摘要:

This study assesses the impact of mental illness on occupational careers. Thirty-six married men who first entered mental hospitals in the 1950s were followed up in 1972 and eighteen men who were first hospitalized in 1973–74 were interviewed. Their histories reveal the importance of the development of competence in the work role prior to the onset of mental illness. Those who were able to develop competence were likely to retain their jobs through the initial episode of illness and to remain occupationally stable in the ensuing years even in the face of persistent symptomatology. The data are interpreted as evidence that the label, “mental patient,” does not constitute a master status and in and of itself does not significantly affect occupational careers.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1049

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A critical review of the theory of status integration considers methodological, procedural, and theoretical problems. First, difficulties in adhering to some of the test principles established by Gibbs and Martin seem to preclude a thorough test of the theory. Second, a number of unsolved practical problems arise when attempting to test the theory with available data: (a) the need to make post hoc explanations of aberrant findings, (b) numerous possibilities for spurious effects, (c) problems in defining categories such as age and occupation, (d) problems of matching the characteristics of suicides with those of populations, and (e) ambiguities beclouding the application of the rules for using the theory. Finally, a serious question is raised about the validity of the status integration measure as a criterion for Durkheim's concept of social integration.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1063

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Durkheim's theory of suicide has long been the dominant influence on the sociological study of suicide. But studies of suicide within the Durkheimian tradition have been discontinuous, preventing cumulative theoretical advance. The discontinuity is partly due to researchers' failure to base their work on a comprehensive, intersubjective interpretation ofSuicide. We base our study on Pope's recent, systematic analysis ofSuicide. Using contemporary methods of analysis and the best available data on the family, we conclude that though there are significant exceptions, Durkheim's theory gets strong empirical support. We also assess the amount of variance in social suicide rates that is explained by Durkheim's independent variables. Marital—familial status (Durkheim's most important variable) is important. But sex, which he treated in an ad hoc, post-factum way, is even more important. We conclude by reassessing Durkheim's theory and identifying topics for further research.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1081

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Relative influence of communal and associational factors on kinship mapping is examined in a contemporary urban setting. Respondents' maps are compared with models of kinship organization in major legal systems. The legal models fall along a continuum in applying line of descent as a criterion for assigning priorities among relatives. The data show that orthodoxy of religious upbringing predicts lineal emphasis in kinship mapping better than current religious identity does. Migration has most impact on persons from Conservative homes and least on persons with Reform backgrounds. Current synagogue attendance, membership in Jewish organizations, and ritual performance are inversely related to emphasis on line of descent; however, greater activity than one's parents in Jewish matters, living in an area with a high concentration of Jews, and disapproving of intermarriage are associated with such emphasis.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1107

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In assessing the dynamics of ethnicity, it is important to examine the extent to which interethnic contact is selective, frequent between members of some groups, and rare between members of others. In this paper, we carry out such an examination through the use of quasi-independence models. Developing these models for interethnic marriage among American Catholic nationality groups, there appears to be little selective intermarriage, although what little does exist is consistent with Bogardus' research on social distance. Overall and taken together with Alba's (a) finding of sharply increasing intermarriage among Catholic nationality groups, our findings suggest an erosion of ethnic boundaries based on nationality among Catholics.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1124

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This is a theoretical article designed to summarize and evaluate social research relevant to two models of behavioral choice, a maximizing step function and a matching equation. Research is reviewed for a range of social situations, and, in each case, the data are described by a matching equation, never a step function. Several implications of the matching equations are detailed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1141

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We report the results of three experimental investigations of dyadic social exchange based on principles of operant conditioning. This behavioral approach contrasts with the rational choice approach characteristic of most theory and research on social exchange. The experiments investigate the effects of different histories of reinforcement on the establishment, maintenance, disruption, and reestablishment of social exchange when the two persons do not have alternative relations that would affect their interaction. The first experiment supports our proposition that social exchange must be established through individual reinforcement contingencies and then can be maintained through social contingencies. The second experiment clarifies a problem in learning complex discriminations in the first. The third experiment studies the effects of disrupting social exchange on reestablishment under different reinforcement and information conditions. We discuss the implications for future experimental investigations of the research paradigm.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1157

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using multiple regression analyses, we measured the effects of demographic, health, and socioeconomic variables on race-specific neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality rates. The racial difference in rates in 1969 is due to (1) effects ofmeandifferences in black and white population characteristics, (2) differences in theimpactof independent variables, and (3) differences from other causes. Higher black than white infant mortality is the result of unfavorable black means on birthweight, age of mothers at birth, education, and marital stability. Black mortality is also higher because mothers' age at birth, marital stability, and education have more favorable impact on mortality for whites than blacks.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1180

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social science literature suggests two competing views of the effect of city size on black economic, political, and cultural development: (1) that as a consequence of big-city financial plight, “veto-group pluralism,” and size-engendered social disorganization, blacks will encounter greater problems in the nation's larger cities; (2) that due to greater heterogeneity, responsive political institutions, and other conditions, city size should facilitate black development. Examining 168 American cities over 25,000 in 1970, this study assesses the impact of city size on 28 indicators of black development. Findings show that even—with regional controls established, city size is significantly and favorably associated with over 20 of the development measures. Four likely explanations are advanced for the relationship between city size and black development: (1) black population size; (2) politicization and responsive institutions; (3) city centrality; and (4) interactions among aspects of black development.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1194

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study traces a set of beliefs about perceived societal normlessness to types of residential areas and to the mode of interaction experienced by the person in different residential settings. Introducing the idea of a “streetcorner district,” it explores how a resident's perception of society as integrated or normless is affected by the presence of absence of streetcorner relationships in his or her neighborhood. The study is based on a secondary analysis of 1965 survey data on black adults from two low-income black areas—one where street-corner relationships and institutions abound, the other where such patterns are relatively scarce. Consistent with the model of streetcorner normlessness developed in this paper, we find that beliefs about societal normlessness are more widespread in the streetcorner than in the non-streetcorner district. The results underscore the danger of viewing the exploitative and guarded relationships of a streetcorner district as typical of personal ties in all low-income black neighborhoods.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.4.1212

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP