place of Dr. R. E. Slade who retires at the end of the year. 4. An interim grant of &l,OOO was made to the Society of Chemical Industry tNwards the cost of its publications. 5. Joint Student facilities were granted to five applicants.Abstract of the Minutes of the Meeting held on 13th November 1946. 1. It was agreed that the Chemical Council Brochure on Membership and Joint Subscription Xrrangements should be revised and reprinted as soon as possible. 2. The Chemical Society have nominated Dr. R. P. Linstead to serve on the Council in place of Dr. G. hl. Bennett. The Royal Institute of Chemistry have nominated Dr. G. Roche Lynch in place of Sir Robert Pickard and Professor Alexander Findlay in place of Dr. Dorothy Jordan Lloyd. The Society of Chemical Industry have nominated hfr. S. Robson in place of Mr. C. S. Garland. 3. The Chairman read a letter from the Society of Dyers and Colourists stating that their Council had resolved that a contribution of A10 10s.On. should be made to the Library of the Chemical Society. 4. It was agreed that grants to the Publishing Bodies in respect of any one year should be made normally when applications could be accompanied by provisional statements of their annual accounts On application interim grants would be made. 6. Joint Student facilities were granted to four applicants. THE CHEMICAL COUNCIL TENTH REPORT I. General.-During 1946 the Council actively pursued its policy of promoting further collaboration among the societies concerned with chemistry. The Council has recorded its high appreciation of the work done in recent years by Dr. Lampitt who resigned from the Chairmanship this year. It would be difficult to overestimate the value of his services to the chemical community.He has been succeeded in this office by Professor E. K. Rideal F.R.S. It is appropriate at the end of its tenth year of work to survey briefly the aims and achievements of the Chemical Council. The Council has as its main objects the promotion in every way of collaboration among chemists and the active support of the publication of original work in the fields of pure and applied chemistry. r 2691 As regards the first of these aims the outstanding feature has been the joint member-ship scheme adopted under the Council’s auspices by the three original co-operating bodies. Figures for the last three years appear later in the Report. This scheme continues to be increasingly successful the Faraday Society has now become a partici-pating body and it may be hoped that other societies will take a similar step.In its endeavour to assist the publishing societies the Council has raised funds from which the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracts have benefited by grants totalling some L25,OOO. As a result of its last appeal to Industry there will be available a sum of L6,OOO annually for seven years for distribu- tion to publishing societies. The Council has been directly concerned in making the Library of the Chemical Society available to as wide a range of chemists as possible and has made direct grants towards its maintenance amounting in all to i2.000 apart from the annual contributions from the Constituent Bodies and others participating in the scheme.2. Publicity.-During the year active steps have been taken towards ensuring general publicity of Meetings and Lectures and other activities of the three Constituent Bodies and of such other bodies as may become associated with the Council and dis- cussions are now taking place with those whom the Council feel can be of service in this direction. 3. Central House.-The urgent need for suitable accommodation for the various bodies associated in the Chemical Council has been fully appreciated by the Council but the question .is still under discussion whether this object is to be achieved in a general Scientific Centre provided by the Government under the auspices of the Royal Society or in the form of a Chemistry House where chemical organisations could be housed side by side in dose collaboration.The Council is pursuing its endeavours to find a satisfactory solution. Exploration of the possible facilities so generously offered by a City Company is proceeding and the Council is alive to the urgency and importance of the matter to the chemical fraternity. 4. Staff Pensions.-The Society of Chemical Industry reminded the Council of the need for a uniform pension scheme for the staffs of scientific bodies and the Council called a Conference to discuss this question. A small negotiating Committee of the Conference has prepared a scheme. 5. Library.-Arising out of the Report of the Joint Library Committee for 1944 the Council addressed a letter to the Chemical Society in January stating that as the difficulties of proper accommodation for the Library will not be resolved for some considerable time if reliance be placed on the provision of a Scientific Centre it would be glad to know what immediate steps the Council of the Chemical Society would propose under the circumstances at the present time and offering any aid within its power.Council subsequently received with satisfaction a communication from the Chemical Society stating that the Council of the Chemical Society had adopted proposals which would provide a 50 per cent. increase in seating accommodation in the Chemical Society Library and for additional accommodation for books to allow for normal expansion of the Library for at least six years. It is however fully realised that even with the present extension the facilities still leave much to be desired.The Council made a grant of L337 12s. 3d. to the Library towards the cost of main- tenance. Contributions etc. received from sources other than the three Constituent Bodies and the Chemical Council amounted to k334 16s. 7d. viz.:-s. d. Association of British Chemical Manufacturers . . .. .. 100 0 0 Biochemical Society .. .. British Association of Chemists .I .. .. .. - .. .. .. .. .. 21 60 0 0 0 0 Faraday Society .. .. .. .. .. .. Institute of Brewing .. .. .. a . .. Society of Dyers and Colourists .. .. .. .. Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists Fellows .. .. .. .. .. *. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 6 50 0 10 10 21 0 16 0 0 0 0 6 Miscellaneous receipts .... .. .. .. .. 65 5 1 A334 16 7 'raking into account thew amounts theChaxterd Bodies contributed the remainder as follows:-15 s. d. The Chemical Society .. .. .. 24per cent. 362 13 7 The Royal Institute of Chemistry .. .. 50 , 734 15 0 The Society of Chemical Industry . . .. .. 26 , 352 1 6 f;1,469 I0 0 i I 6. Joint Subscription Scheme.-The scheme continues to become more popular and the number of members of the three Chartered Bodies taking advantage of the facilities afforded by the scheme continues to increase rapidly. 1943 1944 1946 3-body members .. 1,887 2,382 2,759 %body members .. .. 565 736 On the occasion of the entry of the Faraday Society into participation in the joint scheme suitable terms were devised by the Vice-chairman Mr.F. P. Dunn and were found acceptable. The general principle underlying this arrangement w-ill be found use- ful in connection with the entry of further bodies into the scheme. 7. Publications.-During 1945 the Council made grants of L1,500 each to the Chemical Society to the Society of Chemical Industry and to the Bureau of Abstracts and L690 to the Bureau of Abstracts on Account of Abstracts AIII. In order that joint representations might be made for increased supplies of paper for publication the Council made enquiries as to their needs of eight publishing bodies. The Vice-chairman then negotiated with the Ministry of Supply and the success of this action has benefited not only the Chemical Society and the Bureau of Abstracts but also the Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists.The Council has been thanked for its help in this matter. 8. Membership.-The following members of Council have retired:-Dr. M. P. Applebey (The Chemical Society) Mr. A. L. Bacharach and Mr. J. C. White (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) Mr. Stanley Robson (Society of Chemical Industry) and Dr. P. C. C. Isherwood and Dr. R. E. Slade (Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers). The vacancies thus caused have been filled by Professor C. N. Hinshelwood (The Chemical Society) Mr. R. C. Chirnside and Dr. D. W. Kent-Jones (The Royal Institute of Chemistry) Mr. A. L. Bacharach (The Society of Chemical Industry) and Dr. G. M. Dyson and Mr. I\'. F. Lutyens (The Association of British Chemical Manufacturers).Professor W. E. Garner and Dr. R. E. Slade were co-opted as repre- sentatives of the Faraday Society. Dr. R. E. Slade resigned from the office of Honorary Secretary and Dr. G. R.I. Bennett was appointed in his place. The Council recorded its warm and appreciative thanks to the retiring Honorary Secretary and to the retiring members of Council for their services. [The financial statements for the period ending 31st December 1915 are attached to the Report as issued by the Chemical Council.] SUMMARIES OF LECTURES THE NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM COALFIELD- A STUDY OF RESERVES AND OUTPUT* By J. H. JONES Ph.D. B.Sc. A.R.I.C. [Newcastle upon Tyne and N:E. Coast Section 8th May 1946.1 Although the coal reserves of Britain will be adequate at pre-war rates of production for about 250 years those of the rest of the world will ensure present rates of production for at least 3.000 years.Thus Britain is utilising wasting assets at approximately ten times the rate of the rest of the world. The great virtue of British reserves lies in their accessibility an advantage which may become of increased importance in future years as recent work on atomic fission suggests that it may be unnecessary to conserve coal resources in the manner hitherto envisaged. However regardless of any views held as to future sources of power it would appear prudent to ensure that the comparatively scanty British reserves are utilised to the best national advantage. * Presented by permission of the Director of Fuel Research.[ 271 I A recent “Rapid Survey’’ of coal reserves and production carried out by the Fuel Research organisation has attempted to estimate and classify chemically the cod likely to be worked in Britain during the next 100 years. When viewed in relation to the national output it is clear that the Durham and Northumberland positions differ considerably. The Durham output consists almost entirely of strongly-caking coals. Such coals suitable for the manufacture of foundry coke are almost entirely restricted to Durham and South Wales. The Durham contribution to the natural output of coking coals of slightly higher volatile content is predominant whilst Durham and Yorkshire aImost monopolise the strongly-caking gas and coking-gas types. It is clear therefore that the failure of the Durham output which constitutes about’half of the total of these types for England and Wales would completely upset the present national balance of types and would cause a shortage of coking and gas coals which could only be overcome by a very large increase in output from one or two other fields.In contrast the coal types produced in Northumberland can be obtained from several other coalfields so that a stoppage of the Northumberland output of any one type would cause much less difficulty in normal times in that the loss could be made up by increases spread over a number of coalfields. Estimates of life for each type of coal in the Durham coalfield indicate plainly that the supplies of highest grade West Durham coking coals are running low and at present outputs will be exhausted before the higher volatile gas and coking-gas types.Apprec-iable areas of West Durham will cease coal production during the next century and the Durham coalfield will be dependent mainly on collieries of the eastern and coastal areas. The total Durham output will decline slowly during the next 50 years and then more rapidly until in 2044 it may be about one half of its present value and will consist largely of coking-gas and gas coals. Such estimates of future output are based entirely on consideration of individual collieries as separate competing units. They do not necessarily bear any relationship to the national needs for these types of coal and under a national scheme of planning it may be possible to reserve certain of the West Durham coals for the use of the next generation.Attention should be directed to research work on blending carbonisation and subse- quent metallurgical utilisation. Almost all Durham coking coking-gas and gas coals can be carbonised to yield reasonably good metallurgical cokes and indeed many of the coals classified as gas types in Durham would be acceptable coking coals in other fields. It is probable that a coke produced by blending Durham coals in the proportion of their existing reserves would be suitable for most metallurgical purposes and would give the Durham coking coal industry a life in excess of 100 years. Whilst planning of Durham seams should be considered in relation to national needs for coking coals the development of NorthumberIand can be planned entirely on the county basis since coals of the Northumberland type can be obtained from other sources and constitute the major part of British reserves.Yet those seams which in the past gained so good a reputation for Northumberland coals have been so seriously depleted that they may in 60 years’ time have ceased to be of major commercial import- ance. One cannot escape from the fear that the seams to be worked in future will not be quite of the same high standard. It is clear that considerable attention will have to be paid to methods of cleaning although it must be emphasised that no washery, however efficient can compensate for a significant increase in inherent ash or a large proportion of middlings.The general position should be reviewed so that the best use can be made of the coals still remaining. The Northumberland and Durham coaIfield is comparatively free from faults and extreme gradients; over most of the field the seams are shallow and the coals are of good G quality; in addition the collieries are all near to the sea. These natural advantages are considerable and permanent ; aided by adequate planning they should enable the coalfield to maintain the position it has so long occupied in the forefront of the British coal industry. THE APPLICATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICAL FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND By H. E. ANNETT,F.R.I.C. [New Zealand Section Chairman’s Address at Wellington 27th August 19461 New Zealand’s mineral resources are so poor that her industrial future lies mainly in those industries ancillary to agriculture.Agriculture will always be the mainstay of the country and science appears likely to play a greater part in New Zealand agricul- ture than in European countries. There is a need for largely increasing the pre-war food standards throughout the world; cheap food is a nec-sity and this means that [ 272’1 agricultural methods must be raised to the highest standards of efficiency. Science gave the farmer artificial fertilisers the internal combustion engine the electric motor and means of controlling animal and plant diseases; work is now proceeding on such questions as the hormone control of lactation and auximone control of plant growth and on elusive diseases such as those due to viruses.Pure scientific research has provided the basis for many advances made in the farming industry. One example is the work done by Morgan on the fruit fly Drosophila which has led to a much deeper knowledge of the mechanism of inheritance but prac-tically every branch of science has contributed to these advances. Discoveries in the field of genetics have resulted in the introduction of hybrid maize into American agriculture. In 1939 24 million acres in the United States out of a total area of 100 million were planted with hybrid maize and it is estimated that this has increased the yield by 26 per cent. It is predicted that before many years well over 80 per cent. of the whole area will be planted with hybrid seed.Possible applica- tions to animal production on similar lines are envisaged. The work of the Ruakura Animal Research Station in collecting identical twins for future animal work holds out great promise for the future. Vaccine for controlling contagious abortion in dairy stock which was first used in the United States is giving great success in New Zealand. So also is the control of blackleg among young stock by the use of a vaccine distributed from the U’allace-ilIe Research Station. Advances in physics have revolutionised our knowledge of the way in which water is held in the soil and of various cultivation methods. X-ray investigations of the structure of clay have thrown light on the way in which soil absorbs minerals. Russian soil survey work has shown that the kind of rock from which soils are formed has little if any influence on the nature of the soil.Climatic influences play the major part and soils are now classified according to the climatic conditions under which they are formed. Soil survey work in New Zealand is considered to be the equal of any similar work overseas and is carried out in collaboration with agricultural officers. Published reports can be of great use to the farming community and should be more widely read by farmers. Soil surveys have delineated the boundaries of soils specially suited to the growing of special crops such as tobacco tung citrus and New Zealand flax and have furnished data on the amount of soil erosion particularly in high country; 623,000acres have lost 73 per cent.of their topsoil one and a half million acres have lost 60-76 per cent. and 3 million acres 25 to 30 per cent. About 90 per cent. of the cultivated land of New Zealand is devoted to the grass crop and grassland products account for 94 per cent. of the country’s exports. The magnitude and great value of the work of the Grassland Division in New Zealand is worthy of special praise. In collaboration with the Agricultural Department an excellent scheme of pasture seed certification has been built up and even greater advancement is to be expected. The provision of superphosphate by the chemist may be regarded as the greatest boon that science has conferred on the farmer but many new fertilisers are now available. The claims of the “humus compost school” are considered to be overdone organic matter is accepted by all as being essential but there is no scientific evidence that plants or animals raised on soil treated with compost alone are more resistant to disease than where so-called artificial fertilisers are employed.All the available organic matter should be utilised but mineral fertilisers wisely used provide one of the biggest aids to production available to the grower. With the high rainfall the free draining soils of New Zealand are liable to suffer from deficiency of elements other than phosphates potash lime and nitrogen partic- ularly as the application of superphosphate alone gives such a big increase in growth that other minerals not supplied by it will tend to be exhausted over a period of years, Areas of magnesium deficiency are well known and the use of serpentine superphosphate which contains magnesium would be justified on this ground alone.Boron deficiency is associated with brown rot in swedes hollowness of the centre stem of cauliflowers etc. and with internal cork in apples. These can all be cured by applications of borax and the Department of Agriculture and the Cawthron Institute have done outstanding work in this connection. In New Zealand 200,000 acres of peat or swamp land have been shown by work at Wallaceville probably to suffer from a shortage of copper. Stock on such soils suffer from unthriftiness and from scouring. A dressing of 5 Ib. per acre of copper sulphate serves as a corrective. The part that molybdenum seems to play in this trouble is under investigation.On large areas of land in the pumice regions cattle and sheep used to suffer from a pining disease known as bush sickness. Aston and Grimmett found that it could be cured by the use of limonite in licks. Australian work showed that the cure [ 273 -j was brought about by a minute amount of cobalt present in the limonite and that 6 02. of cobalt salt per acre was an efficient remedy. Today such land is topdressed with 1 cwt. per acre of cobalt superphosphate containing 6 lb. of cobalt salt per ton. This supplies just under 6 02. of cobalt salt per acre. Minute amounts of other elements such 21s zinc and manganese also play a part in plant and animal nutrition and much work still remains to be done in this field.The value of dairy exports from New Zealand during the war years amounted to about L2S million per annum. This justifies large expenditure on research and the work of the Dairy Research Institute at Palmerston North has received high recognition overseas. Problems dealt with include investigations into losses in the butter making process slit openness in cheese starter cultures and occurrence of bacteriophage which causes failure of starters. Large amounts of second grade butter were saved for export by the development ofa dehydration process. The possibility of using iodinated casein for increasing milk production is being examined. Many of our crops suffer from diseases due to virus infection. The isolation of some viruses in the crystalline state should throw light on disease in both the plant and the animal kingdom.The chemist has produced also synthetically from plant material substances which in minute amounts stimulate plant growth and in larger amounts act as efficient weedkillers. Among those that have given promising results under test in New Zealand are “Methoxone,” D.D.T. and Gammexane. In the future instead of liquid milk the public may buy milk powder in tids or perhaps skimmed milk powder and butter and hornogenise them to milk. If this comes about New Zealand should benefit for milk can be produced more cheaply here than say in America. With increasing application of scientific results to farming it should be possible considerably to reduce the cost of foodstuffs to the consumer.Then the people of the world will be able to obtain the optimum amount and quality of foodstuffs so necessary to improve the general health of the world’s population. BRiTlSH ANTI-LEWISITE By L. A. STOCKEN, M.A. RSc. D.Phil. F.R.I.C.* [Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section 27th September 1946.1 Earlier work on the problem of the toxicity of arsenic to living cells had suggested that the chemo-receptors for arsenic were thiol groups. If this were true then it was to be expected that simple thiol compounds such as cysteine or glutathione would act as antidotes for Lewisite. When however attempts were made to use these and many other thiol compounds as protective agents for the pyruvate oxidase enzyme system of brain a system which had been shown by Peters Sinclair and Thompson to be selectively poisoned by arsenic no success was obtained.In order to obtain more information about the reaction of arsenic with thiol proteins Stocken and Thompson treated keratin and metakeratin with Lewisite and sodium arsenite. These experiments led them to the hypothesis that the high toxicity of Lewisite and of tervalent arsenicals in general was due to their ability to combine with essential SH groups in certain tissue proteins to form stable arsenical rings. It appeared therefore that in order to compete successfully with the “dithiol” proteins in the tissues the antidote would have to possess 1:2 or 1:3 dithiol substitution. Several compounds were prepared and tested and the substance finally selected for large-scale manufacture and therapeutic application was 2:3-dimercaptopropanol (British Anti-Lewisite or BAL).This compound not only protected the pyruvate oxidase enzyme system from the action of arsenic but also reversed the toxicity when fully developed. Trials in vivo showed that 100 per cent. protection could be obtained against a lethal dose of an arsenical when given either by skin application or by injec- tion. In man vesication by Lewisite or phenyldichloroarsine could be prevented when treatment was delayed for one hour after contamination the damage twenty-four hours later usually being less than that showing at the time of treatment. It was also found that BAL caused an increased urinary excretion of arsenic in rats contambated with Lewisite and reduced the amount of arsenic left in the scar tissue.These results at once suggested the use of BAL in complications of arseno-therapy and so far the data in this country and the U.S.A. indicate that in arsenicaJ dermatitis at least 50 per cent. of the cases respond well to BAL. An extension of the work has shown that BAL is also an effective antidote to certain heavy metals. Dr. Stocken was Newton Chambers Prizeman in 1943; this lecture was on the subject dealt with in his prize-winning essay. ;274 J MECHANISM OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF THE UNSATURATED GROUPS IN DRYING OILS By T. P. HILDITCH DSc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Fiverpool and North-Western Section Chairman’s Address 10th October 1946.1 Important recent additions have been made to knowledge of the behaviour of the groups -CH:CH.CH,-CH :CH-and -CH:CHCH,.CH :CHCH,CH:CH-which are the characteristic unsaturated systems present in the glycerides of “drying oils.” Certain marked resemblances have been revealed in the manner of addition of hydrogen (cab- lytic hydrogenation) and of oxygen (autoxidation) to these systems.(i) Hydrogenatio~~.-For about thirty years it has been well recognised that poly- unsaturated (e.g. linoleic linolenic) glycerides are selectively and almost quantitatively hydrogenated in presence of nickel etc. to the mono-ethenoid (oleic or iso-oleic) state before any saturated acyl groups are produced. For almost as long it has also been known that this phenomenon is much less complete when highly unsaturated glycerides such as the fish oils are hydrogenated or when mixtures of free acids instead of neutral glycerides or other esters are hydrogenated.Recent work on the selective hydrogena- tion of methyl linolenate by Bailey and Fisher (1946) has thrown fresh light on the question. They found that the di-ethenoid esters produced in the first stage of the process consisted of about two parts of AsJs-octadecadienoate to 1 part each of Aspia-and A12J6-octadecadienoates and further that concurrently a smaller but significant proportion of mono-ethenoid esters was formed. They also gave the rclative activities of oleate ,&s*ls-and AB1l2-octadecadienoates,and A9~12*15-octadecatricnoate as respectively 1:8 20 40. In Nature (1946 157 586) it has been pointed out (Hilditch) that all these features indicate that “selective hydrogenation” is a function not of my polyethenoid system but of the specific group XH :CH.CH,-CH :CH- suggestiiig that the initial loose association of the metal catalyst (with hydrogen) with one of the double bonds upsets the inter-atomic forces in this system and that the mechanism of the selective addition of hydrogen is almost certainly connected with the ready detachment of a hydrogen atom from the central -CH,-group in the unsaturated system.When a linoleate group has thus been converted into a mono-ethenoid group there is no “active” -CH,-group left and this view is therefore in harmony with Bailey and Fisher’s ratio of 20:l for the relative reactivities of linoleate and oleate to hydrogen.Moreover in linolenate esters in which two “active” -CH2-groups occur they found the reactivity to hydrogen to be merely double that of linoleate. If in a small number of instances two double bonds (and “active” -CH,-groups) in the same linolenate molecule happened simultaneously to enter into association with nickel the direct formation in small amount of mono-ethenoid ester is equally explicable. On this hypothesis the less completely selective hydrogenation observed in multi- ethenoid fats (e.g. fish oils) is the natural consequence of the residual double bonds rapidlv becoming separated from each other by several -CH,-groups and the less selective hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is probably caused by interference or competition with the normal chemisorption processes between catalyst and double bond by the strongly polar free carbosyl groups which are also present (ii) A uloxidation.4ur understanding of the mode in which molecular oxygen unites with ethenoid linkings in long-chain aliphatic compounds has recently been extended especially by the important contributions of Farmer who in 1942 first pointed out the part played by a -CH,-group adjacent to an ethenoid linking.Farmer’s original suggestion that addition of oxygen initially took place at such a -CH,-group has recently been modified by him in favour of the view that initial attack of oxygen is probably invariably at a double bond. The latter point has been independently ernphasised (Gunstone and Hilditch J.C.S.,1946 1022) for it is primafacie unlikely that initial attachment of oxygen to the system -CH:CHCH,CH CH- differs from that in other ethenoid systems in which it is accepted that interaction with oxygen always directly involves the unsaturated system itself.Farmer and his co-workers have been able from kinetic and thermal studies to give an explanation of the presumed chain-mechanism of autoxidation in which the free radicals -CH-or -CH(00-)-probably play an essential part. Bergstr6im on the other I hand has shown that the only peroxides finally isolable from the characteristic unsatur- ated system of linoleates have the structures -CH(OOH)CH CHCH CH-and CH:CHCH CHCH(O0H)- the hydroperoxide -CH :CH*CH(OOH)CH:CH- corre-sponding to the “active” -CH,-group not being detectable.This may be due as I 276 3 suggested by Bergstrdm and by Farmer to rapid re-arrangement of the latter peroxide; on the other hand the observed results are equally and perhaps more directly explained if an initial loose association between oxygen and one of the double bonds is followed by rearrangement involving the labile hydrogen atom of the “active” &Ha-group, into a more or less stable hydroperoxide. There is a marked difference between autoxidation of mono-ethenoid and of poly- ethenoid (non-conjugated) fatty compounds; the relative rates of autoxidation of mono- di- and tri-ethenoid compounds are 1:12 25. The striking resemblance between these relative rates (observed by Gunstone and Hilditch) and the relative hydrogenation rates for the same series of compounds suggests a fundamentally similar mechanism for both processes and again emphasises the specific properties of the “drying oil” system -CH CH.CH,CH CH-.Further recent work by Gunstone shows how this system induces and promotes active autoxidation of an otherwise slowly-attacked mono-ethenoid system (e.g. methyl oleate). The initial processes of autoxidation of the system -CH CH.CH,CH CH-(especially the concurrent production of conjugated unsaturation -CH :CH-CH,.CH CH-4 -CHCH CH-CH CH-) have implications in relation to the conversion of drying oils into polymetised forms (paint and varnish films). It is suggested that whilst systems such as -CH CH.CH,CH:CH-and -CH CHCH,CH CH-CH,CH:CH-(as in linseed oil) or -CH CHCH CH-CH:CH-(as in tung oil) represent a relatively stable distribution of electronic forces addition of atmospheric oxygen to either upsets this distribution and causes far-reaching secondary effects.With non-conjugated unsaturation a hydrogen atom (proton) of the “reactive” <Ha-group is affected and becomes readily detached giving the resonance system and isomerisation to conjugated forms which Farmer has described. Where conjugation is present interaction with oxygen may produce a similar interference with the normal stability of a conjugated unsaturated system leading to similar “activation” of the remaining unsaturated carbon atoms and their linking up with production of cross-linked polymeric molecules. Finally the very specific behaviour of -CH CHCH,-CH :CH-to wards oxygen and towards hydrogen (in presence of a hydrogenating catalyst) not only suggests a specific relationship of electrical forces in the system but also rouses speculation whether the frequency with which this grouping occurs in natural unsaturated fatty acids may be also the consequence of biosynthesis (by whatever at present unknown steps) leading to this type of polyethenoid system because similar forces operate during its preferred formation as well as in its breakdown.WAR-TIME EXPERIENCES AT THE MINjSTRY OF FOOD By SIR JACK DRUMMOND, D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. [Tees-Side Section 24th October 1948.1 The object of scientific work carried out for the Ministry of Food was to plan the nation’s food supply so that the people’s health could be maintained while placing the least possible strain on scarce resources.Advances in the science of nutrition since the first world war made it possible to say precisely what were the food requirements of a person in each of a numher of physiological categories such as heavy worker expect- ant mother growing child. Less was known about the distribution of the population among these categories but information about this increased during the war. It was thus possible to estimate the quantities of the various food components necessary for the whole population. It became evident that the total amounts of these food com- ponents consumed before the war had been adequate to maintain everyone in health if it had been distributed on the basis of physiological need.However it was known from the work of Sir John Orr that over half the population had been undernourished in peace time. Rationing therefore was more a measure of redistribution than of cur-tailment. Of first importance was the energy value of the food measured in calories. The object of the plan was to supply the required number of calories with the minimum usage of shipping and hence there was a drive to increase home production of grain potatoes and sugar beet. It was also shown that fruit imports did not justify shipping space. To keep up the intake of various vitamins it was first necessary to expand milk production and ensure that it went where it was needed. Vitamins were added to margarine. The extraction rate of flour was raised increasing among other things its vitamin €3 content.Crops were chosen to give a high yield of vitamin per acre replacing imported fruit and contributing calories as well. Carrots were shown to be particularly valuable; theyalso store well. Much publicity was given to arecommended [ 276 ] crop succession for small allotments yielding during the whole year sufficient vitamin A for 2 people and vitamin C for 4 people from the normal 10 rod aliotment. Finally it was necessary to supply vitamin concentrates to special classes such as expectant mothers. The calcium intake was raised by the addition ofchdk to bread and by the drive for milk and dairy products. Alongside measures of this kind food subsidy arrangements ensured that all income groups were able to purchase the staple supplies intended for them.Communal feeding schemes were dsed instead of differential rationing to give extra food to those specially needing it such as heavy industrial workers. The operation of the plan was checked by surveys which showed that in general the various groups were in fact receiving what was intended for them. The lower income groups were therefore better off than they had been before the war. Incidentally this explains why the supply of milk is at present restricted for the ordinary consumer although consumption is nearly 50 per cent. above 1939. Some very delicate dissection and microchemical analysis led to a knowledge of the exact distribution of food components in the berry of wheat.This permitted sounder estimates of the best degree of extraction in milling flour. Pioneer work on food drying was carried out in this country particularly at the Cambridge Low Temper- ature Research Station. Most important was the work on dried eggs on which the factory production in the US. and Canada was based. Dried egg contributed a very important part to our national protein intake. The research on methods of preventing the loss of flavour during storage of dried eggs had reached a moderately successful stage by the end of the war but the results had not been available early enough to have any large scale application. It is difficult to get a quantitative measure of the improved national health resulting from war time food policy. There are however significant indications such as the fact that children who have grown up during the war have better teeth and that .anaemia is less prevalent.THE MAKING OF MISSING CHEMICAL ELEMENTS By F. A. PANETH Yh.T). [Leeds Area Section 29th October 1946.1 The present state of our knowledge indicates that the elements with the atomic numbers 43 and 61 are missing in nature and that the discoveries of “Masurium” and “Illinium” have been wrongly claimed. -4ccording to recent work in the Vienna Radium Institute element 85 the higher homologue of iodine is represented in the radium and thorium series in the form of an insignificant branch product but has never been chemically isolated. During the last few years these three elements and moreover four elements beyond uranium have been artificially produced in the United States and their chemical proper- ties have been studied.A great number of scientists were engaged in this work; to E. Segre and his collaborators goes the credit for the making of 43 and 86; the clear identification of 61 was achieved by a large group under the leadership of C. D. Coryell; element 93 was discovered by E. If. McMillan and P. H. Abelson; while our knowledge of elements 04 05 and 96 is due to the efforts of the research teams of G. T. Seaborg. The main instruments for the making of these elements were the cyclotron and the uranium pile. While the former has been fullv described details of the uranium pile axe still partly covered by secrecy regulations o&ng to its significance for the production of atomic bombs but very important scientific information has already been disclosed.Amongst the many fission products of uranium there are isotopes of elements 43 and 61 which can thus be obtained in far better output than by the use of the cyclotron. Elements 93 and 94 are constantly being built up in the pile from uranium and 94, when bombarded in a cyclotron by helium ions yields 95 and 96 The last two have so far been studied only by micro-chemical reactions though large amounts of 94 are available and 93 has also been obtained in at least visible quantities. The chemical properties of 43 61 and 85 correspond well with what chemists expected from their places in the Periodic System aseka-manganese a rare earth and eka-iodine respectively but some of their reactions could not be foreseen.Wements 93 to 96 are rather similar to uranium but with a greater tendency to exhibit stable lower valencies. They have been named Neptunium (Np) Plutonium ’(Pu) Americium (Am) and Curium (Cm), respectively. The names for elements 43 61 and 85 are still under discussion. For element 87 discovered as a branch product of the hc series in 1939 by Mlle. Perey h Paris,the name Francium (Fr) has been suggested. I 277 1 THE GOVERNMENT LABORATORY By G. M. BENNETT, M.A.,Sc.D.. F.R.I.C. [Cardiff and District Section at Newport 30th October 1946.1 The Department of the Government Chemist which now provides chemical advice and assistance to any Department had its origin more than 100 years ago when the Board of Excise set up a laboratory to prevent adulteration of tobacco in qonnection with the Tobacco Act of 1840.The Board of Customs Laboratory began work in 1875 particularly in the inspection of imported tea. These two laboratories were soon dealing with a wide range of rnateriak and they were united in 1894 as the Government Laboratory with Professor T. E. Thorpe (later Sir Edward Thorpe) as Principal. In 1911 Sir James Dobbie became the first Government Chemist in charge of a separate Government Department. Work for the Board of Customs and Excise has been and still remains an important part of the work of the Laboratory increased as it was by the various new import duties introduced during the period 1920-1932. Customs and Excise duties amount to more than one-third of the Revenue.Since before 1900 the advice and services of the Department in chemical matters have been sought by practically every other Government Department. Work in connection with the control of Army food supplies has for instance been done since the time of the Boer War. The Government Chemist has statutory duties as adviser analyst or referee under various Acts such as the Food and Drugs Acts the Fertilizer and Feeding Stuffs Act the Dangerous Drugs Act and the Pharmacy and Poisons Act. Members of the staff also serve on numerous government scientific and technological committees. The problems which have been investigated by the Department are of great variety ranging from the question of arsenic in beer the pollution of rivers and of the atmosphere and the isolation of minerals from the Red Sea to such items as the seasonal variation in oysters the determination of heIium in natural gas the compilation of alcohol tables the deterioration of museum specimens and the determination of silica in factory dusts in connection with the prevention of silicosis.The type of work done may involve precise scientific investigation over a period of years or the rapid analysis of thousands of samples per week. In addition to the Government Laboratory in Clement’s Inn Passage the Department has several units housed in other buildings in central London. There are also the laboratory at the Customs House with sub-stations at each of the principal ports laboratories at three Army Reserve Depots and others now being set up overseas and a similar-establishment for the Ministry of Works while chemists from the laboratory also work with the Geological Survey.Apart from the large amount of routine and special investigations the Department has also made important contributions to science. The determination of the atomic weights of radium and strontium the discovery of diphenylene and more recently studies in infra-red spectroscopy may be mentioned. The recent reorganisation of the Scientific Civil Service provides a New Deal for the staff of scientific departments with improved prospects and conditions approaching more to those of university research workers. An attractive opening is thus provided for good Honours graduates who should preierably have had a year or two of post-graduate experience.The old Assistant grade has now been replaced by a class of Experimental Officers with minimum qualifications somewhat lower than for Scientific Officers. BIOCHEMICAL MICRO-TECHNIQUE By T. G. BRADY, M.Sc. Ph,D. A.R.I.C. [Dublin and District Section 20th November 1946.3 Numerous problems in biochemical analysis arise from the fact that the substance being estimated is often present in high dilution in a complex medium such as blood or bacterial suspensions. Furthermore living matter on removal from its environment rapidly alters its chemical pattern. For this reason specific rapid and sensitive methods are necessary. Such methods have been developed using the principles of photometry, micro-respirornetry and microdiff usion.The measurement of small fluid volumes by means of micro-pipettes is a common feature of these methods Serious discrepancies due to increase of the variable error on reduction of the quantity delivered are inevitable unless precautions are taken to control this error. A simple means of doing so is by increasing the time of delivery of the pipette (Conway “Microdiffusion and Volumetric Error”) 278 1 The development of colorimetric technique from the visual comparison by means of standards to the use of photoelectric absorptiometers with selective filters illustrates the progress of photometry towards greater speed with increased sensitivity. The development of quartz photoeIectric spectrophotometers enabling substances which absorb stronglv only in the ultra-violet region (e.g.proteins nucleic acids) to be rapidly analysed should be of great service in biochemistry. The Warburg constant volume and the Barcroft differential manometer have been widely used in the elucidation of carbohydrate metabolism. For the measurement of rapid gas concentration changes over short time intervals the capillary micro-vnlumeter (Schmitt) has been used. The principle of the Cartesian diver has been applied by Linderstrom-Lang to the measurement of the respiration rate of minute tissue sections. All these methods require rigid temperature control. The deveIopment of the polarographic technique by Davies for the study of oxygen concentration changes in biological material while retaining extreme sensitivity has the advantage of being unaffected by small temperature fluctuations.Microdiffusion can be regarded as a development of micro-respirometry. The apparatus and general manipulation is much simpler. The principle of the method consists in the absorption by simple gaseous diffusion of a volatile substance contained in the outer chamber of a unit into the inner chamber where its tension is reduced to zero by an absorbing fluid. It has been used in the analysis of a wide variety of sub- stances and theoretically its use can be extended to the estimation of all volatile materials or any substance of which one of the breakdown products is volatile. The Conway horizontal micro-burette designed for use with the unit has also proved of service in micro-estimations involving oxido-reduction reactions because the fluid in the burette is in contact with Pyrex glass tubing only.THE LIBRARY OF THE INSTITUTE A library has always been maintained by the Institute primarily to provide for the needs of students and members preparing for the Associateship and Fellowship examina- tions. With the rapid growth of scientific publications it would long since have become impracticable for the Institute to house with limited accommodation anything approach- ing a comprehensive chemical library. Nor would there now be any real purpose in making the attempt for members of the Institute have for some years enjoyed facilities in the use of the Chemical Society’s library and since the establishment of the Chemical Council’s scheme the provision of thesc facilities has been put on a reguIar basis by the institution of the Joint Library Committee and by the arrangement whereby the Institute contributes towards the maintenance of the Chemical Society’s library in proportion to its membership in relation to those of the other participating bodies.It has now appeared desirable to re-organise the library of the Institute so that it may be best suited for the above-mentioned special purpose as well as to provide members and registered students with information on professional matters. Without such a pIan there would be a danger through uncontrolled acceptance of periodicals books and pamphlets forwarded to the Institute from various sources of the library becoming overloaded with material irrelevant to its main functions.For this reason it has been decided that in future only certain specified periodicals shall be obtained or accepted for permanent retention in the library; a list of these selected periodicals is appended. It will be noted that this list includes not only the Journals of various scientific societies concerned with pure and applied chemistry but also sets of Abstracts and Annual Reports. Some other periodicals of more evanescent interest will continue to be taken but they will be retained in the library for only a limited period-generally six months. It is the intention also to maintain an up-to-date selection of textbooks and books of reference including particularly those most likely to be useful to registered students and Associates preparing for the Institute’s examinations.To this end books published more than 30 years ago and those not of direct interest in this connection have for the most part been removed from the library. It is proposed to retain as a separate collection a few books of historical interest. To assist in carrying out this policy in the future donations of new textbooks by authors or publishers will be greatly welcomed but it will not be possible in the limited space available to house pamphlets or reprints without limiting the general usefulness of the library. A list of textbooks and reference books at present in the library will be published h JOURNAL ANT) PROCEEDINGS as soon as it has been prepared. [ 279 1 In view of the facilities for borrowing books in person or by post from the library of the Chemical Society or after compliance with certain regulations from the Science Library of the Science Museum at South Kensington it has been decided that books and periodicals in the Institute’s library shall not in future be available on loan except in very special circumstances.List of Periodicals for Permanent Retention in the Library of the Institute Journals of Scientijc Societies and kindred Ptcblicalions Journal of the Chemical Society. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry The Analyst. Transactions of the Faraday Society. The Biochemical Journal. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. Journal of the Institute of Fuel. journal of the Society of Glass Technology. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. Bulletin of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Journal of the Oil and CoIour Chemists’ Association. Journal of the Institute of Petroleum. Transactions of the Institution of the Rubber Industry. Journal of the Textile Institute. Journal of the American Chemical Society. industrial and Engineering Chemistry (inkuding Industrial and Analytical Sections) (U.S.A.). Chemical ‘and Metallurgical Engineering (U.S.A.). Journal of the ChemicaI MetaIlurgicaI and Mining Society of South Africa. Journals of Professional Bodies Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Institute of chemistry.Journal of the British Association of Chemists. Bulletin of the Chemical Institute of Canada. Journal and Proceedings of the Australian ChemicaI Institute. Journal of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. Abstracts A,nauaE Reports Reviews British Abstracts A B and C. Chemical Abstracts (U.S.A.). Royal Institute of Chemistry Lectures and Monographs. Annual Reports on the Progress of Pure Chemistry (Chemical Society). Annual Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry (Society of Chemical Industry). Chemical Reviews (American Chemical Society). Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Annual Reports Bulletin of the Imperial Institute. Science Progress. Endeavour. Journal of Chemical Education (U.S.A.).News Jouvnals Chemistry and Industry. Nature. Chemical and Engineering News (AmericanChemical Society). BENEVOLENT FUND HOMES FOR OLD PEOPLE Since its inception in 1920 the Benevolent Fund has been largely applied either for the welfare of members or their widows who through age or infirmity have been in need of help or for the education and maintenance of the children of deceased or in- capacitated members. In the first of these categories there have been many elderly people who with the aid of grants from the fund have been able to maintain them- selves in reasonable comfort in their own homes or in those of relatives. In recent years and especially since the war however the decreasing value of money and the growing difficulties in obtaining domestic assistance and in securing the ordinary ameni- ties of life have made it much harder for elderly folk to maintain themselves in their own homes.Moreover many have lost their homes during the war and the general housing shortage has limited the extent to which accommodation can be provided by relatives or friends. For those who suffer from chronic ailments. even of a minor character the position may be still more serious; for those who are really ill it may be almost hopeless for even if accommodation in nursing homes can be found the cost is often beyond their means. The extent and urgency of the general problem of providing suitable accommodation and services for old people has been recognised by the Government by local authorities and by various charitable organisations for it is realised that although the present situation has been aggravated by war conditions the gradual but inevitable increase in the proportion of elderly members of the community will in any event call for the introduction of special measures if widespread distress is to be prevented.Recent correspondence and articles in The Times have emphasised the seriousness and many- sided nature of the problem and have given some indication of lines on which solutions of it are being and may be sought though without furnishing answers to all the questions raised. In this connection the decision of certain local authorities to include in their housing schemes a proportion of small labour-saving houses and flats suitable for old people should have a most valuable effect for it is recognised that the elderly do not wish to be segregated from the rest of the community but like to feel that they are still part of it; they want to see from their windows the coming and going of perambulators and not merely ths funeral processions of their near contemporaries; they want to play such part as they can in local affairs and not to feel that they have been put aside as useless.Xor in these times when there is so much to be done in reorganising our mode of life to meet new conditions can the younger section of the community afford to neglect the help which the elderly are able and anxious to give. On the other hand there is no doubt that an important part of the solution of the long-term problem must be in the provision of hostels of some kind or other for the large number of old people who are unable to cope with ordinary domestic tasks without special facilities or at least occasional help and who cannot rely on the good offices of easily accessible relatives or friends.Their needs are varied. Some require only occasional help with shopping or heavy household work while others need attention such as cculd only be given by a resident nurse; some value above all the privacy of their own quarters even if only a single room whereas others seek company in club rooms and communal dining rooms; some welcome regular visits from friends while others are anxious to avoid intrusions; some seek quietude whereas others are happy only amid noisy bustle and activity.A number of charitable organisations-some with nation-wide activities others with purely local interests-have already been much concerned with the provision of hostels and homes of various types for old people and have obtained valuable experience of how their diverse needs can best be met. All have found however that their efforts have been limited by prevailing conditions; by the scarcity and high cost of suitable property by the difficulty of getting it adapted to the purpose in hand and particularly by the shortage of essential equipment-baths gas-fires cooking units etc. The result is that the provision that has already been made or that can be made in the immediate future is far less than the actual demand and there are long waiting lists for accommodation which has to be allotted largely on the basis of priority of application though to some extent in relation to urgency of need.The attention of the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute was drawn to this question some months ago-before it was widely discussed in the Press-by a Fellow who was one of the prime movers in the establishment of the Benevolent Fund after the first world war. He urged that the Institute either alone or in collabora- tion with cognate bodies should take such steps as were possible to provide suitable accommodation for elderly members and their wiyes or for their widows having specially [ 281 1 in mind those who having fixed incomes on which they were able to live before the recent war could no longer maintain themselves adequately under present conditions though they could make a substantial contribution-say ;63 to 154 per week-towards their keep and would be anxious to do so.1he needs of this type of person could pro- bably best be met by some form of subsidised hostel or boarding house with various services suited to their diverse individual requirements. The Committee has given serious attention to this proposal and has obtained some information on its possibilities from an examination of what has already been done by othep organisations. From this investigation it has been concluded that even if adequate funds were available it would not be wise for the Institute on its own to attempt to develop a scheme of this kind at the present time without having first obtained some idea of the extent of the probable need and of the principal localities in which it might arise.It is realised that there may be many who have never been driven to seek help from the Benevolent Fund but to whom such a scheme would be most welcome. One of the purposes of this article is to elicit information on this point; such information should be sent to the Secretary of the Institute and will be treated as strictly confidential. Again it may well be that although the total demand for such accommodation might be considerable it would probably come from various places distributed over the country and could therefore be met only by setting up a number of hostels in different localities unless the beneficiaries were prepared to be uprooted from their accustomed haunts and transferred to some selected centre-a course which it is believed would be contrary to the wishes and indeed to the best interests of many.It is largely because any scheme for the housing of the elderly would probably entail even at the outset the provision of some accommodation in a number of different places that the Committee concluded that it would be necessary to begin in any event by joining with other professional institutions or cognate bodies or by participating in existing schemes developed by organisations having nation-wide interests. Both of these possibilities are being explored. So far the chief result has been to discover that it might be possible for the Institute by making appropriate donations to secure limited accommodation in existing hostels for a few old people who were in particularly urgent need but even so-and here the Committee is anxious to avoid raising false hopes- there might be considerable delay in getting them admitted.Thereafter however the Institute would have a prior claim on such accommodation for the use of its future nominees. Approaches to other organisations are being made but these operate mainly in London and information on possible facilities in other centres would be welcomed. Even if it is found impracticable to proceed much further immediately it is the hope of the Committee that the Institute in collaboration with other professional or scientific bodies will be able to develop an effective scheme for securing satisfactory accommodation for elderly members and their wives or for their widows in various parts of the country and theSecretary of the Institute would be glad to receive sugges- tions as to how this longer range project may be realised.However it is done consider- able sums of money will be required and any members who desire at this stage to make special donations or arrange bequests to the Benevolent Fund in connection with the provision of accommodation for old people may be assured that the Committee will see that such funds are applied in the most effective way for this purpose as soon as circumstances permit. NOTES Personal.-The following are included in the New Year Honours list:- Knight Bachelor (Kt.)-Ernest Woodhouse Smith C.B.E.D.Sc. (Manc.) M.I.Chem.E. M.Inst.Gas E. F.Inst.F. FeZEow. Commander of the Most Excellest Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.)- Thomas Wallace M.C. D.Sc.(Dunelm) Fellow. The Rumford Medal of the Royal Society has been awarded to Professor Sir Alfred Egerton F.R.S. FeZZow for his leading part' in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems; and the Davy Medal of The Royal Society to Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. Fellow for his distinguished work in applying physical methods to problems in organic chemistry. 282 1 Professor E. K.Rideai F.R.S.,Member of CounciE. Fullerian Professor of Chemistry, Royal Institution is among the new members appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer to the Cniversity Grants Committee.Llr. H. W. Hodgson Member of Couizcil has been awarded the Gold Medal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for his outstanding services to the Society and for his “series of sustained experimental and theoretical contributions to those chapters of organic chemistry which are the essential scientific background to the dyestuffs industry.” Mr. Julian Baker Fellow has been awarded the Horace Brown Medal of the Institute of Brewing. Dr. W. Idris Jones Fellow Director of Research for the Powell Duffryn Co. has been appointed Director-General of Research for the National Coal Board. Dr. D. T. A. Townend Fellow has resigned from the Livesey Chair at the University of Lecds to take up full-time appointment as Director of The British Coal Utilization Research Association.He has also been appointed a member of the Fire Research Board that has recently been set up jointly by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Fire Ofhces’ Committee. Mr. 3. Davidson Pratt C.B.E. Fellow Director and Secretary of the Assoziation of British Chemical Manufacturers was a member of a British trade mission which went to Austria to investigate the possibilities of co-operation between British and Austrian industry and the speeding up of the econo.nic recovery of Austria Dr. 0. L. Brady Fellow has been elected Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University of London. Mr. H. U‘.Cremer Fellow has been nominated by the Council of the Institution of Chemical Engineers for election as President of the Institution at the Annual General Meeting on 10th April 1947.Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. Member of Council as President of the Chemistry Section of the British Association for the Annual Meeting to be held in Dundee in August 1947 [see p. 2871. Dr. E. V. Evans O.B.E. Fellow has been elected Chairman of the Executive Board of the British Tar Confederation for the year 1947. The Board of Trade announce that Mr. G. E. Holden O.B.E. Fellow has been appointed Controller of Dyes tuffs. Lt.-Col. F. M. Potter O.B.E. T.D. D.L. has joined the Boards of Directors of Scottish Tar Distillers Ltd. and ,Messrs. Richard Smith & Company Chemical Manu- facturers. Dr. F. H. Carr C.B.E. Fellow and Mr. R. R. Bennett Fellow retire from active participation in the executive work of British Dnig Houses Ltd.at the end of 1946. New members of the Board of the Company on 1st January 1947 wil1 include Dr. F. Hartley Fellow Dr. C. Ockrent Fellowl and Mr. H. G. Rolfe Associate. Professor H. L. Riley Fellow has been appointed Director of Carbonisation Research under the National Coal Board. Dr. James Ritchie Fellow Director of the South African Bureau of Standards has been overseas to investigate the latest developments in the field of standardisation in the United Kingdom Sweden U.S.A. and Canada. Dr. Frank Bell Fellow Principal of Lancaster Technical College since 1941 has been appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Belfast College of TechnoIogy. Mr. D. J. Williams Associate Principal of the Peoples’ College Nottingham has been appointed Principal of the Lancaster Technical College.Dr. J. F. J. Dippy Member of Council has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department Chelsea Polytechnic. The title of Reader in Chemical Engineering in the University of London has been conferred on Mr. M. B. Donald Member of Council in respect of his post at University College. Dr. G. W. Himus Associate has been appointed Reader in Fuel Technology in the University of London in respect of the post held by him at Imperial College. Mr. Norman Sheldon FelZow was elected President of the British Association of Chemists at the Annual General Meeting held on 7th December. [ 2833 lk. C. J. T. Cronshaw FeZfow has been elected the first President of the newly established Manchester Federation of Scientific Societies.Mr. H. H. Croucher Associate has been appointed Director of Agriculture British Guiana and left Jamaica in December to take up this new appointment Dr. E. C. Barton-Wright Fellow has been appointed Microbiologist to Messrs. Whitbread & Co. Ltd. ’Dr. R. F. Hunter Associate formerly Nizam Professor of Chemistry at Aligarh University has been appointed to the position of research manager with Bskelite Ltd. as from 1st November 1946. Dr. T. S. Stevens Associate has been appointed Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield. Dr. Cecil L. Wilson Fellow has been appointed to a Lectureship in Chemistry with special reference to Micro-chemistry in the Queen’s University of Belfast.He was previously Lecturer in Chemistry at the Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Dr. F. L. Allen Fellow has been appointed Head of the Department of Science of the West Ham Municipal College. Dr. D. C. Martin Fcllow General Secretary of the Chemical Society is to succeed Mr. J. I).Griffith Davies as Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society. Mr. John Barritt Associate Head of the Department of Chemical Techndogy at the Wool Industries Research Association has been appointed Honorary Secretary of the Society of Dyers and Colourists in succession to the late Mr. J. S. Ridsdale. Mr. Frederick G. Crosse Fellow has been appointed Acting Editor of British Abstracts. Mr. K. H. Jack Associate has resiancd the office of Hon. Secretary of the Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Sec;ion of the Institute on leaving the district at the end of the year in order to take up a new appointment.He will be succeeded by Dr. J. 0. Harris. Mr. Sydney L. Turner Associate has been elected a City Councillor in Oxford in the municipal elections held on 1st November. Lecture by Or. G. Malcolm Dyson on “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its. Application to Library and Indexing Problems.”-On 21st October at 6 p.m., before a large audience at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Dr. G. M.Dyson delivered a lecture on his new system of ciphering which enables the structure and structural relations of organic substances to be represented by concise linear expressions in a form that provides for a unique and unequivocal enumeration and is convenient for indexing.By maintaining certain mathematical implications in the cipher mechanical manipulation sorting selecting and the summation of empirical formulae can be effected by suitable machines. In the course of the lecture Dr. Dyson dealt in turn with established systems of nomenclature the new notation and the applications of the new notation to the compilation of a lexicon of organic chemistry and of international indexes. The meeting was held under the joint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Bureau of Abstracks, and was the first occasion on which these four bodies or even the three Chartered Chemical bodies as such.had held a joint meeting. The Chair was taken by Dr. G. Koche Lynch O.B.E. President of the Rgyal Institute of Chemistry. X vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. L.H. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry and Chairman of the Bureau of Abstracts and seconded by Dr. R. P. Linstead C.B.E. F.R.S. a Vice-president of the Chemical Society. Dr. Dyson’s lecture on this interesting and important subject is being published forthwith in the form of an Institute lecture and copies will have been distributed to Fellows Associates and Registered Students of the Institute before the issue of this Part of JOURNAL The Institute has provided copies of the lecture AND PROCEEDINGS. for distribution free of charge to those Fellows of the Chemical Society and members of the Society of Chemical Industry who do not belong to the Institute on application to the General Secretary of the appropriate Society.Further details of Dr. Dyson’s Ciphering System will be obtainable from a mono-graph entitled “A New Notation and Enumeration System for Organic Compounds” to be published in the near future by Longmans Green & Co. [ 284 3 Streatfeild Memorial Lecture.-’Ihe 29th Streatfeild Memorial Lecture entitled “The Chemist as Information Officer” was delivered by Dr. J. C Withers in the Rooms of the Geological Society on 15th November at 6 Pam.,following the conclusion of the Special General Meeting (see page 267). At the conclusion of the lecture the President of the Institute occupied the Chair referred to the origin of this series of memorial lectures and to the intention that for as long as possible the lecturers should be former students of Finsbury Technical College where Mr.F. W.Streatfeild was a lecturer and teacher from 1883 to 1917. The President then presented to Dr. Withers the Streatfeild Medal which is generously provided by the City and Guilds of London Institute. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Dr. J. R. Nichoils who gave the Streatfeild Lecture in 1938 and seconded by Mr. W. Gordon Carey the 28th Streatfeild Memorial Lecturer. Ramsay Chemical Dinner.-The Ramsay Chemical Dinner under the joint auspices of chemical societies and organisations in Glasgow and West of Scotland was held in the Marlborough House Glasgow on 6th December 1946.The Chairman was Sir Steven Bilsland Bt. The toast “The Profession of Chemistry,” following the loyal toast and that of “The Memory of Sir William Ramsay,” which was honoured in silence was proposed by Sir Jack Drummond and replied to by Dr. Lampitt President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Other toasts were“ The City of Glasgow,” proposed by Mr. H. Talbot and replied to by the Lord Provost Sir Hector MacNeill; and “The Guests,” proposed by Dr. J. A. Cranston to which Sir Ian Heilbron replied. The toast of “The Chairman” was proposed by Dr. McDavid. The Institute was officially represented by Mr. G. Elliot Dodds Vice-President. After the dinner there was dancing till midnight and the large number who were present at that hour to join in “Auld Lang Syne” testified to the great success of the evening.Institute of Physics Change of Address.-On and after 30th December 1946, the address of the Institute and of its Journal of Scimtific Instruments will be 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. Telephone Number SLOane 9806/7. Andersonian Chemical Society.-The Diamond Jubilee of the foundation of the Andersonian Chemical Society was celebrated in Glasgow on 22nd November. Follow-ing the opening remarks by Dr. D. s.Anderson Director of the Royal Technical College an address was given by Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. Regius Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow. The Laboratories of the School of Chemistry in the Royal Technical College were subsequently open for inspection.Electrodepositors’ Technical Society.-The coming-of-age of the Society (founded in 1925) was celebrated at a meeting held at Northampton Polytechnic on 7th December. In the presence of an audience of members and visitors the President Dr. S. Wernick referred to the outstanding achievements in the history of the Society and presented the first Electrodepositors’ Technical Society MedaI to Mr. S. Field the first President. In the course of his address Mr. Field referred to the beginnings of the Society and of the part that it had subsequently played in furthering the development of the principles and practice of eIectrodeposition. Other Past Presidents spoke on various aspects of the work of the Society in the past 21 years. Chemical Institute of Canada.-At the August meeting of the Board of Directors of the Chemical Institute of Canada a Special Journal Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Dr.L. A. Munro to study ways and means of bringing a Journal of the ChemicaI Institute of Canada into being with January 1948 as a tentative date for the first issue and to report to the Board of Directors at the December meeting a complete plan of action or alternative plans. Explosive Nature of a Mixture of Sodium Thiosulphate and Sodium Nitrite.-As a contribution towards the avoidance of possible accidents Dr. H. P. Stevens has kindly forwarded the following statement:- A senior boy in a practical chemistry class was given a mixture of these substances as an exercise in qualitative analysis.As a preliminary test he proceeded to heat a small quantity in a tube and observed that moisture was given off. He put the tube to his nose to identify the smell when part of the contents exploded badly scorching his eyelid and surrounding tissue. Fortunately he must have closed his eye so rapidly that the eye itself was not permanently injured. E 286 I A control test I made shows that an intimate mixture of these substances when heated explodes violently after most of the moisture has been expelled no doubt as a result of the oxidation of the sulphur liberated. In the case in question the results would have been much more serious had the two salts been well mixed as by grinding together in a mortar. Molasses Industrial Alcohol and Solvents.-In announcing (Notice 962) that as from 1st January 1947 the selling price of molasses for all purposes other than cattle feed will be increased to cover the average cost of supplies the Board of Trade draws attention to the important industrial uses of molasses as the raw material for industrial alcohol and its derivatives such as acetone acetic acid butyl alcohol and the acetate solvents and in making yeast citric acid and cores for foundry work.Owing to a world shortage of molasses following the Japanese occupation of Java the material commands a price out of all proportion to the pre-war price. The bulk of world supplies now come from Cuba though some is also obtained from the British West Indies the United Kingdom sugar refiners and the sugar beet factories.Association of British Chemical Manufacturers.-A new Directory 44Rritish Chemicals and their Manufacturers,” has just been published. This contains up-to-date information on the manufacturers of all types of chemicals and supersedes the directory issued under the same title in 1939 and “Directory of British Fine Chemicals,” 1940. A copy of the 1966 Directory will be sent gratis to any inquirer writing on business paper or giving any other genuine indication of being likely to put the Directory to good use as a purchaser of chemicals. Application should be made to the Joint Managers Association of British Chemical Manufacturers 166 Piccadilly London W. 1. The Chartered Institute of Patent Agents.-A report on “Government-Owned or Controlled Inventions,” adopted by the Council of the Institute has recently been published as a pamphlet.British Standards Institution.-Amendment No. 2 to B.S. 700 1937.4raduated Pipettes and Straight Pipettes was issued in September. B.S. 1333 1946.-Acid Resisting Silicon Iron Pipes and Pipe Fittings-has been prepared by the Chemical Industry Committee of the Institution and issued in Septem- ber. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Institution 28 Victoria Street London S.W.1. Price 2s. net. German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects.-The Chemical Council has printed in pamphlet form a limited number of copies of a List of German Books on Chemical and Cognate Subjects published from 1939-1 946 compiled by Dr. Hamilton McCombie D.S.O. M.C.and Mr. A. E. Cummins Librarian of the Chemical Society. A copv will be forwarded to any member of any Society represented on the Chemical Council free of charge on application to the Acting Secretary of the Chemical Council 9-10,Savile Row London W.l. The Scientific Film Association.-A Memorandum on the Classification Appraisal and Grading of Scientific Films was issued by the Association in July 1916 and deals with documentation and general considerations and with the organisation of the viewing appraisal and grading of scientific films. Copies may be obtained from the offices of the Association 34 Soh0 Square London W.l. Price 2s. 6d. World Power Conference.-The Central Office of the World Power Conference 36 Kingsway London W.C.2 has recently issued the first post-war edition of the list of “National Committees and Representatives” of the Conference.The Institute is offici- ally represented on the National Committee for Great Britain by Dr. H. G. Colman. The British contribution to the series of “Reports on Fuel Economy since 1939,” compiled by the Fuel Efficiency Branch of the Ministry of Fuel and Power has iust been published by the British National Committee of the World Power Conference. Copies price Is. 6d. each plus postage may be obtained from the central office of the World Power Conference the new address of which is 201-2 Grand Buildings Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN 1947 British Industries Fair.-The first post-war British Industries Fair is to be held in May 1947 in three sections at Earl’s Court and Olympia London and at Castle Bromwich.International EIectrodeposition Conference .-The Conference sponsored by the Electrodepositors’ Technical Society will be held in London in May 1947. E 286 3 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Centenary Celebrations.-The Centenary of the foundation of the Institution will be celebrated in London in June 1945. 8th International Management Congress.-The British Management Council announce that the Congress will be held on 3rd-8th July 1947 in Stoskholm. Royal Institute of Chemistry Scottish Symposium.-A Symposium on “Coal Petroleum and their Newer Derivatives” will take pIace at the University of St. Andrews on 5th-12th July 1947. Detailed arrangements are being made by a joint Committee of Local Sections of the Institute in Scotland under the chairmanship of Dr.David Traill and with Mr A. €2. Jamieson as Honorary Secretary. According to a provisional programme the main subjects treated will be Coal and Oil Resources; Chemical Synthesis; Polymers. Chemical Society Centenary Celebrations (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1946, IV,187).-It has now been announced that Sir Robert Robinson the President of the Royal Society has accepted the invitation of the Council of the Chemical Society to deliver the Faraday Lecture during the Centenary Celebrations due to take place on 15th-17th July. The Faraday Lectureship was founded in 1867 to commemorate Michael Faraday who was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1842 and was one of its Vice-Presidents The Lectureship is the highest honour which the Chemical Society has in its power to offer.Among previous Faraday Lecturers have been Dumas Cannizzaro von Hofmann Wiirtz Helmholtz Mendelkeff Lord Rayleigh Ostwald Fischer Richards Arrhenius Millikan Willstatter Bohr Debye and Lord Rutherford. The lecture by Sir Robert Robinson will be delivered in the Central Hall ‘West- minster on 16th July 1947 and rvill form the principal.scientific event of the centenary celebrations. Another feature of the centenary celebrations will be an Exhibition at the Science Museum South Kensington illustrating the achievements of British chemistry and the part which chemistry plays in everyday life to-day. The exhibition which will be open in July 1947 is being organised by the Chemical Society and the Department of Scienti-fic and Industrial Research.11th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry,-The Congress will be held in London from 17th to 24th July and will be organised in the following sections:- (1) Inorganic and Geo-Chemistry; (2) Physical Chemistry; (3) Organic chemistry; (4) Biochemistry; (5) Chemistry in relation to Agriculture and Applied Botany; (6) Chemistry in relation to Applied Zoology and Veterinery Science; (7) Chemistry in relation to Food and Nutrition; (8) Chemistry in relation to Medicine and Therapeutics; (9)Chemistry in relation to Fuel Power and Transport; (10) Chemistry in relation to Natural and Artificial Textiles; (11) Chemistry in relation to Plastics Glass and Ceramics; (12) Chemistry in relation to Metals; (13) Chemical Engineering.A provisional programme of events has now been prepared and applications to join the Congress should be address to Lt.-Col. F. J. Griffin Honorary Organiser XIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry 66 Victoria Street London S.W.1 who will be glad to furnish further particulars. The registration fee is L2. International Physiological Congress.-The Congress will be held in Oxford on 22nd-25th July. World Power Conference Fuel Economy Conference.-This Conference will be held at The Hague on 2nd-10th September 1947. British Association.-The Annual Meeting of the Association vrill take place in Dundee from 27th August to 3rd September 1947 under the Presidency of Sir Henry Dale O.M.G.B.E. F.K.S. The President of Section B (Chemistry) is Dr. J. L. Simonsen F.R.S. lnstitute of Physics and Physical Society Electron Jubilee Celebrations.-To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the electron by Sir J. J-Thomson O.M.,and to demonstrate the great influence that such an advance in pure physics may have on the life of the community a series of meetings and other functions are being arranged for 26th-26th September 1947 in London. A special exhibition which will remain open to the public for several weeks will be held at the Science Mu$eum South Kensing- ton and will show the development of the vast range of modern industrial equipment from the earliest experimental origins. l287 BOOKS AND THEIR CONTENTS Organic Reactions.Roger Adams (Editor-in-chief). Volume 111. Pp. 460. (New York John Wiley & Sons Inc.; London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 27s. The alkylation of aromatic compounds by the Friedel-Crafts method-Charles C. Price; The Willgerodt reaction-Marvin Carmack and M.A. Spielman; Prepara- tion of ketenes and ketene dimers-W. E. Hanford and John C. Sauer; Direct sulfonation of aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives-4. M. Suter and Arthur W. Weston; Azlactones-H. E. Carter; Substitution and addition reactions of thiocyanogen- John L. Wood; The Hofmann reaction-Everett S. Wallis and John F. Lane; The Schmidt reaction-Hans Wolff; The Curtius reaction -Peter A. S. Smith. Index. Pharmacognosy Textbook of.T. E. Wallis. Pp. 504 with 213 illustrations. (London J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1946.) 28s. Introduction; starches; powders of natural occurrence; fossil organisms shells and minerals; hairs and fibres; woods; barks and galls; leaves; flowers; seeds; fruits; entire organisms; rhizomes and roots; unorganised drugs; gums and saccharine substances; resins gum-resins oleo-resins; fixed oils fats waxes; glands and glandular secretions; commerce in drugs. Appendix. Index. Vat Dyestuffs and Vat Dyeing. M. R. Fox. Pp. 324. (London Chapman & Hall, Ltd. 1946.) 24s. net. Indigo and related dyestuffs; anthraquinonoid vat dyestuffs introductory to application; properties of vat dyestuffs; application-animal fibres cellulosic fibres the indigosol dyestuffs pigment padding and miscellaneous processes; printing and discharging; machinery; non-textile uses of vat dyestuffs; identifica- tion of vat dyestuffs; analogous dyestuffs.Appendixes. General index. The Dyeing of Textile Fibres. R. S. Horsfall and L.G. Lawrie. Second Edition completely revised. Pp. 438. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1946.) 26s. net. Introductory. Cotton; the treatment of cotton before dyeing; the dyeing of cotton; the bast fibres; the dyeing of rayon and the newer synthetic fibres; wool; the treatment of wool before dyeing the dyeing of wool silk; indigo indigosol and soledon dyestuffs; the dyeing of union fabrics the testing and valuation of dyestuffs in the laboratory; water; auxiliary products used in the dyeing industry.Biblio-graphy; dyestuffs index; general index. Vitamins and. Hormones Chemistry of. S. Rangaswami and T. R. Seshadri. Pp. 330. (Andhra University Waltair South India 1946.) Rs. 7+. Vitamins and their general characteristics; Axerophthol Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Tocopherols Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins of the B group; Thiamin or Anenrin; Vitamin Bl; Riboflavin; Nicotinic acid or Niacin; Pyridoxin or Adermin (Vitamin Be);Pantothenic acid; Biotin (Vitamin H Bios I1 b); Minor Vitamins of the B Group; Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C); Vitamins and Enzymes; Hormones and their general Characteristics; Adrenaline; Thyroxine; Sex Hormones; Oestrogenic Hormones; Corpus Luteum Hormone (Progesterone); Androgenic Hormones; Sex Hormones-their biogenesis and total synthesis; Cortex Hormones; Hormones of unknown constitution; Plant Hormones.Notes; literature references. Index. Defective Colour Vision in Industry Report on by a Committee of The Colour Group of the Physical Society. (London The Physical Society 1946). Pp. 52. 3s. 6d. net. Introduction (terms of reference and sources of information);nature and incidence of defective colour vision; colour vision tests; colour vision in industry and the services; the case for pre-vocational and school testing of colour vision Recom-mendations; acknowledgments; references. Endeavour. No. 20 of Volume V published in October contains an editorial on “The,,Method and Scope of Science” and articles on “Some Recent Aspects of Meteoro-logy by Sir Nelson I<. Johnson K.C.B.; “Tycho Brahe 1646-1601,” by Professor Herbert Dingle; “The Measurement of Coloured Light,” by Dr.John W. T. Walsh; “The Museum as an Aid to Popular Science,” by Dr. I?. S.W:!lis; “Sir James Hopwood Jeans O.M.”;“The Fluorescence of Organic Compounds by Dr. Neil Campbell; “The Values ofScience,” by Mr. E. F. Caldin. 288 I OBITUARY GEORGEHENRYAPPLEYARDdied on 22nd October 1946 in his 7lst year. He received his early education at Leeds Grammar School whence he proceeded to study chemistry at the Yorkshire College (subsequently the University) Leeds His first appointment was with A. H. Allen Public AnaIyst for Sheffield and the West Riding of Yorkshire and in 1898 he became the first chemist to enter the Seed Crushing Industry in HUH when he joined the late Edwin Robson at the Wilmington Oil Mill one of the original units of the British Oil and Cake Mills Ltd.Shortly afterwards he was appointed chemist to the Company and at a later date became Joint Manager of the B.O.C.M. Hull Branches a position that he held until his retirement in 1940. He was responsible for many of the developments in the Company’s activities and during the first world war helped very considerably in developing the production of edibIe oils and lard compounds in this country; he was also responsible for the erection of the Company’s first oil seed extraction plant. Later he started the New Pin Soap Company and was concerned in bringing the first high-vacuum fatty acid distillation plant to this country. He was a director of several subsidiary companies of B.O.C.M.including the British Extracting Co. the British Creameries Ltd. and the Hull Stearine and Warehousing Co. Ltd. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1897 and a Fellow in 1900. JOHN DOUGLAS died on 18th July 1946 in his 54th year. BARRETT He received his scientific training at the University of Leeds graduating B.Sc. in 1913. In 1915 he was appointed Chief Chemist to Chemicals & Dyewares Ltd. and in L918 Works Chemist to Messrs. Hickson & Partners Ltd. where he was engaged in the manufacture of explosives intermediates and dyes. On the formation of the Rarnsley Chemical Co. Ltd. (previously Chemicals & Dyewares Ltd.) he returned to Rarnsley in 1920 as Chemist in charge of the Dye Department and in 1925 entered the service of Messrs.Major & Co. of Hull where he remained until 1930 when the firm was taken over by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Since then he has been con- tinuously engaged as Works Chemist with the Dyestuffs Group in Manchester. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918. JOSEPH JOHN BLACKIE died on 30th October 1946 in his 52nd year. His scientific training was obtained at the School of Pharmacy and at Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. In 1915 he enlisted in the K.A.M.C. serving overseas in Gallipoli Egypt and France and was awarded the Meritorius Service MedaI. On demobilisation he passed the Qualifying Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society and later the Major Examination (Ph.C.) of that Society.In 1919 he was appointed an Analytical Chemist to Duncan Flockhart & Co. becoming Laboratory Manager in 1924 and a partner and Director of Manufacturing Processes in 1930. As the result of research on the alkaloids of the genus Senecio he obtained the Ph.D. degree of the University of Edinburgh in 1935. He was a member of the Scottish Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society and was a Governor of the Heiiot-Watt College Edinburgh. as a representative of the pharmaceutical industries. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1930 and a Fellow in 1956. CLARENCE BARNES COLLISdied on 20th September 1946 in his 26th year. Following the award of a County Major Scholarship he proceeded to Queen’s College Oxford as a Dixon Exhibitioner. He obtained the degree of B.A.with honours in chemistry in Part I in 1942 and was then engaged in research as a member of the Penicillin Research Group. In 1944 he was awarded the degree of B.Sc. on presentation of a thesis on penicillin. In 1943 he was appointed research chemist at the Research Station of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd. and was occupied on probfems of physical separation resulting in a number of patents. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in April 2946. FREDERICK Registered Student died on 22nd June 1946 in his SCOTTEMSLIE, 22nd year. Educated at the Heath Grammar School Halifax he entered the service of the HaIifax Corporation Sewage Department while continuing his studies for the degree of B.Sc. at Halifax Municipal Technical College.In 1943 he commenced an Engineering Cadetship Course and subsequently received a Commission in the R.E.M.E. i 289 1 lnformativn has been received of the presumed death of BENJAMIN LEECHwhite sailing in the Mersey Estuary on 14th September. He was in his 69th year. He entered Clare College Cambridge in 1896 after obtaining an open entrance scholarship in Natural Science. He passed the examinations of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1899-1900 and obtained the MA. degree in 1902. In the meantime he had proceeded to Freiburg and also spent some months in various colour works in Germany. In 1902 he established a practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in Macclesfield specialising in microchemical analysis and problems relating to textiles.He was the inventor of processes relating to the fixation of dyestuffs by silicic acid and a method of preparing cotton for bleaching which were patented In 1914 he was awarded the Farrell prize of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for an essay “On the cause and means of prevention in piece-dyed fabrics of the defect presumed to be due to the splitting of the fibres of silk.” He was for a time associated with the firm of Mary Leech Dyers and was on the consulting staff of Macclesfield General Infirmary. He was an experienced yachtsman and held a captain’s certificate. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. PERCY FRANKLAND FARADAY died on 28th October 1946 at the age of 88. Educated at University College School London he proceeded in 1876 to the Royal School of Mines where he obtained three years later the A.R.S.M.diploma in geology and thence to the University of Wurzburg where a thesis on the action of diazonaphthalene upon salicylic acid gained for him the Ph.D. degree “summa cum laude” in 1880. In the previous year he had graduated B.Sc in the University of London and on his return from Germany was appointed Demonstrator and Lecturer under his father Sir Edward Frankland F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department of the Royal School of Mines which in 1881 became part of the newly instituted Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science) at South Kensington. There he was engaged until 1888 in teaching and research while also running a consulting practice. For the next six years he held the Chair of Chemistry at University College Dundee but in 1894 was appointed to succeed Tilden as Professor of Chemistry at Mason College (afterwards the University) Birmingham where he remained until his retirement as Professor Emeritus in 1919 having been Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University since 1913.Bacteriology in relation to water supplies and sewage treatment was among his earliest interests ;not only was he the author of “Our Secret Friends and Foes’’ (1894) “Micro-organisms in Water” ( 1894) and articles in Thorpe’s Dictionary on fermentation and water but he was responsible for inaugurating monthly systematic bacteriological examinations of London water supply for the Local Government Board in 1885. He was also instrumental in inaugurating in 1893 the Institute’s examinations in what was then called “Biological Chemistry as applied to questions of Public Health with special reference to Foods Water and Sewage,” and in the introduction of bacteriology as an additional optional subject for the Associateship.He was a pioneer in this country in the study of the action of bacteria upon organic compounds. His discovery of the formation of optically active glyceric acid by bacteriological means led to his researches on optical activity and chemical constitution with which he was occupied in his later years. In the first world war he served as a member of the Admiralty Inventions Board the Anti-Gas and Chemical Warfare Committees and the Royal Society Executive War Com- mittee as Deputy Inspector of High Explosives (Birmingham Area) and as Chairman of the Chemical Section of the Royal Society War Committee and of the Royal Society Reserved Occupations Committee.In recognition of these services he received the C.B.E. and the Italian Order of S.S. Maurice and Lazarus in 1919. Among his publications not already mentioned were Agricultwal Chemical Analysis (1883) Life of Pasteuv (1897) and over 80 original papers in various scientific journals. He was a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1903-05 and 1916-18 serving as a Vice-president in 1917-18 and receiving the Davy Medal in 1919. He had previously been President of the Chemical Society (1911-13). Honorary degrees were conferred upon him by the Universities of Birmingham St.Andrews Dublin and Sheffield and he became a Fellow of the Imperial College in 1933. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1881 and a Fellow in 1884. He served as a Member of Council (1888-91 1896-98 1900-03). as Examiner (1896-1900) as Vice-president (1903-06 1909-12) and as President (1906-09). He was a Censor from 1906 to 1921. CHARLES GEORGEMATTHEWSdied on 10th November 1946 in his 91st year. Educated at Queenswood College Hants he received his scientific training at King’s College London the University of Heidelberg and the Royal College of chemistry. 290 I Following a shortperiod on the staff of Wellington College Rerkshire he took up in 1878 an appointment as Brewer at Messrs. Evershed’s Brewery Burton-on-Trent.In i8S3 he set up in a general practice as Analytical and Consulting Cheaist at Burton-on- rrent and having taken Mr. F. E. Lott into partnership in the following year carried on the practice thereafter as “Matthews & Lott,” in rezent years in association with his third son Mr. G. C. Matthews. He spwialised in the science of brewing and was the author of A ManuaE of Alcoholic Fernzenfation and jointly with F. E. Lott of The Microscope in the Brewery and Malthouse. He was one of the original members of the Institute of Brewing which conferred on him the distinction of honorary membership in 1932. His other interests were very wide and included in hi5 younger days rowing and climbing ; throughout his life he was a great lover of the country and an enthusiastic fisherman ; in the first world war he served in the 7th Volunteer Bn.Notts and Derby Regiment ; he was appointed a Borough Magistrate of Burton-on-Trent in 1926. He devoted many years to the work of the Church Lads’ Brigade in that town. He retired in 1929 to live at Borth in Cardiganshire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1878and became a Fellow in 1883. FRANCIS NEEDSdied on 21st October 1946 in his 63rd year. EDWIN He was educated at Bristol Cathedral School and received his scientific training at Merchant Venturers’ Technical College and at the University Bristol. In 1902 he was appointed Assistant in the County Laboratory of the Wiltshire County Council and from 1906 to 1914 was Assistant to the Public Analyst for Bristol.On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was serving in the University of Bristol O.T.C. and in October of that year joined the Royal Engineers as a despatch rider but received a Commission in the R.F.A. in 1918. On demobilisation he returned to the Corporation Laboratory at Bristol as Senior Assistant and having passed the Examination for the Fellowship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs. etc. in 1930 was appointed Public Analyst for the City and County of Bristol in 1934 a post which he held until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1930. He was elected District Member of Council for Bristol and the South-Western Counties in March 1946. NORMAN SHELDONdied on 30th September in his 70th year. LINDSAY He was educated at Manchester Grammar School and proceeded to Owens College- now The University-Manchester where he attended classes in electrochemistry.He went to the University of Heidelberg in 1895 taking the degree of Ph.L). in 1900,and sub- sequently attended the Budapest Acetylene Gas Exhibition where he was awarded the gold medal. After a visit to the Kid Chemical Works Antwerp where he studied the manufacture of cyanides ferrocyanides acids and alkalies he returned to England to an appointment as Under Manager at the lllilnsbridge Chemical Co. In 1900 he became Manager of Messrs. Thomas Jackson’s Chemical Works and in 1903 was appointed Chemist and Manager of the Government of India Cordite Factory until 1918 when he was appointed Superintendent of the Acetone Factory and in 1919 Chief Inspector of Explosives to the Government of India.For his services in India he was appointed a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.) in 1932. He returned to England in 1939. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1907 and served for many years as a member of the Institute’s Indian Advisory Committee and from 1940-43 as a District Member of the Council for the Overseas Dominions and Elsewhere Abroad. FREDERICK MALCOLM died on 30th September 1946 in his 72nd year. WHARTON He received his scientific training at Mason Collegenow The University-Birming- ham passing the Examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1896. From 1895 to 1897 he was engaged on research at Mason College as Forster and Priestley Scholar and from 1897 to 1898 was Assistant to William Chattaway A4nalyst for the Borough of Colchester and the Parish of Hammersmith.In 1899 he was appointed Assayer to the Kiangsiang Mint Nanking. On returning to England he became Assistant Chemist to the h-ational Explosives Ca.,at Hayle and in 1906 Chief Chemist and Works Manager to Curtis’s and Harvey. After a further year in China as Chief Chemist and Metallurgist to the Imperial Government he was appointed Works Manager to the New Explosives Co. and in 1920 became Director and Works Manager to the Hall Street Metal & Rolling Co. Ltd. in Birmingham. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1918. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1896 and a Fellow in 1899.Correction.-It is regretted that in the obituary notice of Ernest Alfred Wraight (JOURNALAND PROCEEDINGS 1946 IV,198) his second Christian name was incorrectly given w Arthur and his age at death as 78 instead of 07. t 291 1 THE REGISTER New Fellows Bannister Leonard Charles M.Sc. (Liv.) Ph.D. (Cantab.). Bevan Eric Albert B.Sc. (Lond.). Boehm Erich Ph.D. (Berlin). Drake Reginald Murdinr lWk (Iaeeds). Pearson John M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). Rossiter Roger James MA. D.Phil. B.M. B.Ch. (Oxon.) BSc. (W.A.) Tietz Edmund Lageson B.Sc. (Cape), B.Sc. D.Phi1 (Oxon). Wernick Simon M.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.). M'illiamson Arthur Tandy M.A. (Queens) A.M. Ph.D. (Princeton). Re-elected Fellows Channon Professor Harold John B.A.D.Sc. (Lond.). Associates Elected Abbott -4rthur Lewis B.Sc. (Cape). Archer Frederick Stanley. Bailey Arthur John Marson B.Sc. (Lond.) Bean. Charles Ernest. BSc. (L0nd.l. A.R.C.S. Beton. Ernest Sutcliffe. B.Sc. (Lond.1. Christian John Bell; A.H.'-W.C.,' F.Inst.Pet. Cockett Sydney Russell M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.). Cox Carlton Ingham B.Sc. (Adelaide), F.A.C.I. Crumpler Cyril John M.A . R.Sc. (Oxon.). Dutton Leonard Cartlidge. Edwards William Albert M.A. (Cantab.). Fells Henry Alexander B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Ganday Raymond B.Sc. (Lond.). Garner Professor William Edward,C.B.E. M.Sc. (Lond.) D.Sc. (Birm.) F.R.S. Golberg Leon M.Sc. (\Vitwatersrand}, D.Phi1. (Oxon.). Grant William Jackson BSc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E.Guest Peter Healey M.A. B.Sc. (Manc.). Harris Roy Clifford. Holdridge Douglas Arthur B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Howie Robert Charles BSc. (Lond.), A.H.-W.C. Judd Albert Ernest B.Sc. (Lond.). Keaton James. Koch Douglas Everard Vernon BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) D.I.C. Malcolm James McLaren. to the Fellowship Markland Joseph B.Sc. (Lond.). Marsh Ernest Charles James B.Sc. (Lond.). Matthews William Kenneth. McNamara Abraham Ninian,B.Sc. (Glas.) Ph.C. M.P.S. Melville Edward Miller M.A. B.Sc. B.Sc.Agric. (Glasgow). Norris Edward Prank RSc. (Lond.), A.M.1.Chem.E. Partridge Stanley Miles R.Sc. Ph.D. (1,ond.). Phillips Reginald Francis M.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Ritchie Patrick Dunbar B.Sc. Ph.D. (St. Andrews).Roberts Arthur Loten B.Sc. Ph.11. (Leeds). Robinson Robert. Salmon Professor Robert Joseph M.Sc. (Manc.). Srinivasan Captain Mudambi B.A. D.Sc. (Madras). Swann Geoffrey R.Sc. M1.D. (St. And- rews). Wallwork Douglas Goodson. Warren Professor Frank Louis B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Watkins Thomas Frederick MSc. (Wales). Willcox Cyril Mason M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Withers John Charles Ph.D. (Wurzburg) F.T.I. Young Harold Sidney BSc. (Lond.). New Associates Abdul Karim M.Sc. (Punjab). Agrawal Satya Prakash M.Sc. (-4lIaha-bad). Ayscough Frederick Wiliam B.Sc. (Syd- neY)-Baggs Ivor Edgar BSc. (Wales). Baidwin Robert Roy M.A. (Cantab.). Barrett Philip Leonard. Battersby Albert BSc. (Lond.). Baxter Arthur Edward.Bergman Isaac B.Sc. (Witwatersrand). Bowditch Thomas John. Britton Hubert Greenslade BSc. (Lond.). Brown Arthur Ernest Girdlestone. Bruhre Graham Montague M.Sc. (N.Z.). Calder Gordon Archibald Russell R.Sc. (Glas.). Calloway Thomas Charles B.Sc. Ph.D. (Liv.). Carswell William David B.Sc. (St. Andrews). Carter Lieut. Frank Wellesley 8.Sc. (Lond.) . Chalmers James B.Sc. (Edin.). [ 292 j Chitre Ragunath Ganesh XSc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Clark Alec Vincent Clark John Robertson B.Sc. App.Chem. (Glas.). Clarke Peter B.Sc. (Lond.). Clarke Walter Evelyn. Cleaver Sidney Victor M.A. (Cantab.). Clements James Frederick RSc. (Lond.). Collins Frederick Darien MSc. (N.Z.). Cook Charles Donald BSc. (Lond.).Coster David Gordon MSc. (N.Z.). Cowling William Cranstoun Hamish MacLaren BSc. (Gla.). Ilatta Karayanpada I).Sc. (Calcutta) Denton Coulson Lloyd. Dutton Kenneth Richard HSc. (Lond.) . Eden George Edward 13%. (Lond.). Edwards Claude Raymond BSc. (Wales). Everett John Chaldecott B.A. (Cantab.). Everett Robert Malcolm BSc. (Rirm.). Farrer Stanley Maurice RSc. (Lond.). Gemmell Gordon Douglas M.Sc. (N.Z.). Gibbs Frederick William M.Sc. (Lond.) Gokhale Shankar Kashinath B.A. 31.S~. (Bombay). Goodall Allen James R.Sc. (Lond.). Gray George Kiddell BSc. (Birm.). Green Charles Victor. Gwilt John Ruff. Hardesty Francis. Hitt John Leslie M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Hughes Ivor BSc. (Wales). Hunt Harold Shirley BSc. (Lond.). Jackson Clive.James William. Jobson Harry Taylor. Johnson Herbert John MSc. (Dunelm.). Johnston Robert James BSc. (Q.U.B.). Jones Charles Rex Lloyd B.A. (Cantab.). Jones David John Emlyn BSc. (Wales). Kirkaldy John Lillie Ramsey BSc. (St. Andrew). Knapton Charles Demain. Krishnam Raju Datla Venkata M.Sc. Tech. (Andhra). Latham Kenneth Geoffrey B.Sc. (Lond.). Lawson John Anderson Kirkland. Levinson Bernard Leon B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Lings James Buchanan B.A. (Oxon.). Mare Peter Bernard David de la M.Sc. (N.Z.). Massie William Henry Simpson B.Sc. (Glas.). McChristie Ian Alexander. Mehta Vinay Shantilal B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bombay). Milner Reginald Conrad. Moore Walter Robert Alfred Dennis B.Sc. (Lond.). Morries Peter B.Sc. (Birm.). Muir Andrew Douglas A.R.T.C.Mumford Richard Moore B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon.). Murfin John Webster BSc. (Lond.). Narayanan E. K. M.A. M.Sc. (Madras). Newbury Bert Charles BSc. (Bris.). Payne Kenneth Richard. Pegington Frederick Charles BSc. (Wales). Pickles Donald B.Sc. (Lond.). Pinsent Brian Roy West BSc. (Wales). Puri Rajindra Pal MSc. (Punjab). Rama Moorthy Bharatula B.Sc. (Andhra) MSc. (Allahabad). Iismanathan Vettakkorumakankaru Sambasivalyer M.Sc. (Madras). Rao-Kittur Subba BSc. (Mysore) D.Sc. (Madras). Hay Gunendra Krishna MSc. (Calcutta). Redman Maurice B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Reeve Sydney George Reilly Desniond Alan. lieith James \Villiam Strachan R.Sc. (Aberdeen). Richmond Anthony Desmond. Kidley Charles Norman B.Sc.(Dunelm.). Robins Alfred Brian B.Sc. (Lond.). Rogers Edward. Roughsedge Charles. Rowe David John Michel BSc. (I-ond.). liussell Richard Desmond B.Sc.. (Bris.). Ruthven Colin Richard Jerome BSc. (Lond.). Saunders Aubrey B.Sc. (Lond.). Schenkel John Robert Harry. Shipley Frederick W7alter BSc. Ph.D. (Lond.) . Silverstone Gerald Alfred B.Sc. (Glas.). Sivaramakrishna-hyyar P. M. MSc. (Madras). Smith Frank Thomas. Smith Stanley Walter B.Sc. (Bris.). Smith Wilfrid Duncan. Smith IVilfred Martin. Snook Gordon Frank B.Sc. (Lond.). Stewart Miss Vera Pearl M.Sc. (Q.U.B.). Strom Eric Greve BSc. (Melbourne). Sturton James Morris l3.S~.(Birm.). Sundararajan Ambil Rajagopal B.Sc. Agric. (Madras) h1.S~.(Benares). Symons Martyn Christian Raymond, BSc.(Lond.). Tatlow Mrs. Clarice Evelyn Mabel B.Sc. (Birm.). Tatlow john Colin B.Sc. Ph.D. (Birm.). Tattersall Frank B.Sc. (Sheff.). Taylor Robert Kenneth. Thomas Angus Arthur Miller B.Sc. (Leeds). Thompson John BSc. (Q.U.B.). Toone Brian BSc. (Lond.). Tyrrell Victor Daniel M.A. BSc. (T.C.D.). Unwin David James Douglas BSc. (.Land.). Vaidya Ranji Mahasukhrai B.Sc. Ph.D. (Bornbay). Valentin Frederick Henry Herman M.Sc. (Witwatersrand). Walton Reggie B.Sc. (Lond.). Wild Alan R.Sc. (Leeds). Waring Wilson Shaw MSc. (Manc.). Williams Leslie Henry. Warner Miss Mary BSc. (Lond.). Wilson john bryan Spencer. . Webster Alec. M.Sc.(Leeds) M.1.Chem.E. Wilson Thomas Oakley I3.Sc. (Manc.) White john Alexander.Wiseman Julius B.Sc. (Lond.). Whitehead Harry Raymond BSc. Wood Clit'ford. (Wales). Re-elected Associates Coppin Cresenco Almundo B.A.Sc. Vivian Charles William Henry B. (Toronto). (Lond.). Lahiri Tara Kant M.Sc. (Punjab). Wiles Leslie Alfred MSc. (Lond.). New Students Ashmead Vincent William Joseph. James Kenneth Thomas. Bayley Edwin Stanley. James Ronald Herbert Henry. Bell Herbert Sydney. Johnston Ian. Bell Maurice. Kayes Almond John Bratt. Bent Peter. Kendall Ropston Peter. Bickerstaff Eric. King John Charles Embleton. Billinghurst John Evelyn Warner. Kirby Arthur Richard Stanley. Bowden Alfred Harold. Laidlaw Robert Muirhead. Bricklebank Peter. Lancefield Roger Noel Derrick. Brooks Roy. Leicester Miss Eva Mary. Brown Miss Joan Annie.Lovett Stanley. Buchanan David Cowan. hfacKay John Douglas. Bulley James Arthur. Mortimer John. Butcher Kenneth Malcolm. Moxley John Edwin Morrison. Castle Peter Clement. Murton Kenneth John. Chanmugan Jayarajan. Mutch Norman Francis. Cordner Robert Bruce. Owens Edward Ralph. Currie Charles. Parsons John Richard. Davenport Derek Alfred. Yrescott John Roy. Devonald Frank Roy. Reynolds Kenneth. Dooley Edwin. Russell Keith William. Downes Alan William. Sheard Dennis Richard. Drake Ramsey William. Simmons Mrs. Margot. Ecob Robert John. Singleton Jack Howard. Elgar Derek john. Smith John Leslie. Fairbank Alan. Stephenson Miss Mary Gertrude. Fisher David John. Sterckx Colin Frederick Lewis. Fordham \.lrilliam Douglas. Stock Miss Irene Mary.Foreman Raymond Leslie Richard. St ockton Gerald. Fountaine Edwin Rex. Stone Cyril Walter. Frith Miss Audrey Mary. Stonehouse Kenneth Arthur. Greene George. Sutter Robert Alexander. Gregory Kenneth. Thompson Samuel Arthur Merlin. Hall James. Thorp Alan. Hall Michael Lister. Turner Geoffrey Burdett. Hall Phillip Sydney. Wake Robert Hilton. Halsey Raymond Albert George. Waters David John. Hawthorn Albert Neil. White Peter Murray. Holloway Derek Leslie William. Wilkinson Miss Gladys Lily. Hudson Harry Robinson. Williams Leonard Hobart. Inward Herbert Charles. Wilson Allan. Irvine Douglas. Wilson J eff rey. Irving William Christopher. Wooler Alan Metcalf. Jackson George. U'ootton Lavinia Mary Olive. Re-registe red Student Baskerville Geoffrey Thomas.CHANGE OF NAME Winifred Dickes Ph.D. Associale to Winifred Dickes Rost-on &age. r 294 3 DEATHS Fellows George Henry Appleyard. Dorothy Jordan-Lloyd M.A. (Cantab.), Horace George Battye F.C.I.C. DSc. (Lond.). Joseph John Blackie Ph.D. (Edin.) Benjamin Leech M.A. (Cantab.). Ph.C. Charles George Matthews. Wilfred Shacklock Davey B.Sc. (Lond.) Robert Selby Morrell M.A. Sc.D. (Can-F.I.R.I. (death officially presumed on tab.) Ph.D. (Wurzburg). 14th February 1942). Francis Edwin Needs. Percy Faraday Frankland C.B.E. Hon. William Henry Roberts M.Sc. (Vict. and 1,L.D. (St. Andrews and Birm.) B.Sc. Liv.). (Lond.) Hon. MSc. (Birxn.) Ph.D. Frederick Maurice Rowe DSc. (Leeds), (Wurzburg) Sc.D. (Dublin) D.Sc.(Shef- Norman Lindsay Sheldon C.I.E Ph.D. field) A.R.S.M. F.Irnp.Coll. F.R.S. (Heid.). [President 1906-093. Frederick Malcolm Wharton M.B.E. Associates John Douglas Barrett BSc. (Leeds). Clarence Barnes Collis B.A. (Oxon.) BSc. Leonard Arthur Coles B.Sc. (Lond.). Registered Students Frederick Scott Emslie. Fred Stevenson Hawkins. COMING EVENTS I947 [See also references to Impmtant Events in 1947 p. 286.1 Jan. OF CHEMICAL 16 SOCIETY INDUSTRY(Road and Building Materials Group) “Recent Developments in Testing Methods for Road and Building Materials.” At Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.l at 6 p.m. 17 THE INSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands Section) jointly with the Sheffield Metallurgical Association Dinner Dance in the Royal Victoria Station Hotel Sheffield at 7 for 7.30 p.m-CHEMICAL “Macromolecules Synthesised by Micro-organisms” (Tilden SOCIETY Lecttire).Professor &I. Stacey in the University Chemical Laboratory Cam- bridge at 8.30 p.”. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Birmingham Section) ‘‘ Polarography and its Recent Developments,” by Mr. J. E. B. Randles. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Flame Spraying of Metals and Plastics.” Dr. W. D. Jones at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W. 1 at 5.30 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “The Relation of Yarn and Cloth Construction and Composition to the Dyeing Printing and Finishing of Textile Fabrics from Natural and Man-made Fibres.” Mr.R. S. Greenwood and Mr. C. P. Atkinson at 6.30 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE: first Henderson Memorial Lecture.-“The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 5.30 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL “Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in Bright Nickel Plating.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.l. 21 SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) “The Use of Hormones in OF CHEMrcAL INDUSTRY Animal Husbandry.” Dr. F. H. hlalpress in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science Imperial Institute Road London S. W.7 at 2.30 p.m. HULL CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY &dCium Carbide Manufacture.” hlr.W. F. Archibald at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. [ 295 1 1947 Jan. 21 SOCIETY AND COLOURISTS OF DYERS (Huddersfield Section) “The Package Dyeing of Cotton by the Pigment Method.” Dr. T. Richardson and Mr. E. R. Wiltshire at Field’s Cafk Huddersfield at 7.30p.m. OF CHEMISTS 22 BRITISH ASSOCIATION (Birmingham Section) I’ Industrial Fermenta- tions.” Mr. R. E. Essery at the Chamber of Commerce ,Birmingham at 7 p.m. 23 THE INSTITUTE (Bristol and South-Western Counties Section) “A Review of X-ray Work on Long Chain Compounds.” Dr. T. Malkin in the chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Liverpool and North Western Section) jointly with the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the British Association of Chemists I‘ Metabolic Cycles.” Professor H.A. Krebs in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University Liverpool at 5 pm. THEINSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) I‘ Fat Shortages and Fat Sub-stitutes,” Professor T. Y.Hilditch F.R.S. at the Engineers’ Club 17 Albert Square Manchester at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY,jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society “The Absorption of Light.” Mr. E. J. Bowen F.R.S., at University College Swansea at 6 p.m. 24 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) ;jointly with the local chemical and technical societies Annual Dinner and Dance. CHEMICAL SOCIETY “Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids.” Dr.D. P. Cuthbertson in the Chemistry Depart- ment Marischal College Aberdeen at 7.30 p.m. 29 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (Food Group Nutrition Panel) “The Nation’s INDUSTRY Milk Supply and its Best Use.” Professor E. Capstick in London. 30 CHEMICAL SOCIETY jointly with the University of Sheffield Chemical Society ‘‘ Some Relationships between the Structure and Properties of Natural and Synthetic Fibres.” Professor J. B. Speakman in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. 31 THEINSTITUTE (Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midland Section) ‘‘ Chemical Hazards in the E1:ctrical Industry,” by Mr.C. P. Fagan; Industrial Health in the Gas Industry by Mr. D. Llewelyn.Both Zeclures based on Newton Chambers Prize Essays fur 1945. In the Grand Hotel Sheffield at 6.30 p.m. CHEMKCAL “Modern Trends in the Chemical Utilisation of Wood” (Tilden SOCIETY Lecture). Dr. W.G. Campbell in the Chemistry Department University College Dundee at 5 p.m. Feb. 1 MIDLANDCHEMISTS’ COMMITTEE Dinner and Dance at the Botanical Gardens Edgbaston Birmingham. INSTITUTE 0 Machines. PHYSICS (South Wales Branch) Some Applications of Calculating Dr. L. J. Comrie at University College Cardiff at 3 p.m. INDUSTRY I‘ 3 SocrmY OF CHEMICAL (Food Group and London Section) Refrigeration in the Food Industries.” Dr. E. Griffiths and hlr. F. R. Jones in London. 4 THEINSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Lecture by Professor M.G. Evans. OF CHEMICAL SOCIETY INDUSTRY (Road and Building Materials Group) jointly with the Institution of Chemical Engineers Conference on Particle Size Analysis at the Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street London S.W.1 from 10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL (Midlands Centre) ‘I Smoothing Action as a Mechanism in the Formation of Bright Nickel.” Dr. G. E. Gardam at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Magnesia from Sea Water.” Mr. W.C. Gilpin at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. 0 CHEMICAL Tilden Lecture “The Application of Surface Chemistry to SOCIETY Colloidal Problems.” Dr. A. E. Alexander at Burlington House Piccadilly, London W.1 at 7.30p.m.c 296 1 1947 Feb. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Cardiff and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “Structural Inorganic Chemistry.” Professor W Wardlaw at University College Cardiff at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) Tatlock Memorial Lecture “Alcohol and its Determination.” Dr. J. R. Nicholls. 10 THE INSTITUTE (Leeds Area Section) “Nitration in Sulphuric Acid Solution.” Dr G. M. Bennett. 11 SOCIETY0:‘ CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Plastics Group) jointly with the Faraday Society The Influence of Molecular Structure on the Elasticity and Tensile Strength of Rubber.” Dr. G. Gee at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m.SOCIETYOF PUBLIC ANALYSTSAND OTHERANALYTICALCHEMISTS (Physical Methods Group) Papers on Fluorimetric Analysis by Mr. E J. Bowen F.R.S. Dr. E. Kodicek and Dr. D. M. Simpson at the Chemical Society Burlington Honse Piccadillv London W.l at 6 p.m. 12 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) “The Theory of Resonance and its Importance in the Reactions of Organic Chemistry.” Dr. J. W. Baker at University College Hull at 7 p.m. THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry. Annual General Meeting at 6.30 p.m-, followed by a Film “Kelvin Master of Measurement,” at 7.30 p.m. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s college Newcastle upon Tyne.INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS (London and Home Counties Branch) Aqpual General Meeting at 2.15 p.m. followed at 2.30 p.m. by Symposium on New Optical Materials.” Mr. A. J. Philpot C.B.E. at the Royal Institution -4lbemarle Street London W.l. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS(Manchester and District Branch) jointly With the Physical Society of Sheffield Physics and Steel Making.’’ Dr. C. Sykes at the Uni- versity Sheffield at 5.15 p.m. 13 THE INSTITUTE (EastMidlands Section) “Twenty Years as a Public Analyst.” Mr F.C. Bullock at Loughborough. THE INSTI~~JJTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Fluorocarbons.” Professor M. Stacey in the Chemistry Department of the University of Manchester at 7.30 p.m.CEIFMICAL SOCIETY Official Meeting. Visit of the President. Discussion on Protein Chemistry,” in the Chemical Depaxtment of the University. Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY, CHEMICAL jointly with the University Chemical Society ‘‘Bond Lengths in Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Professor J. Monteath Robertson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m. SOCIETY OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS(West Riding Section) :“Polymer Chemistry.” Dr. H. P. Staudinger at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Bradford at 7.15 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Atoms and Electrons in Metals.” Dr. G. V. Raynor in the Technical College Wolverhampton at 6.30 p.m. (Not 7th FebruGry as in programme.) SOCIETYOF CHEMICALINDUSTRY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Polyvinyl Chloride and its Co-Polymers.” Mr.G. Eyssen at the Geological Society. Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 17 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL Symposium on “Bright Nickel Plating of Zinc-Base Die-Castings,” at the Northampton Polytechnic St. John Street London E.C.1. 18 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Agriculture Group) :“Present-day Views on Soil Cultivation.” Dr. E. W. Russell in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7.at 2.30 p.m. OF INSTITUTEPHYSICS (Scottish Branch) “Dielectric Heating.” Mr. A. 3-Maddock at the University Glasgow. c 297 3 I947 Feb. 18 HULL CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AND ENGINEERING jointly with the Hull Association of Engineers “Compressed Asbestos Jointing.” Mr.W. E. Hoes at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. I9 SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Cardiff and District Section of the Institute Symposium on ‘‘Industrial Drying,” at University College Cardiff at 6.46 p.m. BRITISHASSOCIAT;ONOF CHEMISTS (Birmingham Section) “Chemistry in the Paint Industry. Mr. D. Hastilow at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. 20 THE INSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) “Fluorescence.” Dr. Neil Campbell in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7 p.m. The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the same day. CHEMICAL Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly SOCIETY London W.l at 7.30 p.m.CHEMICAL : SOCIETY“Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S.,in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Liverpool at 5 p.m. CHEMICAL ‘‘Crystal Analysis and Stereochemistry.” Professor E. G. SOCIETY Cox in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY “Penicillin.” Professor Sir Howard Florey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Sheffield University Western Bank at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (Road and Building Materials Group) :‘‘The Use of Lime in Building and Construction.” Dr. E. P. Stowell at Gas Industry House 1 Grosvenor Place London S.W.1 at 6 p.m. SOCIETY INDUSTRY, OF CHEMICAL jointly with the Institute of Fuel in the Chemical Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m.31 CHEMICAL Annual General Meeting of Local Section followed by the SOCIETY reading of original papers in the Royal Technical College Glasgow at 7 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY, jointly with the University College of Southampton Chemical Society “The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O., F.R.S. in the Physics Lecture Theatre of University College Southampton at 5 p.m. SOCIETY (Manchester Section) “Some Aspects of the OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS Action of Light on Dyed Textiles.” Mr. G. S. Egerton at 6.30 p.m. 22 INSTITUTION ENGINEERS:“Fuel Economy in a Small Factory.” OF CHEMICAL Mr. V.G. Jenner in the College of Technology Manchester at 3 p.m.25 CHEMICAL jointly with the Leeds University Chemical Society Display SOCIETY, of Scientific Films followed by a lecture at 6.30 p.m. on “The Chemistry of Penicillin,” by Professor Wilson Baker. In the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Leeds at 5 p.m. 26 THEINSTITUTE (Birmingham and Midlands Section) “Chemical Constitution of the Penicilhs.” Dr. E. Boris Chain in the University Edmund Street Birm-ingham at 7 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Midlands Section) ; “Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. F. Townend in Room 104 Leicester College of Art and Technology at 7 p.m. SOCIETY, 27 CHEMICAL jointly with the University Chemical Society “Homolytic Reactions.” Professor D. H. Hey in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Sheffield at 5.30 p.m.OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (West Riding Section) “The Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. F. Townend at the Great Northern Victoria Hotel Brad- ford at 7.16 p.m. 28 INSTITUTE “Continental War-time Developments in Spectroscopic OF PHYSICS Technique.” Mr. E. Van Someren in the E.L.M.A. Room at 2 Savoy Hill London W.C.2 at 6.30 p.m. SOCIETY (Scottish Section) Dr. F. F. Elsworth at the OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. c 298 I I947 March 3 SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL (London Section) jo%tly with the London INDUSTRY Section of the Institution of the Rubber Industry Rubber Natural and Synthetic.” Mr. S. A. Brazier Mr. M. M. Heywood Mr. G. Martin Dr. W. J. S.Naunton and Dr. J. R. Scott at the Institution of Civil Engineers Great George Street Westminster London S.W.1. 4 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY TECHNICAL (Midlands Centre) “The Treatment of Plating Shop Wastes.” Mr. E. W. Mulcahy at the James Watt Memorial Institute Great Charles Street Birmingham 3. AND ENGINEERING HULLCHEMI~AL SOCIETY jointly with the‘Hull Guild of Building The Water Supply of Kingston-upon-Hull; Past Present and Future.” Mr. T. H. Jones at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30 p.m. INSTITUTION ENGINEERS OF CHEMICAL :“Gas Cooling with Aqueous Condensation.” Mr. L. Silver at the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.l at 6.30 p.m 6 CHEMICAL Reading of original papers at Burlington House Piccadilly SOCIETY London W.l at 7.30 p.m.INDUSTRY SOCIETYOF CHEMICAL Annual Meeting. Paper on “ Agitation (Mixing).’’ Dr. M. W. Travers F.R.S. in the Chemistry Department of the University Woodland Road Bristol at 5.30 p.m. 7 THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and Nqfth-East Coast Section), jointly with the local chemical and technical societies Colour and Structure. Dr. H. H. Hodgson in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30 p.m. CHEMICALSOCIETY jointly with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society “The Making of Missing Chemical Elements.” Professor F. -4. Paneth in University College Swansea at 6 p.m. OF PHYSICS 8 INSTITUTE (South Wales Branch) “Applications of Photography to the Study of Nuclear Particles.” Professor A.M. Tyndall F.R.S. at University College Swansea at 3 p.m. 10 SOCIETYOF ,?HEMICAL INDUSTRY, jointly with the Institution of the Rubber Industry Polymerisation.” Dr. R. Hill at Birmingham. 11 SOCIETY INDUSTRY OF CHEMICAL (PlastFs Group) jointly with the Institute of the Plastics Industry (London Section) Contact Pressure Laminates.” Dr. E. G. Williams at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 2.30 p.m. 1% THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society ,pf Chemical Industry Bedson Club and Institution of Mechanical Engineers The Training of Chemical Engineers.” Professor A. F. Burstall in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30p.m.INSTITUTEPETROLEUM OF “Modem Developments in Geophysical Prospecting.” Ir. A. Van Weelden at Manson House 26 Portland Place London W.l at 5.30 p.m. 13 THEINSTITUTE (Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section) jointly with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S.,in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh at 7.30 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Section) jointly with the Chemical Society:Meeting for the reading of original papers in the Chemistry Department of the University Manchester at 7 p.m. 14 THE INSTITUTE (Hull and District Section) :“Recent Developments in Combustion.” Dr. D. T. A. Townend at University College Hull at 7 p.m.[ 299 1 1947 March 14 CHEMICALSOCIETY “The Composition and Structure of Proteins.” Professor A. C. Chibnall F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the University Glasgow at 7.15 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Chemical Engineering Group) “Steam Saving in the Chemical Engineering Industry.” Mr. A. Milnes in the Geological Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W.1 at 5.30 p.m. INSTITUTE (Manchester and District Branch jointly with the Industrial OF PHYSICS Radiology Group) in the New Physics Theatre University of Manchester at 7 p.m. 15 INSTITUTE (Midland Branch jointly with the Electronics Group) “The OF PHYSICS Acceleration of Electrons and Ions to Energies of the order of 108 Electron-volts.” Professor P.B. Moon at the University Edmund Street Birmingham. TECHNICAL : 17 ELECTRODEPOSITORS’ SOCIETY“The Surface Conditions of Metals in Relation to Electrodeposition.” Dr. A. T. Steer at the Northampton Poly-technic St. John Street London E.C.1. 18 THE INSTITUTE (Huddersfield Section) Annual General Meeting and Show of Films. THEINSTITUTE (Tees-side Section) Lecture by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. SOCIETY CHEMICAL Tjlden Lecture. “The Application of Surface Chemistry to Colloidal Problems. Dr. A. E. Alexander. in the Large Chemistry Theatre of University College Nottingham at 7 p.m. OF CHEMICALINDUSTRY SOCIETY (Agriculture Group) ‘‘Soil Conditions and Tree Growth.” Dr. L Leyton and Mr. G. W. Dumbleby in the Physical Chemistry Lecture Theatre Royal College of Science London S.W.7,at 2.30p.m.HULLCHEMICAL SOCIETY AND ENGINEERING “Relativity-An Unorthodox View.” Mr. E. C. Craven at the Church Institute Albion Street Hull at 7.30p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Huddersfield Section) “The Use of Acids in Wool Dyeing.” Dr. E. Townend at Field’s Cafd Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. 19 THE INSTITUTE (Cardiff and District) jointly ”3th the Society of Chemical Industry and the Chemical Society Gammexane. Dr. L. J. Burrage at Newport Technical College at 6.45 p.m. THE INSTITUTE (London and South-Eastern Counties Section) jointly With the London Branch of the Institute of Physics at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l at 2.30 p.m.THEINSTITUTE (Newcastle upon Tynetmd North-East Coast Section) jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry The Chemistry of Vitamin A.” Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne at 6.30p.m. BRITISHASSOCIATXON OF CHEMISTS(Birmingham Section) “Some Experiences in the Microbiological Assay of Vitamins.” Dr. F. W. Xorris at the Chamber of Commerce Birmingham at 7 p.m. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Midlands Section) “The Chemistry and Application of Detergents.” Dr. John H. Hill in the King’s Head Hotel Loughborough at 7 p.m. 20 THEINSTITUTE (Aberdeen and North of Scotland) ‘‘Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Starch and Glycogen.” Professor E. L. Hirst F.R.S. CHEMICAL SOCIETY Annual General Meeting.21 THEINSTITUTE (Glasgow and West of Scotland Section) :Annual General Meeting. OF DYERSAND COLOURISTS SOCIETY (Scottish Section) “Emulsions for Textiles. ” Dr. J. R. F. Jackson at the St. Enoch Hotel Glasgow at 7 p.m. [ 3003 ANNOUNCEMENTS [See aZso references to Important Events in 1947 p. 286.1 Annual General Meeting 1947.-Approval having been given by the Privy Council to changes in By-Laws as set forth in a resolution duly passed at a Special General Meeting of the Institute held on 15th November 1946 and confirmed at a Special General Meeting held on 22nd November 1946 (see p. 257) the Annual General Meeting of the Institute will be held on Friday 18th April 1947. The Anniversary Luncheon will be held on the same day.Nomination of General Members of Council.-Attention is directed to the relevant By-laws which following approval of amendments by the Privy Council (see p. 258), are as follows:- By-law 26.-(!) Any twenty Members not being Members of the Council may nominate one eligble Fellow as a candidate for election as a General Member of the Council but no Member shall nominate more than one such Fellow. (2) Any nomination made under this By-law shall be delivered to the Secretary not later than the fwst day of February next preceding the date at which the Annual General Meeting is to be held and shall be in the following form:-“We the undersigned Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland do hereby certify that A.B.of (registered address) a Fellow of this Institute is in our estimation a fit and proper person to be a General Member of the Council of the Institute and we do hereby nominate him as a Candidate for election as a General Member of the Council. (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more Members. (The name of every candidate nominated in accordance with By-law 26 will be included in the Balloting List.) By-law 24.-(2) No person who has been eiected as a District Member of the Council for any year of Office shall be eligible for election as a General Member of the Council for that year of Office and if such person is elected as President Vice-president or Treasurer for that year of Office he shall vacate his Office as a District Member of the Council and the vacancy shall be filled up as on a casual vacancy.The General Members of Council who retire at the next Annual General Meeting on 12th March 1946 in accordance with the By-laws and are ineligible as such for re-election are as follows:-Ralph Clark Chirnside John Frederick James Dippy Ph.D. D.Sc. John Masson Gulland M.A. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.S. Donald Holroyde Hey Ph.D. D.Sc. Juda Hirsch Quastel Ph.D. D.Sc. A.R.C.S. F.R.S. An additional vacancy arises through the resignation of:-Theodore Frederick Dixon B.Sc. Ph.D. Nominations for the new Council must be delivered at the Institute not later than 1st February 1947. District Members of Counci1.-The District Members of Council will be as follows:- Birmingham and Midlands Eric Millward Joiner BSc.A.C.I.S. Bristol and South-Western Counties Thomas Malkin Ph.D. D.Sc. East Midlands and South Yorkshire Ernest James Vaughan M.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Liverpool and North-West Coast Leslie Victor Cocks. London and South-Eastern Counties and East Anglia Harry Baines D.Sc. Manchester and District Albert Coulthard B.Sc. Ph.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast (including Tees Side) Frank Ronald Williams Ph.D. Yorkshire (including Leeds Area and Huddersfield) Arthur Ernest Everest Ph.D. D.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Hugh Bryan Nisbet Ph.D. D.Sc.. AX.-W.C. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Roy Brown Strathdee M.A. BSc. Ph.D. Glasgow and West of Scotland David Traill B.Sc.Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth William Dudley Williams BSc., A.M.1.Chem.E.. M.1nst. Pet. Northern Ireland Mervyn Hector Hall M.Sc. Ph.D. Irish Free State JohnWilfrid Parkes M.Sc. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad Hans Krall B.A. M.Sc. c 301 3 Examinations-Examinations wiU be held in April and Xay 1947 as follows:- For the Associajcskip In London and in Leech-Theoretical papers Monday and Tuesday 28th and 29th April. Practical work:- In Leeds Tuesday to Friday 15th to 18th April inclusive. In London Wednesday to Saturday 30th April to 3rd May inclusive. Nu&.-No Examination will he held in Manchester on this occasion Candidates who have not yet been accepted should forward their applications to be received not later than Monday 10th February 1947.Last Date for Entry 17th February. Fw the Fellowship In London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council in the week commencing Monday 5th May 1946. Last dates for application and for entry as for the Associateship. Henderson Memorial Lecture.-The first Henderson Memorial Lecture entitled ’The Life and Work of George Gerald Henderson,” will be delivered by Professor Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. F.R.S. at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l on Monday 20th January 1947 at 5.30 p.m. The foundation of the Henderson Memorial Lectures to perpetuate the memory of Professor G. G. Henderson F.R.S. a former President of the Institute is due to the generous action of Dr. David Spence one of Henderson’s students now resident in the U.S.A.in providing a trust fund for this purpose (see JOURNAL AND PROCEEDIKGS 1946 V 217). Lincoln College Oxford Fellowship in Chemistry.-The Rector and Fellows of the College propose to elect an official fellow in chemistry for appointment on 1st ,October 1947. Particulars may be obtained from the Rector to whom application including a personal record and the names of three references (but no testimonials) should be made before 8th February 1947. University of London Turner and Newalf Research Fellowships.-Applications are invited for Research Fellowships founded by Turner and Newall Ltd. and tenable in the University of London and normaIly of the value of L600 per annum. The Fellow- .ships will be awarded for original research in Inorganic Chemistry Engineering Physics and allied subjects.A Fellow will be required to take a limited part in the teaching in the Department in which he works. Fellowships will be tenable from October 1947, but applications from candidates now on National Service who cannot take up appoint- ment to the Fellowship until later will also be considered. Detailed Regulations and application forms can be obtained from the Academic Registrar University of London at the Senate House London W.C.1 and applications must be received at that address #not later than 30th April 1947. Scientific Courses.-Particulars of the following have been received:- Short Couvses of Postgraduate Lectures on the Chemistry of Oils Fats and Waxes at CheZsea Polytechnic.-“Some Modern Aspects of the Chemistry of Oils and Fats,” by Dr.J. H. Skelton six lectures on Friday evenings at 7.30 p.m. beginning on 10th January 1946. “Waxes Modem Views on Chemistry and Technology of Waxes and Wax-like Substances,” by L. Ivanovozky :five lectures on Friday evenings at 7.30p.m., beginning on 28th February. Fee for each course 10s. Application for enrolment should be made to the Principal Chelsea Polytechnic Manresa Road London S.W.3. Lecture and Laboratory Courses on special branches of Chemical Analysis at the Sir John Cass TechnicaZ Institute.-“Electrochemical Analysis,” by Dr. A. J. Lindsey :ten lectures with demonstrations on Monday evenings 6-8 p.m. beginning 20th January 1947; fee for the course il. “Microchemical Analysis,” by Mr.David Wilson ten lecture demonstrations on Thursday evenings 6-8 p.m. beginning 16th January ; fee for the course 151. “Spectroscopic Analysis,” by Dr. S. Judd Lewis and Mr. David Wilson :six lectures on Friday evenings 6-7.30 p.m. beginning loth January 1947 ; fee for the course 10s. Facilities for laboratory work will be offered later to a limited number of students in connection with the two last-mentioned courses. Application for enrolment in any of the above courses should be made to the Principal Sir john Cass Technical Institute Jewry Street Aldgate London E.C.3. c 3023 Course of Postgraduate Lectures on Biochemical Kinetics at the University of Bristo1.-The course will consist of ten lectures by Dr. D. E. Eley at 3.30 p.m. on Thurs-days beginning 23rd January in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre.Local members of the Institute are invited to attend. Summer School on Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemlstry at the University of Cambridge.-Courses of lectures and practical work will be given on the following three topics:-Molecular Structure and Valency Theory; Chain Reactions; Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids. The courses will be held from 16th to 23rd August in the University Department of Physical Chemistry and the fee will be 12 guineas, inclusive of accommodation in colleges for 8 nights which will be provided for those who desire it. Those wishing to attend should obtain application forms as soon as possible from the Joint Secretaries Summer School in Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Cambridge.Boots’ Booklovers Library.-Under the arrangements made on behalf of Fellows and Associates with Boots’ Booklovers Library the service for current subscriptions will expire on 1st March 1947. Fresh application forms must be obtained by those who ‘desire to renew the service. Members must renew their subscriptions or return the last volume and membership token to the local or most convenient branch of the Library on or before 1st March. Forms may be obtained from the Registrar. Telephone Number of the 1nstltute.-The telephone number of the Institute has been changed to MUSeum 1761/2. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE Many of the publications we out of print and members are advised not to send cheqzcss OT ordevs roith enquavies fw publications othev than those listed below of which limited supplies aye still avaitable.LZCTURES “Copyright with special reference to Scientih Papers and Publications.” E. J. MacGillivray K.C. (1926.) 2s. net. “Fire Risks in Industry.” A. M. Cameron BSc. F.R.I.C. (1927.) 2s. net. “Chemists and Dividends.” S. M. Gluckstein. (1927.) 2s. net. “Lessons Learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” Sir T. Legge C.B.E.,M.D. (1930.) 2s. net. “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes.” A. J. AlImand M.C.,D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1932.) 2s. 6d. net. “The Chemist in the Far East.” A. Marcan F.R.I.C. (1933.) 2s. net. “Alchemists in Art and Literature.” Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. (1933.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Beer.” H.F. E. Hulton F.R.I.C. (1934.) 2s. net. “Electrometric Methods in Physical and Analytical Chemistry.” S. Glasstone D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1934) 2s. 6d. net. “Food and the Consumer.” G. W. Monier-Williams O.B.E.,M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (1935.) 2s. net. “Protection against Toxic Gases in Industry.” J. Davidson Pratt,O.B.E.,M.A., B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1936.) 2s. net. “Our Money.” W. H.Coates Ph.D. LL.B. B.Sc. (1937.) 2s. net. “Gas Defence from the Point of View of the Chemist.” J. Davidson Pratt O.B.E., M.A.,B.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1937.) 2s. net. “Oxidation-Reduction Potentials and their Applications.” S. Glasstons D.Sc., F.R.I.C. (1937.) 25 net. [ 303 1 *“Chemical Changes and Chances.” Sir Martin Forster D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1937.) 2s. net. “The Development of the Chemistry of Commercial Synthetic Dyes (18116-1938).” F.M. Rowe D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 6s. net. *“Opium.” J. R. Nicholls D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1938.) 2s. 6d.net. t“Rese&ch in the Iron and Steel Industry.” W.H. Ratfield D.Met. F.R.S. (1938. 2s. 6d. net. “Ludwig Mond F.gS. 1839-1909.” F. G. Donnan C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1939.) 2s. net. *“Magnesite.” A. W. Comber F.R.I.C. Assoc. Inst. M.M. (1939.) 2s. net. “Chromatographic Analysis.” A. H. Cook,Ph.D. D.I.C.,F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. *“Precious Metals.” H.Gordon Dale F.R.I.C. (1941.) 2s. net. “Rust- Acid- and Heat-Resisting SteeIs.” W.H.HatiieId D.Met. F.R.S. (1942.) 2s. 6d. net. *“Notes on Water Treatment.” Russell G. Pelly F.R.I.C. (1942.) 2s. net. “Leather.” D. Jordan-Lloyd M.A. D.Sc.F.R.I.C. (1943.) 2s. 6d. net. “Cement and Concrete.” F. M.Lea O.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. “Chemistry and Clothing.” First DaZton Lecture. D. A. Clibbens. (1946.) 2s. net. “Industrial Non-Ferrous Alloys.” Harold Moore C.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. (1945.) 2s. 6d. net. “Microchemistry and its Applications.” Ronald Belcher F.R.I.C. (1946.) 4s. 6d. net. “Soil Metabolism.” J. H. Quastel n.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net “A New Notation for Organic Chemistry and its Application to Library and Indexing Problems.” Lecture under thejoint auspices of the Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistvy the Society of Chemicallndustvy and the Bureau of Abstracts. G. Malcolm Dyson M.A. Ph.D. M.I.Chem.E. F.Inst.Pet. F.R.I.C. (1946).2s. 6d. net. *“Water and Public Health.” W. Gordon Carey F.R.I.C. (1946.) 2s. 6d. net. FOR THE ADMISSION ASSOCIATES Gratis. REGULATIONS OF STUDENTS AND FELLOWS. Six Parts annually. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. THEPROFESSION OF CHEMISTRY. Richard B. Pilcher O.B.E. F.C.I.S. 4th Edith. (1938.) Gratis. Slveatfeild Memovial Lectures. t Gluckstein MemmirJ Lectwes. c 304 3 GENERAL NOTICES (For notices relating to mattevs of imntcdiatc impovtance see ‘‘ Announcements ” on p. 301.) Notice to Associates.-Regulations and forms of application for the Fellowship can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments or are desirous of extending their opportunities is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Li braries.-The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly W.l to the maintenance of which the Institute makes substantial con- tributions is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. Books may be borrowed from the Science Library Science Museum South Kensing- ton S.W.7 on production of requisitions signed by the Registrar or the Secretary of the Institute. The Library of the Institute is being re-organised but limited service is available to Fellows Associates and Registered Students from 10 a.m.to 6 p.m. on week-days (except Saturdays 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.). Information regarding facilities afforded to members by Lewis’s Lending Library can also be obtained from the Registrar. Reports on German Industries.-Copies of a number of Reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee (C.I.O.S.) and of the British Intelligence Sub- committee (B.I.O.S.) on industrial plants and processes in Germany published by H.M. Stationery Office have been received and are available for consultation in the Library of the Institute. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A list of slides of portraits of great chemists and other scientists throughout the ages can be obtained on application to the Secretary. As the slides are frequently in demand members are requested to notify their require- ments at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.joi nt Su bsc ri ption A r rang em e n ts.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to participate in the arrangements whereby they can acquire on favourable terms membership of the Chemical Society the Society of Chemical Industry and the Faraday Society with substantial privileges as to publications (see special article JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, 1945 Part IV p. 148). can obtain further particulars and necessary forms from the Conjoint Chemical Office 9 and 10 Savile Row London W. 1. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions for I946 may be sent to the Honorary Treasurer 30 Russell Square London W.C. I.Forms for Deeds of Covenant may be obtained from the Secretary. Covers for the journal.-Members who desire covers (2s. each) for binding the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS in annual volumes should notify the Assistant Secretary of their requirements indicating the years (1946 or earlier) required. Service with H.M. Forces.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who are on service with the Navy Army and Air Force are requested to notify the Institute giving particulars as to their rank unit etc. Changes of Add ress.-Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. When writing from an address different from that previously giving they are requested to state if the new address is to be used in future and whether the change affects the Appointments Register.All requests for changes should be addressed to the Registrar and not to the Honorary Secretaries of Local Sections. In order to facilitate identification Fellows Associates and Registered Students are asked to give their full initials on communications addressed to the Institute. In the prevailing circumstances they are also asked not invariably to expect formal acknowledgments of communications addressed to the Institute unless replies are necessary. E 3051