摘要:

This article examines how changing legal institutions have structured workers' collective decision to strike. It uses both qualitative legal-historical analysis and quantitative time-series regression to examine how major changes in labor law in the late 1930s altered workers' willingness and opportunity to strike. Previous research has assumed that important change in workplace relations occurred in the late 1940s. The present work relocates that change to the late 1930s with a number of important implications. In particular, this study shows that the federal government, both its legislative and judicial branches, was an important shaper of workplace relations. State legal policy regulating labor militancy prior to the late 1930s is labeled “repressive intervention” while the state's intervention after the New Deal is defined as “integrative prevention.”

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.569

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study uses data from the 1969, 1975, and 1984 Carnegie surveys of faculty at U.S. colleges and universities to show that the distribution of political orientations among the professoriate changed minimally between the late 1960s and mid-1980s. The largest net shift, about 7% of the respondents, was from liberal to conservative self-identifications. The 1975 and 1984 surveys show the same patterns of disciplinary differences present in 1969, but the patterns by age and type of institution changed. Analyses by disciplinary political context and type of institution show that the incidence of leftism had been considerably exaggerated in much of the current literature. The institutional types with the largest numbers of students, moreover, have the most conservative or moderate faculties

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.603

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

One of the most important sociological issues today revolves around the global debt crisis. In response to this problem, the international financial community has pressured Third World countries to implement austerity policies (“structural adjustments”) designed to facilitate debt repayment. These policies have created profound hardship in many poor countries, especially among relatively vulnerable subpopulations such as children. In this article, we provide the first quantitative cross-national assessment of the impact of the global debt crisis on children. The data analysis shows that externally imposed austerity measures have directly or indirectly impeded child survival, childhood immunization, economic growth, prevalence of health attendants, adequate nutrition, and balanced urbanization. We provide a theoretical model that refocuses economic dependency and other development arguments to account more fully for children's development.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.629

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This essay shows how logical classifications — such as good-bad, high-low, black-white — become ordered into moral hierarchies that help create and legitimate social hierarchies of domination. It extends labeling theory and discourse analysis to macrosocial and intercivilizational phenomena, focusing on how classifications make what they pretend merely to describe. I examine devices by which cultural representation becomes ideological domination in specific cases: colonial encounters in the Americas, Africa, and India; parallel discourses of slavery in medieval Islam and the early United States; how British colonial ethnography in Afghanistan created an Other appropriate to the needs of exploration, frontier management, and imperial bureaucracy. Discourses of domination also dominate the masters, because the constitution of a colonized Alter requires reconstitution of the colonial Ego. Discourses of domination can also become rhetorics of resistance, inverting the master categories and reclassifying them into more embracing conceptions of the human

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.657

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social movement organizations (SMOs) devote considerable effort to constructing particular versions of reality, developing and espousing alternative visions, andattempting to affect various audiences' interpretations. Conflicts regarding such interpretive matters, referred to as “frame disputes,” are ubiquitous within movements. Using a multimethod strategy, this study analyzes the dynamics of interorganizational frame disputes within the nuclear disarmament movement, including their organizational and ideological contexts, conditions conducive to their emergence, patterns observed, and their effects. Three generic types of disputes are identified and elaborated: diagnostic, prognostic, and frame resonance disputes. Of the 51 disputes observed, all but two involved SMOs from two or more different movement factions. More disputes occurred between the movement's most moderate and radical factions than between other factions. Intramural conflicts were both detrimental and facilitative of the disarmament movement and its SMOs.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.677

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Past research tentatively supports finir generalizations: that urbanism (1) retards family completeness, (2) promotes kin dispersion, (3) engenders disregard of kin, and (4) alters functions served by kin. Results of this study's analysis of national survey data provide meager support for these generalizations, casting doubt on Wirth's (1938) urban theory as it pertains to kinship bonds.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.703

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study explores the role of community characteristics in determining two critical features of adolescent nonmarital sexual activity: the timing of first intercourse and contraceptive use at that event We specify a conceptual model describing the mechanisms by which the community context affects adolescent behaviors, focusing on the influence of community social and economic characteristics on teenagers' expectations about their adult lives. We test hypotheses derived from this model using a multilevel strategy incorporating both aggregate- and individual-level data for a national sample of white women. The results suggest that the behaviors of adolescents are shaped by the local opportunity structure and normative environment. Social disintegration, socioeconomic status, and the availability of employment opportunities for women emerged as particularly important influences on young women's reproductive choices.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.713

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Contextual analysis is widely endorsed as a research tool to bridge the macro-micro gap in studies of social phenomena. Using a multistage sample of 5,098 Seattle residents, we extend previous work by examining how individuals' risks of criminal victimization are influenced by their personal life-styles and by the characteristics of their neighborhood. Although several types of contextual effects were observed, a major finding is that lower levels of guardianship and higher target attractiveness strongly increased the risks of burglary for residents of more affluent areas, whereas these factors had little net impact on the burglary risks of residents of more socially disorganized areas. There were no major differences in the predictors of violent victimization across different neighborhood contexts. We conclude with a discussion of the results as they relate to future research on theoretical integration and crime control policy.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.741

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines trends in income inequality among American children over the 1959–89 period. We find that recent gains in family income have been distributed unevenly between rich and poor children. The proportion of children in both the wealthiest and poorest families increased during the 1980s, a pattern associated with the rise in female-headed families and changing patterns of maternal employment. Moreover, increasing racial differences in family structure have exacerbated income inequality between black and white children. Our results indicate that economic polarization among children increased substantially during the 1980s, after declining during 1959–79. The income of the poorest children declined absolutely in the 1980s, while growing rapidly among the richest children. This pattern of increasing income inequality occurred among black and white children in both married-couple and female-headed families.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.761

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The contact hypothesis — the idea that contact between members of different races fosters positive racial attitudes — has performed indifferently in research conducted over the past four decades, leading to a recommendation that the hypothesis be discarded and that attention turn to other sources of positive and negative racial attitudes. However, most of this research is now badly dated and focuses solely on the racial attitudes of whites. We present a new test of the contact hypothesis, drawing on a national survey of blacks and whites conducted in 1989. Analysis reveals that in several instances interracial contact is associated with more positive racial attitudes, especially among whites, and that some effects are appreciable.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.3.781

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP