摘要:

This article examines changes in the distribution of national women's and minority membership organizations since 1955, emphasizing the increasing legitimacy of the advocacy form of organization and the consequent replacement of service provision as the dominant mode of activity. Using data on the founding and disbanding of national women's and minority organizations since 1955, I argue that Hannan and Freeman's (1989; Hannan&Carroll 1992) theory of density-dependent legitimation and competition, and its extension to cross-effects among organizations, provides a framework for understanding the contemporary development of social change organizations. Though institutional and resource factors are important, they do not fully account for organizational vital rates. Findings indicate that increases in both service and protest organizations promoted the expansion of advocacy groups. As this middle-of-the-road strategy became more legitimate, competition became the predominant mode of interorganizational relationship. This accounts for the growth in the number of advocacy organizations after 1970, as well as the leveling off of service and protest organizations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.943

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines alternative models of producer services development in metro-politan communities and analyzes factors associated with the development of producer services in two deindustrializing urban communities — the primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs) of Cleveland and Akron, Ohio, Sample surveys of producer services in each metropolitan area reveal that establishments: (1) tend to be primarily dependent upon the revenue generated by local trade within the local metropolitan area; (2) tend to simultaneously engage in nonlocal trade and directly contribute to interurban integration and dominance of large metropolitan centers; and (3) engage most extensively in trade, both locally and nonlocally, with other service-sector industries, rather than manufacturing. These findings suggest that producer services development may be sustained in deindustrializing urban communities and that it is not primarily dependent upon trade with locally based manufacturing industry.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.971

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Through an examination of U.S. federal labor law's impact on strikes since the Wagner Act, this article evaluates three theories of the state in capitalist society: the structuralist doss, political class, and state-centered theories. Minimal support is found for the statist position that suggests that state actors will pursue their own agendas when they have the bureaucratic capacities to do so, when elections are competitive, or during recession and war. The results do suggest that both structuralist class and political class perspectives are useful in understanding the operation of law. Since passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947, the law has selectively restricted those strikes that pose significant challenges to employer workplace authority, which supports the structuralist perspective. However, the law appears not to have had these selective effects until after more militant factions were removed from the labor movement, suggesting support for the political class theory. The article calls for a synthesis of the two class theories.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1011

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A process by which informal status hierarchies become legitimated is used to explain why those who operate from a disadvantaged external-status position, such as women or minorities, often have difficulty wielding directive power over other group members, even if they achieve high rank within the group. The theory predicts that a status structure is more likely to be treated as legitimate when high standing is based on the consistent advantages of externcd-status characteristics rather than on high task ability but low externad status. If true, then dominance attempts, as a type of directive behavior, from a high-ranking member with a consistent status advantage should be more effective in securing compliance from a lower-ranking member than dominance attempts from an equally high ranking member with high ability but low external status. In an experiment using same-sex dyads, our hypothesis was supported for male dyads and largely supported for female dyads.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1051

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The literature on gender attitudes indicates that acceptance of women's involvement in the labor force is greater than acceptance of changes in the domestic division of labor. We argue that this difference exists because challenges to inequality in the home are especially threatening to men's interests and that women's dependence on men plays a role in shaping interpretations of gender inequality. To test these claims, we explore the relationship between family status and criticism of gender inequality in the home and at work. Family ties discourage criticism: marital status is particularly important in predicting women's criticism, while parental status is especially important for men. Therefore, we conclude that interests play a part in shaping men's gender-related attitudes and that dependence on men is a factor in shaping women's attitudes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1079

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We examine whether jobs with greater flexibility allow women greater time for housework. With data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS)for young women and mature women employees, we find that part-week, part-year, and shift schedules increase the hours spent on domestic chores, and that unlike on-site employment, hours of home-based work do not significantly reduce time spent on domestic chores. We also find that younger women are more likely to adjust domestic time to job-related conditions than older women.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1103

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In the context of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec during the late 1950s, this article devotes specific attention to the widening sex differential in suicide rates from 1931 to 1986. We reconceptualize sex roles and suicide in the context of modernization theory and then consider the Quebec case. We argue that the differential can be explained by the presence of varied integrating and regulating structures in society for men and women. Natural differences between the sexes are unimportant in explaining the lower suicide propensities of women than of men. We also challenge the view that the role expansion of women will necessarily lead to a convergence in male and female suicide rates. The results of this analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that insofar as suicide rates can be considered a manifestation of differences in psychiatric pathology between the sexes, modernization in Quebec has been more detrimental to men than to women. We conclude that the breakdown in traditional forms of social integration and regulation in Quebec will continue to engender a widening of the sex differential in suicide risk.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1121

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Critics of the “women's agenda” in both research and policy have complained of its exclusive focus on the experiences of white women. They maintain that as a result of this focus, we know relatively little about the experiences of black women in the labor market compared to those of white women. This article concentrates on generalizations regarding the effects of experience, education, marital status, occupational characteristics, and industrial sector on earnings. To investigate how these variables interact with gender and race to affect pay, we use fixed effects on panel data (1966–81) from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS). We use regression decomposition to ascertain (1) what factors explain the gender gap in earnings and whether these factors explain the same portion of this gap among blacks and whites, and (2) what factors explain the race gap in earnings and whether these factors explain the same portion of this gap among women and men.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1149

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data from the 1984 Carnegie survey of faculty at U.S. universities show substantial disciplinary variation in perceptions that one'ps field is stagnant. We examine the extent to which variation in pessimism about the intellectual state of one's field can be explained by theories that attribute it to field-level variation in anomie and consensus. We also examine the effects of individual-level characteristics on disciplinary discontent using a multilevel analysis. We find that both anomie and consensus exert strong effects on the average levels of scholarly pessimism within fields. In addition, there is an interaction effect involving the level of consensus in a field and whether the field is primarily pure or applied. The multilevel analysis shows that the effects of field-level variables are not attributable to compositional differences in individual characteristics and that, as a group, the field-level variables are stronger determinants of scholarly pessimism than individual characteristics.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1177

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study presents a rare glimpse of haw people use their social networks during a mortal threat. In surveys done around the time of the 1991 Gulf War, we asked residents of metropolitan Haifa, Israel, to tell us from whom they received support during the missile attacks. The results show that Israelis relied more on kin than they did in their everyday networks. However, how much they relied on kin varied by type of support, specifically by whether the help was the comfort and advice of conversation — often provided by friends — or was more immediate and direct aid — overwhelmingly provided by kin. While we reinforce earlier findings that people turn to kin in crises, we also show that nonkin provide a specific form of social support.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.4.1197

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP