摘要:

Recent theories of racial and ethnic oppression, with their focus on social structural variables, have tended to ignore the impact of culture. This oversight is redressed by considering the effects of cultural values and beliefs on patterns of racial oppression against black Americans. Beginning with a concise summary of the structure of racial oppression and racial beliefs in American history, we note patterns and then present, in propositional form, a theory incorporating both structural and cultural variables. Beliefs are seen to legitimate, as well as pose periodic challenges to, the structure of racial oppression.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1001

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A number of studies have sought to ascertain the scope of black economic gains in the last two decades. The extent of these gains is still under debate, but observers agree that some gains have been made. The locus of these gains in the black sector has not been adequately demonstrated. This paper examines income data for males from 1954–74 to determine the pattern of reduction in black-white inequality and the concomitant variation of those reductions with changes in the size distribution of black income. Findings show that, in the industrial non-South, decreasing black-white inequality has been accompanied by increasing inequality among blacks, and there are indications that most black economic gains have occurred at the top of the black distribution. The data argue against the possibility of long-range improvements in the coeconomic status of blacks as a group. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1019

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Three prominent explanations of ethnic differences in social participation-the isolation, compensation, and ethnic community theories-are critically examined and found wanting on several grounds. As an alternative, a social- psychological approach emphasizing self-efficacy and system-blaming is proposed. A test of the explanation shows that, with some modification, it is an adequate representation of the participation patterns noted among blacks and whites. The findings indicate greater differences within races than between them, a pattern predicted by the proposed theory. Prior explanations, it is concluded, have not adequately accounted for the complexity of social participation; hence much of the debate about their relative viability has been misplaced.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1035

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

To interpret the relatively high rates of voluntary organization participation among blacks, theorists have developed deprivation and normative explanations. Both interpretations suggest that oppressed minority groups will develop group coherence and salience to their members. However, unlike the deprivation argument, the normative conception does not view the development of activist norms as an inevitable outcome of this process. By examining the organizational behavior of Puerto Ricans, blacks, and whites in New York City, we test several key postulates from each interpretation. None of the postulates is consistently supported. Most damaging to both arguments is that black ethnic identifiers do not exhibit higher participatory rates than their more assimilated peers. That lower-class black women manifest an unusually active pattern of organizational membership as compared with their male counterparts is shown also to be incompatible with both the deprivation and normative conceptions. Further inquiries into the mechanisms which predispose a particular subgroup within a minority population to be more involved in voluntary organizations than another are recommended.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1053

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The political perils of social research are salient in arguments over white-flight. Some investigators feel large city school system integration accelerates white migration to suburbs creating additional segregation and the need for still additional busing. We argue that research supporting the white- flight thesis suffers methodological and substantive pitfalls. It fails to recognize the historical contribution of the various components of population change to growth of the white and black populations in cities, and the structural implications of these differences. It also fails to incorporate measures of white- flight which accurately depict the volume of white migration; and instead relies on proportional measures which are influenced by a number of factors in addition to white city-to-suburban migration.Rather than inferring white-flight from measures of school segregation, we relate the latter to white city-to-ring migration. The analytical factors contributing to changes in the proportion black in city public schools are given attention; particularly black-white differences in natural increase.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1072

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous research (Kammeyer et al.) has found that the availability of family planning services in U.S. counties is positively related to percent black in the population, but has not established the correct interpretation for this linkage. Two competing explanations of this relationship are developed and tested in the present study. A racism interpretation is found to best explain county provided family planning services, and little support is found for an altruistic interpretation. Services provided by Planned Parenthood and O.E.O. are due mainly to urbanism and are not consistent with either the racial or the altruistic interpretation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1087

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Characteristics of the family head are compared with those of the family as a unit in extent to which they are associated with three criteria of family poverty. Analysis of data from a sample of 561 welfare applicants in four states reveal substantial interaction effects among the two sets of variables. Sex of family head is a major conditional variable. For female-headed families, characteristics of the family largely account for variation in family income, work history of the head, and welfare history of the family. For male- headed families, individual characteristics of the family head take precedence over family characteristics. There is little difference in family economics by race among male-headed families. But if black families have any additional disadvantage, they show a much more pronounced decline in economic status than do white families.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1099

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociological treatment of the aged as a minority group and ecological theories of urban structure suggest that the urban aged should be segregated from other age/life-cycle groups and be concentrated near city centers. This study examines intraurban location and segregation of the aged in two cities, Cleveland and San Diego. A path model is specified from ecological theory which takes location of the aged as a function of distance from the city center, housing type, housing value, space characteristics and household types. The model is estimated using block-level data from Cleveland and San Diego. Although the two cities differ in ecological structure, the aged in both tend to be located on blocks near the city center, with multi-unit structures, high value housing, low population potential, low crowding, and a high proportion of primary individuals. The relationships, however, are generally weak and the variance explained small, indicating dispersion of the aged throughout the cities. Dissimilarity indices also show a moderate degree of segregation between the aged and the non-aged. These results suggest that conceptions of the aged as segregated into centralized, undesirable urban areas are overstated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1121

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous research on work satisfaction has consistently shown that older people are more satisfied with their jobs than younger people. The present paper addresses three possible explanations for this tendency: (1) the “now generation” of workers subscribes to a set of post-material values that contradict the demands of the industrial system and cause greater work discontent; (2) the standards of the old are systematically eroded by their years in the system, such that they learn to be satisfied with less; and (3) older workers simply have better jobs. A decisive choice among these hypotheses cannot be made without longitudinal data; nonetheless, the bulk of the evidence presented here (for economically active, salaried white males, drawn from the University of Michigan's 1972–73 Quality of Employment survey) clearly favors the last hypothesis.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1140

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

It is proposed that cross-national differences in the pattern of social and economic change will be linked to different effects of migration. In the case of the Spanish industrial working class, the concentration of native and migrant workers in new industrial suburbs appears to be one source of class consciousness. There is also an indication that migrants themselves become increasingly class conscious as they remain longer in the city. This result is interpreted in terms of their initial high aspirations for mobility within the city, which are frustrated by an increasingly rigid urban class structure and the special obstacles to mobility among workers of rural origin.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.4.1159

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP