摘要:

The sixties were marked by optimistic dreams — of a color-blind society, of black power, of reparations for oppression. Movements pursuing these goals fell short of full success but had a significant impact on society. While the right of every citizen to equality without regard to race was reaffirmed, a new principle of rights based on ethnicity emerged. Assimilation lost its luster as a goal but significant black power was not achieved. The latest report on blacks in American society shows stagnation and even decline in their economic situation.While white Americans accept the principle of racial equality, they resist efforts to implement it There is no prospect for the radical economic reforms needed to reduce the inequalities of class and race.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this article we examine the extent to which three minority groups were able to achieve selected neighborhood social and physical outcomes in the San Francisco metropolitan area. Ecological regressions were estimated to generate elasticities that measure the relative abilities of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians to convert education and income into desirable neighborhood environments. These regressions were interpreted in light of substantial differences between the three groups in levels of residential segregation. Results generally indicated a black disadvantage in the process of residential achievement, but it was not as dramatic as that found in earlier studies or as great as the levels of segregation would suggest. As in prior research, education was found to be the critical variable in explaining spatial differentiation and class stratification among blacks.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.15

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article analyzes the patterns and determinants of economic inequality across a broad range of racial and ethnic groups for the universe of children (persons less than age 18) in 1940 and 1950. The economic welfare of children is indexed by per capita family wage and salary income. In the decade surrounding World War II, there were two economic worlds for children — one for whites and one for racial minorities. The economic differences among children of European origin were relatively minor compared to the gap between whites and nonwhites. Children of Mexican origin fell closer to the racial minorities than to whites. The primary reason for the lower economic welfare of minority children was the low income of household heads. The primary findings are related to the study of intergenerational mobility for youths in 1940 and 1950.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.33

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this article I address the question: does ethnic inequality — systematic economic disparities among ethnic groups — have an impact, net of other factors, on a community's rate of homicide? The results of previous studies contradict one another. This contradiction suggests a need to reexamine thelogicof the ethnic/racial inequality hypothesis and the measurement of its key variables. I argue that there are social processesmediating ethnic inequalityand homicide, and that these must guide the measurement of the former if we wish to obtain reasonably conclusive results. After presenting an account of the pertinent theory, I introduce a measure of ethnic inequality not previously found in the criminal etiology literature. The results confirm the usefulness of this measure. Empirical findings based on 1980 data for a sample of 150 SMSAs show that ethnic inequality is a strong predictor of the rate of homicide, and that it remains the single strongest predictor even after variables operationalizing poverty, general economic inequality, regional culture, race, and anomie are taken into account.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.53

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using data on 1,396 rapes reported in the National Crime Survey, we examine various explanations for interracial (black offender—white victim) rape. We find little support for the hypothesis, derived from conflict theory, that interracial rape reflects black economic deprivation and politicalization. Interracial, as opposed to intraracial, rapes were no more frequent in cities with high black poverty, unemployment, or racial inequality. Nor does interracial rape appear to result from blacks' limited sexual access to white women; we do not find the expected relationship between a city's interracial marriage rate and the racial composition of rape. Rather, in support of Blau's macrostructural theory, the racial patterning of rape is most strongly influenced by opportunities for interpersonal contact between whites and blacks. Both the racial composition of a city, representing the pool of rape victims or offenders of a particular race, and the degree of black-white residential segregation emerged as significant predictors of the racial patterning of rape. Finally, we find no evidence that black rapists, given equivalent opportunities to rape a white or a black woman, prefer white victims. In fact, during the course of robberies involving strangers, black men are slightly more likely to rape a black woman than a white woman.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.71

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

All work is temporally structured. The challenge for sociologists interested in organizational dynamics is to understand these timely sequences. I describe how organizations, because of the interplay of external and structural demands, set the temporal dimensions of work, to which workers must adjust and negotiate. Work patterns lead to behavioral and emotional responses, and, in turn, the lived experiences of workers affect their use of time and their orientation to the organization. Organizational demands affect temporal order, which, in turn, affects how workers experience their work, and, to some degree, this experience recursively influences temporal order and organizational efficiency. Temporal constraints contribute to social control, but workers also use time to undercut elements of organizational control, achieving some measure of autonomy by creating temporal niches. To illustrate these connections, I draw upon participant observation and in-depth interviews with cooks in four restaurants. Restaurants are temporal worlds in which external demands influence the use of time by cooks and their lived experience of that time.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.95

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article analyzes interurban variation in one advanced service, management consulting, across large U.S. cities in 1963. Human ecologists assume advanced services fulfill a coordinative function in the metropolitan system. Consistent with this view, we found that: (1) metropolitan population size and distance to neighboring metropolitan areas were positively associated with a city's consulting activity, (2) the number of other large cities with which a city shared its metropolitan area was inversely related to consulting levels, and (3) the number of corporations headquartered in a city was positively associated with consulting activity. Organizational theorists assume advanced services fulfill coordinative needs in the corporate system. Thus, we also found that: (4) the characteristics of firms headquartered in a city (i.e., their age, market complexity, structure, mode of control, and elite contacts) shaped the impact that their numbers had on urban consulting. In the conclusion, we consider the relationship between human ecology and the organizational approach.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.115

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

One difficulty with couching questions about community in network terms is the dearth of historical data on networks. This research begins to fill the gap by analyzing data collected in 1939 from residents of a square block in Bloomington, Indiana. Relatively weak relationships were more common than close friendships; residents knew about two-thirds of their neighbors by name, and had about 13 friends on the block; the densities of friendship networks in this neighborhood are similar to those reported in recent studies of unbounded networks. These findings cast some doubt on the presumption that past neighborhood networks were significantly more sociable than contemporary networks.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.139

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studying judgments about child support awards provides an opportunity to extend justice theories, which have often focused on allocations of positive goods such as income. Because suggesting a child support award requires both deciding the amount of the cost to be divided between parents and making the division, an analysis of child support judgments must distinguish allocation rules and their operands. Approximately 1,000 respondents in a 1985 telephone survey in Wisconsin were each presented with three vignettes describing a family situation and were asked how much they thought the child support award should be in each situation. In the aggregate, awards can be described by a “proportional contribution-variable need” system in which parents' contributions are proportional to their resources.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.157

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We explore the effects of sibship density, i.e., the number of siblings closely spaced versus widely spaced, and sex composition, i.e., the number of sisters versus the number of brothers. Guided by two explanations previously put forth to account for the consistently found inverse relationship between sibship size and academic outcomes, the confluence model and the resource dilution hypothesis, we test whether these two structural parameters influence academic consequences. Analysis of the High School and Beyond data confirms a stronger negative effect of the number of siblings closely spaced than of the number of siblings widely spaced, an effect that endures into later adolescence even upon controlling for earlier test performance. Findings on sex composition, based on the National Longitudinal Survey of High School Seniors of the Class of 1972, are mixed. We find no effect of sex composition on test performance, but find a negative one on grade-point average. We conclude by highlighting the utility of decomposing sibship size into further components and of obtaining data that will facilitate such research efforts.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.1.181

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP