摘要:

Increased age at marriage in China has contributed significantly to the large decline in fertility that has occurred. If every married couple had attained its actual completed family size, and age at marriage had not changed, there would have been 104 million more births since 1950.Cohorts marrying in the 1950s and 1960s followed surprisingly closely the structure of a mathematical model of first marriage rates by age derived from the pattern of first marriage frequencies in Sweden in the nineteenth century. The fit to the model schedule was destroyed in the 1970s by administratively enforced postponement of marriage.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.833

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Though excessive individualism was a target of social criticism in both the 1920s and the 1970s, there are significant differences in how individualism was portrayed. In the 1920s, individualism was primarily a matter of self-expression and the absence of self-control. It represented a lashing out against a restrictive society. By the 1970s, society had lost its constraining power and individualism became a matter of self-absorption and the quest for self-development. These differences reflect a decline in determinist thinking about self and society that is related to the movement from “character” to “personality” to fluid identity.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.851

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research examines the factors which influence family definition behavior of problematic situations. Observational data came from 48 white families composed of the natural parents and their ninth grade offspring divided according to social class, wives' employment, and gender of child. Each family examined a series of 27 simulated problematic situations, which they were free to discuss or to skip. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of family background, interpersonal relations and discussion process variables on families' statements concerning definitions of the situations preceding problem solution strategies. The findings of the importance of interpersonal ties for problem definition are interpreted in terms of family interaction issues in the context of the original rationale.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.871

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the effects of classroom characteristics on the friendship cliques of preadolescent students. We argue that structural and organizational features of a classroom constrain the interaction patterns of students in such a way as to affect features of the social network that evolves within a classroom. Hypotheses about the determinants of clique size, number of cliques, clique stability and the ability, sex and racial composition of cliques are tested on a large, longitudinal data set containing information on fourth through seventh grade students. The results show that the formation of student friendship cliques is more closely linked to classroom characteristics and to pedagogical practices than has previously been recognized. Moreover, the analyses indicate that the processes governing the establishment of cliques change over the school year as different features of the classroom experience become more salient to students.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.898

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Research suggests that residential population succession and ethnic segregation increase representation of ethnic minorities in businesses as boundaries of residentially segregated areas expand. We test three hypotheses using a four-wave panel study of 571 small shops in three British cities, following the design used by Aldrich and Reiss (1976) in research on residential and black small business succession in three U.S. cities. Beginning in 1978 with a sample of native white and South Asian small shopkeepers in Bradford, Leicester, and London, we observed patterns of population and business turnover in 1978–80, 1980–82, and 1982–84. Our results replicate the U.S. research, supporting the proposition that ecological succession in residential and business populations of inner-city areas is one factor in the growth of ethnic enclaves.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.920

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Modern multivariate analysis on cross-national samples has challenged Durkheim's observation that Catholics are less likely to commit suicide than Protestants. Previous reanalysis of Durkheim's data has shown that once socioeconomic differences are controlled, Protestant and Catholic nations have had and probably continue to have similar suicide rates. A better test of Durkheim's feeling that religion has an independent role in suppressing suicide is to compare Christianity with another religion. Durkheim's theories, after all, were based not only on Christians, but also upon Jews, who had very low suicide rates, but there are too few Jews in national populations to permit cross-national research. Today Islam represents a world religion which enjoys a very high degree of fervor and integration among its followers. We present three case studies to support this view. Then using a 71 nation cross-national analysis, we show that Islam does have an independent effect in lowering suicide, thus confirming Durkheim's hypothesis that religion itself is important as an independent factor in studying suicide.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.945

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous studies provide contradictory evidence regarding the relationship between multiple role demands and psychological well-being. Some of the inconsistency in this research may stem from the conceptual confusion surrounding the concepts of role overload and role conflict. This study clarifies these concepts in order to examine their effects on stress-related outcomes. A model is tested which specifies that role overload (e.g., domestic and paid work time expenditures) and role conflict (e.g., perceptions of work-family interference) affect satisfaction with various role domains (e.g., job satisfaction and marital satisfaction) which in turn influences stress (e.g., psychophysical symptoms and well-being). Covariance structure models are estimated for employed, currently married women and men. As expected, marital and job satisfaction strongly affect both psychophysical symptoms and well-being. Findings also suggest that role conflict decreases both sexes' job satisfaction and men's marital satisfaction and increases women's psychophysical symptoms. Role overload does not affect role satisfaction or stress for either sex. It is concluded that perceived role conflict decreases women's psychological health, but role overload does not.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.965

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Research on the causes of homicide has focused on two competing theoretical models, socioeconomic and subcultural. After a review of these two theoretical perspectives and a number of recent empirical studies of homicide derived from these perspectives, several theoretically derived hypotheses relating types of homicides as classified by the victim/offender relationship and these perspectives are presented and discussed. The analysis is designed to evaluate these hypotheses, and to address some of the discrepant findings in previous studies. The results indicate the importance of specification issues such as measurement and aggregation in understanding previous research, the primacy of the socioeconomic approach for understanding the causes of homicide, and the importance of further classification of homicide for disentangling potential subcultural effects from socioeconomic effects. Finally, a recommendation for further research on the subcultural approach is discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.983

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Most previous cross-national research on income inequality has been insensitive to issues concerning the quality of the data. This paper builds on recent work by Menard (1986) in examining the comparability of various types of income inequality data. Specifically, I suggest that comparability of the data will be enhanced (and research findings will be more trustworthy) if we are more stringent concerning the definition and measurement of the key concept: income. Income distribution data for 61 nations which take this factor into account are presented.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.1008

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper develops and tests a causal model of the determinants of public attitudes toward welfare state programs. It proposes that support of welfare state programs is a function of self-interest and the resultant identification with dominant social ideologies—work ethic and social equality. Identification with these ideologies, in turn, affects endorsement of social rights and, hence, support of welfare state programs. Using data from the 1983 Detroit Area Study, the model is generally confirmed. The data also show, as expected, some important differences in the effects of the social ideologies on support of contributory vs. means-tested programs. The findings suggest that the social groups supporting the welfare state are the economically and socially vulnerable who identify with social democratic values.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.4.1027

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP