摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900445

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

446 SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS The Determination of Free Silica in Coal-Measure Rocks BY A. SHAW B.Sc. (Read at the MeetiNg May 2 1934) IN silicate rock analysis no great difficulty is experienced in determining the amount of total silica present; to differentiate between the silica present in the free state and that combined as silicates is however a problem of much greater difficulty. In the past the problem has been attacked in various ways but the only method which has met with any degree of success is that evolved by Lunge: Mellor2 and others based on the “rational analysisJJ principle. The method appears to have been used mainly for the determination of free silica in clays, and has met with much adverse criticism on the ground that the results obtained were not in agreement with those calculated from the ultimate analysis.Although neither of these methods was capable of giving results of great accuracy no further work appears to have been done on the subject. Recently however in consequence of the research being carried out on the incidence of silicosis amongst coal miners, it became increasingly important that some reliable means of estimating the free-silica content of rocks and shales should be available; and with this object in view investigations were commenced in the Mining Research Laboratory Birming-ham to compare the various methods in use. Reference to existing literature showed that the methods capable of application to coal-measure rocks were that of calculation from the ultimate analysis and two modifications of the rational analysis.In addition Mr. H. V. Thompson of North Staffordshire Technical College and Professor Sollas each suggested a method that might be adapted to the determination of free silica in shales. Although neither of these two suggested methods proved capable of general application a short description of each may be of interest. THOMPSON’S METHoD.-This is based on the fact that quartz (sp.gr. 2.66) is converted into tridymite (sp. gr. 2-28) when heated under molten sodium chloride for forty-eight hoursa The loss on ignition of the sample is first determined and then the density of the ignited material. After conversion of the quartz into tridymite the density of the material is again determined. If so and s1 represent the densities of quartz and tridymite respectively do and dl the densities of the material before and after conversion of the quartz and p the percentage loss on ignition then the amount of quartz present in the original material can be shown to be assuming (i) That on ignition none of the quartz becomes combined with the remainder of the material SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA I N COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 447 (ii) That fusion under molten sodium chloride has no chemical or physical effect on the materials present other than quartz.(iii) That the free silica is present in the form of quartz with a density approximately 2.66. Samples of Bedlington shale Scotch Whinstone and dust from the Ooregwn Mines Mysore were subjected to the above treatment with the result that in each case the sample increased in weight after being heated with molten sodium chloride showing that combination had taken place.It was concluded therefore, that the method was not generally applicable and this conclusion was afterwards confirmed by Thompson who found that kaolin combined with sodium chloride under the experimental conditions. The residue of quartz felspar etc. from the rational analysis of a shale tested by Thompson’s method gave a result in good agreement with that obtained by correcting for the felspar present in the usual way showing that the method may be applied in exceptional cases where little or no combination takes place. The tests showed however that there was little possibility of the method being successful when applied generally to coal-measure rocks.SOLLAS’S METHOD.-The method suggested by Professor Sollas consists in the determination of the sp.gr. of the minerals present in the rock and their separation by float and sink tests the actual procedure being as follows: The sample is crushed to pass a 30-mesh sieve washed by sedimentation to remove fine particles and dried the sp.gr. of the constituent minerals being determined by means of the liquid diffusion column. This is prepared by placing in a long test-tube small amounts of mixtures of bromoform and benzene of varying sp.gr. the heaviest fraction first and the others in order of decreasing sp.gr. On standing diffusion takes place until the sp.gr. of the liquid varies fairly uniformly over the length of the tube i.e.the sp.gr. at any point in the liquid is dependent on the depth. The dried sample is introduced into the tube a little at a time to prevent the grains clogging and the tube is allowed to stand for a short time. The mineral grains sink until they reach a point where the sp.gr. of the surrounding liquid is equal to that of the grains and at these points the mineral particles float. By the introduction of various minerals or glass beads of known sp.gr. into the tube, a graph can be drawn showing the sp.gr. of the liquid at any point and from this and the relative positions of the various bands of particles the sp.gr. of the mineral constituents of the sample can be obtained. Separation of any particular mineral is then effected by immersion of a fresh portion of sample in a liquid of suitable sp.gr.whereby all heavier minerals are removed. This is followed by a further separation of all light minerals. Although this method has been used successfully by Sollas for the analysis of coarse-grained rocks it was obvious that greater difficulty would be experienced in its application t o the analysis of such fine-grained rocks as coal-measure shales. Moreover, the possibility of the presence in such shales of soda-lime felspars having specific gravities approximating to that of quartz would add to the difficulty of effecting a complete separation. In order however to obtain information regarding the accuracy of such separation several tests were made on artificial mixtures o 448 SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA I N COAL-MEASURE ROCKS quartz and orthoclase.The results showed that although good separations could be obtained with mixtures ground to pass a 30-mesh sieve the error in the case of finer mixtures was of the order of 10 per cent. As shales would have to be ground to pass a 60-mesh sieve at least in order to effect any appreciable separation of the mineral grains it was obvious that the method could not be applied to the separation of quartz from shales. RATIONAL ANALYsIs.-The two methods suggested by Thompson and Sollas having proved to be inapplicable attention was then turned to the much-criticised rational analysis. The many variations of this method in existence differ only in experimental procedure but the principle is the same viz. the attempt to remove from the sample under analysis all minerals except the quartz.The various minerals present are decomposed by suitable treatment with acids (sulphuric and hydrochloric) and the products of decomposition are removed by solution in water and Lunge solution (100 grms. of crystallised sodium carbonate and 10 grms. of sodium hydroxide in 1 litre of solution). Unfortunately however the decomposi-tion is seldom complete with the result that the residue obtained after such treatment contains not only the quartz but also varying quantities of undecom-posed silicates. A correction is usually made for the presence of these undecom-posed minerals by assuming them to be orthoclase the amount being calculated from the alumina present in the residue. This correction which is seldom accurate, has given rise to a certain amount of criticism but in view of the results obtained from the analysis of numeroqs shales in the Mining Research Laboratory it would appear that the error introduced is negligible in most cases.It is obvious however, that the correction will give rise to large errors if the sample contains large amounts of undecomposable silicates with an alumina-content differing greatly from that of orthoclase ; for this reason alone the method cannot be applied indiscriminately to all rocks. This correction is by no means the only source of error but before attempting to estimate the magnitude of the errors comparative tests were made to decide which variation of the rational analysis should be adopted the two methods chosen being a modification of that of Lunge and Millbergl and that of S e l ~ i g ~ with one or two minor alterations.The modified method of Lunge and Millberg is as follows:-Mix about one grm. of the finely-powdered material in a platinum dish with 40ml. of distilled water and 10 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid. Cover the dish with a clock glass and heat until fumes are given off. Allow fuming to continue for 15 minutes set aside to cool dilute with water and allow the mixture to settle. Decant the clear liquid through a filter retaining as much as possible of the insoluble matter in the dish. To the residue add 1 ml. of concentrated hydro-chloric acid and a little water boil allow the mixture to settle decant through the filter and wash. A further extraction with hydrochloric acid may be necessary if much iron is present.Next add 15 ml. of a 10 per cent. solution of sodium carbonate crystals boil dilute and decant. Repeat the extraction with another 15 ml. of sodium carbonate solution then transfer the residue to the filter wash with water and dilute hydrochloric acid and finally with water. Transfer the residue to a platinum crucible ignite and weigh. The residue is quartz and undecomposed silicates. The proportion of the latter may be approximatel SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 449 obtained from the mount of alumina present on the assumption that the undecomposed silicate is orthoclase. The alumina is determined by treating the residue with sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids evaporating until fumes of sulphuric acid are freely evolved extracting with water and precipitating the alumina in the usual manner.The weight of alumina multiplied by 5.41 gives a figure for the felspar which when deducted from the previous weight of quartz, felspar etc. gives the proportion of quartz. The method finally adopted in the Mining Research Laboratory Birmingham, was that of W. A. Selvig with one or two minor modifications the details being as follows:-Five grms. of the sample ground to pass 60-mesh I.M.M. are mixed with 300 ml. of dilute hydrochloric acid (2.5 per cent. by vol.) and heated to boiling in a deep porcelain dish of 1300 ml. capacity. The dish is allowed to stand for 2 hours or until the material has settled and the clear liquid is syphoned off. It is advisable to have a tap or pinch-cock in the syphon tube to reduce the rate of flow towards the end of the operation; if the syphon is clamped so that the end of the short limb is adjustable in the liquid it will be found possible to remove practically the whole of the solution without disturbing the solid material.The residue is stirred with 100 ml. of water 100 ml. of sulphuric acid (1 1 by vol.) are added and the mixture is boiled with frequent stirring until acid fumes are freely evolved. The temperature of the solution should not rise above 200" C . , and the total time of evaporation should be approximately 45 to 60 minutes. The dish is allowed to cool for 30 minutes and its contents are diluted with a litre of water well stirred and allowed to settle. The clear solution is syphoned off, and the residue is treated with 100 ml.of water and 100 ml. of the sulphuric acid and evaporated once more. After dilution and settling and syphoning off the solution the residue is neutralised with Lunge solution. If the amount of acid liquid remaining in the dish is large (20 ml. or more) 50 per cent. sodium hydroxide solution should be used for neutralisation to prevent excessive dilution of the Lunge solution in the following operation. Three hundred ml. of Lunge solution are then added and the liquid is heated to boiling with frequent stirring. After standing for two hours the solution is syphoned off and the residue is boiled for 5 minutes with 500ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid diluted to one litre, and allowed to settle. The acid solution is syphoned off the residue is neutralised with Lunge solution or 50 per cent.sodium hydroxide solution 150ml. of Lunge solution are added and the liquid is heated to boiling. After standing for two hours the Lunge solution is syphoned off and the residue is boiled for five minutes with 200ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Two hundred ml. of water are then added and the liquid is filtered through a Whatman No. 40 filter. The residue is transferred to the filter washed twice with hydrochloric acid (1 3 by vol.) and then with water until the washings are free from chlorides and finally, ignited to constant weight in a tared platinum crucible. To the ignited residue are added 5 ml. of water 5 to 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid and 15 ml.of hydrofluoric acid and the resultant liquid is evaporated on a hot plate until sulphuric acid fumes are evolved. The evaporation is repeated with two further quantities of hydrofluoric acid heating being continued during the final evapora-tion until sulphuric acid fumes are freeZy evolved to ensure complete remova 460 SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS of fluorine which would interfere with the determination of alumina in the residue. The contents of the crucible are extracted with water and the solution is filtered. The alumina in the extract is then determined in the usual way by precipitation with ammonia methyl red being used as indicator to avoid excess? The weight of alumina multiplied by 5-41 gives the equivalent weight of potash felspar and this subtracted from the weight of the ignited residue previously determined, gives the amount of quartz or free silica in the sample.The above method differs from that of Selvig in the use of a syphon in prefer-ence to decantation the grinding of the sample to pass 60-mesh I.M.M. instead of 200 and the removal of silica from the residue by evaporation with hydrofluoric acid instead of by fusion with sodium carbonate and separation of the silica by evaporation to dryness with hydrochloric acid. Four samples were analysed by each method the results being shown in Table I. Although the results obtained with two samples agreed well those obtained with samples R.121 and R.122 differed greatly. Duplicate analyses by Selvig's method gave consistent results whereas those obtained by the Lunge method showed great variations.As a further check Dr. Francis supplied results of analyses of two of the samples carried out in the Government Laboratory by Lunge's method and by Selvig's method. The results also given in Table I bear out the fact that Selvig's method is capable of giving consistent results whilst not. TABLE I THE MODIFIED LUNGE AND SELVIG METHODS FOR FREE SILICA Free SiO, that of Lunge is COMPARISON OF R.122 , Sample Lunge method selvig method' Per Cent. Per Cent. R.121 52.6 26-1 50.6 25.8 48.0 28.2' 38*2* 25*2* 36.9 21.3 46.2 20.1 43.3 21.9" 44.8' 19.3" R.123 4.0 4.5 29-8' 4.5 " Greys " 71.0 71-4 6897 71.1 * Figures supplied by the Government Chemist. As it was apparent that Lunge's method was liable to give rise to large errors, a test analysis of pure china clay was made by this method silica and alumina being determined in the various acid and alkali extracts.Table I1 shows the amount of silica and alumina in the different extracts compared with the ultimate analysis of the kaolin. It will be seen that whilst all the alumina had been extracted (which would indicate complete decomposition of the kaolin) only half the silica had been removed the remainder passing on to the residue an SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA I N COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 461 so giving rise to a high figure for the quartz present. The actual result obtained was roughly 20 per cent. of free silica by this method whilst that of SelVig gave a result approximately nil.It was evident from this that the alkali treatment in Lunge’s method was insufficient to remove the silica that resulted from the decomposition of the kaolin and that the high results obtained in the case of samples R. 121 and R. 122 were probably due to this cause. As a result of these tests it was decided to adopt Selvig’s method and investigations were begun with a view to estimating the magnitude of the errors which might arise. TABLE I1 DURING RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF KAOLIN BY THE LUNGE METHOD SILICA- AND ALUMINA-CONTENTS OF ACID AND ALKALI SOLUTIONS OBTAINED Silica Alumina G m . Gm. Sulphuric acid extract . . 0*OQ30 0.1798 Hydrochloric acid extract . . 0.0031 0.1892 Lunge solution extract . . 0.2334 0.0034 Total extracted . . 0.2395 0.3724 Ultimate analysis of kaolin .. 0.4833 0.3678 From a consideration of the analytical procedure gven above it will be seen that the chief sources of error are :-(i) Mechanical loss of quartz through syphoning; (ii) loss of quartz by solution in alkali; (iii) incomplete decomposition of minerals present other than quartz; (iv) incomplete removal of the products of decomposition. Rational analyses of samples of quartz showed that mechanical loss and loss due to solution in alkali amounted to 1-2 per cent. with quartz ground to 60-mesh I.M.M. and to roughly 6 per cent. with quartz ground to 200-mesh. The effect of the solvent action of the alkali done was determined by treating quartz and several shale samples with Lunge solution as in the rational analysis procedure, the extract being filtered and the dissolved silica determined by evaporation with sulphuric acid in the usual way.Table I11 shows that the maximum amount of silica extracted from the shales is 1 per cent. and that with quartz through 200-mesh only 2 per cent. is dissolved from a 5-grm. sample. As only 6 per cent. is dissolved from 045grm. of quartz it would appear that only the finer quartz particles go into solution and that when shales are ground to pass 60-mesh I.M.M. the amount of fine quartz produced is insufficient to cause any large error due to solution in alkali. The error may have been appreciable when the method was used for the rational analysis of clays the average diameter of the particles of which is less than 0*002mm. but with coal-measure rocks and shales the grain size is greater than 0-001 mm.and as a result the solubility of the quartz particles in Lunge solution is inappreciable. Moreover if desired a correction for this error may be applied by making a solubility test of the sample in Lunge solution. The third source of error viz. incomplete decomposition of minerals other than quartz is always present for the residue obtained from the rational analysis never consists entirely of quartz. A number of minerals were therefore subjecte 452 SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS to the rational analysis treatment in order to obtain information regarding the amount of decomposition that takes place under such conditions. As it was manifestly impossible to check the action of the rational analysis treatment on all known minerals only those minerals that are likely to occur in shales in any great amount were tested.Table IV shows the amount of decomposition that takes place when various minerals are subjected to the method of rational analysis, together with a partial analysis of the minerals before and after decomposition. TABLE 111 EFFECT OF LUNGE SOLUTION ON QUARTZ AND VARIOUS SHALES Quartz (5 grms. 200-mesh) Quartz (0-5 grm. 200-mesh) Llay Main “ Hard rock ’ ’ 60-mesh . . . . , , White shale $ 9 9 , Grey shale 3 , 9 , Floor J , ? Y , “Hard rock” ,, New rock gritstone Y, Cannock Chase shale 9 ) Pennant rock ,, Cannock Chase siltstone ), Cannock Chase siltstone ,, Free silica Per Cent. 100 100 44.6 . . 20.2 .. 27-5 . . 22.1 . . 38.9 . . 69.7 . . 30.8 . . 52.9 . . 49.4 . . 59.4 Silica dissolved Per Cent. 2.07 6.2 0.64 0.69 1 *03 1 -04 0.77 0.67 0.72 0.48 0.43 0.42 It will be seen that olivine epidote nepheline muscovite biotite haematite, limonite magnetite and ilmenite are practically completely decomposed by the treatment whilst hornblende augite tourmaline and garnet are only partly decomposed the quartz and felspar group being almost unaffected. The minerals which may possibly occur therefore in the residues from rational analyses of shales are quartz the felspars hornblende augite tourmaline garnet rutile and barytes. Actually in the course of the analysis of numerous samples of shales and coal-measure rocks from widely different areas experience has shown that the residues contain little or no iron which would indicate that hornblende augite, tourmaline and garnet do not occur to any appreciable extent in the residues.Assuming however that they do consideration of the alumina-contents will show the maximum error likely to be introduced by the assumption that the residue consists of quartz and felspar only. Analyses of shales have shown that the residues rarely contain 0.1 grm. of alumina ferric oxide etc. and assuming that this amount is the maximum likely to be encountered the correction to the residue for “felspar” present would be approximately 11 per cent. If however in an extreme case the alumina iron etc. had actually been derived from tourmaline or anorthite (A1,0, FezOS approx. 40 per cent.) then to obtain correct figures for the quartz present the appropriate factor 2 5 must be employed and the correction would then be roughly 5 per cent.Thus the error introduced by the assumption, that the residue consists of quartz and orthoclase would in this case be approxi-mately 6 per cent. In practice the normal correction that has to be applied is of the order of 3 per cent. so that even in the extreme case above the possible error introduced by the correction is less than 2 per cent. In most cases it i SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 463 undoubtedly much less as is shown by the absence of iron from the residues. The above remarks apply only to analyses of coal-measure rocks and shales. When the rational analysis is applied to igneous rocks the correction is responsible for errors sometimes amounting to 20 per cent.so that absurd results are obtained. TABLE IV EFFECT OF “RATIONAL ANALYSIS” ON QUARTZ FELSPAR ETC. Decomposition Mineral Quartz Flint Chalcedony Orthoclase Albite Oligoclase Olivine Hornblende Epidote Nepheline Muscovite Biotite Augite Tourmaline Kaolin Haematite Limonite Magnetite Ilmenite Rutile B ary t es Garnet Sericite Opal Through 60-mesh on 100-mesh Per Cent. 1.2 3.2 3.3 58.3 3.4 1-0 3.4 98.2 21.3 44.7 97.4 79.8 --3.9 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.8 4.4 3.4 42.4 64.4 -Through 200-mesh Per Cent. 5.8 7.2 7.3 59.4 7.7 5.1 8.2 94.3 35.0 90.4 95.9 93.0 98.1 57.4 15.5 90.7 99.9 99.6 99.7 99.6 27.8 29.4 86.4 63.8 Analysis of mineral 1 44 SiO Fe24 Per Cent.Per Cent. 97-31 0.90 -64.04 66-90 40.21 46-64 39-32 40.36 43.67 38-54 41-66 36-23 48.33 --20.83 21-68 24.88 11.18 25.70 34-95 35.96 39-95 44.75 22-43 41 *41 36-78 Analysis of residue I I a08 SiO F%4 Per Cent. Percent. 98-53 0.78 -65.51 67.27 64-69 58-83 51 *47 67.13 51-23 64-46 71-43 50.03 36.59 72.02 -19.79 21.12 23-33 14.47 23.25 20.87 21.16 27-17 20.53 11-60 41-28 19.07 - -59.24 26-56 The fourth source of error viz. incomplete removal of the products of decomposition tends to give high results. This has been found to be due almost entirely to the incomplete removal of the silica resulting from the decomposition of silicates present in the sample under analysis and confirmation of this is afforded by the results given in Table IV.It will be observed that the silica-content of the treated mineral is invariably greater than that of the original material the increase being greatest in cases where the mineral has been most affected by the treatment. The greatest increase is equivalent to 0.1 grm. of silica which would in the course of the ordinary analysis produce a positive error of 2 per cent. It has since been found however that by practically complete removal of the acid extracts during analysis neutralisation with 50 per cent. sodium hydroxide solution and washing the residues if necessary by decantation before neutralisation the concentration of the Lunge solution can be kept constant thus avoiding the dilution whic SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA I N COAL-MEASURE ROCKS neutralisation of excessive quantities of acid extract entails with the consequent incomplete solution of the hydrated silica.From the above experiments it would appear that the rational analysis for free silica when applied to coal-measure rocks and shales tends to give low results. With samples ground to 60-mesh 1.M.M.J mechanical loss and solution of quartz in alkali solution may reach a maximum of 1 per cent. and the correction applied to the residue may introduce an error of approximately 14 per cent. in most cases, whilst incomplete removal of hydrated silica should not with careful work be responsible for errors larger than 1 per cent.As the first two errors are counter-acted by the last the probabilities are that the method can in general be relied upon to give results accurate within 2 per cent. As a further test Dr. Francis of the Government Laboratory and Mr. Clarence A. Seyler kindly collaborated in the analysis of samples by the rational analysis method. The results which are given in Table V show that agreement to 1 per cent. may be obtained by different analysts. COMPARISON OF TABLE V RESULTS OBTAINED FOR FREE SILICA BY DIFFERENT ANALYSTS Analysts Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 r No. 1 Per Cent. 5.9 19.1 28.7 48.8 28-2 21.9 61.0 72.5 Nil 38.6 36-4 -No.2 Per Cent. Nil 8.0 19-4 42.5 25.2 19.3 58.8 70.4 Nil 38.2 35.6 -3 No. 3 NO; 4 Per Cent. Per Cent. 0.5 -7.5 -20.4 -30.8 -43.1 -26.0 -20.7 -59-0 -71.2 -Nil -37.7 37.7 38-0 38.0 ULTIMATE ANALYSIS-Attempts have been and apparently are being made at the present time to calculate the free silica-content of a shale from its ultimate analysis. Although this analysis can be made with a high degree of accuracy it is fallacious to assume that calculations based on the analysis must necessarily give accurate results. The widely divergent results that may be obtained by this method are shown in Table VI where the free silica-content of several samples has been calculated the minerals present being assumed to be in the one case, quartz felspars kaoEn etc.and in the other quartz micas and kaolin. Unless the chemist is supplied by the mineralogist with a list of minerals present in the rock he has no definite facts on which to base his calculations and with shales it is apparently extremely difficult to identify all the minerals present even by microscopical examination SHAW THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 465 TABLE VI FREE SILICA-CONTENT OF COAL MEASURE ROCKS BY CALCULATION FROM ULTIMATE ANALYSIS Sample s.33 Per Cent. Silica Alumina Ferric oxide Lime Potash Soda Loss on ignition . . Magnesia 54.32 24-35 4-27 1-26 0.69 4.02 0.73 10.28 Calculated free . . silica-conten t S.32 “Greys” S.54 Per Cent. Per Cent.Per Cent. 59-88 21.98 4.62 0-53 1.60 3.92 0.66 6.63 81.98 6-77 6.33 0.47 0.36 0.74 1.90 2-48 23-99 12.32 31.18 1 -04 2.43 0.64 0.01 23-71 19 64.2 4.0 Composition assumed to be quartz felspars kao-lin &c. 34.8 67 11.5 Composition assumed to be quartz micas kaolin, &C. Microscopical examinations of many of the coarse-grained rocks analysed by the rational analysis method have been carried out by Mr. S. H. Shaw of the Geological Department Birmingham University and micrometric measurements have been made of the free silica. The results to hand at the moment show fair agreement with those of the rational analysis. It was hoped that a further check might be obtained by X-ray analysis of the samples but information from the laboratories of Professor W.Bragg of Manchester is to the effect that results by this method have not a greater accuracy than &5 per cent. so that no useful purpose would be achieved by having analyses made in this way. It seems clear that of the methods reviewed for the determination of free silica in coal-measure rocks the method of rational analysis when properly carried out, is by far the most reliable at the present time. Though the results obtained may be low by amounts up to 2 per cent. the method appears to be far more accurate than calculations from the ultimate analysis micrometric measurements of shale sections or X-ray analysis. In conclusion I wish to thank Mr. H. V. Thompson and Professor Sollas for their helpful suggestions Dr.A. G. Francis Mr. Clarence A. Seyler and Mr. S. H. Shaw for their kind co-operation and Mr. J. Ivon Graham for his invaluable criticism and advice. MINING RESEARCH LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM REFERENCES l Lunge and Millberg 2. angew. Cltem. 1897,393,425. Lunge and Keane Technical Methods 2 Mellor Treatise on Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Ceramic Industries Vol. I. 1913. J . Chem. SOC. 1922 1442. 4 W. A. Selvig Carnegie Inst. Tech. Min. 6. Met. Invest. Bulletin 21 1925. Hillebrand and Lundell Applied Inorganic Analysis 1929. Hillebrand AnaZysis of of Chemical Analysis 1908. Silicate and Carbonate Rocks US. Geol. Survey Bull. 700 456 DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA I N COAL-MEASURE ROCKS DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that the Society was grateful to Mr.Shaw for the interesting paper on this question. He could realise the importance of the paper, especially if it had any bearing on the question of silicosis. Dr. W. R. JONES thanked the President for the opportunity of contributing to the discussion of this interesting paper which contained in addition to the author’s main conclusions valuable data which had not been previously published. Table IV for example brought out very clearly the great variation under identical chemical treatment in the relative amounts of solubility of different species of minerals composed entirely of free silica and also of different silicate minerals. He hoped that a study of that Table would prevent a repetition of such generalisation as made recently elsewhere that free-silica minerals were more easily soluble in the lung than natural silicates.There were several minerals composed of free silica yith widely varying degrees of solubility; there were dozens of natural silicates also with very marked differences of solubility. The speaker did not think it was helpful in the study of silicosis to base far-reaching conclusions as to what happened in the lung on such a sweeping generalisation which had long been refuted by mineralogists. He could not agree with the author’s conclusion that the determination of the free-silicate content of coal-measure rocks by the method of rational analysis advocated in the paper or by any other method of rational analysis was more reliable than that obtained by complete chemical analysis followed by the allocation of the constituents to the actual minerals present in the rock.On the contrary he believed with other geologists the reverse to be the case and for this reason the rational analysis was based on the erroneous assumption as had been pointed out many years ago by geologists that the alumina in many of these rocks could be allocated to potash felspar. Many coal-measure rocks particularly those in the working-places in the anthracite collieries of South Wales (where 90 per cent. of all cases of silicosis in the British coal-mining industry occurred) contained no potash felspar at all; that mineral had been completely converted into sericite. Now the ratio of alumina to silica in sericite was as 1 is to 1.243, whereas in potash felspar this ratio was as 1 to 3.5; in other words almost three times as much silica would be allocated to the alumina on the purely hypothetical and incorrect assumption that it was present as potash felspar as would be the case when the silica was allocated t o the alumina in the ratio for the mineral known to be abundantly present in these South Wales rocks.Dr. Jones here showed on the screen a photomicrograph of a typical sandy shale from a colliery that was notable for the number of cases of silicosis contracted there. This Sandy shale contained no potash felspar but hundreds of fibres of sericite were clearly visible. He would ask how was it possible with such a rock, to obtain the percentage of free silica by allocating the alumina according to the rational analysis method to potash felspar? He could understand the attraction of a method which would enable analysts to return the consistent results referred to in the paper but would point out that the consistency was obtained by arrbitrarily multiplying the alumina-content in all these cases by 5-41.With this type of rock the results-would be consistently low in the free-silica content. Moreover these rocks often contained one per cent. or over of titanium oxide, weighed as alumina by the rational analysis method and this further contributed to lowering the percentage of free silica. The unreliability of this arbitrary allocation of alumina could be seen in Table VI where a difference of 17.2 per cent. (34.8 minus 17.6) was shown between the free-silica content of the first two samples.Yet the difference given in the potash content was only 0.1 (4.02 minus 3.92). Similarly in the same Table, under S. 33 two arbitrary allocations of the same analysis showed a differenc DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 457 of 15.8 per cent. (3443 minus 19) of free silica. He would ask the author if the figure 34.8 was not a misprint for 24.8 or thereabouts? He would like to put it on record that geologists in all countries who had studied this question had no faith in the results of rational analysis of certain types of rocks such as many of the coal-measure rocks and had frequently said so. The speaker’s criticism of parts of the paper did not however prevent him from congratulating the author on a valuable piece of research.The author had definitely shown that Lunge’s method was unreliable and had established that by his modification of Selvig’s method it was possible with rocks of certain types, to obtain the relative (not the speaker submitted the actzlal) percentages of free silica that was a distinct advance on any other rational analysis method and would probably prove of economic importance in the pottery industry. Dr. HALDANE remarked that Dr. Jones had referred to a statement of his (Dr. Haldane’s) at a discussion of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy about the solubility of silica and other minerals. He thought Dr. Jones’s statement was extremely misleading but perhaps Mr. Shaw would deal with that later. In the Selvig method the stone being analysed was treated with strong acid again and again in order to decompose the silicates so far as possible but was not treated with strong alkali for two hours.The alkali was mainly sodium carbonate and was used in weak solution in order to minimise the solution of pre-existing free silica present in the stone. Great precautions were taken not to dissolve any more of the free silica pre-existing in the rock than could be helped and the figures given showed the amounts which were nevertheless dissolved in the not strongly alkaline solution. He was not going into the very vexed question of silicosis that evening because it was a medical question and he would not refer to it except to say that he disagreed very thoroughly and completely with Dr. Jones’s conclusion on that point (not expressed at this meeting but in another Dr.R. LESSING said that he thought that the difficulty about the so-called “rational” analysis was that the substances which one liked to isolate were destroyed in the course of this procedure and that he thought was the main criticism which Dr. Jones had to make on the work put before the meeting. As one destroyed practically all the silicates the only original material left over was free silica. Now a true “rational” analysis would be something on the lines of the Sollas method. Apparently this method was not very accurate and did not give good results. At the same time he would like the author to consider whether, by certain refinements which might be applied the specific gravity separation in different solutions might be brought to such a pitch of perfection that the ideal of obtaining the original constituents of the sample in isolated form might be reached or approached.Then Dr. Jones and his brother geologists might be satisfied. On the other hand he thought that it was quite clear that ultimate analysis to which certain arbitrary calculation was applied could not give them the results they would like to have. From the point of view of silicosis although that was not to be considered that evening it might be interesting to know whether the method had been applied to silicotic lungs. One point in connection with Table IV had struck him rather forcibly and it might perhaps furnish a bridge over the chasm between Prof. Haldane and Dr. Jones on the question whether silicosis was caused by free silica or by other minerals such as sericite.Of all the materials examined in Table IV, it happened that sericite was the only one which left a residue containing 94 per cent. or something approaching the silica-content of pure quartz. That might be significant or not for its physiological effect. On the other hand Dr. Jones had taken it for granted that only a small percentage of sericite was left as residue. He personally made it 35 to 37 per cent. Perhaps this might be worth very paper) 458 DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS serious examination. It might be found that sericite after all would furnish a residue even without this drastic chemical treatment which left the silica behind not differing greatly in composition from quaxtz.The investigation might be carried further in this direction. He differed from Dr. Jones whose work he admired in his criticism of the methods applied in this course of analysis. He appreciated his argument on the shortcomings of rational analysis from the point of view of the mineralogist. He thought however that the behaviour of the petrological entities under the chemical treatment applied to them*might on further study give some indication of what was likely to happen say to quartz and sericite, when subjected to biochemical reactions in the lung tissue or the lymphatic juices. Mr. E. M. HAWKINS speaking from the purely chemical side said it had been his fortune (or misfortune) to have to do such analyses lately and the Selvig method as originally put forward was a very long business particularly where one had to work single-handed.He therefore thanked the author for speeding up the process. It should be remembered that as a rule the alumina found was from 0.3 to 0.9 per cent. so that with the factor 5-41 the amounts of felspar would be between 2 and 5 per cent. If this alumina should really be calculated to some other mineral than potash felspar and another factor should be used the error in the “free silica” would not amount to more than 2 or 3 per cent. at the outside. He did not think that Dr. Jones’s criticism was quite justifiable for the purpose of these analyses was to show the difference between one shale and another. He thanked the author for this very interesting paper and particularly for the way in which he had traced the various errors likely to occur so that by the final method comparable results could be obtained.Professor BOSWELL welcomed the account of methods of rational analysis described by Mr. Shaw and expressed the hope that chemists would be able to develop them further so as if possible to avoid the methods of calculation that had been criticised that evening. The amount of error introduced into the estimation of constituents other than free silica by multiplying by a theoretical factor depended of course on the quantity of silica in the rock. If the rock happened to be a high-silica material the error would be small. The geologists’ method of determining the mineral composition was to interpret the rational analysis by separation and examination under the microscope of the constituents.They recognised however that this was not an entirely satisfactory method, for while minerals could be separated from coarse-grained rocks the technique became more and more difficult with fine-grained rocks such as clays and shales. Although work was proceeding in this field no technique was at present satis-factory. On the other hand calculation of composition from chemical analysis was not a safe procedure. He (the speaker) therefore appealed for the extension of the methods of rational analysis so as to avoid if possible the use of factors such as 5.41 for orthoclase felspar. In this connection he had had during the war to investigate the resources of potash in this country.Theoretically pure potash felspar should show 16.9 per cent. of potash but if apparently pure samples yielded more than 10 per cent. of potash they were exceptional. Thus the composition of even an individual mineral varied considerably from the theoretical figure given in the!ext-books. Dr. B. S. EVANS asked if the fuming with sulphuric acid in Mr. Shaw’s process was essential; obviously it would tend to dehydrate the silica thereby rendering it more difficult to dissolve in the alkaline solution afterwards employed. Mr. J. I. GRAHAM said that he would like to say a few words regarding the amount of time Mr. Shaw had put into this work. The subject seemed perhaps, to be treated scantily in the paper but he knew what a long time had been spent on the investigations and how carefully Mr.Shaw had gone into the various points. Another direction in which the rational-analysis method had been applied in the DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 469 Mining Research Laboratory was for the examination of the very small samples of dust which they were collecting from the air in mines. The analysis was done on 0.15 grm. instead of on 5 grms. as advised by Mr. Shaw and the same procedure was followed with the exception that they centrifuged before decanting. When they got down to the final residue which they assumed was felspar plus free silica they had recourse also to treatment with hydrofluoric acid. The total residue should have been alumina plus potassium sulphate and a factor based on that assumption was used viz.2-01. The results agreed very well indeed with treatment as carried out by the method described by Mr. Shaw in which the test was made on 5grms. This work was done by Dr. Skinner and he (Mr. Graham) felt that it supported the claim that the rational-analysis method as advised by Mr. Shaw was reasonably accurate. The quantity of felspar was only comparatively small and the error was not great. The error in any other known method for determining free silica was so great that it was worth while having a method like that of rational analysis even if it were only correct within about 2 per cent. Mr. SHAW replying said that Dr. Jones had referred to the action of alkalis on quartz and silicate minerals. It was a definite fact that quartz and other forms of free silica were more soluble than silicate minerals in alkaline solutions.The work of Lunge Schwartz and Doelter had shown that whilst quartz was appreciably soluble in boiling sodium carbonate solution it was necessary to digest the felspars with sodium carbonate solution under pressure at 200" C. for some weeks before they were attacked. Table IV showed the effect of acid treatment on various minerals. The extraction with Lunge solution was necessary to dissolve the hydrated silica resulting from the decomposition of the silicates by acids and had little or no effect on the silicates. Referring to the question of calculations from the ultimate analysis he wished to point out that the felspars had not been calculated from the alumina. He had followed the geological method of calculating the Norm and had calculated the amounts of felspars in the one case and micas in the second case from the potash, soda and lime contents of the sample.Excess alumina had been assigned to kaolin and the remaining silica calculated as quartz. He did not agree that it was erroneous to assume that the alumina in the residue from a rational analysis came from felspar. He had examined a number of samples from the anthracite district in South Wales and the residues contained less than 1 per cent. of felspar. If as Dr. Jones stated these rocks contained sericite then these analyses confirmed the fact that sericite was decomposed by the rational-analysis treatment as he (the speaker) had thought from the results shown in Table IV.The high silica-content of the residue after treatment of the sericite by the rational analysis method was due in his opinion to the fact that the sample was not pure. It was extremely difficult to obtain pure specimens of many minerals and if anyone could supply him with a sample of pure sericite he would be extremely grateful. Whilst titanium oxide was a common constituent of rocks it was not present in amounts greater than 1 per cent. in the majority of cases. Moreover ilmenite was completely decomposed by the rational-analysis treatment and rutile was partly decomposed so that it was by no means obvious that the ' I 1 per cent. or more of titanium oxide " would remain in the residue and be subsequently weighed as alumina. The rational analysis so far as he personally was concerned was merely a means of determining the free-silica content of rocks and shales and he was not interested in the amount of felspars or micas present except in so far as it enabled him to apply a correction to the residue and so obtain a more accurate result for the free silica.He had used a modification of the rational analysis introduced by He disagreed with Dr. JonesJs remarks concerning titanium oxide 460 DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS Mr. Graham and Dr. D. G. Skinner for the analysis of small samples to estimate the free silica in the residue from a silicotic lung. Although duplicate analyses agreed well he was not inclined to put too great faith in the method as he thought that the result was considerably below what it should be owing to solution of the fine quartz particles in the Lunge solution.Professor Sollas’s method had been applied to English rocks with considerable success but it did necessitate the presence of coarse-grained rocks. He had tried to improve the separation of fine-grained rocks by using a centrifuge but had not met with much success. In any case attempts to separate quartz from coal-measure rocks by this method were not likely t o be successful as there was always the possibility of the presence of soda-lime felspars in the rocks with specific gravities approximating closely to that of quartz. He agreed with Professor Boswell’s remarks concerning the calculation of the composition of a rock from the ultimate analysis. As a help to geological classification the method was perhaps useful but his problem was to determine the actual amount of quartz present and the geological Norm might have no relation at all to the actual mineral constituents of a rock.With regard to the point raised by Dr. Evans he agreed that excessive treatment with sulphuric acid might result in dehydration of the silica with subsequent incomplete solution in Lunge solution. That was the object of con-trolling the temperature of the acid at 200” C. The idea of the method was to decompose all silicate minerals necessitating strong attack with acid and to remove the products of decomposition. He was of the opinion that fuming with sulphuric acid below 200°C. did not affect the solubility of the hydrated silica in alkali solution.The analyses of the residues of minerals (through 200-mesh) after treatment given in Table IV showed that a certain amount of silica remained undissolved but the greatest amount was only equivalent to 0.1 grm. or 2 per cent. on the original sample. Mr. CLARENCE SEYLER wrote as follows:-The paper of Mr. A. Shaw is of great interest and importance in view of the problem of the relation of silicosis to the amount of “free silica” in rocks. It confirms my opinion that the method of “rational analysis,” as applied to argillaceous rocks is the best available if properly carried out with the precautions mentioned by Mr. Shaw. One of the most important points is the careful regulation of the temperature during the digestion with sulphuric acid. A thermometer should always be immersed in the liquid and the process carefully watched so that the temperature does not exceed 200” C.Since adopting this precaution I have had no difficulty in getting reason-ably consistent results. The objection that finely-divided quartz may pass into solution in the treatment with the alkaline solution is met by extracting the original material under the same conditions with the alkali and determining the dissolved silica. The only assumption involved in the method is that the “felspathic residue” has the composition of orthoclase and can be calculated from the alumina. Since, however the amount of alumina in the residue is nearly always small the possible error from the assumption is also small. It can be minimised by making a complete analysis of the residue.No careful analyst would omit a petrographical examina-tion of the specimen. In my experience the estimate of the quartz formed by experienced petrologists agrees remarkably well with the “ rational analysis.” It is a far simpler proposition to estimate the percentage of quartz from the ultimate analysis of the residue than from that of the original rock. The ferro-magnesian minerals have been mostly removed as well as the decomposable minerals which form the “argillaceous matter”; these are difficult to identify under the microscope and very variable in composition. The determination of the amount of “free silica” (by which quartz is no doubt meant) has apparently lost some of its importance smce the Silicosis Order In my experience the amount so dissolved is small DISCUSSION ON THE DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICA IN COAL-MEASURE ROCKS 461 has altered the definition of a “silica rock,” which was formerly defined as one containing over 50 per cent.of quartz. In reality however I do not see how a “silica rock” can be defined without reference to the amount of quartz it contains. The classification of sedimentary rocks by geologists is in a very unsatisfactory condition. This had no great practical importance until the question of silicosis arose. I do not wish to offer an opinion upon what silicosis is and whether it is due to “free silica” or to silicates. As matters stand however it is very important to have working definitions of “silica rock,” sandstone grit (or “gritstone ”), shale and rocks of intermediate character.I do not think that such definitions should present insuperable difficulties. Sand and grit can be reasonably defined by the range of size of the particles. For most purposes only quartzose sand need be considered. To define a sandstone not only the percentage of quartz and the size-range of the particles but also the compactness of the rock would have to be considered. Loose sand is to the geologist a “rock,” but it is not a stone. Probably the hardness could be used for purposes of differentiation if a satisfactory measure of it were adopted. Rittinger’s law connecting the hardness with the work done in crushing grinding or breaking and the new surface produced would probably be useful since the surface depends upon the fineness of the particles, especially those of the smallest size which are the most dangerous.In any case, it appears to me that a siliceous sandstone must consist chiefly of quartzose particles that is as a dividing line must contain over 50 per cent. Thus the work of Mr. Shaw supplies us with a fair measure of at least one of the factors in the definition. Mr. N. SIMPKIN sent the following contribution to the discussion:-I have read the paper by Mr. A. Shaw with considerable interest particularly in view of the fact that Mr. Graham of the Mining Research Laboratory at Birmingham was good enough some time ago to forward me full details of the method which Mr. Shaw has been using for the determination of free silica. We have carried out a number of determinations of the free-silica content of various types of coal-measure strata from the Lancashire coalfield by the method which Mr. Shaw is using and have found that in duplicate determinations very satisfactory agreement can be obtained; for example with a rather highly siliceous shale duplicate tests yielded 43.26 and 43-89 per cent. of free silica whilst another shale yielded 24.96 and 25.15 per cent. of free silica. A further test of the method was made by comparing the results thus obtained with the results of the microscopical exanfination of certain coal-measure rocks. The latter determinations were made independently in the Palaeobotanical Laboratories of the Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Research Association and the following table gives the results obtained with Mr. Shaw’s method as compared with micrometric measurements of the free silica. The latter method fails, however when the grains of the rocks are of a certain fineness. With coarse and medium-grained rocks however it will be seen that very good results were obtained. Free Silica Chemical Microscopical A r 1 Material Method Method 1. Siliceous shale 43.6 46.0 2. Mud stone 3. Fine-grained shale 4. Argillaceous sandstone 49.6 5. Sandstone 75.8 75.0 Grain-size too fine 52 E35 } The agreement in the above table is good particularly when it is realised that the determination by the chemical method was made on a piece of the material about half-an-inch thick cut out of a lump of the rock the microscopical method being employed on the adjoining face from which this piece of rock was cut

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900446

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900462

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900465

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr.E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper. Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness.He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper. Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness.He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E.M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country.Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper. Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900468

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr.E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper. Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900474

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900479

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900482

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given. However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results.Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900484

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock. Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent. Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it.In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes.Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.WILLIMOTT AN INVESTIGATION OF SOLANINE POISONING 439 DISCUSSION The PRESIDENT remarked that it seemed somewhat strange that potatoes in certain states (old potatoes, green potatoes, etc.) were often described as highly toxic to stock.Many hundreds of tons had been used as stock feed, and he had never actually known of any stock poisoning. Of course, it could be argued that the potatoes used for feeding were often cooked, and much of the solanine dissolved out, but, on the other hand, a large number of these potatoes were used uncooked, and, therefore, stock did consume this vegetable with its full content of solanine, and, so far as he knew, without detriment. During the war a circular was issued, stating that potatoes were an injudicious feed for horses, and setting out the maximum amount that should be given.However, potatoes had been given to horses in limited quantities without bad results. Mr. C. E. SAGE said that cases of solanine poisoning were not infrequent, but he knew of no fatal one, caused by eating the bright red berries of Solanum dulcamara, which grew plentifully in this country. Solanum nzgrum, which had white flowers and black fruits, were sometimes eaten by country children, but he had never met with any casualties. Until recently the fruits of Solanum carolinense were used in America for the preparation of a tincture for medicinal use. I t grew plentifully as a weed in the Southern States, and the orange-coloured fruits were known as Sodom apples. The alkaloids, solanine and solanidine, existed in the fruits, and, as the negroes had used it for a long time as a remedy for falling sickness, the alkaloid could not be particularly toxic, although it was undoubtedly potent.Solanum chenopodium was a native of Queensland, and some thirty years ago he had isolated the alkaloid solanine from it. In Brazil, S. aculeatissimum was the plant yielding Sodom apples. It also contained solanine. With all these sources of solanine, and with potatoes and tomatoes containing it, there seemed to be no great danger from its toxicity. The leaves of S. nigrum were boiled and eaten in the Hawaii Islands, and the fruits known as “fox’s grapes’’ could be eaten in small quantities without any harmful effects. With sprouting potatoes it did not seem beyond the bounds of possibility that some product of decomposition might have caused the illness of people recorded in the paper.Mr. W. PARTRIDGE said that his only experience in the determination of solanine was in connection with a case in which it was alleged that potatoes had been tampered with and had caused illness. He had used the Meyer process, as outlined by Harris and Cockburn (ANALYST, 1918,43, 133) , but with the improve- ments (including the correction for solubility in ammonia wash-water) of Borner and Mattis (ANALYST, 1924, 49, 284). The potatoes in question, substantial areas of which were green, contained 19 mgrms. of solanine per 100 grms. Taking the attitude that normal potatoes contained about 2 mgrms., and never niore than 8 mgrms. per 100 grms., and that 25 mgrms. per 100 grms. were known to be dangerous, he had felt justified in associating the symptoms, minor though they were, with green potatoes. Mr. E. M. HAWXINS remarked that there seemed to be something in the wisdom of old-fashioned country folk. Thirty years ago when, fresh from the town, he went to live in a rural district, the old country folk instructed him that a potato which was allowed to get green through exposure above the earth was likely to be dangerous to human beings and to animals, and he, therefore, never used them. He thought it significant, in the Glasgow case, that more solanine was contained in potatoes which were green from exposure to sunlight than in the white tubers, and the paper certainly bore out this same contention.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9345900487

出版商:RSC    

年代:1934

数据来源: RSC