摘要:

A laboratory bioassay study of 9 insecticides, phosalone, phosmet, carbaryl, Penncap M, dimethoate, azinphosmethyl, demeton, phosphamidon and endosulfan was conducted on adultCoccinella novemnotata(Herbst) to compare their contact toxicities. The study was conducted to determine ifC. novemnotatacan tolerate materials commonly used in the integrated pest management program on apple in Pennsylvania. Phosphamidon was the most toxic of the compounds tested. Endosulfan caused no mortality at any of the dosages tested. The other insecticides caused 70% mortality or less of adultC. novemnotata.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.785

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Adults ofRhinocyllus conicusFroelich collected in southeastern Italy were released in See Canyon, California, for the biological control of Italian thistle,Carduus pycnocephalusL. Field data on the incidence and increase of this weevil at this colonization site are presented. Larvae destroyed ca. 90% of an avg 7.3 mature achenes in 300 infested flowerheads sampled in 1976. An avg of 1.8 (range 1–6) weevils was reared from each flowerhead. By 1977, 91% of 561 capitula examined in a 2 man-h search bore at least one and an avg of 3.4 (max 11) eggs; however, no population reduction of Italian thistle as yet was evident.Biotic mortality factors reported forR. conicusinclude a low incidence of larval parasitism by an unidentified species ofHabrocytus(Hym.: Pteromalidae) and occasional predation of adults by the crab spider,Xysticus californicusKeyserling (Araneida: Thomisidae).During 1976 and 1977, totals of 1800 and 6500 weevils from this established field colony were transferred to 4 and 13 new locations in southern California, respectively.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.787

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A size continuum of 8 similarly-shaped species of tiger beetles,Cicindelaspp., with dark or orange abdomens was presented to wild, female robber flies of the speciesEfferia tricella(Bromley). A significant inverse correlation between prey size and attack rate was found. In addition, medium sized tiger beetles (surface area = 86 mm2) with orange abdomens were attacked 13–18% less frequently than were medium sized tiger beetles with dark abdomens. However, small tiger beetles (surface area = 53 mm2) with orange abdomens were attacked only 7% less frequently than were small tiger beetles with dark abdomens.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.790

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Frass and methanol extracts of frass from sugarcane borer (SCB),Diatraea saccharalis(F.), larvae consistently stimulated larviposition by the tachinidLixophaga diatraeae(Townsend). However, frass or frass extracts from larvae fed a soybean-flour wheat germ diet did not stimulate larviposition. Bioassays with frass from SCB, bollworm,Heliothis zea(Boddie), and southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella(Dyar), larvae fed several plant materials or artificial diet demonstrated that while larviposition was not entirely host specific, preference was influenced by host species and its food source. When extracts of different parts of SCB larvae were submitted toL. diatraeae, the flies larviposited on extracts of all sections of the alimentary canal, but extracts of silk or mandibular glands and hemolymph elicited only weak responses.The release of locomotor activity by volatiles from the host's frass or sugarcane could not be demonstrated. Tests and videotape observations revealed that the primary stimulus for larviposition byL. diatraeaewas detected when the fly's fore-tarsi contacted the host frass. Under laboratory conditions once contact had been made parasites tended to aggregate in the area near the frass.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.794

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Insects found to feed on cotton extrafloral nectar includedFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae),Geocoris pallensStål (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae),Orius tristicolor(White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae),Collops vittatus(Say)(Coleoptera: Melyridae), andNotoxus calcaratusHorn (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). The maximum volume of extrafloral nectar was produced in late July. Soluble solids in the nectar and percentage protein in the foliage were highest in young plants and decreased as the plants matured. Western flower thrips were abundant in flowers from late July to mid-Aug. The thrips population decreased when the last bolls set and nectar production and foliar protein levels were low. A small population of western bigeyed bugs was found on cotton throughout the season. The predators fed on thrips but did not show a pronounced numerical response to increases in the prey population. Bigeyed bugs were found to use extrafloral nectar as an alternate food. These observations uphold the concept that cotton extrafloral nectaries support small predator populations that protect the plant from phytophagous insect attack. Spider mites became abundant in Aug. and the mite population increased even though the protein content of the leaves was decreasing. Minute pirate bugs fed on both thrips and nectar, but the number of predators only increased after the mite population increased.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.799

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The impact ofOidaematophorus monodactylus(L.) on hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium L.) was evaluated in controlled cage experiments. Inundative releases of 3 and 5 larvae/leaf in the greenhouse caused a 90 and 100% reduction of leaves, respectively. A similar test conducted in field cages during July showed decreases in total plant length, leaf, and shoot production of hedge bindweed infested with 3 larvae/leaf. The experiment indicated that sufficiently large releases of late instars at bud formation in early June could limit growth of hedge bindweed. Although ovipositional tests showed that this plume moth had a distinct preference for hedge bindweed over sweet potato, its ability to complete development on 9 sweet potato varieties confirms that it should not be used as a control agent in areas where this crop is grown commercially.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.803

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Population ecology ofPeriplaneta fuliginosa(Serville) was studied, using mark-recapture techniques, at a suburban residence in southeast Texas (Brazos Co.) from Mar. 1974–June 1975. Peak adult populations (3135♀: 2383♂) were attained during June 1974 while lowest levels were reached in Feb. 1975. Throughout the study period adult females were more abundant than males.Outdoor populations of nymphs and adults were active during every month of the study; however, more eggs and nymphs overwintered successfully than did adults. Seasonal activity patterns for all nymphal size classes and male and female adults were similar.Correlation coefficients (r) for activity of nymphal and adult stages vs. maximum daily temperature ranged from 0.54 for small nymphs to 0.70 for total catch. Correlation coefficients increased with cockroach size class from small to large nymphs to adults. There was a highly significant regression in each case of trap catch vs. maximum daily temperature.Of 3181 marked adults, 1664 were recaptured one or more times. Mean number of recaptures per recaptured female was greater than the mean for males. Days between 1st and last capture for females were 38.34±1.60 (range 2–363) days; for males, 38.01±1.61 (2–267) days. The difference was not significant.Of adults recaptured, 59% moved one or more times a distance greater than 3 m. Mean number of moves per recaptured females (1.342) and recaptured males (1.114) was significantly different (t = 2.86:P<0.004). A test of proportion of females moving and not moving vs. males moving and not moving revealed that a significantly greater proportion of females move (χ2= 4.46:P<0.05). Mean distance of 1189 movements made by females was 9.77±0.23 (3–109) m and of 868 male movements was 9.75±0.29 (3–25) m; mean distances moved by each sex were not significantly different. The necessity for females to locate suitable oviposition sites within the habitat is thought to explain the difference between male and female movement frequencies.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.807

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Samples of (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure], produced by 3 synthetic methods, elicit equivalent levels of male gypsy moth (Lymantria disparL.) trap catch in the field. Two analogues of disparlure, (+)-trans-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane and 2-methyl-8-octadecanone, have no effect on trap catch when simultaneously emitted with (+)-disparlure.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.815

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Pherocon® 1C sticky traps baited with pheromone became less attractive in time to males of the lesser peachtree borer,Synanthedon pictipes(Grote and Robinson), but could be made effective again with fresh pheromone. The baited traps decreased in attractiveness with time; the oldest traps and pheromone were the least attractive. The largest number of males was caught when both traps and pheromone were replaced every 3 wk.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.817

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Populations of the sorghum midge,Contarinia sorghicola(Coquillett), and associated hymenopteran parasites,Aprostocetus diplosidisCrawford,Tetrastichus venustusGahan, andEupelmus popaGirault, were monitored throughout the 1975, 1976, and 1977 growing seasons at Tifton, Georgia. Population ratios ranged from 2:1 to 11:1 for 1975, from 3:1 to 83:1 in 1976, and from 2:1 to 987:1 in 1977 in favor of the sorghum midge. Percentage of parasitization was 26% in 1975, 13% in 1976, and 11% in 1977. Over 95% of the total sorghum midge parasites collected during the 3-yr study wereA. diplosidis.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.6.820

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP