摘要:

The aphidsAphis coreopidis(Thomas),Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris),Acyrthosiphon soiani(Kaltenbach), andMyzus persicae(Sulzer) produce droplets at the tips of their cornicles when attacked by several species of insect predators. Alarm pheromones volatilizing from these cornicle droplets repel nearby aphids from their feeding sites. The release of cornicle droplets can also be elicited by various physical stimuli. Depending upon the type of stimulus and the aphid species involved, 50 to 90% of aphids produce droplets and 62 to 76% of droplets emit biologically active levels of pheromone. Aphids respond to the alarm pheromones at a distance of 1–3 cm from freshly secreted droplets and repellent activity is retained up to 60 minutes after secretion. Alarm pheromones are perceived by primary and secondary sensoria located on the aphids antennae.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.101

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

When larvae and adults ofEleodes suturalis(Say) were offered 34 types of seeds (from 31 species of plants), both stages consumed almost all the seeds of hulless barley, hulless oats, wheat, forage sorghum, grain sorghum, sweetclover, and rye When larvae only were exposed to germinating seed and growing plants (simulated field conditions), in special greenhouse flats, sugarbeet seeds were consumed completely although little damage had been done to these seeds in laboratory tests In general, a larger percentage of seeds of most species was consumed in laboratory tests than in greenhouse tests.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.105

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Douglure, a 4: 1: 1 mixture of frontal in, camphene, and alpha-pinene, respectively, was very effective in inducing mass attacks by the Douglas fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins, on live Douglas fir,Pseudotsllga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco. Attack densities were lower in baited mass-attacked trees than in naturally attacked trees. However, mass-attacked trees that were adjacent to a baited tree achieved attack densities comparable to naturally attacked trees.Baiting of individual live trees was more efficient in aggregating the pest population within 1 chain of the bait trees than was a pattern of baiting trees in groups of 3. Presalvage baiting with Douglure should maximize the removal of Douglas fir beetle-infested trees.Deadtrapping with Douglure-baited plywood panels coated with Stikem Special® docs not appear to be effective in a pest-management program, probably because of the overwhelming effectiveness of natural pheromone sources.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.109

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Heterolaccus grandisBurks parasitizes the 3rd instar ofAnthonomus grandisBoheman in parts of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Mexico. It has been described as a primary parasite of this pest. In the laboratory, the developmental period was 15–17 days for males and 17–18 days for females at 24–27°C and 45±2%RH. The incubation period for the egg was 27–29 hours. The larvae, which were cannibalistic, have 3 stadia and a larval period of 4.5–5.5 days. The pupal stage was 6–7 days for males and 8 days for females. Oviposition began 3–4 days after adult eclosion. Females deposited an average 6.38 eggs per day, an average total of 315 eggs per female. Average longevity was 51.2 days for males and 65.0 days for females. The culture ofH. grandisfrom Mexico gave no evidence of overwintering. After initial release in the field, percentages of parasitism of boll weevils byH. grandisincreased progressively during the season.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.112

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

When male pupae ofTrichoplusia ni(Hübner) were irradiated with 15 krad of gamma irradiation, the dose that effectively induces sterility in the progeny, the performance of emerging adults was inferior to that of males irradiated similarly as adults. However, when the same dose to pupae was fractionated, that is, applied over several successive days, the performance of emerging adults was comparable to that of males exposed as adults to an unfractionated dose, and the performance of the F1progenies did not differ. Thus, the male parents were about 50% sterile, the F1males were about 90% sterile, and the F1females were about 80% sterile. Adult females from pupae irradiated with the fractionated dose were 100% sterile.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.118

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Since the gypsy moth,Porthetria dispar(L.), is spreading southwestward into new environments, substantial numbers of exotic parasites of the gypsy moth are being laboratory reared for field colonization and manipulation.Rearing techniques and biology of 5 species, 1 established and 4 not yet established in the United States, are being studied at the Plant Protection Division's Methods Development Laboratory, Otis Air Force Base, Mass.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.124

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

MaleMusca domesticaL. bearing a heterozygous chromosomal translocation which reduced fertility to 32.5% of control were released at a poultry house in a pine forest near Gainesville, Florida, during the summer of 1969 to study methods of release and to determine whether the released flies would introduce the translocation into the native population. This represents the first field test of the concept of genetic manipulation in a natural population of insects where male insects that possessed the same induced genetic aberration (induced and recovered in one insect and subsequently multiplied) were released to decrease the natural level of fertility. Also, a laboratory simulation of the outdoor release was conducted in a 19-cubic-meter room. When the percentage fertility was based on the number of pupae obtained from a given number of eggs, control fertility (measured in an outdoor screened-in chicken coop containing a strain of native house flies) was 78.2% for the 4-generation test period; fertility at the forest release site was 63.5%; and fertility in the laboratory simulation was 27.7%, a result much closer to theoretical expectations than that obtained at the forest site. Thus, the test had a limited success and raised some questions, but it provided important information.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.128

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The sex ratio ofBracon hebetorSay at 25°C and 50–60%RHwithAngasta kuehniella(Zeller) as host, was found to be 39% ♀. Numerous females produced male progeny only, when they grew old. This phenomenon is probably due to internal factors. Cannibalism and mortality due to superparasitism favor male survival. The sex ratio rose significantly when females were allowed to feed only on hosts within their webbings, and when mating and oviposition were delayed for a week or more.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.134

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Approximately 20% of 10 species of coccinellids collected from alfalfa, turnips, corn, and weed fields from December 1965 through June 1967 were parasitized byPerilitus coccinellae(Schrank). Populations of adultP. coccinellaepeaked at about 54 per 100 sweeps during August and September. The 2 most common coccinellids collected wereColeomegilla maculata(DeGeer) andHippodamia convergensGuérin-Méneville. The rate of parasitism varied with the size of the host species.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.138

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Dermatophagoides farinaeHughes did not survive or reproduce on any of the 45 species of fungi isolated from stored grain, house dust, or human skin scales. Fungi of the generaAspergillus and Penicilliumwere Isolated from the gut of laboratory bredD. pteronyssinusTrouessart. Rearing experiments showed that the culturing ofAspergillus amstelodami(A. glallcusgroup) on mite food medium defatted human dander and yeast greatly enhanced the development and reproduction ofD. pteronysslnus.probably by digesting fatty substances from the human dander and the presence of vitamins in the yeast.It is suggested that in house dust certmn fungi play an Important role In the food chain by predigesting human dander. Members of theA. glaucusgroup could be easily involved because of their high drought resistance and their ability to break down fatty substances in their food medium.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.1.142

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP