摘要:

Focusing on white U.S. men aged 25–34, this paper compares the patterns of intergenerational occupational mobility in a late 19th century sample to those found in the well-known 1962 and 1973 surveys of Occupational Change in a Generation (OCGI and OCGII). While the overall pattern of mobility indicates less upward mobility and greater occupational inheritance among the 19th century men, the differences are small when comparisons are restricted to the nonfarm sector. Results from association models indicate a stronger relationship between origins and destinations in 1962 than in the late 1800s. In contrast, the 1973 OCGII data shows a virtually identical relationship between origins and destinations to that found in our 19th century sample.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.351

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study treats the relationship between labor force composition and income as outlined by alternative models, competition and segregation. Analyses of 323 Israeli occupations focus on the relations between the income of European/American men and the proportions of women, Arab men, and Asian/African men across the entire occupational spectrum, as well as in the core and peripheral sectors of the economy. Using two-wave regression models for 1972–1983, we find: (a) Segregation of women, Arabs, and Asian/African Jews did not significantly increase. (b) Occupations with high proportions of subordinate groups experienced a relative decline in the income of superordinates. (c) This process of competition was especially pronounced in the periphery. The results lend strong support to the competition hypothesis and only limited support to the segregation hypothesis. The findings further suggest that the structure of the economic periphery facilitates more intensive competition than in the core. Finally, we find that exclusion harms not only subordinates, but also some superordinates.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.379

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Explanations of the effect of family status on women's work outcomes have focused primarily on individualistic factors, that is, married women's family responsibilities are assumed to interfere with their work performance. Few studies have considered a structural explanation—employers may prefer single and childless women as employees, perhaps because they are assumed to have lower turnover rates than married women with children. This paper tests the structural explanation, using hypotheses derived from labor market segmentation theory. The analysis, based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women, indicates that the wage advantage of single and childless women is stronger in large firms, where employers are more able to offer promotions and wage increases, and in male-dominated occupations, where employers are more likely to value stable workers who will remain with the firm.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.397

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Aggregate occupational inequality between white and black men declined at the national level in each decade between 1940 and 1980. In the 1940s and 1950s, these reductions were produced by the movement of the black population out of the South and into other regions and did not reflect improvements in relative opportunities for blacks within regions. In the 1960s and 1970s, reductions in occupational inequality resulted primarily from improvements in relative opportunities for blacks, and the impact of demographic change on inequality was comparatively slight.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.415

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between belief in conventional morality and minor forms of deviant behavior. It argues that social control theory offers a less-powerful explanation of deviance than cultural deviance perspectives because logically it cannot explain why persons select one deviant act over another. Nevertheless, control theory offers a more parsimonious conceptualization of belief and deviance, and therefore, if supported empirically, should be retained over competing theories. Drawing on this framework, a dynamic model of the reciprocal causal structure of belief and deviance is specified, and hypotheses about substantive and measurement processes are derived. A structural equation model for panel data allowing for response errors is estimated using the maximum likelihood estimator of Jöreskog's LISREL approach. The data, drawn from the Youth in Transition Project, provide four waves of data on a national sample of tenth-grade boys. The results fail to replicate previous research, which found support for social control theory's stipulation of the relationship between belief and deviance. Contrary to previous results of cross-sectional studies, the effect of belief on deviance is relatively small and dwarfed by the effect of deviance on belief.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.428

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Lynching, legal execution, and imprisonment were three mechanisms of repressive social control that figured prominently in southern white society's response to alleged deviance by blacks during the post-Reconstruction Era. This paper examines the time series relationships among these strategies of control between 1882 and 1935. The major perspectives on penal evolution and social control provide the theoretical framework for this study. The results of the analysis provide little evidence of a relationship among trends in the lynching, execution, and incarceration of black males during this period. The implications of these findings for existing theories and future research are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.458

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper uses dual labor market theory to examine the relationships between the structure of labor in census tracts, economic indicators, and violent crime. It tests the thesis that relationships between poverty, income inequality, and violent crime are affected by the distribution of workers into the primary and secondary sectors of the labor market. The results indicate that when three measures of the conditions of employment are controlled, the association between the poverty rate and the overall violent crime index is reduced, and that the relationship between income inequality and violent crime rates is limited to murder rates. The implications of these results for future research on social economy and violent crime are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.489

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The study examines longitudinal suicide data for the United States between 1910 and 1933. Marshall found that national wars decrease suicide not because they produce greater political integration in society, but because they decrease the national unemployment rate, thereby producing greater economic integration. This work argues that national wars also decrease suicide because they diminish alcohol availability in society, which reduces suicide triggered by alcohol consumption. In order to test the hypothesis the paper examines aggregate data for the United States in the World War I and prohibition era. Since the death registration area is incomplete in the previous time period, a control variable is introduced into the model to minimize measurement error. A pooled cross-sectional analysis of the data for 20 individual states indicates no lag effect for the alcohol consumption variable. A longitudinal analysis of the total national data between 1910 and 1933 shows that the levels of alcohol consumption and changes in the national business cycle are significantly related to suicide, while participation in World War I did not significantly influence national suicide.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.513

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although there has been considerable theoretical interest in the relationship between power and position in a social structure, few researchers have explored this issue empirically. This paper develops a quantitative measure of an individual's structural capacity for “brokerage” in a social network to test hypotheses about the effect of structural position on power in community elites. Data on two community elites are used to show that (1) position in a social network has an effect on perceived influence independent of other influence resources, and (2) power derived from structure and power derived from resources undermine rather than enhance each other. Moreover, this relationship between power and structural position is dependent on the degree of factionalization and opposition in the elite.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.531

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study investigates the long-term effects of family structure during adolescence on adult adjustment, using data from the 1972–1986 General Social Surveys. Men and women from intact families, mother-headed single-parent families, and reconstituted families are compared, taking into account whether parents' marital disruption resulted from divorce or the father's death. We find that the long-term effects of family disruption on adult adjustment do not differ by gender. When socioeconomic status during adolescence and current socioeconomic status are controlled, a few adverse effects of parents' divorce, but no effects of father's death remain. Moreover, the effects of divorce depend on whether the adult lived with the mother only or with the mother and a stepfather. Socioeconomic status during adolescence and current socioeconomic status affect nearly all aspects of adult adjustment.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/68.2.553

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1989

数据来源: OUP