ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87803FP031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN87803BP033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ON THE DIf3TINCTIVE TESTS FOR CARBOLIC ACID, CRESYLIC ACID AND CREASOTE. By ALFRED E. AL~EN. Read before the Society of Pu62i’c Analysts, at Dublin, on 19th August, 1878. SEVENAL observers have devised methods for distinguishing carbolic acid from wood-tar creasotc, and have described tests which, when applied to the pure substances, leave little to be desired. It appears, however, not to have been observed that cresylic acid, so largely present in the commoner kinds of carbolic acid, resembles creasote more closely than pure carbolic acid does, and fails altogether to respond t o some of the tests which have been proposed for distinguishing carbolic acid from creasote.As any substitution of the coal-tar acid for wood-tar creasote is pretty certain to be made by the employment of a crude variety of carbolic acid, the presence in the latter of cresylic acid cannot rightly be ignored.With a view of clearing up the discrepancies between the results recorded by other observers, and of ascertaining the most desirable tests for distinguishing carbolic and cresylic acids from wood-tar creasote, 3. have instituted a series of special experiments.As the origin of some of the statements made by other observers cannot be traced, 319320 THE ANALYST. owing to imperfect descriptions of the substances on which they worked, I think it well to define carefully the exact substances on which my own experiments were made. The Carbolic Acid was a sample of Calvert's No. 1, for internal use; boiling point, 1 8 2 O 0. The Cresylic Acid I prepared by fractional distillation of Calvert's No.5 carbolic acid. The portion coming over between 395O and 205" C was collected separately, and again distilled, the first and last portions being rejected. The cresylic acid thus obtained, boiled chiefly at about 197" C, but another smaller fraction boiled at 203'. 0. I believe this difference is due to the presence of two isomeric creasolsin coal-tar, haring slightly different boiling points, Many of the experiments were made separately on both fractions, but without the least further distinction in their properties becoming apparent.The Creasote was a sample of Morson's wood-tar creasote. It boiled at 217* C, and 80 probably consisted chiefly of creasol (C, Hlo 0 2 , ) as guaiacol boils at ZOOo C.* It was pointed out by Calvert many years ago, that carbolic acid forms a crystalline hydrate of the composition c6 H6 0, H, 0, which fuses at 17O C.This fact is usually ignored by the book-makers, though well known to carbolic acid manufacturers. This hydrate would contain 16.07 per cent. of water. When water is gradually added to carbolic acid with repeated shaking, the crystals become liquified and at length a portion of the water remains at the surface.In order to ascertain how much water carbolic acid would take up, a quantity of about 10 grammes of the crystallized acid was melted and boiled for a minute or two in a small weighed test tube to drive off traces of water. After cooling, it was weighed. Cold water was then added gradually, with repeated shaking, until about -2 C.C.remained as 8 layer on the surface ohthe liquified acid. This was then removed by cautious use of wet blotting-paper, and the residual carbolic acid was weighed. 9.190 grammes were found to have increased to 12.527, which gives 26.6 per cent. as the proportion of water in the liquid acid. On repeating the experiment, a liquid acid containing 27.0 per cent.of water was obtained. This fact is of importance, as showing that carbolic acid ill take up far more water than is commonly supposed. The proportion is also of interest, as it corresponds pretty closely with the formula Clg H6 0, 2 H, 0.f Hence the liquid acid may be regarded a definite hydrate of phenol, but the fact that warm carbolic acid will take up a larger proportion of water than the above, and that the water is entirely separated by agitation with benzol, is against this supposition.On trying a similar experiment with cresylic acid, I found that the water absorbed amounted to 13 per cent. of the hydrated acid. On repetition, the product contained 11 per cent. The distillations were conducted in an atmosphere of coal-gas. C,H, 0, H2 0 requires 12.7 per cent.of water. In the subsequent experiments, when mention is made of hydrous carbolic or cresylic acid, the products obtained as above are to be understood. 1. Action of Gold.-Absolute carbolic acid is solid at ordinary temperatures, and the hydrous substance solidifies in a freezing mixture of hydrochloric acid and cryetallized sulphate of sodium. Neither absolute nor hydrous cresylic acid, nor creasote, shews any signs of freezing on exposure to the same degree of cold.* According to 8ome observers at 210* C. t. The theoretical proportion of water in this compound would be 27.69 per cent,THE ANALYST. 321 2. Solubility in Water.-20 C.C. of water at about l q Q C dissolves 1.8 C.C. of hydrous carbolic acid. Hence the saturated aqueous solution contains 8.56 per cent.by weight of the absolute acid, corresponding t o a solubility of 1 part by weight of absolute acid in 10.7 parts of water. This is a far greater solubility than is generally attributed to carholic acid, the discrepancy being probably due to an impure acid being generally used. I n hot water carbolic acid is still more soluble. Hydrous cresylic acid dissolves in about 29 measures of water at about 20° C, which represeuts a solubility of 1 part by weight of absolute cresylic acid in about 31 parts of water. 3.Solubility at 1 5 ~ 5 ~ C(=6Oo F) in Solution of Cauetic Soda containing 6 per cent. of NaHO*.-Absolute carbolic acid is completely soluble in an equal volume of soda solution containing 6 per cent. of pure NaHO (free from alumina) ; addition of more of the alkaline solution up t o 6 volumes causes no change, the liquid remaining perfectly clear.Absolute cresylic acid is insoluble in small proportions of 6 per cent. soda solution. When a large excess (9 volumes) is added, it disappears and forms distinct crystals. Creasoto is practically insoluble in 6 per cent. soda. 4. Xolubility at 15.5O C in 8olutioB of Caustic Soda containing 9 per cent.of NnHO*. Absolute carbolic acid is soluble in an equal measure of 9 per cent. soda. On addition of any proportion of water up to 7 volumes the liquid remains clear, but is precipitated by 8 volumes of water. Carbolic acid is also soluble in two measures of 9 per cenf. soda, and is not precipitated by less excess of the reagent than 5 or 6 measures.Absolute cresylic acid is soluble in an equal measure of 9 per cent. soda, but is precipitated when the proportion of the reagent is increased to 34 volumes. If to a clear mixture of equal volumes of cresylic acid and 9 per cent. soda, a few drops of water be added, precipitation occurs, and when the proportion of water is increased to one volume the original bulk of cresylio acid separates out.Hence, cresylic acid is inaoluble in two measures of 44- per cent. soda solution. Creasote is iusoluble in any smaller quantity than two volumes of 9 per cent. soda. It is partially reprecipitated when the proportion of the solvent is increased to more than 39 measures. 5. Solubility at 15.5O Cin Solution of Ammonia (sp. gr. -880.) Absolute carbolic acid is completely and readily soluble in an equal volume of strong ammonia.The solution is not precipitated by addition of less than l& volumes of water. A mixture of 1 part of carbolic and 3 of cresylic acid is soluble in an equal measure of ammonia, but the solution is precipitated on adding even a few drops of water. Cresylic acid is almost insoluble in ammonia, requiring upwards of 16 volumes for solution, and then forming crystalline scales similar to those obtained by the use of soda. Creasote is practically insoluble in ammonia, requiring 60 to 80 volumes for solution.6. Behamiour with Bensol.-Absolute carbolic and cresylic acids and creasote are miscible with benzol in all proportions. The hydrous substances dissolve in 5 volumes of benzol with complete separation of the water.Hence benzol may be used for the determination of the proportion of water present in samples of carbolic and cresylic acid. This corresponds to a solubility of 1 volume in 11.1 of water. * These solutions contained respectively 94 and 91 grammes of water to each 6 and 9 grammes of pure caustic soda,322 THE ANALYST. 7. With Chloroform, Carbon Disdphide, or Ether.-Carbolic acid, cresy lic acid, and creasote, react in much the same manner as with benzol.Agitation with 9 per cent. soda removes them from their solutions in the above solvents. 8. Behaviour with Petroleum Spirit of sp. gr. -699 (commercial (( benzoline.”) Absolute carbolic acid dissolves half its volume of petroleum spirit, forming a clear liquid.On addition of a larger proportion of petroleum spirit precipitation occurs. With one volume of carbolic acid and three of petroleum spirit, the layers have about the same measures as the original liquid. Each layer however contains both liquids, as may be proved by cooling the tube with a freezing mixture (OF by wrapping filter paper round it, and dropping CS, on the outside) when carbolic acid crystallizes out.Absolute carbolic acid is permanently soluble in about ten measures of petroleum spirit a t 15.5OC (=60QF) The solubility is enormously increased by rise of temperature. Hence carbolic acid and hot petroleum spirit are miscible in all proportions ; OD the other hand, by cooling with a freezing mixture, the carbolic acid is almost wholly deposited. If the cooling occurs slowly, i t forms a heavy liquid layer with a portion of the petroleum spirit, but by rapid cooling, the carbolic acid is deposited in long crystalline needles, which render the liquid semi-solid.” Hydrous carbolic acid is almost insoluble in moderate quantities of cold petroleum spirit, which does not separate the contained water from it.(Another difference between benzol and petroleum spirit.) Absolute cresylic acid appears to be miscible with petroleum spirit in all proportions.No separation, either of crystals or liquid, occurs by exposing a solution of one measure of the acid in three of petroleum spirit to a freezing mixture. When hydrous cresylic acid is treated with cold petroleum spirit, the volume of the former increases somewhat by dissolving a little of the spirit, but on addition of a greater valurne of pretroleum spirit it undergoes slight solution.It is only very sparingly soluble in petroleum Epirit, requiring upwards of twenty volumes for complete solution, when the water separates. Creasote is miscible with petroleum spirit in all proportions, 9. Behaviour with Glycerine of 1.258 sp.gravity.-Absolute carbolic acid is miscible with Price’s glycerine in all proportions. A mixture of one volume of carbolic acid with ane of glycerine is not precipitated by an addition ?f three volumes of water. Ip presence of 25 per cent. of cresylic acid, precipitation occurs on addiag more than two volumes of water. Absolute cresylio acid is miscible witb Price’s glycerine in all proportions.A mixture of one volume of glycerine and one of cresylic acid is completely precipitated by one volume of water. Crcasote is insoluble in Price’s glycerine, whether the latter be added in the proportion of one, two, or three volumes for one of creasote. The sample of Price’s glycerine used for the above experiments was found to have a density of 1.258. 10. Behaviour with Collodion.-Absolute carbolic or cresylic acid when shaken with half its measure of Collodium B. P. precipitates the nitro-cellulose in a transparent gela- tinous form very difficult to see. It is best observed by inclining the tube and causing the * Crystallized carbolic acid may be used for distinguishing between coal-tar, benzol and petroleum spirit, In the latter it is sparingly soluble, and is re-deposited in a crystalline state by rapid cooling.With beneol it i d miscible in all proportions (the crystals of carbolic acid rapidly melting), and a solution of one measure in three deposit8 no crystals by rapid cooling,THE ANALYST. 323 liquid to flow gently from one end to the other. Creasote does not precipitate the nitro- cellulose from collodion, but mixes perfectly with its etherial solution. Addition of much creasote to a mixture of collodion and carbolic or cresylic acid, causes the re-solution of the precipitated nitro-cellulose.11, Reaction with Ferric Chloride.-The addition of one drop of a ten per cent. aqueous solution of ferric chloride to 15c.c. of an aqueous solution of cresylic or carbolic acid, causes a permanent violet-blue coloration.When creasote is similarly tested, a 51ue colour results, which almost instantly changes to green and brownish-yellow. Other distinctive tests for creasote and carbolic acid are to be found in the books, but are almost worthless in practice. Thus the reactions with bromine, sulphuric acid, and nitric acid, are far too much alike to be of service for distinguishing between these bodies.It has been stated that creasote differs from carbolic in its power of rotating a ray of polarized light. I redistilled a sample of Morson’s creasote to obtain it colourless, and carefully tried this test, expecting to find in it a possible means of determining the creasote in a mixture, but the rotatory power of creasote proved so exceedingly weak as to be quite worthless for the intended F ; ~ ~ F o s ~ , c)r even as a qualitative test.It is, however, quite possible that different samples of creasote may exhibit considerable differences in this respect, but if YO, the test is valueless for quantitative purposes, and the problem is not so much t o detect wood-tar creasote as to recognise an admixture of the coal-tar acids.I am also unable to confirm the statement that creasote gives a solid depoait when kept for some hours at the temperature of boiling water. I haTe not obtained satisfactory results by the reaction of an alkaline solution of the substances with hydrochloric acid and pine-wood, or with a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium. From the foregoing details it will be seen that in various manners carbolic acid, cresylic acid and wood-tar creasote can be readily distinguished from each other.The case, however, is very different when we have to deal with a mixture of the three substances, such as occurs in the case of a sample of creasote adulterated with crude carbolic acid. I n such a case many of the tests are greatly reduced in value or rendered absolutely worthless. As the problem is to detect the coal-tar acids in presence of wood-tar creasote rather than the reverse, only affirmative tests for the former bodies are of service, and in many cases these are seriously modified by the simultaneous presence of creasote.Thus, as has been pointed out by Mr. J. Williams, the ferric chloride test entirely fails to detect the presence of carbolic acid in a mixture of equal parts of that substance and creasote.The only marked differences I have been able to observe between Morson’s creasote and a mixture of equal measures of that liquid and Calvert’s No. 5 carbolic acid, are the foliowing :-- 4. When shaken with twice its bulk of 9 per cent. soda solution pure creasote was dissolved, and remained in solution when the solvent was increased to three volumes.The mixtzcrs was insoluble either in two, three or four times its volume of 9 per cent. soda. Thisanomalous result proved to be due to the presence of water, which reduced the strength of the soda solution. When the water was previously expelled by boiling the mixture of crude carbolic acid and creasote, solution took place with two volumes of soda.9. When shaken with Price’s glycerine (sp. gr. 1,258) pure creasote remained undissolved, though the proportion of glycerine was varied from one to three volumes. The mixed creasote dissolved completely and readily in an equal measure of glycerine.324 THE ANALYST. The liquid was not affected by a drop or two of water, but a further addition caused precipitation.A mixture containing 25 per cent. of creasote, when shaken with an equal measure of glycerine, was not precipitated by less than one and a quarter volumes of water. 10. Shaken with half its volume of collodium (B.P.) pure creasote dissolved to a clear liquid. The mixed creasote showed decided signs of precipitation when the liquid was allowed to run gently from one end of the tube to the other.With a mixture of two volumes of Calvert’s No. 5 acid to one of creasote, the precipitation of the nitro- cellulose was very marked. As carbolic acid, cresylic acid, and creasote boil at temperatures tolerably widely apart, I thought it might be possible to effect a sufficient separation by fractional distillation, to enable the test for the coal-tar acid to be more readily applied.For this purpose I introduced a mixture of No. 5 carbolic acid and Morson’s creasote into a small retort and distilled the liquid. The water, which came over first, was collected separately. The next portion of the distillate (amounting to about one-tifth of the whole bulk of the liquid) was boiled to free i t from a little water, and was then tested with glycerine and with collodion.It dissolved readily in the glycerine, and precipitated half its volume of collodion. Hence the carbolic acid of the mixed creasote was fairly detected, and there seems no reason why fractional distillation should not 8er~e for the detection of smaller proportions of carbolic acid, as it will certainly be most abundant in the first portion of the distillate.The ferric chloride test was not found of service for testing the distillate, sufficient creasote being present to produce a decided brown coloration. As the tests with glycerine and collodion are the only reactions of service with mixtures of carbolic acid and creasote, I did not think it necessary to apply the other tests to the distillate. It will be seen from my experiments that the high value usually attached to the glycerine test is amply justified.It has been stated that pure creasote was soluble in anhydrous glycerine. This is certainly ncjt my experience, but if it be true that some varieties of creasote. dissolve in absolute glycerine, they will doubtless be precipitated by the least dilution, and can thus be distinguished from mixtures containing considerable proportions of the coal tar acids. Mr. J. Williams examined a sample of German creasote which was supposed to be pure and which dissolved in glycerine, but the fact that 40 per cent. of the sample distilled at 200? to 203OC., together with otlicr characters, render it very probable that it contained an unacknowledged mixture of the coal-tar acids. It must not be forgotten that cresylic acid is much cheaper than carbolic acid, and is far more difficult to distinguish from creasote even when unmixed with the last substance. I have thought it best t o place my results on record in the fullest possible detail, as it is just the rjmission to do this that has caused so many confusing and incorrect state- ments t o appear in our test books. The tests described are rcmarkably liable to failure when the conditions are slightly varied. This is notably the case with the reactions with solutions of soda, a change of a temperature or strength of the solvent causing extraordinary rariations in the results. Nany of the experiments described in this paper were made under my direction by Xr. I;. BELCHBUTT, to whose perseverance and accurate observation I am much indebted.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN878030319b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 325 NOTES UPON THE DESIRABILITY OF FIXING BY ANALYSIS SOXE STANDARDS OF VALUE FOR BEER BASED UPON THE QEALITIES USUALLY BOLD IN LARGE TOWNS. BY CHARLES ESTCOUBT, F.C. S. Read before the Society of Public Analysts at Dublin, 19th August, 1878. THAT some definite standards both of strength and composition should be recogniscd for beer sold in the ordinary manner by retail, is I think, not only simply desirable, but absolutely necessary.I n order to show that it is desirable I will describe the state of things as existing in Manchester, which may be taken as a fair example of a large town. Some months ago I received several samples of beer, which in due course, I analysed. I subsequently ascertained what price had been paid in each case, and found, to my great astonishment, that even in a large town like Manchester, the public obtained at the wrious places, widely different value for their monej.I have estimated the value of thcse beers, taking as a basis the amount the Government would allow as draw-back if each brewer were to export instead of selling in the home market. This dravback or allowance on export, as you will probably be aware, is based upon the assumption that each degree of original gravity of the beer indicates a given quantity of saccharine matter used by the brewer.Well, I found that while one part of Manchcster got ex'cellent value for its money in the shape of beer, deserving of a drawback of 71$-pence, other parts of the same town had to be content with beers worth varying amounts, down to the lowest at 45+-pence.I give with this a table of details resulting from analyses of these beers, and it will be observed that not only does the original gravity of each differ, but the amount of alcohol in these beers variea considerably, the most costly beer not having by any means the highest amount of alcohol. This I need not say disposes of the rather original method devised by some gentleman for ascertaining from the amount of alcohol present how much water had been added to finished beer.A beer brewed from a very much smaller quantity of malt, say than Bass's pale ale, can by fermentation be made to contain much more alcohol than is found in Bass's. As only three qualities of beer are recognised by the gencral public in the large towns in Englnnd, I would suggest that it would be quite possible without seriously restricting the freedom of trade, to enact that these threo qualities should be (within certain limits) of certain definite original gravities, and as they are already well-known by the prices at which they are sold, I submit that the possibility of the course I propose is self-evident.In looking over the table appended tcj this, which table will I hope show the raison d' &re of the title of this short paper, I wish particularly to direct attention to some apparent discrepancies in the total mineral matter other than sodium chloride, which was found per gallon.Thus, although the mineral matter in some cases decreases or increases in quantity as the beer is of a lower or a higher gravity, still this rule does not hold good, and it is found that a beer having an original gravity of 1066.4 has more mineral matter per gallon (excluding NaC1) than the beer of 1069.0 original gravity. This serioue irregularity prevents our estimating the value of a beer, or its freedom from added water by the ash alone.As no doubt the members of the Society are aware the use of sugar is permitted in brewing, and it i 3 to the use of varying quantitiee of sugar A few considerations will convince us i t is also possible.326 THE ANALYST.with the malt in brewing, that these irregularities in the quantity of mineral matter in a beer are due. However, a low ash is fairly good evidence that a beer is not entirely made from malt. I have tried several methods for making an accurate determination of the value of a beer by analyses.The data required are :-The original gravity, (which also gives in the specific gravity of the extract, the percentage of solid matter) ; the total ash ; the sodium chloride ; the phosphoric acid; and the ammonia produced when the beer is Wanklynized. This method of estimating the nitrogenous compounds in solution in the finished beer was used by me some two years ago, and was used simultaneously by seyeral scientific brewers.The results obtained I have not published for two reasons, the main one being that I did not obtain permission from the brewers at Burton to publish my results, and the other is that my results were in many points necessarily incomplete. However, the phosphoric acid found and the ammonia produced by Wanklynising will fairly indicate the malt used, and the ash will indicate within certain limits the amount of sugar used.I n any beer analysis it is obvious that a knowledge of the water used in brewing is absolutely necessary. Regarding the use of bitters other than hops, I may, as I have already done, point out that the Government specifically refused, when aaked three years ago, to define beer as malt and hops.To obtain such a change it is necessary that not only the public analyst but the general public should work, and then, and nottill then, will a satisfactory result be arrived at. I must apologise for the incompleteness of this paper, and hope, before long, to forward the results of a series of analyses of genuine malt worts made into finished beers.(JRAYITXES OF GRAIAS PBB GALLON. ALCOHOL. Real Value By Ry Percantsge Origlnal by Beer. Distillate. Extract. per cent, Mineral Salt. Volnme Of Gravity' amount Of per per Proof Duty paid 'latter* than salt. cent. ceiit, Spirit. in pence. / c h -. expressod - Acetic ' XO. Acid Total d . 1 1009.6 991.21 1018-1 0.18 364.8 254.8 110'0 5.00 6.22 10 97 1056'8 71-26 d.2 1008-2 991.60 1016.5 0.16 197.0 185.0 12'2 4.76 5'92 10.42 1053.0 66.5 d. 3 1007.1 991.33 1016*6 0.15 233.0 214.5 18'6 4'92 6-14 10.80 1053.4 66-4 a. 4 1007.9 991.68 1016a0 0.13 179.5 173.0 6.6 4.71 5.85 10.32 1051'7 64'8 a. 6 1004.6 991*82 1012.3 0.17 200-2 112.6 27.6 4.62 8.76 10'14 1047'6 59*9 a. 6 1005.2 992.03 1018.0 0.15 219.1 194.6 24.6 4.50 6.61 9.86 lO4'la0 69'2 a. 7 1OCl9.7 994.80 1014.8 0.17 203.0 131.0 72.0 2-80 3.56 6.25 1035'76 45.5 8 1005.0 990,72 1014.0 0*18 233.0 184.4 48.6 6.31 6-61 11-62 1055*22 682 Percentage of extractive matter excluding the ash. By Balling's tables with correction as applied by Thudichum and Dupr6 in wine analysis. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 3.567. 3.631, 3.300. 3.662. 2.641. 2.666. 3.176 2.883.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8780300325

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

326 THE ANALYST. REVIEW, PHOSPHATES I N NUTRITION.* ALTHOUGE the review of strictly medical books is a matter outside our province, yet, when, as in the present case, we find an author honestly trying to apply the researches of analytical chemistry to the treatment of disease, it is a matter that strikes us as interesting t o our readers. *Pho,vprphates it& hTwtrition, and the Mineral Theory of Consumption and the Allied Diseases, by M.F. Anderson, L.R.C.P., Ed,, and M.R.C.S., Eng. London : Baillifre, Tindall & Cox. 1878.THE ANALYST. 327 Mr. Anderson's intentions and views as to the close relations of chemistry to medical science Rill be best seen by quoting his opening statements, in which he frays:- '' Chemistry has at all times, since men began to have any idea of this science, been of '' material help in the treatment of disease. '' I n the days of the old alchemists absurd expectations were held as to its future ' I probable influence on life, as the phenomena and chacges wrought under their hands (' were noticed, idcas were entertained that it would furnish means for prolonging or ' I perpetuating life in eternal youth, by the discovery of Eome new agent which would '' To this imaginary substance the term vital principle was applied, and men spent '' their lives searching after the phantom. Now that a knowledge of the laws of " chemistry and its sister science phjsiolugy, has taught us the fallacy of such views, we ' I Can pity the misdirected energy of these old students in their endeavours to discover " that which, according to thelaws of nature, could not exist.Our pity should, however, " be mingled with gratitude, for acting as the pioneers in a science which has conferred " great benefits on mankind, that have not yet reached their limit, as every year 1s " adding to our store of utility in its application. Although powerless to provide us " with perpetual youth, or prolong life beyond the allotted time by the means originally " sought after, chemistry may yet be made to minister in many wajs towards the main- '' tcnance of life, by lessening, remedying, or preventing disease, so that in course of '' time the old expectations formed as to its power may be to some extent realised, '' That up to the present time, chemistry has only acted an humble part in the " investigations aB to the cause and treatment of disease, is readily expluincd by the fact " that hitherto analytical chemistry has been acquired only by a few, who, as a rule, " pursued their work in a direction apart or distinct from phyeiology. Now that " chemistry is more generally taken up by the medical profession, and as more attention " is paid to quantitative analysis, and new and more perfect methods of analysis are " introduced, results will be obtained which in the past have been unattainable." Recent examinations of the inorganic materials in the soft tissues, and their " relative quantities, have led me to conclude that these substances exert a very important " influence in nutrition ; and their absence or presence in insufficient quantities, either '( from diminished supply or imperfect assimilation, is the origin of a class of' disease '' (organic) which have hitherto received no explanation as to cause.'' That my views, involving as they do doctrines entirely new, and carrying so (' large an issue as the curability of organic diseases, will be at once generally accepted, " is more than I can expect; but I am willing to trust to time and t o practical results in '' treatment to test their truth.Up to the present time treatment based on the conclusions " arrived at has in my hands met with remarkable success." The author then procceds to consider the inorganic constitution of thc various tissues of the body, the blood, and also nerve and brain matter. He illustrates his views by a large number of analyses, and shows that in all cases (except in the brain and nerves, which contain a slight excess of phosphoric acid), the mineral constituents are in such proportion as to form true tribasic phosphates-such compounds he regards as tissue phosphates, and gives inter ah's the following examples : Theoretical tissue phosphate, by his theory, should show in one grclrnme of mineral residue- arrest decay.Lime ... ... ... ... -214 Magnesia ... ... ... ... *074 Phosphoric Acid ... ... .I. 0338 Potash ... ... ... ... -208 Total Tissue Phosphate ... ... -634 Sodium, Chloride, &e. ... ... -166 1.000328 TEE ANALYST. Actual experiment gave him- Lime ... .I. ... ... 0214 Magnesia ... ... .. , . I . *074 Potash ... .." ... ... *208 Phosphoric Acid ...... ... a332 Total Tissue Phosphate ..* ... ,828 Sodium, Chloride, &c. ... ... -166 -994 Loss on Phosphoric Acid ... ... -006 1.000 So that his actual analysis comes within ,006 of his theory, that the phosphoric acid of the tissues is thus combined. Passing on to the contrast of the comparative effects of actual starvation and wasting aisease, the author asserts that while in the former the tissue phosphates do not decrease, in the latter the falling off is very marked.This is a point worth noting by chemists engaged in medico-legal investigatiohs. (' The external appearances and general condition of a body, when death has occurred I' from starvation, are so like those presented in cases of tubercular disease, as to afford an opportunity of adducing conflicting medical testimony in favour of one or other view f' as to cause of death.I n the late Penge case, for instance, analytical examination of ( 4 the tissues, and of their mineral constituents, would have materially helped in arriving [ ( at an opinion as to which of the two conditions caused death. In starvation the I' mineral constituents of tissue phosphate would not be materially lessened-from wasting 6 ' of the tissues, caused by the combustion of their organic matter, there would be an '( apparent increase in the percentage of mineral matter.On the other hand, in tubercular I' disease there would be a material decrease in t,he mineral matter as compared with the '6 general viasting." Coming to the actual treatment of disease, the author refers to the use of the hypo- phosphites, but argues that if any mineral food is supplied at all, the full constituents of the tissue phosphate must be contained in it.( ( From its chemical composition any hypophoephite can only partially be useful, if we allow that hypophosphorous acid is, at the right time and in the right way, con- (' verted into the requisite phosphoric acid-by no means a proven fact-a large L L proportion of the necessary bases must be deficient. My ideas of treatment extend l L beyond this; and I propose, by mpplying all the mineral ingredients of nutrition, to (' leave nothing to chance; so that if there be a fair amount of assimilation, all the The farmer who ( 6 calls in the aid of chemistry to enable him to ascertain the deficiencies oE his soil for (( any particular crop, does not, if he expects good results, limit himself to mpplying only (6 a portion of the ingredients wanted.He takes care that the manure he uses contains ( 6 all the mineral matter indicated to be wanted ; if he neglects to do this, his success can (' be but partial, and his crops will fall short for want of some one essential for their ( ( growth.The same rules apply to the growth and development of animal life as apply to the vegetable kingdom, as far as the necessity of certain chemical compounds for 6' their respective growth and dcveloprnent is concerned. '( Withont certain mineral constituents no plant can thrive, and without certain mineral matter no animal can live in health, the requirements of both are fixed and 4' definite, and chemistry can be used to point out their character and quantity.'' On the whole, without venturing to discuss the medical conclusions, we must say that the chemical investigations are both interesting and valuable. The book is the result, not only of much thought, but of continued practical work in the laboratory, and is very interesting reading from beginning to end. He says :- He says :- mineral elements for tissue fabrication, or renewal, may be present.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8780300326

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 329 ANALYSTS’ REPORTS. Mr. Estcourt, Public Analyst for the City of Manchester, in his quarterly report submitted to the City Council, lately said he had made analyses with the following results :-Ten samples of beer, al! genuine; 11 samples of milk, 1 adulterated with water to the extent of 10 per cent. and skimmed to the extent of 30 per cent., and 1 adulterated with water to the extent of 9 per cent.and skimmed to the extent of 50 per cent. ; 1 sample of sweets, which was genuine ; 1 of preserves, geriuine ; 2 of head, genuine ; 4 of arrowroot, genuine ; 5 of coffee, 1 adulterated with 25 per cent. of chicory ; 1 of cream of tartar, genuine ; and 1 of magnesia, genuine. Mr. Ralph Betley, borough analyst, has presented his quarterly report to the Wigan Town Council, in which he says : ‘‘ During the past quarter I have examined 7 food and drink samples-viz., 1 of bread, 2 of milk, 2 of beer, and 2 of spirits. All were of good quality.” Mr. Cornelius O’Keeffe, Public Analyst, bas been appointed by the Committee of Merchants to the oEce of Analyst to the Cork Butter Exchange, his duties being from time to time to take samples of the butter brought into the market and report thereon.-Giroccr,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN878030329c

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

330 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. THE ARSENICAL VIOLET POWDER CASE, At the Central Criminal Court, on the 7th of August, before Mr. Justice Field, IIenrg George Xing, Mr. Poland and Mr. Straight kurrendered to take his trial upon several indictments for manslaugbter. prosecuted for the Treasury ; Mr. Warner Sleigh and Mr. Crispe were counsel for the defence. The case that was taken charged the prisoner with the manslaughter of a child named Ringroae.On behalf of the prosecution it was stated that the prisoner carried on the business of a wholesale druggist and drysalter at Kingsland Green and had for several years been in the habit of manufacturing the article known as violet powder, whicb, under ordinary circurnstanccs, appeared to be composed of starch and orris root, or some description of perfume.I n 1875 the prisoner commenced the manufacture of some cheaper description of powder, in which terra alba, or sulphate of lime, was substituted for starcb, and this article was sold by him to a very large extent in penny packets, which were labelled ‘‘ For the Nursery, Superior Violet Powder, warranted free from grit..” The ordinary article manufaetured by the prisoner appeared to be perfectly harmless, but about twelve months ago the violet powder sold by him was found to be largely impregnated with arsenic, and the result was that a great number of children of poor persons residing at Loughton, where the powder was extensively wed, lost their lives, that result being undoubtedly attributable to the large quantity of arsenical poison contained in the violet powder sold by the prisoner.The fact of so many children dying in such an extraordinary manner attracted the attention of the local authorities in the first instance, and eventually the Government interefered in the matter, when an enquiry took place at the instance of the Treasury, and in the result the prisoner waa committed upon the present charges.The child whose death was now the special subject of enquiry was the daughter of a woman who resided at Shackleaell. I t was about ten days old at the time of its death, and it appeared that the powder supplied by the prisoner had been constactly applied to it from its birth. A postmortem examination byTHE ANALYST. 331 Dr. Tidy led to the discovery that the liver and other organs were largely impregnated with arsenic, and the death was clearly proved to be the result of arsenical poisoning.The portion of the penny packet of violet powder which remained was also analysed, and was found to contain arsenic in the proportion of thirty- eight parts out of one hundred, a quantity quite sufficient to account for the results that happened. The prisoner was examined as a witness before the coroner ; he appeared anxious to give all the information in his power, and declared that he was entirely ignorant as t o the way in which the arsenic had got into tbe violet powder.It also appeared that when his attention was called to the fact that the violet powder sold by him contained a large quantity of arsenic, he directed his traveller to get back all the packets he had Gold to his various customers, and the whole that remained in his possession mas destroyed.The case for the prosecution rested entirely upon the assumption that the prisoner had been guilty of criminal negligence in selling such a dangerous ingredient to the public. Dr. Tidy, professor of chemistry at the London Hospital, said arsenic was a very much heavier article than terra alba, and the bulk of the latter would consequently be much greater than that of arsenic. It appeared to him that a person of ordinary skill and caution, while making up packets of this description, ought to have detected the difference between the two articles.He be5eved that a portion of the arsenic found in the body of the deceased child had been absorbed through the skin and that another portion had passed off into the air while the child was being dusted with the powder, and been taken into the system through the mouth.I n answer to questions put by Mr. Warner Sleigh, in cross-examination, Dr. Tidy said that the body was very much decomposed, and although it bad been generally considered that arsenic was a preventive of decomposition, he had heard of cases where it had not had that effect, and he therefore did not regard it aa a positive fact that the presence of arsenic would delay or prevent decomposition.A long statcment made by the prisoner to a detective ofFcer was put in and read. I n this statement the prisoner described the articles used by him in the manufacture of the violet powder, the principal ingredients being corn flour, terra alba, orris root, potato starch, and rose perfume.He denied most positive11 ever having had any arsenic in his possession, and stated that he could not in any way account for the arsenic getting into the violet powder, but he suggested that upon one occasion when he sent to the shop of Mr. Fox, a wholesale chemist 2nd druggist in Bethnal Green Road, for 281b.of terra alba, arsenic had beensent to him by mistake. Mr. Henry Fox, jun., was called t o disprove the suggestion of the prisoner. He stated that he did not remember the prisoner having been supplied with 281b. weight of terra alba, and he did not think it possible that such an occurence as sending arsenic by mistake for terra alba, could have taken place.I n reply to Mr Warner Sleigh, in cross-examination, the witness said the wholesale price of arsenic was $11 or €12 per ton, whereas terr'a alba was not worth more than $3 or $4 per ton, so that it was clear that in the sense of cheapness there was no inducement for the prisoner to make use of arsenic instead of terra alba. Mr. Justice Field, at the close of the case for the prosecution, said he did not know what the jury thought of the case, but he certainly could not see what criminal negligence could be attached to the prisoner. The Foreman of the Jury said that a majority of them were of opinion that the death was the result of accident.Mr. Justice Field said that the opinion of a majority of the jury was not sufficient. Mr. Poland, in the course of a brief summary of the evidence, said that when the jury heard that 28lb of a deadly poison had been distributed for the purpose of being used upon the bodies of young children, and the fatal results that had attended it, he was sure they would be of opinion that the case was, at all events, one that ought to be fully inquired into.Mr. Justice Field said it was doubtless a proper case to be fully investigated.Mr. Poland added that the only question for the jury was, whether the prisoner was guilty of criminal neglect in supplying this poisonous article to the public. Mr. Warner Sleigh briefly addressed the jury for the prisoner, and contended that the prosecution had utterly failed in establishing any criminal negligence on the part of the prisoner, and that they ought to acquit him.Nr. Justice Field, in the course of a short summing up, said that, whatever might be the result of the inquiry, he thought there could not bc any doubt that from the very first the prisoner had met the charge most fairly, and that he had not only given all the information that he could in reference to the matter! but that the moment he was informed that there was some dangerous ingrediente in the violet powder manu- factured by him, he took measures to get back all he could of it, and destroy it.He then explained that before the jury would be justified in convicting the prisoner of this offence they must be satisfied that he had been guilty of some gross and criminal neglect. The jury at once returned a verdict of Not Guilty.Mr. Poland said that, after the full inquiry that had taken place, he did not think it adrisable to Verdicts of not guilty were, therefore, taken on all these cases, and the prisoner was ordered to be proceed with any of the other indictments against the prisoner. discharged,332 THE ANALYST. CHARGE OF SELLING ADULTERATED TINCTURE O F JALAP. At the Romsey Borough Bench, Mr.William Blissett, dispensary chemist, was summoned, on the information of Superintendent Kellaway, with selling adulterated tincture of jalap. Mr. Glaisyer of Birmingham. solicitor to the Chemists and Druggists’ Trade Protection Society, appeared for the defence. Superintendent Kellaway depoaed to having purchased from the defendant three ounces of tincture of jalap, and told him the purpose for which it was bought, I t was divided in defendant’s presence into 3 parta.One part he delivered to defendant, one to the analyst, Mr. Angell, the same dny personally, and he produced the third part. He also produced the certificate of the analyst, which stated that “The strength of the spirit equal to 16 per cent. under proof or 40’66 per cent. of alcohol by weight.There is therefore a deficiency of alcohol to the extent of a t least 9 per cent by weight. Three per cent. may fairly be alloned for loss of alcohol during preparations of tincture.” Mr. Glaisyer here asked that the analyst should be put into the witness box by the prosecutor, but this was refused. Mr, Glaisyer said he had given notice for Mr. Angell’s appearance, and that the case fur the prosecution would be incomplete if he were not called. The Magistrates decided that the prosecution could not be compelled to put the analyst in the witness box, Mr Glaisyer thereupon called for Mr.Arthur Angell, the county analyst, whe on entering the box asked the magistrates to whom he was to look for his expenses. Mr. Glaisyer said under the circumstances he would guarantee the fees, but he protested against the decision.On being sworn Mr. Angell gave the following evidence in answer to Mr. Glaisyer : I am public analyst for the county of Southampton. The certificate produced is mine, and the contents arc here.-cross- examined : I had the sample personally from the superintendent. I did not weigh the quantity of tincture I received.Tincture of jalap is made by steeping the jalap bulb in spirits. I am not a pharmacist, I obtained my knowledge from study. 1 do not remember what proportion of jalap is used in preparing the tincture. The tincture should contain 49 per cent. of alcohol and 51 per cent. of water. This is the liquid portion. I am not prepared to say what proportion of liquid there should be found in 100 parts of tincture of jalap.I cannot tell how much solid matter and how much liquid there should be in 100 parts. I have allowed three per cent. for solid, as stated in my certificate. There would be solid matter in the tincture. I am, however, not certain, but I think it is a pint. 1 did not weigh the solid matter. I took a weighed quantity of the sample and distilled it.I then took the distiliate and made it up to the same bulk m the sample. The temperature of my distillate was about 15 degrees centigrade. I then took the specific gravity ; the result was that the distillate ranged sixteen under proof. The solid matter is the active principle, I believe the spirit is of use medicinally. I believe there was sufficient pure jalap in the tincture to perform the functions of the medicine.I believe the absence of the alcohol did not a t all affect the efficiency of the preparation. At this stage of the examination the magistrates said they should not require Mr. Glaisyer to reply for the defence, as they had decided to dismiss the information. An application made by the solicitor for the defence for costs was refused, At the Bath City Police Court, recently, Francis Hilyer, dairyman, of 2, Upper Lambridge Street, was summoned for selling to Inspector Montague a pint of milk, not of the nature, substance and quality demanded, to his prejudice, on June 25th.Mr. Moger, clerk to the Urban Sanitary Authority, appeared to support the prosecution; and Mr. J. K. Bartrum represented the defendant.Mr. Moger said in this case the deprivation of fat was very considerable, which must have a very deleterious effect upon the health of infants and others who required pure milk. The certificate of the analyst, Mr. J. W. Gatehouse, was aa follows :-Water 88.60, fat, 2.20, ash, 0.72, caseine and sugar, 8.58, total 1CO. He was of opinion that the milk was deprived of 25 per cent. of its fat.Mr. Montagu deposed to purchasing the pint of milk of a man in the employ of the defendant, for which he paid him 2d. I n answer t o witness the man said he did not want to take a portion of the sample. Mr. Bdrtrum said the milk was purchased by the defendant, of two very respectable men, who he believed incapable of selling adulterated milk-Mr. Dill and Mr. Shellard. He had not very great confidence in the test of the city analyst, and their worships would recollect that he had been f i m d to be wrong in one or two instances, when the articles were subsequently sent to Somerset House. He was requested in this instance to ask that the milk be sent to Somerset House, and that the question of costs be deferred.The Bench assented to that application, and the case was consequently adjourned for that purpose.At the adjourned hearing on the 12th August, Mr. Payne (clerk to the magistrates) informed the justices sitting in pztty sessions, that he had received a report from the authorities at Somerset House, which was to the effect that the milk contained 2.69 per cent. of fat. That amount, though lower than was found in average milk of good quality, was equal to that of low quality.They therefore did not feel justified in saying that any of the cream had been abstracted. The certificate was signed by J. Bell and 6‘ Obserunlions.-This tincture should be made a i t h proof spirit. I believe the quantities should be 2; ounces of the bulb to a pint or a Zitre of spirits.THE ANALYST. 333 R. Bannister.Mr. Moger made some remarks tending to show that the difference in the analyses was due to the different times at which the tests were made. The Chairman said that although they were anxious to support the city analyst they could not enter into a chemical question. The case was then dismissed, At Brentford Petty Sessions, Mr. J. R. Hogarth in the chair, Mr. Samuel Foss, grocer, High Street, Brentford, was summoned by Mr.Gregg, an inspector under the Adulteration Act, for selling, to his prejudice, an article of food purporting to be butter, which was not of the nature, substance, and quality demanded. Mr. Gregg stated that on June 14 be visited the defendant’s shop, and bought a pound and a half of butter a t Is., a t the same time telling defendant that he wanted i t for the purpose o l sending it to the county analyst for examination.Defendant then said “ I will not Eel1 it to you as butter, but I will sell it as ‘ bosch’ butter,” to which witness returned ( ‘ I t doesn’t matter. You have given me the price of butter, and yuu may call i t by any name you like.” H e told defendant i t was necessary for him to put a label on the butter if he intended to sell i t as L L bosch,” and defendant then gave him a piece of paper from a packet lying on one side, Witness paid Is.6d. for the sample. B e produced the analyst’s certificate, which stated, “I am of opinion that the said sample contained no true butter, It consisted entirely of foreign fat other than butter fat, but such fat is not injurious to health.” The Chairman: In other worda, there was not one particle of butter in the sample you sent up to the analyst Mr.Smith: I am quite content. I t mas not injurious to healtb. MI. Smith submitted that the summons was altogether a fallacy, inasmuch a8 the purchase was not to Mr. Gregg’s prejudice, and he (Mr. Smith) quoted a case showing that as the tradesman was compelled, under a heavy penalty, to sell any article of food demanded by au inspector, every consideration should be given to the terms of sale.Defendant wan then called. H e produced an invoice showing that the article was consigned to him as ‘ 4 hosch ” and said that ‘I bosch ” and butter were considered by the trade 88 two distinct commoditiee, H e distinctly told Mr. Gregg that it was not butter, when the latter asked the price of it.Gave Mr. Gregg a paper containing the words - Notice.- This article is &old as imported, without warranty.” These papers were kept on the counter. Mr. Gregg pointed to the “bosch ” and said, Was quite certain he did not use the word ( L butter” at first. As soon as he called i t butter witness said-‘‘ We don’t sell that as butter; it is invoiced to us as ‘boscb,’ and we sell i t as ‘bosch.”’ Mr.Gregg repeated, (( 1’11 take a pound and a half of that butter,” pointing to the bosch,” and witness replied ‘‘I won’t sell that as butter.” MI. Gregg then said, ‘L Well, I’ll take a pound and a half of it,” and witness answered, ( < Wait till my assistant comes in, and then 1’11 serve you.” H e did not serve him till the assistant came.By the Chairman : Had been i n businem two years. Had never had a single customer ask to be served with ‘‘ bosch.” The Chairman : What do they ask for ? Witness : They ask for butter. By Mr. Gregg : Gave the printed notice before he had served the butter.” The Chairman said the magistrates had given the case special care and attention, and they felt that they could only arrive a t the conclusion that the evidence given by the inspector was truthful.H e (the Chairman) had put the question to defendant as to whether he had ever know2 a customer enter his shop and aEk to be supplied with bosch,” and the reply, unhesitatingly given, was “ Never.” There w u no ticket on the article, and he considered it very cruel that it should be sold to poor people as butter.Defendant might or might not give the purchaser a notice like the one that had been produced, but that did not state the article to be The preparation was no doubt meant for the consumption of the poor, and it was a tery hard thing that they should be deceived. Defendant might formerly have conducted bis businew in a proper manner, but it was not respectable to sell ‘( bosch ” for butttr.It mas the duty of the magis. trates to convict him, and the only question was as to the amount of the penally. He (the Chairman) thought that, properly speaking, it ought to be S20, the full fine, but some of the magistrates thought differently, and the penalty the bench inflicted was $6, or two months’ imprisonment. At the Wolverhampton police court, before Mr.Isaac Spooner (Stipendiary), Mr. Henry Hound, grocer and provision dealer, was summoned for selling adulterated bread. Mr. Vaughan appeared for the defence. Samuel Foy, assistant to Mr, J. G. Horder, the inspector under the Food and Drugs Act, for the district of South Staffordshire, proved to buying a loaf of bread from the defendant’s shop, and upon it being forwarded to Mr.J o n e ~ , the county analyst, he certified that i t contained 28 grains of alum to the 41b. loaf, and in his opinion such a proportion would tend to make bread indigestible, and thus injurious to health. In cross-examination Mr. Jones said the case was an average onu of alum adulteration, H e had, however, found as much aa forty grains in a 4lb. loaf in a former case.MI. Vaughan for the defence, said the defendant had been in the habit of buying his flour from respectable tradesmen, without having the slightest doubt as to its genuineness. He could also prove that in the baking process no alum whatever was placed in the flour. The Stipendiary said he should like to know if Mr. Horder pressed for a heavy penalty ; and he replied that he did not know of anything to take the case out of the ordinary line, The Stipendiary said it was a very serious offence to sell adolterated bread, and he should fine the defendant $10 and costs. AN IMPUDENT SKIM MILK SELLm.-Richard Bevan, of Doctor’s Piece, Willinhall, was charged with selling adulterated milk, On being charged, the defendant sarcastically remarked : A penny a quart, What is the price of that?’’ bosch.”334 THE ANALYST Mr.Spooner: I don’t care if it was a guinea a quart. Defendant : A ha’porth of milk; I should be ashanied to bring it into court. You shall not sell ruilk and water as milk; if you do I shall punish you. Samuel Toy, assistant to Mr. Horder,, proved purchasing half a pint of skim milk, and sending a portion of i t to Mr. Jones for analysis. The certificate of analysis of Mr. Jones was then handed in, and Mr. Spooner said 17 per cent. of water bad been added after the cream was taken away, Defendant said he should be ashamed to have a man brought into court for a quart ~f skim milk. Mr. Spooner told him he should not allow hiin to get money from people for milk and wattr as milk. Defendant made a sweeping accusation against the magistrate and inspector, whereupon Mr. Spooner told him if he did not keep a civil tongue in hie head he should punish him. Mr. Spooner : Be quiet. E e would be filled 1 2 and costs ‘I for selling skim milk and water as milk.”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN878030330b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

334 THE ANALY8T. NOTES OF THE MONTH. TEE Brewer’s Guardian in waxing jubilant over the recent dictum of the Lord Chief Justice that a sale to an inspector is not to the “prejudice of the purchaser,” has the following beautiful little specimen of trade journalism. 6‘ The Adulteration Act waa intended to protect poor persons from being imposed upon ; if they have reason to suspect any article they have purchased has been adulterated, they can get it analysed for themselves, at nominal fees, or report the matter to the local inspectors ; but we feel convinced the framers of the Act never intended that inspectors should be continually roaming about to obtain samples for the purpose of analysis, often only with the view of harassing and annoying a respectable tradesman.” The Act was undoubtedly made to.protect the poor, and the appointment of Inspectors is the only may by which such protection can be obtained. We can well picture the Brewer and his friend the respeutable (3) tradesman rubbing their hands with glee over the passing of an Act which would protect the poor man by compelling him first to find the necessary bottles, corks, and wax for dividing the sample; secondly, to advance tho necessary sum of half-a-guinea for the analysis, on the chance of recovering it afterwards on conviction; and thirdly, to lose one half-day’s work in taking the sample to the analyst, and another in attending the police court.We fear that the Brewer’s Guardian in the character of the Poor Z a d 8 Guardian ~avours somewhat of the wolf in ahee$s clothing. Recent correspondence in the #roaer shows that the National Chamber of Trade has not been glow to take what advantage i t could of the introduction of Mr. Isaac’B amendment into the abortive Sale of Food and Drugs’ Amendmmt Bill, sanctioning the sale of spirits diluted by water without defining any standard of strength, but only vaguely stating that regard should be had both to the extent of the admixture and the price at which the article is sold.I n writing to Mr. Sclater-Booth, on the subject, Mr. Morrison, the Secretary, remarks, it would be most unfair and illogical not to 6‘ recognise the same principle in the case of milk, or any other liquid or compound article ( 6 of food not injurious to henlth.” We oordially agree with Mr.Morrison’s remarks, as it is absurd to say that a publican should be permitted to dilute without making a declaration or being bound to a standard, while the unfortunate milkman who may follow his example is to be fined. It is stated that Mr. Anderson now bitterly regrets that he consented to Nr. Isaac’s amendment, and as a thinking man anxious to protect the public, he must feel that he has much cause to do so.But the worst complication was still to follow when the amendment was supported by the government, which is now pledged in principle to a course of action, which if logically carried out, must lead up to the point that a tradesman may sell without declaration any mixture he chooses, and so make a profit at the expense of his customers, so long a8 he does not introduce anything dangerous to health. So after all the National Chamber of Trade may congratulate itself that its advice ma8 not listened to,‘1’H B ANALYST.335 The necessity, however, for a comprehensive amending Act is becoming more and more apparent every-day, and the course lately adopted by the Hull Sanitary Committee affords another good illustration of it.Acting on the advice of the Town Clcrk, they decided not to prosecute in five cases of adulteration ; first, because of the recent decision that an Inspector when purchasing samples must use the exact words of the Act, and not merely state that they are being purchased for analysis ; and secondly, because of the view held by the Lord Chief Justice, or as Mr. Sclater Booth called it, “the arbitrary dictum of one learned judge,” than tin Inspector was not prejudiced by the sale to him for analysis of an adulterated article.Although the decision of the Sanitary Committee is much to be regretted, it is satisfying to note that the opinion of the Town Clerk, which was evidently based upon an imperfect knowledge of the facts was not allowed to pass unquestioned, even in the Hull local papers.We really hardly know whether to congratulate or sympathise with Faversham. It may be remembered that early in the present year the Town Council twice refused to appoint a Public Analyst, but ultimately, after receiving a third letter from the Local Government Board on the subject, agreed-though by no means unanimously-to have the terrible official the Board thought such a town should possess.Some six months or ao after this reluctant decision was come to we hear of a gentleman being appointed to the post. However, better late than never, say we, and we can only hope that hi8 office may not be made a sinecure, and that the members of this Town Council may soon find that the provisions supplied to them have improved in quality, which, we presume, is the only fact that would convince these gens of Solomon that wisdom is not the exclusive possession of Town Councillors.We cannot help referring t o another benighted place with a Town Council compoaed of wiseacres who are so satisfied with the condition of their town that they, like tho Frrversham Councillors, object to a Public Analyst coming in their midst, and in reply to a communication, the Town Council of Godalming have informed tho Local Government Board that they consider a Public Analyst for that place is not needed ! We don’t know what these Town Councillors are, whether tradesmen or manufacturers, but we hardly think they are competent to decide whether the town needs an Analyst.We should think the inhabitants-and especially the poorer class-would have given a different opinion as to the necessity of appointing one, and we have no doubt that in twelre months the gentleman appointed, if supplied with samples for analysis, would show such a raison d’etro for his office as would utterly astonish these intelligent Town Councillora.Perhaps we ought to apologize to our readers-we hardly know-for not publishing tho address of the President of the British Association, but when we Eaw that nearly every journal-medical, chemical, or comio-had found room for it, we came to the oonclusion that it would be better, considering our limited space, not to bore our readers with even an abstract of it; not by any means because the address was a bad one, but even chemists may have too much of a good thing.336 THE ANALPBT.GODALMINe.-At the quarterly meeting of the Town Council a letter from the Local Qovernment Board was read asking why a public analyst had not been appointed, and after a short discussion it was decided that they should be informed that in the opinion of the Town Council a public analyst is not needed.” Mr, Sidney Harvey has been appointed Public Analyst for Faversham.THE HULL SANITAXY COMMITTEE AND ADULTEEATION.-A meeting of this committee was held a t the Town Hall lately, Alderman King, M.D., in the chair. The Town Clerk (Mr. Todd) reported with respect to five cases of alleged adulteration referred to him that he recommended no prosecutions in consequence of two recent legal decisions. By the first deckion it was necessary that the inspector, on purchasing, should state not only that the articles were for analysis, but that they were for analysis by the borough analyst.The next decision waR the more important one, for if it was confirmed the Act was rendered nugatory, and would require amending in the future. The decision was that a borough Inspector was not a person prejudiced, as he did not purchase the articles to eat.Several of the committee remarked that it was an unfortunate state of affairs and adulteration might be as rife as ever unless private persons purchased goods and emploied analysts at their own expense. .4 resolution was passed adopting the recommendation not t o prosecute. Xastem Zoming News. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS. The following specifications have been published during the past month, and can be obtained from the Great Seal Office, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1871.Name of Patentee. Tltle of Patant. Price. NO. 4576 M. Hilton . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d. 4647 C. D. Abel . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Loaf Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. 4771 F.A. Zimmerman . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Pyroxylin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. 4888 8. Pitt . . . . . . . . . . . . Agglomerating Chemical Substances . . . . . . . . . 2d. 4833 H. Simon . . . . . . . . . . . . I’rocess and Apparatus for Developing Bromine. . . . . . 2d. 4880 W. Weldon . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Soda and Potash by the Loblanc Procees 4d. 1878. 12 36 92 120 133 186 195 208 230 256 304 356 523 A.Robinson nnd J. C. W. R. Lake .,. W. East . . . . . . W.R.Lake ... W. Weldon ... R. Messel . . . . . F. H. Atkins ... J. H. Johnson ... R. W. Wallace and G, W. Majert . . . . . . 1‘. T. Jones ... G. W. Von Nawrocki H. Simon . . . . . . Mellish ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christopher .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Sewage and Impure Waters Artificial Caoutchouc . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Sewage and other Waters ... Treatment of Carbonated Mineral Phosphates Manufacture of Soda and Potash . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . Preparing Materials for Filtering Water ... Dyeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purification of Gas... . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . Manufacture of Nitro-Glycerine . . . . . Manufacture of Soda and Potass . . . . . . Carbonizing Wool, Rags, &c. . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 . . ... ... I.. ..* ... ... ... ..I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 4d. 2d. 2d. 4d. 4d. 4d. BOOES, &c., RECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist; The Brewers’ Guardian; The British Nedical Journal; The Medical Examiner ; The Medical Times and Gazette; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record; The Medical Record ; The Miller; The Anti-Adulteration Review ; Jcurnal of Applied Science; The Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Dairyman; The bmericau Dairyman ; The Practitioner,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8780300334

出版商:RSC    

年代:1878

数据来源: RSC