ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.2

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This is a discursive account of selected methodological issues encountered in attempts to measure fertility with data collected in a cross-sectional survey of women selected by marital status. The focus of the account is the dependent variable itself, more specifically the ways in which that variable can be refined by collecting progressively more detailed accounts of reproductive behavior. The price paid for this emphasis is neglect of obviously important and difficult questions about the appropriate explanatory framework for that behavior, once it has been properly quantified. Another kind of inadequacy in the account is that it presents far fewer solutions than problems, although that is probably not an unhealthy state for a relatively new and complex discipline.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.7

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The Perrin-Sheps model of human reproduction as a renewal process is used to quantify the increases in natural fertility to be expected from an exchange of prolonged breastfeeding for bottle feeding, under stated conditions of nutrition. By means of the same model, the amount of contraception needed to counteract these enhancements of natural fertility is also assessed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.36

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Biometrics models describe aspects of fertility in terms of mathematical functions. A number of purposes are served by these models: description and estimation, prediction, and evaluation of the effects of changes in the parameters governing the specified relationships. This paper, by reviewing reproductive models of varying complexity, attempts to illustrate their many uses in fertility research.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.52

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Numerous marriage formation models have been proposed, and previous attempts to select among them empirically have produced equivocal results. Herein two models, which had been appraised as most promising on the basis of their logical properties, are analyzed to identify conditions under which they yield predictions sufficiently different as to permit unambiguous determination that one or other is wrong. The conditions thus identified involve a relatively large cohort rising through successive age groups, conditions which will be empirically observed during the next several years. Implications of the models' differences, when used to anticipate future fertility rather than marriages per se, are also considered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.66

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The paper attempts to show the relationship between sociological fertility “theory” and microeconomic fertility “theory.” It is argued that both conceptualizations are derived from a role-competition model. Differences are more apparent than real, conflicts in the literature arising from differences in style of analysis. Economists emphasize the direct effects of independent variables with intervening variables treated essentially as a standardization measure. Sociologists emphasize the intervening variables, the objective being to account for the gross relationship between independent and dependent variable. The sociological style in fertility research would appear to fit in well with recent research on individual modernity. However, in the absence of a component analysis of modernity, the concept is undefined and unmanageable in any attempt to develop a socioeconomic theory of fertility. A theory-data “confrontation” is displayed for Turkish and Mexican materials.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.84

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper seeks to assess the current state of knowledge in the emerging field of the microeconomic analysis of fertility behavior. Concentrating on theories relevant to the United States and other industrial nations, this survey considers both the advantages and disadvantages of the consumer theory approach to fertility and discusses a number of specific issues including: the usefulness of the concept of “child quality” in fertility research, the impact of income on family size, the time frame of the fertility decision, husband-wife interaction in the decision process, and the analysis of fertility regulating behavior. In addition, the paper concludes with a discussion of empirical issues raised by the new microeconomic studies of fertility.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.107

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Existing theories of fertility decline should offer some guidance to efforts to design effective fertility reduction policies and programs. An examination of two leading theories with respect to their policy implications, however, suggests the limited contributions theory can make towards this end. The reason is twofold. First, theories of fertility decline, impressive as they are in many respects, require further elaboration, specification and testing, that is, improvements as scientific theories. Second, even the best scientific theories tend to neglect questions about fertility-decline processes to which the policy-maker needs answers. Forms of analysis other than traditional scientific research are needed to advance the development of sounder fertility reduction policies.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.126

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which teachers' expectations are related to children's social class characteristics. A sample of96elementary school teachers drawn from four schools serving lower- and middle-upper class neighborhoods was asked to judge the performance potential and related characteristics, including the SES background, of a set of photographs of both black and white grade school children. While expectations were found to be positively and significantly related to perceived SES of the children in the photos, variations by school SES and number of years teaching experience in the mean number of judgments made suggest that teachers' class bias operates in a more complex manner than is usually thought. In addition, teachers were found to respond more often when choosing children for “success” than for “failure” categories. Regardless of perceived SES, white children were more often expected to succeed in school than black children.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.140

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study employs a replicative task design using time invested in a task as an index of tolerance of defeat to compare working-class and middle-class subjects. Subjects were given independently and in random order a logico-manipulative task and a motor-manipulative task. Following standardized instructions subjects were asked to try to complete the task. The relation of tolerance for defeat (defined as a function of time) to social class level is positive. Middle-class subjects spend more time attempting to accomplish a difficult task than working-class subjects. Tolerance levels do not appear to be affected by age or residence of subject, ordering of tasks, or addition of tasks. The results suggest a possible relation to the empirically documented findings on variations in aspiration levels by social class.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.1.160

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP