摘要:

Several sociologists in the late 1940s and early 1950s forecast that atomic energy would produce economic abundance. Vincent Whitney's cautions were an exception to these naive projections. But no sociologist foresaw how the technical and social processes of nuclear power development would compromise its public acceptance and give rise to an antinuclear movement, currently led by environmentalists. Their struggle with the atomic establishment for the mind of the public is registered in recent survey results, analysis of which responds in some measure to Blumer's challenge to polling. Despite a lapse of about two decades in their interest in problems of energy and society, sociologists now have an opportunity to supply the growing demand for social science inputs to the nuclear energy decision-making process.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study explores the factors associated with organizational action and inaction in the solution of an industrial health hazard. Obstructive and remedial variables are identified, measured, and tested. The research setting is the uranium mining industry, whose working population is experiencing a lung cancer epidemic due to radiation in uranium mines. The delay in actions leading to the reduction of hazardous radiation in mines is tied to national demands for uranium ore, the visibility of the hazard, and the structure of the industry. The eventual solution of the problem is shown to be affected by government pressure on uranium mining companies to purchase ventilation equipment.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.23

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the extent to which sustenance differentiation— an important dimension of the division of labor—influences the redistribution of the population through net migration in the nonmetropolitan counties of the United States during the 1960s. An ecological explanation of this type is shown to be most viable, even when controls for a number of competing explanations are introduced. The evidence provided in this paper supports the longstanding contention of human ecologists about the influence of sustenance organization on population redistribution.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.42

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using data from a survey of students in six Arizona high schools, this paper examines the relation between perceived risk of punishment and self- reported delinquency. Consistent with the deterrence doctrine, the relation is inverse regardless of the location of the schools (metropolitan or small town), type of delinquency, or the kind of measure of perceived risk. However, measures of perceived personal risk (the individual's perception of his or her own risk) provide more consistent support for the deterrence doctrine than measures of perceived aggregate risk (perception of the risk for all juveniles in the same community). Moreover, personal risk is inversely related to delinquency even when social condemnation of delinquent offenses, attachment to conventional persons, and several status characteristics (e.g., age, sex) of the students are taken into account.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.57

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

One of the master trends of modern society is the emergence and growth of large, differentiated industry complexes. Yet our theory of social control is largely focused on the control of individuals, not industries. Understanding the processes of control requires integrating perspectives of several disciplines—economics, law, political science, and sociology. A relatively comprehensive theoretical framework of the middle range is proposed consisting of five main conceptual clusters, norms, performance curves, structural context, compliance capability and readiness, surveillance and sanction capacity of control agent. The framework helps us identify areas for further research and conceptualization, stakes out a sociological claim for involvement in an area of great policy relevance, and helps bridge the gap between two levels of analysis, society and complex organization.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.79

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Like many college-educated Americans, large numbers of scientists and engineers experienced economic insecurity in the form of unemployment, underemployment, or the fear of either for the first time in the early 1970s. Among 719 scientists and engineers in the San Francisco Bay Area, the economically insecure tended to support unionization of professionals and blame forces outside themselves for individual misfortune more often than the secure. These changes constitute important departures from the traditional individualism of technical professionals, and may signal increased politicization and egalitarianism among the college-educated under the influence of economic stress.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.103

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The recruitment and promotion of workers in a large Indian factory were examined in the context of two models of labor mobility: a horizontal model wherein people maintain their relative rank when they move from the traditional to the industrial sector, and the reverse mobility model wherein people reverse their relative rank upon moving. Regression analysis of the data showed that the reverse mobility model characterized the early employees while the horizontal mobility model characterized those hired later. The findings suggest that the chaotic relations between wages and skill level in newly industrializing countries may not result from market conditions or from particularistic or paternalistic norms but from responses which management makes to technological growth, union conflicts, and governmental regulations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.119

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Existing theory and data on work-leisure preferences suggest that how work and free time are scheduled may influence workers' preferences regarding the exchange of income for free time. In general, hours and income are not traded in a strict one-to-one fashion; rather, the value of leisure time is in part a function of the “lumps” in which free time is made available. Exploratory research on an accidental sample of 248 employees in ten work organizations supports this hypothesis. Some societal implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.136

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data for a group of research chemists are examined to test the hypothesis that marital fertility is associated with lower levels of research productivity and to assess the extent to which the fertility-productivity relationship varies by sex. The results show a negative relationship between fertility and productivity among the scientists; the relationships for the sexes are similar in direction and magnitude. We argue that previous studies of the impact of marital fertility on career attainments have failed to find the expected negative association because they have dealt with workers who cannot freely invest extra time and energy in work efforts and because they have used inadequate measures of attainment such as occupational mobility rather than more direct measures of job performance.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.154

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study presents a path analytic model of status expectations that focuses on how sex influences the educational and occupational expectations of a large sample of American adolescents. While female and male expectations can be predicted by the same model variables, the process is by no means identical for both sexes. Exogenous background variables have greater total effects for females, while intervening social-psychological and achievement related variables have substantially lesser effects for females than males. The same-sex parent is found to have a greater effect on adolescent expectations than the opposite-sex parent. No significant sex differences are found in the mean level of either expectation, but the distribution of occupational choices parallel the current sex segregation of the occupational sector. Further, relative to academic achievement, the females have lower expectations than the males. These results are interpreted as consequences of traditional sex role socialization.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.164

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP