摘要:

The greater excess of women among blacks than among whites during the years in which mate selection and first marriage typically occur is documented. The extent to which this imbalance has implications for differential patterns of mate selection and marital history is explored through the use of data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey for June 1975. The data are weighted to reflect estimates of the resident civilian, noninstitutional population of the United States age 14 and over. Findings establish that demographic necessity requires black females to have a more restricted field of marriage eligibles than white females. It is demonstrated that black women enlarge their field of eligibles by marrying males who tend to be older, who have lower educational attainment, and who have previously been married. The findings suggest that the “marriage squeeze” young marriageable black women experience may have important consequences for courtship during adolescence, entrance into marriage, and marital dissolution.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.707

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Remarriage mobility for women was investigated by comparing the occupational status of their first and second husbands using data from the 1970 National Fertility Study. The basic analysis cross-classified the occupations of the women's first and second husbands, using six occupational categories. Results indicated that about one-half of the women were upwardly, one-fifth downwardly, and the remainder non-mobile. Women with and without children in their first marriage showed the same patterns of remarriage mobility. The results were interpreted as giving some support for Farber's claim of “permanent availability” as opposed to the often heard argument that divorced women are stigmatized and thus disadvantaged when attempting to remarry.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.726

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper reports an inquiry into the relationship between racial violence and the socioeconomic gains among blacks that occurred in the United States during the 1960s. The few previous studies of the effects of racial disorders are limited in scope and are marred by methodological problems. We take the resource management framework, which conceptualizes violence as a potential political resource for its users, as a substantive warrant to examine this relationship. We also locate the analysis in the general (though largely neglected) arena of violence and social change. We argue that the effects of violence are likely conditional on other factors, and develop hypotheses concerning the differential influence of racial disorders according to the political structure of American cities and the public versus private sector location of socioeconomic changes. We analyze the effects of racial violence frequency and severity on changes between 1960 and 1970 in three socioeconomic variables: nonwhite income, unemployment rates, and the racial composition of selected occupations. These analyses are estimated separately for cities in the South and those in other regions. Our results consistently indicate no relationship between racial violence and black socioeconomic gainsat the local level. These findings suggest that earlier evidence of reform responses to disorder in some cities may have reflected attempts to cool out black protest but did not result in substantive changes. Our conclusions on the effects of racial violence therefore parallel those on its causes:ifthere were socioeconomic consequences, they must have operated at the national level and affected blacks uniformly across local communities.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.739

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Indices of racial segregation in employment are presented for black and non-Hispanic white workers in the same occupational category. Controlling on the availability of blacks in each category, the most racially segregated groups are laborers and service workers. At each occupational level, women are more racially segregated from one another than are men, although differential employment in high- and low-segregation industries accounts for some of these differences. The racial composition of an establishment's work-force in one occupation is strongly related to its racial composition in other occupations, particularly though, within the blue collar and white collar subgroups. The black proportions of sales workers and clerical workers are higher the more the total establishment's employment is concentrated in that occupation. Further research directions are suggested.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.761

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.777

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

All social interaction involves communication; it is difficult to make an explicit differentiation between sociolinguistic and social interaction rules. For heuristic purposes, I propose a tentative distinction between: (1) social interactional rules as those governing social behavior within social structural contexts having such features as, for example, role, hierarchy, exchange requirements, etc.; and (2) sociolinguistic rules governing the use of resources of spoken and written language within sets of social structural constraints. I propose a further distinction between system-specific rules and rules which may be common to all societies (or sociolinguistic systems) and provide illustrations for each type of rule at each level of possible generality.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.789

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The 1960s brought with them many changes in both the religious and the non-religious spheres of American society. Detroit area data from 1958 and 1971 reveal that between these years religious tolerance moves closer to preexisting levels of civil tolerance, and black attitudes converge with white attitudes in both spheres. On religious matters, women are less tolerant than men in both the civil and the sacred across religious categories, but the difference is greater in 1958 than in 1971. Church activity exhibits mixed effects across categories of religious preference, and personal piety has a uniformly negative impact on tolerance. Limited support is also found for Wuthnow's “new generations” explanation for the attitude changes analyzed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.811

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous research on reactions to rape has been flawed by methodological and theoretical problems that have prevented a reliable assessment of determinants. I argue that the likelihood of convictions in rape cases will be affected by the extent to which characteristics of cases approximate the stereotypes of rape held by criminal justice personnel. I assume that rape stereotypes are related to perceptions of the victim's and defendant's moral character and to characteristics of victims, defendants, and offenses. I relate these variables to the likelihood of guilty pleas and verdicts for 124 rape cases filed in criminal court in a large, midwestern city. Multiple regression analysis showed that net of the effects of evidence, black women, women who allegedly engaged in misconduct, women acquainted with the defendant, and women who did not report the incident promptly were less likely to have their complaints come to trial and result in conviction. Also, assaults by defendants with more serious records and assaults by more than one man were likely to end in conviction. Results were consistent with the proposition that reactions to rape are conditioned by stereotypes about the kind of women, men, and social situations most typical of rape.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.833

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A major step forward in the statistical analysis of offense specialization was made by Wolfgang et al. through their use of stochastic modeling. However, this paper proposes that the results that were obtained are not as clear as might be hoped because they did not distinguish between offense dynamics that reflected the marginal distributions of the sample as a whole (and thus may be considered random) and dynamics that significantly deviated from this distribution. An analysis of similar longitudinal data for white and nonwhite delinquents shows statistically significant evidence of offense specialization and a random distribution of offenses if no specialization occurs (with one major exception). The implications and problems of the model are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.851

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In the twelve years since the publication of Blau and Duncan's classic study,The American Occupational Structure, work on intergenerational manpower flows in an urban–industrial society has been moving towards explanations fully adequate in the sense of Weber or Schutz. Especially notable are the empirically based model-building efforts of Sewell and his associates at Wisconsin and elsewhere. The results of these efforts seem rich with promise. Nevertheless, as the “Wisconsin” status attainment findings are usually interpreted, they rest on a very strong assumption about the collective consciousness of actors within a society. This assumption is that each actor carries within his or her memory a status-differentiated conception of the occupational structure of the society, and every actor's conception agrees with every other actor's conception. Unless this assumption, perhaps with suitable minor qualifications, is at least approximately satisfied, the results generated by the status attainment research tradition are not understandable in the terms in which they typically have been set forth. The present paper reports adirect testof this pivotal assumption. The results show the assumption to be satisfied to a substantial degree. There does appear to be ample individual-level consensus in occupational status evaluations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.3.865

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1980

数据来源: OUP