ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.315

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper identifies theoretical and empirical problems in a conflict perspective on crime and deviance. We then propose an alternative apposition of consensus and conflict viewpoints. This new approach is grounded in empirical definitions of the conditions under which consensus and conflict can be said to exist, and is used to generate propositions about attitudes toward empirically identified “consensus” and “conflict crimes.” The support found for these propositions encourages a shift from regarding attitudes toward deviance as simple instruments of coercion, to a view in which these attitudes are accorded a wider significance in the combined processes of deviance definition, status allocation and, eventually, the cooptive maintenance of political authority.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.320

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relative explanatory power of psychiatric and social variables in the decision to hospitalize and retain mental health patients has been debated primarily by those committed to either the psychiatric (medical) or the labelling model. The issue is considered here through a critical review of the research literature with a commitment to neither model. The research does not allow for unequivocal conclusions, but there is a clear tendency for admission and discharge of mental patients to be related more to social than to psychiatric variables, particularly when the patients are unwilling to be committed or retained. We argue that the search for the best explanation of the research findings on societal reaction to this form of deviant behavior is not limited to the narrow choice presented by proponents of the labelling and psychiatric perspectives. Specifically, a social learning model is suggested as an alternative paradigm capable of better accounting for the research findings.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.341

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The interactionist perspective emphasizes the imperfect correspondence between alleged deviance and societal reactions. Moreover, it is asserted that values of reactors, statuses of the alleged deviant, and bureaucratic constraints of deviance processing organizations help explain some of that imperfection. Focusing on one intermediary deviance processing stage, i.e., plea bargaining, we explore the degree to which our data are consonant with interactionist assumptions. For a sample of 1,435 male and female criminal defendants, we find the favorability of the charge reduction outcome is partly explained by values of reactors, statuses of the defendant, and bureaucratic constraints of the court. Thus, our data are supportive of the general thrust of interactionist works. However, the relative size of each of these effects suggests that reformulations of that perspective should attend to the finding that ascribed statuses play far less of a determinative role, and organizational goals seem to play a more determinative role, suggesting that greater attention be paid to organizational variables.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.362

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Analysis of police and court procedures in San Diego reveals a strain toward bureaucratization in dealing with drunken drivers. Role-linked tensions between policemen and prosecuting attorneys are muted through a routinized system of observation, testing, arresting and adjudicating. These procedures promote equity and efficiency in disposing of large numbers of misdemeanors.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.385

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Six basic conceptual questions about social control are posed, and alternative answers are assessed by reference to the deterrence doctrine and to two contending perspectives on social order, functionalism and Marxism. The Parsonian and Malinowskian varieties of functionalism suggest an unmanageably broad conception of social control. At the other extreme, a focus of social control studies on either the deterrence doctrine or the Marxist perspective would be unrealistically narrow. Something can be said for focusing social control studies on attempts at the prevention of deviance, but a conventional definition of deviance would preclude (1) the analysis of revolutionaries as agents of social control and (2) the postulated control exercised by a dominant economic class over legal officials.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.408

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper explores the effect of certainty of punishment on different types of criminal behavior. It is argued that deterrence theory, which treats the potential criminal as weighing the relative rewards and costs of a criminal act, is more applicable to certain types of crimes than others. The strength of the negative relationship between certainty of punishment and crime rate will thus vary by type of crime. It is argued that deterrence, overload, and incapacitation theories each predict different patterns of these variations in strength. Thus the fit of the expected pattern to available data should allow us to choose among the theories. Using previously unpublished data for SMSAs and results obtained by other researchers, the actual patterns of strength of relationships are studied. Though the data presently available have many problems and some of the patterns are ambiguous, the deterrence predictions seem to have the best overall support.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.424

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Can one view deviance as a developmental process in which one type of deviant act leads to another? This paper proposes a number of criteria that would need to be met if there is such a process and applies them to data from records and retrospective interviews about the ages at which 13 kinds of childhood behaviors began. Results appear consistent with both a quantitative developmental process, i.e., one in which the probability of committing a new type of deviance is in part a function of the variety of acts previously committed, and a qualitative one, i.e., one in which having committed one particular type of deviant act makes more probable initiating another particular type of deviance thereafter.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.448

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social class variations in self-reported criminality are examined using data from a comprehensive sample of adults in three states. The results prove to be contrary to any current theories concerning the relationship between social class and deviance, particularly the most popular ones that postulate an inverse relationship between the two. But it is shown that these findings are actually consistent with the bulk of previous research which shows the relationship to be problematic. The extant evidence seems to mandate reconceptualization of theories of deviance to minimize social class as a variable.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.474

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In recent years social scientists have reviewed and evaluated a number of experiences with applied social research. There is a growing consensus that social knowledge produced for policy-action purposes should be substantively different from that produced for disciplinary purposes. Not all of the research procedures developed to produce disciplinary knowledge are applicable under the conditions of policy-action research, and scientific techniques have not been developed to produce certain kinds of needed social knowledge. The organization and administrative procedures of academic institutions have been found inadequate for the production of many types of policy-action knowledge. Nevertheless, there is still widespread agreement that academic institutions should provide the basic training of policy-action researchers.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/56.2.504

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP