摘要:

Larvae in a sparse population of the gypsy moth are differentially distributed among red and white oak, red maple, gray birch, black cherry, white pine and hemlock. The greatest larval abundance was on red and white oak. Older instars appear first on red oak and may suggest that development was faster on red oak then on white oak. Larvae occurred in low numbers on all other species but increased on some species in the later stages of development. This may be a result of bark flap selection by late ins tars.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.526

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Mating ofSitotroga cerealella(Olivier) was disrupted by the synthetic sex pheromone, (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-ol acetate, in 3 different enclosed environments. The effectiveness of the pheromone as a disruptant depended on both population and dose. Higher doses were more effective than lower doses over a range of population densities, and all doses were most disruptive at low population densities.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.528

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Attraction ofRhyacionia frustranamales to traps baited with live females was reduced by 71.9% by air permeation with the sex pheromone ofR. buoliana((E), 9 dodecenyl acetate).A compound previously shown to inhibitR. frustrana((E,E) 8,10 dodecadienyl acetate) failed to reduce trap catches.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.532

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A 25% wettable powder formulation of diflubenzuron (100 ppm active ingredient) supplied in water to colonies of honey bees,Apis mellifera L., almost eliminated production of brood. Treated bees consumed significantly less water and pollen cake and produced significantly less comb, brood, and new workers. Treated bees had more eggs in the combs.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.534

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Five species of parasites were reared from the larval, pupal, or adult stages ofCassida rubiginosaMüller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), collected from northern Virginia during 1973 and 1974. They were:Tetrastichus rhosaces(Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae),Eucelatoriopsis dimmocki(Aldrich) (Diptera: Tachinidae);Spilochalcis albifrons(Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae);Eupelmella vesicularis(Retzius) (Eupelmidae); andItoplectis conquisitor(Say) (Ichneumonidae).T. rhosaces, a species not previously recorded from North America, is an obligate gregarious endoparasite while the other species are native facultative endoparasites. Of 2594 and 2314 cassid immatures collected in 1973 and 1974, respectively, 43.4 and 68.9% developed into adults, and 23.8 and 14.6% were parasitized.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.536

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Trichogramma nubilaleErtle and Davis successfully parasitized eggs of 17 out of 21 species of Lepidoptera in laboratory tests. The parasite exhibited significant preference for eggs of the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), vs. eggs of 6 common moth species in host preference tests. These and other recent findings by the authors indicate thatT. nubilale, while not strictly host specific, may be selective for the ECB.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.541

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The (Z,Z) isomer of 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol was an effective trap bait for maleSynanthedon sequoiae(Edwards). A 2:1 mixture of (E,Z) acetate and (E,Z) alcohol attracted significantly more maleS. bibionipennis(Boisduval) to traps than did other ratios of these compounds.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.544

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A hygrothermal space is developed in a model to show that adult insect man-biting activity is largely dependent on the environmental conditions of temperature and vapor pressure. Data collected in the tropical forest of the Bayano River Basin, Republic of Panama m 1973 are used to develop the model. Data acquired in 1974 are used to test the model. The data show that the most abundant insect species collected prefer narrow ranges of temperature and vapor pressure when engaged in man-biting activity. CertainCulicoidesand phlebotomine species occupy the cooler and drier region of this hygrothermal space, while mosquitoes occupy a warmer and more humid region. Separation into definite regions is clearly shown with some overlapping in the middle range of temperature and vapor pressure.The model presented may be used in epidemiological surveillance work for insect-borne zoonotic diseases. Once the matrix for a particular insect vector is established then it may be possible to calculate the probability of being bitten by that vector and thus indicate one of the possible avenues in the transmission to man by measuring 2 simple physical parameters like vapor pressure and temperature.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.547

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The effects of 3 organophosphate insecticides, acephate, malathion, and methidathion, on predators and parasites ofAleurocanthus woglumiAshby, the citrus blackfly, were studied under field conditions. Acephate and malathion are currently the insecticides used in the joint federal-state citrus blackfly eradication program and methidathion is currently one of the insecticides commonly used by commercial citrus growers in Florida.Highly significant reductions (P0.05) reduction. Numbers of the predatorDelphastus pusillus(Le Conte) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were significantly (P<0.05) reduced following a single treatment of methidathion, while no significant reductions were noted following exposure to single treatments of either acephate or malathion. The general predators (spiders, Chrysopidae, and Coccinellidae excludingD. pusillus) were grouped together and treated as one biological unit. There was no significant change in the general predator complex noted after single applications of either acephate, malathion, or methidathion. Two laboratory bioassays, one using leaves dipped in insecticide suspensions and one using leaves sprayed with 3 compounds, indicated that emergence ofA. hesperidumis not significantly reduced by one treatment of acephate but is reduced by one treatment of either malathion or methidathion.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.553

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The aerial dispersal of red pine scale,Matsucoccus resinosaeBean and Godwin, was observed by trapping crawlers (1st instars) in the open at distances as far as 180 m from the edge of an infested 4-ha, 45-yr-old red pine (Pinus resinosaAit.) plantation. The ratio of the settling speed of crawlers in still air to the avg horizontal wind speed is crucial for predicting crawler dispersal. The measured settling speed of crawlers was 27±5 cm s−1.In the laboratory no crawlers were removed from needles or twigs by air speeds of 5 m s−1or less and complete removal of all crawlers required speeds of fully 17–22 m s−1. Consistent with this difficult removal is our estimate that in the forest only ca. 5–25% of the crawlers available for dispersal at any time are actually released. Further, an unexpectedly large number of doublets (2 crawlers touching each other) found on traps under the infested trees suggested that newly-hatched crawlers were most susceptible to removal and that they constituted a large percentage of the total released.Numbers of crawlers captured per unit trap area decreased rapidly in a regular pattern away from the edge of the forest. Compared to the numbers captured underneath the trees, capture leeward was reduced 94% at 2 tree heights and ca. 99.5% at 10 tree heights. Model calculations predict the general pattern of crawler dispersal but overestimate slightly the numbers trapped within the 1st 3 tree heights from the forest edge. We calculate that, in a 5 m s−1wind, the number of individual crawlers deposited per m2of land at a distance of 1.6 km from the forest will be ca. 0.075% of those deposited underneath the infested plantation. For the highest capture rates observed beneath the trees, 800 crawlers m−2h−1, deposition rate would be ca. 0.6 crawlers m−2h−1at 1.6 km distance. Thus, assuming that dispersal occurs at this rate on all favorable winds during the period of one wk, as many as 22 crawlers could reach each m2of canopy 1.6 km away. In a more moderate wind, 2 m s−1, the numbers of voyagers are further reduced by a factor of ca. 30. It appears reasonable that the higher rate is sufficient to start a new infestation at this distance.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.556

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP