摘要:

The Weberian theory of rationalization, especially the concepts of formal and substantive rationality and the conflict between them, are used to analyze contemporary changes affecting the medical profession. Three major types of changes are discussed—changes in government policies, the changing nature of medical delivery systems, and changes within medical delivery systems. It is argued that these changes are impelling the medical profession away from substantive rationality and in the direction of formal rationality. Increasing formal rationality is likely to lead to greater external control over physicians and to a decline in the ability of the medical profession to distinguish itself from bureaucrats and capitalists. These changes, in turn, are likely to lead to some degree of deprofessionalization of physicians. Alternative future scenarios are also mentioned.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studies of juvenile court processing are reviewed and found generally to contradict a discrimination argument Nevertheless, enough evidence of disparity exists to justify a search for contingencies under which discrimination is more or less likely to occur. The literature yields five contingent hypotheses which we test using data from 31 counties in Florida. The results suggest that differential sanctioning is not a pervasive phenomenon but rather that it is contingent on whether the individual is a member of an aggregate which poses a threat to elites. But it appears that the relevant threats are not strictly political but are mostly of a symbolic, social-psychological nature wherein white adults react to resented youthful traits often stereotypically associated with nonwhites. The results suggest that theoretical development about differential sanctioning will require deemphasis on the ability of individuals to resist power and a strengthened focus on the contingencies under which power is wielded.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.23

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using detailed time diaries of a 1981 national sample of 226 married couples with children, we analyze the extent of the trade-off between their time commitments to work and time with their children. Parents in single-earner families spend substantially more time with children than their dual-earner counterparts; the overall difference is largely accounted for by the lesser time of employed mothers in activities that involve children only peripherally, not in directly child-oriented activities. Dual-earner couples have lesser parental time with children for the simple fact that they work more as a unit than single-earner couples. Although the widespread employment of women has not led to a more directly participative male parental role, work time affects fathers' time with children more than mothers'.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.59

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Individualistic versus structuralist explanations of aggregate-level earnings inequality are contrasted. Their respective predictions are then empirically considered in regression analyses of earnings inequality across 282 metropolitan areas. In general the results do not provide strong support for the structuralist model at least as operationalized in terms of industrially and occupationally discrete segments. The effects of individualistic variables, however, do not provide strong support for human capital theory either, and the results vary substantially depending on which particular measure of inequality is considered. Implications for labor market research and theory are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.86

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This examination of the fertility of immigrants moving to the United States from high-fertility countries tests several hypotheses about the process of assimilation and the impact of selectivity using microdata from the 1980 U.S. Census and aggregate data from the sending countries. Unlike previous assimilation studies that focus on integration into the destination society, this study emphasizes the dynamic nature of the assimilation process by modeling the declining impact of the origin cultural setting. Although part of the variability among immigrant groups can be attributed to compositional differences, sending-country fertility levels continue to exert a positive influence on immigrant fertility behavior. However, this influence is considerably weaker among immigrants who are positively selected with respect to their sending-country populations, presumably because they adapt more rapidly to the destination society. Additional evidence suggests that in general, as immigrants adapt to the U.S., they are less and less influenced by their origin social environments.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.108

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Numerous studies have reported that suicide rates tend to be affected by temporal variables (month, day of the week, day of the month, holidays). Few authors have provided convincing explanations of these relations, and no one except Durkheim has suspected that they display similarities which indicate that they might have some causal origins in common. This article attempts to look at several temporal correlations as examples of the same underlying dynamics and to offer a theory which helps to organize a traditionally enigmatic body of research.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.129

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relation between sociodemographic factors and racial group identification is explored in this paper. Previous research suffers from important limitations which have led to much confusion in this area of research. For this and other reasons, the sociodemographic determinants of racial group identification have been little studied. Using data from a national sample of black adults, the findings of this research indicate that racial group identification is strongest among older blacks and the least-educated blacks who live in urban areas. Additionally, significant interactions between education and region are found; highly educated blacks living outside the West have strong levels of racial group identification. Income and sex are not found to be related to racial group identification.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.146

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines interrelationships among attitudes toward a wide range of political and social topics. The issue under investigation is whether, and how, social attitudes are organized or structured among the general public. While many assume that attitudes are organized in terms of a single underlying ideology of liberalism/conservatism, others argue that attitudes show little organization, or that attitude structure is bidimensional. To address this issue, this study analyzes data from two separate national surveys, each containing information about a large number of attitude topics. In both data sets, confirmatory factor analyses support a bidimensional model. Social and political attitudes are organized along at least two uncorrelated dimensions: economic welfare policy, on the one hand, and individual liberty, on the other. Results point to qualifications in Kerlinger's (1984) criterial referents theory of attitude structure.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.159

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using data from the U.S. Census manuscript collections from 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1900, this study examines the prevalence of the family wage economy among different categories of occupations and across ethnic groups. Two aspects of family wage economies are examined: the use of child labor and the use of the labor of young adults and/or adolescents. We find that there are marked differences in the levels of use of both types of labor across occupational and ethnic categories and over time. In general, our data show that it was those workers who were most economically distressed who turned to the family wage system as a way of adapting to the emerging industrial economy.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.185

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Followingself-labeling theory, data assessing the relations between deviance from sex-linked normative emotional styles and psychological distress were gathered on medical students surveyed at two times. The data show that isolation of affect by women and the expression of strong interpersonal dependency needs by men are linked to distress. Moreover, medical school emotion norms appear to require females to relinquish female normative styles to avoid suffering from distress.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/67.1.208

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP