ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94469FP003

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94469FX005

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94469BX007

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

FEBRUARY 1944. THE ANALYST Vol. 69 No. 815 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS AND OTHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS Obituary MABEL BEATRICE ELLIOTT HONORARY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY THE death of Miss Elliott will be felt as a personal loss by many for she had the great gift of friendship. Born in 1885 she was educated first at a private school in the north of London and then at a German convent school in Holland where she acquired a fluent knowledge of German and Dutch Afterwards she studied in Brussels and became equally proficient in French. On returning to England she took a course in business training at Pitman’s Commercial College where ‘incidentally she was awarded the prize for French and German. She also won in open outside competition the All-England gold medal for speed in shorthand and typing in foreign languages.When the war of 1914 broke out she was working as foreign correspondent with an engineering firm in the City. Immediately she offered her services to the Postal Censor-ship then newly established as a branch of the War Office. Beginning at the bottom as an unknown Examiner it was not long before she was promoted to be a Deputy Assistant Censor. While she was in charge of a room of Examiners her keen observation led her to suspect that an apparently innocent business letter contained invisible writing and on applying heat to the paper she brought to light a secret message of the German spy, Kuepferle; at the subsequent trial in the Tower and at the Old Bailey this evidence was an essential link in the case for the prosecution.That night Kuepferle hanged himself in Brixton prison leaving a confession written on a slate that he was a German officer. Shortly afterwards Miss Elliott again discovered secret messages in the letters of two more German agents Miiller and Hahn and her evidence helped to convict them both. A few months later she was promoted to be Assistant Censor a post demanding organising ability and tact and so successful was she that in the following year she was chosen to be Censor in control of the whole of the women (over 3000) employed in the Postal Censorship. For these services to the country she was made an M.B.E. and was also awarded the Palme d’un Officier d’Acad6mie by the French Government. After the war Miss Elliott opened a secretarial and translation bureau in Westminster, and this led in 1921 to her association with the Society when she was appointed indexer and business manager of THE ANALYST.In the following year she became an unofficial assistant to the Secretary and for the next 15 years she gave efficient and ungrudging service to the Society being affectionately known as the “O.G.” When she retired at the end of 1937 from the secretarial side of the Society’s work the Council showed their appreciation of all that she had done by presenting her with a diamond wrist watch and’ electing her an Honorary Member-the only woman on whom the Society has conferred this honour during the whole of its 70 years. This retirement did not entirely sever her connection with the Society for she continued to be the official indexer of THE ANALYST to the end of her life.At the outbreak of the present war Miss Elliott threw herself with her usual energy into the war work of her district in London. She took a prominent part in all the activities of the W.V.S. such as acting as interpreter to Belgian French and Dutch refugees after Dunkirk and escorting train loads of women en route to an internment camp. Then having passed the examinations of the British Red Cross Society she gave all the time she could spare to nursing. It was soon recognised that she had the qualities of a leader and she was invited to become Commandant of the 78th Middlesex Detachment. In a very short 3 34 MANN THE SEPARATION OF ,&CAROTENE NEO-,$-CAROTENE AND while she had won the affectionate loyalty of all who served under her.Many of them will recall the fearless devotion with which during the autumn of 1940 she tended the old people at a Sick Bay returning home night after night during the incessant air raids and having to take shelter in doorways from the falling shell splinters. The gradual failing in her health forced her to take up work less arduous than Red Cross nursing although her enthusiasm and her will power remained unweakened. Thus, she helped to organise a local branch of the Red Cross Penny-a-Week Fund becoming its Hon. Treasurer controlled a local depot of the National War Savings campaign and worked with the Red Cross Hospital Supply Association to the very last; even when she was too ill to go out she had the meetings of the working party in her own home and supervised them from her bed The end came peacefully in her sleep on ’January 9th.At her funeral at Golder’s Greer crematorium she was received by a guard of honour of detachments of the British Red Cross Society and the W.V.S. and within the chapel representatives of the other organi-sations with which she had been so closely associated were among the large gathering which included her brother Mr. A. H. Elliott Mrs. Elliott and other relatives and intimatt friends. At his special request the President (who was unable to be present) and Mrs Melling were represented by the Editor and the Society was represented by Dr. H. E. Cox (Vice-Presided) Mr. G. Taylor (Hon. Treawurer) and Mr. J. H. Lane (Secretary). Miss Elliott had asked her old friend the Rev.W. I. Bulman Vicar of St. Gabriel’s Cricklewood, to conduct a simple service and had herself chosen the music for it. Her choice of Mendelssohn’s Spring Song for the dismissal was a final gesture typical of her whole attitude towards the ills of life; she wanted no mourning. Mabel Elliott’s sympathetic nature and thought for others endeared her to everyone with whom she had anything to do and so the number of her friends was constantly increas-ing. Her deep interest in the affairs of others was sincere-not merely a polite convention-and those (and they were many) who came to her with their troubles knew instinctively that she would not spare herself to help them. But she also loved to share in the pleasures of others. Many of us who attended the enjoyable meetings of ’the North of England Section at Scarborough and Llandudno will recall with what zest she joined in every amusement that was suggested. She had a dry rather subtle humour but it was coupled with a sense of fun; one never heard her make an unkind remark or impute unworthy motives. She would not let herself be cast down by troubles that would have made many despond. Even when it came to the last great trial she faced an operation and a painful lingering illness which she knew would probably prove fatal with the same unflinching spirit that she had shown towards the German blitz A favourite quotation of her’s was Hugh Walpole’s “It isn’t life that matters! She could have no more fitting epitaph. Unquestionably she was the Good Companion. Still more outstanding than these traits was her courage. It’s the courage we bring to it.” C. AINSWORTH MITCHEL

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900033

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

34 MANN THE SEPARATION OF ,&CAROTENE NEO-,$-CAROTENE AND The Separation of P-Carotene Neo-P-Carotene and Xanthophyll of Dried Grass Pasture Grass and Silage BY T. BARTON MANN (Read at the Meeting October 6 1943) INTRODUCTION-If has long been known that farm stock responds to an intake of green food whether fresh or as dried grass or silage by laying up a stock of @carotene and vitamin A in the liver or depositing one or both of these substances in the milk colostrum or the egg and it is generally accepted that the animal derives vitamin A from the /3-carotene occurring in the green food. It would not be true to say however that the quantity of /%carotene in the foodstuff is the only factor influencing the quantity of this pigment or of vitamin A laid down b XANTHOPHYLL OF DRIED GRASS PASTURE GRASS AND SILAGE 35 the animal in the liver milk or egg.For example I and probably others have observed that for a given soil poultry deposit a greater proportion of /%carotene and vitamin A in their livers and eggs when grazing on new pastures than on old. This can only be explained on the assumption that for some reason the /?-carotene is more available in new pastures. It is none the less important particularly in view of the fact that dried grass is bought largely for its p-carotene content that any method of estimating this pigment should give a true figure for the amount present. The present paper describes a rapid and convenient chromatographic method using bone meal as adsorbent for separating p-carotene from other pigments that occur with it in dried grass xnd with modifications the method may be extended to the separation of #I-carotene from other pigments in fresh or preserved green leaf material.The view that partition of the yellow pigments of grass on phase separation between light petroleum and 90% methanol allows only p-carotene to pass into the petroleum phase is erroneous for it has been shown that this petroleum fraction is not necessarily a soln. of @carotene alone. Moore,’ using dicalcium phosphate as an adsorbent showed that /3-carotene was not the only petrol-soluble yellow pigment in green leaves and demonstrated that with prolonged storage of alfalfa leaf meal the /?-carotene content as shown by the adsorption method of analysis diminished at a greater rate than was indicated by the Peterson-Hughes2 phase separation method.Further Moore has stated that preliminary biological tests op the petrol-sol. non-/3-carotene pigments indicate an activity of only 1 to 2% of the total carotene of the original sample. SeaberS also showed that by dissolving the “carotene” fraction in light petroleum containing 3% of aceton and passing the soln. through an adsorption column of Merck’s alumina it was possible to remove up to 30% of the pigments. The more highly adsorbed pigment appeared to be definitely non-carotene in character but Seaber was unable to identify the compound. Beadle and Zscheile in the examination of fresh vegetables asparagus broccoli leaves tips and stems spinach peas and green beans found the B-carotene of hexane extracts to fluctuate from 79.2 to 89-670 the remaining pigment being mainly neo-/3-carotene a term used by these workers in preference to the pseudo-a-carotene of Zechmeister.Beadle and Zscheile consider #%carotene to be the parent substance of neo-/3-caroteneJ and evaluate E:k 442*5mp hexane 2060 for the latter pigment. In my opinion the term “neo-p-carotene” appears suitable for describing this pigment which seems to be very closely related to j9-carotene and it is used throughout this paper. The tentative official method for estimating p-carotene proposed by the Carotene Committee of the Crop Driers’ Association6 regards the petroleum fraction of grass extract (after suitable treatment to exclude- chlorophylls and partition with 90% methanol to remove xanthophyll) as essentially the pro-vitamin A carotene of dried grass.It is unable to distinguish between high and low pro-vitamin A pigments and may often result in an analytical and monetary value being placed on dried grass beyond its biological worth. The following rapid and accurate technique which I have developed will be found suitable for the routine analysis of dried grasses for /3-carotene; it also includes the separa-tion and spectroscopic identification of neo-#I-carotene and xanthophyllic pigments. EXTRACTION OF PIGMENTS FROM DRIED GRASS SILAGE ETc.-weigh a suitabIe quantity of dried grass (3 g of a sample of poor quality or 1 g of one of good quality) and grind with fine hard sand with an agate pestle in a porcelain or an agate mortar until the grass is smooth and flourlike.If the sample consists of fresh leaf material and silage, grind it with anhydrous sodium sulphate together with the sand and if it is silage neutralise the acidity by further addition of 1 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate for each 5 g of silage. Next transfer the sample and sand to a Soxhlet thimble in a straight-throngh drip-type extraction tube fitted with a 100-ml round flask and a reflux condenser rinse the mortar until free from colour with a few ml of ether into the flask and extract on a water-bath with a mixture (1 3) of acetone and peroxide-free ether freshly distiMed from sodium. Maintain the water-bath at a temp. just sufficient to boil the acetone-ether mixture. (If /%carotene determination only is required use a mixture of light petroleum and acetone (3 1) for extraction and for rinsing the mortar.) After 30 min.remov 36 MA" THE SEPARATION OF /3-CAROTENE NEO-8-CAROTENE AND the thimble re-pound the grass and re-extract for 15 min. Again re-pound and re-extract for a further 15 min. Any colour then remaining in the grass will be due to chloroph y Us. Transfer the acetone and ether extract of the grass (or petroleum-acetone extract if only /%carotene is being determined) to a 300-ml round-bottomed flask and distil on a water-bath until only ca. 6 ml remain. Complete the evaporation by blowing nitrogen or carbon dioxide into the flask which is meanwhile rotated on the bath. Then add 10 ml of light petroleum and blow into the flask as before until the extract has a viscous consistence. Next add 30 ml of light petroleum mix the contents of the flask by shaking and immediately cool under running water.PREPARATION OF ADSORPTION COLUMN-Bone meal (commercial steamed bone flour, feeding bone flour) previously extracted for 24 hr. in a straight-through drip-type extraction tube with a mixture of light petroleum (b.p. 40"-60" C.) acetone and ether 3 1 1 (to remove fat and sterols) until no more colour can be extracted is used as adsorbent for chlorophylls neo-/?-carotene and xanthophyll as follows. Mount a glass tube 6 in. long by 1 in. internal diam. and having a narrower open stem 3 in. long at the base on a filter-flask put a small plug of cotton wool in the bottom of the tube and press it firmly so that ca. &in. of the stemis filled with wool leaving &in.in depth in the tube proper. Next place the extracted bone meal in the tube to a depth of 2 in., then another layer of cotton wool and finally a *-in. layer of anhydrous sodium sulphate. Lightly tap the tube during filling and press the contents gently but not too tightly, with a flat-ended rod. To obtain bright solns. of /?-carotene pass ca. 30 ml of acetone through the column of bone meal and then remove the acetone from the column with about 60 ml of light petroleum. SEPARATION OF /?-CAROTENE FROM OTHER PIGMENTS-APP~Y gentle suction to the column and pass some light petroleum through it. Before the column is dry add the grass extract in light petroleum and rinse the flask with light petroleum until no petrol-sol. pigment remains the successive washings being added ta the column.If xanthophyll and neo-/?-carotene determinations are required ( c j . next paragraph) add a few ml of ether to the flask to dissolve any xanthophyllic pigment adhering to the flask wall. Then close the flask with a cork and set it aside until needed. Elute the column with light petroleum until no further colour can be removed and throughout the separation maintain it in a flooded condition. Chlorophylls neo-p-carotene and xanthophyll will remain adsorbed, and the eluate will contain the total 8-carotene; 100 ml of light petroleum are usually sufficient to elute the whole of the 8-carotene from any of the suggested samples. Finally, estimate the #%carotene in the yellow soln. by the usual spectroscopic or colorimetric methods. separation of chlorophylls neo-13-carotene and xanthophyll the following procedure has been adopted.Elute these pigments adsorbed on the bone meal by passing ether through the column; it is impossible to elute the whole of the chlorophyll with ether but in practice 100 or 150 ml are sufficient to remove the yellow pigments and most of the chlorophylls. Return the eluate to the original round-bottomed flask and reduce to ca. 5 ml by dis-tillation from a water-bath at as low a temp. as possible. Add 5 ml of colour-free 30% methyl alcoholic potash (freshly prepared) and heat the extract under reflux with an air condenser for 10 min. with periodical shaking. Cool the flask and transfer the contents to a 500-ml separating funnel using ca. 50 ml of peroxide-free ether in all to rinse the inside of the flask and adding the rinsings to the funnel.Also use GO ml of water in portions to rinse the inside of the flask add these to the contents of the funnel and shake the whole gently. After standing the yellow pig-ments will be found dissolved in the upper ether phase while the potassium chlorophyllins remain with the lower aqueous phase. Drain the latter phase into another separating funnel and re-extract it with further 50-ml portions of ether until no more colour is extracted. The extraction of a small quantity of chlorophyllin along with the yellow pigments will not vitiate subseqiien t operations. Combine the ethereal extracts wash with water until the washings give no colour with phenolphthalein evaporate by distillation and blow nitrogen or carbon dioxide into the flask exactly as described for the preparation of the original extract; take up the SEPARATION OF CHLOROPHYLLS NEO-/?-CAROTENE AND XANTHOPHYLL-FOr the After 2 or 3 extractions the shaking may be more vigorous XANTHOPHYLL OF DRIED GRASS PASTURE GRASS AND SILAGE 37 residue in ca.30 ml of light petroleum pass the soln. over a fresh column of bone meal, prepared as previously described and then pass ca. 150 ml of light petroleum through the column in order that neo-/3-carotene and xanthophyll may be adsorbed (Note vide infra). Add a few ml of acetone to dissolve any adherent xanthophyll cork the flask and set it aside. After adsorption of these pigments the column while still damp with light petroleum is transferred immediately to another filter-flask and flooded with benzene (thiophene-free) and gentle suction is applied.The eluate contains the whole of the neo-/I-carotene E ii 454mp benzene 1900 (provisional). Remove the benzene remaining on the column with light petroleum elute the xanthophyll with acetone and add the eluate to any xanthophyll in the flask which has been corked and set aside; Ei'& 447mp acetone 2400 (provisional). Lastly remove the acetone with light petroleum leaving the column ready for many further similar separations. Note-At this point especially with dried grasses which are aged a slight amount of colour may be washed through the column. This pigment gives two absorption bands in the visual spectrum 445mp and 475mp (in light petroleum). It has not yet been possible to obtain sufficient of this pigment to investigate and identify it.SUMMARY-A method is described for the separation of /I-carotene of dried grass and leaf material from all other yellow pigments and chlorophylls by the use of extracted bone meal as an adsorbent. A method is also described for separating neo-/3-carotene from xanthophyll after removal of /3-carotene and chlorophylls extracted bone meal being used as an adsorbent. A combination of both methods is suitable for the analysis of leaf material whether fresh dried or preserved for the estimation of /I-carotene neo-/I-carotene and xanthophyll. Extracted bone meal is easy to prepare cheap and readily obtainable. Its filtering properties make it especially suitable for use in chromatography. Its use for the deter-mination of /3-carotene in green leaf material makes the customary treatment with alkali for the removal of chlorophylls unnecessary.Next elute the column with benzene until the eluate runs colourless. ADDENDUM THE QUESTION OF PSEUDO-a-CAROTENE Beadle and Zscheile4 state that the purpose of their paper is "to show that the carotene fraction from certain fresh plant material consists of 8-carotene plus a pigment which is distinguishable chromato-graphically from p-carotene." They consider this pigment to be neo- 8-carotene and identify i t with pseudo-a-carotene recorded in the literature. I am unable to accept this identification and consider that Beadle and Zscheile by turning from the manipulation of pigments found in plant extracts to pure ,!?-carotene in an endeavour to discover the part played by this new plant pigment in the ,!?-carotene isomerisation complex led themselves to confuse neo- ,!?-carotene with pseudo-a-carotene.Gillam and El Ridi,6 dealing with crystalline ,!?-carotene have shown that pseudo-a-carotene having an E max. a t 446mp in light petroleum b.p. 70"-80" C. is an isomer of 8-carotene and is capable of reversion to 8-carotene on further chromatography. Neo- 8-carotene the second pigment of fresh plant extracts, has an I< max. a t 4426mp in hexane which is only slightlv displaced in light petroleum b.p. 70"-80" C., and under the conditions of my examination in light petroleum has not been greater than E max. 444mp. The order of adsorption on alumina of the carotene pigments of fresh plant extracts beginning with the more lightly adsorbed is ,!?-carotene (sometimes another pigment probably 8-carotene monoxide) and neo- &carotene.As ,!?-carotene only of all these pigments is not retained on a column of bone meal from light petroleum {b.p. 40"-60" C.) containing fresh grass extracts it is interesting to follow the isomerisation of 8-carotene with the formation of pseudo-x-carotene from freslil y prepared extracts of fresh grass. For the purpose of the expts. a bone meal column was used as described above and 4 columns (10 x 2 cm of alumina which was in such a critical state of activation that pseudo-a-carotene readily separated from ,!?-carotene. Such selective adsorption is difficult to secure but I used Brockmann's standardised alumina ex Merck which from repeated use had lost its adsorptive properties and effected the necessary critical re-activation by heating a t 380" C.for 30 min. Young lawn grass from a recent sowing was ground with sand and sodium sulphate and extracted for 30 min. with light petroleum and acetone the operations being carried out as soon as possible after collection of the grass. The extract was evaporated by distillation and carbon dioxide was blown into the flask as described above and the residue was dissolved in light petroleum which was passed through the column of bone meal to obtain a soh. of 8-carotene. This ,%carotene soln. was immediately passed through the first column of alumina and the chromatogram was developed with light petroleum until two distinct zones formed.The upper ,!?-carotene was of a salmon-pink colour and the lower pseudo-a-carotene, was hrownish-vellow. It was impossible to effect complete separation of the zones but further development of the column with light petroleum resulted in the elu ion of the base of the lower zone. This eluate 38 MANN THE SEPARATION OF #&CAROTENE NEO-/?-CAROTENE AND containing pseudo-a-carotene free from j3-carotene wits immediately passed through the second column of alumina. Here again two zones formed the upper salmon-pink and the lower brownish-yellow, The expt. was continued until pseudo-a-carotene soln. free from j3-carotene had been passed from the second through the third and from the third through the fourth column in sequence in each instance with identical results. The pseudo-a-carotene reverted immediately to 8-carotene the proportion reverting being about 9/10 on each chromatogram as judged by the depth of the zones and the intensity of the colour.FROTENE AND PSEUDOd-CAROTENE ABOUT EQUAL PARTS FROM JUNCTION OF BOTH ZONES ON ALUMINA (HEXANE) 447 I -5 . PSEU DO&CAROTE N E BOlTOM ZONE ON ALUMINA (HEXANE) b5 eo. P-CAROTEN E 452 480 TOP ZONE ON MZ ALUMINA /7\ I I I I I w m 400 500 Fig. 1 A spectrogram made immediately of part of the original soln. from the bone meal column showed the soln. t o consist mainly of j3-carotene almost devoid of pseudo-a-carotene (Fig. 2 g) . When the expt. was repeated on the following day, the lawn grass having meanwhile stood in a paper bag for 24 hr. at room temp.the reversion of pseudo-or-carotene to 8-carotene took place much more slowly on this alumina the proportion reverting being about 1/10 as judged by the depth of zones and intensity of colour. Attention was then paid to the chromatographic behaviour of crystalline p-carotene. Dr. R. A. Morton kindly supplied me with a sample of crystalline 8-carotene conforming to accepted criteria of purity. A soln. of this in light petro-leum spirit (b.p. 40'-60' C.) was passed through a column of this alumina, 50 x 2 cm and it was found that although' two well-defined zones formed no com-plete separation of pseudo-a-carotene from ,%carotene occurred. Apparently pseudo-a-carotene will continue to form from j3-carotene as long as the soln. has contact with fresh alumina capable of exerting such discriminating adsorption.There can be no doubt that 8-carotene in soln. undergoes isomerisation and critical chromatography on alumina hastens the isomerisation. This isomerisation may be studied by spectrographic methods but it seems unlikely that quantitative estima-tions can be made by these methods on such dynanlic solns. which tend to revert t o equilibrium during manipulation. Under these conditions spectroscopic and spectrographic data are apt to be un-certain but it is interesting to examine such data in the light of the foregoing facts. In the visual spectrum in hexane j3-carotene E max. occurs a t 452mp and pseudo-or-carotene E max. a t 446mp. A hexane soln. of a mixture of these pig-ments will give an E max.lower than 452mp and higher than 446mp. These are very slight differences but are neverthe-less discernible. The differences of the secondary absorption bands a t ca. 470vnp to 480mp are not readily ascertainable because of lowered dispersion in this region of the spectrum and for this reason will not be dealt with. When the spectrum is enlarged to include part of the ultra-violet region a hexane soln. of crystalline ,%carotene gives evidence of isomerisation (Fig. 1 d ) showing a picture of the superposing -of some .of the spectral characteristics of freshly prepared pseuco-a-carotene solution (Fig. 1 b) upon the spectrum of freshly prepared p-carotene soln. (Fig. 1 a) both obtained by chromatography from alumina from a solution of the original crystalline /3-carotene.If these two chromatographically produced isomerides are compared it will be seen that pseudo-a-carotene gives a marked inflexion a t 41.5mp-425mp; the ,%carotene inflexion in this region is not well marked. Pseudo-a-carotene gives inflexions a t 330mp-340mpL. and at 35Smp-365mp 8-carotene a t these wavelengths shows no appreciable absorption differentiation. In addition extinction values of the solns. of th XANTHOPHYLL OF DRIED GRASS PASTURE GRASS AND SILAGE 39 individual isomerides do not agree with the extinction value of the original &carotene soh. which has attained -equilibrium. Unfortunately ultra-violet spectro-scopy of petroleum soluble carotenoids obtained with concomitant grass oil and sterols from leaf material is handicapped by the fact that these and other ultra-violet absorbing substances accompany the plant pigments during chromato-graphic separation.Apparently these substances occupy a position on the column very near to and are eluted with, the respective pigments so that their presence is an indication of the sequence of adsorption. In the final identification of the carotene fraction of grass these light-absorbing substances withtherefore have some positive value for whereas interfer-ence with the photography of the pseudo-a-carotene absorption spectrum begins a t ca. 300mp and continues to shorter wave-lengths interference with the photography of neo-p-carotene begins a t 370mp and also continues to shorter wavelengths (Fig. 2 f and e).The contention of Beadle and Zscheile, that 2 carotene fractions exist in fresh leaf material must be ackepted they are /3-carotene and neo- &carotene. Neal/?-carotene is not to be identified with pseudo*-carotene for I must also accept the fact that pseudo-cc-carotene is an inte-gral part of any /?-carotene s o h from any source these two latter pigments being isomers tending to be held in a physical state of equilibrium. On the other hand neo- @-carotene, identified by its absorption E max. a t 1.0 o.! M 5 - 0.5 w 04 I I 1 I 1 @CAROTENE FROM LAWN GRASS EXTRACT (H€XANE) -lg \-PSEUDOJX-CAROTENE FROM 8-CAROTENE (HEXANE) I \ 442-5 e “ T F -N E V C A R O T E N E FROM LAWN GRASS EXTRACT I (HEXANE) I QQ 400 w -Fig. 2 442-5mp in hexane forms a second pigment in the carotene fraction of leaf material and may be regarded as a natural congener of &carotene.Fortunately the presence of pseudo-a-carotene in p-carotene soln. does not lessen the biological activity of the soh. ; for a feeding test (kindly performed by Dr. K. H. Coward) on the /3-carotene fraction dissolved in vegetable fats of a sample of dried grass 12 months old containing pseudo-a-carotene shows that the carotene fraction passing through bone meal has the full biological activity of /%carotene. The fraction adsorbed on bone meal appears to have no biological value notwithstanding the fact that in this expt. it contained about 20% of petrol-soluble carotenoids mainly neo- B-carotene in addition to xanthophylls. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. I wish to thank Mr. J. Pye Bibby and Mr. C. Leslie Bibby for their keen interest and Roore L. A. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1940 12 726. Peterson W. J. Hughes J. S. and Freeman H. F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1937 9. 71. Seaber W. M. ANALYST 1940 45 266. Beadle B. W. and Zscheile F. P. J . Biol. Chem. 1942 144 21. Carotene Committee of the Crop Driers’ Association ANALYST 1941 66 334. Gillam A. E. and El Ridi M. S. Biochem. J . 1936 30 1735. helpful suggestions in the preparation of this paper. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY J. BIBBY & SONS LTD. WEATHERSTONES NESTON WIRRAL August 194

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900034

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion.The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on.Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp.15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900044

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion.The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on.Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900045

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900048

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9446900049

出版商:RSC    

年代:1944

数据来源: RSC