摘要:

Demographic transition theory and its implicit assumptions are reexamined. Questions are raised about its pertinence for fertility decline in the West. For less developed countries today, it is suggested that motivation for fertility decline can arise from (a) subsets of objective changes much less than those that characterized the West and (b) new ideas and aspirations arising from worldwide communications networks. It is suggested that the concept and means of family limitations have an additional independent effect, once motivation is present. Country examples are considered to illustrate the idea that there are multiple pathways to fertility decline and that fertility decline is occurring in situations not envisaged in the classical demographic transition theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Unacquainted individuals, placed together in a Bales-type discussion group, quickly form a participation hierarchy that indicates status differentiation. This rapid structuring of status, similar to the rapid structuring of status hierarchies in groups of Rhesus monkeys, suggests some subtle form of dominance and submission signalling may be operating. Two experimental conditions test this possibility. In one condition a measure of subjects' initial eye glance rank is taken. Eye glance rank predicts their eventual positions in the status hierarchy of the group. In the second condition, subjects are prevented from having eye contact in their initial interaction. Here, the first speaker in the Bales group usually emerges as highest in the hierarchy. These results support the view that people use subtle cues, obtained during the first few seconds of interaction, to rank themselves in the status hierarchy. The findings also represent a further criticism of several prevailing theories of status in small groups.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.18

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper highlights the temporal aspects of social accessibility, demonstrating that time is a major dimension of social organization along which both privacy and professional commitments are defined in modern society. An analysis of the temporal structure of professional commitments within the domain of health care, leads to the claim that the temporally rigid way in which most professional commitments are defined today is one of the key characteristics of modern social organization. A general conceptual scheme, constructed around the temporal structure of social accessibility, is evaluated in terms of its use in helping us identify and differentiate various occupational roles as well as various status rankings within stratification systems. The symbolic significance of the temporal organization of social accessibility is stressed-both in general, and for professional commitments in particular.]fla

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.38

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.59

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A half a century ago Soviet women gained unprecedented rights to equal jobs, pay, education, etc. Yet, equality has remained elusive. Analysis of Soviet data shows that although women in the USSR participate in all occupational sectors this equality does not in principle differ from the equality of women in capitalist societies. The social differentiation of sex roles is supported by the ideology, and the existing institutional arrangements ensure that the primary role of the woman remains that of mother and wife.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.67

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.89

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

To carry out policy aimed at achieving sexual equality in labor market positions, we need a clear understanding of what constitutes comparable positions in the work setting. In this paper we expand on what is normally examined when determining whether persons or groups have similar positions in the workplace. We argue that power in the work setting is an essential aspect of stratification and is helpful in the study of sexual inequality in labor market positions. Our empirical analysis offers confirmation for these arguments.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.94

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Aggregate analyses of sexual inequality fail to explore directly the resources of structurally induced earnings differences. These differences may derive from between- and/or within-employer differences in the reward-attainment processes of working men and women. This paper examines the second of these two issues, i.e., within-employer sex differences in salary for the same job. Two hypotheses are considered: the so-called wage discrimination hypothesis refers to inequality generated by male-female differences in the direct rates of return to productive resources and hierarchical rank; the rank segregation hypothesis refers to inequality generated by denying women equal access to the higher-paying ranks to which a particular job ladder leads. Our results suggest that sex differences in salary attainment result more from rank segregation than from wage discrimination per se. The implications for the problem of sexual discrimination and the generalizability of the findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.108

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the differential rewards of positions on baseball teams in relation to a functional theory of organizational stratification. The results indicate that rewards are best explained by multiplicative interaction between positions' contributions to team success (functional importance) and the exclusiveness-interchangeability of people and positions (uniqueness). The paper also indicates the amenability of other kinds of organizations to the same type of analysis, and concludes with a discussion of the (limited) possibilities of generalizing from such organizational studies to stratification at the societal level.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.128

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this paper we examine the use of social characteristics and legal factors as criteria in making decisions about the detention of juveniles prior to adjudication. This research is based on data from two metropolitan courts (Denver and Memphis) that differ in their orientation to juvenile justice as well as regional location. Exploiting Goodman's method of log linear analysis to uncover relationships among categorical variables we find: (1) the major determinants of juvenile detention or release (prior to adjudication) are present activity (whether a juvenile is conventionally active or idle), prior record, and the orientation to juvenile justice held by the court; (2) there is no evidence of direct race or social class bias in the detention decision; but (3) there is some evidence for what may be viewed as a sex bias in the treatment of female youths referred for decorum offenses and males referred for property and violent offenses.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/58.1.146

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1979

数据来源: OUP