摘要:

I investigate the effects of environmental forces drawn from two organizational theories, institutional and ecological theories, on the founding rate of four-year women's colleges in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1968. Results show that institutional forces measured by the presence of elite women's colleges, the development of Catholic women's colleges, and the enactment of the suffrage amendment increase the women's college founding rate and their inclusion leads to organization density decreasing the founding rate monotonically. In the population of four-year women's colleges studied, I argue that institutional forces are suitable measures of legitimacy, while ecological forces are appropriate measures of competition. Further, the presence of delegiHmation forces, separate from competition forces, suggests the need to consider their effects in future analyses.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1051

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The theory of cohort competition developed by Easterlin suggests that individuals born during the baby boom are more likely to be poor than those born before or after them. This article investigates this claim by addressing two questions: Is there any effect of cohort on poverty, and, if so, does this effect follow the pattern predicted by Easterlies theory? A decomposition of poverty by age, period, cohort, and household type shows that among whites, every successive generation of family heads born throughout the baby boom has faced an increasingly greater chance of being poor. Among blacks, the cohort effect is not statistically significant. Contrary to Easterlin's prediction, however, it is white-family heads born after the baby boom who face the highest odds of poverty. The cohort effect is not due to recent changes in family structure, which are controlled.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1071

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data on a sample of 128 face-to-face voluntary groups are analyzed with the multitrait-multimethod approach. The traits measured include four characteristics: size, sex composition, age composition, and educational composition. These four traits are measured with three different methods: reports from a respondent chosen through a probability sample from the community, reports from an official of the group, and estimates from direct measurement of the traits at an organizational meeting. Results of the analysis suggest that the three measures are parallel with one another in the sense of Lord and Novick 1968. This result means that the three methods are equally desirable. Surprisingly, the direct canvass measure does not appear to be more reliable than the others; on the contrary, it appears to be equivalent to other reports for the traits measured. There is a slight suggestion in the data that officials in the group are more accurate than ordinary respondents in reporting information about less salient characteristics of the members, such as years of education. In general, the three methods of gathering data appear to be equally reliable, although they measure slightly different aspects of group composition.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1097

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1117

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1119

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1120

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1121

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1122

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1123

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/73.3.1125

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP