摘要:

Contrary to the still persisting views of William Graham Sumner, stateways can make folkways. Despite evasive reactions (recapitulating the tactics of a century past), a surprising amount of court-ordered desegregation has occurred in southern and border states. Public colleges and universities, however, have lagged behind. But with continued pressure and firmer executive action, law can be an instrument for forging a new morality in support of equal educational opportunity.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.317

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A secondary analysis of data from the 1958 Detroit Area Study and the General Household Survey of the Southern Appalachian Studies indicates that the relationship of tolerance of atheists to place of origin and present place of residence cannot be completely explained by the differential distribution of social class variables and religious beliefs across geographical areas. Part of the residence-tolerance relationship stems from residential differences in education and moral traditionalism, but a substantively significant direct effect remains after these and other factors are controlled. These data do not support Glock and Stark's contention that conservative religious doctrines are responsible for rural-urban differences in tolerance. The relationship of theological variables to tolerant attitudes toward atheists results from their association with education and moral traditionalism.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.328

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relationship between exposure to television violence and violent behavior was examined with questionnaire data obtained from adolescents. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation between these two variables. Only minimal support for this hypothesis was found. Second, it was hypothesized that those adolescents who perceive violence on their favorite television show and those who perceive it as effective would report more violent behavior than adolescents who do not perceive their favorite show in these terms. This hypothesis was supported. Finally, television violence was included with other independent variables in a procedure to predict violent behavior. Television violence was found to be insignificant in comparison to such other variables as sex and grades in school in predicting violent behavior.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.341

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Occupational prestige hierarchies have been used by many “functionalist” writers as empirical support for their theories of the universal necessity of certain forms of social stratification. Upon their research findings, which have indicated a broad similarity of occupational prestige cross-culturally, two explanations have been provided. Kerr et al. believe these similarities are the result of the convergence of industrial societies based upon the “logic of industrialism” and, more extreme, Marsh claims that the universal simitarity of prestige rankings in all complex societies is a product of the functional demands of any complex social system. p]This paper, based on comparable questionnaire data from Czechoslovakia and the U.S.A., demonstrates the invalidity of both explanations. The clear differences between the U.S.A. and Czechoslovakia fail to support the convergence thesis and, as a corollary, enforce scepticism about Marsh's functionalistic notion of universalized social structures. p]An alternative explanation is provided whereby the distinctive nature of Czechoslovakian stratification is seen an an interaction of structural changes associated with industrialization and state socialism. Additional evidence from Poland on aggregated prestige rankings reveals a basic similarity with the Czechoslovakian data and, therefore, it is suggested that both societies constitute a new type of social stratification.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.352

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Women face consistent disadvantages in their experiences in organizations, as evidenced by inequities in interpersonal attractiveness, social isolation, job satisfaction, and work strain. The question raised is whether these disadvantages are due simply to differences in access to key organizational resources (expertise, professional rank, and authority), or to the advantages men have in realizing their vested interests in the face of competition from women. The vested interest interpretation receives strong inferential support, while the interpretation based on differential access to resources receives little confirmation. The concept ofcompartmentalized rationalityis developed in exploring the implications of the findings.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.365

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A 1973 readministration of sex role items used by Kammeyer in 1961 shows a dramatic shift away from traditional attitudes toward the female sex role among college women. Cross-sectional analyses of 1973 data on both sexes reveals that attitudes toward the female sex role are significantly related to personal participation in protest activities. The greater strength of this relationship among women than among men supports previous discussions of the special impact of feminist activism on the attitudes of college women.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.382

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article aims to alert researchers interested in the attitudes vs. action debate to a long-standing discontinuity between research and theory. Our review of 28 recent reports of research on the attitude-behavior relationship indicates a consistent neglect of theoretical formulations specifying the relevance of object-centrality, attitude extremity, and attitude intensity for understanding attitude-behavior consistency. Yet, bits and pieces of relevant data gleaned from these reports plus the results of our secondary analysis of data gathered in 1969–70 from some 19,000 members of the 1966 cohort of U.S. college freshmen point clearly to the conclusion that these variable properties of attitude merit most careful consideration in attitude-behavior research. Indeed, they suggest that the failure of past empirical investigations to spport the assumption, central to the work of many scholars and practitioners, that attitudes are important keys to understanding behavior may be due, at least in part, to this gap between research and theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.393

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A possible defect in a paradigm often used in making causal inference is noted. The defect is explicated by examining the epidemiological concepts of incidence, prevalence, and duration. The concepts are related by the formula: P = I × D. The technique of decomposition, from path analysis, is applied to the formula. The decomposition allows a clearer analysis of the dynamics involved in the causation of a given behavior. An example, with data from a cohort study of mental disorder, is presented.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.415

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

p]While ancestor worship has long figured in anthropological studies, there is little by way of large-scale, comparative research to probe the antecedents of this religion. Also, there has been a tendency to lump the varieties of ancestor worship in a single category. The study reported here was designed to explore the antecedents of ancestor worship both as to its occurrence and type (otiose, active, or supportive ancestor worship). Descent type, conjugal formation and marriage type were hypothesized to be the antecedents of ancestor worship with each of these, in turn, being a function of the pattern of subsistence (agricultural level). Data from 114 societies, most of which are included in the Human Relations Area Files, support the hypotheses. But marriage type (the incidence of polygyny) was a relatively weak element in the rise of ancestor worship. p]The complexity of conjugal formation and the degree of emphasis on tracing descent through one parental line were found to affect the degree to which the ancestors are believed to be active in human life.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.427

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Two hypotheses concerning the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses are tested using 1971 and 1972 arrest data from Florida municipalities. The results of a regression analysis using lagged variables in a system of difference equations support a dragnet interpretation of police behavior and discount a displacement hypothesis. The data further suggest that the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses achieves stability over time.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.2.441

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP